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To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161— O-1096 PHILIPPINE ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION 1946-1947 MAMMALS COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY VOLUME 33, NUMBER 2 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM NOVEMBER 28, 1952 PHILIPPINE ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION 1946-1947 MAMMALS COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN Curator, Division of Mammals FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY VOLUME 33, NUMBER 2 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM NOVEMBER 28, 1952 T '£ LIBRARY OF THE LTilVSSiiTY OP ILUKOiS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS The Philippine Expedition: Mammals INTRODUCTION The Philippine Zoological Expedition, 1946-47, collected mam- mals in Mountain and Abra provinces, Luzon; Davao and Cotabato provinces, Mindanao; and Palawan and the adjacent islands of Culion, Busuanga, and Cuyo. The itinerary and a description of collecting localities have been set forth in detail by Mr. Harry Hoogstraal (1951), the leader of the expedition. Dr. Dioscoro S. Rabor, of Silliman University, Dumaguete, Negros Island, continued collecting on Negros and made one trip to Zamboanga Province, Mindanao. His collections are included in this report. The expedition visited many localities hitherto unworked for mammals and made more comprehensive collections in better known areas, so that in addition to new forms, series of mammals hereto- fore rather imperfectly known are represented. The collections, including the material from Dr. Rabor, total 3,486 specimens. There are 106 species and subspecies represented, of which fifteen have been described as new. Taylor (1934) listed 213 for the Philippines, including domesticated mammals; so this collection represents about one half of those known from the islands. The work on Luzon was limited to two northern provinces, and but twenty species are represented. The collection gives evidence of the great numbers of different types of rodents living on Mount Data. Collecting on the mountain yielded fourteen species, seven of the genus Rattus alone and seven of other genera. The life histories and interrelations of the mammals of this community would make a fascinating study. A greater area was covered in Mindanao, and Mount Apo and Mount McKinley were carefully explored. On these peaks, however, only seven rodents were found, two squirrels and seven species of Rattus — all these not entirely confined to Mount Apo. The shrew Podogymnura and a small deer are endemic to this area, however. Dr. Rabor's collection from Zamboanga Province further points out the differences between that region and the rest of the island. In all, forty-five species and subspecies of mammals were collected. 89 90 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 The collections made by Dr. Rabor on Negros, hitherto an almost unworked island, are rich in bats. There are nineteen species, of which fourteen are new to the island; one fruit bat is new to the Philippines and new to science. He also discovered a new Crocidura. So far but two Rattus, aside from introduced ones, are known from the island. He has taken in all twenty-nine different species of mammals. The survey of Palawan, Culion, Busuanga, and Cuyo added fifteen species and subspecies to the group, six of them being described as new. The discovery of Rattus jalorensis and races of R. mulleri is further evidence of the group's relationship to Borneo. The fauna is apparently richer than that of other Philippine islands, forty-two different forms being taken there. The new forms described from this collection are: Pteropus leucotis leucotis Sanborn 1950 Rattus culionensis (p. 131) Pteropus leucotis obscurus Sanborn 1950 Rattus mulleri balabagensis (p. 131) Dobsonia viridis chapmani Rabor 1951 Rattus rabori (p. 130) Crocidura negrina Rabor 1951 Rattus (Apomys) littoralis (p. 134) Tupaia palawanensis busuangae (p. 112) Rattus (Apomys) abrae (p. 133) Callosciurus hoogstraali (p. 115) Sus celebensis negrinus (p. 145) Callosciurus davensis (p. 117) Cervus (Rusa) nigellus apoensis (p. 155) Rattus latidens (p. 125) The expedition would not have been possible without the co- operation of the Philippine Government, which, among other things, paid the salaries of nine collectors from the Philippine Museum, who worked with the expedition at various times. These were Messrs. Dioscoro S. Rabor, Manuel Celestino, Arturo Castro, Gregorio Edano, Godofredo Alcasid, Herminio R. Rabanal, Pascual Convocar, Prudencio Anonuevo, and Telesforo Oane. The collec- tion will be divided with the Philippine Museum. I wish to express my appreciation to Sir John Ellerman, of the British Museum (Natural History), for examining and identifying various species of Rattus, and to Dr. David H. Johnson, of the United States National Museum, for the loan of valuable topotypic material under his care. Dr. George H. H. Tate, of the American Museum of Natural History, lent me the available material from that museum's collections and aided in identifying species of the genus Rattus. All capitalized names of colors refer to Ridgway (1912). INSECTIVORA Suncus occultidens Hollister Pachyura occultidens Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 303. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 91 Specimens examined. — Total 2. NEGROS ISLAND: Pontevedra, 2 females (ale.). Remarks. — These specimens conform to the description and measurements given in the original description of this species. They were caught "under a house." Crocidura palawanensis Taylor Crocidura palawanensis Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 88. Specimens examined. — Total 1. PALAWAN: Babuyan, Puerto Princesa, 1 female. Measurements. — Total length 161 mm.; tail 71; hind foot 18; ear 10. Skull: condylo-basal length to tip of incisors 24.8; palatal length 11.5; interorbital width 4.9; mastoid width 10.7; width of brain case 9.5; upper tooth row 10.9; greatest width across outer edges of molars 8.0. Remarks. — This is the only shrew collected by the expedition and represents the second specimen of this species. It agrees well with the original description in color but is slightly larger. The collector's notes state that it had a "strong skunk-like odor." Crocidura negrina Rabor Crocidura negrina Rabor, 1952, Nat. Hist. Misc., no. 96: 6. Specimens examined. — Total 1. NEGROS ISLAND: Dayongan (4,500 feet), Cuernos de Negros, 1 female (type). Measurements. — Total length 156 mm.; tail 68; hind foot 16. Skull: condylo-basal length 22.6; palatal length 10.3; brain case 10.3; upper tooth row, entire 9.8. Remarks. — This Crocidura is about the size of mindorus but in color is more like halconus. Both are from Mount Halcon, Mindoro Island. The upper parts of negrina are Blackish Brown 3 and the under parts between Fuscous and Hair Brown. Podogymnura truei Mearns. Figure 8. Podogymnura truei Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 437; Lyon, 1909, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36: 449-456, pis. 36 and 37 (skull and skin of type). Type locality.— Mount Apo, Davao, Mindanao. Type 125286 in the United States National Museum. Specimens examined. — Total 64. MINDANAO: Mount Apo: Baclayan (5,400 feet), Meran (5,750 feet), Lake Linau (6,900 feet), 92 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 October 30-November 15, 1946, 15 males, 20 females; Mount McKinley: east slope (5,800 to 7,400 feet), September 2-30, 1946, 10 males, 22 females (3 ale.). Remarks. — The Mount McKinley series agrees in color and size with the topotypes from Mount Apo. Skull and teeth (fig. 8). — In general shape the skull is very much like the elongated skull of Echinosorex, with the same pronounced lambdoidal crest and low sagittal crest. The crests are little de- veloped in the shorter, rounder skulls of Hylomys and Neotetracus. The skull of Podogymnura differs from that of Echinosorex in the more open, less slanting, infraorbital foramen, which is situated over the first molar, while in Echinosorex it is over the last premolar and a short section of the first molar. In Hylomys and Neotetracus this foramen opens forward and is over the last premolar. In Podogymnura and Echinosorex the bulla is long, while in the other two genera it is round. The last molar is wholly within the opening formed by the zygo- matic arch except in Podogymnura, in which only the posterior half of the molar is included. The original description of Podogymnura states, and it is shown in Lyon's (1909) plate of the skull, that the second upper incisor is smaller than the third. This is not the case in any of the skulls in the large series. The third incisor is either a trifle smaller or about equal in size to the second. Both Podogymnura and Echinosorex have long, slender, well- developed canines. Between the third upper incisor and the canine is a pit, the outer edge of which is worn away in old individuals, for the reception of the tip of the lower canine. The other genera do not have this pit, as the canines are not developed. Podogymnura and Echinosorex have in common long, narrow skulls with prominent lambdoidal crests, long well-developed canines and long narrow bullae. Podogymnura has three premolars and Echino- sorex four. On the other hand, Hylomys and Neotetracus have short rounded skulls, round bullae, undeveloped canines, and very low lambdoidal crests. The same difference appears in the number of premolars, for Neotetracus has three and Hylomys four. Habitat. — The specimens from Mount Apo were caught "near hole at base of large tree;" "under grass on edge of lake;" "near log along creek in dense forest with fern undergrowth;" "near boulders in valley covered by ferns." The Mount McKinley specimens were taken "with peanut butter among roots of trees;" "among tangled FIG. 8. Podogymnura truei; X 93 S 2 Z; "* a O 00 Cvl OS OS <0 OS Z d -a "^ CO C<1 T-H i— I rH o2 3 ! S . CO ^f U3 U3 i-i OS ^"* rt CM ^5 Cvl OS OS MD ^5 H 2d-§ n O O OS T* T-H rt ^HO5CMOCT5«5O H 2d-2 Tj«COCvl'-H»-l!-ICvl 2 o2 3 !§ S^o M frt • ^ ^"~ ^ ^ ^ *^ ^ ^ o -t: d23 -; u co 05 o «o os 00 EH os o 10 t- oo t- o CO Cvl CO OS O> «O i-H 13 GQ OJ «O 00 O O «3 «3 Cvl i Cv] CO CO O vO CO CO OS t- O5 CO CM CO i-H Cvl OS OS vO »-H 2 d' 02 43 " ft^^-5 g g ft- S^-§ fe I s, a es .o - 42 ta 43 = "^£1^-" ll|j as I? 3c5£>s£«3 94 ;. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 95 roots in thick moss." Many were caught in traps baited with bird meat. One stomach examined contained "insects and worms." Measurements (collector's measurements on sixty specimens). — Total length 185-219 mm.; tail 47-70; hind foot 31-38; ear 18-24. The majority (44) measured more than 200 mm. in total length and more than half (34) measured more than 60 mm. in length of tail. CHIROPTERA The collection of bats of the Philippine Zoological Expedition totals 870 specimens, of which 253 are skins with skulls and 617 are preserved in alcohol. There are 21 genera and 39 species and subspecies represented. Much of this material was collected in six caves, four on Min- danao Island, one on Samal Island (near Mindanao), and one on Palawan. The following species were collected in these various caves: MINDANAO: SITIO TEGATO, LUANGBAY CAVE Rousettus amplexicaudatus Rhinolophus rufus Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Hipposideros galeritus galeritus Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Miniopterus schreibersii eschscholtzii Miniopterus australis australis MINDANAO: COTABATO CITY CAVE Eonycteris robusta Hipposideros diadema griseus Hipposideros galeritus galeritus Miniopterus tristis Miniopterus australis MINDANAO: CAPILIT CAVE Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Hipposideros diadema griseus Rhinolophus rufus Miniopterus australis australis MINDANAO: MALABUTUAN (cave in cliff over ocean) Taphozous philippinensis Hipposideros bicolor antricola SAMAL ISLAND: TAWANG CAVE Rousettus amplexicaudatus Miniopterus australis australis PALAWAN: CAVE NEAR TANABOG Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Rhinolophus virgo 96 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES BY ISLANDS MINDANAO Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Ptenochirus jagori Rousettus amplexicaudatus Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Acerodon jubatus mindanensis Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Eonycteris robusta Macroglossus lagochilus lagochilus Emballonura alecto alecto Taphozous philippinensis Megaderma spasma spasma Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Rhinolophus rufus Hipposideros bicolor antricola Hipposideros diadema griseus Hipposideros galeritus galeritus Hipposideros obscurus Pipistrellus abramus Scotophilus temminckii Miniopterus schreibersii eschscholtzii Miniopterus australis australis Miniopterus tristis Kerivoula pusilla Kerivoula pellucida PALAWAN Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Pteropus leucotis obscurus Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Taphozous philippinensis Rhinolophus virgo Rhinolophus acuminatus acuminatus Hipposideros bicolor antricola Pipistrellus imbricatus Scotophilus temminckii Cheiromeks torquatus BUSUANGA Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Pteropus leucotis leucotis CULION Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Tylonycteris pachypus meyeri Myotis abbotti nugax BALABAC Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis CUYO Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Pteropus hypomelanus cagayanus Scotophilus temminckii Ptenochirus jagori LUZON Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Taphozous philippinensis CANON ISLAND Pteropus vampyrus lanensis SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 97 NEGROS ISLAND Rousettus amplexicaudatus Emballonura alecto alecto Pteropus speciosus Megaderma spasma spasma Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Rhinolophus virgo Acerodon jubatus jubatus Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Dobsonia viridis chapmani Rhinolophus subrufus Ptenochirus jagori Hipposideros diadema griseus Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Hipposideros pygmaeus Macroglossus lagochilus lagochilus Pipistrellus imbricatus Harpionycteris whiteheadi Scotophilus temminckii temminckii Miniopterus australis australis Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Peters Pachysoma luzoniense Peters, 1862, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862: 708. Cynopterus brachyotis luzoniensis Lawrence, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 28. Specimens examined. — Total 65. MINDANAO: Lacaron, 1 male (ale.); Maco, 1 (ale.); Malabutuan, 1 (ale.). PALAWAN: Tanabog, 4 males (2 ale.), 17 females (15 ale.); Canigaran, 2 females; Puerto Princesa, 2 males, 3 females (1 ale.), 6 juveniles; Libertad, 2 males (1 ale.), 1 female; Brooke's Point, 6 males, 1 female; Kabelnekan, 1 male (ale.), 1 female (ale.). BUSUANGA: Singay, 2 males. CULION: San Pedro, 6 males (4 ale.), 3 females (1 ale.). BALABAC: Balabac, 1 male, 2 females. CUYO: Centre, 2 females (ale.). Ptenochirus jagori Peters Pachysoma (Ptenochirus) jagori Peters, 1861, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 707, July 25. Ptenochirus jagori Peters, 1867, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867: 867. Specimens examined. — Total 7. LUZON: Massisiat, 1 male. MINDANAO: Madaum, 2 males (1 ale.), 1 female (ale.); Mount Apo, Todaya, 1 female. NEGROS ISLAND: Inubungan, Santa Catherina, 2 females (ale.). Measurements (adult male, ale.). — Forearm 82.4 mm., tail 11.8, foot 17, tibia 31.6, calcar 11.5. Third metacarpal 54.6, first phalanx 34.7, second phalanx 44.6; fourth metacarpal 49.6, first phalanx 27.5, second phalanx 29.8; fifth metacarpal 52.9, first phalanx 24.3, second phalanx 25.7. Skull: greatest length 38.8, condylo-basal length 36, palatal length 15.5; interorbital width 7.2; intertemporal width 6.4; zygomatic width 24.6; mastoid width 14.6; brain case at zygomata 14.5; upper tooth row 13.1; across canines 8.1; across MI-MI 11.6; lower tooth row 14.6; coronoid height 17.2. Remarks. — These seven specimens show a great variation in size, which is probably due to age. In the largest skull there is a 98 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 strong lambdoidal crest that is absent in the smallest skull. The backward slope of the ascending ramus of the coronoid process also varies with age, becoming less sloping- in older specimens. The one from Luzon was found "in small cave in soil wall of road covered by moss." The Negros specimens were "feeding on the fruit of the Kapok (Cebia pentandra)." Rousettus amplexicaudatus E. Geoffrey Pteropus amplexicaudatus E. Geoffrey, 1810, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15: 96, pi. 4. Rousettus amplexicaudatus Trouessart, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Suppl., p. 60 (in part). Specimens examined. — Total 55. MINDANAO: Sitio Tegato, Luangbay Cave, 15 males (11 ale.), 33 females (31 ale.); Madaum, 1 male; Samal Island, Tawang Cave, 2 males, 2 females. NEGROS ISLAND: Himamaylan, 1 female (ale.); Siaton, 2 males (ale.). Pteropus hypomelanus cagayanus Mearns Pteropus cagayanus Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 433. Pteropus hypomelanus cagayanus Andersen, 1912, Cat. Chirop., p. 121. Specimens examined. — Total 7. CUYO ISLAND: Centre, 4 males, 3 females. Collector's notes. — "Hanging in crown of coconut tree;" "shot at dusk in coconut grove while in flight." Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Mearns Pteropus lanensis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 432. Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Andersen, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 2: 368. Specimens examined. — Total 51. LUZON: Massisiat, 1 male, 1 female. MINDANAO: Malita, 4 males, 3 females; Cotabato City, 1 female; Madaum, 3 males; Tuganay, 5 males, 1 female. CANON ISLAND: 8 males, 8 females. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 2 females; Canigaran, 2 males. NEGROS ISLAND: Amio, 2 males; Bais, Pagya- bunan, 3 males, 7 females. Pteropus leucotis leucotis Sanborn Pteropus leucotis Sanborn, 1950, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63: 189. Specimens examined. — Total 4. BUSUANGA ISLAND: Singay, type and three female paratypes. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 99 Pteropus leucotis obscurus Sanborn Pteropus leucotis obscurus Sanborn, 1950, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 63: 190. Specimens examined. — Total 2. PALAWAN: Santiago, Iwahig, type and one paratype. Pteropus speciosus Andersen Pteropus speciosus Andersen, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 2: 364. Specimens examined. — Total 1. NEGROS ISLAND: Dumaguete, 1 subadult female. Remarks. — This species was described from Malanipa Island, off Zamboanga, Mindanao Island. It is also known from Zamboanga, and from Sibutu, Solombo, and Mata Siri Islands off Borneo. Chicago Natural History Museum has one specimen from Mactan Island, off Cebu. Acerodon jubatus jubatus Eschscholtz Pteropus jubatus Eschscholtz, 1831, Zool. Atl., pt. 4, p. 1, pi. 16. Specimens examined. — Total 10. NEGROS ISLAND: Pamo-at, Amio, 1 male, 1 female; Pagyabunan, Bais, 4 males, 4 females. Acerodon jubatus mindanensis K. Andersen Acerodon jubatus mindanensis K. Andersen, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 3: 24, 26-29. Specimens examined. — Total 23. MINDANAO: Madaum, 4 males, 1 female; Tuganay, 2 males, 7 females; Sinaksakan, east slope of Mount Apo, 2 males; Lacaron, 1 male, 5 females; Parang, 1 female. Dobsonia viridis chapman! Rabor Dobsonia viridis chapmani Rabor, 1952, Nat. Hist. Misc., no. 96: 2. Specimens examined. — Total 19. NEGROS: Mambaho Cave, Pagyabunan, Bais, 17 males (8 ale.); Amio, 2 females. Remarks. — This race is larger than viridis, about the size of crenulata but averages larger. The skull is longer and broader, with much heavier canines. A colony of about 300 was discovered in the Mambaho Cave by Dr. Rabor. All specimens taken here were males. At Amio two females were collected, roosting under coconut fronds. 100 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Harpionycteris whiteheadi Thomas. Figure 9. Harpionycteris whiteheadi Thomas, 1896, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 18: 244; Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14, pt. 6: 384, pi. 30 (animal), pi. 35, figs. 1-4 (skull and teeth). Specimens examined. — Total 1. NEGROS: Mambaho Cave, Pagyabunan, Bais, 1 subadult female (ale., skull cleaned). Measurements. — Forearm 81.4 mm.; pollux (c.u.) 37.0; second metacarpal 41.1, first phalanx 10.3, second phalanx 11.7; third metacarpal 58.5, first phalanx 42.8, second phalanx 54.5; fourth FIG. 9. Palate of Harpionycteris whiteheadi; X 2. metacarpal 57.0, first phalanx 34.9, second phalanx 35.5; fifth meta- carpal 58.5, first phalanx 37.5, second phalanx 30.1; tibia 27.5; ear from meatus 28.8. Skull: greatest length 42.2; condylo-basal length 40.4; palatal length 20.4; interorbital width 5.8; intertemporal width 6.6; zygomatic width 21.4; mastoid width 15.6; width of brain case 15.4; upper tooth row C-M2 17.0; width across canines 7.5; across M2-M2 10.7; lower tooth row 18.9. Remarks. — The type of this species was collected on Mindoro Island at an altitude of 5,000 feet, in December, 1895. The present specimen is the second one known. Another species, H. celebensis Miller and Hollister, has been described from one specimen from Celebes. Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Lawrence Eonycteris spelaea glandifera Lawrence, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 38 — Montalban Caves, Royal Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. Specimens examined. — Total 44. PALAWAN: Tanabog, 2 males, 2 females; 6 males, 13 females, 14 juveniles (ale.). MINDANAO: SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 101 Luangbay Cave, Sitio Tegato, 2 males, 4 females. NEGROS ISLAND: Siaton, 1 male (ale.). Collector's notes. — Palawan: "Taken from a series of caves in an outcrop of limestone above Tanabog near the coast. This particular outcrop stands out as a bare knob on the first hill. Extremely abundant in two large caverns just back from the entrance, but in the dark." Eonycteris robusta Miller Eonycteris robusta Miller, 1913, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26: 73. Eonycteris longicauda Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 131. Specimens examined. — Total 51. MINDANAO: Cotabato City (cave), 15 males (10 ale.), 36 females (30 ale.). Macroglossus lagochilus lagochilus Matschie Macroglossus lagochilus Matschie, 1899, Megachir. Berlin Mus. Naturk., p. 96. Specimens examined. — Total 6. MINDANAO: Mount McKinley, Ugis-Aya plantation, 2 males (1 ale.); Madaum, 2 males (1 ale.), 1 female (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Amio, Santa Catalina, 1 male (ale.). Remarks. — The only member of this genus recorded from Min- danao is M. fructivorus Taylor, known from one immature specimen. The individuals examined do not agree with the description of that species; they are typical of lagochilus. Emballonura alecto alecto Eydoux and Gervais Vespertilio (Nycticeus) alecto Eydoux and Gervais, 1839, Voy. autour du Monde, 5, pt. 2: 7. Specimens examined. — Total 13. MINDANAO: Tindog-Bato, 2 males, 5 females (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Naliong, Tolong, 1 male, 5 females (ale.). Taphozous philippinensis Waterhouse Taphozous philippinensis Waterhouse, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845: 9. Specimens examined. — Total 12. LUZON: Manila, 2 males, 2 females. MINDANAO: Caburan, 2 males, 2 females; Malabutuan, 3 males (ale.), 1 female (ale.). Remarks. — The Malabutuan specimens were taken from a "cave in cliff over ocean." 102 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Megaderma spasma spasma Linnaeus Vespertilio spasma Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 32. Megaderma spasma Geoffrey, 1810, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 15: 195. Specimens examined. — Total 18. MINDANAO: Mati, 1 male (no skull); Sputon, 1 female (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Camboay, Siaton, 6 males (ale.), 10 females (ale.). Remarks. — Specimens collected "in vacant house" and from "hole inside dried standing tree." Rhinolophus virgo Andersen Rhinolophus virgo Andersen, 1905, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 2: 88. Specimens examined. — Total 23. PALAWAN: Tanabog, 6 males (5 ale.), 13 females (10 ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Siaton, 1 male (ale.), 3 females (ale.). Measurements (one male, three females, skins with skulls).— Forearm 39.7-42.1 mm. Skull: greatest length 17.3-17.8; condylo- basal length 14.5-15.4; palatal length 1.5-2; width across nasal swellings 4.5-4.7; interorbital width 2.1-2.5; zygomatic width 7.9- 8.8; mastoid width 8.4; width of brain case 6.5-7.2; upper tooth row 6.4-6.7; across canines 3.9-4.6; across last molars 5.9-6.5. Forearm (fifteen specimens in ale.) 39.5-43.1. Wings (five specimens): third metacarpal 29.6-33, first phalanx 11.5-12.6, second phalanx 15.6-17; fourth metacarpal 31.5-33.9, first phalanx 8-8.9, second phalanx 9.7-10.9; fifth metacarpal 30.4-32.5, first phalanx 8.9-9.0, second phalanx 10.4-11. Tail 17.5-24.5; tibia 15.8-17.5; ear from meatus 15.5-17.5. Remarks. — These specimens are larger than the type and two topotypes in alcohol. The forearms are longer than the two from Mindanao and Jolo recorded by Taylor but the tooth rows are about the same. The differences seem to be no greater than can be ex- pected in a species found throughout the Philippines. These speci- mens represent the first record from Palawan. Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Andersen Rhinolophus arcuatus exiguus Andersen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 16: 283. Specimens examined. — Total 102. MINDANAO: Luangbay Cave, 47 males (44 ale.), 51 females (49 ale.); Capilit Cave, near Upi, 1 male (ale.), 1 female (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Mambaho Cave, Pagyabunan, Bais, 1 male, 1 female (ale.). [ SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 103 Measurements. — This race has a narrower horseshoe than arcuatus and a shorter forearm. The forearm measurement for 45 males is 42.5-45.8 mm., 50 females 42.4-46.2. Ten measured between 45-45.4, five between 45.5-45.9, and but one over 46.0. Even in these larger specimens the horseshoe is narrower than in arcuatus from Luzon. Rhinolophus subrufus subrufus Andersen Rhinolophus subrufus Andersen, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 16: 283. Specimens examined. — Total 1. NEGROS ISLAND: Naliong, Tolong, 1 male (ale.). Rhinolophus rufus Eydoux and Gervais Rhinolophus luctus var. rufa Eydoux and Gervais, 1836, Zool., Voy. "Favorite," p. 9. Specimens examined. — Total 10. MINDANAO: Sitio Tegato, Luangbay Cave, 4 males (3 ale.), 5 females (3 ale.); Capilit Cave, near Upi, 1 male (ale.). Measurements (six ale., three males, three females). — Forearm 66.5-68.6 mm.; third metacarpal 49.1-50.5, first phalanx 19.3-20.4, second phalanx 26.7-28.5; fourth metacarpal 50.3-52, first phalanx 13.1-14.9, second phalanx 16.3-18.5; fifth metacarpal 50.7-52.8, first phalanx 12.8-15.6, second phalanx 16.8-18.5. Tail 29-31.2; tibia 32.3-34.6; ear from meatus 29.5-32.3. Skull (one male, two females): greatest length (to in front of canines) 28.6-29.5 mm.; condylo-basal length (to in front of canines) 25.6-26.2; palatal length 3.6-3.7; width across nasal swellings 7.1-7.5; interorbital width 2.5-2.9; zygomatic width 14.2-14.4; mastoid width 12.7-12.8; width of brain case 10.7-11.5; upper tooth row 11.8-12.2; across canines 7.7-8.2; across MI-MI 11.1-11.5. Rhinolophus acuminatus acuminatus Peters Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1871: 308. Specimens examined. — Total 1. PALAWAN: Tigoplan River, 1 male. Remarks. — The type locality of acuminatus is Java and it has been recorded from Borneo and Sumatra. There are closely related forms described from Lombok (acuminatus audax}, Sumatra (suma- trensis), Engano Island (calypso}, and Nias Island (circe). These are based on size and the shape of the horseshoe and sella. 104 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 This one specimen from Palawan is a little small for typical acuminatus (forearm 47 mm. compared to 48.7-49). In color it compares fairly well with one skin from Java and one from British North Borneo. This specimen is the first record for the Philippines. Hipposideros bicolor antricola Peters Phyllorhina antricola Peters, 1861, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 709. Specimens examined. — Total 38. MINDANAO: Malabutuan, 29 (ale.). PALAWAN: Tigoplan River, 9 (ale.). Hipposideros pygmaeus Waterhouse Rhinolophus pygmaeus Waterhouse, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843: 67. Specimens examined. — Total 5. NEGROS ISLAND: Mambaho Cave, Pagyabunan, Bais, 2 males, 3 females (ale.). Remarks. — Previous records of this bat are from Luzon Island. The forearms of this series range from 38.5-40.2 mm. Hipposideros diadema griseus Meyen Rhinolophus griseus Meyen, 1833, Nov. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., 16, pt. 2: 608. Specimens examined. — Total 57. MINDANAO: Cotabato, 14 males (9 ale.), 5 females (3 ale.); Capilit Cave, near Upi, 13 males (ale.); Katipunan, Zamboanga, Sigayan, 1 female. NEGROS: Cam- boay, Siaton, 17 males (15 ale.) ; Naliong, Tolong, 6 males, 1 female (ale.). Hipposideros obscurus Peters Phyllorhina obscura Peters, 1861, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 707. Specimens examined. — Total 2. MINDANAO: Conel, 1 male (ale.), 1 female (ale.). Remarks. — These specimens agree with those recorded by Taylor (1934, p. 232) under this name. The forearms measure: male 43.8 mm., female 41.9. They also measure smaller than the type, which had a forearm of 46 mm. They were "smoked from hollow tree in recently cut over original forest, one escaped." Hipposideros galeritus galeritus Cantor Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846, Journ. Asia. Soc. Bengal, 1846: 183. Specimens examined. — Total 3. MINDANAO: Central Cave, Cotabato, 1 male (ale.) ; Sitio Tegato, Luangbay Cave, 1 male (ale.), 1 female (ale.). SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 105 Remarks. — This is the first record of this species for the Philip- pines. The specimens agree externally with descriptions of galeritus and with measurements given by Lyon (1911) for a series from Borneo. Myotis abbotti nugax Allen and Coolidge Myotis abbotti nugax Allen and Coolidge, 1940, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 83: 137 — Mount Kinabulu, North Borneo. Specimens examined. — Total 5. CULION: San Pedro, 5 females (3 ale.). Remarks. — Miss Barbara Lawrence of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology has kindly compared these specimens with the type of nugax and has found them practically identical. They were collected "in banana leaf roll about one meter from ground." The forearms on the skins are broken; the specimens in alcohol have forearms measuring 35.4, 36.1, and 36.5 mm., respectively. Pipistrellus abramus Temminck Vespertilio abramus Temminck, 1835, Monogr. Mamm., 2: 232. Specimens examined. — Total 2. MINDANAO: Baclayan, east slope of Mount Apo (5,400 feet), 2 males (1 ale., skull cleaned). Remarks. — These two specimens are referred to abramus, as the forearms measure 34.5, 34.9 mm.; the skulls are higher, with more domed brain cases, than in skulls of abramus from Indo-China. The teeth are the same and upper tooth rows C-M3 measure 5.1, 5.2 mm. The tragus is almost straight on the inner margin and slightly convex on the outer, with a very blunt, almost square tip. Pipistrellus imbricatus Horsfield Vespertilio imbricatus Horsfield, 1824, Zoological Researches in Java. Pipistrellus imbricatus Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 385 — Luzon; Allen, 1922, Occ. Pap., Mus. Zool., Univ. of Michigan, no. 110: 168— Palawan. Specimens examined. — Total 6. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 1 male (ale.), 3 females (2 ale.). NEGROS: Lake Balinsasayao, 1 female, 1 juvenile (ale.). Remarks. — Thomas and Allen both referred their single specimens to this species, in one case a young one, in the other a damaged specimen. The present series agrees well with a topotype from Java. The crowded P2, not visible from without, seems to be a constant character. The forearms measure 33.8 to 34.5 mm. in the three alcoholic specimens. 106 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Tylonycteris pachypus meyeri Peters Tylonycteris meyeri Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 705. Tylonycteris pachypus meyeri Tate, 1942, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 80: 268. 293 (meas. co-type). Specimens examined. — Total 21. CuLlON: San Pedro, 14 males (12 ale.), 7 females (5 ale.). Remarks. — Described from south Luzon Island, this race has been either rarely recorded or else placed in the synonymy of T. pachypus. Wroughton recorded it from Burma and Bengal on Thomas' identification, and Tate has recently recognized it because of its smaller size. These specimens from Culion are smaller than typical pachypus, the measurement of the forearms ranging from 21.5 to 23.8 mm. Compared with two specimens from Java, meyeri is lighter-colored, though this may be partly due to the wearing off of the dark tips of the hairs and the resulting exposure of more of the light-colored bases. Scotophilus temminckii Horsfield Vespertilio temminckii Horsfield, 1824, Zoological researches in Java. Specimens examined. — Total 94. MINDANAO: Davao City, 3 males; Bankarohan, 1 male, 2 females (1 ale.); Calian, 2 males, 2 females; Parang, 2 females. PALAWAN: Brooke's Point, 2 males, 7 females. CUYO: Cuyo, 5 males (3 ale.), 13 females (9 ale.), 30 juveniles (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Dumaguete, 8 males (ale.), 17 females (15 ale.). Miniopterus australis australis Tomes Miniopterus australis Tomes, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 125 — Loyalty Islands. Miniopterus tibialis Tomes, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 126 — Amboina. Miniopterus paululus Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 311- — Guimaras Island, Philippines. Specimens examined. — Total 73. MINDANAO: Sitio Tegato, Luangbay Cave, 1 male, 1 female, 68 (ale.); Upi, Capilit Cave, 1 male (ale.); Samal Island, Tawang Cave, 1 male (ale.). NEGROS ISLAND: Himangpangon Cave, 1 female (ale.). Remarks. — This series has been compared with other large series from New Caledonia (which are near topotypes) and New Hebrides, and with two topotypes of paululus and two specimens from Java labeled tibialis by Sody. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 107 The forearms of these series (all in alcohol) measure: New Caledonia, 36.3-39.2 mm.; New Hebrides, 35.7-38.9; Mindanao, 34.1-37.7. The brain case width of all the skulls is less than 7 mm. When Tomes described tibialis, he said, concerning the attach- ment of the calcar to the tibia: "If this peculiarity is persistent, and not due to the state of preservation, it would mark out a very distinct and good species; but it is very desirable that other specimens be examined that have been preserved in spirit, in which state they show these parts in a more natural condition." In many specimens of Miniopterus the calcar is attached to the tibia, in some more than in others. When the interfemoral mem- brane is not pinned out when making a skin, it curls up along the tibia, giving the appearance, as Tomes said, of "a slender shank." It is safe to assume that Tomes' specimens were so prepared and that tibialis is an older name for paululus, which is here treated as a synonym of australis. Miniopterus schreibersii eschscholtzii Waterhouse Vespertilio eschscholtzii Waterhouse, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845: 121. Specimens examined. — Total 84. MINDANAO: Sitio Tegato, Luangbay Cave, 2 males, 7 females, 75 (ale.). Remarks. — The forearms in this series range from 43.4 to 46.5 mm. The darker color of this race appears to be all that separates it from schreibersii of Europe. Miniopterus tristis Waterhouse Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845: 3; idem, 1845, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (1), 16: 50; Gray, 1850, Zool. Voy. Samarang, p. 31 (listed); Wagner, 1855, Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth., 5: 743 (abst. of orig. desc.). Miniopterus tristis Tomes, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 124 (meas. of type); Peters, 1861, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861: 711 (Luzon); Dobson, 1876, Cat. Asia. Chiroptera, p. 163 (meas. of type); idem, 1878, Cat. Chiroptera, p. 352 (meas. of type); Elera, 1895, Cat. Sist. Fauna Filipinas, 1: 14 (Cebu and Samar); Hollister, 1912, Philippine Journ. Sci., 7: 19 (Cebu and Samar from Elera, Luzon from Peters); idem, 1914, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 311 (Lubang Island, meas.); Taylor, 1934, Philippine Land Mamm., p. 275 (meas. of type); Lawrence, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 61 (Mindoro); Tate, 1941, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 78: 571, 575, 597 (Papua; desc. meas.). Specimens examined. — Total 1. MINDANAO: Central Cave, Cotabato City, 1 female (ale., skull cleaned). 108 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Measurements. — Forearm 53.8 mm.; third metacarpal 49.9, first phalanx 13.8, second phalanx 41.5; fourth metacarpal 47.9, first phalanx 11, second phalanx 17.5; fifth metacarpal 40.8, first phalanx 10.5, second phalanx 10.5. Ear 15.8. Tail 61.5; tibia 22.5. Skull: greatest length (to front of incisor) 19.5; condylo-basal length 19.1; palatal length 7.7; interorbital breadth 4; zygomatic width 10.9; mastoid width 9.9; breadth of brain case 8.8; upper tooth row 7.8; width across canines 6, across molars 8.5; lower tooth row 8.5. Remarks. — The references to this species record six specimens from the Philippines and thirteen from Papua and Dutch New Guinea. Three of the Philippine specimens were in Manila and probably have been destroyed; the type is in the British Museum; one is in Germany; one in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The thirteen from Papua and Dutch New Guinea are in the American Museum of Natural History. The species has been recorded from Luzon, Lubang, Cebu, Samar, and Mindoro, and, with the present specimen, from Mindanao. The first measurements of the skull were given by Hollister (1913) for the specimen from Lubang and Tate recorded skull measurements for the M.C.Z. specimen from Mindoro. Taylor transposed Dobson's measurements of the type from inches to millimeters and republished Hollister's measurements. Kerivoula pusilla Thomas Kerivoula pusilla Thomas, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 14: 461. Specimens examined. — Total 2. MINDANAO: Madaum, 1 female; Lacaron, 1 male (ale.). Remarks. — This bat was collected "resting at daytime under dried Abaca leaves." The forearms measure 29.2 and 29.4 mm. The upper inner incisor has two cusps as described by Thomas but this character has not been mentioned by other authors in describing related forms. The lower and middle incisors are four-lobed, the outer pair trilobed, as described by Thomas. The points of the upper canines extend below the bases of the lower canines. The same condition — found also in the next species, K. pellucida— should place both species in the genus Phoniscus. The anterior groove in the upper canine does not appear to be present in these specimens, however. ; SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 109 Kerivoula pellucida Waterhouse Vespertilio pellucidus Waterhouse, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845: 6. Specimens examined. — Total 1. MINDANAO: Maco, 1 female. Remarks. — This one specimen agrees in general with the original description and that given by Taylor for his specimens. The under parts are not, however, "ashy white," as stated by Waterhouse, whose specimens were in alcohol. They are also darker than the base of the hairs of the back but, as the hair is short and much worn, this color would probably be lighter in a specimen in fresh pelage. The forearm measures 35.5 mm., a little longer than that given by Taylor for his largest specimen. The canines are heavy and long, the points of the uppers extend- ing below the base of the lowers when the jaws are closed. The inner and middle lower incisors are four-lobed, the outer pair trilobed. Cheiromeles torquatus Horsfield Cheiromeles torquatus Horsfield, 1824, Zoological Researches in Java. Specimens examined. — Total 1. PALAWAN: Babuyan, 1 male (ale.). Measurements. — Forearm 74.5 mm.; third finger metacarpal 77, first phalanx 44.4, second phalanx 35.1, third phalanx 16.5; fourth finger metacarpal 76, first phalanx 36.2, second phalanx 23.9, tip 2.8; fifth finger metacarpal 39.2, first phalanx 29, second phalanx 8.5. Tail 56; tibia 30.6; ear from meatus 25.9. Skull : greatest length 29.8 (broken); interorbital width 8.8; mastoid width 17; upper tooth row 10.9; width across canines 9; across molars 12.9; lower tooth row 12.8. Remarks. — The genus is known in the Philippines from four specimens from Mindanao (Taylor, 1934) and one specimen from Mindoro (Lawrence, 1939). This specimen from Palawan adds a third island to its distribution. The skull shows it to be not fully adult. The teeth are slightly smaller than in one skull from Borneo but not small enough to identify this specimen as parvidens. DERMOPTERA Cynocephalus volans Linnaeus Lemur volans Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1 : 30. Specimens examined. — Total 39. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Conel, 1 juvenile male, 1 female; Sputon, 1 male, 1 female; Mallu, 1 male; 110 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Akbul, 1 female; Klaja, 1 male; Davao, Maco, 2 males, 3 females; Calian, 2 males, 1 female; Caburan, 2 females; Lapuan, 1 female; Madaum, 2 males; Lacaron, 8 males, 9 females, 1 young female; Gubat, Katipunan, Zamboanga, 1 male. PRIMATES Tree shrews of the genus Tupaia are known only from Palawan, Culion, Busuanga and Cuyo. They are very closely related and are here considered subspecies of the earliest-named species, pala- wanensis Thomas 1894. Lyon (1913) referred to them as the mollen- dorffi group, but it is preferable to call them the palawanensis group. The darkest race, palawanensis, is found on Palawan Island and is characterized by its slightly larger size and darker color, especially a very blackish tail, described in the type as wholly black. Lyon found none with pure black tails and there are none in this series. If the tail is compressed — not flattened or spread out — it appears blacker. The other three races are lighter than palawanensis and have the same body color, but differ in the color of the tail. In cuyonis from Cuyo Island the color of the tail is very close to that of the upper parts of the body. The color of the tail in mollendorffi, from Culion Island is grayer, and thus lighter than the body. The race described below from Busuanga Island has a blackish tail, darker than the body, approaching the color of the tail of palawanensis. Tupaia palawanensis palawanensis Thomas Tupaia ferruginea palawanensis Thomas, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 13: 367. Tupaia palawanensis Lyon, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45: 78-80; Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci., Manila, Monog. no. 30: 103. Type locality. — Palawan. Type in British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 94.2.1.3. Specimens examined. — Total 59. PALAWAN (1947): Puerto Princesa (April 3-May 18), 29 males, 26 females; Iwahig Penal Colony (March 5), 1 female; Brooke's Point (April 26-May 2), 2 females; south slope of Mount Balabag (May 13), 1 female. Measurements (24 males, 22 females). — Total length, males 322- 354 mm., females 323-362; tail, males 146-176, females 150-182; hind foot, males 42-46, females 41-46; ear, males 14-19, females 13-19. Skull (extremes of 15 males and 13 females): Greatest SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 111 length 46.8-49.5 mm., 46.5-49.4; condylo-basal length 42.5-45.7, 43.1-45.4; palatal length 23.8-26.4, 24.9-26.0; interorbital width 12.6-14.7, 12.3-14.5; zygomatic width 23.5-25.4, 22.9-24.7; width of brain case above roots of zygoma 17.5-19, 17.5-18.2; upper tooth row I1-M3 23.7-25.7, 24.1-26.0, C-M3 16.0-17.5, 15.9-17.7. Remarks. — All specimens were taken in dense second growth forest, on coconut bait. Tupaia palawanensis cuyonis Miller Tupaia cuyonis Miller, 1910, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38: 393; Lyon, 1905, op. cit., 45: 82-83. Type locality.— Cuyo Island. Type was in Philippine Museum, Manila, no. 26; doubtless destroyed. Specimens examined. — Total 8. CUYO ISLAND (May 26-29, 1947): Lungsod, 2 males, 1 female; Centro, 1 female; San Carlos, 1 female; Balaguen, 1 female; Cuyo, 1 male, 1 female. Measurements (three males, four females). — Total length 318-325 mm. ; tail 145-158; hind foot 39-43; ear 15-16. Skull (male, female) : Greatest length 47.5, 45.2; condylo-basal length 43.3, 42.4; palatal length 24.8, 24.0; interorbital width 13.4, 13.1; zygomatic width 24.4, 23.7; width of brain case 17.5, 17.9; upper tooth row 23.8-23.7; C- M3 16.1, 16.3. Remarks. — This series is about the same color as the two speci- mens of T. mollendorffi with the exception of the tail, which is closer in general color to the back than it is in mollendorffi,. The difference is very small and excellent light on the specimens is needed to show it. Tupaia palawanensis mollendorffi Matschie T[upaja] mollendorffi Matschie, 1898, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturfr., Berlin, 1898: 39. Tupaia mollendorffi Lyon, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45: 81. Type locality. — Culion Island. Type in Zoological Museum, Berlin, no. 9858. Specimens examined.— Total 2. CULION (April 6, 1947): Suik, 1 male, 1 female. Measurements. — (Male and female): Total length 288-305 mm.; tail 132-152; hind foot 42-42; ear 17-17. Skull (male): Greatest length 46.0; condylo-basal length 42.5; palatal length 23.7; inter- orbital width 12.2; zygomatic width 23.5; width of brain case 17.4; upper tooth row 23.8; C-M3 16. 112 FIELDI ANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Remarks. — Both specimens taken "in very dense bamboo jungle beside small stream." The specimens at hand agree fairly well with the descriptions of the species as given by Lyon. The upper side of the tail, when held in the right position, does appear lighter than the back. Tupaia palawanensis busuangae subsp. nov. Type. — No. 62969 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands. Skin and skull. Adult female. Collected March 29, 1947, by D. S. Rabor. Original number 2629. Characters. — General body color above grizzled ochraceous and black as in cuyonis and mollendorffi. Under parts as in cuyonis. Tail blackish, much darker than back. Skull longer and narrower than in the related species. The middle upper premolar with but two roots is oval in shape and not triangular. Measurements (type; extremes of four paratypes in parentheses). —Total length 326 mm. (329-352); tail 162 (160-193); hind foot 46 (42-45); ear 16 (14-16.5). Skull (type): Greatest length 49.3; condylo-basal length 45.2; interorbital width 13.8; zygomatic width 23.5; width of brain case 18.2; orbital notch to tip of premaxillae 20; upper tooth row 25.6; width of rostrum at second incisor 6.1. Remarks. — This series represents another slightly different insular race separated by the color of the tail, which is darker than the back. The only skull available is longer and with a longer tooth row than mollendorffi, and cuyonis, but slightly smaller than some specimens of palawanensis. The two-rooted second premolar is found in Dendrogale but not in any skull of Tupaia examined. It may be an abnormality. The collector's labels carry these notations: "Trapped with coco- [nut] bait in dense undergrowth close to stream;" "in dense second growth and bamboo jungle;" "snared in snare set for quail; thick patch of second growth at side of stream;" "mixed bush and bamboo jungle near stream." Specimens examined. — Type and four topotypes without skulls. Urogale everetti Thomas Tupaia everetti Thomas, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 9: 250. Urogale everetti Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 435; Lyon, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45: 157. Urogale cylindrura Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 435. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 113 Type locality. — Zamboanga, Mindanao Island. Type in British Museum (Natural History), no. 79-5-3-11. Specimens examined. — Total 36. MINDANAO: east slope of Mount McKinley (3,150 feet) (August 15-30, 1946), 1 male, 1 female; Todaya (2,500 feet), Mount Apo (October 31-November 24, 1946), 23 males, 11 females (17 with skulls, 14 with body in alcohol, 5 with skeletons) . Macaca philippinensis philippinensis Geoffrey Macacus philippinensis Geoffrey, 1843, Archiv. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 2: 568, pi. 33. Specimens examined. — Total 4. LUZON: Massisiat, Abra Pro- vince, 3 males, 1 female (skeletons only). Remarks. — The following skins from Palawan, Busuanga, and Culion are, in the adult males, darker than skins from Negros and Mindanao. I do not know how they differ from typical philippinensis from Luzon, so they are here referred to that form. Specimens examined. — Total 16. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 5 males (3 with skeletons) ; Iwahig, 1 male (with skeleton) ; Brooke's Point, 1 female, 2 juvenile males (1 in alcohol). BUSUANGA: Dima- niang, 1 male (no skull). CULION: San Pedro, 2 males, 3 juveniles. Macaca philippinensis mindanensis Mearns Cynomolgus mindanensis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 428. Specimens examined. — Total 90. MINDANAO: east slope of Mount McKinley (2,500 feet), Davao, 2 males, 1 female, 1 no sex (all with skeletons); Tagabuli, Davao, 1 male, 2 females; Mati, Davao, 2 males; Mount Apo, Davao, 1 male (with skeleton) ; Parang, Cotabato, 1 female; Upi, Cotabato, 2 males, 1 female; Caburan, Caburan, 2 females; Mount Busaw, Caburan, 1 male, 1 female; Pagadian, Bucong, 2 males, 1 female, 2 juveniles; Katipunan, Zamboanga, 9 males, 17 females. NEGROS ISLAND: Amio, 5 males (1 with skeleton), 3 females, 1 skin only (no sex); Inubungan, 1 male, 5 females; Mabaha, Bais, 3 males, 2 juveniles; Pagyabunan, Bais, 1 (skull only); Lake Balin- sasayao, Bais, 6 males, 3 females, 1 juvenile; Tolong, 3 males, 6 females, 1 no sex; Santa Catalina, 1 male. Remarks. — There appear to be no differences, either in the skins or the skulls, between the series from the two islands. Tarsius philippensis Meyer Tarsius philippensis Meyer, 1894-95, Abh. Mus. Dresden, no. 1: 1. 114 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Specimens examined. — Total 78. MINDANAO: Buayan Munici- pality, Cotabato Province, 7 males, 8 females; Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, 27 males, 27 females, 1 no sex; Malita Municipality, Davao Province, 3 males, 4 females; Sigayan, Katipunan, Zam- boanga, 1 female. Remarks. — This species was described by Meyer from two mounted specimens from Samar and an adult and young in alcohol from Mindanao. Samar has been regarded by recent authors as the type locality. Tarsius carbonarius Heude 1898 came from the Gulf of Davao, Mindanao Island, but there is nothing in the very meager description by which it can be identified as different from philippensis, and no material is available from Samar for com- parison with this large series from Mindanao. Therefore the older name is used. The color ranges from an almost uniform dark gray to an almost uniform reddish brown. Measurements (six adult males and six adult females). — Greatest length 366-401 mm., 346-370; tail 255-275, 230-241; hind foot 64- 67, 62-65. Skull: greatest length 39.2-40.5, 38.0-40.5; condylo- basal length 31.1-33.0, 30.9-32.0; palatal length 15.6-16.9, 15.1- 15.6; greatest orbital width 32.4-33.6, 31.8-32.6; interorbital width 1.7-2.4, 1.6-2.2; zygomatic width 28.0-29.5, 27.3-28.8; width of brain case 22.7-23.6, 22.0-23.5; depth of brain case 18.5-19.8, 18.3- 19.7; upper tooth row, entire 16.0-16.8, 16.1-16.9; width across base of canines 6.2-6.5, 5.9-6.5, across outer edges of last molar 15.6-17.1, 15.7-16.8; lower tooth row, entire 13.9-15.1, 14.4-14.9. PHOLIDOTA Paramanis culionensis Elera Pholidotus culionensis Elera, 1915, Contr. Fauna Filipina, p. 274. Paramanis culionensis Lawrence, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 70. Specimens examined. — Total 5. PALAWAN: Iwahig, 2 males, 2 females (1 juvenile) ; Brooke's Point, 1 male. Remarks. — The adult specimens agree with Miss Lawrence's description of the species. The younger ones have more keeled scales, particularly on the under side of the tail. RODENTIA Callosciurus steeri Gunther Sciurus steeri Gunther, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876: 375. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 115 Specimens examined. — PALAWAN : Brooke's Point, 8 males, 6 females; Mount Balabag, 1 male. Remarks. — The type locality of this species is Balabac Island, but this series agrees with the description of steeri. None of these specimens show any indication of intergrading with juvencus from Puerto Princesa. Callosciurus juvencus Thomas Sciurus steeri (in part) Giinther, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876: 736, pi. 69. Sciurus juvencus Thomas, 1908, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 2: 498. Specimens examined.— Total 43. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 27 males, 13 females; Iwahig, 3 males. Remarks. — In the majority of this series the under parts are white on the chest and rufous from the center of the belly to the tail, but five are wholly rufous with a few white hairs and one is nearly pure white. Callosciurus mollendorffi Matschie Sciurus mollendorffi Matschie, 1898, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturfr. Berlin, no. 5: 41. Specimens examined. — Total 11. CULION ISLAND: 8 males, 3 females. Remarks. — There are three color patterns represented in this series. The upper parts are dark gray, brownish gray, or reddish brown. The under parts of all are pure white. Callosciurus hoogstraali sp. nov. Type. — No. 63080 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands. Skin and skull. Adult male. Collected March 17, 1947, by Dioscoro S. Rabor. Original number 2613. Characters. — Hairs of posterior two-thirds of tail black with long white tips; base of tail like back; sides between Clay Color and Tawny Olive (Ridgway, 1912), darkened on back by many black hairs and dark bases of hairs; face grayish; hands and feet dark brown; under parts lighter with many long gray- white hairs. Measurements (type). — Total length 400 mm.; tail 192; hind foot 52; ear 21. Skull: greatest length 53.9; condylo-basal length 48.5; palatal length 26.1; length of nasals 15.5; interorbital width 18.1; intertemporal width 17.5; zygomatic width 31.4; mastoid width 23.6; 116 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 width of brain case 23.5 ±; upper tooth row 11.1; width across outer edge of molars 13.2. Remarks. — The color pattern of the tail suggests an affinity to S. albicauda Matschie from an unknown locality, but the face is not white nor the back lined, as Matschie described for albicauda. The squirrel is named for Mr. Hoogstraal, the director and leader of the Philippine Zoological Expedition. CALLOSCIURUS There are eleven specimens of Callosciurus from Mindanao, collected at three widely separated localities: Upi, Cotabato; Todaya, Mount Apo, Davao; and Caburan, Davao. These have been com- pared with a lectotype and a topotype of C. mindanensis collected by Steere, one from San Ramon, twelve miles northwest of Zam- boanga, and six from Katipunan, Zamboanga Province. The general color of this series of mindanensis is brown, darkened on the back by black hairs; the thighs and sides are lighter, the feet and nose are rufous, the center of the tail is reddish brown, the under parts are ashy gray. Compared with mindanensis, the specimens from Mount Apo are darker on the back, but the colored hair rings are more buffy and less brown, so that the animal is less intensely colored. The under parts are not uniform ashy gray but buffy gray and the lower belly and the base of the tail have a tinge of reddish. The Cotabato specimens are slightly lighter, more yellowish, than the Mount Apo series. Two specimens from Caburan are a tinge darker than those from Mount Apo, but they have much less buff on the under parts. All of these have been considered as representing Callosciurus philippinensis Waterhouse. The pattern of the hairs of the tail consists of black and light- colored rings. Starting with black there are usually three pairs of narrow black and light-colored rings of about equal breadth followed by either a wide black tip or a wide black ring and a white ring, sometimes with a narrow black ring at the tip. Most of the hairs have four black and three light-colored sections or five black and four light sections. The growth of the hair may determine the number of rings. C. mindanensis, philippinensis, and a specimen of samarensis all agree in this pattern. Whether mindanensis and philippinensis represent full species or subspecies or are synonymous, present material is not adequate SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 117 to determine. There are records of both taken from the same locality. The Philippine Expedition, however, did not collect any squirrels that are like the specimens of mindanensis mentioned above, with the exception of those taken in Zamboanga by Dr. Rabor. A specimen of samarensis collected by Steere differs but slightly from mindanensis and perhaps should be considered a subspecies of it. Squirrels from Madaum are strikingly different in color from the other Mindanao specimens and have fewer but wider rings on the tail hairs. These are described below as a new species. Callosciurus mindanensis Steere Sciurus mindanensis Steere, 1890, List of Birds and Mammals, Steere Expedi- tion to Philippines, p. 29. Specimens examined. — Total 6. MINDANAO : Mamara, Katipunan, Zamboanga Province, 1 male, 5 females. Remarks. — These agree perfectly with a lectotype and a topotype of mindanensis, collected by Steere. Callosciurus philippinensis Waterhouse Sciurus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1839, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839: 117. Specimens examined. — Total 11. MINDANAO: Burungkot, 1,000 feet, Upi, Cotabato, 2 males, 2 females; Todaya, Mount Apo, Davao, 3 males, 2 females; Lapuan, Malita, Davao, 1 female; Mount Busaw, Caburan, Davao, 1 female. Callosciurus davensis sp. nov. Type. — No. 61386 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Madaum, 25 feet altitude, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippine Islands. Adult male. Skin and skull. Collected October 12, 1946, by Srs. Godofredo Alcasid and Arturo Castro. Original number H. H. 751. Color. — On a broad line from the nose between eyes and ears, down the back to the base of the tail the bases of the hairs are black and the tips near Hay's Russet (Ridgway, 1912) . This color is clearer on the face to between the eyes but from there backward is much darkened by the broader black hair bases. The hands and feet are little darker than the face. The cheeks are buffy. The bases of the hair on the sides are nearer Slate-Black and the tips buffy, so the sides are much lighter than the back. The under parts are close to Apricot Buff. The sides are clearly marked off from the dark 118 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 back and lighter under parts. The hairs of the tail are of two patterns. In one there are long red, black, and white rings with a narrow black tip, and in the other there are three pairs of narrow red and black rings followed by a white ring and a black tip. The black rings are often faint so that the general appearance of the tail is near Hay's Russet in the center, bordered with black and an outer border of white. The tail is less russet below than above. Skull. — The skull shows no marked difference from skulls of mindanensis and philippinensis. Measurements (type). — Total length 380 mm.; tail 182; hind foot 49. Skull: greatest length 51.7; condylo-basal length 46.6; palatal length 25.8; interorbital width 17.6; intertemporal width 16.4; zygomatic width 30; mastoid width 21.8; width of brain case 21.9; upper tooth row 9.7; width across outer edge of molars 11.1. Nanosciurus surrutilus Hollister Nanosciurus surrutilus Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 313. Specimens examined. — Total 19. MINDANAO: east slope of Mount McKinley (3,000-5,800 feet), Davao, 3 males, 1 female; Baclayan (5,400 feet), Mount Apo, Davao, 1 female; Todaya (2,500 feet), Mount Apo, Davao, 1 male; Burungkot (1,500 feet), Cotabato, 7 males, 2 females; Gubat (2,500 feet), Katipunan, Zamboanga, 1 male, 2 females; Mamara (2,500 feet), Katipunan, Zamboanga, 1 male. Remarks. — This large series agrees with the description given for the species. All are darker, some much darker, than a specimen of N. concinnus from Basilan. The Zamboanga specimens are prac- tically topotypes. Hylopetes nigripes nigripes Thomas Sciuropterus nigripes Thomas, 1893, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 12: 30. Specimens examined. — Total 9. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 1 male, 1 female; Iwahig, 1 female; Brooke's Point, 1 juvenile male, 1 juvenile female; Balabag, 2 males, 2 females. Measurements (male and female skulls). — Greatest length 50.0, 53.9 mm.; condylo-basal length 46.2, 49.2; palatal length 26.0, 28.1; length of nasals 15.9, 17.2, width 8.8, 8.9; interorbital width 9.9, 10.4; intertemporal width 10.5, 10.7; zygomatic width 32.2, 33.6; mastoid width 25.3, 26.0; width of brain case at base of zygomata 22.3, 22.5; upper tooth row 12.2, 12.7; width across outer edges of molars 13.5, 14.3. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 119 Remarks. — This, the first large series to be taken, extends the known range of this species on Palawan south to Brooke's Point and Balabag. Chiropodomys calamianensis Taylor Insulaemus calamianensis Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 470. Specimens examined. — Total 10. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 5 males, 4 females; Brooke's Point, 1 female. Measurements (five adults). — Total length 235-278 mm., tail 133-162; hind foot 22-26; ear 15-19. Skull: greatest length 26.8- 28.5; condylo-basal length 25.0-26.6; palatal length 13.3-14.6; inter- orbital width 4.9-5.5; zygomatic width 16.0; mastoid width 12.7- 13.9; upper tooth row 4.3-4.5; width across outer edges of molars 5.8-6.2. Remarks. — This series agrees with the description of the type from Busuanga Island. The skin measurements are larger but the skull measurements are about the same as those of the type. These were trapped on the beach in a coconut grove, some near the trees and some in a building. One was caught by hand in bamboo. Carpomys phaeurus Thomas Carpomys phaeurus Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 162; Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 408, pi. 34, fig. 1 (animal), pi. 36, fig. 7 (skull). Specimens examined. — Total 1. LUZON: Mount Kapilingan, 7,000 feet, May 2, 1946, 1 female. Measurements. — Total length 336 mm.; tail 161; hind foot 32. Skull: greatest length 38.8; condylo-basal length 36.7; palatal length 18.1; length of incisive foramen 7.3; length of nasals 14.4; inter- orbital width 5.9; zygomatic width 21.5; mastoid width 15.6; width of brain case 16.4; upper tooth row 6.6; width across outer edges of molars 8.1. Remarks. — This is the first specimen to be taken since the capture of the type and two others on Mount Data. Collected in "mossy forest." Batomys grantii Thomas Batomys grantii Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 162; Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 405, pi. 33, fig. 2 (animal), pi. 36, fig. 5 (teeth), fig. 8 (skull). 120 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Specimens examined. — Total 2. LUZON: Mount Data, April 23 and May 3, 1946, 2 males. Measurements. — Total length 287 mm.; hind foot 39. Skull: greatest length 45.3; condylo-basal length 40.5; palatal length 21.0; length of incisive foramen 8.9; length of nasals 18.9; interorbital width 6.5; zygomatic width 22.1; mastoid width 15.6; width of brain case 16.6; upper tooth row 7.9; width across outer edges of molars 8.8. Remarks. — This species was not collected by either Mearns or Taylor, and these specimens are the first recorded since the original three collected by Whitehead in 1895. The collector's notes state that the present specimens were collected among "thick bushes, mossy forest in gully." Crateromys schadenbergi Meyer Phloeomys(1) schadenbergi Meyer, 1895, Abh. Mus. Dresden, 6: 1. Crateromys schadenbergi Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 163. Specimens examined. — Total 5. LUZON: Mount Kapilingan, Mountain Province, 2 males, 3 females. Measurements (two males and two females). — Total length 684- 765 mm., tail 359-407; hind foot 67.5-75.5. Skull: greatest length 66.1-75.5; condylo-basal length 63.4-73.7; palatal length 34.2-39.8; length of palatal foramen 10.9-14.8; interorbital width 7.8-8.5; zygomatic width 35.8-40.5; mastoid width 22.2-23.1; width of brain case 24.0-26.0; upper tooth row 15.2-17.1; width across molars 13.0-13.7; length of nasals 24.0-28.2. Remarks. — These were collected between 8,000 and 8,200 feet, in "mossy forest." Rattus rattus jalorensis Bonhote Mus jalorensis Bonhote, 1903, Fasciculi Malayensis, 1 : 28, pi. 2, figs. 1 and 2 (animal), pi. 4, fig. 4 (skull). Specimens examined. — Total 8. PALAWAN: Aborlan Munici- pality, Arena Island, 2 males, 2 females, 4 juvenile females. Busu- ANGA: Coron, 2 males. Remarks. — These specimens agree in color with series from Kuala Lumpur, Malay States, and Sumatra. The skulls differ only in the shape of the palatal foramina, which are long and narrower than in typical jalorensis. One male from Busuanga has gray instead of white under parts. Both specimens from Busuanga have bobbed tails, one with badly broken skull and one without skull. This race SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 121 was not taken on Palawan or other islands. It is a widespread form, and this series differs so slightly that it is here referred to jalorensis. Rattus rattus mindanensis Mearns Mus mindanensis Mearns, 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 442. Specimens examined. — Total 493. Mindanao, 199; Negros, 221; Palawan, 22; Culion, 1; Cuyo, 7; Luzon, 43. Remarks.— This rat is so common and widespread on all the islands visited that each separate locality where it was taken has not been listed. It was found from the sea coast to over 6,000 feet in Luzon and Mindanao. The general color of this series is fairly uniform on the upper parts. The under sides, however, are subject to great variation not only in specimens found between islands but in those on the same island and in the same locality. Of the topotypes from Todaya, Mount Apo, Mindanao, taken on two consecutive days, one has the under parts yellowish white, an- other light gray, and the third brownish gray, and the same varia- tion is seen in the series from other islands. Specimens from Mount Data, Luzon, have the tails averaging blacker than any others but otherwise agree with the topotypes. Rattus norvegicus norvegicus Erxleben [Mus] norvegicus Erxleben, 1777, Syst. Regni. Anim., 1: 381. Specimens examined. — Total 10. NEGROS: Dumaguete, 6 males, 4 females. Remarks. — These rats were all taken in buildings of the seaport, many with coconut bait. Rattus benguetensis Hollister Epimys benguetensis Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 323. Epimys datae Hollister (not Meyer), 1912, Philippine Jour. Sci., D 7: 28; Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 323. Specimens examined. — Total 71. LUZON: Mount Data (5,300- 6,500 feet). Taken in rice and camote fields. Measurements (two males, two females). — Total length 358-392 mm.; tail 172-180; hind foot 39.5-42. Skull (one male, three females): greatest length 41.4-43.6; condylo-basal length 39.1-41.7; palatal length 22.0-23.7; interorbital width 6.0-6.5; zygomatic width 20.7-21.6; width of brain case at parietal ridges 14.7-15.7; length 122 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 of bullae 6.5-6.5; upper molar series 6.5-6.5; length of nasals 16.3- 18.5; diastema 11.5-12.5; palatal foramina 8.0-8.8. Remarks. — The type of R. benguetensis came from Camp John Hay, Baguio, Benguet Province, Luzon. The specimens referred to datae by Hollister were taken at Haights-in-the-Oaks, also in Benguet Province, and all are immature. The type of benguetensis is more immature than the series that Hollister mistakenly called datae. The specimens collected on Mount Data by the Philippine Zoological Expedition are all adult. Direct comparison of this material, unsatisfactory as it is, leads to the conclusion that all these specimens must be referred to benguetensis. This can not be fully settled until adult topotypes of benguetensis are available. The general color of the adult specimens from Mount Data is a dark blackish brown. The dark gray bases of the dorsal hairs are followed by a narrow ring of light brown, dark brown or reddish brown; the tips are black. The sides are lighter where there are no black tips to the hairs. On the under parts the hairs are gray at the bases, with dull white tips. The tails are very dark brown, faintly lighter on the under side. In color, benguetensis is very close to many specimens of the Luzon mindanensis, but the under parts are usually a little darker and the upper parts blacker with less brown. It is a smaller animal and has a shorter tail than mindanensis. Few of this series were measured in the flesh but the tail is probably less than 200 mm. in length and longer than that in mindanensis. The outstanding character of the skull is the small bullae, whose length is about 6.5 mm. The skull is like that of mindanensis, in which the bullae measure about 7.5 mm., but averages smaller. The length of the palate from the posterior end of the palatal foramina is less than 9.0 mm. and more than that in mindanensis. Most of the skulls were badly broken by the traps, so it is not possible to give many complete measurements. Rattus exulans querceti Hollister Epimys querceti Hollister, 1911, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24: 90. Specimens examined. — Total 154. LUZON: Mount Data (5,300- 7,500 feet), Mountain Province, 75 males, 74 females; Tipunan, Mountain Province, 3 males, 2 females. Remarks. — While most of this series agrees in color with eight topotypes of querceti from the original series from Haights-in-the- SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 123 Oaks, Benguet Province, a few from 5,300 feet altitude are as light- colored as specimens of colds. There is a tendency towards melanism but not so strongly marked as in negrinus. Two are quite black on the dorsal surface and four others are grading into black. Rattus exulans calcis Hollister Epimys calcis Hollister, 1911, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24: 90. Specimens examined. — Total 5. LUZON: Massisiat (3,500 feet), Abra Province, 5 females. Remarks. — These specimens are much lighter, both above and below, than querceti and are very close in color to topotypes of calcis. The skulls are all slightly larger (greatest length 31-33 mm. against 29.1 mm.) than two topotypes of calcis and the measurements of the type. They are here referred to calcis, however, until the range in individual variation in this form is better understood. Rattus exulans todayensis Mearns Mus todayensis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 445 — type locality, Todaya (4,000 feet), Mount Apo, Mindanao. Mus vulcani Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 446 — type locality, Mount Apo (7,600 feet), Mindanao. Mus vulcani apicis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 447 — type locality, Mount Apo (9,700 feet), Mindanao. Specimens examined. — Total 62. MINDANAO: Todaya, Mount Apo (2,500 feet), 6 males, 3 females; Mount Apo (6,900 to 7,500 feet), 3 males, 4 females; Meran, east slope of Mount Apo (5,750 feet), 2 males; Lake Linau (6,900 feet), 5 males, 1 female; Ugis-Aya Plantation (2,500 feet), 1 male; east slope of Mount McKinley (3,150-5,800 feet), 1 male, 4 females; Calian, Davao, 2 males; Lawa, Davao, 1 female; Madaum, Tagum, 1 female; Sigayan, Katipunan, Zamboanga, 17 males, 11 females. Measurements (ten adult specimens with worn teeth, from Mount Apo and Mount McKinley, taken at altitudes of 2,500, 5,750, 6,900, and 8,900 feet). — External measurements taken by the collectors: Total length 246-285 mm.; tail 121-140; hind foot 25-33; ear 17-24. Skull: greatest length 30.0-34.1; condylo-basal length 28.1-32.3; palatal length 15.6-17.8; interorbital width 4.9-5.3; zygomatic width 15.0-16.0; width of brain case 12.5-13.4; diastema 8.1-9.1; palatal foramina 5.7-6.8; length of nasals 10.8-15.5; length of bullae 5.3-6.2; upper molar series 5.1-5.9. Remarks. — Rattus todayensis was described from five specimens taken at 4,000 feet (2,500 feet by Mr. Hoogstraal's measurements) 124 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 and R. vulcani from eight specimens taken at 7,600 feet on Mount Apo. R. vulcani is smaller and darker as described when only the series of paratypes is examined. It can not be separated in the present series, which shows great individual variation in size from all altitudes, large and small being found together. Our topotypes of todayensis have upper parts less brightly colored than the para- types and without the buffy wash on the under parts. They were taken at a different time of year, however, and the skins are more filled out, circumstances that would slightly influence the general color. Rattus exulans luteiventris Allen Mus luteiventris Allen, 1910, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28: 14. Specimens examined. — Total 226. PALAWAN: Puerta Princesa, 79 males, 89 females; Brooke's Point, 23 males, 18 females. Busu- ANGA: Coron, 1 female; Dimaniang, 1 male, 1 female. CULION: San Pedro, 4 males, 5 females; Siuk, 3 males. BALABAC: Balabac, 2 males. Measurements (five specimens from Palawan and two from Culion).— Total length 250-296 mm.; tail 122-156; hind foot 24-29; ear 16-20. Skull: greatest length 29.9-35.9; condylo-basal length 28.0-33.0; palatal length 15.8-18.5; interorbital width 4.8-5.2; zygo- matic width 13.5-15.9; width of brain case 12.5-13.7; diastema 7.1- 9.5; palatal foramina 5.4-6.7; nasals 10.1-13.6; length of bullae 5.5-6.2; upper molar series 5.3-6.2. Remarks. — The color of this series is Bister above and Pale Olive- Gray below. In the Busuanga specimens the upper parts are slightly lighter and the bellies almost white, but the difference is not con- sidered worthy of subspecific recognition. R. luteiventris is the same size as negrinus but lighter on the under parts and with less tendency to black above, although some in- dividuals approach it. Rattus exulans negrinus Thomas Mus ephippium negrinus Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 403. Specimens examined. — Total 54. NEGROS: Inubungan, Tolong, 10 males, 8 females; Mabaha, Bais, 3 males, 6 females; Pagyabunan, Bais, 3 males, 2 females; Lake Balinsasayao, 12 males, 9 females. Measurements (three males, two females) . — Total length 256-282 mm.; tail 122-137; hind foot 26-29; ear 16-19. Skull: greatest length 32.3-34.5; condylo-basal length 29.7-32.0; palatal length SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 125 16.6-18.0; interorbital width 5.0-6.0; zygomatic width 15.2-16.0; width of brain case 13.6-14.1; diastema 8.7-9.4; palatal foramina 5.9-6.6; length of bullae 5.9-6.5; upper tooth row 5.5-5.9. Remarks. — Rattus negrinus is often melanistic on the dorsal sur- face and ranges in color from Brussels Brown through Mummy Brown to Black. The under side is between Pale and Light Mouse Gray. The melanistic specimens are not black on the under side. Like R. luteiventris and some others of the group, the skull is marked by very weak zygomatic arches that are often broken in cleaning and handling the skull. Rattus adustus Miller Tryphomys adustus Miller, 1910, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38: 399. Specimens examined. — Total 7. LUZON: Mount Data, Mountain Province, 5 males, 2 females. Measurements (five; none of the skulls perfect; type of adustus in parentheses). — Skull: greatest length 39.0-41.3 mm. (39.5); con- dylo-basal length 36.7-39.6 (37.3) ; palatal length 20.3-22.4 (20.8) ; interorbital width 4.7-5.5 (5.4); zygomatic width 19.0-21.7 (20.4); width of brain case 13.7-14.8 (13.7); upper molar series 8.6-9.0 (7.6, very worn); length of bullae 7.7-8.3 (7.1); diastema 9.7-10.8 (10.6); length of palatal foramina 9.7-10.8 (10.6). Remarks. — Some of the characters of the genus Tryphomys appear to be due to age. The lump opposite the first molar is in- dicated in some of the skulls in this series. The condition of the palate is certainly due to age. The present skulls agree with that of the type in having the large antorbital foramen, and in size and shape. The skins are a little lighter in color than the type but agree in so many ways that they are considered as representing adustus. The teeth have the Rattus pattern. Tryphomys as a genus should be considered a synonym of Rattus. Rattus latidens sp. nov. Figures 10-12. Type. — No. 62347 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Mount Data, altitude 7,500 feet, Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippine Islands. Adult female, skin and skull. Collected April 29, 1946, by Harry Hoogstraal. Original number 385. Diagnosis. — A large dark species with tail slightly longer than head and body; skull short, with thick rostrum, large bullae, and short palate ending between last molars; molar pattern like that of 126 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 FIG. 10. Rattus latidens; X 11A. Rattus, but incisors nearly twice the width found in most species of Rattus and wider than in the largest species. Color. — Upper parts near Saccardo's Umber darkened by black hairs on center of back; lighter on sides and not strongly divided from under parts, which are between Dark Olive-Buff and Deep Olive-Buff; tail and ears Mummy Brown. Measurements. — Total length 474 mm.; tail 242; hind foot 45. Skull: greatest length 50.8; condylo-basal length 48.3; palatal length 26.0; interorbital width 6.0; width of zygomatic plate 6.1; zygomatic FIG. 11. Rattus latidens, man- dibles; about X 2. FIG. 12. Rattus latidens, front view of skull showing broad upper incisors; about X 2. 127 128 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 width 25.8; width of brain case 15.2; upper tooth row 10.0; nasals 19.2 X 5.5; diastema 13.8; length of palatal foramina 9.0; bullae 9.5; width of incisors at tip 5.3. Specimens examined. — One, the type. Remarks.— The collector's note on the label states that this rat was taken in a "patch of heavily wooded area." Rattus everetti Giinther Mus everetti Giinther, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879: 75. Mus tagulayensis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 439. Mus albigularis Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 440. Specimens examined. — Total 52. MINDANAO: Mount McKinley (3,150-4,800 feet), 2 males; Todaya, Mount Apo (2,500 feet), 2 males, 5 females; Madaum, 1 male; Sitio Taglawig, Tagum, 2 males, 1 female; Bugasan, Cotabato, 1 male; Sigayan, Zamboanga, 2 females. LUZON: Mount Data (5,300-8,200 feet), 14 males, 19 females; Massisiat (3,500 feet), 2 juvenile males, 2 juvenile females. Measurements (four adults from Mindanao; four adults from Luzon in parentheses) .—Total length 395-496 mm. (425-486); tail 195-254 (222-249); hind foot 42-49 (45-48). Skull: greatest length 53.8-56.9 (50.7-54.5); condylo-basal length 49.9-53.8 (47.5- 52.1); palatal length 29.7-30.5 (27.5-30.4); interorbital width 6.9- 8.2 (6.8-7.9) ; zygomatic width 25.0-27.9 (24.8-26.5) ; width of brain case across ridges 16.3-16.6 (14.9-16.6) ; length of nasals 19.5-21.8 (19.4-21.5) ; length of bullae 9.6-10.5 (8.9-9.6) ; diastema 15.2-16.0 (14.2-15.3); length of palatine foramina 9.9-11.1 (9.5-10.5); upper tooth row 9.5-10.6 (9.0-9.5). Remarks. — The type locality of Rattus everetti is stated by Taylor to be either Dingat Island, just north of Mindanao, or Mindanao Island itself. Ellerman, who examined the type in the British Museum (Natural History) gives Mindanao as the type locality. In any case it is not probable that rats from the two islands would differ greatly. Rattus albigularis and R. tagulayensis were both described from Mindanao. Hollister records everetti from Luzon but material from Mindanao is identified as albigularis or tagulayensis. Topotypes from the original series of both of these species have been compared with the present material. There appear to be no differ- ences not ascribable to individual variation and age, and Rattus tagulayensis Mearns and Rattus albigularis Mearns are accordingly placed in the synonymy of Rattus everetti Giinther. The Luzon specimens show no marked differences from the Mindanao topotypes. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 129 Rattus luzonicus Thomas Mus luzonicus Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 163. Bullimus luzonicus Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 324. Specimens examined. — Total 8. LUZON: Mount Data, Mountain Province, 5 males, 3 females. Color. — Dorsally the general color is somewhat redder than Kaiser Brown. There is much less intermixture of black hairs in the coat than in R. bagobus. The under side is dark gray, lightened by white tips to the hairs. The tail, basally, is dark above and lighter below, and the terminal third is yellowish white all around. Measurements. — Taylor mentions a specimen collected by Mearns in which the greatest length of the skull is 56.4 mm., which seems to be closer to normal size for adults than published measurements indicate. Unfortunately, all the skulls in the present series are broken, so that greatest length figures can not be given. Total length 424-440 mm.; tail 190-192; hind foot 52.5-50.5 (only two specimens measured in the flesh). Skull: palatal length 28.3-30.2; interorbital width 7.5-8.5; zygomatic width (2 specimens) 25.9-27.9; diastema 15.2-17.7; length of palatine foramina 9.3-10.5; length of nasals 21.8-23.5; upper tooth row 9.5-10.8. Habitat. — Collectors' notes state that the series was collected in "Camote field;" "near summit (Mount Data) in wooded gully;" "close to top (Mount Data) in mossy forest gully;" and "dense bushes in gully." Rattus bagobus Mearns Bullimus bagobus Mearns, 1905, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28: 450. Specimens examined. — Total 14. MINDANAO: east slope of Mount McKinley, Davao Province, 6 males, 6 females; Todaya, Mount Apo, Davao Province, 1 male, 1 female. Color. — The upper parts are blackish, the individual hairs being either wholly black or banded with light brown at the end, these sometimes with a short black tip. This gives a mixed pattern of black and brown, depending on the amount of wear. The under parts are grayish, the hairs being gray basally tipped with white, and in young specimens nearly all white. The tail is black above, light-colored below. Measurements.— (Ten. adults): total length 409-535 mm.; tail 173-229; hind foot 50-62; ear 30-35. Skull (four adults): greatest length 65.1-68.3; condylo-basal length 59.5-62.1; palatal length 32.2-34.0; interorbital width 7.3-8.8; zygomatic width 29.6-31.5; 130 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 width of brain case 21.3-21.7; diastema 17.5-18.8; length of palatine foramina 10.2-12.1; length of nasals 26.7-28.9; length of bullae 10.9-11.4; upper tooth row 10.0-10.4. Habitat. — This series was caught with baits of bird meat, cheese, and peanut butter in the following varied habitats, as noted on the labels: "under bushes among dried twigs;" "among fallen logs in Abaca plantation;" "coffee plantation;" "on ridge on mossy ground, tangled roots;" "in gully among mossy logs on the ground;" "trapped among mossy roots and under growth of ferns;" "slope of ridge with thick undergrowth;" "among tall grass;" and "vegetable patch." Rattus rabori sp. nov. Type. — No. 67808 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Sigayan, altitude 2,500 feet, Katipunan Municipality, Zamboanga Province, Mindanao Island. Adult male, skin and skull. Collected June 5, 1950, by Dr. Dioscoro S. Rabor. Original number 757. Characters. — Like Rattus luzonicus but lighter-colored and larger; about the size of R. bagobus but tail bicolored; mammary formula 1-3=8; skull and teeth as in R. bagobus, but skull heavier and teeth slightly wider. Color. — The coat above is without spines and is composed of coarse hairs that are gray basally and light brown terminally. In the center of the back are many long, wholly black hairs. The female topotype is lighter, with fewer black hairs. The type is heavily stained with brown on the under side but the female is pure white below. The tail in the type has the basal three inches black above and below and the terminal five inches white. In the female the basal five inches are black and the terminal three inches are white. Specimens examined. — Type and female topotype. Measurements (type, followed by female topotype in parentheses). —Total length 548 mm. (504); tail 243 (230); hind foot 66 (58); ear 30 (25). Skull: greatest length 67.7 (63.5); condylo-basal length 64.1 (59.3) ; palatal length 36.3 (32.8) ; interorbital width 9.3 (8.3) ; zygomatic width 34.1 (30.1); diastema 20.5 (17.3); length of palatine foramina 11.4 (10.1); nasals 28.4 X 7.0 (27.0 X 6.9); length of bullae 11.4 (10.4); upper tooth row 11.5 (11.0). Remarks. — This is a fourth member of what was once called the Bullimus group, with the color pattern of luzonicus from Luzon and the large heavy skull of bagobus from Mindanao. It is named for J SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 131 Dr. Dioscoro S. Rabor, of Silliman University, Dumaguete, Negros Island, who collected with the Philippine Expedition and has since continued exploring the islands of Negros and Mindanao. Rattus culionensis sp. nov. Type. — No. 63155 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Siuk, Culion Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands. Adult male, skin and skull. Collected April 7, 1947, by Dioscoro S. Rabor and Manuel Celestino. Original number 2731. Description of type. — Externally like R. mulleri borneanus from Sandakan, but much lighter in color, with much less admixture of black; general color dorsally dark red-brown mixed with black, lighter on sides, and sharply marked off from white under parts; the tail brown above and slightly lighter below; skull resembling that of borneanus, but with actually and relatively larger bullae, their length being 7.7 mm. compared with 6.9-7.1 mm. in borneanus; palatal foramina relatively longer; supraorbital ridges weaker in interorbital region. The most posterior part of the skull is at the upper lip of the foramen magnum while in mulleri it is at the lambdoidal crest, which is not greatly developed in culionensis. Measurements (type; topotype in parentheses). — Total length 50.0 mm. (50.9). Skull: condylo-basal length 46.7 (47.8); palatal length 26.3 (26.1); interorbital width 7.3 (7.2); zygomatic width 25.4 (25.1); width of brain case at parietal ridges 13.6 (13.5); upper molar series 9.0 (9.1) ; length of nasals 19.7 (19.3) ; length of bullae 7.7 (7.7); length of palatal foramina 8.9 (8.5); diastema 14.0 (13.8). Specimens examined. — Type and one female topotype. Remarks. — R. culionensis appears to be an offshoot of the mulleri group but differing in enough particulars that it can not be con- sidered a subspecies. Rattus mulleri balabagensis subsp. nov. Type. — No. 63157 Chicago Natural History Museum, from south slope of Mount Balabag, altitude 3,000 feet, Palawan Island, Philip- pine Islands. Adult male, skin and skull (body in alcohol). Collected May 6, 1947, by Floyd Werner and party. Original number 3471. Description. — Externally like R. mulleri from the Malay Peninsula but color lighter, gray brown mixed with black dorsally, lighter on sides where there is less of the black mixture, and sharply separated 132 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 from the white under parts; tail brown above and below and very long (350 mm.) ; hands and feet light brown. The skull resembles that of mulleri in shape more than it does that of culionensis. It has larger bullae and longer palatal foramina than borneanus, and the wide rostrum more typical of mulleri. The most posterior part of the skull is the exoccipital condyle, the lambdoidal crest being little developed. Measurements. — Total length 524 mm.; tail 350; hind foot 45; ear 21. Skull: greatest length 52.6; condylo-basal length 49.9; palatal length 28.8; interorbital width 7.6; zygomatic width 26.0; width of brain case at parietal ridges 14.9; upper molar series 9.6; length of bullae 7.4; length of nasals 20.6; diastema 14.8; length of palatal foramina 10.0. Specimens examined. — One, the type. Remarks. — The extremely long tail and light color distinguish balabagensis from all other members of the mulleri group. The type was collected in thick forest near the top of Mount Balabag. Rattus panglima Robinson Rattus panglima Robinson, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7: 235. Rattus palawanensis Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 416. Specimens examined. — Total 54. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 8 males, 8 females; Brooke's Point, 3 males, 4 females; south slope of Mount Balabag, 14 males, 6 females. BUSUANGA: Dimaniang, 2 females. CULION: San Pedro, 1 male, 2 females; Siuk, 5 males, 1 female. Color. — The general color above is Iron Gray or slightly lighter. The coat is composed almost entirely of white, grooved spines heavily edged with Iron Gray. The under parts are pure white, sharply defined on the sides. The tail is bicolored, dark above, lighter below. Measurements (four from Palawan and three from Culion).— Total length 369-438 mm.; tail 188-287; hind foot 38-46; ear 25-28. Skull: greatest length 44.3-49.6; condylo-basal length 40.0-43.8; palatal length 20.8-22.5; interorbital width 6.5-7.4; zygomatic width 19.5-22.0; width of brain case 16.5-17.2; upper molar series 7.0-8.0; length of nasals 17.5-19.7; length of bullae 4.9-5.9; diastema 11.8- 13.0; palatal foramina 6.6-7.7. Rattus (Apomys) datae Meyer Mus chrysocomus Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 403. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 133 Mus datae Meyer, 1898-99, Abhandl. Ber. Konigl. Zool. Mus., Dresden, 7: 25. Apomys major Miller, 1911, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38: 402. Apomys datae Ellerman, 1941, Fam. Gen. Liv. Rodents, 2: 225. Rattus (Apomys) datae Ellerman, 1949, Fam. Gen. Liv. Rodents, 3: 76. Specimens examined. — Total 54. LUZON: Mount Data, Mountain Province, 20 males, 34 females. Measurements (two males, one female). — Skull: greatest length 39.0-40.5 mm.; condylo-basal length 34.0-36.1; palatal length 19.5- 20.1; interorbital width 6.0-6.3; zygomatic width 18.1-18.2; width of brain case 14.5-15.1; upper tooth row 6.9-7.1; palatal foramina 5.1-5.5; length of bullae 5.2-5.3; length of nasals 9.9-10.2; diastema 14.9-15.5. Remarks. — When Thomas reported on the Whitehead collection (1898 supra cit.), he listed but one specimen of Mus chrysocomus, but the text refers to "the present specimens," and the catalogue of the British Museum (Natural History) shows more than one received. The type of datae Meyer was received from the British Museum and was undoubtedly one of the Whitehead specimens. Material identi- fied as Apomys major was sent to Sir John Ellerman for his comments. He found the Apomys major to be the same as topotypes of R. datae. Since then, others from this series of major have been compared with Miller's type and found to be the same though more adult and slightly larger. Thus Apomys major Miller becomes a synonym of Rattus (Apomys) datae Meyer. The specimens identified as datae by Hollister have been discussed under Rattus benguetensis. I am most appreciative of Sir John Ellerman's help in getting this matter cleared up. Rattus (Apomys) abrae sp. nov. Type. — No. 62750 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Mas- sisiat, altitude 3,500 feet, Abra Province, Luzon Island, Philippine Islands. Adult male, skin and skull. Collected May 14, 1946, by Dioscoro S. Rabor. Original number H. H. 460. Description. — Hairs of the back with long dark gray bases, followed by a wide ring of dark brown or buff, in many tipped with black, giving a general color near Bister; sides of face and body lighter; under parts grayish white, hairs with short dark gray bases; fore and hind feet covered with white hairs; tail dark above, much lighter below; a female topotype larger, but not differing from the type in color. 134 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 The skull is typical Apomys with no marked peculiarities. It is intermediate in size between skulls of datae and insignis. The skull of the female specimen is badly broken. Measurements (type and female topotype). — Total length: 255, 278 mm. ; tail 130, 139; hind foot 34, 35. Skull: greatest length 34.8, 35.7; condylo-basal length 30.5, 31.6; palatal length 16.8, 18.1; interorbital width 5.5 (in female); zygomatic width 15.6 (in male); width of brain case 14.3 (in male); upper tooth row 6.6, 6.7; palatal foramina 4.8, 5.0; length of bullae 4.9, 5.0; length of nasals 12.8, 13.4; diastema 8.3, 9.0. Remarks. — The other Apomys known from Luzon are datae, which is larger, darker, and from a higher altitude, and musculus, which is much smaller and of a different color. Apomys abrae is from a lower elevation and a slightly warmer climate north of the other species. Rattus (Apomys) insignis insignis Mearns Apomys insignis insignis Mearns, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 327. Specimens examined. — Total 27. MINDANAO: east slope of Mount McKinley, Davao Province, 6 males, 17 females; Linau, Meran, Baclayan, and Mainit, Mount Apo, Davao Province, 4 males. Measurements (two adult males and two adult females). — Total length 241-257 mm.; tail 139-165; hind foot 32-33. Skull: greatest length 30.9-31.9; condylo-basal length 26.6-27.9; palatal length 15.6-15.8; interorbital width 4.9-5.0; zygomatic width 13.9-15.0; width of brain case 12.9-13.0; upper tooth row 5.9-6.0; length of palatal foramina 3.7-4.1; greatest width of nasals 3.8-4.0. Remarks. — This mouse was taken among "mossy roots and under- growth of ferns and rattan" and "in gully among mossy logs." Many specimens have a spot or broad line of pure white hairs on the chest or belly. Rattus (Apomys) littoralis sp. nov. Type. — No. 60834 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Bugasan, altitude 50 feet, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island, Philippine Islands. Adult female, skin and skull. Collected December 8, 1946, by Prudencio Anonuevo and Godofredo Alcasid. Original number 1606. Description. — Intermediate in size between the small R. musculus and the larger R. hylocetes and R. petraeus; under parts white, in all other known species being buff or darker; upper parts Bister, SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 135 lightening to near Snuff Brown on sides; all hairs with Dark Neutral Gray bases; hairs of under parts white to the roots; hands and feet light brown; tail uniformly dark; whiskers long, mixed black and white; skull a typical Apomys skull, intermediate in size between skulls of musculus and the two larger forms. Measurements. — Total length 222 mm.; tail 122; hind foot 26; ear 16. Skull (badly broken) : palatal length 13.5; interorbital width 4.9; zygomatic width about 12.0; upper tooth row 5.0; length of nasals 9.8; diastema 6.6; length of palatal foramina 3.6. Specimens examined. — One, the type. Remarks. — This is the first record of Apomys from near the coast; that it differs from the various mountain forms is not surprising. Phloeomys pallidus Nehring Phloeomys cumingi var. pallidus Nehring, 1890, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturfr. Berlin, 1890: 106. Specimens examined. — Total 1. LUZON: Baay, Abra Province, 1 male. Measurements. — Total length 747 mm.; tail 349; hind foot 81. Skull: greatest length 88.8; condylo-basal length 83.1; palatal length 50.5; length of palatal foramen 8.5; interorbital width 15.5; zygomatic width 43.2; mastoid width 25.0; width of brain case 29.0; upper tooth row 18.5; width across molars 21.1; length of nasals 30.9. Remarks. — The only specimen taken by the expedition was found in a rice field near a river at 2,500 feet altitude. Rhynchomys soricoides Thomas Rhynchomys soricoides Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 160; Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 398, pi. 31, fig. 2 (animal), pi. 35, fig. 7 (teeth), fig. 10 (skull). Specimens examined. — Total 2. LUZON: Mount Data, 7,500 feet, April 22, May 3, 1946, 2 females. Measurements. — Total length 330 mm.; tail 142; hind foot 42. Skull: greatest length 46.8, 49.4; condylo-basal length 44.5, 47.3; palatal length 24.6, 26.0; length of incisive foramen 7.0, 7.6; inter- orbital width 6.4, 6.6; width of brain case 16.5, 16.6; upper tooth row 2.2; width across outer edges of molars 6.9; length of nasals 18.7, 19.5. Remarks. — The collector's notes state that these specimens were taken among "thick bushes and mossy forest in gully." Only five 136 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 specimens are known, according to Taylor. The skulls of these two females are slightly smaller than that of the type. Chrotomys whiteheadi Thomas Chrotomys whiteheadi Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 161: Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 392, pi. 32 (animal), pi. 35, figs. 6-7 (skull and teeth); Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 315. Specimens examined. — Total 6. LUZON : Mount Data, 7,000-8,200 feet, April 11-13, 1946, 5 males, 1 female. Measurements. — No external measurements were taken in the field. The greater part of the skulls are broken, so that complete measurements of only one adult male and one adult female (in parentheses) can be given. Greatest length 41.7 mm. (39.6); condylo-basal length 40.7 (39.0) ; palatal length 21.8 (21.6) ; length of nasals 13.5 (12.9) ; length of incisive foramen 4.4 (4.4) ; interorbital width 6.9 (7.0), zygomatic width 22.2 (20.8); mastoid width 17.4 (16.5); width of brain case 16.3 (15.7); upper tooth row 5.3 (5.0); across outer edges of molars 7.0 (6.9). Remarks. — These specimens were taken in "mossy forest" and "camote fields." This genus appears to be more common than other endemic genera, as Thomas recorded four specimens and Hollister four, including one from Benguet. Thomas' measurements of the type skull appear to be the only ones published. Celaenomys silaceus Thomas XeromysC!) silaceus Thomas, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 16: 161. Celaenomys silaceus Thomas, 1898, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14: 391, pi. 31, fig. 1 (animal), pi. 35, figs. 11, 12 (molars and skull); Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 315. Specimens examined. — Total 3. LUZON: Mount Data, 7,000-8,000 feet, April 26, May 3, 1946, 3 males. Measurements. — Greatest length 37.3-38.6 mm.; condylo-basal length 35.7-37.7; palatal length 18.9-19.8; interorbital width 6.4- 6.5; length of palatine foramina 3.9-4.2; zygomatic width 18.2-19.0; width of brain case 14.9-15.7; upper tooth row 4.0-4.4; width across outer edge of molars 6.1-6.6; length of nasals 12.0-12.9. Remarks. — The type, a male, and one other specimen were col- lected on Mount Data, at an altitude of 8,000 feet. Hollister recorded one from Haights-in-the-Oaks, Benguet, Luzon. Thomas gave measurements of the skull of the type, but Hollister did not record the sex or publish measurements. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 137 No measurements were taken of the present specimens in the field. The skulls agree with measurements and figures as published by Thomas, with one exception. Instead of having but two upper molars there are three, the last molar being very small, smaller than in Chrotomys. This tooth is present on one side in two skulls and on both sides in the third. In one lower jaw a pit back of m2 may be an indication of a third lower molar. The collectors' field catalogue states that these specimens, all males, were taken among "thick bushes and mossy forest in gully" and "thick growth of bushes and shrubs in gully." Thecurus pumilus Gtinther Hystrix pumila Giinther, 1879, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 4: 106. Specimens examined. — Total 10. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 2 males (1 skeleton only); Iwahig, 3 males, 1 female; Brooke's Point, 1 male, 1 female; Busuanga, 1 female, 1 juvenile male (ale.). Measurements (skin measurements taken by collectors in the field).— Total length 498-598 mm.; tail 40-101; hind foot 56-72; ear 22-38. Skull (3 males, 2 females): greatest length 91.5-95.0; condylo-basal length 86.9-87.0; palatal length 43.2-45.9; length of nasals 26.7-29.8; interorbital width 28.2-31.1; zygomatic width 48.5-52.2; mastoid width 35.7-38.7; width of brain case 36.5-38.4; upper tooth row 18.2-20.2. Remarks. — The skin from Busuanga Island shows no differences from those taken on Palawan. CARNIVORA Suillotaxus marchei Huet Mydaus marchei Huet, 1887, Le Naturaliste, II, 9: 149; Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 351 (meas.). Mydaus schadenbergii Jentink, 1895, Notes Leyden Mus., 17: 46. Suillotaxus marchei Lawrence, 1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 65. Specimens examined. — Total 10. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 2 males; Iwahig, 2 males, 1 female; Brooke's Point, 3 males, 1 female. BUSUANGA ISLAND: 1 male. Measurements. — Total length 336-490 mm.; tail 17-40; hind foot 56-68; ear 19-28. Skull (three males, one female; Busuanga subadult male in parentheses): greatest length 77.5-85.1 (77.0); condylo-basal length 73.2-81.5 (72.4); palatal length 38.2-40.7 (37.0); interorbital width 19.4-20.6 (18.0); intertemporal width 138 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 19.3-20.5 (19.4); zygomatic width 38.5-40.3 (35.5); mastoid width 36.9-39.3 (35.1); width of brain case 29.9-31.7 (29.1); upper tooth row 22.1-23.9 (22.4); width across outer edges of canines 14.1-15.8 (13.2), across outer edges of molars 22.5-25.6 (23.3). Remarks. — The white head spot in the Palawan series varies from a small, almost hidden patch of white hairs to a marking 2V£ inches long by one inch wide. The Busuanga specimen shows a well-marked streak four and a half inches long by one inch at the widest point, and heavily mixed with black hairs. The fur is long and thick on the back but the under parts are very thinly haired. M. schadenbergii described by Jentink was not compared with marchei by him and from the description and present material there appear to be no characters by which it may be separated from marchei. The measurements of the animals made by the collectors in the field, especially of the tail and the ear, are not borne out by the skins, and some obvious errors have been corrected. Amblonyx cinerea cinerea Illiger Lutra cinerea Illiger, 1815, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1815: 99. Aonyx cinerea J. A. Allen, 1910, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28: 17; Hollister, 1913, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 312; Taylor, 1934, Bur. Sci. Manila, Monog. no. 30: 353. Amblonyx cinerea Pohle, 1919, Archiv. Naturg., 85, Heft 9: 129. Specimens examined. — Total 5. PALAWAN: Iwahig, 1 male, 1 female; Puerto Princesa, 2 males; Brooke's Point, 1 female (ale.). Measurements (skin measurements by collectors). — Total length 675-769 mm.; tail 247-298; hind foot 82-98; ear 22-26. Skull (one male, one female): greatest length 93.9, 89.2; condylo-basal length 88.5, 85.7; palatal length 43.3, 40.3; interorbital width 17.5, 15.8; zygomatic width 61.9, 57.0; mastoid width 55.0, 49.9; width of brain case 48.7, 45.3; upper tooth row 32.1, 29.5; width across outer edges of canines 21.7, 19.0, across outer edges of molars 34.4, 30.6; combined length of upper molars 19.7, 17.6. Remarks. — One skin, made up in the field, agrees in color with two specimens from French Indo-China. Three other skins, salted in the field, agree with one from Borneo, also salted in the field, being gray brown instead of dark brown. Soaking the salted skins to soften them in order to make them up as study skins affects the color. SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 139 These otters were captured, according to the collectors' notes, in "Nipa swamp at night; crab and fish in stomach;" "hiding under truck body in coconut grove on beach, mid-morning;" "bank of tidewater stream;" "snared on river edge." Felis minuta Temminck Felis minuta Temminck, 1827, Monog. Mamm., 1 : 130. Specimens examined. — Total 18. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 1 male (with skeleton), 2 females; Iwahig, 4 males (2 with skeletons), 7 females (2 with skeletons); Brooke's Point, 1 male, 1 female. NEGROS ISLAND: Amio, 1 male. Measurements. — (Collectors' measurements of males and females from Palawan; Negros Island male in parentheses): total length 582-695 mm., 479-664 (708) ; tail 180-235, 145-224 (223) ; hind foot 100-113, 85-105 (118); ear 40-42, 38-40 (48). Skull (three adult males and three adult females from Palawan; Negros Island skull in parentheses) : greatest length 84-86.8, 80.4-81.7 (89.4) ; condylo- basal length 78.2-80.7, 74.1-76.6 (84.8); palatal length 33.8-35.7, 31.9-33.8 (35.5) ; length of nasals 20.5-25.7, 20.0-20.9 (25.8) ; inter- orbital width 12.7-15.1, 12.2-13.2 (14.0); intertemporal width 21.8- 24.9, 23.4-24.4 (24.8); zygomatic width 52.3-56.4, 52.0-52.4 (59.9); mastoid width 35.0-35.8, 33.3-34.5 (37.5); width of brain case 36.3-37.7, 35.0-36.6 (38.1); upper tooth row 27.3-28.1, 25.0-26.1 (27.6); width across outer bases of canines 19.5-19.9, 17.7-18.5 (21.6), across outer edges of molars 30.5-31.1, 28.8-31.1 (34.4). Remarks. — The Palawan series of skins represents two color phases, a dark gray and a dull brown. The color of some skins may have been affected by tanning. The males average smaller than the females. The skin from Negros Island is a bright red- brown and is much larger than any from Palawan. Viverra tangalunga Gray Viverra tangalunga Gray, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832: 63. Specimens examined. — Total 9. LUZON: Massisiat, Abra Prov- ince, 1 female. MINDANAO: Davao, 1 male; Mount Apo, Davao, 1 male, 1 female; Upi, Cotabato, 1 female. BUSUANGA ISLAND: Dimaniang, 1 male, 1 female. CULION ISLAND: San Pedro, 2 females. Paradoxurus philippinensis Jourdan Paradoxurus philippinensis Jourdan, 1837, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 5: 523. Paradoxurus minax Thomas, 1909, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 3: 375. LIBRARY IJNIVPRCITV r>r 140 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Specimens examined. — Total 42. MINDANAO: Caburan, Davao, 1 male; Madaum, Davao, 2 males, 4 females; Mount Apo, Davao, 2 females; Upi, Cotabato, 1 male. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 9 males, 8 females; Iwahig, 2 males, 2 females; Brooke's Point, 3 males, 2 females. CULION ISLAND: San Pedro, 2 males, 1 female. BUSUANGA ISLAND: Singay, 1 male; Carmelita, 1 female. NEGROS ISLAND: Amio, 2 females. Herpestes brachyurus parvus Jentink Herpestes parvus Jentink, 1895, Notes Leyden Mus., 17: 48. Mungos palawanus Allen, 1910, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28: 17. Specimens examined. — Total 2. PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa, 1 male; Brooke's Point, 1 female. Measurements. — Total length (male and female) 599, 651 mm.; tail 247, 260; hind foot 82, 76; ear 26, 25. Skull of female (type of parvus in parentheses) : greatest length 81.0 (76.0) ; condylo-basal length 80.6; palatal length 43.2; interorbital width 17.0; intertemporal width 14.4; zygomatic width 44.7; mastoid width 30.0; width of brain case 32.1 (31.0); upper tooth row 29.9 (25.0); width across outer edges of bases of canines 16.5, across outer edges of upper molars 28.5; bullae 12 X 18. Remarks. — Mungos palawanus was described from a skin without skull taken on Palawan. The dorsal hairs were said to be "reddish, annulated subapically with black and tipped with yellow, the black annulation more or less visible at the surface." The measurement of 56 mm. given for the hind foot of palawanus is thought to be an error for 86 mm. Herpestes parvus was described from an aged specimen without sex, from the Calamianes Islands. The dorsal hairs were described as follows: "The extremities are not black, and the light rings which produce the grizzled appearance are of a reddish brown." The tail was said to be shorter than that of H. brachyurus, but no measure- ments were given. The male from Palawan is darker than the female, the tips on the hairs being shorter, exposing more of the black portion of the hairs. The female agrees in color with the description of palawanus, while the darker male is closer in color to the description of parvus, although the tips of the hairs are not quite dark enough to be referred to as reddish brown. Jentink stated that the tail of parvus was shorter than that of brachyurus but gave no figures. Lyon (1908) has recorded specimens SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 141 of brachyurus from Sumatra with a tail length of 193-240 mm., and specimens from Borneo (1911) with a tail length of 230-250 mm. The tail in the type of palawanus was given as 190 mm. In the two Palawan examples recorded here, the tail in the male is 247 mm. and in the female 260 mm. As there can be a considerable individual difference in tail length, as shown by the Borneo series, the short tail in the type of parvus might signify only individual variation. The few measurements given for the skull of parvus are but little less than those of a specimen from Palawan. It is believed that palawanus Allen is a synonym of parvus Jentink, a subspecies of brachyurus. Both specimens were caught in snares. ARTIODACTYLA Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus Huet. Figure 13. Sus ahoenobarbus Huet, 1888, Le Naturaliste, 2: 5. Specimens examined. — Total 9. PALAWAN: Iwahig, 2 adult males, 1 subadult female, 2 juvenile females, 2 immature (ale.). BUSUANGA: 1 subadult male, 1 subadult female. Measurements (two adult males from Palawan). — Skull: greatest length 361.0, 376.0 mm.; condylo-basal length 308.0, 327.0; palatal length 224.0, 245.0; interorbital width 62.0, 65.2; zygomatic width 138.0, 157.0; upper molar series 116.3, 118.6; least outside width of palate 50.6, 52.3; greatest width of palate, outside third molar 61.5, 61.6; nasals, least width 19.1, 21.0, greatest width 32.7, 32.2, length 177.0, 187.0. Remarks. — The posterior elongation of palate, typical of barbatus of Borneo, distinguishes this pig from other Philippine species in which the palate is shorter. Although the skull is elongated, the nasals are little longer than in the smaller S. mindanensis. The two specimens from Busuanga could possibly be referred to calamaniensis but they are subadult and show no marked difference from the subadult female skull from Palawan. Sus celebensis philippensis Nehring. Figures 14, 15. Sus celebensis philippensis Nehring, 1886, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturfr. Berlin, 1S86: 83. Specimens examined. — Total 4. LUZON: Massisiat, Abra Prov- ince, 1 juvenile male; no locality, 2 skulls only; Punta Racinga, Manila Bay, 1 male (Lieutenant G. A. Wallen U.S.A., collector). FIG. 13. SMS barbatus ahoenobarbus, male; Palawan. 142 FIG. 14. Sus celebensis philippensis, male; Luzon. 143 FIG. 15. Sus celebensis philippensis, female; Luzon. 144 SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 145 Measurements. — Skull (male): greatest length 296.0 mm.; con- dylo-basal length 260.0; palatal length 175.0; interorbital width 57.3; zygomatic width 129.0; least outside width of palate 46.2; greatest outside width of palate 55.5; nasals, length 156.0, width 29.0; upper molar series 98.4. Remarks. — There are no skins available for comparison with the series of mindanensis, and only one adult skull, so no conclusion can be reached regarding the distinctness of mindanensis. Sus celebensis mindanensis Major. Figures 16, 17. Sus verrucosus mindanensis Major, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 19: 524. Specimens examined.— Total 27. MINDANAO: Cotabato Province, Pikit, 2 males; Beto, 2 females; Parang, 1 male, 2 females; Burungkot, 1 male, 1 female; Cotabato, 1 male. Davao Province, Calian, 2 males; Lapuan, 1 male, 1 female; Davao, 1 male; Mayo, 1 male; Madaum, 1 (no sex); Lacaron, 2 females; Mount Busaw, 1 male. Zamboanga Province, Mamara, 1 female. Measurements (five adult males; five adult females in paren- theses).—Skull: greatest length 314.0-334.0 mm. (254.0-285.0); condylo-basal length 270.0-284.0 (230.0-248.0) ; palatal length 190.0- 197.0 (158.0-173.0); interorbital width 58.9-75.0 (53.3-57.5); zygo- matic width 134.0-151.0 (111.0-124.0); upper molar series 95.9- 102.5 (89.9-95.2); least width of palate 46.8-55.3 (37.6-42.6); greatest width of palate 50.2-58.9 (50.7-54.3); nasals, least width 19.6-22.5 (14.7-19.6), greatest width 25.5-33.5 (25.7-32.9), length 161.0-177.0 (136.0-158.0). Remarks. — The skull of mindanensis is much shorter than that of ahoenobarbus from Palawan, and the posterior edge of the palate is either on a line with the posterior edge of the last molars or extends up to 10 mm. beyond; the nasals are very little shorter. The skins show some variation in the white bar across the face, which is present in younger specimens, represented by two spots in older ones, and absent in very old boars. The general color is black, but in some specimens there are reddish brown patches of hair in the dorsal crest. Sus celebensis negrinus subsp. nov. Figures 18, 19. Type. — No. 66324 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Pagyabunan, Bais, Negros Island, Philippine Islands. Adult male, skin and skull. Collected May 3, 1949, by Dioscoro S. Rabor. Original number 341. FIG. 16. SMS celebensis mindanensis, male; Mindanao. 146 FIG. 17. SMS celebensis mindanensis, female; Mindanao. 147 148 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 Characters.— Like mindanensis but smaller and with white hairs on shoulders and sides. Skull in general like mindanensis, but shorter in greatest length, condylo-basal length, palatal length, and length of nasals; width equaling or nearly equaling that of the skull of mindanensis; brain case more rounded in profile, slightly convex, instead of evenly sloping toward the rostrum. Color. — Type in general black; center line of back with crest of long stiff black hairs; facial bar of grayish white hairs distinct; sides thinly covered with short stiff white bristles; belly black with a few white hairs mixed in; legs black; tip of tail with a tuft of long black hairs. The type skin could not be tanned but was cleaned and dried. Younger specimens do not have any white hairs on the sides. Measurements (type; 2 females in parentheses). — Greatest length 305.0 mm. (237.0, 246.0) ; condylo-basal length 253.0 (215.0, 216.0) ; palatal length 172.0 (146.0, 147.0); interorbital width 61.9 (49.7, 51.9); zygomatic width 138.0 (103.0, 114.0); upper molar series 90.7 (81.0, 83.0); least outside width of palate 45.1 (31.9, 35.3); greatest outside width of palate at third molar 51.1 (46.9, 51.1); nasals, least width 18.0 (14.6, 14.7), greatest width 33.0 (23.3, 24.1), length 144.0 (116.4, 118.9). Tragulus nigricans Thomas Tragulus nigricans Thomas, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 9: 250. Specimens examined. — Total 6. BALABAC ISLAND: Balabac, 3 males, 1 immature male, 2 females. Remarks. — Mr. Hoogstraal reported that these deer were very common on the island, which was visited for one day only, March 15. One female contained an embryo at that time. Cervus (Rusa) alfredi Sclater. Figures 20, 21. Cervus alfredi Sclater, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870: 381, pi. 28; 1871: 478; 1872: 24. Specimens examined. — Total 5. NEGROS ISLAND: Mabaha, Bais, 1 adult female; Naliong, Tolong, 1 immature male, 1 adult female, 1 immature female; Bubugtongon, Tolong, 1 adult male. Measurements (adult male; two adult females in parentheses). — Total length 1420 mm. (1242, 1386); tail 125 (90, 117); hind foot 340 (298, 320); ear 105 (87, 89); height at shoulder 770 (715, 750). FIG. 18. Sus celebensis negrinus, male, type; Negros Island. 149 FIG. 19. Sits celebensis negrinus, female; Negros Island. 150 SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 151 Skull: greatest length 265 (242, 244); palatal length 150.0 (136.1, 138.4); interorbital width 63.6 (48.9, 52.1); zygomatic width 102.1 (95.2, 95.3); upper tooth row 78.3 (73.1, 75.0); length of molars 44.9 (43.5, 43.6); length of premolars 36.9 (33.6, 34.9); nasals, length 90.9 (80.7, 83.1), greatest width 41.3 (33.4, 35.3), least width 18.5 (16.4, 17.4). Horns: pedicel from orbit 58.5; greatest length of horns R. 257, L. 245; brow tine R. 68+, L. 96.5; tine on main beam R. 47.5, L. 24.9 (worn); diameter of burr R. 49.5, L. 51.0; distance across tips 241.0. Remarks. — According to Hollister (1913) this deer has been re- corded from Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar, but it appears to be rare in collections. It is the only spotted deer in the Philippines. Cervus (Rusa) francianus Heude. Figures 20, 21. Ussa francianus Heude, 1888, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1: 24, pi. 19, fig. 7 (premolars). Specimens examined. — Total 17. MINDANAO : Mati, Mati Munici- pality, Davao Province, 1 male, 1 female (topotypes); Buayan Municipality, southern Cotabato Province, 5 adult males, 1 subadult, 2 immature, 4 adult females, 3 immature, 2 juvenile. Measurements (male and female topotypes). — Total length 1700, 1450 mm.; tail 110, 110; hind foot 340, 318. Skull: greatest length 263.0, 245.0; palatal length 149.0, 146.0; interorbital breadth 64.4, 55.7; zygomatic width 107.0, 102.0; upper tooth row 77.5, 73.5; length of molars 45.4, 41.8; length of premolars 33.8, 34.5. Nasals: length 95.2, 81.0, greatest width 45.6, 37.9; least width 16.4, 14.5. Horns: pedicel from orbit 71.3; diameter of burr 49.7; total horn length 260.0 (tip broken) ; length of brow tine from burr 127.5 (tip broken). Remarks. — This series shows great color variation that can not be attributed to age or sex. The general color of the darkest speci- mens is near Carob Brown and of the lightest near Light Buff deepened by darker tips to the hairs. Intermediate color is near Pecan Brown and other shades between the extremes are repre- sented. The topotype male is fully adult, the coat worn, poor, and light in color. The female topotype is nearly as old and the color very dark. Another variation is the presence or absence of a shoulder whorl. In two-thirds of the specimens the hair radiates from a whorl on the shoulders, growing forward to half way up the neck. In the other third the hairs point posteriorly from the head to the tail. D FIG. 20. A, Cervus (Rusa) francianus, topotype; Mindanao. B, Cervus (Rusa) francianus, topotype; Mindanao. C, Cervus (Rusa) alfredi; Negros Island. D, Cervus (Rusa) calamianensis; Busuanga. 152 o 03 I t1* e« O to . c CO rt W 3 w If 153 154 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 The topotypes are the oldest and largest specimens in the series but are approached in size by a few from Cotabato. One male with horns in velvet would probably have surpassed the size of the topotype. Hollister, with 23 specimens, made no mention of color variation but did note a great difference in the length of the tooth row, giving measurements of 80.8 and 88.0 mm. in a male and a female. The greatest length in this series is 77.5 and the least 69.0. Cervus (Rusa) calamianensis Heude Hyelaphus calamianensis Heude, 1888, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1: 49. Specimens examined. — Total 8. CULION ISLAND: 1 adult male, 1 adult female, 1 immature female. BUSUANGA ISLAND: 1 adult male, 2 immature, 1 juvenile, 1 adult female. Measurements (Culion male; Busuanga male and female in paren- theses) .—Total length 1250 mm. (1298, 1151); tail -- (150, 130); hind foot 274 (275, 305); ear -- (116, 100); height at shoulder - (706, 570). Skull: greatest length 210.0 (226.0, 204.0); palatal length 120.8 (127.5, 119.6); interorbital width 55.0 (61.8, 45.5); zygomatic width 88.1 (95.1, 85.3); upper tooth row 57.5 (65.8, 59.9) ; length of molars 36.6 (42.0, 38.0) ; length of premolars 24.8 (28.3, 24.8). Nasals: length 66.1 (74.9, 69.0); greatest width 19.3 (21.4, 18.2); least width 11.6 (12.1, 11.4). Horns (Busuanga male in parentheses) : pedicel from orbit 63.7 mm. (62.7) ; length of horn on outside curve 246.0 (282 R., 267 L.); length of brow tine from notch 59.0 R., 81.4 L. (71.6 R., 24.9 L.); length of point on main beam 67.7 R., 72.9 L. (65.0 R., 51.4 L.) ; diameter of burr 39.9 R., 39.8 L., (38.7 R., 39.1 L.); distance between points 170.0 (212.0). Remarks. — Compared with the male type and female paratype of culionensis Elliott, these skins are richer and brighter in color. Elliott's specimens are barely adult, with unworn teeth, but the pelage is worn and appears faded. There is notable color variation between specimens from the two islands but this is believed to be individual. The darkest is the adult Busuanga male, in which the general color is near Pecan Brown with a darker dorsal stripe. The neck, head, and ears are much lighter. The legs are near Carob Brown. An adult female from Busuanga is in general color near Sayal Brown; only the legs are darker. The adult male from Culion is but little darker than the Busuanga female. All show a darker SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 155 dorsal line. It has been found very difficult to match the skins with any exact color. The skull of the male from Culion is slightly smaller, though apparently a little older than that of the Busuanga male. The bullae of these deer are relatively larger than those of other Philip- pine deer. The nasals are not widely expanded posteriorly as in francianus. Cervus (Rusa) nigellus apoensis subsp. nov. Figure 22. Type. — No. 61010 Chicago Natural History Museum, from Mainit, altitude 3,800 feet, Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippine Islands. Tanned skin and skull. Adult male. Collected November 20, 1946, by Manuel Celestino and Godofredo Alcasid. Original number H. H. 1298. Characters. — A small, dark-colored deer related to nigricans Brooke of Basilan Island but smaller, and to nigellus Hollister from Mount Malindang, western Mindanao, but differing from them in being larger and less brightly colored. Color. — General color of type a glossy reddish brown near Chest- nut but richer; top of head and forehead lighter, more golden brown; muzzle and sides of neck near Wood Brown; tips of ears dark, inside of ear dark gray; belly dark, but more gray than back and sides; tail darker than back, with a few white hairs at the base. A female is as dark as the type but the upper third of the ear is black and the inside is covered with long white hairs. The tail shows more white on the under side at the base. There is a buffy line on the inside of the legs. This is the general color of the series but in some specimens the head is more reddish brown and immature specimens have lighter legs. In all but one, the hair radiates from a whorl on the shoulders. Skull. — In shape and form of horns the skull of apoensis is like that of francianus, but it is smaller throughout. Measurements (type and two males; two females in paren- theses) .—Total length: 1207, — , 1125 (1007, 1045); tail 107, — , 148 (84, 89); hind foot 287, — , 307 (240, 253). Skull: greatest length 222.0, 210.0, 222.0 (204.0, 206.0); palatal length 126.5, 119.3, 126.1 (116.8, 121.5); interorbital width 47.3, 51.5, 54.0 (45.9, 46.0) ; zygomatic width 89, 92.6, 95.0 (87.3, 88.7) ; upper tooth row 72.2, 64.8, 72.2 (65.0, 67.6) ; length of molar series 42.2, 39.7, 42.6 (36.4, 40.1) ; length of premolar series 33.5, 28.5, 33.2 (28.7, 29.3) ; FIG. 22. Cervus (Rusa) nigellus apoensis, type; Mindanao. 156 SANBORN: MAMMALS, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 157 nasals, length 71.0, — , 71.7 (64.4, 73.3), greatest width 31.8, 30.5, 31.0 (23.8, 30.2), least width 11.7, — , 12.7 (11.7, 13.6). Horns: length of pedicel from orbit 52.5, 41.8, 66.0; length of horn on out- side curve R. 185, L. 185, R. 218, L. 218, R. 183, L. 184; length of brow tines R. 76.3, L. 62.7, R. 89.8, L. 83.2, R. 65.2, L. 72.2, length of upper tines R. 39.0, L. 32.3, R. 39.8, L. 26.2, R. 29.0, L. 26.2; distance between tips of horns 180.0, 183.0, 194.0. Specimens examined.- — Total 15. Collected between October 22 and November 21, 1946. MINDANAO: Mount Apo, Davao Province, Todaya (2,500 feet), 2 immature males (1 skull only), 1 adult female, 1 juvenile female; Mainit (3,800 feet), 1 adult male (type), 2 immature males; Baclayan (5,400 feet), 1 adult female, 1 subadult female; Meran (5,750 feet), 1 adult male (skull only), 1 subadult male, 1 juvenile male, 2 immature females (skins only); Sudu (6,600 feet), 1 female. Remarks. — This race is closely related to nigellus of Mount Malindang, from which it is distant between 175 to 200 miles. Mount Malindang is at the head of the Zamboanga Peninsula and separated from Mount Apo by areas of lowlands. Deer or deer sign were found on Mount Apo from 2,500 feet to the peak (9,600 feet). Deer were heard calling on Mount McKinley, but none were collected there. REFERENCES ELLERMAN, J. R. 1941. The families and genera of living rodents. British Museum (Natural History), London. 2: 1-690. HOLLISTER, N. 1913. Review of the Philippine land mammals in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46: 299-341. HOOGSTRAAL, HARRY 1951. Philippine zoological expedition, 1946-1947. Narrative and itinerary. Fieldiana: Zoology, 33: 1-86. LAWRENCE, BARBARA 1939. Collections from the Philippine Islands: mammals. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86: 28-73. LYON, MARCUS WARD, JR. 1908. Mammals collected in eastern Sumatra by Dr. W. L. Abbott, during 1903, 1906, and 1907, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 619-679. 1909. Remarks on the insectivores of the Genus Gymnura. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36: 449-456, pis. 34-37. 158 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 1911. Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Borneo and some of the small adjacent islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 40 : 53-146. 1913. Treeshrews: An account of the mammalian Family Tupaiidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45: 1-188. RIDGWAY, ROBERT 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, iii+44 pp., 53 pis. TAYLOR, EDWARD H. 1934. Philippine land mammals. Philippine Bur. Sci., Monog. no. 30: 1-548, pis. 1-25. Publication 701 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA