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Pf a if i it Hina A i ? sh! iene ret f ti ae i isi eee aie Ae Atieitaye Dy a adse ts MERA ERE pa ea 0 "° ro ads v ih inh: Bi 0 penietgias W Syn eisitasiend ca + Dek $4 bs bs 4 Celie: 3 ih) F abe ees ry PA eh fey bs 49 Shee ws ae we th Liye rh wHiheiekee Sar 8H fs} pia BOE at ( , r qi Eis ltg ty oprints. gra turatetn tee al ton aio Stated eee TIE pe ieapoemora rae abeh nai SGU Sty The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161—O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign htip://www.archive.org/details/mammalsofhuachua24hoft a) ¢ * iJ VA ; ‘ie Illinois Biological Monographs VOLUME XXIV University of Illinois Press URBANA BOARD OF EDITORS Leland Shanor Harvey I. Fisher H. Orin Halvorson William R. Horsfall Aubrey B. Taylor CONTENTS No. 1 The Mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona DONALD F. HOFFMEISTER AND WOODROW W. GOODPASTER No. 2 The Myology of the Whooping Crane, Grus americana HARVEY I. FISHER AND DONALD C. GOODMAN Nos. 3-4 The Genus Lysimachia in the New World JAMES DAVIS RAY, JR. The Mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona DONALD F. HOFFMEISTER and WOODROW W. GOODPASTER ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Volume xxiv, No. 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1954 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS is the general title for a series of mono- graphs in botany, entomology, zoology, and allied fields. Each issue is an independent publication. For the convenience of bibliographers and librarians, each year’s output is called a volume. Each volume consists of approximately 450 pages, priced at four dollars. A volume may consist of two, three, or four individual monographs. Prices of individual numbers are indicated in the list of titles given below. Requests for ex- changes should be addressed to the Exchange Department, University of Illinois Library, — ‘Urbana, Illinois. 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On the | Osteology of Some of the canoe 5 Pls. z ; 6 2 < O z < =) x : ic ce) 2 < = ‘ , - ae | A a o + > ge. pen — = La a ee) ee ee ee ge eee ee eee a ee ee ee eee ee eee ee ee a The Mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona DONALD F. HOFFMEISTER and WOODROW W. GOODPASTER ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Volume xxiv, No. 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1954 Distributed December 31, 1954 Copyright 1954, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Board of Editors: LELAND SHANOR, HARVEY I. FISHER, H. ORIN HALVORSON, WILLIAM R. HORSFALL, AND AUBREY B. TAYLOR. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 54-9668. a ao cs | es. ; #4 s Contents PE UMRVION IOI NING) 4) 4s ie asia oleae bs. Dae avs ce abu eee eau it _1 ELD SCORCTETOIN A SS PR ce Or GRRE Or res er 3 | OE TUELIING og UA sek oh at RN A OR Te eG Sed a 5 DEUS TASTED 2 nfo oR RREGOP arn SR ee 6 2H US TAS GIR IETS Noa) oe 00 SAM ae en SE Me SUR aa a Pe 8 WMINTA TE AS. IT AFFECES THE MAMMALS, ..... 0.6 <.00saeceeeenebene 9 LIFE-ZONES, PLANT BELTS, AND ASSOCIATED MAMMAIS.............. 12 MLE RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIES ....¢ 6c 0.6005 elec o ele’ quae bed de woes 22, GEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA............. 26 GEOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA............... 29 PM MNEREOEAMOGATITIES 0. !' Sef. oe ok a Sek a le sda See we Pala HORS 38 CBBC EIST OF, MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCAS...........<.-.ee0e0s 4l PAM WINMOEESPE COLES Ht) 5 eon. Nf ale eed Da a ee hanere Oe cee 44 TS) SE DISSES CATED AES ree ee EO ed Ee ee ee ne 135 MAMMALS ADJACENT TO BUT NOT IN HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS......... 139 "JT ESTETEL A TO ITEESOX CITT BD) AR) A eg ete Are Re 140 TERILZERS ols doped Ciiegtecl Bas ee oe or i a om A re er 145 Ackhnowled gments Many persons have contributed to the success of this undertaking. First we would extend our sincerest thanks to those persons in the Huachucas, all of whom made our tasks easier and provided us with much biological information. We should especially like to thank Charles Wallmo, Lawrence and Dorothy Plunkett, Nick Gregovich, Earl Long, Vinita Bledsoe, Alex D’Albini, Carl Joerger, Henry Van Horn, Louis and Hazel Seeman, John and Ila Healy, Ralph Morrow, John and Donald Newman, Weldon Heald, and many others. Richard G. Van Gelder of the University of Illinois has been a most active participant in our field work in southeastern Arizona, and his en- deavors and cooperation have gone far in making specimens and informa- tion available and in bringing this report to completion. Lois Goodpaster has aided in the preparation of the many specimens. Charles McLaugh- lin has prepared Figs. 13, 14, 15, 17, and 19. Mrs. Julius Swayne pre- pared Fig. 16. The Arizona Game and Fish Commission, through A. N. Yoder, acting director, and Thomas Kimball, former director, kindly granted us per- mission to collect in the Huachucas. O. N. Arrington, chief, Arizona di- vision of game management, has been most helpful. Stanley P. Young and Everett M. Mercer of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service furnished us with information about mammals in the Huachucas. C. C. Sanborn made specimens from the Huachucas in collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum available to us. Seth B. Benson, California Mu- seum of Vertebrate Zoology, checked the identity of some of the Perog- nathus and Sigmodon. Emmet T. Hooper, University of Michigan, checked the identity of some of the specimens of Reithrodontomys. Thanks are extended to Philip Blossom for providing detailed informa- tion about his experiences with Baiomys in the Huachucas. Especial thanks go to the University of [linois, which purchased some collections from the Huachuca Mountains and made possible our field activities there. ‘raysedpooyy “MM ‘MM Aq ‘OG6T ‘Isusny poydeisojoyd *J20} CPPG ‘yead JoT[IA JO do} ‘oof QOOS ‘sureyUNO FO oseq +99} YOSH ‘puno1s910F} UL UORAV[a oyeUIxoIddy “yUaprAs ov suPy osay} BUTIUUOD epeleq 10 uoide ay} puke sucAuRd 9Y} JO SYMOW oy} Je suULF [PIANTe oy], “Yeo PuINZoWOY JO Ie] OY} 0} ST ‘Oolxayy “erouog ‘ainjzord do} oy} Ur suTey -uNOJ 94} JO pus purY-}YSI oy} Je SI vONYORN]{ WOT ‘opis UloJsve ay} WOLF Uses se ‘euOozIy ‘suIeJUNOWY BONYyOeN};, JO SMOIA OlueIOURY “[ “SIY Introduction The presence in southeastern Arizona of high, cool mountain ranges rising above low, hot deserts has resulted in a great diversity of ecological niches, extreme altitudinal and zonal variation in a short distance, and in complete or nearly complete isolation. Such conditions in nature should be conducive to variation, differentiation, and speciation in animals or plants. One of the highest and most isolated of these ranges is that which straddles the Mexican Boundary near the 110th parallel—the Huachuca Mountains. Studies of various groups of animals have shown that the Huachuca Mountains, although they comprise only about 100 square miles, are a haven for diversity of life. For example, of the species of birds breeding in North America, about one-quarter nest in the Huachucas, and at least 11 kinds of hummingbirds are found there. There are, in this limited area, some 536 kinds of plants, including 114 grasses. There are, in ad- dition, more than 50 kinds of ferns. Insect life is just as diversified, and the Huachucas have been a collector's paradise for entomologists for many years. There is little wonder that investigators were eager to learn if the mammalian fauna was as varied and interesting as the rest of the ani- mals and plants in the Huachucas. Mammals had been studied there, in a somewhat curscry manner, during parts of 1892 and 1893 by E. A. Mearns and F. X. Holzner (Mearns, 1907), and in 1894 by W. W. Price, Loye Miller, and B. C. Condit (Allen, 1895). To our knowledge, no studies of the mammals of the Huachucas, other than incidental observ- ing or collecting, have been made since then. Our own field activities have been spread over the following times: W. W. Goodpaster and L. W. Goodpaster, August 2 through August 27, 1949; August 1 through August 29, 1950; July 31 through August 3, 1951; and D. F. Hoffmeister and R. G. Van Gelder, August 9 through Septem- ber 1, 1950; July 31 through August 3, 1951. Approximately 172 man- days were spent in the field observing and collecting. A total of 842 specimens of mammals was saved, mostly as conventional study skins with skulls; many pages of field observations and records of historical information from local residents were written; and numerous photo- graphs were taken. Through our field work, we feel we have thoroughly surveyed the mammals in the Huachucas. After the manuscript was completed, Hoffmeister revisited the Hua- 3 4 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS chucas for 7 days in December, 1952, to study and observe the mammals under winter conditions. Some of the records obtained then are also in- cluded. Our expectations of diversity of mammals in the Huachucas were not unwarranted. The total of 78 kinds of Recent mammals found there is more than 40 per cent greater than the total kinds of mammals occurring in the entire state of Illinois, yet the area is only one five-hundredth of that of Illinois. Even more interesting are the complex interrelationships of allied species found in this small area. For example, 3 species of harvest mice, 3 species of kangaroo rats, or 3 species of pocket mice may be found in an area of not more than an acre. Four kinds of skunks can be taken together. Not only are there many interesting problems in spe- ciation and niche relations, but also in subspeciation, for many species of mammals reach the limits of their range in the Huachucas, and the variation in terminal populations is worthy of careful analysis. Methods The Huachuca Mountains are here regarded as including the moun- tain range proper, from Fort Huachuca southeastward to the Inter- national Boundary, and including the alluvial fans at the mouths of the canyons and the bajada connecting the alluvial fans (see Figs. 1, 16). No collecting was done in the limited, southern portion of the Moun- tains that extend into Mexico. All specimens listed from the Huachuca Mountains are from Cochise County. In the accounts of the species, capitalized color terms are from Ridgway (1912). The superior numbers in the Measurements correspond to the same numbers in the Records of occurrences and indicate that a particular specimen measured from number 3, for example, is from the locality with a superior number 3. In the section on Comparisons, critical comments are usually given as to how the specimens in the Huachucas resemble or differ from nearby named forms and why they are referred to one rather than another named form, and frequently a description of the material is included. Under Remarks, pertinent information on the life history and ecology of the species in the Huachucas is included. In this section, we have also attempted to portray some of the interrelation- ships of the species. All specimens, unless otherwise indicated, are in the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. All measurements are given in millimeters or tenths of millimeters. Mstory Early in the nineteenth century, a few Spanish haciendas had been established at and near the base of the Huachuca Mountains. Tens of thousands of cattle were raised by the rancheros, and in the early 1800's cattle had, in all likelihood, ranged in the Huachuca Mountains. Southeastern Arizona was obtained by the United States from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. The presence of warlike Apache In- dians and the influx of settlers and miners with the discovery of impor- tant ore-producing minerals at nearby Tombstone and Charleston brought about the establishment of an army post and fort in the Hua- chucas. In 1877, an army camp was established at the north end of the Huachuca Mountains. This camp became a permanent fort in 1881. Fort Huachuca, and the inclusive military reservation, consisted of some 76,000 acres by 1945. This military establishment trained army personnel through World War II, but in 1949, 35,000 acres of the military reserva- tion were transferred to the Arizona Game and Fish Commission and a lesser amount to the National Guard. The parts of the Mountains not in the military reservation are within the Coronado National Forest. The Huachuca Mountains possess a relatively large amount of various ores. Mining, usually on a small scale, has been going on in these Moun- tains since the turn of the century. The opportunity of securing vast amounts of important minerals in the Huachucas has attracted prospec- tors and miners to the Mountains. The opening of mine shafts and prospect holes has supplemented the few natural caves and has provided additional habitat for certain kinds of mammals. The “natural” aspects of the range on and around the Huachucas have probably been continuously altered through the grazing of cattle, the picketing of horses, the occasional burning of the lower slopes, and the presence of thousands of men with mechanized equipment. As many as 40,000 cattle from a single ranch have grazed in and around the Hua- chucas. According to Darrow (1944:313), the heavy concentration of cattle reached a peak in 1891 when a severe drought accentuated the depletion of range forage. From then on, there was a tendency to es- tablish an equilibrium between forage resources and livestock. Not until 1930 were the 76,000 acres of the Fort area completely fenced to keep cattle out. However, cattle only infrequently ranged high into the Hua- chucas, and the fencing of the Fort area provided a refuge and sanctu- ary for some kinds of wild mammals. At the present time, cattle usually 6 HISTORY 7 are not permitted in the national forest, although under certain conditions permission is granted. Reportedly, landowners frequently burn off parts of the lower slopes with the intent of increasing grass production for livestock. A result of prolonged heavy grazing on the bajada and alluvial fans near the base of the Mountains has been the increase in mesquites and cacti and a reduction in seed-producing perennial grasses. The removal of large quantities of water from some canyons, such as the removal of water from part way up Miller Canyon for piping to Tombstone, some 20 miles away, has affected the floral aspect of the lower parts of the canyons and the alluvial aprons. Creek beds which, under present conditions, are dry for long periods of the year as the result of the removal of water may provide new habitat for rock squirrels and other kinds of mammals. Since large pines and firs are not abundant in the Huachucas, and good roads to the limited stands of larger trees are not available, lumbering on a large scale has not been undertaken in recent years, although many years ago some wood was taken to Tombstone. Removal of timber has been principally by fires and not directly through the activities of man. Physiography The Huachucas are one of the highest ranges of mountains extending across the International Boundary between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. The range is a small one, being about 25 miles long and 4 miles wide, and extending northwest and southeast, mostly into the southeastern corner of Arizona (Cochise County ) and partly into Sonora, Mexico (see Fig. 16). The range is composed of a single ridge which is highest near the center, and here two peaks attain an altitude of nearly 9500 feet (Miller Peak, 9445; Carr Peak, 9214). The base of the Moun- tains along the east is at about 5000 feet and along the west at about 5700 feet. Several well-watered canyons (Garden and Miller canyons, especially ) extend down the east side. The canyons open out onto broad alluvial fans, and the alluvial fans of the many canyons are intercon- nected, forming a bajada or broad apron of detritus. The alluvial fans slope rather gradually out onto the desert plain—toward the San Pedro River to the east and south, the Santa Cruz River to the west, and the Babocomari River to the north. The Mountains proper are well wooded. The higher parts are coy- ered with conifers and a few aspen; the lower parts with broad-leaved trees and chaparral; the alluvial fans with grasses and mesquite. Climate as It Affects the Mammals The climate in the Huachucas can best be described as moderate for southwestern United States. The average January temperature at Fort Huachuca is 46° F., and the average July temperature is 77° F. The av- erage rainfall is 17.0 inches with over half of this precipitation in July, August, and September. Many of the plants flower and seed during these months, providing food for immediate use and for storage by mam- mals. Snow falls in the Huachucas any time from December to March, and the higher regions are covered with one foot or more of snow for sev- eral months during some winters. Along the crest, snow may lie to a depth of nearly 8 feet. On sheltered sides of higher peaks, this snow may remain until mid-May or early June. At Fort Huachuca, 5100 feet elevation, the average annual snowfall is 7.7 inches. The average late frost is March 30, and the average early frost is November 17. Although the temperature may be below freezing for a considerable part of the winter, some small mammals which may hibernate at other places apparently do not do so in the Huachucas. This seems to be true for some of the kangaroo rats, pocket mice, and rock squirrels. It may even be true for some of the bats. In an average year there are 241 days of clear sky, 74 partly cloudy days, and 50 cloudy days. Cloudbursts of short duration occur in the summer and are extremely local, in that only one side of the Mountains or only one end of the Mountains may get rain. This variation in precipitation within the mountain range may have considerable influence on the mammals throughout the year. It may cause larger mammals to move into canyons that are more lush; and sedentary mammals may become more active in a canyon that has received a rain, making the ground more workable or causing new plant growth. Evaporation is about 80 inches per year according to Wallmo (1951:2). The ratio between precipitation and evaporation is most important in limiting vegetational types in the Mountains, according to Wallmo. An- other limiting factor, he points out, is the variation in rainfall from year to year: 9.12 inches in 1947 versus 22.27 inches in 1949. When there is as much as 20 inches of precipitation in one year, most streams and springs flow throughout the year. In periods of drought, such as in 1947 and 1951, most streams dry up; and on occasions of extreme drought, even the San Pedro River dries up. Eight springs near Fort Huachuca which were metered produced 59,000,000 gallons of water in March, 1949. In a drier year (1950), these springs produced only 5,000,000 gallons in 9 10 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS March. Mearns (1907:102) was greatly impressed by the spring-fed streams of cold water in the Huachucas, and he commented that the streams were “the best that we found [along the International Boundary] between the Coast Range and the Rio Grande.” These periodic fluctua- tions in stream conditions must constantly add and also remove certain suitable habitats for some kinds of mammals. WEATHER RECORDS AT FORT HUACHUCA elevation 5100 feet Temperature (32-year record) Degrees (F.) lantiany raverager 2 ue Bak Ee oo Re ec ee Oe eee 46.2 ijullya averace? tis lar onisk oss Se eb eee 76.6 Maximum; and average maximum for Jan., Apr., July, Oct. 105; 59.1, 74.8, 89.6, 77.2 Minimum; and average minimum for Jan., Apr., July, Oct. 0; 33.3, 45.5, 63.7, 49.4 Annualaverage:.:. (eR eee. a tee ee eee 61.4 Killing Frost (20-year record) Mast iiys pune, (Average): wee, lakes a5 cya ee March 30 EATS tpn hells CaNeT ACE) ave teers ley ales seam oge eos ion eee November 14 Growinegrseason (days)o > =} oni s.cc ee eee eet 64 ne ae eee 229 Average Precipitation (33-year record*) Inches UY se bey oak Pays tin on kt pe Nal heehee aha ks yote acne 1.32 eT AV -is ee ce sas, career lau ease on ee eeu ing foe MELE Mianeliees surcsteies So scty. 0 eee ne eee Ck ee ee ne een 95 Ve\) OAT Lea aah Ben he Aa ae rd A Sah eR NE Nery rE ea ACR ESS 28 IWeiVPeRe 2 SEE ak Be, Uh 8 ESS A eng Agha eA NE he 30 Juesssiaess oh on BER ia dieet sir palo eer Rhee 6 Ae ee 52 August SRR ae ere: Nee Wu teraent ait eRe RE Ee eaters oo: 4.02 SE PUCIOD Clee, ass cucereein cane coe cnc aes (haan Bice are en ek 1.82 (OOO OF, Rite abort ncaa halt Aeadterts ean oferta ioe t pies See tA LNs 3, 5 .69 INGVEMDER ius iae ec eabteceeroy a adeno. Gaeta: Saree Ean eee 94 December... ...... ott eT Cee ee eC tee oe 1.12 ANTITUEUNS oe bo one e al eet ee ree. 16.96 Average Snowfall (18-year record) Inches Femmuanyaris (of Reed ae SUA hak ore MER A A 1 TERE 1.8 Hebitary mre yh: Saat Say: SOS we Hanis vale Gqoreter 3.0 DETR eto AREER COAT Ce ORE Ere MRE OM A, . fe” OP PER, 5 PACT ra rt 2a 8 te Sa aves rg Pe Dap ciicacs ies eA Mee GaN Re Merman ee Ab INO VGRMIICIMM EEA favs) ac ocee. 2a eiotenete acauate Gus ee TE eee ee aR T Weenies «fr Heat | eee maroc te tee sateen ins eee one 2.4 DXi eye DY oid, EEO a te BERR, LIRRR UR Be), Eee Oa Vin “ 1886-1918. CLIMATE AS IT AFFECTS THE MAMMALS 11 tt dull! F “| Aaya 1 | 8 8 8 8 = 2 a Fic. 2. Annual precipitation in inches at Fort Huachuca, 5100 feet, north end of Mountains, from 1886 to 1917. Vertical lines represent total precipitation; widely spaced lines represent that portion of precipitation during wettest part of year (July through September). Data from U.S.D.A., climatic summary, sec. 26, for southern Arizona. Life-Zones, Plant Belts, and Associated Mammals Plant belts have been defined or delimited by Wallmo (MS) for the Huachuca Mountains, and we have followed, in considerable measure, his arrangement. The most characteristic mammals found in each belt are listed on the following pages, and it is indicated whether the species are restricted, or nearly restricted, to that belt. Life-zones as well as plant belts can be recognized and delimited in the Huachucas. By placing the mammals in various life-zones, it may be possible to compare the mammals of one zone in the Huachucas more easily with those of the same zone some distance removed. This similarity of life in broad belts, in altitudinal and latitudinal sequence, has been appreciated for a long time. With a system of life-zones, it should be possible to recognize a similarity of kinds of mammals within one zone even in areas far removed. However, some investigators point out that below the Transition Life-zone such similarities of groups of animals be- tween eastern and western United States do not exist within a single zone. We would think that such similarities should not be expected be- cause of the marked differences, particularly in the summer, in rainfall and humidity between eastern and western regions of the United States. Thus, it seems wise to abandon any concept of broad transcontinental life belts below the Transition. These belts across the nation have some- times been called Lower Austral and Upper Austral life-zones ( Merriam, 1898). Instead, the eastern, humid divisions should be called Austro- riparian and Carolinian,; the western divisions, Lower Sonoran and Upper Sonoran. For extent of these zones, reference can be made to the stippled and unstippled portions of Merriam’s life-zone map (1898). With such a concept, mammals of life-zones in Alabama would not be compared with mammals of lower zones in Arizona, although mammals of the Transition Life-zone, or of higher zones, in Arizona could be compared with mam- mals of the Transition Life-zone, or of higher zones, in eastern United States where comparable zones exist. Lower Sonoran Life-Zone This zone is regarded as consisting of the following plant belts: Desert Scrub Desert Grassland LIFE-ZONES, PLANT BELTS, AND ASSOCIATED MAMMALS 13 Some characteristic species of mammals ! are: Dipodomys ordii * Dipodomys spectabilis * Dipodomys merriami * Perognathus hispidus * Perognathus flavus * Perognathus penicillatus * Peromyscus maniculatus sonori- ensis * Onychomys torridus * Onychomys leucogaster * Citellus spilosoma * Thomomys bottae hueyi * Sigmodon hispidus * Notiosorex crawfordi * Lepus californicus * Sigmodon minimus Reithrodontomys fulvescens Reithrodontomys montanus Reithrodontomys megalotis Baiomys taylori Odocoileus hemionus Desert Scrub Belt: * This vegetational type occurs chiefly below the area here delimited as the Huachuca Mountains. The upper limit cf this belt is about 4500 feet. The dominant plant is white-thorn (Acacia con- stricta), together with some creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and various gramas (Bouteloua). Some characteristic mammals are: Cynomys ludovicianus Vulpes macrotis Canis latrans Odocoileus hemionus Lepus alleni (not in Mountains, but adjacent thereto ) Desert Grassland Belt: An open prairie-like grassland occurs on the allu- vial fans. This is principally between 4500 and 5000 feet elevation. The grama grasses are the predominant forms. At the upper edge of the alluvial fans, curly-mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) and plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia) become the predominant forms on many of the broad ridges. Some characteristic mammals are: Perognathus flavus * Perognathus pencillatus Perognathus hispidus Dipodomys spectabilis * Dipodomys ordii * Dipcdomys merriami * Onychomys torridus * Onychomys leucogaster Lepus californicus Sigmodon hispidus * Peromyscus maniculatus sonori- Sigmodon minimus ensis Reithrodontomys fulvescens Reithrodontomys montanus Reithrodontomys megalotis Thomomys bottae huevi * Citellus spilosoma Citellus variegatus Baiomys taylori * Notiosorex crawfordi * Canis latrans Peromyscus eremicus ‘Species of mammals marked with an asterisk are more common in this zone (or belt) and may be regarded as most closely restricted to it. * For a complete characterization of each belt, see Wallmo, MS. 14 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS In places the desert grassland has been invaded by mesquite (Prosopis velutina), and blue and black gramas (Bouteloua gracilis and B. erio- poda) often dominate. Most characteristic of this mesquite-grassland are the 3 species of Dipodomys and Onychomys leucogaster. This mes- quite-grassland is sometimes referred to as the “Dipodomys-zone.” Upper Sonoran Life-Zone This zone is regarded as consisting of the following plant belts: Oak Woodland Woodland Chaparral Chaparral-Conifer Some characteristic mammals are: Peromyscus boylii * Nasua narica * Sylvilagus audubonii * Sciurus arizonensis T® Odocoileus virginianus * Neotoma albigula LS Spilogale putorius * Sigmodon ochrognathus Mephitis mephitis * Perognathus intermedius Conepatus mesoleucus * Oak Woodland Belt: On most of the wooded and brushy slopes, oaks pre- dominate. These oaks may assume a true woodland character, and the woodland may be open and savanna-like. The principal oaks are Emory (Quercus emoryi) and Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica). In canyon bottoms the most characteristic trees are Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii), with some cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), willows (Salix), maples (Acer), walnut (Juglans major), and wild grape (Vitis arizo- nica). Some characteristic mammals are: Peromyscus boylii * Sciurus arizonensis Neotoma albigula \ Spilogale putorius * Odocoileus virginianus * Mephitis mephitis Sigmodon ochrognathus Woodland Chaparral Belt: Oaks or junipers may occur as a scrub or brush under xeric conditions. Manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens ) forms a dense impenetrable chaparral on some exposed ridges in this belt. Hairy mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus breviflora) occurs most abundantly in this belt. fairly abundant there. “LS” indicates the same for the Lower Sonoran zone. LIFE-ZONES, PLANT BELTS, AND ASSOCIATED MAMMALS 15) Some characteristic mammals are: Sylvilagus audubonii Perognathus intermedius Citellus variegatus Nasua narica Peromyscus boylii Chaparral-Conifer Belt: Certain stands of oak chaparral contain some pines or Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga taxifolia). The conifers may be young trees or fire-scarred old trees. This plant belt has not been intensively investigated, but it is believed that mammals are not abundant and some species found in it include: Peromyscus boylii Reithrodontomys megalotis Conepatus mesoleucus Transition Life-Zone This zone is regarded as consisting of two plant belts: Pine-Douglas Fir-Oak Pine-Fir Forest Some characteristic mammals are: Neotoma mexicana * Sciurus arizonensis Sorex vagrans * Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus Sylvilagus floridanus * Thomomys bottae intermedius * Pine-Douglas Fir-Oak Belt: A forest of pines, Douglas fir, and oaks occurs in sheltered canyons and on north-facing slopes. Snow may remain on the ground in this belt for 3 or 4 months. Some characteristic mammals include: Sylvilagus floridanus Sorex vagrans Sciurus arizonensis Pine-Fir Forest Belt: White fir (Abies concolor), Douglas fir, several kinds of pines, and a few aspens (Populus tremuloides ) occur on the cool north and northeast slopes of the higher peaks as Miller, Carr, Ramsey, and Huachuca. Some characteristic mammals include: Thomomys bottae intermedius Sylvilagus floridanus Neotoma mexicana Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus Reithrodontomys megalotis Peromyscus boylii Canadian Life-Zone This life-zone consists of a single belt in the Huachuca Mountains: Aspen 16 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Aspen Belt: Almost pure stands of aspen occur on the north face of Carr Peak above 8400 feet and perhaps on Miller Peak. Some mammals are: Neotoma mexicana Peromyscus boylii Svlvilagus floridanus Fic. 3. Miller Canyon, showing the alluvial fan with the upper portion of the desert grassland, the oak woodland belt, and higher belts. Miller Peak is to the left, Carr Peak to the right. The “head of Miller Canyon” (Fig. 4) is near the saddle between the two peaks. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. LIFE-ZONES, PLANT BELTS, AND ASSOCIATED MAMMALS IY cs Fic. 4. Near head of Miller Canyon, in the pine-Douglas fir-oak belt, about 8000 feet. Plants found here include Arizona and Mexican white pine, Douglas fir, silver leaf, netleaf, and Gambel oaks, madrone, and bull grass. The Arizona gray squirrel and possibly the eastern cottontail occur here. Photographed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. Fic. 5. Mouth of Carr Canyon below the oak belt and above the Dipodomys-zone. Here on the alluvial fan occur 3 species of Perognathus, 2 species of Citellus, Notio- sorex, Onychomys torridus, Thomomys bottae hueyi, Neotoma albigula, and Pero- myscus eremicus (1 specimen only). Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Good- paster. Fic. 6. Carr Canyon above the mouth and alluvial fan (Fig. 5), from the oak belt to the crest. Healy’s Ranch is in the center foreground; the Reef is the mass of rocks to the left of the center; Seeman’s is located near the center of the picture and on top of the Reef. The spot denuded of trees near the crest and to the left of center is near the “meadow” on Carr Peak where Thomomys bottae intermedius was taken (Fig. 24). Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. LS LIFE-ZONES, PLANT BELTS, AND ASSOCIATED MAMMALS 19 Fic. 7. Ramsey Canyon, showing the grassland at the mouth of the canyon merging with the oak belt. In the left foreground near the buildings Notiosorex crawfordi was taken. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. Fic. 8. Southern end of Huachuca Mountains, extending south from Montezuma Canyon (Montezuma Canyon Road visible) into Sonora, Mexico. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. 20, MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS “ah Fic. 9. West side of Huachuca Mountains, with Lone Mountain in the center, and high plains of west side (about 5800 feet) in foreground. Lepus californicus was numerous here, and a hare thought to be Lepus gaillardi was seen near here. Photo- graphed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. Fic. 10. Peterson’s Ranch or Sylvania, west side of Huachuca Mountains, with recently constructed pond. Habitat of Reithrodontomys megalotis, Lasiurus cinereus, Eptesicus fuscus, Peromyscus boylii, Neotoma albigula, and type locality of Sigmodon ochrog- nathus montanus. Photographed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. Fic. 11. Oak woodland at northwest end of Huachuca Mountains near Canelo Gate. Photographed September, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. Fic. 12. Winter snow on east slope of Huachuca Mountains. Along the crest, snow may become 8 feet deep. At 5100 feet elevation (at Fort Huachuca), the average snowfall is 7.7 inches. Photographed by W. F. Heald. Interrelationships of Species Within small areas, an acre or less in the Huachucas, several species of the same genus, and closely related genera of the same group, may occur “together.” For example, within a limited trapping area, 3 species nae ae ae eo -. Oak Woodland’ Dipodomys ordii ‘ merriami a spectabilis Perognathus hispidus " penicillatus Sigmodon_hispidus nd minimus Perognathus flavus a hispidus bs penicillatus Onychomys _torridus Citellus spilosoma Perognathus flavus ve hispidus a penicillatus Perognathus hispidus sf penicillatus Sigmodon _hispidus Perognathus flavus “NJ Sigmodon _hispidus eet u i i minimus \ | Citellus spilosoma Onychomys torridus - leucogoster Reithrodontomys fulvescens Ms megalotis er montanus Gitellus spilosoma Peromyscus maniculatus Citellus variegatus Peromyscus eremicus Neotoma albigula Notiosorex crawfordi Thomomys boftae Onychomys leucogaster Reithrodontomys fulvescens oe montanus Baiomys _ taylori Peromyscus boylii " maniculatus Notiosorex crawfordi Reithrodontomys fulvescens m montanus Peromyscus boylii Onychomys _ torridus Thomomys _ bottae Spilogale _ putorius 2¥e- Mesquite Dipodomys _ ordii oH merriami ue spectabilis Perognathus flavus m2 hispidus uM penicillatus Onychomys _ torridus . leucogaster Gitellus spilosoma Fic. 13. Several species of the same genus frequently occur together at the same trapping sites (black rectangles), although each area is scarcely larger than an acre. This is shown in the above lists of small mammals collected on the grassy alluvial fans of certain canyons along the eastern base of the Huachucas. Note how some species occur where mesquite invades the desert grassland and how other species drop out near the edge of the oak woodland. Not drawn to scale. 22 INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIES 98 of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys), 3 species of pocket mice (Perognathus), 3 species of harvest mice (Reithrodontomys), 2 species of cotton rats (Sigmodon), 2 species of grasshopper mice (Onychomys), or 4 species of skunks (of 3 genera) may be taken. Probably nowhere else in the United States do more species so closely related occur so close together, seemingly in the same ecological niche. Figure 13 shows the species of small mammals taken in our trapping areas on the grassy alluvial fans of certain canyons along the eastern base of the Mountains. As one pro- gresses up the alluvial fans and approaches the oak woodland or wood- Jand chaparral, some species, common at lower elevations, drop out; and others enter for the first time or become more abundant. Of the kangaroo rats, Dipodomys ordii and D. merriami seemingly oc- cupied very nearly the same niches. The two were taken together at 4 localities, and undoubtedly would have been taken together at a fifth lo- cality (10 mi. SE Fort) if more collecting had been done there. Only at one locality did the two probably not occur together. Since it was pos- sible readily to distinguish between D. ordii and D. merriami in the field, we endeavored to discern any ecological segregation whenever these kan- garoo rats were collected but could find none. Dipodomys spectabilis was found in 3 places we trapped, and at these 3 places, D. ordii and D. merriami were present. However, in contrast to the other 2 species, D. spectabilis did not occur as far up the alluvial fan and was found where the grasses were less dense and the mesquite less abundant. Of the harvest mice, 3 species (Reithrodontomys megalotis, montanus, and fulvescens) were found together only at one place (mouth of Ram- sey Canyon), but continued collecting at the mouths of other canyons might indicate that all three occurred there also. In Ramsey Canyon, the 3 species occurred in the thick, dry grasses along or near a fence and between the fence and road. In this area, the grass was ungrazed. No differences in ecological niches were noted for any of the three. Near the lower edge of the alluvial fan, in Miller Canyon, only R. fulvescens and intermedius flavus Att, a ee a = hispidus —— > ie penicillatus ; Gir, ag cece 007 Y - 100 yds. Sy Fic. 14. Diagrammatic cross-section of alluvial fan and base of Huachuca Moun- tains to show general zonal distribution of the four species of pocket mice, Perognathus. 24 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS R. montanus were present (R. megalotis was absent). Again, at the upper edge of this alluvial fan, at the edge of the oak belt, the same 2 species were taken. The 4 species of pocket mice occur in a zonal fashion as indicated in Fig. 14. On the alluvial fan, usually 3 species (P. flavus, hispidus, and penicillatus ) are found together. Near the fan’s upper edge, only P. flavus is present. P. penicillatus occurs where the grass is less abundant and there are mesquites, yuccas, and prickly pears. P. hispidus occurs where the grasses and weeds are more dense and there are fewer mesquites, yuccas, and agaves. P. flavus occurs farthest up the alluvial fan, in dense stands of grama, and up to where the grasses interdigitate with the oaks. There is a fairly wide intermediate zone, on the alluvial fan, where all 3 species occur together, and the different species can be taken in traps within a few feet of one another. The fourth species, P. intermedius, occurs on the rocky soil of ledges and rocky slopes where there is little grass and some mountain mahogany, sumac, and scrub oak. P. inter- medius did not occur with any of the other species of Perognathus. Of the 2 species of Sigmodon that occurred on the alluvial fan, both seem to occupy the same ecological niche. The 2 species of Onychomys occupied niches that must be quite similar, although O. torridus occurs farther up the fan. All 4 kinds! of North American skunks are to be found in a limited area in the mouth of Miller Canyon. At the lower edge of the oaks, the spotted skunk is abundant; throughout the wooded portion of the hills the hog-nosed skunk is present; in the oak belt, the striped skunk is pres- ent; our one hooded skunk came from below the tree zone, out on the alluvial fan. Of the 4 species of cats in the Mountains, only 2 are prob- ably resident—bobcat and mountain lion. The bobcat occurs from the desert floor to the mountain peaks; the mountain lion restricts itself almost entirely to the rimrock, of which there is ample in the Mountains. The 4 species of canids inhabit the lower slopes and alluvial fans: the coyote hunts principally below the oak belt, the timber wolf along the foothills, the gray fox in the oak belt, and the kit fox, when present in former years, far out on the alluvial fans. The ecological distribution of the 6 kinds of Peromyscus is not too clear because 4 of them are poorly represented in the Huachucas. Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis occurs, in limited numbers, on the alluvial fans, near the edge of the tree zone. In the wooded portion of the Mountains, the most abundant mouse is P. boylii. It occurs from the oak through the aspen belt, but is most abundant in the oak belt. P. maniculatus rufinus occurs, in limited numbers, in the fir and aspen belt, near the crest of the Mountains. P. eremicus probably occurs mostly below the alluvial ‘The 4 kinds referred to are: spotted, striped, hooded, and hog-nosed skunks. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIES 25 fans, but at least two individuals were present well up on the fan, as indicated by the specimens taken in Carr Canyon. P. leucopus supposedly occurs only at the lower elevations along river bottoms, usually in sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), but at least one, taken by us, occurred in the creek bed among horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) and deep leaf-mold, at an elevation of about 6100 feet. At the lower edge of the alluvial fan, as at Montezuma and Ramsey canyons, Dipodomys spectabilis, ordii, and merriami and Onychomys leucogaster are present but are at the upper limits of occurrence and about to drop out. Half-way up the alluvial fan, Perognathus hispidus and penicillatus and Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis are at the upper limits of occurrence and about to drop out, whereas, in our experience, Perognathus flavus is relatively mcre abundant here. Of all the species of small mammals listed in Fig. 13, only the following commonly extend above the alluvial fans into the oak belt or above: Peromyscus boylii, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Spilogale putorius, and Citellus variegatus. The large number of species (78) of mammals found in such a small area as the Huachucas is correlated with several apparent factors, and probably there are many others which are not evident to us. Some of these factors are: (1) Diversity of ecological niches. Within a short distance, as from the foot of the Mountains to the crest, there are distinctive belts or areas of desert scrub, desert grassland, oak woodland, woodland chaparral, pine, fir, and aspen. There are natural caves and numerous deep mine tunnels (especially suited for bats ); rimrock and rocky slopes; cool canyons, some of which have a flow of water throughout the year; and extremes of precipitation by rainfall and snowfall. (2) Geographical position of the Mountains. Since the Huachucas are not too far removed from the Mogollon Plateau to the north, the lower portions of the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Sierra Madre of Mexico to the southeast, and the Lower Sonoran deserts to the west, some kinds of mammals from each of these have been able to reach the Huachucas. (3) General isolation of Mountains now, but apparent lack of isola- tion during part of Pliocene and Pleistocene. Many species of mammals occurring in the oak-woodland, or above, are isolated now from species in similar habitats in nearby mountains by the intervening deserts. Evi- dently, during some parts of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, the conditions of the “deserts” were such that they did not provide an effective barrier to the interspersion of these same species. (4) Proximity to Mexico. At least one species, the wolf, maintains itself in the Huachucas, despite predatory control measures, by a con- tinuous emigration from Mexico where control measures are not as ex- tensive. Geographical Affinities of the Mammalian Fauna Of the species of mammals making up the fauna of the Huachucas, 13 are southern, that is, they occur exclusively or nearly exclusively to the south of the Huachucas except for those individuals which extend as far north as these Mountains. By the same criterion, 5 species are eastern and 4 species are northern. These northern, eastern, and southern species which reach the Huachucas are shown in the center of the graph (Fig. 15). The remaining species of the Huachucas occur both to the north and south or east and west of the Mountains, and extend across and beyond the Mountains and do not reach the limits of their distribu- tion here. The fauna in the Huachuca Mountains has the following composition: Per Cent Species 19 southern 7 eastern 6 northern (0) western 68 cosmopolitan Reference to Fig. 15 indicates that those species of southern mammals which come near to the Huachuca Mountains usually reach the Moun- tains. For example, there are only 2 species of southern mammals that come within 100 miles of the Huachucas yet do not quite reach the Hua- chucas. There are only 5 species that come within 200 miles and yet do not quite reach the Huachucas. To the north, the situation differs, for it is apparent that many northern species come near to the Huachu- cas kut never enter them. Within 100 miles to the north, 7 species occur that do not enter the Huachucas and within 200 miles there are 17 species that do not enter. The Huachuca Mountains must be regarded as providing a northern “island” or limit for many southern species, and much less importantly as a western or southern limit for eastern and northern species, respectively. Many northern and boreal species extend southward to the White Mountains, or even to the Graham or Chiricahua mountains, but not quite into the Huachucas. This is particularly true for some of the shrews, sciurids, and microtines. It is probable that the amount of boreal habitat in the Huachucas is not great enough to sup- port some of these northern species. However, it is difficult to explain readily why such species as the chickaree, Tamiasciurus fremonti, and 26 GEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA Zz Come within 300 miies Neotoma cinerea Neotoma stephens! P Come within 200 miles Sorex palustris Sorex merriami Eutamias minimus Eutamias cinereicollis Citellus lateralis Cynomys gunnisoni Cleithrionomys limitis Zapus luteus Sylvilagus nuttalli Microtus montanus < Lasionycteris noctivagans Come within \0O miles Tamiasciurus fremonti Microtus longicaudus Peromyscus nasutus Sciurus chiricahuae KS RS OY) € Perognathus amplus Ondatra zibethica FG a == ARIZONA Mammals occurring cS to the northward that enter the Mammals occurring to the eastward that enter the Huachucas and find Huachucas and find | ~~> : * 2 their southern® limit. |X E7ethzen dorsatum & their western*limit of distribution there, of distribution there, |<< Onvchomys leucogaster $ or this is chiefly their western limit. or this is chiefly Z7\ Cynomys ludovicianus as "4 their southern limit. | 5~\ Myotis subulatus o 28 8 0 2 2 — ~ S49 Gg | = = = 2S AS ERS x S g > 2 E g —€ E = SSS See cae. Hee ecle S.iciees ce HUACHUCA ~~ Episaeeoiae Sie ce. eo s S Sy % = % = £ 2) = MOUNTAINS ~ << SaS8 = 3 =£ @ = 8 = ia << SSsS w 3 F Ss OS Ss = Pecari / oes oa Sess = SG s S ecari angulatus — ~~~~-—~ Sos Gh oO & FS e Choeronycteris mexicana Nasua narica Q = s 8 E E E Leptonycteris nivalis*®* — Lepus alleni \\ & & 2 Sie 1) ©) Reithrodontomys fulvescens Lepus AIAN) Q 2 Tadarida femorosacca ~ Baiomys taylori & iS 2 Peromyscus pectoralis Mephitis macroura = PS 2 FA Sigmodon ochrognathus* Felis yagouaroundi ~ = = 2 ae 8 8 8 g Mammals occurring PELE > £58 NI to the southward — 5 § 2 2 that enter the a Suey S Huachucas and find Bg 2 their northern* limit | Sciurus: apache ie S BS of distribution there, 3 & > or this is chiefly 23 their northern limit. Come within 100 miles SS Eumops underwoodi Sciurus truei Perognathus pernix Come within 200 miles Perognathus goldmani Chilonycteris rubiginosa Neotoma phenax Glossophaga soricina Aéllo megalophylia Pizonyx vivesi % y 4 %, ©. Come within 300 miles 2% Fic. 15. Graphic portrayal of the geographical affinities of the mammals in the Huachuca Mountains. 98 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS cliff chipmunk, Eutamias dorsalis, are not present here. The latter occurs to the north (in the Graham Mountains), the northeast (Chiricahua Mountains ), and the south (San Luis and Guadalupe mountains ). Geological Affinities of the Mammalian Fauna Within 30 miles of the Huachuca Mountains, there are in the San Pedro River Valley mammal-bearing beds of late Pliocene (Blancan ) and Pleistocene age. Studies (Gidley, 1923; Gazin, 1942) of the fossils in these beds make it possible to compare the present Huachucan mam- mals with the mammals of several thousands of years ago for similarities in faunal composition and morphological divergence and to learn what the general climatic and ecologic conditions were then. Thirty-three species of fossils from the San Pedro Valley belong to families of mammals now existing in the Huachucas. Of these 33, one is specifically and subspecifically the same as the form in the Huachucas; 14 species are closely related and morphologically quite similar to Hua- chucan species, and 5 of these 14 may prove, on further study, to be conspecific; 9 species are possibly or probably closely related to species existing in the Huachucas; and only 9 have no closely related species there. By orders and families, these species may be summarized as follows: Same Species Very Closely Probably Not a as in Related Closely Re- Related Order and Family Huachucas Species lated Species Species Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae 0) 1 0 0 Carnivora: Mustelidae, Canidae, Felidae 1 i 2 1 Rodentia: Sciuridae, Heteromy- idae, Geomyidae, Cricetidae 0 Ue, 2 5 Lagomorpha: Leporidae 0 0 3 1 Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae, Cervidae, Antilo- capridae 0 0 2 2) Total 1 14 9 9 Seventy-three per cent of the above species are very similar to species now living in the Huachucas. The similarity is with those species in the Huachucas that occur on the alluvial fans, particularly at the lower edge of these fans. This is attested to by the presence of Dipodomys, Onycho- mys, Lepus californicus, Baiomys, Sigmodon, and Perognathus. The pres- ence of a wood rat (similar to Neotoma albigula, but not like Neotoma mexicana) and a deer (similar to Odocoileus hemionus, but not O. vir- 29 30 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS ginianus couesi) suggests that the area was not ecologically or climati- cally similar to the wooded, higher portions of the Huachucas. It might be argued that the presence of rabbits similar to Sylvilagus floridanus is indicative of high mountain conditions, but it will be pointed out later that it is questionable whether these rabbits are more similar to S. flori- danus or to S. audubonii which at the present time occurs near the base of the Mountains. The striking similarity of so many species in these 2 areas, so little separated geographically but so greatly separated chronologically, indi- cates to us that mammals in this area have not been as plastic and have not diverged or changed as much as many zoologists might wish to believe. We do not mean to imply that there were not some kinds of mammals in these fossil beds indicating considerable antiquity and a somewhat different faunal make-up. The presence of 3 mastodontids, 1 edentate, 3 kinds of extinct horses, 2 or 3 fossil camels, and 2 antilocaprids attests to this. Of the kinds of smaller mammals, the rabbit Hypolagus, the mouse Bensonomys, the cat near Felis atrox, and the squirrel Citellus cochisei have no closely related species occurring at the present time within 100 or more miles of this area. Of the 3 kinds of fossil gophers, closely related species occur within about 200 miles to the east. The original studies of the Pliocene—Pleistocene deposits along the San Pedro Valley gave the impression that the mammalian fauna had a strong admixture of Neotropical or southern elements. This indeed may be the case. But our study of the Recent fauna of the Huachucas indi- cates it also has many southern species represented in it. The Pliocene— Pleistocene fauna of the San Pedro Valley basically was not too much different, as regards several families, than the present fauna. The presence of Baiomys, 3 species of Sigmodon, 2 species of Onychomys, peccaries, and some other forms in the Benson and Curtis Ranch beds cannot be considered as any different than the present occurrences in the Huachu- cas, for these same kinds and same number of species are present now. CRITICAL COMMENTS ON CERTAIN SAN PEDRO VALLEY FOSSILS Spilogale pedroensis Gazin—Upper and lower teeth from the Curtis Ranch are referred to this species. Distinctive features include (1) an irregular lower margin of the lower jaw, a feature that is variable in our Recent material and, according to Gazin’s figures (1942:502), nearly duplicable in some specimens and (2) lower carnassial narrowed across the protoconid-metaconid portion, which is also variable and duplicable in Recent material. Other features mentioned are not readily comparable without reference to the type material. Measurements of teeth of the fossils are similar to, but not identical with, our Recent material. The GEOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA 31 Tasie 1. Fossil mammals of the San Pedro Valley and their related forms now living in or near the Huachucas. Benson Beds, Blanean Pliocene Curtis Ranch Beds, Pleistocene Related Form Now Living in Huachucas, or Vicinity* Remarks on Relationships Canid, sp. Felis sp. Citellus bensoni* Dipodomys minor* Geomys minor® Cratogeomys (possibly Geomys) minor* Baiomys minimus Peromyscus sp. Bensonomys arizonae Onychomys bensoni* Sigmodon medius* Neotoma fossilis# Simonycteris stocki Spilogale pedroensis* Canis edwardi® = Canis lupus baileyi Felis sp., nr. F. lacustris Felis sp., nr. F. atrox Citellus cochisei Dipodomys gidleyi* Dipodomys sp. cf. Perognathus Nerterogeomys* (possibly Geomys) persimilis Baiomys brachygnathus Onychomys pedroensis* Sigmodon minor* Sigmodon curtisi® Ondatra sp.* Eptesicus fuscus Spilogale putorius ambigua Canis lupus baileyi 2 Possibly Felis onea Possibly nr. Lynx rufus None Citellus variegatus None Dipodomys ordii Perognathus sp. None Baiomys taylori Possibly P. eremicus None Onychomys torridus O. leucogaster Sigmodon minimus Sigmodon hispidus Neotoma albigula Ondatra zibethic: According to Stirton (1931) Probably same species and subspecies Same subspecies, see p. 34 May be same species See comments beyond Geomys presently occurs within 163 miles and Cratogeomys within 210 miles According to Gazin, 1942 May be same species Probably conspecific 32 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Tasie 1 (Cont.). Fossil mammals of the San Pedro Valley and their forms related now living in or near the Huachucas. Benson Beds, Blanean Pliocene Curtis Ranch Beds, Pleistocene Hypolagus sp. Leporid sp. Sylvilagus ? bensonensis® Cuvieronius bensonensis Mastodont sp. Nannippus cf. phlegon Plesippus sp. Platygonus sp. Camelid sp. Antilocaprid (possibly Texoceros sp.) Lepus sp. (nr. L. californicus) cf. Sylvilagus sp. (nr. 8. floridanus)* Glyptotherium arizonae Stegomastodon arizonae Equus sp. Camelid sp. Tanupolama cf. longurio cf. Capromeryx cf. Odocoileus sp. Related Form Now Living in Huachucas, or Vicinity* Remarks on Relationships None Lepus ecalifornicus Lepus californicus or alleni Possibly Sylvilagus floridanus or audubonii Sylvilagus floridanus or auduboni None ‘None +None Possibly Peeari tajacu \ | None None Not O. virginianus couesi Possibly Odocoi- leus hemionus 4 Critical comments on certain species are given (see pp. 30-36). anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of Pm, and M, of 6 male Huachucan S. putorius ambigua (minimum and maximum) and Curtis Ranch specimens 14682, 14683, U.S. Nat. Mus., are in mm., respec- tively: 3.2-3.3, 3.4, 3.4; 2.1-2.5, 2.0, 2.0; 6.9-7.4, 6.8, 6.2; 3.0-3.7, 2.9, 2.8. Similar measurements for 1 female from the Huachucas and fossil speci- men 12869 (type) for Pm* and M! are: 5.7, 5.8; 3.5, 3.4; 4.3, 4.5; 5.1, 6.3. S. pedroensis, in all features we can measure without the type material, is so similar to the Recent Spilogale in the Huachucas that when this ‘TIT JO “Aluy) FO “[[O9 ey} Ul “zIay “SIT BonyoenzT “afhapng sndn} “pM Jo ueuttoedg q "(00G:ZF6L) Ulzey Wor UsyR} OLR “SNP IBN ‘'S'Q UI ‘upwnompa “pM Jo addy JO SJUSTIEINSBETL » SL L8 62 oe) iarat I'Gl & GI SGI GIN JO JOJOUIVIP OSIBASUBAT, celal Sql Gal rs LI c's G's G8 F'8 ZIV JO JojoureIp OLIo}sodos9}UW é OL € It 6°6 8°6 G 06 9°06 9°8T ¢° 06 TIN JO Jo}OWVIP YIOASUBIT, 8° SS LLG 56 0° G6 &°ST L 91 G GI eal IIV JO toyourvip tor1eysodo.eyuy LL GZ ip Pe 0ST 9°ZI 8'ZI L It Fd JO Jd}OWVIP OSIOASUBIT, 3) Ne ea ial VST G&G 0G L°GG 0° VG Fd Jo Jopowerp oL0ysodo19yuy €°9 £9 6°¢ 0°9 Gu 8°9 19 a9 Eq JO LoJOWIP OSIOASUBL], Sh teall 6°61 9°GI etal! 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UpIEMpo® ee ¢ JUOUINSBIT }UIIOYY, [Isso JUdd.OYy, [ISSOg] UONLUIC] LO.MO'T uorytyuecy todd) (WU U2 SpUaULaLNSDA [[ ) “QUDIOFYSTOTT YOUBY STPIN) vy} fo (Uplonpa SVud)) JJOM [ISsoJ oY} puUB SBonYPENTT oy} JO (2haz~ng sndn) siuy)) J[OM JUD VY} JO YJoo} oY} Jo UOSTIVdUIOLD, °*Z AIAV, 34 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS material is restudied it may be shown that the Recent and fossil are conspecific. “Canis edwardii” Gazin—Wolf remains from the Curtis Ranch were regarded as belonging to this distinct species, being intermediate in size between the timber or gray wolf (Canis lupus) and red wolf (Canis niger). In southeastern Arizona, the present gray wolves are only slightly larger than red wolves from central Texas (C. n. rufus), and smaller than red wolves from eastern Texas (C. n. gregoryi); see account of Canis lupus baileyi, p. 83. Thus, the Curtis Ranch material should have been compared just as critically with Canis lupus baileyi as with Canis niger (= C. rufus in Gazin’s account). When comparisons are made with spec- imens of timber wolves, C. 1. baileyi, from the Huachuca Mountains, we can find no diagnostic differences. The size of the teeth in C. edwardii can be matched most closely in our Recent material (see Table 2). The size and configuration of the jaw can also be closely matched; the shape of the coronoid process in C. edwardii can be matched perfectly in a Re- cent specimen, and we note no differences in the angular process. In the drawing of the jaw of C. edwardii (Gazin, 1942:Fig. 41), the coro- noid or masseteric fossa appears to have a more pronounced lower lip than in Recent specimens, but an examination of the type might show that this lip is less pronounced than portrayed. In view of the similarity in diagnostic features between C. edwardii and Recent specimens, we have deemed it advisable to regard this species as a synonym of C. lupus baileyi. Citellus bensoni Gidley.—This squirrel from the Benson formation is referable to the subgenus Otospermophilus, judging from the accounts of Gidley (1923:122), Gazin (1942:485), and Bryant (1945:354). Since C. variegatus is the representative of this subgenus now living in this region, it seems desirable to make specific comparison with this species rather than with C. beecheyi only. In interpreting the fossil material, we regard the type as consisting of part of a left Pm+, left M?, and right Pm‘, not an M?. Judging from Gidley’s figures (1923), the teeth of C. bensoni correspond closely in discernible details with those of C. varie- gatus grammurus now in the Huachucas. The measurement of 10.3 mm. for the length of the lower toothrow for C. bensoni is less than in Recent material, in which the crown length varies from 10.6 to 11.4 mm. and the alveolar length from 11.3 to 11.6 mm. However, the length of the occlu- sal surface is from 9.7 to 10.3 mm. in Recent specimens. If C. bensoni is not conspecific with C. variegatus, it is close to this species. Dipodomys minor Gidley—This species of kangaroo rat from the Benson was referred to Dipodomys by Gidley (1927:123) and Wood (1935:155) but was questionably referred to Hibbard’s (1939:458 ) GEOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA 3) Prodipodomys by Gazin (1942:486). Evidence for reference of this species to Prodipodomys on the number of roots on the cheek teeth is not strong, and we prefer to follow others in regarding this species as belonging to the genus Dipodomys. Wood (1935:156) has pointed out that D. minor is most similar to the Recent D. compactus, and Setzer (1949) regards D. compactus as conspecific with D. ordii. Dipodomys gidleyi Wood.—From the Curtis Ranch, D. gidleyi was regarded by Wood (1935:159) as either ancestral to Dipodomys ordii or close to such an ancestral position. Setzer (1949:484) intimates that D. gidleyi is not as closely related to the Recent D. ordii as is D. minor. He gives no reasons for this conclusion. Nerterogeomys persimilis (Hay ).—This Curtis Ranch form is very close to Geomys, particularly in the grooving of the upper incisors. Some features which may be distinctive are the shape of the anterior column of the premolars, position of the mental foramen, and position of the enamel in Pm?. Geomys (G. arenarius arenarius) occurs at the present time within 163 miles of Benson, Arizona. Geomys minor Gidley.—G. minor from the Benson formation is based on a lower jaw and upper incisor. The referred upper incisor seems similar to this tooth in Geomys, and there seem to be no features re- quiring that this form be referred to the questionable Nerterogeomys. Cratogeomys bensoni Gidley.—This species was referred to Crato- geomys by Gidley (1923) on the basis of the single groove in the upper incisor. Gazin (1942:488) points out that in addition to the median groove, there is a slight inner groove on the incisor. Although this is similar to Geomys, the groove is not as strong as in that genus. Could it be that the groove has been partly abraded through the years? Living representatives of the genus Cratogeomys (C. castanops lacrimalis) are found within 220 miles of Benson, Arizona, and Geomys occurs even closer (163 miles away). Onychomys bensoni Gidley—A jaw from the Benson formation is regarded as close to the Recent Onychomys torridus. On size of teeth, it fits this closely: tocthrow in Huachucan torridus, 3.3 to 3.8 mm.; in bensoni, 3.9 mm. The greatly reduced M, is as in torridus, and in contrast to the other Recent species, O. leucogaster. Onychomys pedroensis Gidley—This Curtis Ranch form is near to the Recent O. leucogaster. The toothrow is 4.5 mm.; in Huachucan O. leucogaster, 4.1 to 4.5 mm. Sigmodon (medius, curtisi, minor).—S. medius and S. minor have small teeth which are more brachydont and less hypsodont than the Recent S. hispidus. In this respect they are similar to the Recent S. mini- mus of the Huachucas. 36 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS S. curtisi has teeth of the same size as in S. hispidus with hypso- dont condition as in S. hispidus. Since there is considerable variation in dental pattern in our Recent species, we wonder if S. curtisi does not fall within the extremes of variation of S. hispidus and if the two might be conspecific. Neotoma fossilis Gidley.—Judging from Gidley’s (1923) figure of M!?, this tooth from the Benson formation is comparable to Neotoma albigula occurring near the base of the Huachuca Mountains. It is not similar to Neotoma mexicana occurring high in the Mountains. The fossil material seems so similar to N. albigula that we suspect N. fossilis and N. albigula are the same species. Ondatra sp.—Ondatra zibethica pallida formerly occurred in the San Pedro River in Cochise County (see Mearns, 1907:496). The material from the Curtis Ranch resembles O. zibethica in many features, accord- ing to Gazin (1942). Cf. Sylvilagus sp., near Sylvilagus floridanus.—This fragment from the Curtis Ranch might be referred to S. audubonii as readily as to S. flori- danus. We know of no way for distinguishing between these 2 species by teeth alone. S. audubonii occurs in this region today; S. floridanus, high in the Mountains. Sylvilagus? bensonensis Gazin—This mandible, questionably from the Benson formation, is near S. audubonii and S. floridanus. If the amount of variation in the teeth of audubonii or floridanus were known, it might be shown that this variation covers the ascribed differences in enamel pattern in teeth of S.? bensonensis. GEOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA 37 STATE OF ARIZONA SGARDEN ) Meroe Huachuca Mts. Area Mapped \ | nN N Military Reservation Sulvanice l a | ..., Las Wakefield ees Ly CONTOUR INTERVAL SOO FEET Fic. 16. Map of the Huachuca Mountains, showing contours and some place names. Gazetteer of Localities ASH CANYON, southeast slope, 6 mi. E, 11 mi. S Fort Huachuca. BEAR (CREEK) CANYON, southwest slope, 1 mi. E, 11% mi. S Fort. BLACKTAIL CANYON, north slope, approx. 2% mi. W, %4 mi. N Fort. BROKEN ARROW RANCH, mouth Miller Canyon, approx. 5100 feet. BROWN CANYON, eastern slope, about 1 mi. N Ramsey Canyon. Collecting done near pond and house near mouth, about 4975 feet. CANELO CAVE, MINE (also known as MANILA ), natural cave and mine shaft at north base of Mountains, near road and Canelo Gate, 4% mi. W, %4 mi. N Fort. CANELO (sometimes written CANILLE) GATE, northwest entrance into mili- tary reservation, 5 mi. W, 1 mi. N Fort. CARR CANYON, MOUTH, east slope, 5 mi. E, 8 mi. S Fort. Collecting done on alluvial fan, below oaks, about 5200 feet. A road continues up and around this canyon beyond its head and to Carr Canyon Reef. See Fig. 5. CARR CANYON REEF, near head of Carr Canyon, about 7200 feet. Mining operations are carried on here now. See Fig. 6. CARR PEAK, northwest slope. Collecting done in meadow-like opening, locally known as the “Cabbage Patch,” approx. 8400 feet. See Fig. 6. CAVE CREEK CANYON, southwest slope, just south of Bear Canyon, 2 mi. E, 12 mi. S Fort. COPPER GLANCE CANYON, principal tributary to Sunnyside Canyon; flows from east to west; joins Sunnyside Canyon about 1 mi. above Sunny- side. COPPER CANYON, southern end of Mountains, 4 mi. E, 13 mi. S Fort. COW CANYON, principal tributary to Copper Glance Canyon; flows west- ward from Ramsey Peak to join Copper Glance Canyon just below old Copper Glance Mine. COYOTE CANYON, small canyon on north end of Mountains, just west of Split Rock Canyon; mouth about 1% mi. NW Fort; drains northeast. D ALBINI, ranch at mouth of Cave Creek Canyon, formerly Sutherlands Ranch, about 5875 feet. ELDRIDGE MINE, southeast slope, just south of mouth of Ash Canyon, about 5200 feet. “FLATS, 7 mi. ESE Fort and 8 mi. SE Fort, collecting site along west side of Highway 92. 38 GAZETTEER OF LOCALITIES 39 FORT HUACHUCA, community at north end of Mountains, consisting of several hundred buildings, 5060 feet. ; FRY, a community of a few buildings on Highway 92, about | mi. E town of Garden Canyon and 5 mi. E Fort. GARDEN CANYON, TOWN, small community at main northeast gate of military reservation, 342 mi. E Fort, 4618 feet. GARDEN CANYON (formerly TANNER CANYON), intermittent stream flows northeast; canyon situated about midway between Huachuca and Ramsey peaks; head of Canyon at about 7000 feet; road up canyon only one that crosses crest and continues on to west side except for Montezuma Canyon Road. HARPER MINING PROPERTIES, including several mine shafts, west slope near mouth of Bear Canyon. HEALY S, ranch in Carr Canyon, at upper end of alluvial fan, about 5350 feet. See Fig. 6. HEREFORD, 7 TO 9 MILES WEST, 2 to 24% mi. E Nicksville. HUACHUCA (= POST) CANYON, heads near Fort, drains northward. IGO'S RANCH, now Pyeatt Ranch, 6% mi. W, | mi. N Fort. LONE MOUNTAIN, semi-isolated mountain “range,” 2% mi. long, 2 mi. wide, along southwestern base of Huachucas, 11 mi. S, 1 mi. W Fort. See Fig. 9. MANILA MINE, see CANELO CAVE (MINE). MC CLURE CANYON, principal north fork of Garden Canyon draining most of south side of Huachuca Peak; drains southeastward. MILLER CANYON, east slope, 6 mi. E, 8% mi. S Fort. See Fig. 3. “HALF-WAY UP, approx. 6100 feet, where water is removed from Miller Creek. HEAD, near saddle between Carr and Miller peaks; forest service cabin situated here. See Figs. 3, 4. MouTH, portion of the alluvial fan below 5100 feet and extending to eastside of Highway 92. MONTEZUMA CANYON, southeast end, within 1 mi. of International Bound- ary; traversed by road to west side of Mountains. NICKSVILLE, store, cabins, airport, on bajada between Carr and Miller canyons, approx. 4850 feet. PANAMA MINE, name sometimes applied to Canelo Mine, but according to Charles Wallmo should be used for mine in Brown Canyon. PETERSON S RANCH (= SYLVANIA), ranch with ponds and springs, 2 mi. N Sunnyside or 6 mi. S, 1% mi. W Fort. See Fig. 10. POST GARDEN, no longer in use, but formerly near mouth of Garden (Tan- ner) Canyon. 40 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS RAMSEY (= RAMSAY) CANYON, eastern slope with creek running in north- easterly direction. Collecting done at mouth of canyon, 6 mi. E, 6 mi. S Fort, between 4750 and 4950 feet. SAWMILL CANYON, tributary from head of Garden Canyon; drains north- west from Ramsey Peak; site of early logging operations and Bear Spring. SCOTIA CANYON, heads between Sylvania and Sunnyside; drains westward to near Lincoln Hathaway's Ranch. SEEMAN'S (LOUIS), mine operator, see CARR CANYON REEF. SHEELITE CANYON, principal south fork of Garden Canyon draining north side of Ramsey Peak; drains to north. SPLIT ROCK CANYON, first large canyon west of Huachuca Canyon; named for a mountain in center of canyon with a quartzite face with a prominent cleft. SUNNYSIDE, several houses and other buildings, now abandoned, of a once thriving community, west slope, 5800 feet, 242 mi. W, 8 mi. S Fort. SUTHERLAND PEAK, semi-isolated peak, southwest slope, between Bear and Cave Creek canyons, 2 mi. E, 11% mi. S Fort. SYCAMORE CANYON, north slope, 1 mi. E Manila or Canelo Mine or 4 mi. W, 1 mi. N Fort. SYLVANIA, See PETERSON’S RANCH. TANNER CANYON (= GARDEN CANYON). WAKEFIELD MINE, western slope, 10 mi. S, 1 mi. E Fort, about 6000 feet. Check List of Mammals of the Huachucas Order Marsupialia—marsupials Didelphis marsupialis californica Bennett Opossum Order Insectivora—insectivores Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam Vagrant Shrew Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi (Coues) Desert Shrew Order Chiroptera—bats Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi Long-tongued Bat Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure ) Long-nosed Bat Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) Yuma Myotis Myotis velifer velifer (J. Allen) Cave Myotis Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen) Long-eared Myotis Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller Fringe-tailed Myotis Myotis volans interior Miller Hairy-winged Myotis Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon California Myotis and Bachman ) Myotis subulatus melanorhinus (Merriam) Small-footed Myotis Pipistrellus hesperus maximus Hatfield Western Pipistrel Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young Big Brown Bat Lasiurus cinereus cinereus ( Beauvois ) Hoary Bat Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen) Red Bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens Miller Long-eared Bat Antrozous pallidus pallidus (LeConte ) Pallid Bat Tadarida femorosacca ( Merriam ) Pocketed Free-tailed Bat Order Carnivora—carnivores Ursus americanus amblyceps Baird Black Bear, “Brown” Bear Procyon lotor mexicanus Baird Raccoon Nasua narica molaris Merriam Coati-mundi, Chula Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman — Ring-tailed Cat Spilogale putorius ambigua Mearns Spotted Skunk Mephitis mephitis estor Merriam Striped Skunk Mephitis macroura milleri Mearns Hooded Skunk Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman Hog-nosed Skunk Taxidea taxus sonoriensis Goldman Badger 4] MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Vulpes macrotis neomexicana Merriam Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam Canis lupus baileyi Nelson and Goldman Felis onca arizonensis Goldman Felis concolor azteca Merriam Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli Berlandier Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam Order Rodentia—rodents Citellus spilosoma canescens ( Merriam ) Citellus variegatus grammurus (Say ) Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns Sciurus arizonensis huachuca Allen Thomomys bottae intermedius Mearns Thomomys bottae proximus Burt and Campbell Thomomys bottae hueyi Goldman Perognathus flavus flavus Baird Perognathus hispidus conditi Allen Perognathus penicillatus pricei Allen Perognathus intermedius intermedius Merriam Dipodomys ordii ordii Woodhouse Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis Merriam Onychomys leucogaster ruidosae Stone and Rehn Onychomys torridus torridus (Coues ) Reithrodontomys montanus montanus ( Baird ) Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis ( Baird ) Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvescens Allen Baiomys taylori ater Blossom and Burt Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis ( LeConte ) Kit Fox Gray Fox Coyote Gray Wolf, Timber Wolf Jaguar Mountain Lion, Puma Jaguarundi Bobcat Spotted Ground Squirrel Rock Squirrel Black-tailed Prairie Dog Arizona Gray Squirrel Western Pocket Gopher Western Pocket Gopher Western Pocket Gopher Silky Pocket Mouse Hispid Pocket Mouse Desert Pocket Mouse Rock Pocket Mouse Ord Kangaroo Rat Merriam Kangaroo Rat Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat Northern Grasshopper Mouse Southern Grasshopper Mouse Plains Harvest Mouse Western Harvest Mouse Fulvous Harvest Mouse Pigmy Mouse Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus (Merriam) Deer Mouse Peromyscus leucopus arizonae ( Allen) White-footed Mouse CHECK LIST OF MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCAS 43 Peromyscus boylii rowleyi ( Allen) Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides Osgood Peromyscus eremicus eremicus (Baird ) Sigmodon hispidus cienegae (A. B. Howell ) Sigmodon minimus minimus Mearns Sigmodon ochrognathus montanus Benson Neotoma albigula albigula Hartley Neotoma mexicana mexicana Baird Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus ) Mus musculus musculus Linnaeus Erethizon dorsatum couesi Mearns Order Lagomorpha—hares, rabbits Lepus californicus eremicus Allen Lepus gaillardi gaillardi Mearns Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae ( Allen ) Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri (Mearns ) Order Artiodactyla—even-toed ungulates Pecari tajacu sonoriensis (Mearns ) Odocoileus hemionus crooki (Mearns ) Odocoileus virginianus couesi (Coues and Yarrow ) Antilocapra americana (cf. mexicana Merriam ) Hypothetical Tadarida mexicana Saussure Mustela frenata neomexicana (Barber and Cockerell ) Felis pardalis sonoriensis Goldman Tamiasciurus fremonti (cf. grahamensis Allen ) Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam Brush Mouse White-ankled Mouse Cactus Mouse Hispid Cotton Rat Least Cotton Rat Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat White-throated Wood Rat Mexican Wood Rat Black Rat House Mouse Porcupine Black-tailed Jack Rabbit Gaillard’s Jack Rabbit Desert Cottontail Eastern Cottontail Collared Peccary, Javelina Mule Deer White-tailed Deer Pronghorn Mexican Free-tailed Bat Long-tailed Weasel Ocelot Chickaree Bighorn Adjacent to the Huachucas Citellus harrisii harrisii (Audubon and Bachman ) Castor canadensis frondator Mearns Lepus alleni alleni Mearns Yuma Antelope Ground Squirrel Beaver Antelope Jack Rabbit Account of Species Didelphis marsupialis californica Bennett OpossuM Didelphis californica Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833:40. Sonora, Mexico (as restricted by Hershkovitz, Fieldiana: Zool- ogy, 31:550, 1951). Records of occurrence.—Reported at D’Albini’s, southern end of Hua- chucas (see Remarks). Remarks.—Mr. D’Albini killed an opossum in the orchard on his ranch about 1947, according to his report to us on August 20, 1950. He volun- teered this information, indicating that the opossum was about half- grown and very similar to opossums seen by him in Texas. From his description there was little question but that he was referring to Di- delphis. Although the D’Albini family has lived in the southern end of the Huachucas for many years, to Mr. D’Albini’s knowledge this was the first opossum seen or killed there. In an account of the mammals of Sonora, Burt (1938:18) records Didelphis mesamericana mesamericana (=D. marsupialis californica) from within 80 miles (Llano) and 110 miles (Oputo) of the southern end of the Huachucas. To us it seems very likely that this species could well range, on occasions, into the Huachucas. However, everyone else we talked with had no information or had ever seen opossums in other parts of the Huachucas. Continued search for this mammal in the Moun- tains is imperative. It may very likely not show up again for several years, for we do not consider this opossum as an established resident. Perhaps it would be best regarded as a visitant. Hock (1952) reviewed the introduction of the Virginia opossum (Di- delphis marsupialis virginiana) in Arizona after the above was written. This species reportedly was released or escaped near Tucson, at Apache Junction, and in the White Mountains. Hock cites a letter indicating that opossums were seen near Nogales and Patagonia. Specimens were not collected at either of the latter two places by him, so it is not definitely known if the observations were of the introduced D. m. virginiana or of the southern D. marsupialis californica. There is a strong possibility that the specimen at the southern end of the Huachucas may have been an offspring from the introduced Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr. 44 ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 45 Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam VAGRANT SHREW Sorex monticolus Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 3:43, 1890. San Fran- cisco Mountain, 11,500 feet, Coconino Co., Arizona. Sorex vagrans monticola, Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, 1895. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, along stream at lower edge of Douglas fir zone, 5!; “Huachuca Mountains, 1” (Jackson, 1928:112). Comparisons.—The specimens are light grayish brown above, light gray washed with light brown below, hind feet whitish, tail bicolor (sharply so in two specimens ), third unicuspid not smaller, but as large or larger, than fourth unicuspid. Otherwise, the specimens are similar to Sorex vagrans monticola to the northward. Measurements (all measurements are in millimeters )—Two males’, 3 females! are: total, 113, 107, 114, 107, 108; tail, 40, 44, 46, 44, 45; hind foot, 12, 12, 13, 13, 18; ear, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8; condylobasal length, 16.5, ——, 16.5, 16.7, ——-; palatal length, 7.0, , 7.0, 7.15, 6.7; cranial breadth, 8.0, ice ats er : interorbital breadth, 3.6, ——, 3.65, 3.6, 3.5; maxillary breadth, 5.1, ——, 5.1, 5.3, 5.1; length of maxillary toothrow, Gs, '6.0;,'6:0, 6.3, 6.1. Remarks.—All of our specimens of Sorex vagrans were taken in the deep, cool part of Miller Canyon. Four were taken in a thicket of horse- tail (Equisetum) near a spring in dense woodland of oak, walnut, maple, sycamore, and some Douglas fir. This spot was only a short distance above the place where water is removed from Miller Creek for piping to Tombstone, Arizona. Leaf-mold was 12 to 14 inches deep in places. The only other small mammals obtained here were Peromyscus boylii and Peromyscus leucopus. The Equisetum was so dense in this thicket that in many places it was necessary to break it down forcibly to find room to set a trap. However, the slopes above the stream were drier, with some Agave and cacti growing here. Nearly a mile farther up the canyon, where the bottom of the canyon is somewhat broader, another shrew was taken in the thick woodland where numerous large boulders were present. Large pines, walnuts, oaks, and maples predominated here. Some of the larger mammals associated with the vagrant shrews along this canyon were the gray squirrel, Sciurus arizonensis, coati-mundi, Nasua narica, hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus mesoleucus, and’ spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius. These shrews were caught in museum special traps baited with a ‘The superior numbers in Records of occurrence and corresponding superior num- bers in Measurements indicate that these measurements are based on specimens (usu- ally adults) from the localities so marked. 46 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 17. Palatal view of rostral portion of the skull of Sorex vagrans monticola, No. 3811. Note that there are only 4 left unicuspids (the left unicuspids are on the right- hand side in this ventral view), with unicuspids 4 and 5 joined together as a single tooth. Right unicuspids 1 and 2 are pushed far laterally. X 5. specially prepared mixture of smoked fat pork, mixed with peanut butter and some rolled oats. The dentition in 2 of the skulls shows marked abnormalities: in 3811, the unicuspids in the left upper jaw number only 4, because unicuspids 4 and 5 are fused together as a single tooth (see Fig. 17). The details of each unicuspid are evident even though they are so joined together. In the right upper jaw, unicuspids 1 and 2 are pushed far labially. This has resulted from infection near the base of these teeth (see Fig. 17). In 3810, the right upper unicuspid 1 is absent, apparently the result of decay; the right upper unicuspid 4 has curved far out of line so as to be on the labial side of the unicuspid row. Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi (Coues ) DESERT SHREW Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 3:651, 1877. Near old Fort Bliss, about 2 miles above El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas. Notiosorex crawfordi, Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, 1895. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 3; mouth of Carr Canyon, 3; mouth of Miller Canyon, 1 (in alcohol). Other sight records listed under Remarks. Comparisons.—Judging from the various descriptions of other speci- mens of Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi from Texas, California, and Nevada, our material falls within the range of variation of this sub- species. Actually, the specimens from the Huachucas are from within 230 miles of the type locality and probably represent the largest series from anywhere within the range of the subspecies. All 7 of our speci- mens were taken within 3 miles of each other. To our eye, the 6 skins vary in dorsal coloration from a silvery gray ACCOUNT OF SPECIES AT through a brownish gray to a blackish gray. One specimen (3814) seems much paler than the others. This specimen seems to be in poor, worn pelage, and the tips of some of the hairs seem to be worn off. This con- dition may be responsible in part for the resulting light grayish color- ation. Two specimens are quite blackish and 2 are quite brownish. These animals may show color dimorphism, and the 2 phases may be repre- sented in these specimens. Variation in the configuration of the pterygoid bones and the rostrum, as pointed out by Fisher (1941), between a specimen from Nevada and those from southern California, apparently is duplicated in some degree in our specimens. Two of our specimens seem to have the broader pterygoids figured by him, one the narrower, and 3 the intermediate. In none of our specimens does the rostrum turn ventrad as abruptly as he pictures it for the Nevadan specimen, but 2 of our specimens show approach toward this configuration. Measurements.—See Table 3. Remarks.—The desert shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi, has been con- sidered one of the rarest North American shrews, although our experi- ences in the Huachuca Mountains would indicate it was uncommon but not rare here. Notiosorex in the Huachucas prefers the dry alluvial fans or aprons which are grown up with grasses, some cacti, and much Agave. This is in a belt above the “Dipodomys-zone” but below the tree (cak) zone. The many dead Agave plants in this “intermediate zone” provide ideal shelter and sources of food for Notiosorex. Beneath such Agave plants, the soil is loose, more moist than any of the surrounding soil, and usu- ally has a good number of invertebrates such as grubs, ants, beetles, centi- pedes, and spiders. It would be nearly impossible for any carnivorous animal to uncover a small mammal that took refuge beneath a large Agave, even though it was a dead plant. Yet we could find no mammals other than Notiosorex, in this zone, that took refuge under the dead Agave plants. In the mouth of Carr Canyon, in the appropriate zone (see Figs. 5, 18), 3 Notiosorex were caught alive under large, dead Agave. The first was caught August 11, 1950, in the course of turning over all objects in search for mammals. The next day, another was caught about 120 yards west of the original capture. On August 24, 1952, a concentrated search for Notiosorex was made by turning over hundreds of Agave plants in Carr Canyon. A third specimen was secured about 130 yards to the north of the original capture. The uninhabited nest of another Notiosorex was uncovered. The association of Notiosorex and large, dead Agave plants seems so definite to us that we feel confident many shrews could 48 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 18. Nesting site of Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi at the mouth of Carr Canyon. It is on the ground beneath overturned agaves (such as shown in the foreground ) that 3 nests were found. Other plants here, besides Agave, are side oats grama, beard grass, and plains lovegrass. The general area where this agave plant was located is shown in Fig. 5. Photographed August, 1950, by D. F. Hoffmeister. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 49 be obtained in this zone by overturning these plants. A strong, quick thrust is necessary to turn the entire plant over the very first time, in order to expose all of the ground below the plant and to reveal a sud- denly bewildered shrew. If the plant is slowly kicked apart, the shrew may have time to escape beneath another plant. We usually placed the toe of our boot beneath the plant and then raised and shoved it over. Once we used a strong hoe and rake to pull the plants over. In the mouth of Ramsey Canyon, Notiosorex again occurred in that zone above the Dipodomys but below the oaks, although in a different situation than in Carr Canyon. Here the desert shrews were present beneath building materials (lumber, doors, roofing paper, sheet iron) that had been lying on the ground for several years. This material was on the ranch of Roy Newman. Many hours were spent by us and others shifting these piles of materials in order to search the ground beneath. On August 1, 1950, William Woodin captured a desert shrew here; on August 13, 1950, Roy Newman captured one; on August 24, 1950, we captured a desert shrew here and another was seen but escaped. Four Notiosorex in one area 60 feet square! Small runways, undoubtedly used by Notiosorex, were found under some of the doors, flat on the ground. The runs were no more than an inch wide and a half-inch deep. A nest was on the surface of the ground but under a stack of galvanized iron sheets. The nest was about %-pint in volume and of fine-textured ma- terial, including some hair. Other mammals with nests under the build- ing materials were 1 Citellus variegatus, 1 Neotoma albigula, and 1 or 2 Peromyscus boylii. Numerous wasps had nests in the piles of lumber, and we had to stop moving the lumber on several occasions to catch the wasps in self-protection. Knowing of the association of the desert or gray shrew and beehives in central California (Dixon, 1924), one wonders if there might be any correlation here between desert shrews and wasps. The combs of the wasps were fairly abundant in some parts of the area. In the mouth of Miller Canyon, a Notiosorex was seen by Goodpaster on August 27, 1950, under some boards in a grassy area. It was im- possible to capture the shrew then and further search failed to reveal its presence. Another Notiosorex was captured in a museum special trap about 100 yards away on August 26. This was the only specimen taken in a trap. It was badly decomposed and eaten when removed and was later preserved in alcohol. Mammals associated with Notiosorex here were Sigmodon hispidus, Perognathus hispidus, Perognathus penicillatus, Peromyscus boylii, Peromyscus maniculatus, and Mephitis macroura. The latter was taken under a fallen door which was alongside the beard where the Notiosorex was seen. In one month, August, 1950, 9 Notiosorex were seen or caught by us. Undoubtedly, the number of these small shrews in the Huachucas must 50 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS pe Sa eee Fic. 19. An embryo of Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi, probably near full term, re- moved from the amniotic sac, showing relative development of appendages and some sensory organs. Four embryos are still in the amniotic sacs. be in the hundreds. Further refinement of collecting techniques may prove that this estimate is not high. In captivity a desert shrew slept so deeply in a curled-up ball that it was taken to be dead. It was necessary to shake the cage vigorously or prod the shrew to arouse it, and even then it only gradually and slug- gishly aroused itself. An animal that sleeps so soundly, oblivious to nu- merous noises and movements, must be accustomed to a retreat of con- siderable security. One female collected August 12 was lactating but without embryos; a female collected August 24 contained 5 embryos. This specimen had 3 pair of mammae, all of which were inguinal. The crown-rump length of the embryos in the amniotic sac was 9 mm. One embryo, after re- moval from the sac and after preservation in alcohol, had the follow- ing measurements: total length, 22.3 mm.; tail-length, 2.0 mm. The hind foot was less than 2 mm. in length. The volume of the embryos, in the amniotic sac and with placenta attached, was 0.9 cubic centimeters. The pinna of the ear was not evident, and the pigmentation of the eye was apparent beneath the skin (see Fig. 19). As small as these embryos were, we would suspect that they were near full term. Three skeletons (3812, 3814, 3816) of Notiosorex provided the follow- ing data: 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 6 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae. One specimen has 13 caudal vertebrae; 2 other specimens have 11 caudals, but 1 or 2 vertebrae may be missing from the tip on these 2. Of the 13 ribs, only one is a floating rib. Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi LONG-TONGUED BAT Choeronycteris mexicana Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 72, 1844. “Mexico.” OTCB[LBAR UOIBVULLOFUL ON p “(ZP6L) JuRATG pUR [[a10g 5 “(9F6T) IPH a “(PZ6T) WOXI x iat 0O'8 gg OL GG €9 88 6°¢ 60°F 8’ (Gn) 6°9 GOL 8 Ol 9G €9 68 6°¢ 1'¢ LS €'8 G9 0°91 8 TOL 6° FG 9°09 ¢°S8 6°¢ 6 °F LAG F'8 9°9 6 OL Pike 6 GG g9 06 G8 ¢ 1G GOS G8 G9 6° ST 8 IT GG €9 88 09 ag c8°é 8'°8 G9 0°91 8 II G°&% ¢° 6S €8 8°¢ Ig AAS 82 & 9 GL ST 8 ¢°6 9G GG 18 8G Tg 8'€ G8 G9 2° S1 6 OL 76 09 cs 69 1¢ 9°€ G's cI 2 ¢ 91 8 Il 6G SF LL MOIYJOO} G}pBoIIq Uy peoiq P : yysue] qojou ; AIG I Al Bl [¥}1g.10 up en oie! [eseq WoL ‘ea! ae ae ae -[IXB J -[IXB IV -19}UT I Prat: e) I *y 3] id -o]Apuo,) Iey Pp IH U! aL Pp d I 34 L SBXOTL A 6 I q@pPa9N “MS I eJTBD OG 6 (PG AR & f “AV uocduvy Avswey 6 GI8€ uoduey Aoswey 6 9I8& uoAUBD) WB) GI8E uoAUBD TIBQ = & FI8é uoduey Aoswuey LISE uoAURy We) Y FISE AY[BIO'T ae a ‘SUIBJUNOTY BonyoeNyzT oy} wos APoryo ‘ypsofmys9 rasosoyo Ny JO ‘SoJOUUITT]IW Ul ‘S}USUTOAMSBeTY “E ATAV], OMIVERSITY OF fLLereara Be MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, 11 (4 in Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. ); Canelo Mine, 1; Ash Canyon, 21; mine, 11 mi. S Fort, 11; Eldridge Mine, 1. Comparisons——Our specimens have been compared with specimens from Oaxaca, Oaxaca; Cuernavaca, Morelos; and Querendero, Michoacan. Specimens from the Huachucas are similar to these Mexican specimens in external size, including measurements of the arm and hand, and most measurements of the skull. Adults from the Huachucas differ from the Mexican specimens in color as follows: more reddish cinnamon on the back directly behind the ears; underparts less sooty and a lighter gray; fur on chin lighter; throat more grayish. Even though specimens from the Huachucas, in southeastern Arizona, differ rather markedly in color from specimens from central Mexico, they are so similar in external and skull features that we have elected to regard them, for now, as the same form, Choeronycteris mexicana. Measurements.—Four males (1 in brownish pelage, 1 brownish-gray, and 2 grayish) and 13 females (5 brownish, 4 brownish-gray, 4 grayish) give the following average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 81.8( 76-88 ), 81.3( 75-89); tail, 10.5( 10-12), 9.8( 7-12); hind foot, 13.0(12-14), 12.8(11-14); ear from notch, 17.3( 16-18), 17.1(15- 19); forearm, 44.5(44.1-44.9), 45.0(42.7-46.4); third metacarpal, 42.7 (42.2-43.3), 42.9(41.1-44.5); fourth metacarpal, 39.9(39.4-40.7), 39.9 (37.6-41.5); fifth metacarpal, 38.8(37.6-39.7), 38.9(36.9-41.3); tibia, 15.9(15.4-16.5), 16.1(14.5-17.2); greatest length skull, 30.1(29.7-30.3 ), 29.8(28.8-30.2); condylobasal length, 29.0(28.6-29.1), 28.7(27.9-29.1); least interorbital width, 3.9(3.7-4.0), 3.8(3.7-4.0); palatal length, 18.1 (17.8-18.3), 18.1(17.1-18.5); mastoidal width, 9.4(9.2-9.6), 9.1(8.8- 9.4); width of braincase, 9.7(9.6-9.9), 9.9(9.6-10.1); alveolar length upper premolar-molar series, 8.7(8.6-8.8), 8.6(8.0-8.9). Remarks.—Long-tongued bats, Choeronycteris mexicana, were en- countered in nearly every dark mine tunnel and cave. Only 2 were taken from buildings. The tunnels did not have to be especially deep to pro- vide a suitable habitat. Choeronycteris were usually found inhabiting the same caves and tunnels as Corynorhinus rafinesquii, and even the same parts of the underground retreats. No Choeronycteris and Lepto- nycteris were ever found associated. As a matter of fact, no Leptonyc- teris were ever encountered in tunnels or caves. Long-tongued bats were never numerous in their tunnel retreats. They were most numerous in a mine tunnel in Ash Canyon where we would estimate there were nearly 50 individuals, and in a tunnel of the Harper Mining Company, with an estimated 30. No long-tongued bats were ever shot flying outside at dusk, although we collected many other kinds of bats in this fashion. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 53 Fic. 20. Choeronycteris mexicana from Ash Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Notice that the tail in the interfemoral membrane does not extend as far posteriorly as the ankle. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. 54 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Long-tongued bats readily became disturbed in mine tunnels and started to fly upon approach. Their exceedingly erratic flight, even in a small tunnel, made shooting them difficult. The bats frequently attempted to escape from the mine shaft, and although we tried to block their only exit with our bodies, they would occasionally escape before we could stop them. On such occasions they were not hesitant to fly out of dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. Long-tongued bats were encountered in mines that were situated in a variety of habitats: at the lower edge of the tree (oak) zone, in the pine- oak woodland, and in the pine-fir belt. Several of the specimens had yellow pollen on the fur around the face. Of the 41 specimens taken, 35 were females. At the 3 places where more than one specimen was taken, both females and males were found, but in the following ratios: Miller Canyon, 6 9? , 1 Ash Canyon, 19:2; 11 mi. S of Fort, 9:2. It appears that some of these males are fully adult, and thus both adult males and females were together at this time of year. This is not true for Leptonycteris in August. None of the females had embryos and if some of the specimens were the young of that year, they had attained adult size and adult pelage, as near as we could deter- mine. Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure ) LONG-NOSED BAT M [= Ischnoglossa]. nivalis Saussure, Revue et Magasin de Zool- ogie, 12 (ser. 2):492, 1860. Near snow line on Mount Orizaba, Mexico. Leptonycteris nivalis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13:126, 1900. Records of occurrence—Mouth of Miller Canyon! (ranch barn), 56; Canelo Mine, 8 mi. W Fort, 6. Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas differ from Leptonyc- teris nivalis nivalis from eastern Mexico and the Chisos Mountains, Texas, in that the coloration of the back is more reddish brown than sooty brown, with the underparts washed with a brownish or cinnamon; the total length of the 3 phalanges of the third finger is less, rather than more, than the length of the metacarpal of the same finger; and the skull is shorter and the braincase narrower. A more complete analysis of this variation will be reported upon elsewhere. Measurements——Twenty-two females', fully adult as judged by the reddish brown color of the fur, give the following average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 77.6(69-£4); tail — (caudal vertebrae are present, but the tail is not readily measurable ); hind foot, 15.0( 13-17); ear from notch, 16.0( 14-18); forearm (based on measure- ments from 10 specimens), 53.0(51.3-54.3); third metacarpal (10), ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 55 47.3(46.2-49.9); fourth metacarpal (10), 42.8(41.2-46.1); fifth meta- carpal (10), 40.6(38.0-43.3); greatest length of skull (18), 26.7(25.7- 27.3); condylobasal length, 25.7(25.1-26.4); interorbital width, 4.6(4.4— 4.9); palatal length, 14.6(14.0-15.1); mastoidal width (for 20), 10.4 (10.0-10.8); width of braincase (for 19), 9.9(9.6-10.2); alveolar length, upper premolar-molar series, 6.3(6.0-6.6). A single adult male, from the Panama Mine, gives the following corresponding measurements: exter- nally, 78, 0, 16, 17; forearm and metacarpals, 52.2, 47.1, 42.8, 41.3; cra- nially, 27.8, 26.2, 4.6, 14.9, 10.6, 10.0, 6.5. Remarks.—In August, 1950, approximately 100 long-nosed bats, Lep- tonycteris nivalis, occupied at night the barn at the lower edge of the oak belt in the mouth of Miller Canyon. This apparently was a nursery colony. Of the 55 skins saved, all of those judged to be adult (24, as de- termined by brown rather than grayish color) were females. Of the remaining 31, judged to be immature, 12 were males, 19 females. It is possible that some of the 19 females should be regarded as adults, and thus the ratio of immature males and females would more nearly ap- proach 1 to 1. The nursery colony was not detected in this infrequently used horse barn in 1949 and was almost overlooked in 1950. Daytime searches in 1950 revealed no bats, although the yellow splatterings of fecal material indicated that Leptonycteris frequented the barn. An evening visit re- vealed the presence of about 100 bats noisily flying about or hanging on the rafters. The bats were prone not to leave the barn, for they did not fly in any mass movement from the 12 open windows or from the opening under the eaves when we shot into the colony. One might sus- pect that this was a central meeting place within the feeding area for this colony. Even when we were not disturbing the colony, they were flying around. In any event, the barn did not provide a daytime roost. The adults possessed enlarged mammary glands, and some or all of the young may still have been nursing. However, the young were very nearly as large as the adults, could well maintain prolonged flight, and were capable of feeding themselves, judging by the presence of pollen around their noses. In 1949, a few long-nosed bats were encountered in a mine west of the Fort (Canelo Mine). Most of them were taken near the entrance of the mine and in association with Corynorhinus rafinesquii. Only 1 of the 6 was taken far back in the mine, and here it was hanging near the outer edge of a cluster of approximately 300 Myotis velifer. The nursery colony in Miller Canyon never had other species of bats associ- ated with it. The adults in the mine were of mixed sexes, for one adult male and one adult female were taken together with four young. Berry 56 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 21-A. Dorsal view. Leptonycternis nivalis in Miller Canyon, Huachuca Moun- tains. Note short tail and interfemoral membrane. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 5 Fic. 21-B. Lateral view, Leptonycteris nivalis in Miller Canyon, Huachuca Moun- tains. Note large nose-leaf. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. 58 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Campbell (1934:242) observed a few Leptonycteris in this same mine and cave in 1933. The presence of long-nosed bats in mines or buildings can readily be detected, in our experience, by the presence of their distinctive drop- pings, which are bright yellow and of a watery consistency. These droppings look much like splashings of yellow paint on a floor. This coloration must be correlated with the diet of these animals. Nearly every specimen collected had the head well covered with yellow pollen. This most likely came from Jimson weeds which have an abundance of yellow pollen, were numerous around the barn, and were open all night long. A short watch, at a suitable distance from the Jimson weeds by the barn, failed to reveal any bats feeding at these flowers. However, we suspect that they must feed there at some hours during the night. An analysis of the stomach contents of 6 bats by Richard Van Gelder revealed that an average of 92 per cent was pollen and 8 per cent in- sect remains. Since these bats must feed rather heavily upon pollen and nectar, they probably have little use for some of their teeth. This is reflected in the variation in the incisiform teeth, particularly in the lower jaw. Since the tongue probably rubs over the top of these incisors when it is pro- truded, the absence of these teeth may be advantageous. Of 40 skulls examined for numbers of teeth, only 25 had the full complement of 4 lower incisors. Three had all 4 incisors absent, 2 had 3 incisors absent, 6 had 2 incisors absent, and 2 had 1 incisor absent. Of those 25 that had the complete set of lower incisors, there were all stages of reduction in size. Some had minute lower incisors visible only under considerable magnification. The majority that were lacking incisors were adult ani- mals. We suspect that with increasing age the lower incisors are worn away or lost in some fashion and the alveoli are entirely covered over. Furthermore, this is an advantageous, “degenerative” loss as it enables the bat to protrude the tongue more easily and naturally increases the normal space or diastema which is present between the 2 right and 2 left lower incisors. Only one specimen in the 40 had lost upper incisors (3 teeth ) and one had apparently broken off or lost an upper canine. This species was parasitized by 2 species of streblid flies: Trichobius sphaeronotus Jobling and Nycterophilia coxata Ferris. Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) Yuma Myoris Vespertilio yumanensis H. Allen, Monogr. Bats No. Amer., Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., 165:58, 1864. Old Fort Yuma, Imperial Co., California. Myotis yumanensis, Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:66, 1897. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 59 Records of occurrence-—‘Huachuca Mountains,” 1 skull, in Chicago Natural History Museum, according to Miller and Allen (1928:67). This specimen cannot be located at that museum now. Remarks.—Measurements are not available for the specimen listed by Miller and Allen in their revision of Myotis and no comment is made about this specimen. Myotis velifer velifer (J. Allen) Cave Myoris Vespertilio velifer J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:177, 1890. Santa Cruz del Valle, Guadalajara, Jalisco. Myotis velifer, Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:56, 1897. Records of occurrence—Canelo Cave, 8 mi. W Fort, 32'!; Carr Can- von Reef, 3; Ash Canyon, 1. Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas differ from Myotis velifer incautus in being much darker in color of pelage and smaller in size. Miller and Allen (1928:92) indicate that intergradation between velifer and incautus occurs in eastern Arizona and that the range of variation in tint among individuals from one locality may cover the entire range of color between the pale incautus and the dark velifer. Of the 36 specimens from the Huachucas, 2 are pale and approach the color of M. v. incautus from Kansas. The remainder are all dark and appear to be typical of M. v. velifer. In size, all of the specimens are nearest the latter subspecies. Measurements.——Ten mature males! and 10 mature females! give the following average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 93.8( 89-100), 94.8( 90-103); tail, 43.6( 40-47), 43.3( 38-48 ); hind foot, 10.9(10-11), 10.9( 10-12); ear from notch, 15.8( 13-18), 15.7(15- 17); tibia, 17.1(16.2-17.7), 17.6(16.3-18.8); forearm, 41.8(39.4-42.9), 49.5(41.4-44.2); thumb, 6.3(5.5-7.1), 6.7(6.0-7.1); greatest length of skull, 15.8(15.2-16.5), 15.8(15.6-16.1); condylobasal length, 15.2(14.4— 15.8), 15.4(15.2-15.6); zygomatic breadth, 10.1(9.8-10.4), 10.2(10.0- 10.5); least interorbital constriction, 3.9(3.7-4.1), 3.9(3.8-4.1); width of braincase, 7.4(7.1-7.9), 7.3(7.2-7.5); crown length of maxillary tooth- row, 6.5(6.1-6.7), 6.5(6.2-6.6); maxillary breadth at M?, 6.7(6.5-6.9), 6.7(6.6-6.8 ). Remarks.—Cave myotis were exceedingly abundant in the Canelo Cave, and we estimated that there may have been as many as 10,000 there in 1949. They did not seem to be as abundant in 1950. Bats were present near the entrance, in several crevices, but were especially abun- dant on the ceiling of a large cavernous room. Some 40 to 50 feet down on the floor of this room, bat guano appeared, in the beam from our 60. MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS flashlight, to be at least a foot deep in places. The limestone conglomerate and chert of the ceiling made it possible for the bats to get a good foot- ing overhead. In some places the bats were hanging in clumps of tens, in other places in clumps of hundreds. In this same cave, there were a few Choeronycteris mexicana and Corynorhinus rafinesquii, but these two species were much nearer the entrance of the cave than the Myotis velifer, and M. velifer seemed much less tolerant of light than many other species. Cave myotis were taken from the ceiling of a mine tunnel on the Carr Canyon Reef in a semi-dormant condition in August, 1949. The indi- vidual taken from the mine tunnel in Ash Canyon at the same time was in the same condition. Cave myotis were present, but not in great numbers, in an abandoned schoolhouse at Hereford. This building had been gassed (cyanide) only a short time before our visit and the M. velifer were the first to re- establish themselves in this attic. M. velifer may have been present in some of the abandoned buildings at Fort Huachuca, although repeated inquiries produced no indication of bats. Cave myotis were found in mines, caves, and buildings opening out into a variety of ecological situations: in the pines and oaks (at Carr Reef ), at the lower edge of the oaks (at Canelo Cave), and well out in the Lower Sonoran desert at the schoolhouse at Hereford. Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen) LONG-EARED MYorTIs Vespertilio evotis H. Allen, Monogr. Bats No. Amer., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 165:48, 1864. Monterey, Monterey Co., California (see Dalquest, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56:1, 1943). Myotis evotis, Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:77, 1897. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, 1'. Other record: “Huachuca Mountains,” 1 skin (in Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., according to Miller and Allen, 1928:117). Comparisons.—Tips of dorsal hairs slightly more golden than some other Arizona specimens, but less golden than in specimens from the Graham Mountains, Arizona. Measurements.—One adult male’: total length, 94; tail, 41; hind foot, 9; ear from notch, 19; tibia, 17.5; forearm, 36.2; thumb, 6.7; greatest length of skull, 16.3; condylobasal length, 15.2; zygomatic breadth, 9.5; least interorbital constriction, 3.9; width of braincase, 7.5; crown length of maxillary toothrow, 6.2; maxillary breadth at M?, 6.0. Remarks.—The only specimen of long-eared myotis was taken in asso- ciation with Myotis volans around a water tank at dusk. This was in a small clearing just inside the oak belt at the Broken Arrow Ranch. Many | | | | ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 61 specimens of the nearly as long-eared Myotis thysanodes were taken in the Huachucas, but none of these was taken in Miller Canyon. In the field, when we shot the long-eared bat, we immediately recog- nized it as a Myotis evotis, but after the ears became dry and somewhat shrunken, we found it somewhat difficult to distinguish between M. evotis and M. thysanodes. In 1894, W. W. Price records (Allen, 1895:249) that “Mr. Miller ob- tained a single male from the thick branches of an oak in the Huachuca > Mountains... . Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller FRINGE-TAILED Myotis Myotis thysanodes Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:80, 1897. Old Fort Tejon, Kern Co., California. Records of occurrence—Carr Canyon Reef, 24; mouth of Carr Canyon, 4; Canelo Mine, 17; Sunnyside, 2; mine shaft, Copper Canyon, 2( Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. ). Comparisons.—Our specimens seem similar to other specimens of this subspecies from Arizona. However, there is a wide range of variation, in several features, in our series. Coloration of the dorsal fur varies from a pale Ochraceous-Buff through a bright Ochraceous-Orange to near Dres- den Brown (capitalized terms of color used in this study are taken from Ridgway, 1912). In some specimens the ears are dark, in others, light and translucent. The length of forearm varies from 39.4 to 45.0 mm., length of ear (from notch), from 17 to 22 mm. There appears to be no consistent correlation between longer ears, longer forearms, or color of ears, or any combination of variables. Measurements——Of 10 males and 10 females, all judged to be adult, average, minimum, and maximum measurements are, respectively: total length, 89.1(80-98 ), 91.3(85-97); tail, 38.5(33-42), 39.9(36-44); hind foot, 10.5(9-12), 10.7(10-11); ear from notch, 18.3( 18-19), 19.38( 18- 21); tragus, 11.3(10-13), 12.1(10-14); forearm, 41.0(39.3-42.1), 42.5 (40.3-43.9); thumb, 5.7(5.0-6.4), 5.9(5.4-6.5); greatest length of skull, 16.7(16.3-17.0), 17.0(16.3-17.4); condylobasal length, 15.4(15.2-15.7), 15.8(15.2-16.3); zygomatic breadth, 10.2°(9.9-10.6), 10.4°( 10.0-10.6); least interorbital constriction, 4.1(3.9-4.3), 4.1(3.8-4.4); width of brain- case, 7.7(7.5-7.9), 7.8(7.5-8.3); crown length of maxillary toothrow, 6.4 (6.3-6.5), 6.4(6.2-6.6); maxillary breadth at M?, 6.6(6.3-6.7), 6.6(6.3— 6.7). Remarks.—In mid-August, 18 semi-dormant fringe-tailed myotis were found hanging together in a single clump, in a mine tunnel on Carr Canyon Reef. All of the specimens were males. At about this same time, 62, MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 22. Fringe-tailed myotis, Myotis thysanodes thysanodes, on side of mine tunnel in Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Good- paster. in the Canelo Mine, 14 of 16 specimens collected were females. The 2 males apparently were young of the year, for the epiphyses of the long bones were not fused. Probably Canelo Mine served as the site for a nursery colony of Myotis thysanodes, with only adult females and young of the year of both sexes present. At Canelo Mine, Myotis thy- sanodes were found in asscciation with many Myotis velifer, and of the 2 species, there were several thousand individuals in the mine. Appar- ently none of the nearly full-grown yearling males joined the bachelor colony, for none of the males from Carr Canyon Reef is a young of the year. Myotis thysanodes is more colonial or gregarious than Myotis evotis ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 63 and any other Myotis in the Huachucas except Myotis velifer. When the M. thysanodes became fully aroused, they clambered around on the sides and ceiling of a mine tunnel with rapidity and dexterity. We had diffi- culty in photographing individuals of this species because of their ability to move around so rapidly without flying. Most of the Myotis thysanodes were taken farther up in the oak wood- land than the one Myotis evotis. Those in Carr Canyon from near the canyon’s mouth were taken in an oak-walnut-sycamore association. Those taken on the Reef weve near the lower edge of the pine belt. At Sunnyside they were feeding over a pond among oaks but adjacent to chaparral. At the Canelo Mine, they occurred at the lower edge of the oak belt. Myotis volans interior Miller Hartry-WINGED Myotis Myotis longicrus interior Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27:211, 1914. Twining, Taos Co., New Mexico. Myotis volans interior, Miller and Allen, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 144: 142, 1928. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 4'!; Garden Canyon, 2?; Carr Canyon Reef, 1°. Comparisons.—Our specimens are much darker than the Ochraceous- Buff to Ochraceous-Tawny of M. v. interior, and do not possess the dark reddish color of M. v. amotus. To us, our specimens appear to be young (the teeth show no signs of wear), and we suspect that there may be a distinctive, darker pelage in these juveniles. If this is not the case, our specimens appear to differ rather markedly from named forms of M. volans. Measurements——Four males! *:* and 3 females! are: total length, 91, 100, 99, 97, 92, 98, 93; tail, 46, 46, 46, 46, 45, 45, 46; hind fcot, 10, 9, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8; ear from notch, 15, 11, 12, 13, 14, 11, 12; forearm, 37.8, 39.0, 38.6, 37.9, 38.8, 39.3, 38.3; thumb, 5.0, 5.6, 5.4, 5.1, 4.5, 5.5, 5.5; greatest length of skull, 13.8, 14.4, 14.1, 14.7, 14.3, 14.1; condylobasal length, aerate 136, 7138" 19/5, 18.5; zygomatic breadth, 8:7, 8:8:28.7, 8.9, 8.9, ——, ——- interorbital constriction, 4.0, 4.1, 4.0, 4.1, 4.3, 3.9, 4.0; breadth of braincase, 7.2, 7.4, , 7.2, 7.4, 7.2, 7.0; crown length of maxillary toothrow, 5.0, 5.3, 5.2, 5.8, 5.2, 5.2, 5.2; maxillary breadth at Wie 13:6.1578) 15.6; .9.7,.5.9, 5.5, 5.7. Remarks.—Hairy-winged myotis were flying with Myotis subulatus among the tops of the oaks at early dusk in the mouth of Garden Can- yon and with Myotis evotis and M. subulatus among the oaks in the mouth of Miller Canyon in mid-August. The specimen taken on Carr Canyon Reef was hanging in the tungsten mine of Louis Seeman. 64 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Myotis californicus californicus (Audubon and Bachman ) CALIFORNIA MYOTIS Vespertilio californicus Audubon and Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8(ser. 1, pt. 2):285, 1842. “California,” and further re- stricted to Monterey, Monterey Co., California. Myotis californicus, Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:69, 1897. Records of occurrence.— ‘Huachuca Mountains,” 1 skin, Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. Measurements.—Total length, 76; tail, 37; hind foot, 5. Remarks.—This specimen, a skin only, is referable to the subspecies M. c. californicus and not to the pale desert form M. c. stephensi Dalquest (= M. c. pallidus Stephens). According to the information on the label, the specimen was collected at 5280 feet elevation on October 22, 1907, by H. S. Swarth. Myotis subulatus melanorhinus ( Merriam ) SMALL-FOOTED Myotis Vespertilio melanorhinus Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 3:46, 1890. Little Spring, north base San Francisco Mountain, Coconino Co., Arizona. Myotis subulatus melanorhinus, Miller and Allen, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 144:169, 1928. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Brown Canyon, 2'; mouth of Garden Canyon, 1°; mouth of Miller Canyon, 1*; west slope, 12 mi. S Fort, L’. Comparisons.—The dorsal coloration of our specimens is near a Pink- ish Cinnamon and all compare closely with specimens from Nevada and elsewhere in Arizona. Measurements.—Four males! *:* and 1 female”: total length, $2, 81, 83, 81, 93; tail, 42, 43, 41, 39, 43; hind foot, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8; ear from notch, 16, 15, 17, 18, 15.5; forearm, 32.3, 32.3, 33.5, 33.0, 34.2; thumb, 4.7, 4.6, 5.1, 4.9, 4.4; greatest length of skull, 14.3, , 14.6, 14.1, 14.9; condylo- basal length, 13.4, ——, 13.6, 13.2, 14.1; zygomatic breadth, 8.2, 8.5, 8.9, , 9.1; interorbital constriction, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.3; breadth of brain- case, 6.5, , 6.6, 6.9, 6.6; crown length of maxillary tcothrow, 5.3, 5.4, 5.4, 5.2, 5.7; maxillary breadth at M?, 5.2, 5.4, 5.3, 5.5, 5.5. Remarks.—Small-footed myotis were found in the oaks or at the lower edge of the oak belt. We suspect that they may start to fly and feed later than some other myotis. This species was abundant over a pond in Brown Canyon, but its erratic flight made it difficult to shoot. On the west side of the Mountains, several specimens were seen late at night in the beam of the headlights of the car as we searched for jack rabbits. One bat was taken. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 65 Pipistrellus hesperus maximus Hatfield WESTERN PIPISTREL Pipistrellus hesperus maximus Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, 1936. Dog Spring, Grant Co., New Mexico. Records of occurrence —Mouth of Miller Canyon, 14!; mouth of Brown Canyon, 1; mouth of Garden Canyon, 1; mouth of Carr Canyon, 1. Comparisons.—In revising the western pipistrels, Hatfield (1936:260) referred specimens from Cochise County, Arizona, to Pipistrellus hes- perus australis. Burt (1938:25) took exception to allocating pipistrels from Sonora (and this should include the Huachucas) to australis, but rather he (1933:115) would regard them as merriami since “southern Arizona and northeastern Sonora specimens average slightly larger than California specimens of merriami, but the extreme measurements are about the same and the slight average difference loses its value.” Our specimens from the Huachucas do not seem referable to australis. They are larger than australis, and in this respect show approach to both mer- riami to the west and maximus to the east. In color, specimens from the Huachucas average lighter than merriami and more nearly resemble maximus and hesperus. Variation in color, however, in the series of 14 from Miller Canyon, taken August 18 to 23, is considerable. One speci- men is as pale as any hesperus, another as dark as most merriami; the “average color” seems paler than in merriami. The large size of the speci- mens, especially of the forearm, is much as in maximus. Thus, on the basis of size and color, our specimens seem slightly nearer P. h. maximus. When someone restudies this group and analyzes the clinal variation, our specimens may prove referable to another subspecies. The large size of specimens from Providencia mines, Sonora, 92 miles south of the Huachucas, indicates that these specimens may also be re- ferable to maximus. If this should prove to be the case, specimens from southern New Mexico, western Texas, southeastern Arizona, and northern Mexico would bear the name Pipistrellus hesperus apus Elliot (1904) and not P. h. maximus Hatfield (1936). Measurements.—Eight males', 6 females' give the following average and extreme measurements: total length, 70.9( 68-75), 75.7(74-77); tail, 31.1( 29-33), 32.8(32-34); hind foot, 7(7-7), 7(7-7); ear from notch, 13.4(13-15), 13.7(18-14); tibia, 12.1(11.7-12.3), 12.1(10.9-13.2); fore- arm, 30.0(29.0-31.6), 30.6(28.7-32.6); greatest length skull, 11.5(11.0- 12.1), 12.2(12.0-12.4); width of braincase, 6.2(5.9-7.8), 6.0(5.9-6.1). Remarks.—Western pipistrels are most often found flying over the alluvial fans and flats at the edge of or below the tree zone. For ex- ample, they were flying over a swimming pool at the lower edge of the oak belt in Miller Canyon, and just inside the oak belt in Garden and 66 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Carr canyons. In Brown and Ramsey canyons, they were flying over water tanks out on the alluvial fans. This species was sometimes found asso- ciated with Myotis volans and Myotis subulatus. Pipistrels were never encountered in mine shafts and were among the first, if not the very first, bats to fly in the evening. In August, 1949, there was enough water available in Miller Canyon to fill a swimming pool at the Broken Arrow Ranch. At dusk, pipistrels would fly in goodly numbers around the pool. After some shooting, the bats would disperse, and could be seen foraging for food just beyond, around mesquites and surrounding oaks. Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young Bic Brown Bat Eptesicus pallidus Young, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 408, 1908. Boulder, Boulder Co., Colorado. Eptesicus fuscus pallidus, Miller, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 79:62, 1912. Records of occurrence.—Sylvania Ranch, 11; D’Albini’s Ranch, 2?; mouth of Miller Canyon, 2°. Comparisons.—Three of the specimens are a light, bright brown, near Saccardo’s Umber, and are typical E. f. pallidus. Two specimens (one from D’Albini’s, one from Sylvania) are much darker brown, and as in E. f. bernardinus. However, the underparts of these 2 are not as brown- ish as in most specimens of bernardinus, and all of our specimens are re- garded as pallidus. However, the difference between the 2 dark and 3 light specimens is so noticeable that we readily detected this difference when we were collecting them in the field. Measurements.—Three males'!:* and 2 females? give the following measurements: total length, 109, 114, 105, 125, 118; tail, 51, 45, 40, 49, 52; hind foot, 12, 11, 11, 11, 9; ear from notch, 17, 14, 16, 18, 15; fore- arm, 48.2, 45.7, 41.8, 46.8, 47.5; thumb, 7.0, 6.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.7; greatest length of skull, , 19.4, 18.1, 19.8, 19.3; condylobasal length, 17,8, 17.3, 18.5, 18.1; zygomatic breadth, 12:2, 12.5, 1210) 12'6 1 2e2s sien orbital constriction, , 4.2, 4.2, 4.1, 3.9; breadth of braincase, ——, 8.5, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2; maxillary toothrow, 6.9, 6.9, 6.8, 7.8, 6.9; maxillary bpreadthwat Vie —— 4/269 -4o le erie Remarks.—Big brown bats were never encountered in caves or mine tunnels in summer, although we searched several thousands of feet of such tunneling. All of the specimens we obtained were shot at late dusk near a water source. At Miller Canyon the bats were flying over a small tank used for storing drinking water. At Sylvania the bat was flying over a spring-fed pond. At D’Albini’s big brown bats were most numerous, although only 2 were taken. Here the bats were not flying over water, ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 67 but several tanks were near by. All of the situations where Eptesicus were encountered were at the lower edge of the oaks. Lasiurus cinereus cinereus ( Beauvois ) Hoary Bat Vespertilio cinereus (misspelled linereus) Beauvois, Catal. Raisonné Mus. Peale, Phila., p. 18, 1796. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lasiurus cinereus, H. Allen, Monogr. No. Amer. Bats, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7:12, 1864. Records of occurrence —Sylvania Ranch, 1. Comparisons.—Differs from specimens from Kansas and Illinois only in being slightly more yellow on top of head and back of neck. Measurements.—Adult male: total length, 132; tail, 59; hind foot, 13; ear from notch, 17; tragus, 11; forearm, 51.1; thumb, 9.1; maxillary tooth- row, 5.8. It was not possible to take other cranial measurements. Remarks.—Our one specimen was collected over the pond at Sylvania or Peterson’s Ranch at dusk. It was one of the first bats seen flying there. Shortly after the hoary bat was collected, big brown bats arrived over the pond. In May, 1893, Price (in Allen, 1895:247) discovered a specimen dead on a fence in Miller Canyon. This species must be rare in the Huachucas. Lasiurus borealis teliotis (H. Allen) Rep Bat Atalapha teliotis H. Allen, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 29:5, 1891. Type locality unknown, but probably southern California. Lasiurus borealis teliotis, Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:110, 1897. Records of occurrence ——Carr Canyon! (near mouth of Canyon at Healys Ranch), 1; “Huachuca Mts.,” 1(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. ). Comparisons—The specimen from Carr Canyon appears more yellow- ish and the interfemoral membrane less heavily haired than some other specimens of L. b. teliotis. Measurements.—Adult female!: total length, 109; tail, 54; hind foot, 10; ear from notch, 13; tragus, 8; forearm, 40.6; thumb, 6.4; greatest length of skull, 13.2; condylobasal length, 12.2; zygomatic breadth, 9.2; inter- orbital constriction, 4.5; breadth of braincase, 7.5; maxillary tcothrow, 4.5; maxillary breadth at M?, 5.9. Remarks.—Our one specimen was caught late in the evening when it was quite dark, in a net placed over the pond at the Healy Ranch, in an association of oaks, sycamores, and walnuts. This is the only red bat we saw. 68 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens Miller LONG-EARED BAT Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Miller, No. Amer. Fauna, 13:52, 1897. Keams Canyon, Navajo Co., Arizona. Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens, Miller, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 128: 82, 1924. Records of occurrence.—West slope, 11 mi. S Fort, 71; Carr Canyon Reef, 4; mouth Carr Canyon, 1; Miller Canyon, 1; Ash Canyon, 2; Syl- vania Ranch, 1; Canelo Cave, 4; Fort Huachuca, 2(U.S. Nat. Mus.). Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas are Drab in dorsal coloration and are darker—more smoky or sooty—than C. r. pallescens, and in this respect show approach to C. r. mexicanus. However, the tips of the hairs of most specimens are a bright brown, and in this feature are nearer pallescens. The coloration of the underparts is nearly inter- mediate between pallescens and mexicanus, but the amount of buffiness indicates that the specimens are slightly closer to pallescens. The skull is slightly larger in nearly all features, including length of toothrow, than the average for mexicanus, and in this respect the specimens are nearer to pallescens. The Huachucan specimens are intergrades between palles- cens and mexicanus, but are slightly nearer to pallescens and are referred to that subspecies. Measurements.—Fifteen males (from various localities ) and 4 females! yield the following average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 94.3( 82-103), 98.8( 93-103); tail, 45.7(37-52), 51.3(51-52); hind foot, 10.5(9-12), 10.8(10-11); ear from notch, 33.9( 29-86), 34.5 (32-36); forearm, 41.3(40.1-43.8 ), 43.0(41.4-43.8); thumb, 5.8(5.0-7.0), 5.8(5.6-6.1); greatest length of skull, 16.2''(15.7-16.9), 16.3(16.1-16.5); condylobasal length, 14.711(14.4-15.1), 14.9(14.8-15.0); zygomatic breadth, 8.5!(8.1-8.8), 8.5(8.3-8.7); interorbital constriction, 3.5!7(3.4— 3.6), 3.6(3.5-3.6); breadth of braincase, 7.6''(7.3-7.8), 7.7(7.5-7.9); maxillary toothrow, 5.014(4.8-5.2), 5.1(5.0-5.2); maxillary breadth at M?, 5.913 (5.6-6.1), 6.0(6.0). Remarks.—Long-eared bats were encountered, along with long- tongued bats, Choeronycteris, in nearly every mine tunnel explored. The long-eared bats were difficult to approach and readily took flight. Fre- quently the long-eared bats were near the entrances or openings of caves or mines, but when disturbed would fly farther back into the tun- nel. Because of this habit, one could concentrate the bats at the back end of the tunnel, provided there was no rear passageway or escape exit. Male long-eared bats, and only males, were taken at all of the local- ities except at the mine tunnels of the Harper Company, 11 miles south of Fort Huachuca. Here, 4 adult females and one juvenile male were ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 69 taken. This probably was a nursery colony of long-eared bats, consisting only of adult females and young of the year of both sexes. Antrozous pallidus pallidus (LeConte ) PALLID BAT Vliespertilio]. pallidus LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7:437, 1856. El] Paso, El] Paso Co., Texas. Antrozous pallidus, H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7:68, 1864. Records of occurrence.—Probably along the eastern base of the Hua- chucas (see Remarks). Remarks.—The presence of many pallid bats at Hereford, about 9 miles east of the base of the Huachucas, strongly suggests that they must occa- sionally reach the alluvial fans of these Mountains. We searched an abandoned schoolhouse in Hereford which was heavily infested with bats, but which had been gassed shortly before our visit. On the schoolroom floor we found 2 mummified Antrozous pallidus pallidus from which we recovered the skulls. A few live bats, of the species Myotis velifer, had re-invaded the gassed attic of the school. There is a good possibility that Antrozous occurs at times in the many abandoned buildings at the Fort, although we heard no reports of bats there. Tadarida femorosacca (Merriam ) POCKETED FREE-TAILED BAT Nyctinomus femorosaccus Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 2:23, 1899. Agua Caliente, Sonoma Co., California. Tadarida femorosacca, Miller, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 128:86, 1924. Records of occurrence.—Fort Huachuca, 1(not examined, in U.S. Nat. Mus., see Shamel, 1931:18). Measurements.—Shamel’s measurements (1931:22) for this specimen, a female, 36038/20922, U.S. Nat. Mus., are: head and body length, 54.4; tibia, 13.4; foot, 8.5; forearm, 46.6; third metacarpal, 45.2; fifth meta- carpal, 25.8; thumb, 6.4; ear from meatus, 18.6; ear from crown, 11.8; skull length, 19.2; zygomatic breadth, 9.6; interorbital breadth, 3.8; oc- cipital depth, 6.0; braincase breadth, 8.8; basal length, 16.2; maxillary toothrow, 7.2. Remarks.—A specimen of the pocketed free-tailed bat is recorded by Shamel (ibid.) as from Fort Huachuca, without further comment. We can add nothing to this record. A specimen of Nyctinomus brasiliensis [= Tadarida mexicana] is recorded by Allen (1895:246), and Price says the “specimen was caught 70 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS in a damp tunnel in the Huachuca Mountains... .” This specimen is now in the Chicago Natural History Museum, and Colin C. Sanborn informs us that this specimen (1066) is Myotis velifer velifer. The Mexican free- tailed bat, Tadarida mexicana, is thus not recorded from the Huachucas, nor was it taken by us, but we suspect that the several hundred aban- doned buildings at the Fort may provide refuge for free-tailed bats at some, if not at all, times. Ursus americanus amblyceps Baird Biack BEAR, “BROWN” BEAR Ursus amblyceps Baird, Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 2(2) :29, 1859. Fort Webster (copper mines), on the Gila River, Grant Co., New Mexico. Ursus americanus amblyceps, Bailey, No. Amer. Fauna, 25:187, 1905. Records of occurrence —See Remarks. Remarks.—At no time has the black bear, known to the inhabitants of the Huachucas as the “brown” bear, been common in the Mountains. Before it was declared a predatory animal in the 1940's, it was more plentiful because then it was not specifically hunted. By 1950, when the bear had been restored to the status of “protected,” it was nearly ex- terminated. In the early 1930's, Henry Van Horn encountered a brown bear at the upper end of Bear Canyon (near the Wakefield Mine, see Fig. 16). The bear was being run by dogs from a nearby hunting party and it took to a tree near Van Horn. When the bear was unable to maintain a good footing in the small tree, it hastened down and continued down the canyon and out of sight. Carl Joerger had also seen several brown bears between 1910 and 1950 in Bear Canyon, and some of the other smaller adjacent canyons. He recalled having seen one female with cubs. Earl Long found sign of a bear in Sheelite Canyon during the winter of 1949-50. Sign of bear was noted in Huachuca, McClure, and Sheelite canyons about 1950 by Charles Wallmo and Steve Gallizioli. The latter trailed a bear down Huachuca Canyon nearly to the residential area of the Fort. D’Albini had not seen a bear at the southern end of the Moun- tains for several years. In 1892, A. K. Fisher “saw fresh diggings about the old logs near the streams [in Box Canyon], which evidently were made by these animals.” The bears sometime partially or completely girdle fir trees to obtain either the sap or the insects that accumulate in the scars, according to Earl Long. This “barking of trees” could be easily confused with the work of porcupines, according to Long. The bear in Sheelite Canyon was feeding on fawn, but this may have been as carrion. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES Vi Procyon lotor mexicanus Baird RACCOON Procyon hernandezii, var. mexicana Baird, Mamm. No. Amer., p. 215, 1857. Espia, northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. Procyon lotor mexicanus, Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27:65, 1914. Records of occurrence.—Fort Huachuca, 1(Goldman, No. Amer. Fauna, 60:53, 1950). Remarks.—At the present time, raccoons rarely get into the wooded portions of the Huachucas, cr even onto the alluvial fans on the east side of the Mountains. They tend to remain on the flats and along the San Pedro River. One was seen dead on the highway about 5 miles southeast of Hereford, and not far from the San Pedro, and all reports given us were to look for coons along the river. Charles Wallmo saw a raccoon in the oak woodland along Highway 92 about one mile south of Miller Canyon early in 1951. On the southwest side of the Huachucas, raccoons are reportedly “fairly common in the lower woods.” At an earlier time, raccoons must have been more numerous in the Mountains, for Price writes in 1894 (Allen, 1895:250): “The tracks of a few [raccoons] were seen along the streams at the base of the Huachuca Mountains. .. .” A. K. Fisher writes (in 1892) that raccoon were “seen along the trail above the Post. .. .” With the recent immigration of coatis (Nasua) into the mountainous portion of the Huachucas, one cannot help wondering if the coatis are now occupying part of a niche formerly occupied by the raccoon, and forcing the raccoon farther out from the Mountains. In the Canelo Hills just to the northwest of the Huachucas, raccoons and coatis occur together in good numbers, according to Charles Wallmo. Nasua narica molaris Merriam CoaTI-MUNDI, CHULA Nasua narica molaris Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15:68, 1902. Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, 2'!; Carr Canyon, 1°; Huachuca Canyon, 3(skulls only); head of Garden Canyon, 1(skull only); Sawmill Canyon, 6300 ft., 3(skulls only); Split Rock, Huachuca Mts., 1(skin only), U.S. Nat. Mus. Comparisons—We have followed Hershkovitz (1951:560) in re- garding the coatis of northern Mexico and southwestern United States as of a single subspecies, and the earliest available name is Merriam’s Nasua narica molaris. We can discern no important differences in color or skull between N. n. molaris and N. n. pallida Allen, and we regard the latter as synonymous with molaris. ie MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Measurements.—Three adult females!:? are as follows: total, 1041, 1067, 946; tail, 540, 495, 445; hind foot, 95, 102, 102; ear, 38, 35, 38 (all external measurements are converted from inches ); greatest length skull, 120.5, 124, 121.5; condylobasal length, 116.5, 119.5, 118; zygomatic breadth, 66.8, 66.3, 62.0; height of cranium from palatal shelf to median point over postorbital processes, 39.3, 37.8, 35.7; least interorbital breadth, 30.2, 28.7, 28.1; mastoidal breadth, 47.5, 47.5, 46.7; breadth across post- orbital processes, 37.7, 37.7, 36.0; palatilar length, 72.0, 74.4, 72.9; alve- olar length maxillary toothrow, 45.0, 46.6, 46.7; crown length upper car- MASSIAL Weoe Tos LO! Remarks.—Coati-mundis, or chulas, as they are locally known, are regarded by many residents as having been in the Huachucas for a rela- tively short time. This seems to be a mistaken impression, for as early as 1892, A. K. Fisher writes of their presence. Fisher (1892) says, “Split rock, which is within a short distance and in plain sight of the Post, is the locality where Private Leopold Hengg of B troop 2nd Cavalry cap- tured a Nasua and saw another. Lieut. Winn sent the skin to the National Museum. This skin bears no. 19506 in that museum. Marshall F. Ash- burn told Charles Wallmo he obtained a pet coati from the nearby Pata- gonias about 1914, and he was not aware that they were rare there at that time. Stanley Young informs us that he saw tracks of this animal near Sunnyside between 1917-18. For some reason, many persons believe that coatis were not present in the Huachucas before 1924. It was in February of that year that John Merritt obtained a specimen of this animal, previ- ously unfamiliar to him, which was sent to the University of Arizona and the U.S. Biological Survey for identification. About 1924, the coati began to become increasingly evident in the Huachucas. By 1949-50, packs of as many as 25 or more were seen together and coatis were re- ported from every canyon of the Huachucas. During the winter months, coatis are not seen far up in the Mountains, and some of the local residents feel they remain well down in the canyon bottoms during that time. They are most frequently encountered in the damp canyons where oaks predominate, or where oaks and pines are abundant. Two females taken by us in Miller Canyon in August, 1949, had been feeding on grasshoppers, white grubs (about 1% inches in length), and cactus fruit (probably of the prickly pear). There are reports that occa- sionally coatis prey upon poultry and that they damage fruit crops. Five specimens taken in August and September, 1950, had only juniper berries in their stomachs, according to Charles Wallmo. These animals are exceptionally good diggers as Goodpaster had an opportunity to witness. An animal caught in a trap in Carr Canyon jumped up and down as it was approached, switching its long tail from side to side. Q ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 73 Soon it started digging with its front feet, and stones and dirt flew in every direction in spite of the fact that a steel trap was on one hind foot. In about 5 minutes, a hole almost large enough to accommodate the body had been dug. Stones that must have been 6 inches in diameter were completely unearthed and moved in the digging operation. Sometimes the coatis are in small groups of 2 or 3, or again in larger packs. In 1950, during August, 2 coatis were seen briefly in Miller Can- yon although their presence was known from diggings along the heavily wooded (pine and oak) parts of the canyon. In August of 1949, a pack estimated at 50 individuals was seen near the same spot in Miller Can- yon. About two-thirds of this pack were made up of half-grown young and the adult females were lactating. Attention was directed to this group along the canyon wall as they loosened rocks which came tumbling down. When the group became excited, the animals scurried with ease over rocks and ledges, between and through small trees and bushes. The 3 skulls from Sawmill Canyon were picked up from around an old poison station. Two of these coatis were very young; the premolars were unworn and the molar unerupted. Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman RING-TAILED CAT Bassariscus astutus arizonensis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45: 87, 1932. Cosper Ranch, Blue River, 5000 ft., about 12 mi. S Blue, Greenlee Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence —See Remarks. Measurements.—An adult male from “Huachuca Mountains,” as re- corded by Allen (1895:252): total length, 720; tail, 345; hind foot, 68; ear, 50. Remarks.—Ring-tailed cats occur throughout the Mountains in rela- tively few numbers on the rocky slopes. Local residents reported their presence in Ash, Montezuma, Carr, Ramsey, and Bear canyons, and around Sutherland Peak. On Carr Reef, a house cat cornered a ring- tail which Louis Seeman caught and tried to tame. When it killed some chickens, he shot it. A ringtail entered the cabin of Charles Morgan in Ash Canyon, apparently driven there by his cats. At least 3 ringtails were killed during the winter of 1949-50 in Ramsey Canyon. One of these was reportedly found in a chicken coop. On one occasion, a ringtail entered a trap set in the Mountains for lion, according to Earl Long. In 1894, Price found the species “rare in the Huachucas, though a few are killed every year by the miners and wood choppers” (Allen, 1895:252). The ring-tailed cats of the Huachucas are referred, on a geographic basis, to the subspecies arizonensis as described by Goldman from east- 74 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS central Arizona. Specimens are needed to ascertain if the Huachuca animals are of small size and dark color, as is characteristic of B. a. arizonensis. Spilogale putorius ambigua Mearns SPOTTED SKUNK Spilogale ambigua Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:460, 1897. Eagle Mountain, 16 mi. E Las Palomas, Chihuahua, Mexico. Records of occurrence ——Miller Canyon, 13!(1, a skull only). Addi- tional records: “Huachuca Mts.,” 3(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.); Fort Huachuca, 3( U.S. Nat. Mus., see Howell, 1906:30, listed under S. ari- zonae ); “Huachuca Mountains,” 3( U.S. Nat. Mus., see Howell, 1906:25, listed under S. ambigua). Comparisons.—Spotted skunks in the Huachucas were referred to 2 full species, Spilogale ambigua and Spilogale arizonae, when the genus was revised by Howell (1906). S. arizonae Mearns (1891, Fort Verde, Yava- pai Co., Arizona) differs from S. ambigua Mearns (1897, Eagle Moun- tain, Chihuahua, Mexico) only in a broader, flatter, rather than arched, braincase, according to Howell (1906). The dome-shaped braincase of ambigua and slant-sided braincase of arizonae are well portrayed in Howells photographs of the posterior aspect of the skulls (1906:pl. 8). In the 9 adult skulls of males from the Huachucas, 3 have the brain- case highly arched (dome-shaped) as in ambigua; 4 are flat (slant- sided) as in arizonae; 2 seem to be intermediate. In the slant-sided skulls, the skulls are consistently broader across the zygomatic arches and the mastoidal bullae are more greatly inflated. This is particularly noticeable when the skull is viewed from above; the sagittal crest is higher and more prominent, and the skull is broader through the inter- orbital region. Thus, there are at least 4 cranial features separating “arizonae-like” skulls from “ambigua-like” skulls. There are no significant or constant differences in color pattern or external size correlated with these cranial differences. This variation in vaulting of the braincase, and correlated differences in size of the skull, may be entirely due to slight differences in ages in the two groups of skulls. In the ambigua-like skulls, the upper Pm? is worn on the inner basin but the lateral, protoconal ridge is unworn; in upper M!, there is a slight trace of the cusps and the tooth has not been worn smooth. In the arizonae-like skulls, the lateral protoconal ridge in Pm* is much worn; M? is without indication of any cusps and the tooth is much worn. The two skulls that are intermediate between the 2 types are rather intermediate in tooth wear. It very well may be that with in- creasing age, from the ambigua type to the arizonae type, the skull takes ACCOUNT OF SPECIES To on a more mature, flatter, less-arched appearance. In young skunks, the skull is very much arched. Also with increasing age, as might be ex- pected, the skull becomes narrower interorbitally, the sagittal crest more prominent, and the zygomatic arches spread out more laterally. If this interpretation is correct, then the differences ascribed to Spilogale am- bigua and Spilogale arizonae are ones of age differences and not worthy of specific consideration. The spotted skunks in the Huachucas are large in external size. Com- parative sizes for total length are: Huachucas, 401.1; Grand Canyon and Panamint Mts., 381; Chihuahua and Jalisco, 377; lower Rio Grande Val- ley, 402. Tail length for corresponding localities are: 146.0, 143, 121, 145: hind foot, 47.0, 44.3, 45.5, 47.7. In size, material from the Hua- chucas is more like leucoparia from the Rio Grande Valley. However, inadequate measurements are available from critical areas. We surmise that when adequate material is studied, Spilogale arizonae and S. gracilis may prove to be con-subspecific and that the spotted skunks of south- eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northern Sonora, and north- ern Chihuahua will represent a distinct race, for which the name ambigua would be applicable. Until all the material has been studied, we propose to use the name ambigua. When the material is studied, it seems likely that all named forms in northern Mexico and the United States will prove to belong to one species, for which the earliest name would be Spilogale putorius Linnaeus, 1758. Some of the specimens from the Huachucas have white on top of the forelegs, some none: considerable white on foreleg, 4; little white, 3; trace, 2; no white, 3. White may be present on the top of the hind feet: broad stripe present, 1; narrow stripe, 3; spot, only, 5; none, 3. Measurements.—Eight adult males', average and extremes, and 1| adult female! measure: total length, 401.1(385-440), 354; tail, 146.0( 133-163), 138; hind foot, 47.0( 44-52), 42; ear from notch, 29.3( 27-32), 25; basilar length, 48.6(45.1-51.5), 41.8; occipitonasal length (from occipital bulge above foramen magnum), 50.9(47.7-54.8), 45.0; greatest zygomatic breadth, 35.9(33.8-37.3), 29.6; greatest mastoidal breadth, 32.2(29.8- 35.3), 26.7; least interorbital breadth, 15.3(14.1-16.3), 13.4; palatilar length, 19.4(18.3-19.9), 17.1; postpalatal length, 29.1(27.0-31.3), 24.8; foramen magnum to plane of last molar, 29.3(27.1-31.7), 24.8; height of cranium, from near basisphenoid-basioccipital suture to top cranium ex- clusive of crest, 17.0(16.1-17.4), 15.4; crown length mavillary toothrow, 17.9(16.9-18.8), 16.3. Remarks.—Spotted skunks occur in the wooded portion of the Moun- tains, and may be restricted to the oak belt. We found them to be abundant in the oak belt in the mouth of Miller Canyon. “Two specimens were trapped in a meat house at a ranch” by Price (in Allen, 1895:252 ) 76 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS in January, and he “obtained evidence of the occurrence of the Little Striped Skunk at many other places. . Nine of the specimens were surely infected with worms in the frontal sinuses, for one or more lesions had been formed in the skull in these specimens. Infections at the base of the teeth were evident in 3 speci- mens. Three of our specimens taken on August 6, 9, and 10 are young. The sutures between the maxillae-nasals and the premaxillae-nasals are open. In weasels, those specimens with the sutures in this condition would be between 3- and 7%-months old (Hall, 1951). According to Crabb’s (1941) measurements for Spilogale interrupta, animals with these ex- ternal measurements would be between 45- and 60-days old. These ani- mals may have been born in late May or early June. Mephitis mephitis estor Merriam STRIPED SKUNK Mephitis estor Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 3:81, 1890. Near Little Spring, 8200 ft., San Francisco Mountain, Coconino Co., Ari- zona. Mephitis mephitis estor, Hall, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 37:1, 1931. Records of occurrence.—Fort Huachuca, 1'; Carr Canyon (about half- way up), 2?; mouth of Miller Canyon, 1*. Other record: “Huachuca Mountains,” 1(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Comparisons.—Our specimens have a short tail, characteristic of M. m. estor. One specimen has much white on the body and tail, the white hairs in the tail being nearly as abundant as the black hairs. Another has very few white hairs in the tail, with a few at the base and a terminal tuft. The other 2 specimens are intermediate as regards white hairs in the tail. Measurements.—Two adult males** and 1 adult! and 1 young adult? female give the following measurements, respectively: total length, 645, 677, 665, 617; tail, 295, 317, 336, 294; hind foot, 70, 75, 67, 74; ear from notch, 28, 29, 33, 27; basal length, 62.9, 64.5, 61.0, 56.3; basilar length, 60.9, 62.6, 59.1, 54.4; greatest zygomatic breadth, 41.9, 45.2, 42.7, 38.7; greatest mastoidal breadth, 37.4, 38.3, 36.3, 34.3; breadth across post- orbital processes, 20.0, 21.4, 21.2, 20.8; least interorbital breadth, 19.6, 20.2, 20.1, 18.6; palatilar length, 26.8, 26.2, 24.2, 23.0; postpalatal length, 35.2, 37.1, 35.3, 31.5; foramen to plane of last molars, 34.2, 36.7, 34.6, 31.2; crown length maxillary toothrow, 23.8, 23.2, 22.0, 21.6. Remarks.—Striped skunks are common throughout the Mountains. At times, they become pests at the Fort and cause some “damage” there. For example, in August, 1950, one got itself caught by tumbling into a ACCOUNT OF SPECIES Uh garbage can and was turned over to us alive. Another was observed foraging in the oaks between Bear and Cave Creek canyons about 2 hours after dark. The striped skunk occurs in the oak belt and to some extent below the oak belt on the alluvial fans. A striped skunk that had its den in a barn in the mouth of Miller Can- yon was feeding heavily upon beetles and grasshoppers in July and August, judging by its droppings. Mephitis macroura milleri Mearns Hoopvep SKUNK Mephitis milleri Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:467, 1897. Fort Lowell (near Tucson), Pima Co., Arizona. Mephitis macroura milleri, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:334, 1901. Records of occurrence—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 11; “Huachuca Mountains,” 1?(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Other records: Fort Huachuca, 7(see Howell, 1901:42). Comparisons.—The 2 specimens are a juvenile and a young adult that seem referable to this subspecies. Measurements.—Juvenal male! with unfused sutures: total length, 465; tail, 241; hind foot, 57; ear, 33. Cranial measurement of young fe- male? and juvenal male! are: basal length, , 47.1; basilar length, 53.5, 45.2; greatest zygomatic breadth, 37.7, 31.8; greatest mastoidal breadth, 31.3, 29.4; breadth across postorbital processes, 5 les least interorbital breadth, 18.9, 15.1; palatilar length, 22.7, 19.8; post- palatal length, , 25.7; crown length of maxillary toothrow, 21.7, 19.4. Remarks.—The specimen from Miller Canyon was discovered under a door. The door was flat on the ground in the yard of an abandoned house. We were in search of Notiosorex crawfordi, for we had seen one beneath a board alongside this door. The skunk, when exposed during the middle of the day, made no attempt to run and we shot it. Judging from the lack of fusion of the sutures, we assume the animal was a young of the year. If the condition of the sutures is in any way similar to that in long-tailed weasels, Mustela frenata, as summarized by Hall (1951:25), we would estimate that the animal was between 3 and 7% months old. We encountered no adults of this species, although we did take several adult striped skunks. All of those persons living in the Huachucas, keenly interested in and acquainted with the larger mammals, understandably were unable to distinguish between the hooded skunk and the striped skunk, for they are very similar in appearance here. The not fully adult female was taken by G. F. Breninger and had at least 4 pairs of well-developed mammary glands when taken August 21, 1901. 78 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman HoG-NOSED SKUNK Conepatus mesoleucus venaticus Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 3:40, 1922. Cosper Ranch, 5000 ft., Blue River, 12 mi. S Blue, Greenlee Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Carr Canyon, 6500 ft., 14; Garden Canyon, 6700 ft., 3°(skulls only). Other records: “Fort Huachuca,” 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Goldman, 1922:41); 2(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Comparisons.—On a geographic basis, our specimens should be refer- able to venaticus and not to C. m. mearnsi (Mason, Texas). However, several of the diagnostic features of venaticus, as described by Goldman, are not evident in our material. The chief diagnostic features concerned the narrowness of the skull, yet our specimens are broader through the interorbital region than is an adult male of mearnsi from the Big Bend area of Texas. However, in overall small size of both skull and external features, the Huachucan specimens agree most closely with venaticus and are probably best referred to this race. Measurements——One young adult male! and skulls of a fully adult* and of a young adult’, unsexed, individual give the following measure- ments: total length, 525, ——, ill, ILO), , ——; hind foct, 76, —, ; ear, 28, : ; greatest length of skull in median line, 73.5, 73.9, 73.4; condylobasal length, 71.1, 72.0, 70.7; basal length, 64.9, 65.7, 64.7; basilar length, 62.5, 62.0, 61.5; greatest zygomatic breadth, 49.6, 48.2, 46.6; greatest mastoidal breadth, 39.9, 39.9, 37.8; width of braincase at constriction behind zygomata, 36.5, 36.8, 35.1; least inter- orbital breadth, 21.8, 23.4, 22.5; palatilar length, 30.0, 28.1, 28.6; crown length maxillary toothrow, 23.0, 23.0, 22.5. Remarks.—Sign of hog-nosed skunks, chiefly in the form of “rooting” in the softer ground, is fairly common throughout the wooded portions of the Mountains. It is always difficult to distinguish between the rooting of Conepatus and Nasua. On occasions, particularly in the winter, the hog-nosed skunks will come into the orchards and literally plow the soil in search for food. Conepatus frequently makes use of abandoned mine shafts for den sites, and Henry Van Horn and Carl Joerger knew of one shaft being so occupied in Bear Canyon. None of the skulls of Conepatus exhibits lesions from nasal worms. One female, in the Chicago Natural History Museum, taken July 10, 1901, has at least 3 pairs (and perhaps only 3 pairs) of well-developed mammary glands. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 79 Taxidea taxus sonoriensis Goldman BADGER Taxidea taxus sonoriensis Goldman, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 29:300, 1939. Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora, Mexico. Records of occurrence —14 mi. SE Fort Huachuca, 1; occurs at mouths of some canyons on alluvial fans. Comparisons—The above specimen agrees closely with T. t. sonorien- sis, as described by Goldman (1939:301), particularly in small size, dark color, white median stripe continuing only to shoulders and re-appearing once at middle of back as a narrow, 4-cm.-long stripe, blackish chin, buffy abdominal area, except white mid-ventral line extending from posterior part of throat to base of tail, abruptly narrowed nasals posterior to maxillo-frontal suture. The above specimen differs from T. t. sonorien- sis, as described by Goldman, in throat and underside of neck being a buffy cream rather than “pure white” and upperside of tail being buffy or cinnamon rather than dark as the back. The specimen from 14 mi. SE Fort Huachuca is practically a topotype of Taxidea taxus apache Schantz (1948:175), for it is from 7 miles north of the type locality (San Pedro River, at the International Boundary, Cochise Co., Ariz.-Sonora). Our specimen differs from T. t. apache, judging from Schantz’s description, in incomplete dorsal white stripe rather than one continuing to base of tail, dorsal coloration that is dark rather than grayish, chin blackish rather than brown, and ventral median light stripe whitish rather than buffy. These above features in which our specimen differs from T. t. apache are the very ones judged by Goldman as diagnostic of his subspecies. Actually, our specimen shows similarity to T. t. sonoriensis in all of these “diagnostic” features. Recorded meas- urements of the few skulls of apache and sonoriensis show no significant differences. We believe that the features ascribed to apache are within the range of variation of T. t. sonoriensis, and that apache best be re- garded as a svnonym of that form. Measurements.—Subadult female, 14 mi. SE Fort Huachuca, adult female and young adult male topotype of sonoriensis (after Goldman, 1939:301), and young adult female topotype of apache and average of 4 females from southeastern Arizona (after Schantz, 1948:176): total length, 635, 625, 662, 640, ——- tail, 109, 110, 122, 182, ; hind foot, 95, 107, 100, 104, ; condylobasal length, 116, 113, 114.7, 116.4, 115 (112.7-117.5); zygomatic breadth, 70.9, 70.9, 69.8, 70.3, 70.7(69.1-74.4); mastcidal breadth, 71.5, 69.5, 70.7, 70.3, 69.8(64.5-76.3); intercrbital breadth, 25.2, 25.2, 24.2, 25, 26(25-26.8); postorbital constriction, 27.4, 28.6, 27.4, 27, 26.8(26.3-27.6); alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 37.9, 38.5, 35.8, 37.7, 33(37.6-39.2). 80 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Remarks.—Badgers do not get into the Mountains proper, but only on- to the alluvial fans of the canyons. At the mouth of Brown Canyon there is abundant sign of badger. Our specimen was taken just a short dis- tance from the mouth of Carr Canyon when it ran across the road about 11 p.m. Badgers formerly occurred in the sacaton in the flats at the northwest end of the Mountains according to Stanley Young. He said they were present around the “towns” of prairie dogs, also. Vulpes macrotis neomexicana Merriam Kir Fox Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15: 74, 1902. San Andreas Range, Dona Ana Co., New Mexico. Records of occurrence—Fort Huachuca (skull only, U.S. Nat. Mus., 45546, not examined ). Remarks.—The above skull was taken from an old carcass by Dr. A. K. Fisher, on May 11, 1892 (in litt., Stanley P. Young). Kit foxes apparently have long since been exterminated from the Huachucas; none of the local residents could provide us with information on their former occurrence. Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns Gray Fox Urocyon virginianus scottii Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3: 236, 1891. Pinal County, Arizona. Urocyon cinereo-argenteus scottii, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:258, 1895. Records of occurrence——3'2 mi. W Fort Huachuca, 1'(skull only); 4% mi. W Ft. Huachuca, 3?(skulls only); Carr Canyon, 2°; Miller Can- yon, 24. Comparisons—The above specimens are referable to U. c. scottii as judged by the pale dorsal coloration, light coloration of legs, long tail, and small skull. Measurements.—Two males (4091*, 4094*), 2 females (4092, 4093*), and 4 unsexed skulls only (4087!, 40887, 4089", 4090?) : total length, 965, ——, 980, 949; tail, 400, , 410, 379; hind foot, 140, , 127 ee ean 76, ——, 77, 70; condylobasal length of skull, , 118, 116; LIZA eae IPOS W325 ; basilar length, 108, 108, 107, 105, 110, 109, 104, 110; greatest zygomatic breadth, 65.5, 66.5, 62.7, 63.9, 64.6, 68.4, 66.7, 68.2; breadth of braincase (above base of zygomatic arch), 46.7, 43.4, 44.3, 45.2, 44.8, 47.5, 44.4, 47.6; least interorbital constriction, 24.9, 24.7, 23.1, 93.6, 22.4, 25.0, 23.1, 24.5; greatest length of nasals, 39.7, 39.2, 38.6, 38.6, ACCOUNT OF SPECIES Sl 39.2, 43.0, 38.8, 39.5; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 49.1, 49.7, 48.4, 49.6, 50.0, 51.5, 48.8, 50.3. Remarks.—Gray foxes are one of the commonest of the larger mam- mals in the Mountains. They occur in the mouths of the canyons, in the oak and juniper at the intermediate altitudes, and less frequently on up into the higher mountains. They rarely occur on the lower flats. That gray foxes are common is attested to by the fact that about 50 were taken from April to July, 1949, by Earl Long, during a predator-control program in the Mountains. Fox sign is evident nearly everywhere in the Mountains. Just west of Sunnyside, among a rather heavy stand of juni- pers, a gray fox trotted down the road in the evening directly into the glare of the headlights of our standing car, and when within 100 feet of the car he slowly bounded off into the trees. Most droppings judged to be those of gray fox were composed of berries. That the animals also feed on carrion or decaying meat at times is evidenced by the presence of several maggots in the stomach of one fox. The skulls of the specimens at hand show several abnormalities: 4091 lacks numerous teeth (all upper incisors, right lower Pm 2, M 2, M 3, left lower Pm 2, Pm 3, M 1, and M 2) with their alveoli partially or completely closed, and it has 2 fenestrations in the anterior part of the upper palate and one in the left nasal; 4090 lacks the right upper carnas- sial and 3 upper left incisors, and the alveoli are fused; bregmatic bones are present in 4092 and 4090. Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam COYOTE Canis mearnsi Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11:29, 1897. Quito- baquito, Pima Co., Arizona. Canis latrans mearnsi, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45:224, 1932. Records of occurrence-—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 1; Garden Canyon, 5900 ft., 1(skull only); “plains near Ft. Huachuca,” 1(skull only). Comparisons.—The above 3 specimens, together with 7 others (skulls only) from 3 miles NE Fry (outside the area here studied), are refer- able to C. l. mearnsi. The specimens are small, both externally and cranially, as in mearnsi. The pelage of the Miller Canyon specimen is extremely worn and has little of the rich, bright color ascribed to mearnsi by Merriam, although the muzzle, top of head, ears, legs, and feet are fulvous to cinnamon in color. Measurements.—See Table 4. Remarks.—Coyotes were not abundant in the Huachucas in 1949, 1950, or 1951. They may never have been abundant up in the Mountains proper. 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Ouse Bere se a os = 2 e rs g ws a E. 2 26 Pe Meee esau ag Ge See z 5 5 eee = ES Secs Suey See cee ee 6 3g ae) ae zi ey os . Ee gceess aie Gee fe > te ceases eo eee =. ie Use " gee : pe Bee pee GE + & = z a ae ae Sos . ee) BCT eA = = 5 5 = es fe a. 2. e ‘ ‘ S Z a Br = Sa °° = S ~ “(ASUMAUL SUDLZD) StUD,)) SOYOLOD puR (ifiajiMg sndn7 svuD)) SAATOM JO SJUDUTOINSBOTY “fF ATAV], ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 83 though frequently they occur on the alluvial fans at the mouths of the canyons. In the summer of 1949, coyotes were heard on the flats adja- cent to Carr, Miller, and Ramsey canyons. The specimen collected in Miller Canyon was at the lower edge of the oak belt. This specimen ran across the Miller Canyon road about 10:30 a.m., in an area where there was little cover, and took refuge among some logs on the ground. It remained here while we stopped the car, extricated a gun, and shot it. Extensive control of coyotes in and around the Mountains has kept the population low. Just to the northeast of the Mountains, at 3 miles northeast of Fry, a government trapper obtained at least 15 coyotes in 4 months in 1949. In spite of these operations, coyotes continue to exist around the Huachucas, probably in good part because of an influx from Mexico. We suspect that the high rabbit population (particularly jack rabbits) in 1950 was correlated with the very low coyote population. Canis lupus baileyi Nelson and Goldman Gray Wotr, TIMBER WOLF Canis nubilus baileyi Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 10:165, 1929. Colonia Garcia, 6700 ft., Chihuahua, Mexico. Canis lupus baileyi, Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 18:45, 1937. Records of occurrence.— ‘Huachuca Mountains,” 2(skulls only); “Fort Huachuca,” 1(skull only); Canelo Hills (trailed from Canelo Gate in Huachucas ), 1; Red Rock Canyon (also trailed from Canelo Gate in Huachucas ), 1(skull only); 18 mi. E Parker Canyon, SW side Huachuca Mts., 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Young and Goldman, 1944:471). Comparisons.—The five specimens from the Huachucas are small, and of about the same size as the 15 specimens (all skulls only) from the Animas Mountains and Animas Valley, some 100 miles to the east, in New Mexico. Our specimens are not much larger than red wolves from central Texas (Canis niger rufus) and smaller than red wolves from eastern Texas (C. n. gregoryi). The one skin available is dark on the back from the shoulders posterior to and over the rump. Otherwise, it is quite reddish, being reddish from the forehead back to the shoulders, between and around the ears, along the sides of the body, and on the outer surfaces of the legs. The throat is whitish, but slightly tinged with cinnamon; the chest is grizzled gray with a white patch just in front of the forelegs. The belly is light reddish. This specimen apparently is more reddish than the “unusually rich rufescent” specimen mentioned by Young and Goldman (1944:469) from Helvetia, Arizona. Specimens from the Huachucas show no approach to C. 1. mogollonensis as near as we can ascertain. Measurements.—See Table 4. 84 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 23. Adult wolf, Canis lupus baileyi, trapped in the Canelo Hills. Previously this animal forayed at the north end of the Huachuca Mountains near Canelo Gate. Photographed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. Remarks.—Wolves are present rather frequently in the Huachucas, principally, if not exclusively, at the present time along the western side. Their presence along the western side is correlated with a well-defined wolf runway which extends between the Patagonia and Huachuca mountains, and is well described by Young (Young and Goldman, 1944:82-83, pls. 19-21). Wolves were reported to us from the following localities along the western base: Canelo Gate, near the Canelo Mine (by Earl Long); near Cave Creek (by Lincoln Hathaway); near Syl- vania, at the saddle of Garden Canyon (by Charles Wallmo); and the southwest side of the Huachucas, 18 miles east of Parker (by Stanley Young ). We have numerous reports of wolves from the Patagonia Moun- tains and the Canelo Hills, and the wolf runway probably goes nearer these mountains than the Huachucas. This is so indicated by Young. Wolves, however, consistently occur in the Huachucas: at least 2 wolves were taken there in the fiscal year (July 1 to June 30) 1944-1945, one in 1945-1946, 2 in 1949-1950, 2 in 1950-1951. In 1942 a pair of wolves raised 6 pups in the Huachucas, with the male and 6 young being collected, according to Everett M. Mercer of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Two females from the Animas Mountains, New Mexico, had 5 and 7 embryos when collected on March 24 and March 31, and probably would have given birth to young early in April. The absence of a well-organized wolf control program in those parts ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 85 of Mexico just to the south of the Huachuca, Santa Cruz, and Patagonia mountains assures a continuous reservoir of wolves to filter into the United States. The unchecked burning of some mountains in northern Sonora may hasten the movement of wolves into Arizona. Felis onca arizonensis Goldman JAGUAR Felis onca arizonensis Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45:144, 1932. Cibecue, Navajo Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence—See Remarks. Remarks.—The jaguar, or tigre, as it is locally known, is not resident in the Huachucas, but infrequently visits there. Frank Colcord, a gov- ernment trapper, “ran” a “tigre” north of Sunnyside about 1933. In the southern end of the Mountains, Mr. D’Albini only rarely has known of jaguars. Although there are numerous reports of jaguars being seen and hunted in the Huachucas, no specimens were ever actually killed there, as far as we could determine. Two specimens in the U.S. National Mu- seum were taken within 25 miles of the north end of the Huachucas, at Greaterville in the Santa Rita Mountains (see Nelson and Goldman, 1933:238 ). Stanley Young informs us he saw tracks of the jaguar just to the north of Sunnyside sometime between 1917 and 1919. He thought the presence of the jaguar there might be correlated with the presence of peccaries. Felis concolor azteca Merriam MountTaIn Lion, PuMaA Felis hippolestes aztecus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3:592, 1901. Colonia Garcia, 6700 ft., Chihuahua, Mexico. Felis concolor azteca, Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mamm., 10:347, 1929. Records of occurrence.—Huachuca Mts., skull only, 1(see Allen, 1895: 253, not examined ). Remarks.—The Huachuca Mountains have produced between 4 and 5 lions each year during the past 30 years according to Earl Long, gov- ernment trapper. This yield may be even higher, as Everett Mercer, predator control agent at Phoenix, feels the Mountains may produce as high as 7 to 11 lions annually. Mercer’s estimate was based on the annual take of lions in the Mountains. Some mountain lions may have been produced in the Huachucas and moved out before being trapped, and vice versa, but Mr. Long did not regard this as greatly affecting the accuracy of his estimate. During the fiscal year 1949-1950, 7 lions were taken in the Mountains, and this take was higher than usual, according S6 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS to Long. From January | through March 31, 1951, 7 more lions were taken in the Huachucas by the Lee brothers. Pumas have been sought by government and private trappers for many years in the Huachucas. The bounty per animal has varied from $50 to $100. The puma prefers the rimrock, just below the top of the peaks, but ranges over all the Mountains. One was encountered within 100 yards of Louis Seeman’s house on Carr Canyon Reef in November, 1948. The lion was seen by Mrs. Seeman when she went in search of her pet deer which had failed to appear. The lion remained near the house long enough for firearms to be obtained and was shot. According to the Seemans, the over-all length of the ccllected specimen was 6 feet, 3 inches. Old-time residents indicated that pumas are as abundant as ever in the Mountains in spite of control measures. Only occasionally were complaints heard of lions preying on cattle; the common prey ap- parently is deer, of which there is an abundance. However, Stanley Young told us that lions preyed heavily upon young horses in Corn Canyon, on the west side of the Huachucas, in the late 1910's. W. W. Price in 1894 found the mountain lion common in the Moun- tains. He records (Allen, 1895:254) an interesting behavior for pumas in the Huachucas: “On Feb. 16, at nightfall near the summit of the range, two lions came mewing about the door of a miner's cabin. The man shot through the door, killing one, a gaunt female. The next day he threw the skinned carcass a short distance from the house. During the night the other lion came and ate nearly the whole of it; on the fol- lowing evening the animal again returned, uttering a low peculiar cry. The miner wounded this one, but it escaped into the thick brush. In company with the man I trailed the beast some distance through the snow, but we finally lost the track.” Young (in Young and Goldman, 1946:57) records a bluish color in the coat of an adult male puma taken between Lyle and Parker canyons, near the Huachucas. Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli ( Berlandier ) JAGUARUNDI Felis cacomitli Berlandier, in Baird, Rep. U.S. Mexican Boundary Surv., 2:pt. 2:12, 1859. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Records of occurrence —8 mi. E Canelo Ranger Station, sec. 1, T. 22 S., R. 18 E., 5000 ft., in Santa Cruz County (see Little, 1938:501). Remarks.—Our observations and repeated inquiries gave no indica- tion of the presence of the jaguarundi or the ocelot (Felis pardalis) in the Huachucas. However, there is a report in the Journal of Mammalogy (Little, 1938:500-501) of a “catlike mammal, which was later identified ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 87 as an adult jaguarundi” from the northwest end of the Huachuca Moun- tains. Elbert L. Little, Jr.. and George S. Meagher on March 17, 1938, observed the animal at the above locality as it crossed and recrossed an arroyo from a knoll. This was in the semi-desert grassland where there is a scattering of Emory oaks. Both men had good views of the animal. No description is given of the observed jaguarundi so the color phase is not mentioned. We follow Hershkovitz (1951:564-565) in the nomenclature of these cats and assume that tolteca is a synonym of cacomitli. Lynx rufus baileyi Merriam BoBcaT Lynx baileyi Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 3:79, 1890. Moccasin Spring, Coconino Co., Arizona. Lynx rufus baileyi, Burt, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7:402, 1934. Records of occurrence.—Carr Canyon, 1'!; head of Garden Canyon, 1°(skull only); Split Rock Canyon, 1*(skull only); “Huachuca Moun- tains, 14(see Allen, 1895:253 ). Comparisons.—The skin from the Carr Canyon specimen and another from one 5 mi. SE Hereford, Cochise County, are exceedingly buffy, with little blackish; the foreheads are somewhat grizzled as the hairs are strongly tipped with white; the chests and bellies are white, abundantly spotted with black or black and brown; skulls, small (see measurements ). The above specimens are referred to L. r. baileyi, but if we knew more about L. r. texensis we might have referred the material to that sub- species. Measurements.—For an adult male* and subadult female! are: total, 770, 640; tail, 155, 153; hind foot, 165, 160; ear, 80, 70. The same measure- ments for an adult male from 5 mi. SE Hereford are: 835, 160, 175, 75. Cranial measurements of the adult male from Hereford, and 2 other adults,” * both believed to be males, and a subadult female’, are: greatest length, 119, 116, 120, 107; condylobasal length, 109, 108, 110, 99.1; zygo- matic breadth, 82.9, 87.8, 88.8, 76.3; least interorbital breadth, 25.6, 25.4, 26.5, 20.3; breadth across postorbital processes, 55.6, 62.1, 62.3, 51.8; greatest width of nasals, 17.6, 15.6, 16.7, 14.2; greatest length of nasals, 33.9, 30.5, 30.3, 28.0; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 38.5, 36.1, 39.0, 33.0; crown length of upper carnassial, 14.5, 14.0, 15.7, 13.6; crown width of upper carnassial, 6.8, 6.8, 7.5, 6.8. Remarks.—Bobcats in the Huachucas, in our experience, occur in a variety of habitats, for we trapped one among oaks and manzanita, well up in Carr Canyon, saw another on the treeless, grass covered flat along 88 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS the west side of the Huachucas, 12 miles south of the Fort, and obtained another that was struck by a car on the highway near the San Pedro River, in an area of mesquite and a few cottonwoods. Bobcats are not rare in the Mountains. During predatory control work in the Mountains, 13 were taken in 1949. Citellus spilosoma canescens ( Merriam ) SPOTTED GROUND SQUIRREL Spermophilus canescens Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 4:38, 1890. Willcox, Cochise Co., Arizona. Citellus spilosoma canescens, Bailey, No. Amer. Fauna, 53:109, 1931. Records of occurrence —Flats 7 mi. ESE Fort Huachuca, 1’; flats 8 mi. SE Fort, 2?; mouth of Carr Canyon, 23; mouth of Miller Canyon, 9; mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 1. Other records: Huachuca Plains, 2(Chi- cago Nat. Hist. Mus.); Fort Huachuca, 9(U.S. Nat. Mus., according to Howell, 1938:128); “Huachuca Mountains,” 3(Carnegie Mus., according to Howell, 1938:128). Comparisons.—Our material is referable to C. s. canescens, described from nearby Willcox, but in some adult animals the number of spots on the back is reduced to the point where they are almost totally lack- ing. Measurements.—Of 2* males (adult and subadult) and 7!* females (adults and subadults, averages with extremes): total length, 4, ; 202, 9, 214.7( 205-238); tail, , 64, 69.7( 60-80); hind foot, 34, 35, 33.6(32-36); ear from notch, 9, 11, 11.6( 10-14); greatest length of skull, 39.5, 39.0, 38.0(37.1-39.4); palatilar length, 18.3, 18.3, 17.1(16.7-18.3); zygomatic breadth, 23.8, 23.3, 23.1(21.7-24.2); cranial breadth, 19.0, 18.5, 18.4(18.2-19.0); interorbital breadth, 8.5, 8.3, 8.6(8.1-9.3); post- orbital constriction, 14.6, 14.5, 14.7(14.0-16.0); length of nasals, 12.8, 13.5, 12.5(11.8-13.6); maxillary toothrow, 7.4, 7.5, 7.4(7.0-7.9). Remarks.—Spotted ground squirrels occurred on and below the alluvial fans along the eastern and northern edge of the Huachucas. They were not encountered along the western edge of the Mountains, and the altitude and plant belts there may be too high for their occur- rence. At no place within the area studied were spotted ground squirrels abundant, and even where they did occur in the Mountains, they are probably reaching the upper limits of their zonal tolerance. Spotted ground squirrels were found closely associated with the kanga- roo rats Dipodomys spectabilis, D. merriami, and D. ordii in Montezuma and Ramsey canyons. In some canyons spotted ground squirrels were present even above the “dipo” zone. In Miller Canyon they occurred in the grassy fields nearly to the edge of the thick stands of oak. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 89 One female carried 5 embryos on August 6. At least 3 of our specimens appear to be nearly full-grown young of the year, but we cannot be sure of this. If these are young of the year, they appear to be nearly large enough to bear a litter of young in the summer of their birth. Citellus variegatus grammurus (Say ) Rock SQUIRREL S[ciurus] grammurus Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., 2:72, 1823. Designated as Purgatory River, near mouth of Chacuaco Creek, Las Animas Co., Colorado. [Citellus variegatus] grammurus, Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ., zool. ser., 4:149, 1904. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, 17!; Carr Canyon, 1°. Other records: “Huachuca Mountains,” 3(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.), 4( Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.); Fort Huachuca, 30(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Howell, 1938:144). Comparisons.—Compared with C. v. grammurus, our specimens av- erage darker, with less Pinkish Cinnamon on the back and less Pinkish Buff on the head, with the fresh pelage of the back and parts of the head being nearly uniformly gray. Howell (1938:143) also points out that occasional specimens from Fort Huachuca have only a very slight wash of buff and the backs are clear grayish. However, we refer our material, as Howell (1938) does his, from the Huachucas, to C. v. gram- murus. Measurements.—Average, minimum, and maximum measurements for 9 adult males':? and 6 adult females! are respectively: total length, 461.48 (425-513), 470.2( 444-522); tail, 206.17( 179-226), 203.8 ( 193-223); hind foot, 63.4(56-74), 57.5(53-61); ear from notch, 27.0°( 25-29), 27.2( 26-30); greatest length of skull, 60.7(58.0-61.9), 59.8(57.6-61.1); palatilar length, 28.8(27.9-29.2), 27.9(27.3-28.4); zygomatic breadth, 36.9(35.2-87.9), 36.8(35.0-38.2); cranial breadth, 25.2(24.4-26.5), 24.6 (23.8-25.9); interorbital breadth, 14.5(13.7-16.1), 14.7(18.7-15.5); post- orbital constriction, 17.5(16.6-19.1), 17.4(16.8-18.7); length of nasals, 21.9(20.7-22.6), 21.6(20.4-23.5); maxillary toothrow, 11.8(11.1-12.4), 12.0(11.8-12.3). Remarks.—Rock squirrels are to be found throughout the Mountains wherever there are suitable rocks. They were present at 7200 feet among Douglas fir and pines on Carr Canyon Reef in the rocks supporting mine machinery. C. variegatus were present in all the rocky portions of the canyons as low as 5000 feet. The ranges of the rock squirrel and gray squirrel (Sciurus arizonae huachuca) overlap in a few places, as at 6900 feet in Carr Canyon, where the rock squirrels were in the rocks at the 90. MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS base of rock outcrops and the gray squirrels were in the pines, firs, and oaks growing among these same rocks. The rock squirrels inhabited the alluvial fans at the mouths of the canyons where suitable rocks were interspersed. The squirrels frequently took up their abode beneath build- ings, at considerable distances from rocks, and became nuisances around settlements. As early as 1893, Price (in Allen, 1895:237) says “they were very troublesome. A few minutes after our leaving the cabin they would swarm down from the canon sides and carry off everything that was not securely boxed—bread, pork, dried fruit and potatoes; nothing came amiss to them. On our return they would scatter to the rocks, and for long after there would be a chorus of shrill chattering calls.” Rock squirrels either are attracted to decaying meat as a source of food or have a strong curiosity, for 4 squirrels were taken in steel traps baited with buried, “ripe” carcasses of other animals. A. K. Fisher’s (1892) ex- perience in the Huachucas indicated that the rock squirrel “is an expert climber and was often seen in the tops of the large live oaks... .” Rock squirrels in the Huachucas have at least 2 litters of young each year. In August, we saw and collected young individuals that were not more than one-third the weight of adults. We surmise that these were born in late May. Another litter might be expected in late August, for one female, taken on August 18, had 6 well-developed embryos. It is not known to us whether rock squirrels hibernate in the Hua- chucas, but Price (in Allen, 1895:235) indicates that “it is probable that they hibernate during the colder part of the year, as the first specimens seen were on a warm day, Feb. 7, at the mouth of a cafion. . . .” It seems likely that not all of the squirrels would hibernate, for the litters pro- duced in late August or early September may not have stored up enough fat for a prolonged period of dormancy. Of the 15 adults collected in August, 12 were molting. In most, the molt was about two-thirds completed. There seems to be little corre- lation between molt of the tail with molt on the body, for on some specimens the molt was complete on the tail; on others, partially com- plete; and on some, not present. Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE Doc Cynomys arizonensis Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:305, 1890. Point of Mountain, near Willcox, Cochise Co., Arizona. C[ynomys]| ludovicianus arizonensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., (1585 1892; Records of occurrence—Now extinct; formerly Fort Huachuca, 10(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Hollister, 1916:21); “Huachuca Mountains,” 11(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.); “Huachuca Plains,” 1°(Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. ); 6 mi. SE Fort Huachuca, 2( Univ. of Arizona). ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 91 Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas are typical of the race C. I. arizonensis. The type locality of this subspecies is within 45 miles. Measurements——Two males! ? are as follows: total length, 325, 325; tail, 125, 88; hind foot, 38, ; ear, 28, ——; greatest length of skull, , 63.4; condylobasal length, , 99.9; basilar length, O20: greatest length nasals, 24.0, 23.6; least interorbital constriction, ——, 11.9; postorbital constriction, 13.1, 14.0; palatine slits, 5.6, 4.0; palatilar length, 31.0, 31.0; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 16.4, 16.9. Remarks.—Prairie dogs occurred, at one time, on the alluvial fans of at least Ramsey and Brown canyons, but they were much more abun- dant out on the flats, away from the Mountains. On the flats 8 miles east of Ash Canyon there was a large colony. Extensive poisoning has now completely exterminated the prairie dog from the vicinity of the Moun- tains. We found that most of the residents of the Mountains, except for Roy Newman who provided us with our information, are unfamiliar with the prairie dog since it has been absent for so long. However, as late as 1938, Charles Vorhies observed and collected two prairie dogs 6 mi. SE Fort. In 1893, the prairie dog was abundant, for Price (in Allen, 1895:237 ) writes, “We saw about twenty, and, by the number of hillocks, estimated the colony to number about 200 individuals.” Some prairie dogs were present along the western base of the Mountains, according to Stanley Young. “A small colony of these animals was found on a flat sandy ‘draw’ about six miles from the Fort .. .” in 1892, according to Fisher. Young informs us that some prairie dogs were present on the parade ground of the Fort as late as 1918. The black-tailed prairie dog evidently did not hibernate in the Hua- chucas, for Price (loc. cit.) in writing about his experiences says, “A single specimen was shot January 28, on the plain at the base of the Huachuca Mountains. It was a warm day after a cold rain, and the ani- mals were scratching out their burrows, and feeding on the dwarfed grass roots.” With prairie dogs so abundant here at one time, one wonders if the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes ), a common predator of Cynomys, was present also. This ferret has been reported (Young and Halloran, 1952:251) as occurring about 150 miles to the north (Springerville ). Sciurus arizonensis huachuca Allen ARIZONA GRAY SQUIRREL Sciurus arizonensis huachuca Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6: 349, 1894. Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, 101; Carr Canyon Reef, 4?; Sunnyside, 1?. 92, MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Comparisons.—Our specimens, all of which must be regarded as topo- types, show considerable variation. Allen (1894:349) indicates that the upper surface is nearly uniform gray, showing merely a slight trace of the broad median dorsal area of fulvous. In the 10 animals judged to be adult, all taken in August, 3 are uniformly gray, with little fulvous; 4 have the broad fulvous area restricted to the posterior third of the back; and 3 have the fulvous area over the posterior half. The underside of the tail in one is almost entirely whitish; in one the central “fulvous area” on the underside of the tail is more grayish than reddish; in the others this area is fulvous or reddish-brown in varying degrees and in varying widths. Between the ears in 9 specimens there is varying, but slight, admixtures of fulvous in the gray; in one the area between the ears is entirely gray. The skull is relatively narrower in the interorbital region and has a relatively broader rostrum, when compared to S. a. arizonensis and S. a. catalinae, as pointed out by Doutt (1931:272). Measurements.—Three adult males! ? and the average, minimum, and maximum of 7 adult females! ** are: total length, 492, 574, 522; 521.6 (496-542); tail, 236, 253, 263; 247.4(225-275); hind foot, 68, 74, 70; 70.4(64-76); ear from notch, 32, 34, 37; 34.0(32-36); basal length of skull, 50.4, 54.5, 55.38; 53.3(51.5-54.2); basilar length, 46.5, 48.5, 49.3; 48.1(46.6-49.0); palatal length (to premaxillary), 31.5, 32.8, 33.1; 32.4 (31.3-33.5); palatal length (to posterior end of anterior palatine slits), 19.9, 20.2, 20.6; 20.3(19.9-20.6); zygomatic breadth, 36.5, 36.9, 37.8; 36.6(35.5-37.9); least interorbital breadth, 20.7, 21.2, 22.8; 20.7(20.1- 21.5); least postorbital width, 21.6, 20.9, 21.3; 20.6(20.1-21.5); width rostrum over anterior palatine slits, 12.4, 11.7, 11.5; 12.2(11.5-12.8); alveolar length premolar-molar series, 11.2, 11.0, 11.3; 11.3(11.1-11.5). Remarks.—In 1949 and 1950, gray squirrels were observed by us in Miller, Carr, and Ramsey canyons, at Sunnyside on the west side, and D’Albini’s (Cave Creek Canyon) on the south side. They certainly must have occurred in still other canyons. In 1893, Price (in Allen, 1895:245) found this squirrel “common . . . from the highest peaks to the base of the range” and Mearns’s (1907:280) observations the same year were similar. Gray squirrels may be as abundant now as they were in 1893, but if such is the case, they are much more wary of humans. It would have taken much effort and time for us to have collected “a series of over 40” as Price did in a very short period of time. In the Huachucas, the gray squirrels apparently preferred the canyon bottoms which were heavily wooded with walnut, sycamore, oak, and some pines. However, they were to be found in good numbers among heavy stands of pines and Douglas fir, as on the Carr Canyon Reef. The squirrels here were feeding on pine cones. The chief items of food for ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 93 most of the squirrels was the black walnut. Mearns (loc. cit.) found that in “July and August, 1893, it appeared to be feeding chiefly upon black walnuts, and was usually found near streams.” Price said that during the summer of 1893, “I found it abundant in Ramsey Canon, which that year had a good crop of walnuts. Often we would see two or three in one tree feeding on the partially ripe nuts.” Several of our specimens have the fore feet stained black from the juices in the hulls of the walnut, and 3 also have the hair near the lips and on the throat and underparts stained brown. At D’Albini’s Ranch gray squirrels moved down from Cave Creek Canyon each day to feed on the walnuts in the trees which shade the ranch house. The squirrels even came down on the ground in the yard to recover the walnuts. Dogs and human beings did not greatly disturb the animals as they did in other places, and these squirrels must surely have accustomed themselves to human beings. At dusk, these squirrels moved some distance through the inter- vening trees up canyon to their nests. At another place, two squirrels were observed feeding on acorns. Gray squirrels were difficult to detect, in our experience, for they re- mained quiet when approached, and they frequently must have gone undetected. One squirrel was watched and in turn watched us for nearly a half hour, and during this time it gave no call and moved only slightly even though we remained nearly motionless. In one small section of about one-eighth mile along the bottom of Miller Canyon, gray squirrels were particularly abundant. A “colony” apparently was established here, for we took both young and adults. In August, 1950, we removed 4 from this small spot and observed 3 more. Why the squirrels were so much more numerous in this small section of a canyon which seemed much the same for at least a mile and a half could not be detected by us. Gray squirrels in the Huachucas breed early, according to Price (loc. cit.) “for by the middle of July we obtained young, nearly full grown.” Three of our specimens taken in August appear to be young of the year. One adult female was lactating. Either she was nursing these nearly full- grown young or a newborn litter which might represent the second of the summer. One of our specimens has a sliver of a tooth in front of each fourth upper premolar, and this may represent a vestige of the “lost” Pm*. We learned of a report of the introduction of eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, in the Huachucas near Sunnyside. Although several of our squirrels resemble eastern gray squirrels closely, none had the cranial and dental features of that species. Thomomys In a revision of the pocket gophers, Thomomys, of Arizona, Goldman 94 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS (1947) regarded 2 species and 4 subspecies as occurring in the Hua- chucas: Thomomys umbrinus intermedius Mearns, “near the summit of the Huachuca Mountains” (1947:36); Thomomys umbrinus proximus Burt and Campbell, “at Fort Huachuca (1947:34); Thomomys bottae modicus Goldman, “east to Fort Huachuca” and “along the lower slopes of the Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains,” (1947:28); and Thomomys bottae hueyi Goldman, “at about 7,000 feet altitude in Ramsey Canyon and in the head of Miller Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains” (1947: 27). In an area of 6 miles by 12 miles, 2 species, 4 subspecies! It seemed advisable to us to check carefully this view that there could be 2 full species and 4 subspecies in such a small area. The species Thomomys umbrinus and Thomomys bottae have been characterized by Goldman in his 1947 publication. If one considers all of the geographic variation that occurs within T. umbrinus and T. bottae, he will find that there are no truly diagnostic features between these 2 species. If the geographic area is restricted to southeastern Arizona, diag- nostic features listed by Goldman include for T. umbrinus: 1 pair pectoral mammae, blackish color along middorsal line, rostrum short and moderately broad, auditory meatus small, braincase smoothly rounded and with no conspicuous temporal ridges, zygomata slender; for T. bottae: 2 pairs pectoral mammae, color on back variable, rostrum broad, auditory meatus moderate, braincase with temporal ridges, zygomata heavy. Our material of Thomomys umbrinus (intermedius) and Thomomys bottae indicates that, of these features listed by Goldman, only the dit- ferences in the number of pairs of pectoral mammae and color on the back are diagnostic. Features and conditions of the rostra, zygomata, auditory meatuses, and ridging of the braincase are duplicable in either series. We have carefully looked for other cranial differences, but to no avail. The number of pectoral mammae in 3 females of T. umbrinus is 1 pair; in 1 female of T. bottae, 2 pairs. We found it difficult or impossible to determine the numbers of pectoral mammae on other specimens, for in August, when we collected, gophers were not lactating. The number of pairs of pectoral mammae has questionable diagnostic value, in our minds. Within a subspecies and even within a population, individuals oc- cur with 1 or 2 pairs of pectoral mammae. In | individual in the White Mountains, Arizona, 1 pectoral mamma occurred on | side, 2 on the other. Within 1 subspecies, Goldman (1947) says of T. umbrinus proxi- mus, which should have | pair of pectoral mammae, “pectoral mammae, sometimes two pairs,” and of T. bottae collinus, from the Chiricahuas, he says in “a few specimens ... only one pair of pectoral mammae was found ... but the number of these mammae proves to vary from normal ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 95 in some individuals.” The race chiricahuae, regarded as T. umbrinus (with 1 pair of pectoral mammae), was placed by Goldman as a sy- nonym of T. bottae collinus. In T. bottae grahamensis, from the Graham Mountains, our own investigations indicate that specimens within a population may have 1 or 2 pairs of pectoral mammae. Dark coloration on the dorsum is the other diagnostic feature separat- ing these 2 “species” in the Huachucas. Specimens from high in the Mountains have a uniformly blackish band extending along the back from the head to the rump. However, 3 specimens from 8400 feet on Carr Peak are similar in coloration to and cannot be detected from the series from 5000 feet at the mouth of Miller Canyon. Furthermore, specimens from high in the Graham Mountains have a blackish band and are as dark as those from high in the Huachucas. Yet Goldman regarded the Graham specimens as T. bottae. Specimens from high in the Chiricahua and Santa Catalina mountains are just as dark also, but they, too, are referred to T. bottae. We think that dark color is correlated, in some fashion, with altitude, and undoubtedly concomitant with other features, but is not a character worthy of specific rank. Since the high-mountain, dark-colored gophers cannot consistently be distinguished from the foothill and valley gophers in any important char- acters, we deem it advisable to refer all the material to one species, for which the earliest name is T. bottae. By this we do not mean to imply that T. umbrinus is necessarily a synonym of T. bottae, for we have not studied gophers throughout the reported range of umbrinus. We do mean that in the Huachucas, and perhaps in all of southern Arizona, gophers regarded as T. umbrinus by Goldman (1947) are best referred to T. bottae. In the Huachucas, the pocket gophers are of 3 types: a large, dark- colored type, taken high in the Mountains, probably above 8000 feet; a small, dark-colored type, taken near the northern end of the Mountains, and probably occurring principally between 5500 and 7500 feet; and a large, brightly colored type, occurring on the alluvial fans between 5000 and 5500 feet. Thomomys bottae intermedius Mearns WESTERN POCKET GOPHER Thomomys fulvus intermedius Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 19:719, 1897. Summit Huachuca Mountains, 9000 ft., Cochise Co., Ari- Zona. Records of occurrence —NW slope Carr Peak, 8400 ft., 27. Comparisons.—This is a large-bodied, long-tailed, dark-colored form. The back and sides are heavily and uniformly overlaid with black, with the blackish extending down the sides so far that the bright color, which 96 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS is between Cinnamon and Orange-Cinnamon, is apparent only in limited amount above the lateral line. The dark auricular patch is hardly dis- cernible, for it is nearly the same color as the back. The underparts are usually washed with ochraceous or buffy and are about the same color as the sides. Three specimens are less heavily overlaid with black and are near Sayal Brown in color. These 3 are very near, in color, to speci- mens of T. b. hueyi from the alluvial fans. Measurements indicate that intermedius, high in the Mountains, is as large as specimens of T. b. hueyi from the alluvial fans. Some com- parative measurements for males of intermedius and hueyi are: body- length, 145.9, 143.8; tail, 62.8, 68.8; length of skull, 37.3, 37.6; zygomatic breadth, 22.7, 22.1; length of nasals, 12.9, 12.8. Color must be relied upon for distinguishing intermedius from hueyi. For comparisons with the gophers which occur at the north end of the Huachucas, see the account of T. b. proximus. Measurements.—Fifteen adult males and 6 adult females give average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 208.7( 190-220), 202.7( 190-215); tail, 62.8(52-71), 64.2(59-68); hind foot, 28.4( 26-31), 27.8( 25-30); ear from notch, 6.2(5-7), 6.2(6-7); greatest length skull, from supraoccipital to anterior face incisors, 37.3(35.2-39.2), 35.4(33.5— 37.1); basilar length, 32.3(30.3-33.8 ), 30.2(29.0-32.2 ); greatest zygomatic breadth, 22.7(21.2-24.1), 21.7(20.3-22.3); least interorbital constriction, 6.6(6.1-6.8), 6.4(6.1-6.8); mastoidal breadth, 18.9(17.7-20.3), 18.4(17.5— 19.4); length nasals, 12.9( 11.2-14.7), 12.0(11.1-13.5); breadth rostrum, at premaxilla-maxilla suture, 7.8(7.0-8.8), 7.5(6.8-8.1); length rostrum, from tip nasals to anterolateral tip lacrimal, 15.8(14.9-17.0), 14.7(13.9- 15.6); alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 7.9(7.5-8.2), 7.7(7.3-8.1); ex- tension premaxilla posterior to nasals, 2.2(1.8-3.0), 1.9(1.5-2.4). Remarks.—T. bottae intermedius is a large, dark-colored race that occurs high in the Huachucas. We encountered this subspecies only on the north side of Carr Peak, near the summit. Here there was on open- ing in the coniferous forest, which probably was the result of a much earlier fire. T. b. intermedius may occur in similar clearings high in the Mountains, but these spots are relatively few and we suspect there are few colonies of this race. There may be a small colony in the saddle at about 9000 feet between Miller and Carr peaks and some near the summit of Miller Peak. On Carr Peak, pocket gophers occurred in an opening that in August was nearly knee-high with various perennials and annuals. The common- est plant was a sunflower type, Helianthella quinquenervis, together with brachen, Verbena, brome grass, June grass (Collaria), Monarda astro- montana, Xanthocephalum wrightii, and Pomelania. The surrounding and encroaching forest consisted of white fir, Douglas fir, Chihuahua ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 97 pine, Apache pine, Mexican white pine, Gambel oak, mountain mahog- any, and aspen. The soil was exceedingly rocky and difficult to dig in many places, even with a trowel. The rocks were up to 5 inches in diam- eter. Burrows and workings were abundant in this clearing. Some burrows were very near the surface of the ground (within 2 inches); others were much deeper. Those near the surface may represent feeding runways; the others, permanent home or nest burrows. Frequently, the gophers close the entrances of their burrows with a rolled-up plug of sunflower leaves. In other burrows, plants were present that indicated these gophers fre- quently came out on the surface of the ground to feed. Along almost any burrow, cuttings from %4 to 2 inches in length of the sunflower could be found. Within 3 feet of one surface mound, a cache of sun- flower leaves only, amounting to about 1 pint, was uncovered. Following a heavy rain, gophers immediately started to throw up mounds. Several of these new mounds were opened and traps put in. The first gopher was caught within 20 minutes of setting the trap. In another case, a gopher buried the trap with dirt. While opening the hole to reset the trap, Hoffmeister could clearly hear the gopher within. It was judged to be within 8 feet of the open burrow and apparently push- a4q: Fic. 24. Northwest slope of Carr Peak, 8400 feet, at a clearing in fir, pines, and aspen, where Thomomys bottae intermedius were numerous. This spot might be regarded as the type locality of this subspecies. The “meadow” is grown up with a sunflower, brachen, and brome grass. Photographed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. 98 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS ing rocks along the burrow. Within 10 minutes after resetting this trap, the animal was caught. During heavy rains some of the burrows near the surface of the ground must wash out, judging from some small, narrow depressions on the sloping surface of the clearing. Thomomys bottae proximus Burt and Campbell WESTERN POCKET GOPHER Thomomys burti proximus Burt and Campbell, Jour. Mamm., 15:151, 1934. Old Parker Ranch, 4800 feet, west slope Santa Rita Moun- tains, Pima Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence—Near entrance to Canelo Mine, Canelo Gate, 51; 4 mi. W, 1 mi. N Fort, 1°; government cabin, head of Garden Can- you Ie Comparisons——The specimens listed above are small, dark-colored individuals. The color is between Ochraceous-Tawny and Tawny, over- laid with black in a relatively narrow stripe near the middorsal line. The black does not extend as far down the sides as in intermedius but is more intense and pronounced along the midline than in intermedius. The un- derparts are slightly darker than in intermedius, possibly because there is less buffy or ochraceous. In external measurements, specimens are from 5 to 10 per cent smaller than intermedius and the skull is smaller. This is noticeable in the maxillary teeth, where the toothrow is not only shorter, but the individual teeth are narrower. In size of skull, specimens from the Huachucas are very near T. b. proximus as described by Burt and Campbell from the Santa Ritas. In color they are not far from Tawny-Olive (apparently this is what the authors referred to when they said “olive-tawny”), but they have a dark dorsal stripe, whereas proximus reportedly has none. In color, the speci- mens do not approach Wood Brown as in T. b. modicus, and are much darker than other races from nearby. The specimens from the northern end of the Huachucas, between about 5500 and 7500 feet, are most similar to proximus in external and cranial size, but the coloration appears to be distinctive. Some persons may choose to refer these specimens to a new race, but surely there are enough names available for pocket gophers in southeastern Arizona. When the pocket gophers from this area are critically studied and re- vised, it may be necessary to refer these specimens to another named form. The specimen from 4 mi. W, 1 mi. N Fort Huachuca has the dark middorsal stripe much less intense than in other specimens, and in this regard is intermediate between the color of proximus and hueyji, or intermedius and hueyi. This specimen is taken from the lowest elevation of any of the specimens here referred to proximus. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 99 One specimen from near Canelo Gate is exceedingly black along a broad band which covers the back but not the sides. The entire under- parts are nearly as dark as the back. This color apparently represents a mutation. Measurements—One nearly adult male*® and 4 adult females! * give the following measurements: total length, 170, 190, Sil Shs tak at. G2. , 58, 67; hind foot, 25, 26, , 25, 27; ear from notch, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7; greatest length skull, 30.9, 36.1, 33.4, 33.3, 33.6; basilar length, 95.9, 31.1, 28.1, 27.7, 28.8; zygomatic breadth, 19.0, 21.0, 19.9, 19.4, 19.7; least interorbital constriction, 6.5, 6.8, 6.6, 6.6., 6.5; mastoidal breadth, meee? 16.6, 17.1, 165; length nasals, 9.2; 11.2, 10:4, 10.8; 10.7; breadth rostrum, 6.4, 7.2, 6.8, 6.4, 6.8; length rostrum, 12.1, 13.7, 13.0, 12.7, 18.1; maxillary toothrow, 6.4, 7.4, 6.9, 6.9, 7.0; posterior extension premaxillae, 1.5, 1.4, 1.7, 1.4, 1.5. Cranial measurements are taken as described in account of T. b. intermedius. Remarks.—Near Canelo Gate, these gophers occurred in rocky soil where there was mountain mahogany, sumac, agave, juniper, Emory Fic. 25. Agave plant tunneled through by pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae proximus, at Canelo Gate west of Fort Huachuca. The trap set in the exposed tunnel produced a specimen. Photographed August, 1950, by R. G. Van Gelder. 100 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS oak, and some grasses, including Andropogon. At the head of Garden Canyon where one specimen was taken, there was considerable grass in a clearing among pines and Douglas fir. Numerous Agave plants throughout the Huachucas have dead leaves at the top but green leaves near the base. Near Canelo Gate, we hap- pened to break out the dead top of an Agave, only to discover that a gopher had eaten the entire core of the stalk and plugged the hole with dirt. We opened this hole, set a trap (see Fig. 25), and caught a T. bot- tae proximus. Although only part of this plant was dead, all would have died shortly. We suspect that the numerous dead agaves near this spot may have been attacked in this fashion by gophers. Borell and Bryant (1942:22) noted that Thomomys bottae in the Big Bend of Texas “were most numerous about Agave lecheguilla ... parts of which are often un- dermined and killed.” Thomomys bottae hueyi Goldman WESTERN POCKET GOPHER Thomomys bottae hueyi Goldman, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 28:340, 1938. Spud Rock Ranger Station, 7400 ft., Rincon Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence —Mouth of Miller Canyon, 45'; mouth of Ram- sey Canyon, 1; Carr Canyon, 7. Comparisons.—Specimens referred to T. b. hueyi in the Huachucas are large sized and brightly colored. In most specimens the color is between Cinnamon and Pinkish Cinnamon. A few are nearly as bright as Ochra- ceous-Orange. There is a faint overlay of blackish, and this is slightly more concentrated along the middorsal line, with the result that there is a perceptible, but faint, narrow dark stripe. The nose is blackish, and this coloration extends upward to between the eyes. The underparts are usually washed with buffy or ochraceous, and this wash is more intense in some. The dark auricular patch is conspicuous. In size, our specimens could be referred to T. b. modicus, T. b. extenu- atus, or T. b. hueyi. In coloration, they are more reddish and brighter than modicus, and less pale, brighter, and more reddish than extenuatus, judging from Goldman’s original descriptions. In color, they seem to be nearest hueyi, and may even be slightly brighter than this subspecies. In 2 specimens, the dark middorsal line is quite dark and concen- trated, and shows approach to specimens of proximus from Canelo Gate. We would have difficulty distinguishing these 2 from proximus on color alone. Measurements.—Ten adult males! and 29 adult females! give the fol- lowing average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 101 212.6( 195-230), 198.4( 181-222); tail, 68.8(60-82), 67.3(62-74); hind foot, 29.1(26-31), 28.4(26-31); ear from notch, 6.6(6-8), 6.6(6-8); greatest length skull, 37.6(34.8-38.4), 36.2(33.8-38.8); basilar length, 32.1(29.3-36.3), 30.7(28.6-33.0); zygomatic breadth, 22.1(20.4-24.5), 21.5(19.8-23.4); least interorbital constriction, 6.6(6.3-7.1), 6.6(6.1-6.9 ); mastoidal breadth, 18.6(17.3-19.4), 18.4(17.4-19.3); length nasals, 12.8 (11.6-15.2), 12.1(10.9-13.3); breadth rostrum, 7.4(6.9-8.8), 7.3(6.2- 8.1); length rostrum, 15.3(14.1-18.2), 14.6(13.1-15.9); maxillary tooth- row, 8.1(7.5-8.6), 7.9(7.4-8.6); posterior extension premaxillae, 1.7(1.4- 2.3), 1.2(0-2.3). Methods of taking some cranial measurements are ex- plained in the account of T. b. intermedius. Remarks.—Specimens referred to this subspecies occurred on the higher portions of the alluvial fans, but chiefly below the oak belt. They were numerous on that portion of the fan where there was a fairly heavy stand of grass, but above the “Dipodomys-zone.” Probably in this intermediate zone, along the lower edge of the oaks, it was the most abundant mammal. This gopher occurs in this same situation all along the eastern slope of the Huachucas, in all probability, but whether it occurs in this zone on the western side is not known. No specimens contained embryos in August. Perognathus flavus flavus Baird SILKY PocKET MOUSE Perognatus [sic] flavus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7:332, 1855. El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas. Records of occurrence.—5 mi. S Fort Huachuca, 2; mouth of Carr Canyon, 7; Nicksville, 2; mouth of Miller Canyon, 9; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1(skull only); mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 7. Additional rec- ords: Fort Huachuca, 41; Tanner Canyon, 4( U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1900:24). Comparisons.—Our specimens are small, both externally and cranially, and in this regard are nearer P. f. flavus than P. f. bimaculatus. In colora- tion, they are Pinkish Buff with some admixture of black and in general fit Osgood’s (1900:23) description of this form. Measurements.—Average, minimum, and maximum measurements or 8 adult males and 7 adult females, from various localities listed above, are, respectively: total length, 103.0(100-107), 106.3( 103-111); tail, 45.8 (42-48), 49.7(49-51); hind foot, 16.1( 15-18), 16.1( 12-18); ear from notch, 6.4(5-7), 8.1(6-12); occipitonasal length, 20.2(20.0-20.3), 20.0 (19.6-20.2); frontonasal length, 18.1(13.0-13.2), 12.8(12.2-13.2); mas- toidal breadth, 11.7(11.4-12.2), 11.7(11.3-11.9); length of bulla, 8.0(7.9- 8.0), 7.7(7.3-8.1); interorbital breadth, 4.7(4.4-5.1), 4.6(4.3-4.8); alve- 102 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS olar length upper molariform teeth, 2.9(2.8-2.9), 3.0(2.8-3.1). Measure- ments were made as defined by Hall (1946:357). Remarks.—The silky pocket mouse occurs the farthest or highest up the alluvial fans of any of the 3 Perognathus that occur together in the Huachucas P. flavus, P. hispidus, and P. penicillatus. Perognathus flavus is to be found up the grassy bajadas to near the edge of the oak woodland or woodland chaparral. Here, it is the only Perognathus. Be- low this level, all 3 species will occur together, as we encountered in the grama grass-Senecio association in Miller, Carr, and Montezuma canyons. Below this association, in the mesquite grassland, Perognathus flavus may soon drop out, for in our trapping far out in the mouth of Ramsey Canyon, we obtained none. Silky pocket mice can be found scurrying about, across the sand be- tween clumps of grass or across the road, shortly after dark. They run with great rapidity between areas of “protective” cover, but once cover is reached, they tend to “freeze” in the grass or bushes. These pocket mice could be shot as they ran across openings cr caught as they came to rest under bushes. All predators must find them an easy source of food. Great horned owls prey upon them heavily. An analysis of items in approxi- mately 24 owl pellets from the mouth of Garden Canyon indicates that 47 per cent of the mammals taken are Perognathus flavus. The next most often taken species was only 14 per cent of the food items. Of the 24 mature specimens saved, 9 are females and none was preg- Fic. 26. Silky pocket mouse, Perognathus flavus flavus, mouth of Miller Canyon, Hua- chuca Mountains. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. 9 ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 103 nant in August. Four of the specimens are young and are probably only a few weeks old. One specimen had seeds in its cheek pouches from 2 species of crotons, Croton texensis and C. corymbulosus. Perognathus hispidus conditi Allen Hisprp Pocket MousE Perognathus conditi Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:318, 1894. San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 4; mouth of Carr Canyon, 9; mouth of Miller Canyon, 8; mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 3. Additional record: “Fort Huachuca,” 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1900:45). Comparisons.—Specimens of Perognathus hispidus from southeastern Arizona have currently (Glass, 1947:178) been referred to the subspecies paradoxus (type locality, Banner, Trego Co., Kansas). Specimens from the Huachuca Mountains are smaller than the average for paradoxus, and differ in other respects. At the type locality of paradoxus, the average total length is 222 mm., and Glass (loc. cit.) considered as diagnostic that the total length averaged more than 200 mm. In the Huachucas, the average total length is only 192.7 mm., and only 2 individuals measure more than 200 mm. In contrast with other diagnostic features of para- doxus, according to Glass, the hind foot averages 24.7 mm. in length rather than “about 25 mm.”; the occipitonasal length averages 29.7 mm. rather than “more than 30 mm.”; mastoidal breadth averages 14.7 rather than “more than 15 mm.” The coloration of our specimens, all taken in August, is Light Ochraceous-Buff along the lateral line. In smallness of size, we suspect that specimens from southeastern Arizona show closer relationship to P. h. hispidus than to P. h. paradoxus. However, our Huachucan material differs from P. h. hispidus, according to Glass (op. cit.), in that the interparietal is broader, rather than nar- rower, than the interorbital width. Since the specimens from southeastern Arizona possess a combination of distinctive features, we refer them to the subspecies conditi. We sus- pect that all specimens from west of eastern New Mexico and including Chihuahua are referable to this subspecies. Measurements.—Ten adult males, from various localities in the Hua- chucas, give average, minimum, and maximum measurements as follows: total length, 192.7( 174-205); tail, 96.6( 88-106); hind foot, 24.7( 23-26); ear from notch, 12.0(11-13); occipitonasal length, 29.7(28.9-30.6); frontonasal length, 19.9(19.4-20.8); mastoidal breadth, 14.7(14.1-15.4); length of bulla, 8.4(8.1-9.0); interorbital breadth, 7.0(6.8-7.2); width interparietal, 7.6(7.1-8.1); alveolar length upper molariform teeth, 3.9 (3.7-4.2). 104 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Remarks.—Perognathus hispidus lives on the alluvial fans where the grasses and weeds are dense. In such localities there are few agave, mes- quite, and prickly pear. The soil is loose and gravelly. P. hispidus are found in some places with P. flavus and P. penicillatus, and in no places did we find that it was not associated with one or the other, if not both, of these species. Five mature females contained no embryos in August. Perognathus penicillatus pricei Allen DEsERT PocKET MousE Perognathus pricei Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:318, 1894. Oposura, Sonora, Mexico. Perognathus penicillatus pricei, Osgood, No. Amer. Fauna, 18:47, 1900. Records of occurrence.—7 mi. ESE Fort Huachuca, 9; 8 mi. SE Fort Huachuca, 6; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 6; mouth of Brown Canyon, 1; mouth of Carr Canyon, 2; mouth of Miller Canyon, 14; mouth of Monte- zuma Canyon, 10. Additional records: Fort Huachuca, 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1900:48 ). Comparisons——Our specimens are referred to P. p. pricei, but they might well be referred to P. p. eremicus (type locality, Fort Hancock, El Paso Co., Texas) or P. p. penicillatus (type locality, San Francisco Mt., Coconino Co., Ariz.). Osgood (1900:48-49) regards one specimen from Fort Huachuca as pricei and 27 from San Bernardino Ranch, only 65 miles away, as eremicus. Because of the shortness of the nasals in our specimens (9.1 or 9.2 mm.), they are considered to be P. p. pricei. Measurements.—Average, minimum, and maximum measurements of 10 adult males and 10 adult females, from various localities listed above, are, respectively: total length, 169.2( 161-180), 168.3( 154-180); tail, 90.3 (86-101), 90.7(82-97); hind foot, 23.3(22-25), 22.9(21-25); ear from notch, 8.9(8-9.5), 8.7(6.5-10); occipitonasal length, 25.0(24.3-25.8), 24.7( 23.7-26.0); frontonasal length, 16.9(16.2-17.3), 16.7(16.2-17.4); mastoidal breadth, 12.9(12.3-18.3), 12.6(12.1-13.3); length of bulla, 7.8 (7.5-8.0), 7.7(7.5-8.0); interorbital breadth, 6.2(5.8-6.7), 6.2(5.9-6.5); alveolar length upper molariform teeth, 3.3(3.2-3.5), 3.3(3.1-3.6); length of nasals (mid-line), 9.2(8.6-10.1), 9.1(8.5-9.5). Measurements were made as defined by Hall (1946:357). Remarks.—Perognathus penicillatus is found in association with all 3 species of Dipodomys, but it also occurs slightly above the zone of Dipo- domys. In most instances, Perognathus penicillatus and Perognathus his- pidus can be taken together. The desert pocket mouse was abundant at the lower edge of the al- ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 105 luvial fans where there was mesquite, yucca, grama, prickly-poppy, cot- ton-top, drop-seed, giant hyssop, and associated plants. P. penicillatus also occurred well up the alluvial fans. Even though desert pocket mice were abundant, only 3 individuals were recovered in 43 food items in the pellets of great horned owls. They were as frequently consumed by horned owls as any other species except Perognathus flavus. Of 25 mature females, none contained embryos in August. Perognathus intermedius intermedius Merriam Rock Pocket Mouse Perognathus intermedius Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 1:18, 1889. Mud Spring, Mohave Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—8 mi. W Fort Huachuca, 8'. Additional record: “Fort Huachuca,” 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1900:53). Comparisons.—Most of our specimens of P. intermedius are as pale, or paler, than P. penicillatus, and the rump spines are so weakly devel- oped as to be little different than in penicillatus. Measurements.—Seven adult males!, average, minimum, and maxi- mum: total length, 176.4( 166-204); tail, 96.1(93-100); hind foot, 21.9 (20-23); ear from notch, 8.1(7-9); occipitonasal length, 24.8(24.2- 25.1); frontonasal length, 16.5(16.2-16.9); mastoidal breadth, 13.0(12.5- 13.5); length of bulla, 7.9(7.7-8.2); interorbital breadth, 6.4(6.2-6.7); alveolar length upper molariform teeth, 3.4(3.2-3.5). Remarks.—Perognathus intermedius was encountered on fairly steep slopes, with rocky soil and exposed rocky ledges, that had a sparse shrubby cover. In such areas, there may be sumac, mountain mahogany, some agave and scrub oak. The rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus klau- beri, is abundant here. Although we encountered Perognathus intermedius only on the rocky slopes by Canelo Cave, the species undoubtedly occurs in similar situa- tions in other parts of the Mountains. Perognathus intermedius and Perognathus peniciliatus are very similar, morphologically, in the Huachucas, yet they are very different in their ecological requirements. This is in contrast with Perognathus flavus, P. hispidus, and P. penicillatus which are so similar in ecological require- ments here in the Huachucas, but so different morphologically. Dipodomys ordii ordii Woodhouse Orp Kancaroo Rat D{[ipodomys] ordii Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6:224, 1853. El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas. 106 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Records of occurrence —Mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 23; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 3; flats 8 mi. SE Fort, 2; mouth of Garden Canyon, 1. Comparisons——Our material seems best referred to D. 0. ordii. We are aware of the fact that in revising Dipodomys ordii, Setzer (1949:531) regarded specimens from Cananea, Sonora, only 30 miles from where most of our specimens were taken, as part of an apparently undescribed race. The material from the Huachucas does not fit his characterization of this unnamed form. In the Huachucas, the body is even smaller in size rather than larger than in D. o. ordii; the interorbital width is the same as in ordii rather than wider; the skull is of the same length rather than longer; the breadth across the bullae is slightly less than in ordii rather than greater. Since topotypes of D. o. ordii are not available, compari- sons of color of pelage cannot be made. In general, our material matches D. o. ordii more closely than any named form or the unnamed form characterized by Setzer, so we refer them to D. o. ordii. Measurements.—Sixteen adult males and 8 adult females give the fol- lowing average, minimum, and maximum measurements (taken after Setzer, 1949): total length, 232.1( 207-257), 237.0( 230-243); tail, 129.3 (106-144), 133.9(129-140); hind foot, 38.5(37-42), 38.8(37-41); ear from notch, 13.1(12-14), 13.0(12-14); greatest length skull, 37.3(35.3- 39.3), 37.4(36.5-38.6); greatest breadth across bullae, 23.7(22.4-25.8), 23.6(22.5-24.5); breadth across maxillary arches, 20.2(18.6-22.2), 20.0 (19.3-21.2); width of rostrum, 3.7(3.4-4.2), 3.6(3.2-4.0); length of nasals, 13.2(12.4-13.9), 13.5(12.6-14.1); least interorbital width, 12.7(11.5— 14.2), 12.6(11.8-18.3); basilar length, 23.2(21.5-24.5), 23.1(22.2-24.1). Remarks.—On the alluvial fans, 3 species of Dipodomys (ordii, mer- riami, spectabilis) are found but Dipodomys ordii occurs slightly far- ther up the fans than the other 2 species. The 2 species which are most similar morphologically, Dipodomys merriami and D. ordii, were taken together at 4 localities and both had nearly identical ecological niches as far as we could tell. D. ordii occurs among the short grass of the al- luvial fans, especially where there are some mesquites and yuccas, for these furnish shelter for dens and refuges in which the rats dart when disturbed while foraging. Ord kangaroo rats were frequently encountered running across roads at night. Sometimes they could be “held” in the beam of a light and ap- proached so closely that it was not feasible to shoot them even with .22 shot-shells. Owls were often seen where kangaroo rats were abundant. In great horned owl pellets from Garden Canyon, 6 Dipodomys (either ordii or merriami) were included among the 43 identifiable remains. These rats also provide prey for coyotes and numerous snakes. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 107 Two of 11 mature females taken in August contained 2 and 3 embryos, respectively. These must represent a second or third litter for the sum- mer. One wonders if rats born late in August will be fully enough de- veloped to prepare for hibernation, if these rats do hibernate here. Dipodomys merriami merriami Mearns MERRIAM KANGAROO RAT Dipodomys merriami Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:290, 1890. New River, between Phoenix and Prescott, Maricopa Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 4'; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1; mouth of Garden Canyon, 1; flats 8 mi. SE Fort, 14°; flats 7 mi. ESE Fort, 9°; 10 mi. SE Fort, 1. Comparisons.—Specimens of D. merriami from the Huachucas are, in general, dark colored, and in this respect are similar to Swarth’s (1929: 356) D. m. olivaceus. However, we follow Benson (1934:182-183) in ascribing a wide range of variation in color to D. m. merriami, with our specimens and those on which the name olivaceus was based near the darker end of the scale. Our series of adults averages smaller than topo- types of D. m. merriami in tail and total length and greater in hind foot length; the skull averages slightly larger in all measurements. D. m. olivaceus was supposedly characterized by a slightly larger skull. It will be necessary to study the variation in cranial features in this species throughout Arizona to determine what variation is worthy of subspecific rank. Our specimens appear less reddish than D. m. regillus. Measurements.—Seven adult males? * and 8 adult females'* give the following average, minimum, and maximum measurements: total length, 243.3 (233-259), 235.6( 222-249); tail, 143.1(131-158), 137.4( 130-151); hind foot, 38.7( 36-40), 38.9(37-43); ear from notch, 14.3(12-19), 13.5 (12-16); greatest length skull, 37.0(36.3-38.0), 36.5(35.2-37.7); greatest breadth across bullae, 23.5(22.9-24.4), 23.1(22.0-24.0); greatest breadth across maxillaries, 20.4(19.1-21.7), 20.1(19.3-21.3); width rostrum, 3.4 (3.2-8.7), 3.2(2.9-3.4); length nasals, 13.7(13.5-14.0), 13.5(13.0-14.3); least interorbital width, 13.3(12.7-13.5), 13.2(12.6-14.0); basilar length, 23.1(22.5-23.9), 22.6(21.4-23.3). Remarks.—Dipodomys merriami occurs in much the same habitat as D. ordii, but is more abundant (and D. ordii less abundant) on the flats southeast of the Fort, where the short grass is less thick and mesquite and white-thorn more abundant. Merriam kangaroo rats were abundant along roads at night, as were D. ordii. The larger banner-tailed kangaroo rat (D. spectabilis) was never encountered along the roads. 108 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS One of 18 mature females collected in August contained 2 nearly full- term embryos. Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis Merriam BANNER-TAILED KANGAROO RAT Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 4:46, 1890. Dos Cabezas, Cochise Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence —Mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 29; 7 mi. ESE Fort, 7; 8 mi. SE Fort, 1. Comparisons.—Specimens of Dipodomys spectabilis from the Hua- chucas are within 65 miles of the type locality (Dos Cabezas) of D. s. spectabilis and 40 miles of D. s. perblandus (Calabasas, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona ). Judging from Goldman’s (1933:466) description of perblandus, our Huachucan material seems referable not to that race but to D. s. spec- tabilis. Our specimens are larger in all external measurements, especially hind foot (54 vs. 48 mm.), than in perblandus, and in this regard are similar to spectabilis. The skull is larger than in perblandus, as shown in the Measurements, the maxillary toothrow is longer (6.2 vs. 5.2 mm.), and the supraoccipital is more constricted (1.9 vs. 2.3 mm.) between the mastoids. All of these features are more nearly as in spectabilis. Without topotypes of perblandus, we cannot evaluate the features of color. It appears, however, that material from the Huachucas is “typical” D. s. spectabilis and does not suggest intergradation with D. s. per- blandus. Measurements.—Eleven adult males and 13 adult females give aver- age, minimum, and maximum measurements as follows: total length, 339.8 (322-352), 337.8(323-358 ); tail, 199.5( 185-214), 193.8( 178-203); hind foot, 53.5(52-56), 53.8(51-56); ear from notch, 17.2(15-21), 17.0 (15-19); greatest length skull, 46.1(45.3-46.8), 45.9(44.1-47.5); greatest breadth across bullae, 29.5(28.5-30.6), 29.3(28.0-30.4); breadth across maxillary arches, 26.4(25.5-27.3), 26.2(24.6-27.5); width rostrum, 4.8 (4.5-5.3), 4.9(4.5-5.2); length nasals, 16.5(15.7-17.1), 16.6(15.7-17.3); least interorbital width, 15.7(15.0-16.5), 15.3(14.3-16.3); basilar length, 30.1(29.0-31.3), 30.6(29.0-31.2). Remarks.—In the Huachucas, banner-tailed kangaroo rats, D. specta- bilis, are found at the base of the alluvial fans, or along their lower edge, and from there farther out into the desert. In the mouth of Montezuma Canyon, D. spectabilis must reach the upper zonal limits of their distribu- tion at 5000 feet elevation. They seem to prefer more open grassland and fewer mesquites than D. ordii or D. merriami in the Huachucas. In for- aging at night, D. spectabilis probably take refuge under bushes less ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 109 often than the other kinds of kangaroo rats, yet we never recovered any remains of D. spectabilis in owl pellets. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats do not inhabit all of the large, rounded dens they have constructed. Their presence in the mound can be deter- mined, in our experience, in the following fashion. Place one’s ear by an entrance hole, and with a hand or some tool, pound heavily on the top of the mound. If the kangaroo rat is present, it will respond with a “growl” or “thump” somewhat like the rumble of distant thunder. The noise is probably made by the tapping of the hind feet; the underground tunnel gives the tap a reverberating “thump” sound. Once the presence of the animal was established, a trap was placed in the most used runway. Rat traps are ineffective in catching D. spec- tabilis, because almost invariably the traps will be covered with sand so as not to function properly. The animals themselves must kick the sand on the traps as a protective measure, as pointed out for D. deserti by Benson (1935:67). A very small percentage of our D. spectabilis was taken in rat traps. Far more effective was the use of steel traps, size 0 or size 1. These traps were set in the same fashion that a set would be made for a carnivore. The “steel” was buried flush with the surface, and the trap including the pan was completely covered with sand. Oatmeal was then sprinkled on the ground over the buried trap. In these sets, rats are usually caught by the hind legs and are alive when the trap is visited. On one occasion, 12 steel sets produced 9 bannertails in one night. Another effective way to secure these rats is to put a burning “fusee’” or flare in an entrance hole. Probably both the hissing noise and the dense smoke are effective in driving the rat out where it can be caught. This works best at night. In the daytime, the chamber where the rat is resting may be plugged off, and the smoke and fumes may not reach and disturb the animal. Bannertails were seldom seen at night, while D. ordii and D. merriami may readily be seen. Bannertails tended to move rapidly along the run- ways radiating out from and interconnecting the mounds. As soon as the rays of the flashlight fell upon them, they moved toward the nearest entrance of the den. Thirteen mature females were without embryos in August. Vorhies and Taylor (1922:17) recovered breeding females in January, and indicate that breeding extends through August. Nearly all of the adult specimens (26 out of 34) were undergoing a molt in August. Snakes probably prey heavily upon bannertails. We caught 2 red racers (Masticophis flagellum piceus) at burrow entrances in Monte- zuma Canyon. Crotalus and Pituophis probably feed on these rats also. 110 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Onychomys leucogaster ruidosae Stone and Rehn NORTHERN GRASSHOPPER MOUSE Onychomys ruidosae Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903:22, 1903. Hale’s Ranch, Ruidoso, Lincoln Co., New Mexico. Onychomys leucogaster ruidosae, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26:216, 1913. Records of occurrence-—Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 5'; mouth of Mil- ler Canyon, 1°; 7 mi. ESE Fort, 1; mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 1. Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas are smaller and with shorter tails than in some O. I. ruidosae and the skulls are broader across the zygomata but narrower through the braincase. These differences may represent the extremes in a series of gradual changes at the end of a cline. Measurements.—Three adult males, with worn teeth and adult pelage, give the following measurements: total length, 156', 147!, 1452; tail, 46, 49, 33; hind foot, 22, 23, 20; ear from notch, 19, 19, 18.5; greatest length skull, 28.5, 29.2, 28.6; condylobasal length (as in Hollister, 1914:429, from condylion to alveolar point, not to most anterior point of pre- maxillae ), 26.3, 26.3, 26.0; zygomatic breadth, 15.2, 15.4, 15.4; interorbital breadth, 4.9, 4.6, 4.8; breadth braincase, 12.2, 12.7, 12.4; length nasals, 10.9, 11.2, 10.7; maxillary toothrow, 4.4, 4.3, 4.5. Remarks.—Onychomys leucogaster occurs with O. torridus at several places in the Huachucas, but it would appear that O. leucogaster is not found as far up the alluvial fans as O. torridus. Grasshopper mice (both O. leucogaster and O. torridus) were fre- quently in association with the 3 species of Dipodomys and Perognathus (other than intermedius), but in Ramsey, Miller, and Carr canyons, grasshopper mice were present above the “Dipodomys” zone. Small burrows, dug nearly straight down into the ground to a depth of 6 to 8 inches before angling off, were thought to be of Onychomys. We had no proof of this, but we did catch grasshopper mice where these holes were evident. There frequently would be a cluster of these holes, 6 or 8 in number, each 4 to 5 feet apart. We assumed one mouse may have made all of the holes in one such group. In the Huachucas, where the 2 species of Onychomys occur together, it is difficult to distinguish readily between the species. It is easier to identify those animals in adult pelage; those in the gray-colored juvenal pelage are most difficult. Most useful characters for recognizing O. leu- cogaster were: short tail, less than half the length of body, rather than more than half the length of body; skull larger (greatest length more than 27.7 rather than less than 27.7 mm.); and M! less than half, rather than more than half, the length of the molar toothrow. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES JILL Onychomys torridus torridus (Coues ) SOUTHERN GRASSHOPPER MOUSE Hesperomys (Onychomys) torridus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874:183, 1874. Camp Grant, Graham Co., Arizona. Onychomys leucogaster, var. torridus, Herrick, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 1884:183, 1885. Onychomys torridus, Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 2:3, 1889. Records of occurrence.—7 mi. ESE Fort, 6'; 8 mi. SE Fort, 2; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1; mouth of Carr Canyon, 3°; mouth of Miller Canyon, 2°; mouth of Montezuma Canyon, 1. Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas agree most closely with specimens of O. t. torridus although the skulls in the Huachucan speci- mens average larger in some measurements than do other specimens of O. t. torridus. Measurements.—Three males and 3 females, all in adult pelage and with worn teeth, measure, respectively: total length, 139!, 144', 140°, Aa l4s) 150: tail, 49: 55, 53, 54, 59, 58: hind foot, 23, 22, 22, 22, 23, 22; ear from notch, 18, 20, 18, 23, 18, 18; greatest length skull, 26.0, 26.4, 26.2, 26.5, 26.7, 26.6; condylobasal length (after Hollister, 1914:429), 23.9, 24.3, 23.7, 24.2, 24.4, 24.1; zygomatic breadth, 13.1, 13.2, 13.6, 12.8, 13.4, 18.3; interorbital breadth, 4.7, 4.5, 4.5, 4.4, 4.8, 4.5; breadth brain- Gisen G6, 116, 11.5, 11.1, 11.6, 11.6; length nasals, 9.8, 10.3, 10.3, 10.7, 9.9, 10.2; maxillary toothrow, 3.8, 3.5, 4.0, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1. Remarks.—Onychomys torridus is found everywhere that O. leuco- gaster is and in some other places besides. O. torridus is more abundant on the most xeric portions of the alluvial fans and flats, as at 7 miles east- southeast of Fort Huachuca. However, O. torridus occurs farther up the alluvial fans than does O. leucogaster in both Miller and Carr canyons. Here they were present above the Dipodomys-zone, and in association with Perognathus flavus. One grasshopper mouse was recovered from the stomach of a rattle- snake, Crotalus atrox, at 5000 feet, in Ramsey Canyon. Whether it was O. torridus or O. leucogaster was not ascertained. Of 5 mature females taken in August, 3 had embryos (2, 4, and 5 em- bryos, respectively ). Reithrodontomys montanus montanus ( Baird ) Piarns Harvest MOusE Reithrodon montanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7:335, 1855. Upper end of San Luis Valley, Saguache Co., Colorado. Reithrodontomys montanus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:80, 1893. Be MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 1'; Miller Canyon (Broken Arrow Ranch), 17; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1°. Comparisons —The two males, which are not fully adult, are pale in coloration, being paler than specimens of R. m. griseus available to us from Kansas. One specimen (mouth of Miller Canyon) shows some ap- proach toward griseus from Texas, judging from Howell’s (1914:23) description, for it is brightly colored, yellowish, especially along the lateral line and cheeks, and has a large skull. However, this same speci- men, in such features as large skull, large ears, and yellowish coloration may show approach to Reithrodontomys burti as described by Ben- son (1939:147). This specimen, in most features, is nearest to montanus, but probably any specimens from southern Arizona should be checked to see if they are intermediate between montanus and burti. Measurements.—Two males (4514°, subadult; 4516, young adult) and 1 aged female (4515', teeth worn smooth): total length, 116, 122, 130; tail, 64, 55, 59; hind foot, 16, 15, 18; ear from notch, 15, 18, 16; greatest length of skull, 19.0, 18.9, ——; basilar length, 13.9, 14.2, 15.5; greatest breadth of braincase, 9.7, 9.3, 9.8; interorbital breadth, 3.0, 2.7, 2.8; length of nasals, 7.2, 6.7, ; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 3.2, 3.5, 3.5. Remarks.—At the mouth of Miller Canyon, R. montanus was found along an abandoned roadway grown up with Senecio and grama grass. It was in exactly this same area that Baiomys taylori ater was taken by Philip Blossom in March, 1941. We could catch no Baiomys nearly 10 years later, but did get 1 R. montanus and 2 R. fulvescens here. The speci- men from the Broken Arrow Ranch was discovered during the day in a dazed condition on the floor of a room in which we were preparing mammals. We do not know how the animal happened to be there, for the cabin was infested, to our knowledge, with a good number of Pero- myscus boylii only. The specimen from Ramsey Canyon occurred with the 2 other species of Reithrodontomys. The one female had 4 embryos on August 14. These specimens represent the first records of Reithrodontomys mon- tanus from Arizona. Benson (1939:150) records this species from north- eastern Sonora and north-central Durango. If specimens of harvest mice from throughout southeastern Arizona were examined for the diagnostic characters given by Hooper (1952), we believe still more specimens of R. montanus might be uncovered. Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis ( Baird ) WESTERN Harvest Mouse Reithrodon megalotis Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., p. 451, 1857. Between Janos, Chihuahua, and San Luis Springs, Grant Co., New Mexico. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 1S Reithrodontomys megalotis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:79, 1893. Records of occurrence-——Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 4!; Sylvania (Peterson’s Ranch), 1°; NW slope Carr Peak, 8500 ft., 23(1, skeleton only ). Comparisons.—These specimens seem referable to R. m. megalotis and not to R. m. arizonensis described from the Chiricahua Mountains (Rock Creek) only 70 miles away. The specimens are as pale as R. m. megalotis from Nevada and show none of the dark coloration ascribed to arizon- ensis. Measurements.—One adult male (4517°) and 3 adult females (4521', 45181, 45223): total length, 151, 151, 148, 146; tail, 81, 75, 74, 80; hind foot, 18, 18, 18, 17; ear from notch, 14, 14, 13, 15; greatest length of skull, 21.0, 21.8, 21.5, 21.2; basilar length, 15.4, 16.0, 16.3, 15.5; greatest breadth of braincase, 9.5, 10.3, 9.9, 10.0; interorbital breadth, 2.9, 3.1, 3.0, 3.1; length of nasals, 8.2, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 3.2, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5. Remarks.—On the alluvial fan in the mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 3 species of Reithrodontomys were obtained: R. megalotis megalotis, R. fulvescens fulvescens, and R. montanus griseus. All 3 were caught in the same trap line and no differences in ecological niches were noted. Harvest mice occurred here among the thicker, less grazed grasses along the barbed wire fence and along the shoulders of the road. Closely associated with the harvest mice were: Dipodomys ordii, Dipodomys merriami, Dipodomys spectabilis, Sigmodon hispidus, Sigmodon minimus, Perog- nathus hispidus, Perognathus penicillatus, and Onychomys torridus. Had we been able to distinguish more readily between the species of harvest mice as we caught them in the field, we might have detected slightly different ecological associations for the 3 species of Reithrodontomys. On the west side of the Huachucas, the specimen from Sylvania was caught alive at dusk in the grass near a pond and from the area where, presumably, Sigmodon ochrognathus was obtained in 1940 by Seth Ben- son. Near the summit of Carr Peak a Reithrodontomys megalotis was taken at 8400 feet, alongside a rock adjacent to a dense thicket of Ribes. This animal had been caught relatively late in the morning (probably about 8:00 A.M.) judging from its condition. In this general area there were pines, Douglas fir, aspen, and white fir, and such mammals as Neotoma mexicana, Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus, and Peromyscus boylii. We were confident that harvest mice were present, for on the previous day Goodpaster had found the nest of an adult harvest mouse inside the decaying stump of a pine, about 5 feet above the ground, and contain- ing a skeleton. Of the 3 females, one had 4 embryos on August 19. 114 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Fic. 27. Fulvous harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvescens, at water tank, Broken Arrow Ranch, mouth of Miller Canyon. Photographed August, 1950, by W. W. Goodpaster. Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvescens Allen Futvous Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys mexicanus fulvescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:319, 1894. Oposura, Sonora, Mexico. Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7: 138, 1895. Records of occurrence——Mouth of Miller Canyon, 2'; Miller Canyon (Broken Arrow Ranch), 1; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1. Comparisons—These specimens are all immature, and comparable material of R. f. fulvescens is not available to us. Since these localities in the Huachucas are only about 110 miles north of the type locality of fulvescens, the specimens are referred to that subspecies. Specimens of this species from Continental, Tumacacori Mission, and Phoenix, Arizona, also are regarded by Burt (1933:119) as R. f. fulvescens. Measurements.—Two subadult females (4525!, 4526'): total length, 155, 153; tail, 88, 89; hind foot, 20, 19; ear from notch, 14, 14; greatest ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 5 length of skull, 20.2, 20.3; basilar length, 15.0, 15.1; greatest breadth of braincase, 10.3, 10.2; interorbital breadth, 3.1, 3.2; length of nasals, 7.1, 7.4; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 3.7, 3.7. Remarks.—R. fulvescens occurred with R. montanus in the short grass on the alluvial fan in Miller Canyon. On the more arid alluvial fan in Ramsey Canyon, R. fulvescens was found with R. megalotis (ratio 1 fulvescens to 4 megalotis) and R. montanus (one specimen). This was in an area of scattered mesquites, grama grasses, and various other grasses. Elsewhere in southern Arizona, Burt (loc. cit.) found fulvescens and megalotis occurring together. While collecting bats at the water tank of the Broken Arrow Ranch at dusk, one R. fulvescens was caught alive in the short grass near the oaks (see Fig. 27). Baiomys taylori ater Blossom and Burt PicmMy Mouse Baiomys taylori ater Blossom and Burt, Univ. Mich., Mus. Zool., Occ. Papers, 465:2, 1942. 7 mi. W Hereford, Cochise Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—9 mi. W Hereford (near Nicksville), 10; 7 mi. W Hereford, 1; 5 mi. W Hereford, 5(all specimens in Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan ). Comparisons.—The above specimens are paratypes. Blossom and Burt (1942) described this race on its darker color above and pronounced cinnamon buff wash on the underparts. Measurements (from Blossom and Burt, op. cit.).—Twelve males and 5 females give the following average, minimum, and maximum measure- ments: total length, 103(98-108), 108( 102-115); tail, 41(37-45), 44 (41-46); hind foot, 13.4(12.5-14.0), 13.6(18.0-14.2); ear from notch, 10.8(9.5-11.6), 11.4(10.5-11.7); greatest length skull, 17.5(16.9-18.1), 17.5(17.3-17.9); condylobasal length, 16.3(15.7-17.0), 16.6(16.2-17.1); zygomatic breadth, 9.4(9.2-9.6), 9.5(9.2-9.8); interorbital constriction, 3.6(3.4-3.8), 3.5(3.5); nasals, 6.2(5.8-6.5), 6.3(6.1-6.5); bony palate, 2.7(2.5-3.0), 2.8(2.6-3.2); palatine slits, 3.7(3.5-3.9), 3.8(3.5-4.0); up- per molar toothrow, 3.2(3.1-3.4), 3.2(3.1-3.3). Remarks.—Pigmy mice, Baiomys, were caught by Philip Blossom in March, 1941, on the road from Nicksville to Hereford and along the now abandoned portion of the road that went due north from the mouth of Miller Canyon. The present Highway 92 goes northwest from Miller Canyon toward Nicksville (see map, p. 37). Along the road to Here- ford, Baiomys were taken by Blossom only on the south side of the road; and from Nicksville to the entrance to the Y Lightning Ranch, in the ungrazed area between the road and the fence. Along the short, north- south dirt road, now abandoned, the mice were on the west side, the 116 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS greatest concentration of mice anywhere in the area. The pigmy mice were taken in a rather heavy cover of grass and weeds in which there was scattered the shrubby Senecio longilobus. The strips along the roads were not much more than 20 feet wide by 1300 feet long. In August, 1950, we re-trapped the area where Philip Blossom had caught 15 Baiomys. Sigmodon (hispidus only, not minimus ) was present, as well as Perognathus, Onychomys, and Reithrodontomys. No Baiomys were caught in approximately 600 trap nights. The roadway from Nicks- ville to Hereford has been widened, and the road scraper has removed all of the vegetation to within about 2 feet of the fence. Enough suit- able habitat for pigmy mice may no longer be present along this road. However, it seemed to us that conditions along the abandoned north- south road should not have altered, and might be even more suitable for Baiomys. We concentrated most of our trapping for Baiomys here, but to no avail. If pigmy mice are still present in this general area, they were at a low point in August, 1950. Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte ) DrEER MOUSE Hesp[eromys]. sonoriensis LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853:413, 1853. Santa Cruz, Sonora, Mexico. [Peromyscus texanus] sonoriensis, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18: 446, 1896. Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis, Osgood, No. Amer. Fauna, 28: 89, 1909. Records of occurrence——Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1'; mouth of Brown Canyon, 1°; flat, 7 mi. ESE Fort, 1°; mouth of Miller Canyon, 2(1 in Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.). Additional records: Fort Huachuca, 3(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1909:92), Tanner’s Canyon, above the Post Garden, 7(see Mearns, 1907:388). Comparisons.—The specimen in adult pelage from Brown Canyon is typical P. m. sonoriensis, for it is pale in color and fairly long tailed. The color of the back is Ochraceous-Buff slightly tipped with black, with the back no darker than the sides. The posterior half of the pinna of the ear is pale colored, inside and outside. The specimen from Ramsey Canyon has a peculiar color; there is a slight purplish cast to the dorsum. The coloration of the ears is not known, for they were eaten away by ants while the specimen was in the trap. The Huachucas are within 15 to 20 miles of the type locality of P. m. sonoriensis. Measurements.—Two subadult males! ?:; total length, 153, 151; tail, 70, 73; hind foot, 19, 22; ear from notch, , 17; greatest length skull, 25.4, 25.4; basilar length, 19.2, 19.3; breadth braincase, 11.5, 11.0; inter- orbital constriction, 4.0, 4.0; length nasals, 9.9, 9.9; shelf bony palate, 4.2, ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 1a 3.7; palatine slits, 5.2, 5.3; diastema, 6.6, 6.3; postpalatal length, 8.9, 8.9; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 3.8, 3.9. Remarks.—Deer mice were exceedingly scarce throughout the Moun- tains. We could have obtained hundreds of Peromyscus boylii or Perog- nathus penicillatus for each Peromyscus maniculatus taken. The specimen from 7 miles east-southeast of the Fort was taken at the entrance of a burrow of a kangaroo rat. In Brown Canyon, the only 1 taken was in the overgrown garden patch of an abandoned house. In Miller and Ramsey canyons, the deer mice were taken far down on the alluvial fans, and along the dry gullies of the creeks. Dice and Blos- som (1937:35) obtained specimens in Senecio and grasses, 1 in an open stand of oaks on the alluvial fan (Miller Canyon), and 1 near a stream with a few sycamores, walnuts, and oaks. The skull of 1 specimen® is badly deformed, with the rostrum pulled about 33° to the right of the midline. The right upper incisor does not occlude and has grown in such a fashion as to form two-thirds of a loop. The unworn upper incisor still retains the bifid tip, characteristic of the teeth in many newly born mammals. This specimen is immature, probably only a few months old. Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus ( Merriam ) DEER Mouse Hesperomys leucopus rufinus Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna, 3:65, 1890. San Francisco Mountain, 9000 ft., Coconino Co., Arizona. Peromyscus rufinus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:252, 1896. Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus, Osgood, No. Amer. Fauna, 28:72, 1909. Records of occurrence—NW slope Carr Peak, 8400 ft., 1. Comparisons.—The specimen from Carr Peak is markedly darker and more reddish than specimens of Peromyscus maniculatus from the alluvial fans. Most striking is the difference in color on the nose and between the eyes; in the Carr Peak specimen it is near Vinaceous-Cinnamon; in sonoriensis, near Light Ochraceous-Buff. The posterior half of the pinna is blackish, both inside and outside. This specimen is as dark and reddish as specimens of Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus from 9000 feet in the Graham Mountains, Arizona. The reference of this specimen from the Huachucas to P. m. rufinus places this subspecies within 18 miles of the type locality of P. m. sono- riensis. We are aware of the fact that Osgood (1909:89) points out that P. m. sonoriensis displays slight color dimorphism, with a pale phase and a dark phase. However, we prefer to regard the darker animal in the Huachucas as rufinus, and not a dark phase of sonoriensis. The speci- men regarded as P. m. rufinus occurs only at the higher elevations; no 118 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS dark-colored animals were found on the lower alluvial fans. The situa- tion in the Huachucas is no different than on some other mountain ranges in Arizona and New Mexico—the yellow pine-fir belt is inhabited by rufinus; the lower slope by sonoriensis. Measurements.—One female, adult: total length, 163; tail, 66; hind foot, 19.5; ear from notch, 17.5; greatest length skull, 25.2; basilar length, 19.1; breadth braincase, 11.5; interorbital constriction, 3.7; length nasals, 10.4; shelf bony palate, 3.8; palatine slits, 5.2; diastema, 6.6; postpalatal length, 9.0; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 3.8. Remarks.—On Carr Peak, the deer mouse was taken among pines, Douglas fir, and Ribes. Thickets of aspens were nearby. Within 10 feet from where the deer mouse was taken, and along the same pine log a Peromyscus boylii was captured. A short distance away a Reithrodon- tomys megalotis was taken. Peromyscus leucopus arizonae (Allen) WHITE-FOOTED MOousE Sitomys americanus arizonae Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6: 321, 1894. Fairbank, Cochise Co., Arizona. Peromyscus texanus arizonae, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:84, 1901. Peromyscus leucopus arizonae, Osgood, No. Amer. Fauna, 28:126, 1909. Records of occurrence.—Miller Canyon, about half-way up, approxi- mately 6100 ft., 1. Comparisons.—This specimen is darker than our Peromyscus manicu- latus, but differs in color from P. m. rufinus from higher up the moun- tain in being less reddish and thus causing the dark to be more con- spicuous. The tail is not narrowly dark striped above and is not sharply bicolor. There is an indistinct dark dorsal stripe along the middorsal line. The ears are dark, much as in P. m. rufinus. In dark color our specimen corresponds well with P. leucopus arizonae described from Fairbank, 23 miles away. Measurements.—Young adult male: total length, 164; tail, 78; hind foot, 23; ear from notch, 17; greatest length skull, 27.8; basilar length, 20.3; breadth braincase, 12.8; interorbital constriction, 4.3; length nasals, 10.2; shelf bony palate, 4.5; palatine slits, 5.0; diastema, 6.9; postpalatal length, 9.9; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 3.9: Remarks.—The 1 specimen of Peromyscus leucopus was taken in a thicket of horsetail (Equisetum) near a spring in a woodland of oak, walnut, maple, sycamore, and some Douglas fir. This is in the damp, cool part of Miller Canyon, at about 6100 feet, near the spot where water ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 119 is pumped from Miller Creek. Most closely associated with this spot, in our minds, was Sorex vagrans, for 4 specimens were also taken here. It was a surprise to us that Peromyscus leucopus should occur so high in the Mountains. This species had previously been taken out on the desert flats, along the stream (San Pedro River) near Hereford. We regarded our specimen as an aberrant P. maniculatus until we had ex- amined the skull more closely. Peromyscus boylii rowleyi (Allen ) BrusH Mouse Sitomys rowleyi Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:76, 1893. No- land Ranch, San Juan River, San Juan Co., Utah. P{eromyscus]. b[oylii]. rowleyi, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 19: 139, 1896. Peromyscus boylei rowleyi, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 28:145, 1909. Records of occurrence.—8 mi. W Fort, 4; Garden Canyon, 1; mouth of Brown Canyon, 1; Carr Canyon Reef, 7200 ft., 414; NW slope Carr Peak, 8400 ft., 2; Nicksville, 12; mouth of Miller Canyon, 69°; half-way up Miller Canyon, 4; Ash Canyon, 2. Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas are paler and slightly smaller than P. b. attwateri. Numerous named forms, synonymized by Osgood (1909) under P. b. rowleyi, were described from within a short distance of the Huachucas: metallicola, Providencia Mines, Sonora; pinalis, Granite Gap, Grant Co., New Mexico; and penicillatus, Franklin Mountains, near EF] Paso, Texas. Should one of these forms prove to be recognizable, material from the Huachucas would have to be compared with it to determine if the name was applicable to the Huachucan ma- terial. Measurements—Ten males? and 10 females! 7°, with teeth either slightly or much worn, give the following average, minimum, and maxi- mum measurements: total length, 185.7( 174-197), 195.0( 181-215); tail, 96.5(83-100.4), 100.3(86-110); hind foot, 21.3(20-22), 22.2(21-23); ear from notch, 19.1(17-20), 19.4(18-22); greatest length skull, 27.2 (26.7-27.9), 27.8(27.0-28.8); basilar length, 20.3(20.0-20.6), 20.9(20.2- 22.2); greatest breadth braincase, 12.3(12.0-12.6), 12.6(12.3-13.0); inter- orbital constriction, 4.2(4.0-4.5), 4.3(4.1-4.7); nasals, 10.4(10.0-11.6), 10.6(10.0-11.7 ); palatine slits, 5.3(4.9-5.5), 5.3(5.1-5.7); shelf bony pal- ate, 4.0(3.7-4.4), 4.4(4.3-4.7); diastema, 6.8(6.6-6.8), 7.0(6.6-7.1); postpalatal length, 9.6(9.4-9.8), 9.8(9.2-10.3); alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 4.1(3.9-4.2), 4.2(4.0-4.3). Remarks.—Brush mice, Peromyscus boylii, occurred from the lower edge of the oak belt, through the canyons with walnut and sycamore, 120 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS and up the pine- and fir-covered slopes to the very top of the Mountains. They were, by far, the commonest mammals in the brushy and tree covered portions of the Mountains, being as numerous there as Dipo- domys or Perognathus were on the alluvial fans. Within the wooded portions of the slopes, P. boylii seemed about equally abundant in all of the different plant belts with the exception of the oak belt where it was probably most abundant. Brush mice seem as much, or more, at home off the ground than on it. They forage in oaks, climb the walls of buildings and nest in attics, and have homes on the rough walls of mine tunnels. One mouse was watched in an oak. It apparently was gathering food to be stored in the attic of a cabin just below. In seeking food and in navigating the branches, it behaved much like a squirrel. At the Broken Arrow Ranch, brush mice were so numerous around all the buildings, both occupied and empty, as to be pests. They became active in the attics about dark, and activity did not cease entirely until an hour or 2 after sun up. The mice negotiated, with amazing skill and without hesitation, the straight and seemingly smooth inside walls of the cabins. The great abundance of brush mice in and around buildings may be a most important factor in preventing house mice, Mus musculus, from becoming well established in the Huachucas. We found house mice at only one place. Brush mice lived in some of the deeper mine shafts. In these shafts they built open nests, much like the nests of the goldfinch. In a mine be- tween Ash and Montezuma canyons several nests were found at the very back end of the shaft, more than 100 yards from the entrance. There was little if anything for these mice to feed on at this end of the mine, and they would have to go a minimum of 300 feet to the mouth of the mine. If these mice went foraging for food twice during the night, and in a straight route, they would travel nearly one-fourth mile. Fur- thermore, this travel was along the barren, smooth shaft where the mice would seemingly have been easy victims of predators. In chasing a Peromyscus boylii along a mine shaft, we found that it purposely avoided the small trickle of water on the floor. The mouse would run up the rocky walls of the shaft before it would enter the water. Peromyscus boylii must always have been numerous in the Moun- tains. Osgood had 133 specimens from the Huachuca Mountains by 1909. However, in August, 1949, we had difficulty catching these mice in places other than around buildings. We suspect that with the good acorn crop that year, the mice were not readily attracted to our traps. Baiting the traps with pecan meats rather than rolled oats proved some- what more effective. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 1PAL In the Huachucas young mice, probably less than 2%-months old, were bearing young in late August. For example, a specimen with the lead-colored juvenal pelage, except for a small amount of ochraceous along the lateral line, contained 3 embryos on August 14. Furthermore, it seems evident that young are produced in every month of the sum- mer, judging from the size and stages of molt in our catch. Of 6 females pregnant in August, 1 had 3 embryos, 4 had 4, and 1 had 5. Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides Osgood WHITE-ANKLED MOUSE Peromyscus attwateri eremicoides Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17: 60, 1904. Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides, Osgood, No. Amer. Fauna, 28: 163, 1909. Records of occurrence.—“Fort Huachuca,” 3(U.S. Biol. Surv. coll.). Comparisons.—The three specimens identified by Osgood (1909:163) as Peromyscus pectoralis from the Huachucas are removed by 280 miles or more from the nearest part of the main range of P. pectoralis (as in Chihuahua or Texas). These 3 specimens were carefully examined, especially to determine if they had been identified correctly as to species. All 3 are immatures. They obviously are not Peromyscus maniculatus, P. leucopus, P. eremicus, or P. merriami, although the skins superficially look much like any of the last 3 species. They are nearest to P. pectoralis, as known to us by specimens from Durango and Chihuahua, and P. boylii from the Huachucas. They differ from P. boylii of comparable age as follows: total length less (168-181 mm. vs. 183-198); tail shorter (87-96 us. 92-113); ear, measured in the dry skin, shorter (15.6-16.4 vs. 16.1- 18.2); all skull measurements averaging smaller, especially, for example, greatest length (25.0-25.5 us. 26.5-27.6); and length of nasals (9.1-9.4 vs. 9.8-10.8). Comparison of the sample of P. boylii and the 3 supposed P. pectoralis shows there is overlap in only 3 of the 11 cranial measure- ments: least interorbital breadth, shelf of bony palate, and alveolar length of maxillary toothrow. In the length of toothrow, the average for pectoralis was 4.0; for boylii, 4.2. The auditory bullae appear to be slightly smaller in the 3 pectoralis. As regards color, the 3 specimens show considerable variation, and the color of each can be matched in the large series of boylii. The 3 specimens of pectoralis from the Huachucas differ from speci- mens of pectoralis in Mexico—from Saltillo, Inde, and Mapimi—in slightly shorter skulls, slightly shorter ears, slightly smaller auditory bullae, and dark rather than white tarsi. The difference noted in the size of the skull may not be accurate, and the reverse may actually be true, for the specimens from Mexico are adults whereas those from the Huachu- 122 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS cas are quite young. Material is not available for a comparison with P. p. laceianus, but judging from Osgood’s account (1909:164), the Hua- chucan specimens have shorter feet and smaller skulls. The 3 specimens might best be referred to P. pectoralis and to the subspecies eremicoides as Osgood did, but as he says, further material is much needed. No specimens collected by us appear to be P. pectoralis, although we have carefully scrutinized our specimens of P. boylii, for it appears to be difficult to differentiate between these 2 species. We are not fully convinced that these 3 specimens called pectoralis by Osgood could not be 3 widely divergent or aberrant boylii, for the latter species shows much individual variation. However, we are not in a position now to prove that these are not pectoralis, but suspect that boylii and pectoralis might be found to be conspecific. Measurements.—Three specimens, 1 female and 2 males, all juveniles or immatures but in adult or subadult pelage, measure, respectively: total length, 168, 181, 181; tail, 87, 96, 93; hind foot, 20, 20, 20; ear, from notch, dry, 15.6 16.4, ; greatest length skull, 25.2, 25.0, 25.5; basilar length, 18.2, 18.3, 18.2; greatest breadth braincase, 11.7, 12.1, 12.4; least interorbital constriction, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4; length of nasals, 9.4, 9.1, 9.4; shelf bony palate, 3.8, 3.9, 3.8; palatine slits, 5.0, 5.2, 5.2; diastema, 5.8, 6.1, 6.0; postpalatal length, 8.7, 8.4, 8.6; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 3.9, 3.9, 4.1. Remarks.—The 3 specimens of white-ankled mice were collected in the late spring of 1892 by A. K. Fisher and J. A. Loring. They are labeled as “Fort Huachuca” and we have no other information about their occurrence. As pointed out above, these specimens, if we are correct in calling them Peromyscus pectoralis, are some 280 miles from the nearest popu- lations of this species. Our collecting at various times between 1949 and 1952 has produced many Peromyscus but none seems to be P. pectoralis. Peromyscus eremicus eremicus ( Baird ) Cacrus MousrE Hesperomys eremicus Baird, Mamm. No. Amer., 1857:479, 1857. Old Fort Yuma (opposite Yuma, Arizona), Imperial Co., California. Peromyscus eremicus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:226, 1895. Records of occurrence—Mouth of Carr Canyon, 2; mouth of Miller Canyon, 6; 4% mi. SE Fort Huachuca, 3. Additional record: “Fort Hua- chuca,” 8(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Osgood, 1909:242). Comparisons.—Osgood (1909) records eremicus from the Huachucas as P. e. eremicus “approaching anthonyi,” but on his distribution map ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 193 indicates that specimens from there would be anthonyi. Our specimens, on the basis of size and coloration, seem nearest to P. e. eremicus, but we realize that the specimens are not fully adult. Measurements.—Average of 4 subadult males and 2 subadult females are, respectively: total length, 186.5, 187, 187; tail, 95.8, 98, 100; hind foot, 20.5, 21, 20; ear from notch, 17.3, 19, 17. The average for 4 subadult males is: greatest length skull, 25.5; basilar length, 19.1; greatest breadth braincase, 11.8; interorbital constriction, 4.2; length nasals, 9.4; palatine slits, 4.9; shelf bony palate, 3.5; diastema, 6.5; postpalatal length, 9.0; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 3.8. Remarks.—The specimens in Carr Canyon were taken along the edge and part way up the alluvial fan. Dry, rocky hills, covered with Agave, arose sharply from the fan adjacent to where these cactus mice lived. Beneath a large rock there was the house of a pack rat, Neotoma albi- gula. A trap set near this house produced a cactus mouse in August, 1950, and a trap set at the very same spot caught another in Decem- ber, 1952. In the winter of 1952, 5 cactus mice were taken in the mouth of Miller Canyon at a spot we had frequently trapped during the sum- mertime but where we had caught only 1 cactus mouse previously. Both here and in Carr Canyon, the mice occurred above the Dipodomys-zone but below the tree zone. At 4% mi. SE Fort, the mice were present among mesquite, white thorn, and yucca, and in association with Neotoma albigula and Dipodomys merriami. Sigmodon hispidus cienegae A. B. Howell Hispip Corron Rat Sigmodon hispidus cienegae A. B. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32: 161, 1919. Bullock’s Ranch, 4 mi. E Fort Lowell, Pima Co., Ari- ZOna. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 161; mouth of Ram- sey Canyon, 2; along road between mouths of Ramsey and Carr canyons, 2; 9 mi. W Hereford, 7( Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.); mouth of Montezuma Canyon, l. Comparisons.—Judging from the large size of specimens from the Huachucas, particularly the large hind foot, long nasals, and large molar teeth, they are most nearly referable to S. h. cienegae, and not, for ex- ample, to S. h. confinis (Safford, Graham Co., Arizona). It seems ad- visable to us, however, that there be a re-evaluation of all the kinds of Sigmodon hispidus in the Southwest, for the reliability of such charac- ters as size will need to be checked if it is shown that cotton rats con- tinue to grow throughout their lifetime. Adult specimens appear dark on the dorsum. Only 1 specimen is 124 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS slightly lighter than the rest. There is only a small amount of ochraceous showing along the lateral line on any of the specimens. The underparts appear grayish, with the basal portion of the hair being dark gray and the distal portion being whitish. Measurements.—Three males! and 3 females', all with teeth showing some to excessive wear, are, respectively: total length, , 9225000, 380, 315, setanle , 181, 121, 148, 142, ; hind foot, 35, 36, 36, 35, 37, 35; ear from notch, 21, 24, 19, 20, 23, 21; greatest length skull, 40.4, 42.6, 38.3, 39.3, 37.2, 39.6; basilar length, 32.7, 34.3, 29.6, 32.6, 30.0, 32.0; zygomatic breadth, 22.4, 23.2, 21.0, 22.3, , 21.9; greatest breadth braincase, 16.5, 16.8, 16.0, 16.2, 15.5, 15.7; interorbital constriction, 5.8, 6.1, 6.0, 5.5, 5.6, 5.6; length nasals, 15.0, 16.7, 14.5, 16.3, 14.8, 16.0; maxil- lary toothrow, 6.8, 6.4, 6.6, 7.0, 6.7, 7.4. Remarks.—Sigmodon hispidus lived where there was a thick stand of grasses and weeds. An accumulation of dry tumble weeds among the grass seemed to increase the suitability of the site for cotton rats. Their runways were usually evident in the weeds. Cuttings of grass were fre- quently present in runs, but the absence of cuttings did not necessarily prove that it was not an active run. Cotton rats used the runs as much during the daytime as at night. We have the impression that Sigmodon was much more abundant in August, 1950, than in August, 1949. Al- though cotton rats were common in 1950, adults were wary and diffi- cult to trap. A dog dug out a nest of 4 immature cotton rats in August, 1950, at the Broken Arrow Ranch, Miller Canyon. The specimens did not have their eyes open, were about 95 mm. in total length, and were judged to be about 1 week old. Two specimens taken in March, 1941, were only a few weeks old, and must have been born in middle or late February. Judging from the sizes of the immature and subadult specimens we obtained in August, we believe that young cotton rats are produced from mid-February through August, and probably throughout the year. Of 5 mature females, 3 had 6, 10, and 12 embryos, respectively, in August. Sigmodon minimus minimus Mearns Least Cotron Rat Sigmodon minima Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 17:130, 1894. Grassy hollows and flats between southern spurs Apache Mts., 1500 meters, 11 mi. SSW Hachita, in Hidalgo Co., New Mexico. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 3; mouth of Miller Canyon, 2'; 7 mi. W Hereford, 2(Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.); Fort Hua- chuca (apparently the specimens Mearns, 1907:447, refers to as “Igo's Ranch at northern base Huachuca Mts.” ), 2(U.S. Nat. Mus.). ACCOUNT OF SPECIES (95 Comparisons—The 2 specimens from Igo’s Ranch differ in some re- spects from topotypes of S. m. minimus: upper parts more reddish or ferruginous and underparts slightly more plumbeous. Mearns (1907: 448) pointed out these features. The adult from Miller Canyon is less reddish and appears very similar to specimens from the Animas Valley of New Mexico and the Santa Cruz River, Sonora. The variation in the Huachucan material probably is individual, and the specimens are re- garded as S. m. minimus. Measurements.—An adult female!, with teeth well worn, has the fol- lowing measurements: total length, 254; tail, 98; hind foot, 26; ear from notch, 18; greatest length skull, 33.8; basilar length, 28.4; greatest breadth braincase, 15.2; interorbital constriction, 4.9; length nasals, 12.4; palatine slits, 7.8; diastema, 9.4; maxillary toothrow, 6.1. Remarks.—In the Huachucas wherever Sigmodon minimus occurs, so does Sigmodon hispidus. We could find no ecological difference between the 2 species. Four of the specimens taken in August are only a few weeks old. The adult female, taken on August 18, contained 3 embryos. In Miller Canyon, least cotton rats were present in a small cocklebur patch, but museum special traps were ineffective in catching them. It was decided to bury small steel traps in the runways, and the one adult fe- male was taken in such a trap. Apparently, the live animal was swallowed up to the jaws of the trap by a snake. Upon our approach to the trap, the animal was regurgitated, for the snake was gone but the rat was dead, wet, and slimy. The specimens at Igo’s Ranch were taken in 1892 in an alfalfa field, according to A. K. Fisher. Sigmodon ochrognathus montanus Benson YELLOW-NOSED Corron Rat Sigmodon ochrognathus montanus Benson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 53:157, 1940. Peterson’s Ranch, Sylvania, 6100 feet, 2 mi. N Sunnyside, Cochise Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Peterson’s Ranch (Sylvania), 6100 ft., 6(1 in U.S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; 5, not examined, in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif. ); head of Miller Canyon, 8400 ft., 1( Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif., not examined ); mouth of Miller Canyon, 1( Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. ). Comparisons —Benson has pointed out (1940:157-158) that S. o. montanus differs from S. 0. ochrognathus in having a sharply bicolored tail, yellowish hairs on inside of pinnae and on feet, less inflated auditory bullae, and larger ears. Measurements.—Three young adult males, the first 2 from Sylvania, 126 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS the third from mouth of Miller Canyon, and | adult female from Syl- vania: total length, 233, 236, 258, 234; tail, 100, 106, 115, 99; hind foot, 28, 28, 29, 28.5; ear from notch, 18, 18, 17.7, ——; basal length, 27.8, 27.0, 28.4; greatest length of skull, : , 31.3, 32.7; zygomatic breadth, 18.7, 17.7, 18.2, 19.4; length of nasals, 11.3, 11.4, 11.0, 12.3; al- veolar length of maxillary toothrow, 5.8, 5.9, 6.5, 6.1. Measurements of the males from Sylvania are from Benson (1940:158). Remarks.—In the marshy area around the spring at Peterson’s Ranch or Sylvania, on the west side of the Huachucas, S. 0. montanus was taken in 1933 and 1940. In 1950 when we revisited Sylvania, most of the marsh area had been eliminated because ponds had been scooped out adjacent to the springs. No suitable habitat for cotton rats was encountered, and we saw no sign of any rats. If the ponds remain untended for some years, they should silt up and a marsh area should be re-established. In 1950 our extensive trapping in Miller Canyon produced Sigmodon hispidus and Sigmodon minimus but no S. ochrognathus, although the latter species had been taken there previously. Neotoma albigula albigula Hartley WHITE-THROATED Woop Rat Neotoma albigula Hartley, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4(ser. 2): 157, 1894. Vicinity of Fort Lowell, Pima Co., Arizona. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 8; Carr Canyon, 1; 7 mi. ESE Fort, 1; mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1; Sylvania, 2; 12 mi. SSE Fort, 1; 8 mi. W Fort, 1; Nicksville, 1. Additional records: Fort Hua- chuca, 19(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Goldman, 1910:33). Comparisons—Our specimens agree closely with Goldman's (1910: 33) characterization of this form. Fully adult animals are a dull pinkish buff above. Immature or young adult rats are a dark gray, and above appear quite similar to Neotoma mexicana. Measurements.—Average, minimum, and maximum measurements of 4 adult males and 2 adult females follow. In these specimens, the anterior, internal re-entrant angle of upper M! has been obliterated by wear, or nearly so. Total length, &, 329.7(300-346), ¢@, 316, 305; tail, 146.3( 138— 159), 145, 150; hind foot, 34.8(34-36), 34, 34; ear from notch, 27.8 ( 26- 30), 27, 27; occipitonasal length, 44.5(43.1-46.5), 43.0, 42.9; basilar length, 36.2(34.6-37.5), 34.3, 34.3; zygomatic breadth, 22.7 ( 22.2-23.5), 21.4, 22.3; interorbital breadth, 6.1(5.9-6.2), 5.6, 6.0; length of nasals, 16.6(15.3-17.9), 14.6, 14.8; length incisive foramina, 8.9(8.6-9.3), 8.7, 8.2; length palatal bridge, 7.6(7.0-8.4), 7.1, 7.4; alveolar length maxillary toothrow, 8.1(7.7-8.6), 8.6, 8.4. Remarks.—White-throated wood rats are not common in the Moun- ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 17 tains proper. In the wooded area they occur in the oak-walnut-sycamore belt, and only around buildings in this belt. For example, 1 was caught alive in the drawer of an unused cabinet in an abandoned house at Sun- nyside; an occupied nest was in a tool shed at Peterson Ranch, Sylvania; and another was beneath the floor of a barn at the Broken Arrow Ranch, Miller Canyon. Along the edge of the alluvial fan in Carr Canyon, 1 was caught at a nest beneath a solitary walnut tree alongside a large boulder, and 1 was taken at the mouth of a kangaroo rat burrow 7 miles east- southeast of the Fort. No wood rats were found far back in mine tunnels, but 1 nest was noted just inside the cave at Canelo Gate. Included in this nest were such items as a match box, part of an inner tube, pieces of cholla cactus, seed pods of yucca, a piece of canvas, a few acorns, and sticks of various sizes. This animal had probably gone 100 yards or more for some of these items. No wood rat house was found at the base of Agave or prickly pear, a common nesting site for these animals. Four of our specimens were parasitized with the larva of a cuterebra. One female had 2 embryos on August 4. Neotoma mexicana mexicana Baird Mexican Woop Rat Neotoma mexicana Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7:333, 1855. Mountains near Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico. Records of occurrence—Carr Canyon Reef, 7200 ft., 1‘; northwest slope Carr Peak, 8500 ft., 1(skeleton only); “Huachuca Mts.,” 3?(Chi- cago Nat. Hist. Mus.). Comparisons.—Specimens from the Huachucas might be referable to N. mexicana bullata (Santa Catalina Mountains) or N. m. mexicana (Chihuahua and the Chiricahua and Rincon mountains, in Arizona). Goldman (1910) apparently had no specimens of this species from the Huachucas. Our specimens seem near to N. m. mexicana. Furthermore, we find no diagnostic features to justify recognizing bullata as a distinct subspecies. It is best regarded as a synonym of N. m. mexicana. The speci- men from the Reef is darker than those labeled as “Huachuca Mts.” Measurements——Two adult males? and 1 female’, nearly adult: total length, , 345, 263; tail, 160, 153, 109; hind foot, 32, 32, 33; ear from notch, 20, 24.5, 22; occipitonasal length, 44.0, 45.7, 38.6; basilar length, 35.6, 37.3, 31.0; zygomatic breadth, 23.1, 22.8, 20.7; interorbital breadth, 5.1, 5.0, 5.5; length nasals, 15.2, 17.4, 14.7; length incisive foramina, 9.6, 9.7, 8.5; length palatal bridge, 8.0, 7.7, 7.4; maxillary toothrow, 7.9, 8.0, 8.3. Remarks.—The Mexican wood rat occurs high in the Mountains in the firs, pines, and aspens. One specimen was taken in such a habitat at about 8500 feet on Carr Peak. There was indication that several wood rats were 128 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS present here, although only one was taken. Another specimen was taken just outside the entrance to a mine on the top of Carr Canyon Reef. Mearns says (1907:492) “on the Mexican Line we found it only on the highest portions of the San Luis and Huachuca mountains.” Price (in Allen, 1895:233) most surely is not distinguishing between Neotoma mexicana and N. albigula when he says, “Woodrats were abundant over the entire country visited, from the summits of the Huachuca, Graham and Chiricahua Mountains to the lowest desert regions.” Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus ) Buiack Rat [Mus]rattus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:61, 1758. Upsala, Sweden. Records of occurrence.—Fort Huachuca, 2(U.S. Nat. Mus.). Remarks.—In 1892, Mr. A. K. Fisher (1892) wrote of Mus tectorum (=Rattus rattus ): “This rat was common about the hospital and granary, at both of which places it did considerable damage.” Dr. T. E. Wilcox collected 2 of these rats at this time, an adult female and a juvenile, and sent them to the U.S. National Museum, where they are preserved in alcohol, 20780 and 20781. These have been examined and prove to be Rattus rattus rattus. At the present time no members of this genus are known to occur around the many buildings of the Fort or elsewhere in the Mountains, although we made repeated inquiry as to their presence. Mus musculus musculus Linnaeus Houst MousE Mus musculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:62, 1758. Upsala, Sweden. Records of occurrence—Carr Canyon Reef, 7200 ft., 3. Comparisons.—The 3 specimens are dark in color, and 2 of the 3 have the underparts heavily washed with buffy. Measurements—Two adult females measure: total length, 182, 165; tail, 89, 85; hind foot, 19, 19; ear from notch, 15, 15; greatest length of skull, 23.0, 22.1; basilar length, 19.0, 18.1; greatest breadth of braincase, 10.0, 9.1; least interorbital constriction, 3.9, 3.5; length of nasals, 8.3, 7.9; shelf of bony palate, 3.7, 3.5; palatine slits, 5.7, 5.6; diastema, 6.5, 6.2; postpalatal length, 8.3, 7.8; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 3.6, 3.6. Remarks.—The specimens from the Reef were taken at the garbage dump at Louis Seeman’s. All of our trapping around other buildings and dumps produced no house mice. There reportedly were house mice in the buildings at the Fort. Buildings elsewhere, when infested with mice, were occupied by Peromyscus boylii. In 1894 W. W. Price reported (in ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 129 Allen, 1895:236) that he had caught “a single specimen .. . at a house in the Huachuca Mountains. Three years before a wagon load of seed grain had been brought there, and of two house mice nesting in the grain one had escaped. The one I caught was in all probability the one that es- caped.” Price may have been correct, for it is notable that the house mouse has not become well established at any place in the Mountains except the built-up, more heavily populated Fort. However, in 1892, A. K. Fisher wrote, “The house mouse was common about the Post, and two males were captured at the hospital.” Erethizon dorsatum couesi Mearns PORCUPINE Erethizon epixanthus couesi Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 19:7238, 1897. Fort Whipple, Yavapai Co., Arizona. Erethizon dorsatum couesi, Hall, Mamm. Nevada, p. 649, 1946. Records of occurrence.—See Remarks. Remarks.—Porcupines occur in the vicinity of the Huachuca Moun- tains, but it was difficult to determine how often they occur in the Mountains proper. Conflicting reports, by reliable observers, came to us. From these observations the following seems true: porcupines are most abundant, or more readily seen, along the San Pedro River, where they occur among and feed on the cottonwoods. Porcupines occur rarely, or are rarely seen, in the Mountains. It may be that there is a seasonal shift or migration of some porcupines from the river up into the Mountains. In the mouth of Ramsey Canyon at the lower edge of the juniper belt, Donald Newman showed us the spot on which he had killed a porcu- pine in May, 1949. Another was killed near here by him and Roy New- man about 1944. Earl Long who knows the Mountains well says there are some porcupines present. Other reports were heard but we could not judge their reliability. One included the trapping by Leo Phillips many years ago of a female porcupine from beneath the Baumkirshner cabin at the head of Miller Canyon. Other reports were of the infrequent occur- rence of porcupines near the very ridge or crest of the Mountains. One sizeable scar, observed in 1950, 18 feet up in a yellow pine on the Carr Canyon Reef at about 7500 feet altitude may have represented porcu- pine “work.” We neither saw nor collected any porcupines. Lepus californicus eremicus Allen BLACK-TAILED JACK RABBIT Lepus texianus eremicus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:347, 1894. Fairbank, Cochise Co., Arizona. Lepus californicus eremicus, Nelson, No. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, 1909. 130 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Records of occurrence —Mouth of Ramsey Canyon, 1(skull only ); 8 mi. W Fort, 1; 8 mi. SE Fort, 1; “Huachuca Mts.,” 1(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Nelson, 1909:141). Comparisons.—F our adult specimens, skins and skulls, from the eastern side of the Huachucas are available for study. These are from 5 mi. E Miller Canyon, 8 mi. SE Fort, and 8 mi. W Fort. The skins, all taken in August, show considerable variation in color. The dorsum and forehead of 1 is dark, 1 has these areas pale, and 2 have a buffy tinge. In all, the lower sides and upper legs are heavily tipped or washed with Pinkish Buff, and this may encroach onto the underparts. With the exception of 1 specimen (from 8 mi. SE Fort), our specimens are pale as in eremicus, paler than in L. c. californicus, and more buffy than in L. c. texianus. Measurements.—Three adult males (2 from 5 mi. E Miller Canyon, 1 from 8 mi. SE Fort) and 1 adult female (8 mi. W Fort) are, respectively: total length, 530, 508, 498, 570; tail, 79, 78, 66, 104; hind foot, 123, 125, 125, 140; ear from notch, 115, 185, ——, 126; basilar length, 66.5, 70.4, 67.9, 69.1; greatest zygomatic breadth, 41.3, 40.9, 42.4, 40.9; postorbital constriction, 11.1, 13.2, 12.9, 12.7; length nasals, 35.3, 37.0, 37.1, 36.8; width nasals, 17.8, 17.5, 17.7, 17.9; alveolar length premolar-molar series, 15.7, 15.0, 15.7, 15.2; diameter auditory meatus, 5.0, 6.0, 5.0, 6.0; breadth braincase, 26.0, 27.4, 28.5, 28.6; length palatal bridge, 6.1, 7.0, 5.4, 6.1. Cranial measurements are made according to Orr (1940). Remarks.—Black-tailed jack rabbits were common and abundant in 1950 on the lower parts of the alluvial fans and flats. “Jacks” were seen near the mouth of every canyon on the east side of the Mountains, and on the west side on the high, grassy plains all the way up to Montezuma Pass. They were most commonly noted from near sundown on through the night. On a one-eighth-mile stretch of road at the lower end of Miller Canyon we frequently saw 8 to 5 at dusk. In 1949 black-tailed jacks were less abundant, and sometimes in an evening’s hunt not more than 2 or 3 were seen. Some residents thought that rabbits had increased in 1949 and 1950 and that this increase might be correlated with a de- crease in coyotes, as a result of the intensive program of predatory ani- mal control in this area. It is fairly easy to “hold” a jack in the beam of a spotlight. We at- tempted to run one down along the road from Nicksville to Hereford. After the jack had run at least a mile in short spurts, but all of the time within the range of our spotlight, we still had to shoot it with .22 dust shot to slow it enough to catch it by hand. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 131 Lepus gaillardi gaillardi Mearns GaILLARpD’s JACK RABBIT Lepus gaillardi Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18:560, 1896. West arm of Playas Valley, near monument no. 63, Grant Co., New Mexico. Remarks.—On the high plain along the west side of the Huachucas, and opposite Lone Mountain, we saw in the spotlight of our car on Au- gust 16, 1950, a large jack rabbit without black tips on the ears. In our anxiety to obtain this “different” animal, we accidentally disconnected the spotlight and it escaped. The same evening we saw another rabbit which also seemed quite different than the many black-tailed jack rabbits at the south edge of D’Albini’s Ranch, but it out-distanced us. We felt rather confident that these 2 specimens were Lepus gaillardi and we re- turned on 3 evenings to hunt carefully for these jacks. On these later trips all we obtained or saw were black-tailed jack rabbits. It seems very probable that these animals were Lepus gaillardi, al- though we know of no records of this species in Arizona. The species has been taken less than 90 miles east in New Mexico. These rabbits would probably be of the subspecies L. g. gaillardi. Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae (Allen) DEsERT COTTONTAIL [Lepus sylvaticus|] var. arizonae J. A. Allen, Monogr. No. Amer. Ro- dentia, p. 332, 1877. Beals Spring, Yavapai Co., Arizona. Sylvilagus auduboni arizonae, Nelson, No. Amer. Fauna, 29:222, 1909. Records of occurrence.—Mouth of Miller Canyon, 5'; Fort Huachuca, 3(U.S. Nat. Mus., see Nelson, 1909:225). Other occurrences are men- tioned under Remarks. Comparisons.—The Huachuca Mountains are in a zone of intergrada- tion between S. a. arizonae and S. a. minor (type locality, El] Paso, Texas ). Specimens from Miller Canyon average larger than either arizonae or minor in total length and length of hind foot and smaller in length of tail, but in all 3 features are nearest arizonae. The ear length is inter- mediate between these 2 subspecies. The skull averages larger than either, but in this respect is nearest S. a. arizonae. Three specimens are buffy grayish, typical of arizonae. Two are darker, but this is the result of worn and abraded pelage. Nelson (1909) regards specimens from the Huachucas and western Cochise County as arizonae and those from eastern Cochise County as minor. Our conclusions are similar. Measurements.—Three adult males! and 1 adult female! are, respec- tively: total length, 390, 385, 315, 413; tail, 42, 40, 55, 49; hind foot, 94, 132 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS 99, 97, 103; ear from notch (measurements, dry, in parentheses), 69 (66.2), 68(60.3), 74( 66.2), 69(63.6); basilar length, 54.2, 55.8, 52.3, 55.9; greatest zygomatic breadth, 34.8, 36.2, 36.0, ; postorbital constriction, 12.2, 11.9, 12.3, 12.4; length nasal, 31.6, 31.0, 29.2, 31.4; width nasals, 14.7, 15.0, 14.1, 14.6; alveolar length premolars-molars, 13.6, 13.0, 12.6, 13.5; diameter auditory meatus, 4.7, 4.4, 5.1, 4.6; breadth braincase, 25.7, 26.1, 26.5, 27.1; length palatal bridge, 7.2, 5.9, 5.4, 7.6. Remarks.—The desert or Audubon cottontail was found principally in the oak belt and frequently where the oaks were adjacent to the mouths of the canyons. It was not common to see these cottontails far out on the open alluvial fans or up in the pine belt. Specimens were noted in Carr Canyon to above 6000 feet elevation, but still in the oak belt. Whereas jack rabbits are crepuscular and nocturnal, these cottontails were principally diurnal. In an early morning’s drive up Miller Canyon in August, 1949, at least 4 or 5 cottontails would be seen. Sylvilagus audubonii must occur throughout the Mountains on the lower slopes. We have seen them on the west side near Sunnyside, to the south near Montezuma Pass, to the north around the Fort, and at several places along the eastern base. The only female we took had 4 embryos on August 5. Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri (Mearns ) EASTERN COTTONTAIL Lepus sylvaticus holzneri Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18:554, 1896. Douglas fir zone, near summit Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona. Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri, Lyon, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 45: 336, 1904. Records of occurrence-—“Huachuca Mts.,” 16(13, U.S. Nat. Mus., see Nelson, 1909:180; 3, Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.). None of these specimens has been examined by us. Remarks.—Sylvilagus floridanus must live only near the crest of the Huachuca Mountains and probably above 8000 feet. We had a brief glimpse of what we took to be an S. floridanus at the head of Miller Canyon near 8500 feet. This specimen was in a heavy pine forest, and the ground cover was relatively sparse. Some of the shallow drainage channels on the Mountains had small thickets of brush about 2%-feet high. The only cottontail we saw ran from one of these to another and escaped us. We were unsuccessful in collecting any, although we looked for them especially. S. floridanus is much more secretive than S. audu- bonii in the Huachucas. Those persons inhabiting the Mountains who make trips to the crest were aware of the fact that there was a rabbit there, a “high mountain ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 183 rabbit” as they called it, different from the cottontails on the flats and alluvial fans. They regarded the high mountain form as the larger and more difficult to find. The sparseness of the cover where this rabbit lives in the pines and firs may account for its secretive nature. Pecari tajacu sonoriensis (Mearns ) COLLARED PECCARY, JAVELINA Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:3 (reprint, p. 469), 1897. San Bernardino River, near Boundary Monument no. 77, Sonora, Mexico. Tayassu angulatum sonoriense, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Wat; Eist, 30:12, 1901. Pecari angulatus sonoriensis, Miller, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 79:383, 1912. Records of occurrence.—Blacktail Canyon, about 5500 ft., 1'(skull only ); Garden Canyon, 5500 ft., 2?(skulls only); see Remarks. Comparisons.—In the absence of comparative material, we have re- ferred the material from the Huachucas to P. t. sonoriensis. The tvpe locality of this subspecies is only 65 miles away from the Fort. The skull from Blacktail Canyon is that of an aged individual with the roots on the teeth short; some teeth have been lost, apparently due to extreme wear, and their alveoli have closed over. This is true for 5 lower incisors and 1 upper incisor. One skull from Garden Canyon is of an equally old animal, and there is evidence of considerable dental caries: the first 2 right up- per premolars have the roots exposed as does left M?; left M* has been lost; lower right M, is badly decayed. Dental caries may be common in adult peccaries in this region. Measurements.—Two aged adult skulls!: °, teeth worn smooth, unsexed: greatest length, 241, 236; condylobasal length, 203, 202; basilar length of Hensel, 183, 181; least interorbital constriction, 52.0, 51.7; greatest zy- gomatic breadth, across glenoid fossae, 109, 99; breadth across post- orbital processes (tip to tip), 79.3, 73.6; alveolar length of maxillary toothrow, 90.9, 88.7; alveolar length of upper premolar-molar series, 58.0, 61.7; alveolar length of lower premolar-molar series, 66.4, 69.0. Remarks.—Collared peccaries, or javelinas, have been present in the Huachucas as long as the oldest residents can remember. Mearns (1907: 166), writing of 1892-93, speaks of “the former presence of peccaries in the Huachuca Mountains,” and indicates that “soldiers under the com- mand of Capt. Louis A. Craig killed some of them a few years before.” In 1918 Stanley Young caught a peccary in a “wolf” trap near Sunnyside. Since peccaries usually travel in bands, being numerous in one place and absent in many other places, they may not have been encountered by Mearns when he was in the Huachucas. Because the animals are rather 134 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS secretive, many residents in the Mountains see them only rarely. Actu- ally peccaries occur throughout the Mountains but rarely extend above the oak forest. Peccaries use certain caves and mine tunnels in which to congregate and bring forth young. One such tunnel in Bear Canyon was used by peccaries, as indicated by a good amount of droppings. We were told there were other mine tunnels so occupied. Miners and prospectors consider the peccary beneficial, since it kills and eats rattlesnakes and other snakes in the mine tunnels. Alex D’Albini said that javelinas occa- sionally came into his orchard to feed on the fruit that had fallen to the ground. In Sycamore Canyon, to the northwest of Fort Huachuca, there is a dense stand of sacaton and, according to Wallmo (1951), javelinas have a particular liking for this habitat. Immature peccaries were seen in Miller Canyon in August, 1949. Skulls were found in Garden and Blacktail canyons. Mrs. Vinita Bledsoe told us of seeing one run across the road near the mouth of Hunter Canyon. Charles Wallmo reported seeing peccaries as follows: 4 at Syl- vania, 4 at the head of Blacktail Canyon, 3 at the mouth of Blacktail Canyon, 6 in Bear Canyon, 4 in Sycamore Canyon, 1 below Lone Moun- tain, 3 in Garden Canyon, and 2 in Huachuca Canyon. Odocoileus hemionus crooki ( Mearns ) MuLeE DEER Dorcelaphus crooki Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., advance sheets, p. 2, 1897. Summit, Dog Mountains, Grant Co., New Mexico. Odocoileus crooki, Thompson, Forest and Stream, 51:286, 1898. Odocoileus hemionus canus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3:560, 1901. Sierra en Media, Chihuahua, Mexico. Odocoileus hemionus crooki, Goldman and Kellogg, Jour. Mamm., 20: 507, 1939. Records of occurrence.—See Remarks. Remarks.—Mule deer or black-tailed deer occur principally on the flats away from the Mountains. Their tracks are fairly abundant in the washes and draws that extend up from the San Pedro River. However, a few mule deer do get into the Mountains, particularly at the north end. One place where they enter the Mountains is Blacktail Canyon, according to Earl Long. Price says of the black-tailed deer (Allen, 1895:257), “Some few bands still live along the west slope of the Huachuca Mountains. At a ranch house we saw some very fine antlers which had been taken dur- ing the fall of 1893.” ACCOUNT OF SPECIES 135 Odocoileus virginianus couesi (Coues and Yarrow ) WHITE-TAILED DEER Cariacus virginianus var. couesi Coues and Yarrow, Rept. Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Surv. West of 100th Meridian, 5:72, 1875. Camp Crittenden, Pima Co., Arizona. Odocoileus couesi, Thompson, Forest and Stream, 51:286, 1896. Odocoileus virginianus couesi, Lydekker, Cat. Ung. Mamm. British Mus., 4:158, 1915. Records of occurrence —Garden Canyon, 3!; government cabin, head Garden Canyon, 1°; Sawmill Canyon, 1°; upper Huachuca Canyon, 1’; Coyote Canyon, 1°; head Carr Canyon, 1°(all skulls only ). Comparisons.—Whitetails in the Huachucas are typical, small O. v. couesi. Fort Huachuca is within 20 miles of the type locality of this sub- species. We heard several reports of an even smaller deer inhabiting these Mountains. These may be very thin O. v. couesi. We know of no collected specimens of these small “rock deer,” as they are locally called. It is upon Dr. Remington Kellogg’s advice that we have regarded couesi as a sub- species of Odocoileus virginianus. Measurements.—External measurements are not available for speci- mens from the Huachucas, but Mr. Steve Gallizioli has made available the measurements of 10 males: 6 from the Chiricahua Mountains and 4 from Cerro Colorados, Pima County (measured by Wendell Swank). The males from the Chiricahuas are bucks with 2 or 3 points on each beam, in addition to a brow tine. The number of points is not available for those from the Cerro Colorados, but they must be of comparable age, judging from the measurements. Total length, 1426.0( 1283-1641); tail, 169.1( 133-187); hind foot, 379.6(340-410); ear from notch, 162.4(155- 170); ear from crown (on 4 only), 170.5( 162-178); height at shoulders, 790.3(724-870); metatarsal gland (for 2), 17.5, 16.1; weight in pounds (for 5), 79(55-96 ). Cranial measurements of skulls, picked up in the Huachucas, for <1, very old, teeth worn nearly to alveoli, practically no pattern; 1, same as previous; 3°, teeth moderately worn; 2, old, teeth much worn but some pattern remaining; ?+, same as previous; °°, very old, wear as in Ist male; 21, very old, wear as in Ist male, are respectively: basilar length, 6, 219, 224, 2 200" 20 : ; length nasal, 60.3, 67.2, 70.4, 57.8, 60.1, ——, 60.5; greatest width nasals, at posterior margin nasal-maxilla suture, 22.9, 35.7, , 24.8, 24.0, , 20.0; orbital width, 60.7, 63.8, 61.5, 54.4, 54.8, 55.8, 55.8; zygomatic width, 102.6, 109.7, 103.0, 90.6, 95.2, 94.7, 97.5; mastoidal width, 74.8, 84.0, 83.7, 67.5, 71.2, 71.5, 69.8; upper molar series, 66.1, 65.1, 66.1, 63.2, 67.2, 66.2, 64.0; palatal breadth, 44.9, 44.9, 41.9, 36.9, 39.8, 39.4, 40.7; diameter antler beam 136 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS ¥%2 inch above burr, males only, 25.4, 31.5, 31.4. Measurements that are not explained are made according to Cowan (1936). Remarks.—Coues deer or Coues whitetail is one of the smallest vari- eties of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. Large, mature bucks weigh less than 100 pounds and does less than 65 pounds. Adult bucks average only 31 inches high at the shoulder. These deer occur from the brushy alluvial fans to the crest of the Hua- chucas. They were probably most common in the oaks in August, and numbers of them could be seen in this zone any night. In the pines and fir at the head of Miller Canyon, about 8200 feet elevation, 3 deer browsed in mid-morning within 50 yards of us while we remained quiet in the shade of a cabin. We rarely saw deer during the daytime in the oak belt, and they would never approach close to us; they most likely were more wary at this low elevation where there is a greater likeli- hood of encountering human beings. Whitetails are abundant in the Huachucas. Wallmo (1951) and a technician made 702 observations of white-tailed deer in the fiscal year (July 1 to June 30) 1950-1951, and 263 in 1949-1950. A walking survey of 129 miles revealed 109 deer. Wallmo’s work in 1949-1950 indicated approximately 2 does for each buck and a fawn crop of over 70 per cent of the females. This would indicate a good increase annually, but depre- dation by mountain lions and hunting by man have kept down any size- able increase. Man’s checking effect has not been too great, since the average kill of deer in the Huachucas over 4 years (1946-1948, 1950) was 76 per year (Wallmo, 1951). Mountain lions must play an important part in preventing an over-abundance of deer in the Mountains, but elimina- tion of lions in these Mountains might be unwise, from the cattleman’s viewpoint. Deer might then increase much more rapidly and compete for the browse which the cattle use when they run in the Mountains. At the present time the density of deer in the Mountains has not resulted in over-browsing, Wallmo (1951) points out, for there is a good supply of suitable forage throughout the Huachucas. Whitetails are also preyed upon in the Huachucas by coyotes, wolves, and eagles. While in Cave Creek Canyon we found that a soaring eagle caused a deer on the opposite slope to give a sharp “cry.” In August we saw numerous fawns varying in age from about one to several weeks. Wallmo (1951) found that in the Huachucas fawns were dropped in July, the rut was from December through February, old antlers were shed in very late spring, and new antlers appeared in July. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES iy Antilocapra americana (cf. mexicana Merriam) PRONGHORN Antilocapra americana mexicana Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14:31, 1901. Sierra en Media, Chihuahua, Mexico. Records of occurrence.—‘Several bands . . . along the bases of the Huachuca . . . Mountains” (in 1894), see Price (in Allen, 1895:257). Native stock now exterminated; re-introduced at Fort Huachuca. Comparisons.—Pronghorns from the Huachucas may have been refer- able to either A. a. mexicana (Sierra en Media, Chihuahua) or A. a. so- noriensis Goldman (1945:3, 40 mi. N Costa Rica, Sonora). Goldman includes within the range of sonoriensis “southern Arizona,” and con- siders a specimen from Fort Buchanan (—Crittenden), Santa Cruz County, Arizona, as sharing some of the characters of the type of sono- riensis (Goldman, 1945:4). Crittenden is only 20 miles from Fort Hua- chuca. Goldman goes on to say, “On geographic grounds, however, specimens from southeastern Arizona may be expected to exhibit grada- tion toward mexicana.” Since there are no native specimens from the Hua- chucas available for comparison with either mexicana or sonoriensis, we cannot be sure of the subspecific identity of the original stock. We are naturally dubious of the validity of A. a. sonoriensis since Goldman had only 2 specimens (and 1 of these the skull only from Fort Buchanan ) with which to measure individual variation and evaluate diagnostic characteristics. Remarks.—Price saw small bands (of 12 or fewer individuals) at the base of the Huachucas in 1894. Mearns apparently saw none in October, 1892, or July, 1893. Mearns mentions them from San Pedro Valley, from near Tombstone, and from the foothills near Dragoon Summit (Mearns, 1907:229-230). A. K. Fisher (1892) writes that in 1892 “no antilopes [sic] were seen, but small bands occur on the plain between the Post and the mouth of Garden Cafion every winter.” Stanley Young told us he saw pronghorns on the flats to the north of the Huachucas as late as 1916-1919. In December, 1949, 72 pronghorns were moved into and released in an enclosure at Fort Huachuca. In January, 1951, 18 more antelope were released. Of the 90 released, many died and many more escaped from the enclosure and moved into the Mountains. Whether these escapees will ever establish themselves as a wild stock in and around the Huachucas remains to be seen. They have not up to this time. In June, 1953, 68 prong- horns were still in the enclosure. Hypothetical List Tadarida mexicana (Saussure). Mexican Free-tailed Bat. This species most likely occurs at times in the buildings at the Fort, and perhaps else- where at the base of the Mountains. For further comments, see Tadarida femorosacca (page 69). Mustela frenata neomexicana (Barber and Cockerell). Long-tailed Weasel. Numerous inquiries produced no information as to the presence of weasels in the Mountains in 1950, but Price (in Allen, 1895:255-256 ) in writing of his collecting says, “A weasel was taken at 9000 feet eleva- tion in the Huachuca Mountains during 1893, and from casual observa- tion I supposed it to be P. brasiliensis frenatus.” One would suspect that weasels certainly were not present in the Huachucas because the pocket gophers high on the side of Carr Peak frequently plugged their burrow entrances only with sunflower leaves, not with dirt. Weasels are natural enemies of these gophers. Felis pardalis sonoriensis Goldman. Ocelot. Goldman (1943:378) gives the range of this subspecies of ocelot as north to southeastern Arizona and formerly as far north as Fort Verde, Arizona. If this cat did occur in southeastern Arizona, the Huachucas would be a likely place. No reports of such a cat were heard by us from any of the inhabitants to whom we talked. Tamiasciurus fremonti (cf. grahamensis Allen). Chickaree. It is ques- tionable that the spruce squirrel or chickaree was ever present in the Huachuca Mountains, but if so, apparently it is now extinct there. Mearns (1907:262) writes as follows: “Lieut. Harry C. Benson, writing from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, September 26, 1884, speaks of “squirrels—gray and red (one specimen only seen ).’ I subsequently heard of a red-backed squirrel that had been shot and skinned in the Huachuca Mountains, about 1893, which I thought possibly S. aberti. Both this and Lieutenant Benson's ‘red’ squirrel may have been a form of this chickaree.” Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam. Bighorn. These sheep were re- ported to occur in the Santa Ritas (Mearns, 1907:239), possibly in the Chiricahuas (Price, in Allen, 1895:258), and were seen in the Santa Cata- linas as late as 1894 (Price, loc. cit.). It seems possible that they may have occurred, at least occasionally, in parts of the Huachucas, particu- larly in some of the rimrock and at the southern end below Montezuma Pass. 138 Mammals Adjacent to But Not in Huachuca Mountains As pointed out before, this report is restricted to the mountainous por- tion of the Huachucas, including the alluvial fans of the canyons and the bajada connecting these fans around the base of the mountains. It is not always easy to draw a sharp limit between the bajada and the desert. Therefore, some mammals known to occur below the area studied, that is, farther out in the desert floor, are included in this list for complete- ness. Perhaps we should have placed Antrozous pallidus pallidus in this list, for this species has not been taken in the “Mountains.” However, it has been taken close to them, and since these bats are good flyers, we feel confident they do occasionally get to the base of the Mountains. Citellus harrisii harrisii (Audubon and Bachman). Yuma Antelope Ground Squirrel. These ground squirrels occur on the open desert, well below the bajada and alluvial fans. The squirrels can be seen along roads between the Mountains and the San Pedro River. Castor canadensis frondator Mearns. Beaver. Beaver formerly were present along the San Pedro Valley, probably within 8 miles of the base of the Huachucas, and on Babocomari Creek. Lepus alleni alleni Mearns. Antelope Jack Rabbit. This jack cccurred in good numbers in the Babocomari tract to the north of Fort Huachuca among mesquites and a lush growth of grasses and weeds. They were in association with Lepus californicus. According to Earl Long, this area of about 2 miles square is the only spot near the Huachucas where ante- lope jack rabbits occur. Other places within the area of the Huachucas looked the same, but no antelope jacks were there. One female taken 7 miles north of the Fort contained nearly full-term embryos on August 23. Four of these embryos were removed from the amniotic sac and kept alive from 3 to 5 days. They were completely furred, their eyes were open, and they were able to move about. These 4 give the follow- ing measurements in millimeters: total length, 161, 169, 154, 164; tail, 19, 20, 16, 17; hind foot, 40, 43, 41, 41; ear from notch, 31, 33, 31, 33. 139 Allen, G. M. 1916. Allen, J. A. 1894. 1895. Benson, S. B. 1934. 1935. 1939. 1940. Literature Cited Bats of the genus Corynorhinus. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60 (9) :331-356. Descriptions of five new North American mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:347-350. On a collection of mammals from Arizona and Mexico, made by Mr. W. W. Price, with field notes by the collector. Ibid., 7:193-258. Description of a race of Dipodomys merriami from Arizona. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47:181-184. A protective habit of Dipodomys deserti. Jour. Mamm., 16:67-68. Descriptions and records of harvest mice (genus Reithrodon- tomys) from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52:147-150. A new cotton rat (Sigmodon) from Arizona and New Mexico. Tbid., 53:157-158. Blossom, P. M., and W. H. Burt 1942. A new race of pygmy mouse (Baiomys) from Arizona. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Occas. Paper 465:4 pp. Borell, A., and M. D. Bryant 1942. Burt, W. H. 1938. 1938. Campbell, B. 1934. Cowan, I. M. 1936. Crabb, W. D. 1944. Darrow, R. A. 1944. Mammals of the Big Bend area of Texas. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 48:62 pp. Additional notes on the mammals of southern Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 14:118-122. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in Sonora, Mexico. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. 39:77 pp. Notes on bats collected in Arizona during the summer of 1933. Jour. Mamm., 15:241-242. Distribution and variation in deer (genus Odccoileus) of the Pacific coastal region of North America. Calif. Fish and Game, PO Maa Growth, development and seasonal weights of spotted skunks. Jour. Mamm., 25:218-221. Arizona range resources and their utilization. I. Cochise County. Univ. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bull. 103:311-366. Dice, L. R., and P. M. Blossom 1937. Studies of mammalian ecology in southwestern North America with special attention to the colors of desert mammals. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 485:iv+129 pp. 140 Dixon, J. 1924. Doutt, J. K. 1931. Fisher, A. k. 1892. Fisher, H. I. 1941. Gazin, C. L. 1942. Gidley, J. W. 1923. Glass, B. P. 1947. Goldman, E. 1910. 1922. 1933. 1939. 1943. 1945. 1947. 1950. Hall ER: 1946. 1951. LITERATURE CITED 141 Notes on the life history of the gray shrew. Jour. Mamm., 5:1-6. A new subspecies of the Arizona gray squirrel (Sciurus arizo- nensis Coues). Ann. Carnegie Mus., 20:271-273. A list of the mammals observed in southeastern Arizona in the Huachuca Mountains and vicinity, April 26 to June 11, 1892. MS, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biol. Surv., 11 unnumbered pages. Notes on shrews of the genus Notiosorex. Jour. Mamm., 22: 263-269. The late Cenozoic vertebrate faunas from the San Pedro Valley, Ariz. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 92:475-518. Preliminary report on fossil vertebrates of the San Pedro Valley, Arizona, with descriptions of new species of Rodentia and La- gomorpha. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 131-E:119-131, pl. 34, 35. Geographic variation in Perognathus hispidus. Jour. Mamm., 28:174-179. A. Revision of the wood rats of the genus Neotoma. No. Amer. Fauna, 31:124 pp. Two new skunks of the genus Conepatus. Jour. Mamm., 3:40-41. New mammals from Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 23:463-473. A new badger from Sonora. [bid., 29:300-301. The races of the ocelot and margay in Middle America. Jour. Mamm., 24:372-385. A new pronghorn antelope from Sonora. 58:3-4. The pocket gophers (genus Thomomys) of Arizona. No. Amer. Fauna, 59:39 pp. Raccoons of North and Middle America. Ibid., 60:vi+153 pp. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Mammals of Nevada. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Press, 1946, 710 pp. American weasels. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 4: 1-466. Hatfield, D. M. 1936. A revision of the Pipistrellus hesperus group of bats. Jour. Mamm., 17:257-262. Hershkovitz, P. 1951. Mammals from British Honduras, Mexico, Jamaica and Haiti. Fieldiana — Zoology, 31:547-569. Hibbard, C. W. 1939. Notes on additional fauna of Edson quarry of the Middle Plio- cene of Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 42:457-462. 142 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS Hock, R. J. 1952. The opossum in Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 33:464-470. Hollister, N. 1914. A systematic account of the grasshopper mice. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:427-489. 1916. A systematic account of the prairie dogs. No. Amer. Fauna, 40: 37 pp. Hooper, E. T. 1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (genus Reithrodonto- mys) of Latin America. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. 77: 250 pps Howell, A. H. 1901. Revision of the skunks of the genus Chincha. No. Amer. Fauna, 20:62 pp. 1906. Revision of the skunks of the genus Spilogale. Ibid., 26:55 pp. 1914. Revision of the American harvest mice (Genus Reithrodonto- mys). Ibid., 36:97 pp. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classi- fication of the North American Sciuridae. Ibid., 56:256 pp. Jackson, H. H. T. 1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews. No. Amer. Fauna, 51:238 pp. Little, E. L., Jr. 1938. A record of the jaguarundi in Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 19:500- DOL: Mearns, E. A. 1907. Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States... Part I. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 56:xv+530 pp. Merriam, C. H. 1898. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., 10:79 pp. Miller, G. S., Jr. 1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilio- nidae. No. Amer. Fauna, 13:141 pp. Miller, G. S., Jr., and G. M. Allen 1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 144:viii+218 pp. Nelson, E. W. 1909. The rabbits of North America. No. Amer. Fauna, 29:314 pp. Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman 1933. Revision of the jaguars. Jour. Mamm., 14:221-240. Orr, R. T. 1940. The rabbits of California. Occas. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 19: 207 pp. Osgood, W. H. 1900. Revision of the pocket mice of the genus Perognathus. No. Amer. Fauna, 18:73 pp. 1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. [bid., 28:285 pp. LITERATURE CITED 143 Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C., privately printed, iv+44 pp., 53 pls. Schantz, V. S. 1948. A new badger from Mexico—United States boundary. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 61:175-176. Setzer, H. W. 1949. Subspeciation in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:473-578. Shamel, H. H. 1931. Notes on the American bats of the genus Tadarida. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 78:1-27. Swarth, H. S. 1929. The faunal areas of southern Arizona: a study in animal distri- bution. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18:267-383. Vorhies, C. T., and W. P. Taylor 1922. Life history of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis specta- bilis Merriam. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. 1091, 40 pp. Wallmo, O. C. 1951. Fort Huachuca wildlife area surveys 1950-1951. Ariz. Game and Fish Comm. Wild. Rest. Div., 1951, various parts paged sepa- rately, 76 pp. MS. Vegetation of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman 1944. The wolves of North America. American Wildlife Inst., Wash- ington, D.C., 1944, xx+636 pp. 1946. The puma, mysterious American cat. American Wildlife Inst., Washington, D.C., 1946, xiv+358 pp. Young, S. P., and A. F. Halloran 1952. Arizona specimens of the black-footed ferret. Jour. Mamm., 33: Dole albigula Neotoma, 49, 123, 128 Neotoma albigula, 126 alleni, Lepus alleni, 139 ambigua Spilogale, 74 Spilogale putorius, 74 infection, 76 young, 76 amblyceps, Ursus americanus, 70 americana, Antilocapra, 137 amotus, Myotis velifer, 63 antelope, 137 antelope jack rabbit, 139 Antilocapra americana, 137 mexicana, 137 sonoriensis, 137 antilocaprid, 30 Antrozous pallidus, 69, 139 apache, Taxidea taxus, 79 apus, Pipistrellus hesperus, 65 Arizona gray squirrel, 91 arizonae Peromyscus leucopus, 118 Spilogale, 74 Sylvilagus audubonii, 131 arizonensis Bassariscus astutus, 73 Cynomys ludovicianus, 90 Felis onca, 85 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 113 Sciurus, 45 Sciurus arizonensis, 92 army post, 6 aspen belt, 16 ater, Baiomys taylori, 112, 115 atrox, Felis, 30 audubonii, Sylvilagus, 132 australis, Pipistrellus hesperus, 65 Austroriparian Life-zone, 12 azteca, Felis concolor, 85 numbers, 86 Index Babocomari River, 8 badger, 79 baileyi Canis lupus, 83 measurements, 82 runways, 84 Lynx rufus, 87 Baiomys, 115 ater, 112. 115 banner-tailed kangaroo rat, 108 bannertails, 109 Bassariscus arizonensis, 73 bat big brown, 66 hoary, 67 long-eared, 68 long-nosed, 53 long-tongued, 50 Mexican free-tailed, 70 pallid, 69 pocketed free-tailed, 69 red, 67 bear black, 70 brown, 70 beaver, 139 Benson fossil beds, 30 bensonensis, Sylvilagus, 36 bensoni Citellus, 34 Cratogeomys, 35 Onychomys, 35 Bensonomys, 30 bernardinus, Eptesicus fuscus, 66 big brown bat, 66 bighorn, 138 bimaculatus, Perognathus flavus, 101 black bear, 70 rat, 128 black-tailed jack rabbit, 129 prairie dog, 90 bobcat, 87 145 146 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS bottae, Thomomys, 94 boylii, Peromyscus, 45, 49, 112, 113, 118, 119, 121, 128 brown bear, 70 brush mouse, 119 bullata, Neotoma mexicana, 127 burti, Reithrodontomys, 112 cacomitli, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, 86, 87 cactus mouse, 122 California myotis, 64 californica, Didelphis marsupialis, 44 californicus Lepus, 139 Lepus californicus, 130 Myotis californicus, 64 camels, 30 Canadian Life-zone, 15 canescens, Citellus spilosoma, 88 Canis baileyi, 83 measurements, 82 runways, 84 edwardii, 34 gregoryi, 83 mearnsi, 81 measurements, 82 mogollonensis, 83 niger, 34 rufus, 83 carolinensis, Sciurus, 93 Carolinian Life-zone, 12 Castor frondator, 139 cat, ring-tailed, 73 catalinae, Sciurus arizonensis, 92 cave myotis, 59 chaparral-conifer belt, 15 check list, 41 chickaree, 138 chiricahuae, Thomomys, 95 Choeronycteris, 68 mexicana, 50, 60 chula, 71 cienegae, Sigmodon hispidus, 123 cinereus, Lasiurus cinereus, 67 Citellus bensoni, 34 canescens, 88 cochisei, 30 grammurus, 89 harrisii, 139 variegatus, 49 climate, 9 coati-mundi, 71 coatis, 71 cochisei, Citellus, 30 collared peccary, 133 collinus, Thomomys bottae, 94 conditi, Perognathus hispidus, 103 Conepatus mearnsi, 78 mesoleucus, 45 venaticus, 78 rooting, 78 confinis, Sigmodon hispidus, 128 Corynorhinus mexicanus, 68 pallescens, 68 rafinesquii, 52, 55, 60 cottontail desert, 131 eastern, 132 Coues deer, 136 Coues whitetail, 136 couesi Erethizon dorsatum, 129 Odocoileus virginianus, 135 coxata, Nycterophilia, 58 coyote, 81 Cratogeomys bensoni, 35 crawfordi Notiosorex, 77 Notiosorex crawfordi, 46 crooki, Odocoileus hemionus, 134 Curtis Ranch fossil beds, 30 curtisi, Sigmodon, 35 Cynomys, 91 arizonensis, 90 deer Coues, 136 mule, 134 white-tailed, 135 deer mouse, 116, 117 desert cottontail, 131 grassland belt, 12, 13 pocket mouse, 104 scrub belt, 12, 13 shrew, 46 INDEX 147 Didelphis fox californica, 44 gray, 80 mesamericana, 44 kit, 80 virginiana, 44 Dipodomys gidleyi, 35 merriami, 88, 106, 107, 108, 113, 123 minor, 34 olivaceus, 107 ordii, 88, 105, 106, 108, 113 perblandus, 108 regillus, 107 spectabilis, 88, 108, 113 mounds, 109 eastern cottontail, 132 edentate, 30 edwardii, Canis, 34 Eptesicus bernardinus, 66 pallidus, 66 eremicoides, Peromyscus pectoralis, NEA eremicus Lepus californicus, 129 Perognathus penicillatus, 104 Peromyscus, 121 Peromyscus eremicus, 121 Erethizon couesi, 129 estor, Mephitis mephitis, 76 evaporation, 9 evotis Myotis, 61, 62, 63 Myotis evotis, 60 extenuatus, Thomomys bottae, 95 Felis arizonensis, 85 atrox, 30 azteca, 85 numbers, 86 pardalis, 86 sonoriensis, 138 femorosacca, Tadarida, 69, 138 flavus Perognathus, 102, 104, 105, 111 Perognathus flavus, 101 floridanus, Sylvilagus, 132 Fort Huachuca, 6, 10 fossils, 29 frenata, Mustela, 77 fringe-tailed myotis, 61 frondator, Castor canadensis, 139 frost, 10 fulvescens Reithrodontomys, 113, 115 Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 114 fulvous harvest mouse, 114 gaillardi Lepus, 131 Lepus gaillardi, 131 Gaillard’s jack rabbit, 131 gazetteer, 38 geographical affinities of mammals, 26, 29 Geomys minor, 35 gidleyi, Dipodomys, 35 gopher pocket, 93 western pocket, 95, 98, 100 grahamensis Tamiasciurus fremonti, 138 Thomomzys bottae, 95 grammurus, Citellus variegatus, 89 gray fox, 80 shrew, 49 wolf, 83 gregoryi, Canis niger, 83 griseus, Reithrodontomys montanus, as hairy-winged myotis, 63 harrisii, Citellus harrisii, 139 harvest mice, 23 Herpailurus cacomitli, 86, 87 tolteca, 87 high mountain rabbit, 133 hispid cotton rat, 123 pocket mouse, 103 hispidus Perognathus, 49, 103, 104, 113 Perognathus hispidus, 103 Sigmodon, 49, 113, 123 history of Huachucas, 6 148 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS hoary bat, 67 hog-nosed skunk, 78 holzneri, Sylvilagus floridanus, 132 hooded skunk, 77 horses, 30 house mouse, 120, 128 huachuca, Sciurus arizonensis, 89, 91 breeding, 93 food, 98 hueyi, Thomomys bottae, 94, 100 Hypolagus, 30 hypothetical list, 138 incautus, Myotis velifer, 59 interior, Myotis volans, 63 intermedius Perognathus, 105 Perognathus intermedius, 105 Thomomys bottae, 95 burrows, 97 habits, 97 Thomomys umbrinus, 94 interrelationships of mammals, 4 species, 22 interrupta, Spilogale, 76 jack rabbit antelope, 139 black-tailed, 129 Gaillard’s, 131 jacks, 130 jaguar, 85 jaguarundi, 86 javelina, 133 kangaroo rats, 23 kit fox, 80 laceianus, Peromyscus pectoralis, 122 Lasiurus cinereus, 67 teleotis, 67 least cotton rat, 124 Leptonycteris, 52 nivalis, 53 Lepus alleni, 139 californicus, 130, 139 eremicus, 129 gaillardi, 131 texianus, 130 leucogaster, Onychomys, 110 leucoparia, Spilogale, 75 leucopus, Peromyscus, 45, 118, 121 life-zones, 12 . livestock, in Huachucas, 6 long-eared bat, 68 myotis, 60 long-nosed bats, 53 long-tailed weasel, 138 long-tongued bat, 50 Lower Austral Life-zone, 12 Sonoran Life-zone, 12 lumbering, 7 Lynx baileyi, 87 texensis, 87 macroura, Mephitis, 49 mammals adjacent to Huachucas, 139 associated with life-zones, 12 plant belts, 12 maniculatus, Peromyscus, 49, 117, 121 mastodontids, 30 maximus, Pipistrellus hesperus, 65 mearnsi Canis latrans, 81 measurements, 82 Conepatus mesoleucus, 78 medius, Sigmodon, 35 megalotis Reithrodontomys, 115, 118 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 112 melanorhinus, Myotis subulatus, 64 Mephitis estor, 76 macroura, 49 milleri, 77 Merriam kangaroo rat, 107 merriami Dipodomys, 88, 106, 107, 108, 118, 123 Dipodomys merriami, 107 Peromyscus, 121 Pipistrellus hesperus, 65 mesamericana, Didelphis mesameri- cana, 44 mesoleucus, Conepatus, 45 methods, 5 Mexican free-tailed bat, 70 mexicana Antilocapra americana, 137 Choeronycteris, 50, 60 Corynorhinus rafinesquii, 68 Neotoma, 113, 126 Neotoma mexicana, 127 Ovis canadensis, 138 Tadarida, 69, 138 mexicanus, Procyon lotor, 71 mice harvest, 23 house, 120 pocket, 23, 24 milleri, Mephitis macroura, 7 minimus Sigmodon, 113, 125 Sigmodon minimus, 124 minor Dipodomys, 34 Geomys, 35 Sigmodon, 35 Sylvilagus audubonii, 131 modicus, Thomomys bottae, 94, 100 mogollonensis, Canis lupus, 83 molaris, Nasua narica, 71 digging ability, 73 food, 72 packs, 73 montanus Reithrodontomys, 112, 115 Reithrodontomys montanus, 111 Sigmodon ochrognathus, 125 monticola, Sorex vagrans, 45 mountain lion, 85 mouse brush, 119 eactus, 122 deer, 116, 117 desert pocket, 104 fulvous harvest, 114 hispid pocket, 103 house, 128 northern grasshopper, 110 pigmy, 115 plains harvest, 111 rock pocket, 105 silky pocket, 101 southern grasshopper, 111 western harvest, 112 white-ankled, 121 white-footed, 118 iG INDEX 149 mule deer, 134 Mus musculus, 120, 128 tectorum, 128 musculus Mus, 120 Mus musculus, 128 Mustela frenata, 77 neomexicana, 138 nigripes, 91 Myotis amotus, 63 California, 64 californicus, 64 cave, 59 evotis, 60, 61, 62, 63 fringe-tailed, 61 hairy-winged, 63 incautus, 59 interior, 63 long-eared, 60 melanorhinus, 64 small footed, 64 subulatus, 63, 66 thysanodes, 61, 62, 63 velifer, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70 volans, 60, 66 Yuma, 58 P yumanensis, 58 narica, Nasua, 45 Nasua narica, 45 molaris, 71 digging ability, 73 food, 72 packs, 73 neomexicana Mustela frenata, 138 Vulpes macrotis, 80 Neotoma albigula, 49, 123, 126, 128 bullata, 127 fossilis, 36 mexicana, 113, 126, 127 Nerterogeomys persimilis, 35 niger, Canis, 34 nigripes, Mustela, 91 nivalis, Leptonycteris nivalis, 53 northern grasshopper mouse, 110 150 Notiosorex crawfordi, 46, 77 embryo, 50 measurements, 51 nesting site, 48 numbers, 49 Nycterophilia coxata, 58 oak woodland belt, 14 ocelot, 86, 138 ochrognathus Sigmodon, 113 Sigmodon ochrognathus, 125 Odocoileus couesi, 135 crooki, 134 virginianus, 135 olivaceus, Dipodomys merriami, 107 Onychomys bensoni, 35 leucogaster, 110 pedroensis, 35 ruidosae, 110 torridus, 110, 111, 113 opossum, 44 Ord kangaroo rat, 105 ordii Dipodomys, 88, 106, 108, 118 Dipodomys ordii, 105 Ovis mexicana, 138 owl pellets, 102, 106, 109 pallescens, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, 68 pallid bat, 69 pallidus Antrozous pallidus, 69 Eptesicus fuscus, 66 paradoxus, Perognathus hispidus, 103 pardalis, Felis, 86 Pecari sonoriensis, 133 peccaries, 133 peccary, collared, 133 pectoralis, Peromyscus, 121 pedroensis Onychomys, 35 Spilogale, 30 penicillatus Perognathus, 49, 104, 113 Perognathus penicillatus, 104 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS perblandus, Dipodomys spectabilis, 108 Perognathus bimaculatus, 101 conditi, 103 flavus, 101, 102, 104, 105, 116 hispidus, 49, 103, 104, 113 intermedius, 105 paradoxus, 103 penicillatus, 49, 104, 113 pricei, 104 Peromyscus, 24 arizonae, 118 attwateri, 119 boylii, 45, 49, 112, 113, 118, 119, 121, 128 eremicoides, 121 eremicus, 121 laceianus, 122 leucopus, 45, 118, 121 maniculatus, 49, 117, 121 merriami, 12] pectoralis, 121 rowleyi, 119 rufinus, 113, 117 sonoriensis, 116 persimilis, Nerterogeomys, 35 physiography, 8 pigmy mouse, 115 pine-Douglas fir-oak belt, 15 pine-fir forest belt, 15 pipistrel, western, 65 Pipistrellus apus, 65 australis, 65 maximus, 65 merriami, 65 plains harvest mouse, 111 plant belts, 12 Pleistocene mammals, 29 Pliocene mammals, 29 pocket gophers, 93 mice, 23 pocketed free-tailed bat, 69 porcupine, 70, 129 prairie dog, black-tailed, 90 precipitation, 10 pricei, Perognathus penicillatus, 104 Procyon mexicanus, 71 Prodipodomys, 35 INDEX pronghorn, 137 proximus Thomomys bottae, 98 Thomomys umbrinus, 94 puma, 85 putorius, Spilogale, 45, 75 rabbit, high mountain, 133 raccoon, 71 rafinesquii, Corynorhinus, 52, 55, 60 rat banner-tailed kangaroo, 108 black, 128 hispid cotton, 123 kangaroo, 23 least cotton, 124 Merriam kangaroo, 107 Ord kangaroo, 105 white-throated wood, 126 yellow-nosed cotton, 125 Rattus rattus, 128 red bat, 67 regillus, Dipodomys merriami, 107 Reithrodontomys arizonensis, 113 burti, 112 fulvescens, 113, 114, 115 griseus, 112, 113 megalotis, 112, 115, 118 montanus, 111, 112, 115 ring-tailed cat, 73 rock pocket mouse, 105 squirrel, 89 rowleyi, Peromyscus boylii, 119 rufinus, Peromyscus maniculatus, 113, 7 rufus, Canis niger, 83 ruidosae, Onychomys leucogaster, 110 San Pedro River, 8 Santa Cruz River, 8 Sciurus arizonensis, 45, 92 carolinensis, 93 catalinae, 92 huachuca, 89, 91 breeding, 93 food, 98 scottii, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 80 151 shrew desert, 46 gray, 49 vagrant, 45 Sigmodon cienegae, 123 confinis, 123 curtisi, 35 hispidus, 49, 118, 123 medius, 35 minimus, 113, 124, 125 minor, 35 montanus, 125 ochrognathus, 113, 125 silky-pocket mouse, 101 skunk, 24 hog-nosed, 78 hooded, 77 spotted, 74 striped, 76 small-footed myotis, 64 snowfall, 9, 10 sonoriensis Antilocapra americana, 137 Felis pardalis, 138 Pecari tajacu, 133 Peromyscus maniculatus, 116 Taxidea taxus, 79 Sorex monticola, 45 vagrans, 119 southern grasshopper mouse, 111 species, number of, 25 spectabilis, Dipodomys, 88, 108, 113 mounds, 109 sphaeronatus, Trichobius, 58 Spilogale ambigua, 74 infection, 76 young, 76 arizonae, 74 interrupta, 76 leucoparia, 75 pedroensis, 30 putorius, 45, 75 spotted ground squirrel, 88 skunk, 74 squirrel Arizona gray, 91 rock, 89 152 MAMMALS OF THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS spotted ground, 88 Yuma antelope ground, 139 striped skunk, 76 subulatus, Myotis, 63, 66 Sylvilagus arizonae, 131 audubonii, 132 bensonensis, 36 floridanus, 132 minor, 131 Tadarida femorosacca, 69, 138 mexicana, 69, 138 Tamiasciurus grahamensis, 138 Taxidea apache, 79 sonoriensis, 79 tectorum, Mus, 128 teleotis, Lasiurus borealis, 67 temperature, 9, 10 texensis, Lynx rufus, 87 texianus, Lepus californicus, 130 Thomomys, 93 bottae, 94 chiricahuae, 95 collinus, 94 coloration, 95 extenuatus, 95 grahamensis, 95 hueyi, 94, 100 intermedius, 94, 95 burrows, 97 habits, 97 mammary glands, 94 modicus, 94, 100 proximus, 94, 98 umbrinus, 94 thysanodes Myotis, 61, 62, 63 Myotis thysanodes, 61 tigre, 85 timber wolf, 83 tolteca, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, 87 torridus Onychomys, 110, 111, 113 Onychomys torridus, 111 Transition Life-zone, 12, 15 Trichobius sphaeronatus, 58 umbrinus, Thomomys, 94 Upper Austral Life-zone, 12 Sonoran Life-zone, 12, 13 Urocyon scotti, 80 Ursus amblyceps, 70 vagrans, Sorex, 119 vagrant shrew, 45 variegatus, Citellus, 49 velifer Myotis, 55, 60, 62, 63 Myotis velifer, 59, 70 venaticus, Conepatus mesoleucus, 78 rooting, 78 virginiana, Didelphis marsupialis, 44 virginianus, Odocoileus, 135 volans, Myotis, 60, 66 Vulpes neomexicana, 80 weasel, long-tailed, 138 weather records, 10 western harvest mouse, 112 pipistrel, 65 pocket gopher, 95, 98, 100 white-ankled mouse, 121 white-footed mouse, 118 whitetail, Coues, 136 white-tailed deer, 135 white-throated wood rat, 126 wolf gray, 83 timber, 83 woodland chaparral belt, 14 yellow-nosed cotton rat, 125 Yuma antelope ground squirrel, 139 myotis, 58 yumanensis, Myotis yumanensis, 58 yi fa) and Evolutionary Study of the ion Mouse, Peromyscus truei. 5 pls. 24 gs. 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Vol. 8, No. 4. $1.25. ~ ROBACK, SELWYN S. (1954): The Evolution and Taxonomy of the Sarcophaginae (Dip- tera, Sarcophagidae). 9 charts. 34 pls. Vol. 23, Nos. 3-4. $3.00. ROSS, HERBERT H. (1931): Sawflies of the Sub-Family Dolerinae of America North of Mexico. 6 pls. Vol. 12, No. 3. $1.25. (1987): A Generic Classification of the Nearctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). 17 pls. Vol. 15, No. 2. $2.00. SCHOOF, HERBERT FREDERICK (1942): The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United States. 9 pls. 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