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‘ . ere)... BY a Ee
to Dats EDWARD A. GOLDMAN Man a REN
Assistant Biologist, ‘Burean of Biological Survey, U. S. Department c. ES

es Whe Agriculture. 9 ns
2 “Suh
(PUBLICATION 2498)

CITY OF WASHINGTON
_ PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
. 1920

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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 69, NUMBER 5

MAMMALS OF PANAMA

(With THIrTY-NINE PLATES)

BY

EDWARD A. GOLDMAN

Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of
Agriculture

AE-INC.

(PUBLICATION 2498)

CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1920

The Lord Baltimore Press

BALTIMORE, MD., U. &. A.

€=

APR 49 ONY

linpac

4)

MAMMALS OF PANAMA

By EDWARD A. GOLDMAN

Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S.Department of
Agriculture

(WitH 39 PLates)

CONTENTS

* ‘PAGE
MCVEDETEN TTT TENT tate grata s tec ant arses atc ate on las yas Ace woke s > da" ndlara Nias evatteteis eee 4
PE IEUMTTLUGRULSAIMOIN SatActits ficctemiaicrs ctiesak oe hc oc cde d ray cme amr ie 4
MOS COICO TCIM UEILO iri ic ad rie erase lb oy x sierece sweet palatal cia alee eas 4

ye MCIICHOG I OLNGTO ls vac cans nnvcuvaen cs cede uaweaws ele se i
PC MTU C EI TETETILS IY tap cistatome ati eva tere staid ie che RTEae kclamn xig esate BIRO RIEE a chats 18
ee SRT eee Oe on Sieg dcx s.p vv <ivctanthg ny bw octds s dweea baeemes 19
eS ELIA ML ESLEPEAC SIL Mente scr etaterernte le x coerce ake dicts wcretate aisle nee hie we 0 wh-weds apes 2
ee NEI EM Od ere rarete lise vie o.018 oa ak wistalary =< EE satan ble we ecdla ene a ane ne 25
LOW REMETODICAI PLONE. alt jis sists's narea see oleviscsesatcpsisieameessee 26

PrO EAWOr TL COPIekl PONE 2 hi is. nce wee sen tee slay gaesues 31
PIT LOWER LO Cal AONE esc ca a etic Asitie'sis'c «wa ewitiee wbenee 34
Savanna area and semi-forested savanna borderss....... 36
Nereis MOA Ca lee ONE creatives cles a ciceteie are rie/viem a: ecrla ac aeeteigielnlin sien are 38
ORC RONRER Ee Satna this wavs Mice ata om ee hots en, haen eae 41

Nags rRM TMT TRISPIPRIBS Go Selo Cold vc hun c Pies ac ve uh ogee tasdees che emapeueet 2
Getiaal arcane Of the Manas, 1c ore tie ene s wan cle e's se eaneuety ee buy 44
eed SAI 2 6 SEU a ge Ee a Ai EE ee pe ley tA 235
ae ce ie cag hatdh ca en ba bec wa nd po tienes cee nsie spa tteaeea Waly 267

ILLUSTRATIONS
pbavs PLATES pee
f.iee oF Panama showing life zones... 0. oi ccc p eee ear aas Frontispiece
2. Fig. 1—Camp on Cerro Azul. Fig. 2—Field party resting on slope of

RT lB Md cits SoG 1 Gare «Ee Biease me TOT Sb ole Ewe at 4

3 Fig. 1—Rio Indio, a small tidal tributary of the Rio Chagres near
Gatun, Canal Zone. Fig. 2.—Tidal forest along lower course of
EE GL a aie i$ 9d wanes Rahman ween ns kvl ex Uma i wan eee eR 5

4 Fig. 1—Forest along lower course of Rio Chagres, Canal Zone.
Fig. 2—Forest, extensively invaded by tide, along lower course of

it a8 ln veers cha te ae a OWME 5 a’ 4 vo eRe, ch a we KAR OE 6
5. Fig. 1.—Tidal forest, largely mangroves, near Porto Bello. Fig. 2—
muaar 7Orest wmiterior near. Porto Bello. ...0 o's. ac sas vencccwesterves 7
6. Fig. 1—Old line of Panama Railroad, abandoned and nearly sub-
merged by rising waters of Gatun Lake. Fig. 2—Gatun Lake with
EG ods ada dia wie Wade uceten Take Nw haa see oa d hak aoa 6608 8

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 69, No. 5

‘y

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE PAGE

7. Fig. 1—Destruction of forest by rising waters of Gatun Lake. Fig.
2.—Destruction of forest by rising waters of Gatun Lake........... 9

8. Fig. 1—Rio Tuyra at Boca de Cupe. Fig. 2—Rio Cascajal near Porto
SOHO. foe's y oaisin'n warea's 0 0's:0 0 0:0 » ipa doe an phate ts nee ee 10

9. Fig. 1—Cuipo tree (Cavanillesia platanifolia). Fig. 2—Base of Cuipo
tree showing ‘characteristic: buttresses... 5.s.+mee ees eee eee CT

10. Fig. 1.—Cana, eastern Panama, showing adjacent forested slopes.
Fig. 2.—Cana, eastern Panama. Looking east across Cana Valley.. 14
11, Fig. 1—Humid Lower Tropical Zone near Cana. Fig. 2—Humid
Lower Tropical Zone forest interior at 300 feet altitude on northern
basal slope of Mount Pirre ........... Sdeateiearels osha wih ale Meee 15
12. Fig. 1—Arid Lower Tropical Zone near southern base of Cerro Azul.
Fig. 2—Humid Lower Tropical Zone near summit of Cerro Azul. 26
13. Fig. 1—Humid Lower Tropical Zone. An aquatic environment in the
lower Chagres Valley near Bohio. Fig. 2—Humid Lower Tropical
Zone. Typical section of forest interior near Gatun............... 27
14. Fig. 1.—Ivory nut palm (Phytelephas), showing method of gathering
nuts. Fig. 2—Ivory nut gatherer’s hut showing product of his
industry heaped in foreéground../3.;, vc..0sc.s2 daeeee eee 30
15. Fig. 1—Ferns of Humid Lower Tropical Zone near Cana. Polypodium
aureum in center. Fig. 2—Ferns of Humid Lower Tropical Zone,

near Cana. Largely Dicranopterts bifida. .... ncenssaenea ens teen 31
16. Fig. 1—Savanna near southern base of Cerro Azul. Fig. 2—Savanna

mear ! Corozall © .:cisis.d\sco.e.st vie atu euaiaesco/slaye eee oe ni eee rene 36
17. Fig. 1—Upper Tropical Zone at 3,500 feet altitude on Mount Pirre.

Fig. 2—Upper Tropical Zone near summit of Mount Pirre........ a7
18, Fig. 1.—Chiriqui White-tailed deer (Odocoileus chiriquensis). Fig.

2.—Allen’s Opossum (Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus)......... 44
19. Darien Pocket Gopher (Macrogeomys dariensis) ...0.c.cecceceeeees 45
20. Fig. 1—Skull of Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus. Fig. 2—Skull

of Chironectes panamensis: oid a6 von dee es sacle es eRe eee 246
21. Fig. 1—Skull of Peramys melanops. Fig. 2—Skull of Marmosa

invicta. Fig. 3—Skull of Marmosa mexicana isthmica........+.+++ 247
22. Fig. 1—Skull of Bradypbus tgnQvus.. sin aa sm castes dee cee ees cee 248

23. Fig. 1—Skull of Rheomys raptor. Fig. 2—Skull of Neacomys pictus.
Fig. 3.—Skull of Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus. Fig. 4—Skull
of Rhipidomys scandens. Fig. 5—Skull of Peromyscus -pirrensis.
Fig. 6.—Skull of Nectomys alfari efficar........0cececeececescoees 249

24. Fig. 1.—Skull of Oryzomys (Oryzomys) alfaroi dariensis. Fig. 2—
Skull of Oryzomys (Oryzomys) gatunensis. Fig. 3.—Skull of
Oryzomys (Oryzomys) bombycinus bombycinus. Fig. 4—Skull of
Oryzomys (Melanomys) caliginosus idoneus. Fig. 5.—Skull of
Oryzomys (Oryzomys) pirrensis. Fig. 6—Skull of Oryzomys
(Oryzomys) tectus frontalis. 02 00a» ss oss sias ls sek meine Eee 250

25. Fig. 1—Skull of Heteromys desmarestianus panamensis. Fig. 2.—
Skull of Heteromys desmarestianus crassirostris. Fig. 3—Skull of
Heteromys desmarestianus zonalis. Fig. 4—Skull of Heteromys
australis conscius. Fig. 5—Skull of Macrogeomys dariensis ....... 251

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 3

PLATE PAGE
26. Fig. 1—Skull of Diplomys darlingi. Fig. 2—Skull of Hoplomys
Re a cerca c CAL Ed sean ene wn eaeeehueneensad ss 252
27. Fig. 1—Skull of Dasyprocta punctata dariensis. Fig. 2.—Skull of
PGMS ENNIO SUASSOSUG sn 5a see vecd ities vans secice cdiviustocese 253
28. Fig. 1.—Skull of Hydrochoerus isthmius .....00ccccccccccccesccccees 254
29. Fig. 1—Skull of Sciurus gerrardi choco. Fig. 2—Skull of Sciurus
EE NEIIPOIEES 5 ive iia. Sate dda eee Saice edb dorweS iwi eis ese s 255
30. Fig. 1—Skull of Microsciurus isthmius vivatus. Fig. 2.—Skull of
PMEVASEUNT UE GIFOPE VENUSIRINE. 6. vec ce scccecvcvrcvevasdecstccsans 256
Se aie KUL Of ICHCYON PANGMENSIS. 65000 70cccccvavcrosessecdence 257
a hag, 1.—Skull of Procyon lotor Pumslus. ous iccccvccccavcccssendecces 258
33. Fig. 1—Skull of Procyon (Euprocyon) cancrivorus panamensis.... 259
34. Fig. 1—Skull of Bassaricyon gabbii orinomus. Fig. 2—Skull of Potos
AGUVUS {SEHMICUS 0.002 e cee ccc ccna cee s ee ceeescrccececcvascescoess 260
Meee FOU Of Lira PEPGHOG so. aco0 ss veicsdesesdvedcscaunts ces 261
et EL OE EIS YUTENAS. oc e'se oi.ce cance ik ST 008 veadwan dens eee QOS
37. Fig. t.—Skull of Cryptotis merus. Fig. 2—Skull of Chiroderma

isthmicum. Fig. 3—Skull of Vampyressa minuta. Fig. 4—Skull of
Lonchephylla robusta. Fig. 5—Skull of Lonchophylla concava.... 263

38. Fig. 1.—Skull of Aotus zonalis. Fig. 2—Skull of Ateles dariensis.... 264
39. Fig. 1—Skull of Alouatta palliata inconsonans .......0. eee cee eeeceees 265
AD TEXT FIGURES pas
Be EAGad Or FE VHCHISCUS MOSO PTASCUS ov asigowsnc ee csccsc cas ccsdencags nuns 173
2. Head of Saccopteryx bilineata bilineata........ccccceecccercescncecs 174
Se biead Of Derias albivenier Minor... fe cccisccsccccnscovecsineswevadce 178
4. Head of Chilonycteris rubiginosa rubiginOsd. .....cceceecceceececees 179
Be Head (Of Micron ycteris WMUCTOUS onc. cacdscccacecccceesseses mncuvaese 181
Se RAICS ES MIRE EMIIE coe ogi te dase aes Gye kd a vn0's o dcaleneed semen 182
7. Head of Macrophyllum macrophyllum .....2ccceececceccccecceveees 184
8. Head of Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis........2eeeeeceeeeceeees 185
Sette ht CAE NOUS- COVHOSUS c-wekidiecdersdeccccduceaawiavdiiasineiess 187
10. Head of Vampyrus spectrum nelsont........ccccccccccevcscescsese 188
11. Head of Glossophaga soricina leachit.........ccccescernccccsscccese 190
12. Head of Lonchophylla robusta ......cccccccccccccccccccsncvssscens 192
13. Head of Hemiderma perspicillatum aztecum. ........ceeeeeeeeeeees - 194
14. Head of Sturnira lilium parvidens.....0.ccccccccccscccccccssccssces 198
15. Head of Uroderma dilobatum .......cccccccccccccccccccncsccsccacs 199
16. Head of Artibeus jamaicensis JAMAICENSIS .....eceeecceceeeneceeeees 205
17. Head of Desmodus rotundus MUrinus 2... .0eceeree cee ceceeenereoecs 208
PR EICAGCOR IV GIGIUS. PETSCONUS® onic c.cwinie oie vic caciebeudeeceupvescececdcee 211
10. Head of Myotis migricans .......cccesccccccccccccccccscccnscssccce 213
20. Head of Eptesicus fuscus MirddOrensis.......ceeececceccnccvccncees 215
21. Head of Nycteris borealis Mexicnd .......ceeeeccecceenentecesenees 216
22, Head of Rhogedssa tumida .......cccccesccccscccscccccsvessecescs 218
23. Head of Eumops glaucinus ......00..cccccccccccsccscccnccuccescees 220
2A. Head of Molossus coibensis .....0ccccccsecccsccccccceccccvsccssess 22

4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

INTRODUCTION

The following report contains an account of all the mammals
known to occur in Panama. It is based mainly on the material
gathered in the course of the biological survey of the Panama Canal
Zone, undertaken in 1910 by the Smithsonian Institution with the
approval of the President of the United States and in cooperation
with various government departments including the Department of
Agriculture and the War Department. The initiation of the survey
at this time was due to a realization on the part of naturalists of the
importance of making field investigations before the completion of
the Panama Canal, when disturbed natural conditions would be likely
to complicate problems of geographic distribution in this important
region. While the author was assigned to investigate the mammals
and birds, and somewhat incidentally the reptiles and amphibians,
the personnel of the survey also included field naturalists represent-
ing various other branches of natural history. In the preparation of
the present report specimens of mammals in various museums have
been examined and published records referred to in order to bring
together as complete data on the subject as practicable.

The region is of surpassing biological interest, owing to peculiar
configuration, varied-topography, and geographic position, forming
as it does a slender artery blending the complex elements or converg-
ing life currents of two continents, and through which countless
migrations of non-volant terrestrial animals probably passed during
the Tertiary or early Quaternary ages. But of recent migratory
movements in the region we have no evidence, and how effective a
barrier the completed Panama Canal may prove to be in limiting the
distribution of species remains to be determined. The country, said
to have been named “ Panama” from an Indian word meaning rich
in fish, might with equal propriety have received an appellation
meaning rich in mammals, or birds.

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
WORK CONDUCTED BY AUTHOR

In December, 1910, I was detailed by the Chief of the Biological
Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, to field work in
Panama and arrived in the Canal Zone for that purpose on the
28th day of the month. Proceeding at once to Culebra, the adminis-
trative headquarters for the construction of the Panama Canal, I met
Colonel (now Major-General) George W. Goethals, the Chairman
and Chief Engineer, who expressed the desire of the Isthmian Canal

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

Fic. 1.—Camp on Cerro Azul \ palm-thatched roof affords shelter from the
hardest rain

ir - kield party resting on slope ot Cerre \zul lhe most practi il route

is up the bed of a stream

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 3

Fic, 1.—Rio Indio, a small tidal tributary of the Rio Chagres near Gatun, Canal
Zone. <A favorable collecting ground for mammals and birds.

Fig. 2.—Vidal forest along lower course of Rio Chagres, showing trees with
characteristic butiressed bases and aerial roots.

—
»

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 5

Commission to do everything possible to further the work. A day or
two was spent in examining the canal route, and Gatun was chosen
as the most favorable point from which to prosecute field work in
the Gatun Lake area. Field investigations were begun in that region
owing to the obvious importance of making as thorough collections as
possible before the biological changes resulting from the transforma-
tion of a forest into a lake 164 square miles in area should take place.

For aid in the field I was fortunate in securing Mr. Adan Lizano
whose training and experience as taxidermist of the Museo Nacional
of Costa Rica rendered him an invaluable assistant. In addition to
study and collection of the mammals much time was devoted to the
birds, and smaller collections of reptiles and amphibians were made.
While the work for the season was concentrated largely in the Gatun
Lake area, collections were also made at various localities along the
line of the Panama Railroad south to the Pacific coast and at points
to the east of the Canal Zone.

On the morning of March 17 we left Panama by launch for Chepo,
about 40 miles to the east, en route to the mountains near the head-
waters of the Chagres River. Early in the afternoon we entered the
broad mouth of the Bayano River and ascended for about 12 miles
between lines of low tidal forest to Hato Bayano at the mouth of the
Mamoni where we were landed, and the launch continued on up the
Bayano to the property of the Bayano Lumber Company. The
Bayano is here a large, deep stream with low, but usually rather:
steep, muddy banks left exposed at low tide. Many alligators, sun-
ning themselves in places where the bank receded, slid slowly into the
water as we approached. A dugout canoe was secured and late in
the evening our outfit was taken on the high tide to the head of
navigation about three miles up the Mamoni River. Leaving our
outfit for the night we continued on foot about three miles farther to
Chepo, a rambling native village of about 1,000 inhabitants. Chepo
is situated on the west bank of the Mamoni River, and near the edge
of the most easterly of the open savannas which extend at intervals
along the Pacific coast to beyond the Costa Rican frontier. Six or
eight miles north of the town a wooded ridge, rising rather steeply
from the coastal plain, extends eastward from the main range of
the interior, and maintains a general height of about 1,000 feet to
the point where it ends rather abruptly in an elbow of the Mamoni.
Our objective point was the Cerro Azul, a dominant peak about
3,000 feet high near the continental divide, northwest of Chepo.
Two days were spent in outfitting. Small ponies were secured for

6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

use as far as the base of the mountains, and native packers for work
on the steep, forested slopes.

On March 20 we left Chepo and traveled about 20 miles, mainly
in a westerly course over the “ sabanas,” crossing the Rio Pacora and
turning northward into the forest which forms here a heavy, un-
broken cover from the basal slopes of the mountains to their summits
and across the Isthmus to the Atlantic coast. The line of demarca-
tion is sharply drawn and we passed almost at a single stride from
the broad expanse of brilliantly sunlit savanna into the somber
depths of the forest. The pack animals were sent back, and the
following day our porters moved the camp equipment about three
miles up stream courses, through rough, rocky country to a place
called “ Cabobré,” at 800 feet altitude, on a branch of the Rio Pacora.

A palm-leaf shelter was erected and a comfortable permanent camp
established for work on the mountains. Myriads of tiny ticks and
innumerable larger ones were, however, found somewhat trouble-
some at this locality.

Taking two porters, provided with machetes for clearing a trail,
and a native hunter, I ascended from camp to the summit of Cerro
Azul, March 22. Except in a few places the way was only moder-
ately steep, the most difficult part being at the lower levels where the
most practicable route was along stream beds strewn with large,
smooth, slippery boulders. Especially when wet these boulders
afford a very insecure foothold and several of us were precipitated
into the stream, much to the amusement of the remainder of the
party. On the upper slopes the forest is of smaller but denser
growth, and evidences a much more humid climate above 2,000 feet
elevation. The summit, at 3,000 feet, and north slopes for at least
500 feet below, are clothed with a dense growth of low trees, loaded
with moss, orchids, and bromeliaceous plants, and similar vegetation
is massed in places upon the ground. The Cerro Azul is the highest
peak of a range extending north of east from Culebra, increasing
in height toward the eastern end west of the Pacora River. Owing
to the heavy forest no very clear view could be obtained toward the
northwest from the summit, but in that direction a lower range evi-
dently connects with the mountains along the Atlantic coast and
separates the Chagres and Pacora watersheds. The northern and
eastern slopes are steep and descend to the Pacora, the upper course
of which is through rugged country, the river partially encircling
the mountain. The air was hazy, but over low, uniformly forested
mountains toward the northeast the Caribbean Sea could be seen;

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL 66, NO. & F 4

i'tc. 1.—Forest along lower course of Rio Chagres, Canal Zone.

Fic. 2.—Forest, extensively invaded by tide, along lower course of Rio Tuyra

‘OIG OWOT IsU JOI9}JUI Jsa1O] [epl[—z ‘OL ‘OYA OO Jvau ‘saaosSuRrw Ajassey ‘Jsatoy [epl[— ‘Oly

S "Id ‘9 ‘ON ‘69 *10A SNOILO3Z1109 SNOANVIIZOSIN NVINOSHLIWS

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 7

also small islands and what appeared to be the western shore of the
Gulf of San Blas. The Pacific coast was much more clearly visible,
the shore line standing out sharply from near the mouth of the
Bayano River as far west as Panama. The dry season was at its
height and the coastal plains or “ sabanas ” resembled a vast, irregu-
lar checker-board, the brown areas of grass-land being separated by
narrow, parallel belts of green forest marking the courses of streams.
The checker-board, or patched appearance, was heightened by numer-
‘ous lines of fire, advancing over the savannas and leaving blackened
areas in their wake.

Exploration, mainly of the upper slopes of Cerro Azul, was con-
tinued for several days and on March 27 we returned to Chepo,
arriving opportunely to find a launch on which we were able to
engage passage to Panama on the following day.

Field work in the Canal Zone was resumed at various points and
pushed steadily until May 22, when transportation on a Government
tug was secured to Porto Bello. This town is situated on a small bay
about 25 miles northeast of Colon. At the Government rock quarry,
the source of the supply of much material used in Canal construction,
quarters for a- large force of men were maintained, and ample
facilities afforded for our investigations in the immediate vicinity.
Mountains with peaks, including the Cerro Brujo, rise rather steeply
to over 3,000 feet, and closely parallel the coast line southward and
westward ; a lower spur to the north terminating in the rock quarry,
encircles the watersheds of the Rio Cascajal, Rio Moré and other
short streams converging to the head of the bay. The general shore
line is rugged, but mangrove lagoons and swamps occur near the
mouth and along the lower course of the Rio Cascajal. The period
from June 3 to June 9 was devoted to exploration of the Cascaja!
River and slopes of Cerro Brujo. Camp equipment was carried by
Jamaica negroes who were unaccustomed to such work and proved
to be inefficient woodsmen.

The rainy season had begun and the first day out from Porto Bello
slow progress was made in traversing swampy country along the
lower course of the Cascajal River. Certain boggy areas were
crossed by stepping from one small tussock of grass to another.
These tussocks, when not too widely spaced, enabled us to pass com-
fortably over a number of dangerous places, but in spite of great
care several members of the party slipped off and, hampered by
heavy loads, required prompt assistance in extricating themselves
from ooze of unknown depth into which they were rapidly sinking.

8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Camp for the night was made on the bank of the river where shelter
from nearly continuous rain was secured by covering an abandoned
native hut with a tent fly. On the following day the swamps were
left behind and, as in many other parts of Panama, we found the
most practicable route lay along the bed of the stream. Accordingly,
we entered the river and waded steadily for eight or ten miles, the
water varying from a few inches to waist deep, and care being neces-
sary to avoid the deeper places. The difficulties increased as we ad-
vanced toward the interior, as the river banks, at first low, became
high and finally merged with the steep general slopes of mountains
whose tops were no longer visible, and the bed of the stream assum-
ing a sharper angle became littered in places with huge boulders. The
day had been partially clear, but late in the afternoon it began to rain
very hard, the river rose several feet in a few minutes and we were
obliged to camp at a point on the left bank, indicated by bearings
to be about abreast of Cerro Brujo, and which I later decided to use
as a base for general work. Poles were cut to form a frame work
over which long palm fronds were placed in overlapping position,
and a secure shelter from the hardest rain was soon finished. One
of our most difficult problems here was to build and maintain a fire.
Matches, even when kept well covered, soon absorb sufficient mois-
ture to become unreliable under forest conditions during the rainy
season. The natives of the region use flint and steel to generate the
spark, which is projected into a small charred roll of cotton cloth
kept dry and carefully guarded for the purpose. A smouldering
fire in a point of the cloth is used to ignite kindling, and charred
remains are always preserved for future use. The only material we
found dry enough to burn was the hard heartwood of certain trees,
and as we carried only machetes the securing of this firewood
entailed considerable labor. Moreover, when gathered, it burned so
slowly that the fire barely sufficed for our scanty cooking operations,
leaving practically no surplus for drying purposes. I kept one suit
of clothing dry for wear in camp, but was obliged each morning to
don wet garments for work in the forest.

Wishing to reach as high an elevation as possible on the mountain,
the contours of which were difficult to determine, our camp being on
the main stream in the bottom of a gorge, a trail was cut through
the forest along a narrow ridge between two tributaries whose size
indicated distant sources and that the ridge was a spur of the main
range. Slopes of varying steepness were encountered and an altitude
of about 2,000 feet was reached at a point from which Cerro Brujo,

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 60, NO. 6, PL. 6

Fic, 1.—Old line of Panama Railroad, abandoned and nearly submerged by
rising waters of Gatun Lake. Looking from Gatun Dam toward Lion Hill,
April 30, 19rt.

eer on 3,

Fic, 2.—Gatun Lake with water rising. New canoe landing near Gatun; old line
of Panama Railroad in distance, April 30, 1911.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 7

Fic. 1.—Destruction of forest by rising waters of
Gatun Lake.

lic, 2.—Destruction of forest by rising waters of Gatun Lake.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 9

ot a peak in its vicinity, was clearly visible. The outlook from a
towering rock showed that our route had been well chosen as it had
led steadily upward while jumbled ridges lay to the right and left
across deep canyons ; but we were separated from the mountain by a
rugged depression several hundred feet deep beyond which the main
peak rose almost sheer at least 1,000 feet above us. A steep slope to
the right appeared practicable for an ascent to the top, but several
days had been devoted to working up to this altitude in almost steady
rain. With heavy showers frequently recurring and hampering
operations, specimens could not be dried and began to mold, and we
were forced to retrace our way down the river to Porto Bello where
we arrived the evening of June 9, and returned to the Canal Zone,
June 14.

Field operations became increasingly difficult owing to the heavy
rains and it was decided to discontinue them for the season, I sailed
for New York June 24 on the steamer “ Colon” and arrived in
Washington, June 30.

At the end of the rainy season plans were matured for continuing
field work in the Canal Zone under-the same auspices, and I left
New York for the Isthmus January 9, arriving at Colon on the
steamer “ Panama” January 15, 1912. Comfortable and convenient
quarters at Empire were assigned to me by the Isthmian Canal Com-
mission, and work was at once resumed, largely along the line of the
Panama Railroad. My Costa Rican assistant of the previous year,
Adan Lizano, was unable to rejoin me and I engaged George G.
Scott, who rendered faithful and efficient services throughout the sea-
son. Special attention was given to the Gatun Lake area, in the lower
parts of which final preparations were being made for raising the
water level. Many old houses in process of being demolished af-
forded unusual opportunities to capture specimens of rare bats. For
this same purpose a trip was made about the end of January to caves
on the Chilibrillo River, a small tributary entering the Chagres River
near Alhajuela at the extreme upper end of the proposed lake basin.
The caves were reported to contain remarkable colonies of bats,
which would be driven out by the rising water. Water was found
flowing through the caves which were formed by large rifts in the
limestone formation with numerous lateral chambers resulting from
water erosion. One of the larger of the latter was circular, 30 to
40 feet in diameter and about 25 feet from floor to roof. This
chamber was totally dark and to the roof large bats of the genus
Phyllostomus were clinging in dense patches. Several tons of bat

Io SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

guano on the floor evidenced the occupation of the cave for a long
period. Bats of several other species were located in smaller caves
and clefts in the vicinity.

Collections of the more easily obtainable species of mammals and
birds of the Canal Zone being now fairly complete, a trip to eastern
Panama was decided upon in order to determine the relation of the
fauna of the Canal Zone to that of South America. In accordance
with this plan, arrangements were made through Mr. Pablo Pinel, the
Panama agent of the Darien Gold Mining Company, Ltd., to visit the
San Miguel Bay region and the company’s plant, a favorable loca-
tion for work in the high mountains near the Colombian frontier.
We sailed from Panama on the little steamer ‘‘ Cana,” the evening
of February 21. Early on the following morning we were off the
mouth of San Miguel Bay. The mangrove-fringed coast was low
and no high mountains were at first visible, but the abrupt slopes
of Mount Pirre soon began to loom on the southeastern horizon and
increased in distinctness as we bore in that direction. The entire
day was spent in steaming up the bay and estuary of the Rio Tuyra.
Short stops were made at La Palma and Chepigana, native villages,
built mainly of palm-thatched houses picturesquely grouped on the
southern shore. Along the northern side of the Tuyra, extensive
tidal forests included an abundant growth of “cocobola”’ (Dal-
bergia retusa), the hard wood of which was being cut by a Chinese
company for use in the manufacture of knife handles and for other
purposes. Anchor was cast in the mouth of the Chucunaque River
about dark in the evening, and we were obliged to wait an hour for
the tide to rise high enough to enable the little steamer to proceed,
arriving about 9.30 p.m. at Marraganti, the station of the Darien
Gold Mining Company, near the head of steam navigation, about
one and one-half miles above the town of Real de Santa Maria.
We were cordially welcomed by the agent, Mr. Pedro Campagnani,
to whom I became much indebted for courtesies extended at various
times during my stay in the region. On February 23 we continued
up the Rio Tuyra about 30 miles by dugout canoe, or “ piragua,” to
Boca de Cupe. Unlike the dugout canoes of the Canal Zone the
piragua of this region is truncated and has a platform for the
canoeist at each end, admirably adapting it for poling, the native
method of progressing either up or down stream. The river banks
are low and rather uniformly forested to near the edge of the water,
the gigantic “cuipo” trees (Cavanillesia platanifolia) presenting
striking features and tending to relieve the general monotony. We

SMITHBONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 6

9, NO, f PL 4

Kic, 1.—Rio Tuyra at Boca de Cupe, June 17, 1912

Fic.@.—Rio Cascajal near Porto Bello,

av 25, IQII

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NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN ra

arrived after nightfall and the piragua was half dragged over shoals
by the men who were obliged to jump into the water in places and
hold the bow and stern in their hands. The river was very low,
owing to the long drought, and the current sets heavily at this
season through narrow places which become difficult to navigate in
the dark. Boca de Cupe, the last village of importance on the Tuyra,
connects with the tramroad to the mines at Cana, in the mountains,
30 miles southward. The first stage of the journey over the tram-
road was by a short train drawn by a gasoline motor ; this section of
the line ending at Mount Kitchener, in the lower foothills of the
mountains. Beyond this point the track, winding in tortuous curves
up the steep mountain side, was suitable for lighter traffic only, and
the 12 miles to Paca were slowly and laboriously traversed by push
car, a platform placed on trucks and pushed by men from behind.
In descending, the cars, allowed to run by gravity, were rather
insecurely controlled by coils of rope wound on the axles. At Paca
we were met by a mule-drawn car running to the mines, six miles
farther.

The Darien gold mines are located at 2,000 feet altitude near the
southeastern base of Mount Pirre, the name applied to the crest of a
short range projecting northward from the continental axis formed
by the Serrania del Darien. A small plateau, or slightly sloping
valley, at about 1,800 feet, extends from near the town across to
Mount Setetule, a prominent peak about 4,000 feet high near the
center of the amphitheatre formed by the crescentic curve of the
mountains bounding the upper Tuyra watershed. Numerous con-
verging streams, principally the Rio Cana, Rio Seteganti, Rio
Escucha Ruido and Rio Limon unite in the marshy valley to form
the Rio Grande, a local name applied to the upper trunk of the Rio
Tuyra. The history of the mines is romantic, dating as it does from
the early part of the 16th century when the Spaniards were probably
guided to the locality by the Indians. In the 17th century they were
reputed to be among the richest gold mines in America, at one time
attracting a population of 20,000. They are said to have been
reached during this period by a paved road over the mountains from
Real de Santa Maria; unbroken forest now covers the route and no
one seems to know the exact course followed. Raids by buccaneers
and Indian troubles led to their final abandonment by the Spaniards
in the 18th century. About 30 years ago they were reopened by an
English company, and at irregular intervals have since produced
much gold... Various bodies of rich ore are said to have been

I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

exhausted and operating companies became bankrupt before reor-
ganization and further development led to the discovery of new
lodes. At the time of our visit a French company was in possession
and through the courtesy of the manager, M. Masse, and directors,
M. Michel and M. Degoutin, comfortable quarters, transportation
and other facilities were provided, without which much of the work
accomplished would have been difficult or impossible. The mines
were almost ideally located as a base from which to carry on field
investigations. Heavily forested mountain slopes cut by numerous
streams were of easy access behind the town, while open fields, old
clearings and marshy meadows in the bina added to the wealth of
environmental combinations.

From February 24 to April 11 work was pushed as rapidly as
possible, mainly at various levels from 1,800 to 3,500 feet altitude in
the vicinity of the mines.

In early March two days were devoted to a trip to the crest of
Mount Pirre to locate a convenient point from which to carry on
more extensive exploration of the upper slopes. Although only
five or six miles distant from the mines, the top of the range is almost
unknown, except to the Choco Indians. An old Indian route along
the crest is distinct in places and obliterated in others. Choosing a
ridge between the canyons of the Rio Escucha Ruido and the Rio
Limon a trail was cut through the forest from the Cana Valley to
the summit near the extreme headwaters of the latter stream where
my aneroid, set at the known elevation at the mines, and carried up
the same day, recorded an altitude of 5,300 feet, and a spring at
5,100 feet was fixed upon asa field base. The dry season affecting the
general region was at its height, but above about 4,500 feet we
entered a zone shut in by clouds and the forest dripping with mois-
ture contrasted strongly with the arid conditions prevailing a short
distance below.

In the latter part of March a week spent at Marraganti enabled
me to secure rare material in the tidal area under the favorable con-
ditions afforded by the long drought and resulting low water.

Early in April several thunder storms occurred, but the weather
at the gold mines still continued generally dry, and the air became
very noticeably hazy, a condition regarded by the people as presaging
the coming of the rainy season. Meanwhile the stridulation of
cicadas had increased in volume until the notes of many insects
often blended in a shrill, vibrant chorus loud enough to interfere
appreciably with the detection of other forest sounds.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 13

About this time a swarm of grasshoppers appeared suddenly in
some abandoned brush-grown clearings near the gold mines. The
insects covered the vegetation over an area 40 or 50 acres in extent
so thickly and fed so voraciously that all leaves and tender twigs
disappeared in a few hours; and the weight of their bodies broke
down many bushes an inch in diameter. They soon disappeared,
rising and flying off over the forest, leaving the affected area as
sharply outlined as though it had been swept by fire.

On April 12 field equipment was transported by men from the
mines to the spring which had previously been chosen on the water-
shed of the Rio Limon about 200 feet below the crest of Mount
Pirre. A small clearing was cut in the forest and a palm-thatched
shelter soon erected. We found conditions about as at the time of
our brief visit in March, but after April 20 heavy showers. became
increasingly frequent, indicating the opening of the rainy season.
When there was no rain, mist and fog continued to envelop the upper
slopes, except for brief intervals during which certain vantage
points afforded excellent views of the Serrania del Darien across
the Tuyra Valley. The higher mountains visible to the northeast in
the vicinity of Mount Tacarcuna appeared to reach about the same
height as Mount Pirre. From the Pirre range Vasco Nufiez de
Balboa is believed to have discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513. My
outlook in that direction was always obstructed by distant cloud
banks or nearer forested ridges converging into the valley of the
Rio Tucuti. The cloud effects were sometimes marvellously beauti-
ful, especially in early morning, when distant peaks simulated islands
emerging from a frozen sea, or a rift in the floating barrier disclosed
the play of a thousand lights and shadows on the dark forest beneath.
But such scenes were seldom enjoyed for, although the mountain
slopes are steep, they are in few places precipitous, and the dense
forest seldom permits an unobstructed view in any direction.

With the progress of the rainy season toads and frogs of widely
varying size and form became numerous. As night approached,
their peculiar irregularly mingled calls coming from everywhere, in
the trees as well as on the ground, began to break the general still-
ness characteristic of the higher altitudes, and were continued until
long after dark. In attempting to secure a specimen that attracted
attention in the twilight one evening, it slipped through my fingers,
as such amphibians are prone to do, and I was surprised to find that
several tadpoles were left in my hand. Other examples of the same
species were soon found, bearing six or seven young upon their

I4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

backs. A strictly nocturnal note, apparently the stridulation of a
cricket or other orthopterous insect was heard only at this locality.
The note, cr-r-r-i-1-ick-it, prolonged tremulously, with a short pause
followed by a sharply emphasized terminal syllable was repeated
monotonously throughout the night.

Investigation of the various slopes above 4,000 feet was continued
until May 6 when we descended to the mines with a valuable collec-
tion, which had been dried and maintained in that condition by a
camp-fire kept constantly burning. Collections were packed, and I
embarked on the first boat for the Canal Zone in order to insure
their prompt shipment to Washington and to secure much needed
supplies, returning to the Darien region on the same boat, May 17.
On May 18, the Tuyra was again ascended by canoe from Marra-
ganti to Boca de Cupe. The river had risen about six feet during
the previous night and the strong, dark flood extending from shore
to shore contrasted strongly with the clear, shoaly stream up which
my men had poled in February. On the following day the journey
over the tramroad to Cana was delayed at several points where cuipo
trees had fallen across the track. These giants of the forest have
comparatively short roots and their hold in the earth is obviously
insecure. During storms, especially in the rainy season, numbers of
them topple over. The wood is very soft and spongy, and a tree that
I chanced to see fall began crumpling in the air and landed in a
crushed mass at the bottom of a small canyon.

Field work, temporarily interrupted, was resumed in the vicinity
of Cana, May 20. The fauna of the region, especially the birds to
which much attention was devoted, seemed inexhaustable. Impor-
tant additions to collections were made almost daily until June 13,
when we returned by the railroad to Boca de Cupe. A week was
spent at this point, where the altitude is about 250 feet, and a number
of lowland species of mammals and birds were secured. On June 20
we descended the river to Marraganti. A .few specimens were
obtained the next day and preparations made for embarking on the
steamer “ Cana” for the Canal Zone, June 22. The steamer sailed
at 10 a. m. and made the usual stops at Chepigana and La Palma in
passing down the estuary. The aspect of the forest along the shores
had changed markedly in appearance, having assumed a brighter
green since the advent of the rainy season. Shortly before dark the
little steamer began to rock unsteadily in the confused currents of
San Miguel Bay, and the receding shore line was suddenly blotted
out by a torrential downpour of rain. We reached Panama at

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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5,

Fic, 1.—Humid Lower Tropical Zone near Cana, eastern
Panama, altitude 2,000 feet. Rio Seteganti in foreground;
Pirre Range 5,000 feet high in background.

Fic. 2—Humid Lower Tropical Zone. Forest interior at 300

feet altitude on northern basal slope of Mount Pirre.

PL.

W

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 15

II a. m., June 23, and continued by rail to Empire early in the after-
noon. The rainy season being well advanced, preparations were
made to return to Washington. On June 27 [ sailed from Cristobal
on the steamer “ Allianca,” arriving at New York the’ afternoon of
July 3, and Washington the evening of the same day.

WORK CONDUCTED BY OTHERS

The observations of Lionel Wafer, on which he based his quaint
description of the Isthmian fauna in the latter part of the 17th
century, furnished for more than 150 years about all that was known
of the mammals of the region. While the rich avifauna began to
attract attention about the middle of the 19th century, the mammals
have, until recently, been neglected; the specimens available for
study being limited to a small number taken incidentally by residents,
travelers crossing the Isthmus, exploring parties, and collectors who
devoted their chief attention to other branches of natural history.

Among the earlier workers was Mr. Thomas Bridges, who ar-
rived at David, Chiriqui, in January, 1856, and remained there
until March collecting orchids, also obtaining five species of
mammals, as recorded by Sclater (1856, p. 139). Another early
visitor to western Panama was the Danish traveler, Andreas Sandge

_ Orsted, for whom the titi monkey of the region was named by

Reinhardt (1872, p. 157).

Enrique Arcé, a native of Guatemala, collected for Messrs. Osbert
Salvin and F. Du Cane Godman in Guatemala and Costa Rica, and
proceeded about 1865 to Panama, where several years were spent
in collecting at various localities in the vicinity of Santiago and in
northern Veragua. About 1869 or 1870 he visited David and the
Volcan de Chiriqui. His collections were mainly of birds, but a few
mammals were sent to the British Museum.

It was not until the year 1900 that mammal collecting by modern
methods began in earnest. In March of that year Mr. Wilmot W.
Brown, Jr., who was employed by Edward A. and Outram Bangs,
began work in Panama that was prosecuted with remarkable success
for about a year anda half. Very large bird collections made by him
did not preclude the accumulation of extensive series of the
mammals. Mr. Brown’s first station was Lion Hill, on the Panama
Railroad, where, however, few mammals were obtained, the locality
being of special ornithological importance. The period from the
latter part of April to the middle of May was devoted to a trip to
San Miguel, the largest of the Pearl Islands in the Bay of Panama,

2

16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

where he secured specimens representing practically all of the
species of land mammals that occur there, with the possible excep-
tion of some bats. Transferring his activities to western Panama
he spent nearly a year in intensive work centered in the area between
the Pacific coast at David and Pedregal and the summit of the lofty
Volcan de Chiriqui. The intermediate localities visited were Divala,
Bugaba and Boquete. The results of this work, which also included
birds, covering a section with an altitudinal range from sea level to
over 11,000 feet, were published by Outram Bangs (1902)* and con-
stitute one of the most important contributions to our zoological
knowledge of a single area in Middle America. Under the auspices
of the John E. Thayer Expedition of 1904, Mr. Brown made a second
trip to the Pearl Islands in February, March and April of that year.
He visited San Miguel, Saboga and Pacheca islands, but added few
mammals to the collection made in 1900. The greater part of May,
1904, was spent by Mr. Brown at Caledonia, near the city of Panama
and on the edge of the savanna of the same name, making general
collections of vertebrates, especially birds, the locality proving to be
poor in mammals.

In 1900 and 1901, while Mr. Wilmot W. Brown, Jr., was engaged
in field work in western Panama, a part of the same region was
visited by Mr. J. H. Batty. Mammals were collected by him mainly
at or near Boqueron and Boquete, but also on Coiba and other islands
near the coast. His collection aggregating over 1,000 specimens
was divided, a part being acquired by the Hon. Walter Rothschild
and a part sold to the American Museum of Natural History. It
formed the basis of papers published by Mr. Oldfield Thomas and
Dr. J. A. Allen, tending to amplify data in the general field covered
by Mr. Outram Bangs. Mr. H. J. Watson, the owner of extensive
plantations at Bugaba, Chiriqui, began sending many mammals to
the British Museum prior to 1900. Those proving to be new were
described at intervals, mainly by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, thus adding
further to the comparatively full knowledge of a restricted area in
southwestern Panama.

Dr. Thomas Barbour visited the Isthmus early in 1909. From
headquarters at Ancon excursions were made between the last of
February and the first of April to various points in the Canal Zone,
and to some of the islands in the Bay of Panama. His collections
were mainly of anatomical and embryological material, including a
considerable number of bats from San Pablo. A few bats and other

*Accounts of birds were published as follows: Auk, Vol. 18, pp. 355-370,
Oct., ro01; Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 3, pp. 15-70, Jan. 30, 1902.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 7

mammals were also collected at various localities by Mr. Henry
Pittier, Mr. W. R. Maxon, Dr. S. E. Meek, Mr. S. F. Hildebrand
and Mr. August Busck, members of the Smithsonian survey party
engaged chiefly in other investigations.

In February, 1912, Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood and assistant passed
through the Canal Zone en route to South America, and while wait-
ing about a week for the steamer at Balboa collected mammals,
mainly bats. One of the results of his brief work at that point was
the re-discovery of Liomys adspersus Peters, the exact habitat of
which was previously unknown.

During the years 1914 and 1915 several collections were made in
Panama for the American Museum of Natural History. In February
and March Mr. George Shiras, 3d, well known as a student and
photographer of North American mammals, visited the Canal Zone.
His work centered in the Gatun Lake area and the results were
published the following year. Mr. Shiras was accompanied by
Mr. H. E. Anthony, who secured collections of mammals. In
October, 1914, the American Museum of Natural History sent
Mr. William B. Richardson to eastern Panama, where he collected
mammals and birds in the lowlands of the Tuyra Valley until the
middle of February, when he met Mr. H. E. Anthony and Mr. D. S.
Ball, of the same institution, at Panama. The party outfitted and
on February 8 proceeded by launch to Real de Santa Maria. From
this point it ascended the Rio Tuyra to the limit of canoe navigation
at Tapalisa. Richardson remained at Tapalisa several weeks, while
Anthony and Ball continued into the mountains to the old Indian
village of Tacarcuna, where collecting was carried on at an elevation
of 2,600 feet. Late in March a camp was established for work at
5,200 feet altitude on the upper slopes of Mount Tacarcuna. About
the middle of April they were forced by the rainy season to abandon
work at the higher elevations. Mr. Anthony and Mr. Ball returned
to New York, but Mr. Richardson spent the latter part of April and
the month of May collecting at Cituro and Boca de Cupe, in the
lowlands of the Tuyra Valley. A general report on the mammals
obtained by these expeditions has been published by Anthony (1916).

While the Canal Zone and other limited sections of Panama are
now fairly well known, large areas, including important mountain
ranges, remain unexplored. One of the least known parts of Panama
is the elevated region between the headwaters of the Rio Bayano and
the Rio Chucunaque, an area until very recently, at least, controlled
by the San Blas Indians, and from which other natives of Panama,

18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

as well as foreigners, were excluded. The region tempted native rub-
ber gatherers inhabiting adjoining territory, who informed me that a
spear set in the middle of trails was recognized as a dead line beyond
which they passed at their peril. Exploration of mountain ranges
between the Canal Zone and the lofty Volcan de Chiriqui would add
much to our knowledge of the distribution of many mountain
mammals now known only from the extreme eastern or western
parts of the republic.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

While engaged in field operations in Panama material assistance
was received from many persons, some of whom it is impracticable
to mention by name, but to all [ extend most sincere thanks. Special
acknowledgments are due first to Colonel (now Major-General)
George W. Goethals, who, as Chairman and Chief Engineer of the
Isthmian Canal Commission, furnished transportation, quarters and
other facilities, and whose unfailing kindness and courtesy contri-
buted to the pleasure as well as the success of work in the Canal
Zone. Other officers to whom special credit should be given are the
division engineers, the late Colonel D. D. Gailliard, Colonel (now
Major-General) William L. Sibert, and to Chief Quartermaster,
Colonel (now Major-General) C. A. Devol; also District Quarter-
masters Robert M. Gamble, James H. K. Humphrey and Walter G.
Ross. Appreciation of the aid of my field assistants, Adan Lizano
and George G. Scott, as well as various officials of the Darien Gold
Mining Company, has already been expressed in these pages, but I
wish to emphasize it again here.

_In order to complete the account of the mammals of the region,
those of western Panama have been included in the report. For the
unrestricted use of material and other favors my thanks are due to
the officials of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and American
Museum of Natural History, especially Mr. Outram Bangs and
Dr. J. A. Allen, under whose direction at the respective institutions
the only large collections available from the section named have
been brought together. For the loan of certain specimens I am also
indebted to Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood of the Field Museum of Natural
History. Most of the names of plants used in zone lists have been
kindly furnished by Professor Henry Pittier, who had charge of the
botanical section of the survey and is the authority on the flowering
plants of the region. For a list of characteristic grasses I am under
obligations to Professor A. S. Hitchcock. The heads of bats figured
were drawn under my direction by Mrs. Ruth Collette Moore.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 1g

PHYSIOGRAPHY

The Republic of Panama extends in a sigmoid curve from east to
west between the meridians of 77° 15’ and 83° 30’ west from Green-
wich and parallels 7° 10’ to 9°-40' of north latitude. It varies in
width from less than 50 miles at the Canal Zone and at the constric-
tion between the mouth of the Rio Chepo and the Bay of San Blas
to over 100 miles at the Azuero Peninsula. The most northern
points, the small islands and curved coast line about 30 miles north-
east of Colon and the disputed territory adjoining Costa Rica north-
west of Almirante Bay are in about the same latitude. Except for
the Chiriqui Lagoon the northern coast line forms a nearly undented
S-shaped curve. The southern coast line, on the contrary, is very
irregular. There are numerous inlets or bays, and several peninsulas
form prominent salient features. The bays are mainly small, but the
Gulf and Bay of Panama together occupy a deep concavity in the
eastern section. The smaller bays are mainly the tidal estuaries of
the numerous rivers, some of which are of large size. The estuary
of the Rio Tuyra permits small steamers to ascend to Real de Santa
Maria, about half the distance from the outer shore line across to
the Atlantic coast. East of the Gulf of Panama the territory claimed
by the republic includes the coast line south to near the mouth of the
Rio Jurad6é in about the same latitude as the southern end of the
Azuero Peninsula, which in broadly extended outline bounds the
Gulf on the west. Another prominent feature of the southern coast
is the narrow Burica Peninsula, a prolongation of the Serrania de
Carones near the Panama-Costa Rican boundary. The largest
outlying land area is Coiba Island, off the southwestern coast.
Immediately south of it is the much smaller island of Jicaron.
Numerous small islands lie close to the adjacent coast, of which some
of the more important are Cebaco and Leones islands in Montijo
Bay, and farther west Insolita, Espartal, Brava, Parida and Sevilla
islands. The second largest island is San Miguel, or Rey Island, in
the Bay of Panama, which with smaller neighboring islands forms
an archipelago known as the Pearl Islands. These islands are rather
low, but rugged in contour, with eroding coast lines like those of
parts of the adjacent mainland. Taboga Island, a few miles off the
Pacific terminus of the Panama Canal, is a health resort utilized dur-
ing the French as well as American canal construction. Small
islands are numerous along the northern coast, but aside from the
low, forested archipelago separating the sea from Almirante Bay
and the Chiriqui Lagoon, are relatively unimportant.

20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

The general land surface is hilly and irregular, but the only very
high mountains are in the extreme western part, where an extension
of the highlands of Costa Rica crosses the international boundary
about midway between the two oceans and culminates at about 11,500
feet in the volcano of Chiriqui. The higher areas to the east are little
known, but the continental divide evidently follows a tortuous course
owing to echelon arrangement or other irregularities in the con-
tinuity of the principal mountain ranges. It approaches the Pacific
side in the vicinity of the Canal Zone and bearing thence diagonally
northeastward across the Isthmus continues eastward close to the
Atlantic coast, finally curving strongly southward and again ap-
proaching the Pacific coast west of the Atrato River Valley.

The rather ill-defined backbone of the Isthmus is divided by com-
paratively low passes into several irregular sections in which steep,
but not usually precipitous, mountain ranges reach varying eleva-
tions, in few places exceeding 5,000 feet. One of these, the Serrania
de la Capira, lies between the Canal Zone and the slightly elevated
region separating the drainage areas of the Rio Coclé del Norte and
the Rio Grande de Nata, near the boundary between the provinces of
Coclé and Colon. The Serrania del Brujo, beginning near the
Atlantic coast a few miles east of Colon, rises near Porto Bello to
3,000 or 4,000 feet, and partially encircling the Chagres River Valley
joins the continental axis near Cerro Azul, a mountain about 3,000
feet high on the crest between the Chagres and Pacora river valleys.
A short distance east of Cerro Azul are transcontinental gaps prob-
ably less than 1,000 feet in altitude where the headwaters of the Rio
Mamoni interdigitate with those of streams flowing north into the
Gulf of San Blas. Farther east the long, narrow, curved Isthmian
backbone, generally known as the Serrania del Darien, reaches .in
many places an altitude of 3,000 to 5,000 feet,, but the crest is inter-
rupted at various points by passes less than 1,000 feet high. Among
the lowest gaps known are those near the heads of the Rio Membrillo,
the Rio Sucubti and other tributaries of the Rio Chucunaque, whose
sources are within a few miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Farther east
is Paya Pass where, except at the dryest season, only a few miles
separate canoe navigation on the Rio Paya, a Panama tributary of
the Rio Tuyra, and the Rio Cacarica, a Colombian affluent of the
Rio Atrato. Mount Pirre is the name applied to a dominant spur,
slightly exceeding 5,000 feet in altitude and projecting northward
into the Tuyra basin in a crescentic curve with the axial trend of the
continent along the Panama-Colombian frontier. The Serrania del

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 21

Sapo forms a prominent but little-known range extending from
Garachine Point at the southern entrance to the Bay of San Miguel,
southward along the Pacific coast to a junction with the main range
near the international border.

Aside from the higher mountain ranges that form the Isthmian
backbone, a multitude of rather steep, extensively eroded ridges
separating narrow river valleys ramify throughout the greater part
of the republic. Extensive and fairly level plains occur at various
elevations, however, in the province of Chiriqui and along the Pacific
coast from the Bayano River west to the Canal Zone.

Owing to the narrowness of the Isthmus most of the rivers are
short, and from their sources commonly interdigitating along the
opposite sides of the deeply eroded continental divide, flow directly
to the sea, but there are several notable exceptions. All of the larger
rivers of South America, including the Atrato, flow into the Atlantic;
it is therefore of interest to note that in eastern Panama the course
of the major streams is reversed in conformity with the abruptly
altered trend of the continental mass, and a shifting of the crest
from the Pacific to the Atlantic side along the Colombian frontier.
The greatest river system of the republic is the Tuyra-Chucunaque.
After draining a large and very humid area, these two rivers unite
near the middle of the Isthmus and in combination with several other
large streams pour an immense volume of water into the Gulf of
San Miguel. The second river of the republic in point of size is the
Rio Bayano, which takes a westerly course and joining the Rio
Mamoni, a much smaller stream, turns southward and under the
name Rio Chepo enters the Bay of Panama. The most important
river of the Atlantic drainage is the Rio Chagres, whose watershed
is an interior basin. The general course of the stream is westerly to
a point near where it enters the Canal Zone and bends north to the
Caribbean Sea. The Chagres, whose waters are now impounded in
Gatun Lake, 164 square miles in area, furnishes the water for oper-
ating the locks of the Panama Canal, and through the locks at the
southern end of Gailliard Cut a part of its flow is diverted into the
Pacific Ocean.

While climatic conditions vary considerably in different parts of
Panama, the region as a whole is subject to the influence of two
annual seasons, the duration af which are correlated with the direc-
tion of the prevailing winds. During the so-called “dry” season
the northeast trade wind blowing daily from about the month of
December to.the month of May, at times with considerable violence,

22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

is accompanied by comparatively light, but not infrequent, precipita-
tion along most parts of the Atlantic slope. At this season rather
light cloud formations discharge their moisture along the northern
side of the Isthmus, the rainfall of the coast depending in a measure
on the height and proximity of the mountains. At the higher eleva-
tions fogs are very prevalent, and are often so dense that one’s
vision penetrates only a few feet, and the dimly lighted forest be-
comes still darker as the cloud mass settles down; a fine spray drifts
through the trees and soon the leaves are dripping steadily. The
Pacific coast, in marked contrast, has a true dry season, during
which little or no rain falls, During the wet season, beginning
usually about the latter part of May and ending about the first of
December, southerly winds become dominant and rains are more
general throughout the Isthmus. At the Canal Zone, which is a
cross-section of the Isthmus about 50 miles in extent, the annual
rainfall on the Atlantic coast is about double that on the Pacific coast.
Official records for 1909 show a total rainfall of 93.06 inches at
Balboa, and 183.41 inches at Cristobal; but the average for 13 years
at the former station is 71.67, and for 40 years at the latter station
130,03. This relative humidity of the two sides probably obtains as
far west as the Costa Rican frontier, but in eastern Panama the
difference is less marked. In much of the Darien region the total
rainfall is increased to an annual precipitation of perhaps more than
200 inches‘ which renders this area one of the wettest in America.
Excepting at the Canal Zone and limited areas in western Panama
the republic is sparsely populated by man; clearings are few, and
aside from the rather extensive, open, grassy savannas near the
Pacific coast and smaller grass areas in the Chagres Valley, the
Isthmus is a practically unbroken expanse of forest. Under the
stimulating influence of frequently recurring showers and con-
tinuously moist conditions throughout the year, the Atlantic water-
shed maintains a much more exuberant growth of vegetation than
the Pacific watershed, where long periods of drought check vegetative
vigor, At the height of the dry season these climatic differences
are manifested in the contrasting aspect of the forests on the two
slopes. While the trees of the Atlantic forest are clothed with
brilliant evergreen foliage, those of the Pacific forest, truly deciduous
for the most part, present bare stems, and the landscape has an

* During the construction of the Panama Canal 237.28 inches was recorded
in a single year, and 58 inches in a single month at Porto Bello, Panama; the
annual average, however, was 178.67 during three years of record,

NO. 5. MAMMALS OF PANAMA=—-GOLDMAN 23

autumnal appearance, relieved to some extent along the borders of
streams. It is in this dry forest that one notes the strange habit,
possessed by various unrelated species, of producing flowers and
ripening fruits while the trees are in a leafless condition.

FAUNAL RELATIONS

The geological structure and history of Panama and Central
America in general are, as yet, very imperfectly known. ‘The at-
tenuation of the isthmian region and the slight elevation of various
trans-isthmian passes, irrespective of other data, suggest the prob-
able former isolation of the two greater Americas. Some of the
passes are less than 500 feet above sea level, and a subsidence of 1,000
feet of the present continental mass would establish interocean con-
nections at various points. Beginning on the south some of these
are marked by gaps in the mountains at the source of the Rio
Napipi, a tributary of the Rio Atrato, at the Sucubti, an affluent of the
Rio Chucunaque, at the Canal Zone, and farther north at Lake
Nicaragua and at the Isthmus of Tehauntepec. Such a division
would leave a chain of islands, several of the more southern of which
would be 3,000 to 4,000 feet high, and it would isolate the high
mountains of Costa Rica and Guatemala.

Geological investigations, especially those pursued in connection
with Panama Canal construction, indicate that oceanic waters did in
fact extend across, at least at the Canal Zone, during the Oligocene
period ; but the date of land emergence has not been very definitely
determined. The slight depth of the water to a submarine escarp-
ment far out along the coasts of Panama, and the present rapid rate
of erosion, indicate that the Isthmus was formerly much broader
than at present. The encroachment of the sea is well shown along
much of the northern coast line, where cliffs receive the full battering
effect of the waves swept in by the northerly trade winds. Southerly
winds are less dominant, but the southern coast is constantly sub-
jected to the erosive influence of tremendous tides.

Coiba Island and the large islands of the Pearl Archipelago lie in
shallow water upon the continental shelf and may have formed parts
of an ancient mainland. The excessive rainfall and tendency of
isthmian rocks in general to disintegrate rapidly on exposure to the
elements also greatly accelerate the reduction of the general land
mass.

The Miocene mammalian faunas of southern South America and
of North America are known to have been widely different, but a

24. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

great gap exists in our knowledge of the contemporaneous fauna of
Central America, and northern South America may have been iso-
lated by an Amazonian gulf. Various authorities, however, includ-
ing Hill,» and Scott* concur in the belief that North and South
America have been united from the Miocene to the present time.
Intermigratory movements, probably setting in during the Miocene
period, extended through the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene when
the interchange of mammalian groups reached its maximum and was
followed by extensive extinction, leaving both regions comparatively
impoverished. Notably numerous contributions from the North
American fauna have, however, persisted and maintain a high state
of development in Central and South America.

The mammalian fauna of Panama, as a whole, is South American
in the sense that most of the genera and many of the species are
common to both regions.

The eastern and western parts of the republic with the Canal Zone
as a convenient dividing line, however, present important faunal
differences. The former section is more truly South American,
especially the mountainous parts, while western Panama partakes of
the character of the Central American subregion. The following
genera range from South America into eastern Panama, but are not
known from the western part of the republic: Peramys, Rhipi-
domys, Neacomys, Diplomys, Hydrocherus, Icticyon, Lonchorina,
Macrophyllum, Lonchophylla, Vampyressa, Molossops and Leonto-
cebus. Some of the bats may not improbably prove to be more widely
distributed in Central America, but the limits of the other genera
in that direction are believed to be approximately fixed. Several
rodent genera assignable to the Central American subregion are
apparently restricted in the republic to the highlands of the western
part, as follows: Nyctomys, Scotinomys and Syntheosciurus. A
few North or Middle American elements, as Reithrodontomys, Pero-
myscus, Macrogeomys and Cryptotis, reach the mountains of extreme
eastern Panama or cross the Colombian frontier, but are not known
from the Canal Zone.

The tendency of the Canal Zone to delimit faunas is indicated by
the distribution of various species. The genus Saimiri ranges in
South America and is apparently absent in eastern and central

* Hill, R. T. The Geological History of the Isthmus of Panama and Costa
Rica. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 28, p. 270, June, 1808.

Scott, W. B. The Isthmus of Panama in its Relation to the Animal Life
of North and South America. Science, N. S., Vol. 43, No. 1100, p. 117, January
28, 1916.

.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 25

Panama, but reappears in the western part of the republic where
Saimiri orstedu is a common species. In Sciurus hoffmanni is pre-
sented a remarkable case of discontinuous distribution of a species.
This common squirrel, living at high and low elevations in Costa
Rica and western Panama, appears to be excluded from similar
regions throughout eastern Panama, but specimens from Colombia
seem indistinguishable from Costa Rican examples. Eastern
Panama, it may be noted, is occupied by another common species,
Sciurus gerrardi, which also has a wide altitudinal range and
apparently similar habits. The complementary ranges of these
squirrels in the republic, together with the peculiar distribution of
sciurus hoffmanni, suggests antagonism in ecological relations.
Some species, like the two widely dispersed raccoons, Procyon lotor
and Procyon cancrivorus, reach the Canal Zone from opposite direc-
tions, but do not pass far beyond it. Several genera have closely
allied representatives which are apparently restricted to upper slopes
of high mountains of the eastern and western parts of the republic
respectively. Examples of such species are Peromyscus pirrensis
and Peromyscus flavidus, Oryzomys pirrensis and Oryzomys devius.

LIFE ZONES

Owing to the lack of general knowledge of living forms, as well
as of detailed topography of the country and the local distribution
of life in Panama, any attempt to delimit life zones at this time must
be regarded as provisional. The region as a whole is highly diversi-
fied in character, and the number of species of animals and plants to
be met with at any given locality is extraordinary. While some
generalizations may be based on the field work already accomplished,
it is obvious that much more extensive investigations will be neces-
sary before the territory will be adequately known.

Three life zones, or belts, are recognizable in the republic, extend-
ing at low elevations from sea to sea, and at higher elevations as
belts on the slopes, or embracing the tops of mountain ranges.*
Beginning at sea level these are the Lower Tropical Zone, of which

* The life zones of tropical America, in their general bearings, have been

discussed with Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural
History, whose special field of study is northwestern South America.
Dr. Chapman’s work is based on the birds, and it is gratifying to find that,
although working independently, we are substantially in accord regarding the
number, approximate boundaries, and appropriate nomenclature of the zones.
The same general laws clearly apply to the areas studied by Dr. Chapman and
myself.

26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

there are well-marked arid and humid divisions ; the Upper Tropical,
or Subtropical Zone, and the Temperate Zone.

An exhaustive ecological treatment of the animals and plants of
the region should recognize aquatic, littoral or riparian, and other
associations which, except in a few such instances as those of Chiro-
nectes panamensis, Rheomys raptor, Hydrocherus isthmius, and
Trichechus manatus have comparatively slight significance with
reference to mammals alone.

As in the neighboring regions, the life zones are the expression
of the influence on organisms of various factors, or varying combi-
nations of factors, of which temperature and moisture, more or less
intimately associated, and light, are of prime importance.

The approximate boundaries between zones on different slopes
vary in conformity with many of the same modifying conditions as
elsewhere ; the humidity of a given area is clearly determined by the
height of mountains in combination with the direction of prevailing
winds.

The zone lists include all of the mammals known from the region,
except certain widely ranging species whose distributiom have no
obvious zone significance, A species or subspecies may occur regu-
larly in two or more life zones, but is usually assignable to one in
which it reaches its maximum abundance. Here, as elsewhere, some
of the mammals exhibit a tendency to become differentiated in accord-
ance with rather local environmental conditions; thus, a species
characterized by dark colors in the humid belt, may be represented
by a paler counterpart in more arid territory. The lists of birds are
made up mainly of the more characteristic species, and together
with the short lists of plants tend to corroborate deductions which
might be based on the mammals alone.

LOWER TROPICAL ZONE

The Lower Tropical Zone, an area of high temperature, includes
by far the greater part of the Isthmian land surface from the Atlantic
and Pacific shore lines across at low elevations from sea to sea and
to about 3,000 to 3,500 feet in average altitude along the slopes of the
higher mountains. As might be expected, owing to its greater
extent, the majority of the animals and plants of the general region
are assignable to this zone, and many species, especially of bats,
have extended their ranges into all its parts. The zone is, however,
divisible into humid and arid divisions, which are denominated the
Humid Lower Tropical Zone, and the Arid Lower Tropical Zone,

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5 PL. 12

noe re foe

Fic, 1—Arid Lower Tropical Zone near southern base of Cerro Azul. Cerro
\zul visible in far distance.

Fic, 2.—Humid Lower Tropical Zone at 3,000 feet altitude near summit of Cerro

\zul.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

saree i te cae =

——oe 5

Kic. t.—Humid Lower Tropical Zone. An aquatic environment in the lower
Chagres Valley near Bohio, Canal Zone.

)

ant pk é
y Rha
Hy) Wy

writs:

a
at |

x

menage Hem,

a

‘
,

ee et

Fic. 2—llumid Lower Tropical Zone. Typical section of forest interior near
Gatun, Canal Zone, exposed by clearing of foreground.

ENO. 5

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 27

respectively. While the total rainfall is more copious in the humid
than in the arid division, the most important difference between the
two sections is in the comparative continuity of the supply, and its
effect on the fauna and flora. Thus, in the humid division moisture
in the form of rain or fog is received at very short intervals through-
out the year, and when the nights are clear heavy dew exerts its
refreshing influence on the vegetation, whereas in the arid division
long periods of drought prevail. As a result of these contrasting
conditions the leaves are persistent and an evergreen forest, the
“rain-forest ” of authors, uniformly overspreads the humid division,
while in the arid division the leaves are largely deciduous, the forest
turns brown during the dry season, and may be interrupted by open,
grassy savannas which become parched in appearance. These zonal
differences, so well reflected in the character of the flora, are asso-
ciated with corresponding changes in the fauna.

Mammals of Lower Tropical Zone

[Species marked U. occur also in Upper Tropical Zone]

Chironectes panamensis, Panama Water Myrmecophaga tridactyla centralis, Central

Opossum.

Didelphis marsupialis etensis, Eten Opos-
sum; Zorro.

Didelphis marsupialis particeps, San Miguel
Island Opossum.

Didelphis marsupialis battyi, Batty’s Opos-
sum.

Marmosa mexicana isthmica, Isthmian Mar-
mosa.

Marmosa mexicana savannarum, Savanna
Marmosa.

Marmosa fulviventer, Fulvous-bellied Mar-
mosa.

Marmosa invicta, Black Marmosa.

Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus, Allen’s
Opossum; Zorro.

Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus, Brown
Opossum; Zorro,

Philander laniger derbianus, Derby's Woolly

Opossum,

Philander laniger pallidus, Pale Woolly
Opossum.

Philander laniger nauticus, Insular Woolly
Opossum.

Peramys melanops, Panama Peramys.

Bradypus griseus griseus, Gray Three-toed
Sloth.

Bradypus ignavus, Panama Three-toed
Sloth.

Cholapus hoffmanni, Hoffmann’s Two-toed
Sloth; Perico Lijero.

Cyclopes didactylus dorsalis, Costa Rican
Two-toed Anteater.

Tamanduas tetradactyla chiriquensis, Chiri-
qui Three-toed Anteater.

American Great Anteater,

Dasypus novemcinctus fenestratus, Costa
Rican Four-toed Armadillo.

Cabassous centralis, Central American Five-
toed Armadillo.

Trichechus manatus, Manatee.

Pecari angulatus bangsi, Bangs’ Collared
Peccary; Zahino. U.

Tayassu pecari spiradens, Costa Rican
White-lipped Pececary. U.

Odocoileus chiriquensis, Chiriqui White-
tailed Deer.

Odocoileus rothschildi, Rothschild’s White-
tailed Deer.

Mazama_ sartorii reperticia, Canal Zone
Forest Deer.

Tapirella bairdii, Baird’s Tapir. VU.

Tylomys panamensis, Panama Climbing Rat.

Tylomys watsoni, Watson's Climbing Rat.

Zygodontomys cherrieit cherriei, Cherrie’s
Cane Rat.

Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus, Canal
Zone Cane Rat.

Zygodontomys seorsus, Sdn Miguel Island
Cane Rat

Neacomys pictus, Painted Bristly Mouse.

Oryzomys gatunensis, Gatun Rice Rat.

Oryzomys alfaroi dariensis, Darien Rice
Ret, U.

Oryzomys bombycinus bombycinus, Silky
Rice Rat.

Oryzomys talamanca, Talamanca Rice Rat.

Oryzomys tectus tectus, Bugaba Rice Rat.

Oryzomys tectus frontalis, Corozal Rice
Rat.

ee

28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

Orysomys fulvescens costaricensis, Costa
Rican Pygmy Rice Rat.

Orysomys caliginosus idoneus,
Dusky Rice Rat.

Orysomys caliginosus chrysomelas,
Rican Dusky Rice Rat.

Nectomys alfart eficax, Cana Rice Rat.

Sigmodon hispidus chiriquensis, Boqueron
Cotton Rat.

Macrogeomys
Gopher. U.

Macrogeomys pansa, Bugaba Pocket Gopher.

Heteromys australis conscius, Cana Pocket
Mouse.

Heteromys desmarestianus sonalis,
Zone Spiny Pocket Mouse.

Liomys adspersus, Peters’
Mouse.

Proechimys semispinosus panamensis,
Panama Spiny Rat.

Proechimys — semispinosus
Miguel Island Spiny Rat.

Diplomys labilis, Gliding Spiny Rat (San
Miguel Island).

Diplomys darlingi, Darling’s Spiny Rat.

Panama

Costa

dariensis, Darien Pocket

Canal

Spiny Pocket

burrus, San

Dasyprocta punctata isthmica, Isthmian
Agouti,
Dasyprocta callida, San Miguel Island
Agouti.

Dasyprocta coibe, Coiba Island Agouti.
Cuniculus paca virgatus, Panama Paca.
Hydrocherus isthmius, Isthmian Capybara.

Coendoun rethschildi, Rothschild’s Porcu-
pine,
Seiurus variegatoides helveolus, Panama

Squirrel.

Sciurus variegatoides melania, Costa Rican
Black Squirrel.
Seiurus hofmanni
Squirrel, U.
Sciurus gerrardi choco, Darien Squirrel.

chiviquensis, Chiriqui

Sciurus gerrardi morulus, Canal Zone
Squirrel.

Microsciurus alfari browni, Brown's Pygmy
Squirrel,

Microsciurus alfari venustulus, Canal Zone
Pygmy Squirrel.

Microsciurus isthmius vivatus, Mount Pirre
Pyemy Squirrel.

Sylvilagus gabbi gabbi, Costa Rican Forest
Rabbit.

Sylvilagus gabbi messorius, Panama Forest
Rabbit.

Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus,
Island Rabbit.

Procyon cancrivorus panamensis,
Crab-eating Raccoon.

Procyon lotor pumilus, Little Panama Rac-
coon. ‘
Nasua narica panamensis, Panama Coati.

U.
Bassaricyon gabbti gabbii, Costa Rican
Bushy-tailed Olingo.

San Miguel

Panama

VOL. 69

Bassavicyon gabbii orinomus, Panama
Bushy-tailed Olingo. U.

Potos flavus isthmicus, Isthmian Kinkajou.
Ui

Potos flavus chiriquensis, Chiriqui Kinkajou.

Mustela affinis costaricensis, Costa Rican
Bridled Weasel, U,.

Tayra barbara.biologie, Panama Tayra.

Grison canaster, Yucatan Grison.

Conepatus tropicalis trichurus, Panama
Skunk.

Lutra repanda, Panama Otter.

Felis onca centralis, Central American

Jaguar.

Felis pardalis mearnsi, Mearns’ Ocelot. U.

Felis pirrensis, Panama Long-tailed Spotted
Cat.

Felis bangsi costaricensis, Central Ameri-
can Puma. U.

Herpailurus yagouaroundi panamensis,
Panama Gray and Red Cat.

Rhynchiscus naso priscus, Mexican Long-
nosed Bat.
Saccopteryes bilineata bilineata,
White-lined Bat.
Saccopteryx leptura,
Bat.

Peropteryx canina canina, Dog-like Bat.

Centronycterts centralis, Thomas’ Bat.

Dirias albiventer minor, Little Bull Dog Bat.

Chilonyeteris rubiginosa rubiginosa, Dark
Brown Bat.

Micronycteris microtis, Nicaraguan Small-
eared Bat.

Lonchorina aurita, Tomes’ Long-eared Bat.

Tonatia amblyotis, Round-eared Bat.

Macrophyllum macrophyllum, Long-legged
Bat.

Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis, Panama
Spear-nosed Bat.

Trachops cirrhosus, Fringe-lipped Bat.

Vampyrus spectrum nelsoni, Nelson’s False
Vampire Bat.

Glossophaga soricina leachii, Leach'’s Long-
tongued Bat.

Lonchophylla robusta, Rusty Long-tongued
Rat.

Lonchophylla
tongued Bat.

Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum, Short-
tailed Bat.

Hemiderma castaneum,
tailed Bat.

Uroderma bilobatum, Yellow-eared Bat.

Vampyrops helleri, Heller's Bat.

Vampyrodes mayor, San Pablo Bat.

Vampyressa minuta, Little Yellow-eared
Bat.

Chiroderma tsthmicum, Isthmian Bat.

Chiroderma salvini, Salvin'’s Bat.

Artibeus watsoni, Watson's Bat.

Artibeus famaicensis famaicensis, Jamaican
Bat.

Greater

Lesser White-lined

concava, Panama _ Long:

Chestnut Short-

NO. 5

Artibeus planirostris planirostris, Flat-
nosed Bat. U. f
Desmodus rotundus murinus, Mexican
Vampire Bat.

Natalus stramineus mexicanus, Mexican

Straw-colored Bat.
Myotis nigricans, Little Black Bat.
Eptesicus propinquus, Peters’ Black Bat.
Dasypterus ega panamensis, Panama Short-
eared Bat.
Rhogeéssa tumida, Little Yellow Bat.
Molossops planirostris, Flat-nosed Mastiff
Bat.
Eumops nanus, Dwarf Mastiff Bat.
Eumops glaucinus, Chestnut Mastiff Bat.
Molossus coibensis, Coiba Island Mastiff
Bat.

Birds of Lower

Crypturus soui panamensis, Panama Tina-
mou.
Tinamus
Tinamou.
Ibycter americantis, Cacao Hawk.
Herpetotheres cachinnans, Laughing Hawk.
Leucopternis semiplumbea, Dusky-mantled
Leucopternis.
Leucopternis ghiesbrechti,
Leucopternis.
Rupornis ruficauda, Rufous-tailed Hawk.
Crax panamensis, Panama Curassow.
Ortalis cinereiceps, Ashy-headed Chachalaca.
Odontophorus melanotis, Black-eared Par-

castaneiceps, Chestnut-headed

Ghiesbrecht’s

tridge.
Odontophorus marmoratus, Marbled Par-
tridge.
Odontophorus castigatus, Panama Par-
tridge.

Rhynchortyx cinctus, Banded Partridge.
Eurypyga major, Sun Bittern.

Oreopeleia violacea albiventris, White-
bellied Quail Dove.

Oreopeleia chiriquensis, Chiriqui Quail
Dove.

Leptotila cassini cassini, Cassin’s Dove.

Leptotila rufinucha, Rufous-naped Dove.

Claravis pretiosa, Blue Ground Dove.

Chaemepelia rufipennis rufipennis, Ruddy
Ground Dove.

Chaemepelia minuta elaodes, Plain-breasted
Ground Dove.

Lepidenas speciosa, Scaled Pigeon.

Amazona farinosa virenticeps, Green-headed
Parrot.

Amazona ochrocephala panamensis, Panama
Parrot.

Pionus menstruus, Blue-headed Parrot.

Pyrilia hematotis coccinicollaris, Red-neck-
laced Parrot.

Brotogerys jugularis, Tovi Paroquet.

Eupsittula ocularis, Veragua Paroquet.

Aratinga finschii, Finsch’s Paroquet.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 29

Molossus sinalow, Sinaloa Mastiff Bat.

Molossus bonda, Bonda Mastiff Bat.

Saimiri érstedii érstedii, Orsted’s Titi
Monkey.

Aotus zonalis, Canal Zone Night Monkey.

Leontocebus geoffroyi, Geoffroy’s Squirrel
Monkey.

Alouatta palliata inconsonans,
Howling Monkey. U.

Alouatta coibensis, Coiba Island Howling
Monkey.

Cebus capucinus capucinus,
White-throated Capuchin. U.

Cebus capucinus imitator, Panama White-
throated Capuchin. U.

Ateles geoffroyi, Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey.

Panama

Colombian

Tropical Zone

Crotophaga ani, Ani.
Crotophaga major, Greater Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani.

Neomorphus © salvini, Salvin’s Ground
Cuckoo,

Coccycua rutila panamensis, Panama
Cuckoo.

Veniliornis kirkii neglectus, Divala Wood-
pecker.

Veniliornis kirkii dariensis, Darien Wood-
pecker.

Chloronerpes chrysochlorus aurosus, Golden
Green Woodpecker.

Chloronerpes callopterus, Panama Green

Woodpecker.

Tripsurus pucherani pucherani, Pucheran’s
Woodpecker.

Tripsurus chrysauchen, Golden-naped Wood-
pecker.

Centurus subelegans wagleri, Wagler’s
Woodpecker.

Centurus seductus, San Miguel Wood-
pecker.

Picumnus olivaceus panamensis, Panama
Piculet.

Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus, Veragua
Piculet.

Capito maculicoronatus maculicoronatus,

Spotted-crowned Barbet.

Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis,
Barbet.

Selenidera spectabilis, Cassin’s Aragari.

Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus, Collared
Aragari.

Pteroglossus frantzii, Frantzius’ Aragari.

Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus,
Short-keeled Toucan.

Galbula melanogenia,
mar.

Jacamerops aurea, Great Jacamar.

Chrysotrogon caligatus, Gartered Trogon.

Trogonurus curucui tenellus, Graceful
Trogon.

Pirre

Black-chinned Jaca-

30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

Trogon strigilatus chionurus, White-tailed
Trogon.

Trogon bairdii, Baird’s Trogon.

Curucujus massena, Massena Trogon.

Curucujus melanurus macrourus,
tailed Trogon.

Nonnula frontalis, Panama Nonnula.

Malacoptila panamensis panamensis, Panama

Malacoptila.

Ecchaunornis radiatus fulvidus,
Puff-Bird.

Notharchus tectus subtectus, Panama Pied
Puff-Bird,

Hylomanes' momotula obscurus,
Tody-Motmot.

Urospatha martii semirufa, Greater Rufous
Motmot.

Electron platyrhynchum suboles, Darien
Motmot.

Electron platyrhynchum minor,
Broad-billed Motmot.

Momotus lessonii lessoniit, Lesson’s Motmot.

Otus vermiculatus, Vermiculated Screech

Large-

Fulvous

Panama

Lesser

Owl.
Nyctibius griseus panamensis, Panama
Potoo.
Lepidopyga ceruleogularis, Duchassain’s

Humming Bird.

Polyerata amabilis, Lovely Humming Bird.

Polyerata decora, Charming Humming Bird.

Damophila panamensis, Panama Humming
Bird.

Goldmania. violiceps, Goldman’s Humming
Bird.

Chalybura isaure, Baroness de Lafresnaye’s
Plumeleteer.

Pheochroa cuvierti cuvierit, Cuvier’s Hum-
ming Bird.

Pheochroa cuvierit saturatior, Coiba Island
Humming Bird.

Threnetes ruckeri, Rucker’s Hermit.

Glaucis hirsuta afinis, Lesser Hairy Hermit.

Phethornis longirostris cephalus, Nicara-
guan Hermit.

Eutoxeres aquila salvini,
Bill.

Dendrocincla homochroa ruficeps, Panama
Ruddy Dendrocincla.

Dendrocincla lafresnayei ridgwayi, Brown
Dendrocincla. ‘

Dendrocincla anabatina saturata, Carriker’s
Dendrocincla,

Deconychura typica, Cherrie’s Deconychura.

Niphorhynchus lachrymosus lachrymosus,
Black-striped Woodhewer.

Niphorhynchus lachrymosus
Striped-bellied Woodhewer.

Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis, Pale-
throated Automolus.

Automolus pallidigularis exsertus, Chiriqui
Automolus.

Hyloctistes virgatus, Striped Hyloctistes.

Salvin’s Sickle-

eximius,

VOL. 69
XNenops genibarbis mexicanus, Mexican
Xenops.
Pittasoma michleri michleri, Michler’s Ant-
pitta.

Phenostictus mcleannani mcleannani, Mc-
Leannan’s Antthrush.

Hylophylax nevioides, Spotted Antbird.

Formicarius monitliger hoffmanni, Hoff-
mann’s Antthrush.

Formicarius moniliger panamensis, Panama
Antthrush,

Myrmecisa lemosticta, Salvin’s Antbird.

Myrmecizsa seledoni, Zeledon’s Antbird.

Myrmecisa exsul exsul, Sclater’s Antbird.

Myrmecisa exsul occidentalis, Cherrie’s Ant-
bird.

Gymnocichla nudiceps
crowned Antbird.

Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis, Costa Rican
Bare-crowned Antbird.

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus exiguus,
Rufous-winged Antvireo.

Microbates cinereiventris
Half-collared Antwren.

Myrmopagis fulviventris, Lawrence’s Ant-
wren.

Myrmopagis melena, Black Antwren.

nudiceps, Bare-

semitorquatus,

Cymbilaimus lineatus fasciatus, Fasciated
Antshrike.

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus, Cinnamon
Becard.

Sirystes albogriseus, Panama Sirystes.

Microtriccus brunneicapillus, Brown-capped
Tyrannulet.

Cotinga ridgwayi, Ridgway’s Cotinga.

Cotinga nattererii, Natterer’s Cotinga.,

Laniocera rufescens, Rufous Manakin.

Manacus vitellinus, Gould’s Manakin.

Manacus aurantiacus, Salvin’s Manakin.

Myiophobus fasciatus furfurosus, Bran-
colored Flycatcher.

Mitrephanes eminulus, Green-backed Fly-
catcher.

Cnipodectes subbrunneus,
catcher,

Camptostoma pusillum flaviventre, Yellow-
bellied Camptostoma.

Copurus leuconotus, White-backed Copurus.

Tyranniscus vilissimus parvus, Lesser Paltry
Flycatcher.

Rhynchocyclus marginatus, Yellow-margined
Flycatcher.

Predo audax, Black-billed Flycatcher.

Craspedoprion e@quinoctialis, Equinoctial
Flycatcher.

Lophotriccus squamecristus minor,
don’s Helmeted Flycatcher.

Todirostrum nigriceps, Black-headed Tody-
Flycatcher.

Brown Fly-

Zele-

Oncostoma oljivaceum, Lawrence’s Bent-
billed Flycatcher.

Planesticus grayi casius, Bonaparte’s
Thrush.

a

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 60, NO. 5, Ff

Fic. 1.—Ivory nut palm (Phytelephas), Humid Lower Tropical
Zone near Porto Bello, showing method of gathering nuts.

Fic. 2.—Ivory nut gatherer’s hut, showing product of his industry
heaped in foreground

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

oye 7
“oT @ Potent).

Da ee oe ne

T Per fo

Fic. 2—Ferns of Humid Lower Tropical Zone, near Cana,
Pa Bey pepe [en ae ne yee nt rae TE

Anxitacesuneasaw

nirewuamnsan

Polaypondium

Fic. 1—Ferns of Humid Lower Tropical Zone near Cana,

eastern Panama. altitude 2000 feet

J
;
s

NO. 5

Polioptila superciliaris superciliaris, Law-
rence’s Gnatcatcher.

Leucolepis lawrencii, Lawrence’s Musician
Wren.

Thryophilus castaneus castaneus, Bay Wren.

Thryophilus galbraithit galbraithii, Gal-
braith’s Wren.

Henicorhina prostheluca pittieri,
Wood Wren.

Troglodytes musculus inquietus,
House Wren.

Pheugopedius fasciatoventris albigularis,
Panama Black-bellied Wren.

Pheugopedius fasciatoventris melanogaster,
Black-bellied Wren.

Pheugopedius hyperythrus,
Wren.

Heleodytes albobrunneus,
Cactus Wren.

Pachysylvia aurantiifrons
Lawrence’s Pachysylvia.

‘Anthus parvus, Panama Pipit.

Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus,
Sclater’s Warbler.

Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis, Buff-
rumped Warbler.

Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa, Chiriqui
Parula Warbler.

Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, Panama Thrush-
Warbler.

Pittier’s

Panama

Tawny-bellied
White-headed

aurantiifrons,

Dacnis cayana ultramarina, Ultramarine
Dacnis.,
Sturnella magna inexspectata, Central

American Meadowlark.
Leistes militaris, Cayenne Red-breasted
Blackbird.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 31

Icterus mesomelas salvinii, Salvin’s Oriole.

Cacicus microrhynchus, Small-billed Cacique.

Cacicus vitellinus, Lawrence’s Cacique.

Mitrospingus cassini, Cassin’s Tanager.

Chlorothraupis carmioli, Carmiol’s Tanager.

Chlorothraupis olivaceus, Yellow-browed
Tanager.

Tachyphonus nitidissimus, Veraguan White-
shouldered Tanager.

Tachyphonus delatrii, Tawny-crested Tana-
ger.

Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis, White-
shouldered Tanager.

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas
Black and Yellow Tanager.

Tanagra luteicapilla, Yellow-crowned Eu-
phonia,

Tangara florida arcei, Arce’s Emerald Tana-
ger. ‘

Tangara inornata, Plain-colored Tanager.

Saltator atriceps lacertosus, Panama Black-
headed Saltator.

Saltator magnoides intermedius,
Buff-throated Saltator.

Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens, Panama
Blue Grosbeak.

Arremon aurantiirostris,
Sparrow.

Ammodramus savannarum obscurus, Mina-
titlan Sparrow.

Sporophila minuta minuta, Minute Seed-
eater.

Arremonops conirostris conirostris, Lafres-
naye’s Sparrow.

chrysomelas,

Panama

Orange-billed

HUMID LOWER TROPICAL ZONE

The Humid Lower Tropical Zone occupies the crests of most of the
mountain ranges, and nearly all that part of the Atlantic watershed
of Panama lying below about 3,000 feet altitude. It is replaced,
however, in the Chagres Valley by a strip of the Arid Lower Tropical
Zone which extends from the Pacific coast across the continental
divide in the vicinity of the Panama Canal, but the transition to
humid conditions is rapid to the northward of Empire and the bend
of the Chagres River. The area is comparatively uniform in char-
acter, usually heavily forested, and includes the most luxuriant
vegetation on the Isthmus. Trees of large size cast so dense a shade
that the undergrowth may be scanty, but wherever much light is
admitted the ground cover is very thick, and tangled masses of vines
tend to impede progress through the forest. The highest and most
massive forest growth, however, is in general at the lower levels.
On the upper, or steeper, slopes of the mountains forest cover of a
lower growth is apparently the result of unfavorable soil conditions.

3

32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 69

Although such slopes are densely wooded, erosion of the entire
surface may be rapid, the torrential rains sweeping away humus as

fast as deposited.

Mammals of Humid Lower Tropical Zone

Chironectes panamensis, Panama Water
Opossum.

Marmosa mexicana isthmica, Isthmian Mar-
mosa.

Marmosa invicta, Black Marmosa.

Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus, Brown
Opossum; Zorro.

Philander laniger derbianus, Derby’s Opos-
sum.

Peramys melanops, Panama Peramys.

Masama sartorii reperticea, Canal Zone
Forest Deer.

Tapirella bairdii, Baird’s Tapir.

Zygodontomys cherrieit ventriosus,
Zone Cane Rat.

Neacomys pictus, Painted Bristly Mouse.

Orysomys gatunensis, Gatun Rice Rat.

Orysomys alfaroi dariensis, Darien Rice Rat.

Canal

Oryzomys bombycinus bombycinus,
Rice Rat.

Orysomys talamance, Talamanca Rice Rat.

Oryzomys tectus frontalis, Corozal Rice Rat.

Oryzomys caliginosus idoneus, Panama
Dusky Rice Rat.

Nectomys alfari efficax, Cana Rice Rat.

Heteromys australis conscius, Cana Pocket
Mouse.

Heteromys desmarestianus zonalis, Canal
Zone Spiny Pocket Mouse. fe

Dasyprocta punctata isthmica,
Agouti.

Microsciurus alfari venustulus, Canal Zone
Pygmy Squirrel.

Bassaricyon gabbiit gabbii,
Bushy-tailed Olingo.

Lutra repanda, Panama Otter,

Silky

Isthmian

Costa Rican

Birds of Humid Lower Tropical Zone

Leucopternis ghiesbrechti, Ghiesbrecht’s
Leucopternis.

Crax panamensis, Panama Curassow.

Odontophorus marmoratus, Marbled Par-
tridge.

Eurypyga major, Sun Bittern.

Oreopeleia violacea albiventris, White-bellied
Quail Dove.

Leptotila cassini cassini, Cassin’s Dove.

Neomorphus salvini, Salvin’s Ground
Cuckoo.

Coccycua rutila panamensis, Panama
Cuckoo.

Chloronerpes callopterus, Panama Green
Woodpecker.

Tripsurus pucheranit pucherani, Pucheran’s
Woodpecker.

Picumnus olivaceus panamensis, Panama
Piculet.

Capito maculicoronatus maculicoronatus,
Spotted-crowned Barbet.

Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis,
Barbet.

Jacamerops aurea, Great Jacamar.

Selenidera spectabilis, Cassin’s Aragari.

Ramphastos piscivorus brevicarinatus, Short-
keeled Toucan,

Pirre

Curucujus melanurus macrourus, Large-
tailed Trogon.

Nonnula frontalis, Panama Nonnula.

Ecchaunornis radiatus fulvidus, Fulvous

Puff-Bird.

Notharchus tectus subtectus, Panama Pied
Puff-Bird.

Hylomanes momotula obscurus,
Tody-Motmot.

Panama

Electron platyrhynchum minor, Lesser

Broad-billed Motmot.

Electron platyrhynchum suboles, Darien
Motmot.

Urospatha martit semirufa, Greater Rufous
Motmot.

Polyerata amabilis, Lovely Hummingbird.

Damophila panamensis, Panama Humming-
bird. ;

Goldmania violiceps, Goldman’s Humming-
bird.

Chalybura isaure, Baroness de Lafresnaye’s
Plumeleteer.

Threnetes ruckeri, Rucker’s Hermit.

Glaucis hirsuta affinis, Lesser Hairy Hermit.

Eutoxeres aquila salvini, Salvin’s Sickle-
bill. é

Dendrocincla lafresnayet ridgwayi, Brown
Dendrocincla.

Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus lachrymosus,
Black-striped Woodhewer.

Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis, Pale-
throated Automolus.

Hyloctistes virgatus, Striped Hyloctistes.

Pittasoma michleri michleri, Michler’s Ant-
pitta.

Phenostictus mcleannani mcleannani, Mc-
Leannan’s Antthrush.

Hylophylax nevioides, Spotted Antbird.

Formicarius moniliger panamensis, Panama.
Antthrush.

Myrmecisa lemosticta, Salvin’s Antbird.

Myrmecisa zeledoni, Zeledon’s Antbird.

Myrmeciza exsul exsul, Sclater’s Antbird.

NO. 5

Gymnocichla nudiceps nudiceps, Bare-
crowned Antbird. .

Microbates cinereiventris sumitorquatus,
Half-collared Antwren.

Myrmopagis fulviventris, Lawrence’s Ant-
wren.

Myrmopagis melena, Black Antwren.

Cymbilaimus lineatus fasciatus, Fasciated
Antshrike.

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus exiguus,
Rufous-winged Antvireo.

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus, Cinnamon
Becard.

Sirystes albogriseus, Panama Sirystes.

Microtriccus brunneicapillus, Brown-capped
Tyrannulet.

Cotinga nattererti, Natterer’s Cotinga.

Laniocera rufescens, Rufous Manakin.

Manacus vitellinus, Gould’s Manakin.

Mitrephanes eminulus, Green-backed Fly-
catcher.

Cnipodectes subbrunneus, Brown Flycatcher.

Rhynchocyclus marginatus, Yellow-margined
Flycatcher.

Prado audax, Black-billed Flycatcher.

Craspedoprion equinoctialis, Equinoctial
Flycatcher.

Lophotriccus squamecristus minor,
don’s Helmeted Flycatcher.

Todirostrum nigriceps, Black-headed Tody-
Flycatcher.

Zele-

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN

33

Leucolepis lawrencii, Lawrence’s Musician
Wren.

Thryophilus castaneus castaneus, Bay Wren.

Thryophilus gaibraithit galbraithii, Gal-
braith’s Wren,

Pheugopedius fasciato ventris albigularis,
Panama Black-bellied Wren.

Pachysylvia aurantiifrons auranttifrons,
Lawrence’s Pachysylvia.

Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa, Chiriqui
Parula Warbler.

Dacnis cayana_ ultramarina,
Dacnis.

Icterus mesomelas salvinii, Salvin’s Oriole.

Tachyphonus delatrii, Tawny-crested Tana-
ger.

Chlorothraupis carmioli, Carmiol’s Tanager.

Chlorothraupis olivaceus, Yellow-browed
Tanager.

Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis, White-
shouldered Tanager.

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas chrysomelas,
Black and Yellow Tanager.

Tangara florida arcai, Arce’s Emerald Tana-
ger.

Tangara inornata, Plain-colored Tanager.

Saltator atriceps lacertosus, Panama Black-
headed Saltator.

Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens, Panama
Blue Grosbeak.

Arremonops conirostris conirostris, Lafres-
naye’s Sparrow.

Ultramarine

Plants of Humid Lower Tropical Zone

Lycopodium dichotomum.
Polypodium aureum,

Dicranopteris bifida.

Anthurium acutangulum.

Anthurium hacumense.

Anthurium maximum,

Montrichardia arborescens.
Philodendron brevispathum.
Xanthosoma helleborifolium.

Aechmea dactylina.

Aechmea tillandsioides.

Guzmania angustifolia.

Guzmania zahnii.

Pitcairnia atrorubens.

Heliconia wagneriana.

Piper aduncum.

Piper cordulatum.

Brosimum utile,

Pirvatinera panamensis,

Cecropia arachnoides, Guarumo.
Cecropia longipes, Guarumo.

Cecropia mexicana, Guarumo.

Ficus panamensis, Panama Wild Fig.
Ficus hemsleyana, Hemsley’s Wild Fig.
Ficus pittieri, Pittier’s Wild Fig.
Inophleum armatum, Maragua; Cocua.
Orycthanthus ligustrinus.

Guatteria amplifolia. ©

Virola panamensis.

Acacia hayesii, Hayes’ Acacia.

Acacia melanoceras.

Acacia multiglandulosa.

Inga goldmaniana,

Inga portobellensis.

Pithecolobium cognatum.,

Pithecolobium fragans.

Pithecolobium latifolium.

Prioria copaifera.

Swartzia grandiflora.

Swartzia panamensis, Cutaro.

Erythrina costaricensis, Costa Rican
thrina.

Meibomia adscendens.

Coumarouna panamensis.

Acalypha diversifolia leptostachya.

Croton billbergianus.

Euphorbia ammannioides.

Sapium giganteum.

Cupania fulvida.

Sloanea megalophylla.

Heliocarpus appendiculatus.

Hibiscus bifurcatus,

Hibiscus spathulatus.

Lopimia dasypetala.

Pavonia racemosa.

Peltaa ovata.

Ery-

34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

Sida rhombifolia.
Pachira aquatica.
Quararibea pterocalyx.
Eschweilera panamensis.
Eschweilera reversa.
Gustavia nana,

Gustavia parvifolia.
Combretum coccineum,
Combretum epiphyticum.
Combretum punctulatum.
Aciotis purpurascens.
Clidemia dentata.
Clidemia petiolaris.
Cottostegia speciosa,
Conostegia subcrustulata.
Leandra cinnamomea.
Leandra me.icana.
Miconia barbinervis.
Miconia nervosa.
Oxymeris cinnamomea.
Oxymeris heterobasis.

VOL. 69

Sagrea petiolata.

Styrax argenteum.
Mimusops dariensis.
Malouetia panamensis.
Enallagma cucurbitina.
Jacaranda copaia.
Macfadyena uncinata,
Aphelandra sinclairiana,
Aphelandra tetragona.
Diodia radula.

Cassupa panamensis,
Macrocnemum glabrescens.
Morinda panamensis.
Psychotria magna.
Rustia ferruginea.
Rustia occidentalis.
Watsonamra gymnopoda.
Watsonamra macrophylla.
Watsonamra magnifica,
Watsonamra pittieri.
Watsonamra pubescens.

ARID LOWER TROPICAL ZONE

The Arid Lower Tropical Zone extends in a belt of varying width,
mainly at low elevations, all along the southern side of the Isthmus,
excepting possibly the extreme southeastern part, from the Pacific
coast line to near the base of the higher mountains, reaching farthest
inland along the valley of the Tuyra River and at the base of the
Azuero Peninsula. In the vicinity of the Canal Zone it crosses the
continental divide and invades a part of the valley of the Chagres
River ; important islands off the coast are also included in its scope.

The total rainfall is by no means scanty, and in the wet season the
forested parts of this zone differ little in appearance from Humid
Lower Tropical areas, truly arid conditions prevailing only during
the dry season when much of the forest, except near water, is leafless
and the contrast with the continuously humid areas is very striking.
A number of trees exhibit the strange habit of devoting the wet
season to purely vegetative functions; under the stimulation of the
first rains newly formed leaves and rapidly lengthening branches
give the forest a spring-like appearance, but the flowering and
maturing of fruit is deferred until the dry season, when the leaves
have fallen and general growth has stopped.

Mammals of Arid Lower Tropical Zone

Didelphis marsupialis particeps, San Miguel Philander laniger pallidus, Pale Woolly

Island Opossum (San Miguel Island). Opossum.

Didelphis marsupialis battyi, Batty’s Opos- Philander laniger nauticus, Insular Woolly
sum (Coiba Island). Opossum,

Marmosa mexicana savannarum, Savanna Odocoileus chiriquensis, Chiriqui White
Marmosa. tailed Deer.

Odocoileus rothschildi, Rothschild’s White-
tailed Deer (Coiba Island).

Marmosa fulviventer, Fulvous-bellied Mar-
mosa (San Miguel Island).

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 35

Zygodontomys cherriet cherriei, Cherrie’s
Cane Rat.

Zygodontomys seorsus, San Miguel Island
Cane Rat (San Miguel Island).

Orysomys tectus tectus, Bugaba Rice Rat.

Oryzomys fulvescens’ costaricensis, Costa
Rican Pygmy Rice Rat.

Oryzomys caliginosus chrysomelas, Costa
Rican Dusky Rice Rat.

Macrogeomys pansa, Bugaba Pocket Gopher.

Liomys adspersus, Peters’ Spiny Pocket
Mouse.

Proechimys semispinosus burrus, San Miguel
Island Spiny Rat (San Miguel Island).
Diplomys labilis, Gliding Spiny Rat (San

Miguel Island).

Dasyprocta callida, San Miguel Island
Agouti (San Miguel Island),

Dasyprocta coibae, Coiba Island Agouti
(Coiba Island).

Sciurus variegatoides helveolus, Canal Zone
Squirrel.

Sciurus variegatoides melania, Costa Rican
Black Squirrel.

Microsciurus alfari browni, Brown’s Pygmy
Squirrel.

Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus, San Miguel
Island Rabbit (San Miguel Island).

Alouatta coibensis, Coiba Island Howling
Monkey (Coiba Island).

Birds of Arid Lower Tropical Zone

Rupornis ruficauda, Rufous-tailed Hawk.

Odontophorus castigatus, Panama _ Par-
tridge.

Leptotila rufinucha, Rufous-naped Dove.

Eupsittula ocularis, Veragua Paroquet.

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani.

Centurus seductus, San Miguel Woodpecker
(San Miguel Island).

Veniliornis kirkii neglectus, Divala Wood-
pecker.

Veniliornis kirkii dariensis, Darien Wood-
pecker.

Tripsurus chrysauchen, Golden-naped Wood-
pecker.

Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus, Veragua
Piculet.

Pteroglossus frantzii, Frantzius’ Aragari.

Trogon bairdti, Baird’s Trogon.

Polyerata decora, Charming Hummingbird.

Phaochroa cuvicrii cuvierti, Cuvier’s Hum-
mingbird.

Pheochroa cuvierii saturatior, Coiba Hum-
mingbird (Coiba Island).

Dendrocincla homochroa ruficeps, Panama
Ruddy Dendrocincla.

Dendrocincla anabatina saturata, Carriker’s
Dendrocincla.

Deconychura typica, Cherrie’s Deconychura.

Niphorhynchus lachrymosus eximius,
Striped-bellied Woodhewer.

Automolus pallidiventris exsertus, Chiriqui
Automolus.

Formicarius. moniliger hoffmanni, Hoff-
mann’s Antthrush.

Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis, Costa Rican
Bare-crowned Antbird.

Myrmeciza exsul occidentalis, Cherrie’s Ant-
bird.

Cotinga ridgwayi, Ridgway’s Cotinga.

Carpodectes antonia, Antonia’s Cotinga.

Manacus aurantiacus, Salvin’s Manakin.

Myiophobus fasciatus furfurosus, Bran-
colored Flycatcher.

Camptostoma pusillum flaviventre, Yellow-
bellied Camptostoma.

Pheugopedius hyperythrus, Tawny-bellied
Wren.

Pheugopedius fasciatoventris melanogaster,
Black-bellied Wren.

Anthus parvus, Panama Pipit.

Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis, Buff-
rumped Warbler.

Sturnella magna inexspectata, Central
American Meadowlark.

Leistes militaris, Cayenne Red-breasted
Blackbird.

Lanio melanopygius, Black-rumped Shrike-
Tanager.

Ammodramus savannarum obscurus, Mina-
titlan Sparrow.

Sporophila minuta minuta, Minute Seed-
eater.

Plants of Arid Lower Tropical Zone

(Excepting those of Savanna Area and Semi-forested Savanna borders)

Anthurium gracile.

Aechmea setigera.

Piper grandifolium.

Piper hispidum.

Ficus glaucescens, Glaucous Wild Fig.
Ficus isophlebia.

Ficus oerstediana, Orsted’s Wild Fig.
Ficus williamsti, Williams’ Wild Fig.
Loranthus avicularius.

Loranthus polyrhizos.
-

Loranthus theobroma.

Orycthanthus occidentalis.
Struthanthus orbicularis.

Annona hayesii, Hayes’ Annona.
Annona frutescens.

Hirtella americana.

Licania arborea.

Licania hypoleuca.

Licania platypus.

Acacia penonomensis, Penonomé Acacia.

:

36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69
Calliandra emarginata, Caperia panamensis. |
Calliandra pittieri, Pittier’s Calliandra. Euphorbia apocynoides.
Enterolobium schomburgkii. Hieronymia alchorneoides.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum. Anacardium rhinocarpus, Espavé.
Inga cocleensis. : Cupania guatemalensis.
Inga hayesii. Serjania grandis. ‘
Inga laurina. Serjania seemanni.
Inga mucuna. Talisia panamensis.
Inga paciflora. Goethalsia isthmica.
Inga pittieri. Heliocarpus arborescens.
Mimosa panamensis, Panama Mimosa. Abutilon graveolens.
Mimosa somnians. Hibiscus costatus.
Mimosa williamsti, William’s Mimosa. ' Malache panamensis.
Pithecolobium oblongum. Malvaviscus mollis.
Bauhinia hymeneefolia. Bambacopsis sessilis.
Bauhinia inermis. Ceiba pentandra.
Bauhinia pauletia. Cavanillesia platanifolia, Cuipo.
Browneopsis excelsa, Cuchillito. Melochia hirsuta.
Cassia foliolosa. Eschweilera garagare.
Cassia pauciflora. Eschweilera verruculosa,
Chamacrista brevipes. Gustavia microcarpa.
Chamecrista flexuosa. Combretum alternifolium.
Chamecrista tristicula. Combretum jacquint.
Hymenea courbaril. Combretum lepidopetalum,
Andira inermis. Clidemia dependens.
Centrolobium patinense, Amarillo de Guaya- Clidemia spicata.

quil. Miconia gracilis.
Centrolobium yavizanum. Sagrea rubra,
Erythrina rubrinervia. Achras sapota.
Lennea viridiflora, Styrax argenteum.
Lonchocarpus velutinus. Mimusops panamense.
Macherium purpurascens. Cordia riparia.
Meibomia spiralis, Cordia ulmifolia.
Platymiscium polystachyum, Vitex masoniana,
Lesbania macrocarpa. Amphilophium panniculatum. 4
Sweetia panamensts. : Anemopagma orbiculatum., )
Peltogyne purpurea. Arrabidea pachycaly-x,
Dimorphandra megistosperma, Alcornoque. Jacaranda felicifolia.
Dalbergia retusa, Cocobola. Aphelandra pectinata.
Platypodium maxonianum. Barleria micans.
Cedrela fissilis. Elytraria squamosa.
Cedrela mexicana, Spanish Cedar. Palicourea parviflora.
Guarea williamsii. Rondeletia panamensis.
Swietenia macrocarpa, Mahogany. Watsonamra brachyotis.
Vochysia ferruginea. Watsonamra tinajita.

SAVANNA AREA AND SEMI-FORESTED SAVANNA BORDERS

Two principal upland associational divisions, with important bear-
ing on mammalian life, are recognizable in the Arid Lower Tropical
Zone. These are an arid or semi-arid forest association, and a
savanna and savanna border association. The forests are generally
continuous along the basal slopes of the mountains and cover irregu-
lar contours to near the sea. They also extend as semi-arid belts
along the river valleys. Small patches of forest in savanna regions
may be the result of softer soil or other local conditions. Open,
grassy plains or savannas, often of wide extent, cover generally level
areas along the Pacific slope from near the Costa Rican frontier

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 68, NO. &

Fic. 1.—Savanna near southern base of Cerro Azul, southern Panama.

Pic. 2—Savanna near Corozal, Canal Zone.

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NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN

37
eastward to the Bayano River. Savannas also occur in the valley of
the Chagres River, east of the Canal Zone. Some mammals and
birds are not very definitely assignable to either area, as they find
their most congenial habitat along the forest borders where they
seek food in the open spaces and retire to the woodland for shelter.
The savannas are now devoted largely to stock raising and during
the dry season large parts of their surface are swept by fire which
destroys much of the smaller animal life. Some of the hawks are
said to have learned to patrol the fire lines, ready to pounce upon
small rodents and other creatures attempting to escape. While view-
ing the smoking plains from a vantage point on Cerro Azul, one of
my native packers told me that a large hawk is locally known as
“bebe-humo ” (literally, “drink smoke”) from its habit of flying
close to the fire.

Mammals of Savanna Area and Semi-forested Savanna Borders

Marmosa mexicana savannarum, Savanna Oryzomys caliginosus chrysomelas, Costa
Marmosa. Rican Dusky Rice Rat,

Philander laniger pallidus, Pale Woolly Macrogeomys pansa, Bugaba Pocket Gopher.
Opossum. Liomys adspersus, Peters’ Spiny Pocket

Odocoileus chiriquensis, Chiriqui White- Mouse.

tailed Deer,

Zygodontomys cherriet cherriei, Cherrie’s
Cane Rat.

Orysomys tectus tectus, Bugaba Rice Rat.

Oryzomys fulvescens costaricensis, Costa
Rican Pygmy Rice Rat.

Sciurus variegatoides helveolus, Canal Zone
Squirrel.

Sciurus variegatoides melania, Costa Rican
Black Squirrel.

Sylvilagus gabbi
Rabbit.

consobrinus, Savanna

Birds of Savanna Area and Semi-forested Savanna Borders

Rupornis ruficauda, Rufous-tailed Hawk.

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani.

Pheugopedius hyperythrus, Tawny-bellied
Wren.

Anthus parvus, Panama Pipit.

Siurnella magna inexspectata,
American Meadow Lark.

Central

Leistes militaris, Cayenne Red-breasted
Blackbird.

Ammodramus savannarum obscurus, Mina-
titlan Sparrow.

Sporophila minuta minuta,

eater,

Minute Seed-

Plants of Savanna Area and Semi-forested Savanna Borders

Andropogon bicornis.
Andropogon condensatus.
Andropogon fastigiatus,
Andropogon hirtiflorus.
Andropogon leucostachyus.
Andropogon tener.
Axonopus compressus.
Axonopus marginatus.
Cymbopogon bracteatus.
Elionurus tripsacoides.
Paspalum gardnerianum.
Paspalum heterotrichon.
Paspalum minus.
Paspalum notatum, »
Paspalum pilosum,

Paspalum plicatulum.
Paspalum stellatum.
Sporobolus indicus.
Thrasya campylostachya.
Trachypogon montufart.
Bromelia pinguin.
Roupala complicata.
Xylopia grandiflora,
Chamecrista tagera.
Diphysa carthagenensis.
Indigofera pascuorum.,
Indigofera suffruticosa.
Meibomia angustifolia.
Phaseolus gracilis.
Byrsonima cumingiana, Nancé,

38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

Sloanea quadrivalvis. Miconia fulva.
Peltea sessiliflora, Lantana camara.
Sida jamaicensis. Cornutia pyramidata.
Sida linifolia. Duranta plumieri.
Guasuma ulmifolia, Guacimo. Diodia rigida.
Curatella americana. Pectis elongata,
Miconia rubiginosa. Pectis swartsiana.

UPPER TROPICAL ZONE

With the exception of the lofty Volcan de Chiriqui, the Upper
Tropical Zone embraces the slopes and crests of mountains above
3,000 to 8,500 feet altitude. Its upward extent on the Volcan de
Chiriqui has not been accurately determined, but probably reaches
on general slopes to near the 8,000-foot contour line or somewhat
higher. Practically the entire area is densely forested, but the
forest, largely of palms, is of somewhat smaller growth than in much
of the Lower Tropical Zone. While the zone as a whole is humid, no
very definite divisions on the basis of moisture being now recogniz-
able in Panama, variations in humidity due to slope exposure are
often marked. The northeast trade winds cause precipitation or
cloud formation, affecting the northern slopes of the mountains in
this zone during the so-called “dry” season. Fogs and generally
moist conditions extending across the summits reach about 500 feet
down the southern slope, below which their influence rapidly
diminishes, the altitude of the line of demarcation depending on that
of the crest. Anextract from the itinerary of Mr. W. W. Brown, Jr.,
quoted by Mr. Outram Bangs* is descriptive of this zone on the
Volcan de Chiriqui. It runs as follows:

On the further side of the llano, at an altitude of 3,500 feet, the trail leaves
the plain and passes through valleys and over hills, in a cool luxuriant forest
with swiftly running streams and brooks rippling among fern-covered rocks.
One begins to see an immense number of birds, all of different species from
those of the lowlands—water ouzels dart about on the rocks in the foaming,
rushing streams, small thrushes (Catharus) and solitaires are singing every-
where in the jungle and the branches overhead are full of tanagers and
warblers. This Zone extends up to about 5,000 feet. Between 5,000 and 8,000
feet another change in the bird life is noticed, but not so marked a one.

More complete knowledge of the 4,500 to 5,000 feet of altitudinal
extent assigned to this zone may point to the desirability of making
divisions which are not satisfactorily recognizable now.

*The Auk, Vol. 3, p. 17, Jan. 30, 1902.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 39

Mammals of Upper Tropical Zone
[Species marked L. occur also in Lower Tropical Zone.]

Pecari angulatus crusnigrum, Chiriqui Col-
jared Peccary. L.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherrii,
Cherrie’s Harvest Mouse.

Peromyscus flavidus, Volcan Mouse.

Peromyscus pirrensis, Mount Pirre Mouse.

Peromyscus nudipes, La Carpintera Mouse.

Nyctomys sumichrasti nitellinus, Chiriqui
Vesper Rat.

Rhipidomys scandens, Mount Pirre Climb-
ing Mouse.

Tylomys fulviventer, Fulvous-bellied Climb-
ing Rat.

Scotinomys teguina apricus, Boquete Brown
Mouse.

Oryzomys alfaroi alfaroi, Alfaro’s Rice
Rat. L.

Oryzomys devius, Boquete Rice Rat.

Oryzomys pirrensis, Mount Pirre Rice Rat.

Oryzomys fulvescens vegetus, Volcan Chiri-
qui Pygmy Rice Rat.

Rheomys raptor, Panama Water Mouse.

Macrogeomys cavator, Chiriqui Pocket
Gopher.

Heteromys desmarestianus repens, Chiriqui
Spiny Pocket Mouse.

Heteromys desmarestianus panamensis,
Panama Spiny Pocket Mouse.

Heteromys desmarestianus crassirostris,
Mount Pirre Spiny Pocket Mouse.

Dasyprocta punctata dariensis, Darien
Agouti.

Coendou mexicanum lanatum, Chiriqui Por-
cupine. ;

Sciurus hoffmanni chiriquensis, Chiriqui
Squirrel. L.

Sciurus gerrardi choco, Darien Squirrel. L.

Microsciurus boquetensis, Chiriqui Pygmy
Squirrel.

Syntheosciurus brochus, Groove-toothed
Squirrel.

Icticyon panamensis, Panama Bush Dog.

Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus, Panama
Bassariscus.

Nasua narica panamensis, Panama Coati.
L, ‘

Bassaricyon gabbii orinomus, Panama Bushy-
tailed Olingo. L.

Potos flavus isthmicus, Isthmian Kinkajou.
L.

Mustela frenata costaricensis, Costa Rican
Bridled Weasel. L,

Conepatus tropicalis trichurus, Panama
Skunk. L,

Felis pardalis mearnsi, Mearns’ Ocelot.

Felis bangsi costaricensis, Central American
Puma.

Cryptotis merus, Mount Pirre Shrew.

Diclidurus virgo, Costa Rican White Bat
(Probably also Lower Tropical).

Sturnirva lilium parvidens, Northern Yellow-
shouldered Bat (Probably also Lower
Tropical).

Diphylla centralis, Central American Vam-
pire Bat (Probably also Lower Tropical).

Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis, Mirador
Brown Bat.

Nycteris borealis mexicana, Mexican Red
Bat.

Alouatta palliata inconsonans, Panama Howl-
ing Monkey. L.

Cebus capucinus capucinus, Colombian
White-throated Capuchin. L.

Cebus capucinus imitator, Panama White-
throated Capuchin. L,

Ateles dariensis, Darien Black Spider
Monkey. L.

Birds of Upper Tropical Zone

Leucopternis princeps, Barred-bellied Leu-
copternis.

Odontophorus guttatus, Spotted Partridge.

Odontophorus leucolemus, White-throated
Partridge.

Oreopeleia goldmani, Goldman's Quail Dove.

Claravis mondetoura, Mondétour’s Ground
Dove.

Urochroma dilectissima, Blue-fronted Par-
rotlet.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens, Chiriqui Paro-
quet.

Dryobates villosus extimus, Boquete Wood-
pecker.

Aulacorhynchus caruleogularis caruleogu-
lavis, Blue-throated Toucanet.

Aulacorhynchus caruleogularis cognatus,
Darien Plue-throated Toucanet,

Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis, Costa
Rican Quetzal.

Otus nudipes, Bare-legged Screech Owl.

Nesophloz bryanta, Costa Rican Wood-Star.

Selasphorus scintilla, Scintillant Humming-
bird.

Eugenes spectabilis, Admirable Humming-
bird.

Panterpe insignis, Irazu Hummingbird.

Oreopyga castaneoventris castaneoventris,
Chiriqui Mountain Gem,

Colibri cyanotus, Lesser Violet-Ear.

Callipharus nigriventris, Black-bellied Hum-
mingbird,

Eupherusa egregia, Egregious Hummingbird.

Hemistephania veraguensis, Veraguan
Lance-Bill.

Goethalsia bella, Goethals’ Hummingbird.

40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

Eriocnemis floccus, Wool-tufted Humming-
bird.

Phethornis guy coruscus, Bangs’ Hermit.

Dendrocolaptes validus costaricensis, Costa
Rican Woodhewer.

Rhopoctites rufobrunneus,
molus.

Xenicopsis subalaris lineatus, Lineated Xeni-
copsis.

Philydor panerythrus, Ochraceous Philydor.

Pseudocolaptes lawrencii, Lawrence’s Pseu-
docolaptes.

Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis, Lawrence’s
Spinetail.

Premnoplex brunnescens
Costa Rican Premnoplex.

Margarornis rubiginosa, Costa Rican Mar-
garornis.

Margarornis bellulus,
rornis.

Xenops rutilus heterurus, Streaked Xenops.

Grallaricula costaricensis, Costa Rican
Grallaricula.

Grallaricula flavirostris brevis,
Grallaricula.

Formicarius rufipectus, Rufous-breasted Ant-
thrush.

Dysithamnus mentalis suffusus, Olive-sided
Antvireo.

Scytalopus argentifrons,
Scytalopus.

Idiotriccus zeledoni, Zeledon’s Tyrannulet.

Cephalopterus glabricollis, Bare-necked Um-
brella Bird.

Myiochanes lugubris, Lugubrious Flycatcher.

Elenia frantsit frantzii, Frantzius’ Elenia.

Pseudotriccus pelzelni berlepschi, Berlepsch
Flycatcher.

Myadestes coloratus, Varied Solitaire.

Mvyadestes melanops, Black-faced Solitaire.

Planesticus plebejus, Cabanis’ Thrush.

Catharus frantsii frantzii, Frantzius’ Night-
ingale Thrush.

Catharus griseiceps, Gray-headed Nightin-
gale Thrush.

Streaked Auto-

brunneicauda,

Beautiful Marga-

Darien

Silvery-fronted

Plants of Upper

Lycopodium stamineum.
Lycopodium tortile.
Lycopodium foliaceum.
Lycopodium lancifolium.
Lycopodium cuneifolium.
Lycopodium subulatum.
Lycopodium podocarpum.
Lycopodium watsonianum.
Marattia pittiert.
Anthurium joseanum.
Monstera parkeriana.
Monstera pertusa.

Piper pseudopropinquum.
Quercus warscewicsit.
Quercus bumelioides.

VOL. 69

Catharus fuscater mirabilis, Darien Night-
ingale Thrush.

Zeledonia coronata, Wren-Thrush,

Cinclus ardesiacus, Costa Rican Dipper.

Henicorhina leucophrys collina, Chiriqui
Wood Wren.

Troglodytes festinus, Mount Pirre Wren.

Troglodytes ochraceus, Irazu Wren.

Cyanolyca argentigula, Silver-throated Jay.

Vireosylva josephe chiriquensis, Chiriqui
Vireo.

Vireo carmioli, Carmiol’s Vireo.

Basileuterus melanotis, Black-eared Warbler.

Basileuterus melanogenys ignotus, Mount
Pirre Warbler.

Myioborus torquatus, Collared Redstart.

Myioborus aurantiacus, Yellow-bellied Red-
start.

Oreothlypis gutturalis, Irazu Warbler.

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas ocularis, Black
and Gold Tanager.

Tangara icterocephala, Silver-throated
Tanager.

Tangara fucosus, Green-naped Tanager.
Chlorospingus novicius novicius, Bangs’
Tanager.

Chlorophonia callophrys, Costa Rican Chlo-
rophonia.
Hylospingus
Tanager.
Caryothraustes canadensis simulans, Black-
masked Finch.

Pheucticus tibialis, Irazu Grosbeak.

Pezopetes capitalis, Large-footed Sparrow.

Pselliophorus tibialis, Yellow-thighed Spar-
row.

Buerremon brunneinuchus, Chestnut-capped
Buerremon.

Atlapetes gutturalis, Yellow-throated Spar-
row.

Lysurus crassirostris, Barranca Sparrow.

Brachyspiza capensis peruviana, Peruvian
Sparrow.

inornatus, Mount Pirre

Tropical Zone

Quercus chiriquensis, Chiriqui Oak.
Cecropia maxoni, Maxon’s Guarumo.
Loranthus densiflorus.
Phoradendron corynarthron.
Phoradendron nervosum.
Desmopsis maxonti.

Persea veraguensts.

Prunus occidentalis.

Rubus floribundus.

Lupinus clarkit.

Macherium seemannii.

Meibomia maxoni.

Euphorbia barbellata.

Euphorbia graminea.

Triumfetta speciosa,

a ‘

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 4I
Malache maxoni. Deppea longipes.
Centrademia inaquilateralis. Hoffmannia pittieri.
Miconia caudata. Nertera depressa.
Monchetum bracteolatum. Palicourea chiricana.
Lopezia pariculata. Psychotria aggregata.
Symplocos chiriquensis. Psychotria anomothyrsa.
Lamourouzxia gutierrezii. Psychotria chiricana.
Begonia chiriquina. Psychotria goldmanii.
Begonia brevicyma. Psychotria panamensis.
Begonia seemanniana. Rondeletia affinis.
Begonia setosa. Kondeletia laniflora.
Begonia stigmosa. Rondeletia versicolor.
Dicliptera iopus. Sommera mesochora.
Geissomeria lolioides. Senecio arborescens.

Justicia glabra.
TEMPERATE ZONE

The Volcan de Chiriqui was not visited by me and has been very
incompletely explored by others. Conditions on the upper slopes
are apparently analogous to those known to obtain in similar regions
elsewhere in Middle America. There seems to be a diminution in
moisture above about 8,000 feet altitude and temperatures below the
freezing point are registered near the summit. Mr. Henry Pittier,’
who has visited the Volcan de Chiriqui, describes conditions on the
very similar mountains in Costa Rica and points out changes in the
forest above an altitude of 2,600 meters. The trees become pro-
gressively reduced in size, with short trunks and widely spreading
branches, and at about 3,000 meters, although still dense and cover-
ing extensive areas on the slopes, no longer deserve the name of
forest. The Lauraceae, species of Podocarpus, Talauma and even
Quercus have disappeared and are replaced by Ericaceae, Mirtaceae,
Miricaceae and other groups. Mr. Outram Bangs,” quoting the field
notes of Mr. W. W. Brown, Jr., who collected birds and mammals
on the mountain, says:

At 10,000 feet the character of the forest changes decidedly, the trees become
low and stunted, their trunks and branches are thickly covered with cold,
saturated moss. On some of the branches globular formations of moss give
an odd appearance to the tree. The undergrowth is chiefly of berry-bearing
shrubs and two species of cane, with ferns and flowering herbs.

One shrub produces a berry about the size of a cherry, which has a rich
flavor, and of which doves and big Merula (M. nigrescens) are very fond.
At 11,000 feet the forest ends, and at the timber line the characteristic species
are the Junco (Junco vulcant), a big-footed finch (Pezopetes capitalis), the
long-tailed ptilogonys and a curious littie wren with peculiar notes, that lives
in the cane brakes (Troglodytes browni). The country is open, broken, barren
and very rocky, but there is a growth of low huckleberry-like shrubs that

average 10 inches in height and are literally black with berries. There are also
low flowering plants, and some tiny ferns, different from any seen below.

*Ensayo Sobre las Plantas Usuales de Costa Rica, 1908.
* The Auk, Vol. 3, p. 18, Jan. 30, 1902.

42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Standing up high above this desolate region is the great rocky peak of
Mt. Chiriqui, which I believe I am the only man to have climbed. The
summit is a towering rock, its extreme point so sharp and narrow that I had
to straddle it. Under one foot was a sheer fall of some 900 feet, under the
other a sharp slope of 600 or 700. I found no signs of any previous ascent,
but left two records of my own visit. From the top I looked down on the
waters of the Caribbean Sea and of the Pacific Ocean, seeing distinctly the

indentations of both coasts.

registered 11,500 feet.

To the west I could see the Costa Rican
Mountains, and to the east stretched an ocean of small peaks.

My aneroid

This zone seems to be representative of the several boreal life
zones recognizable in North America, but its exact relation to them

remains to be determined.

Mammals of Temperate Zone

Reithrodontomys australis australis, Irazu
Harvest Mouse (occurs also in upper
Tropical Zone).

Reithrodontomys creper, Chiriqui Harvest
Mouse.

Scotinomys xerampelinus, Chiriqui Brown
Mouse.
Sigmodon austerulus, Chiriqui Cotton Rat.

Birds of Temperate Zone

Chlorenas albilinea crissalis, Costa Rican
Band-tailed Pigeon.

Selasphorus torridus,
Hummingbird.

Casmarhinchos tricarunculatus, Costa Rican
Bell-Bird.

Empidonax atriceps,
catcher.

Planesticus nigrescens, Sooty Thrush. «

Catharus gracilirostris accentor, Chiriqui
Nightingale Thrush.

Heliotrope-throated

Black-capped Fly-

Thryorchilus browni, Brown’s Wren.

Ptilogonys caudatus, Costa Rican Ptilogonys.

?hainoptila melanoxantha, Salvin’s Ptil-
ogonys.

Basileuterus melanogenys eximius, Chiriqui
Warbler.

Diglossa plumbea, Costa Rican Diglossa.

Chlorospingus pileatus, Sooty-capped Chlo-
rospingus.

Junco vulcani, Volcan Junco.

Plants of Temperate Zone

Lycopodium chiricanum.
Lycopodium hippuridium,
Dendrophthora biserrula.
Dendrophthora costaricensis.

Dendrophthora wrightii.
Maytenus blepharodes.
Arcytophyllum lavarum.,

LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF PANAMA

Chironectes panamensis.
Didelphis marsupialis etensis.
Didelphis marsupialis particeps.
Didelphis marsupialis battyi.
Marmosa mexicana isthmica.
Marmosa mexicana savannarum.
Marmosa fulviventer.

Marmosa invicta.

Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus.
Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus.
Philander laniger derbianus,
Philander laniger pallidus.
Philander laniger nauticus.
Peramys melanops.

Bradypus griseus griseus.
Bradypus ignavus.

Cholwpus hoffmanni.

Cyclopes didactylus dorsalis.
Tamanduas tetradactyla chiriquensis.
Myrmecophaga tridactyla centralis.
Dasypus novemcinctus fenestratus.
Cabassous centralis.

Trichechus manatus.

Pecari angulatus crusnigrum,
Pecari angulatus bangsi.

Tayassu pecari spiradens.
Odocoileus chiriquensis,
Odocoileus rothschildi.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN

Mazama sartorii reperticia.

Tapirella bairdii.

Reithrodontomys australis australis.

Reithrodontomys creper.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherrii.

Peromyscus flavidus.

Peromyscus pirrensis.

Peromyscus nudipes.

Nyctomys sumichrasti nitellinus.

Rhipidomys scandens.

Tylomys panamensis.

Tylomys watsoni.

Tylomys fulviventer.

Scotinomys teguina apricus,

Scotinomys xerampelinus.

Zygodontomys cherriei cherriei.

Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus

Zygodontomys seorsus.

Neacomys pictus.

Oryzomys gatunensis.

Oryzomys alfaroi alfaroi.

Oryzomys alfaroi dariensis.

Oryzomys bombycinus bombycinus.

Oryzomys talamance.

Oryzomys devius.

Oryzomys pirrensis.

Oryzomys tectus tectus.

Oryzomys tectus frontalis.

Oryzomys fulvescens costaricensis.

Oryzomys fulvescens vegetus,

Oryzomys caliginosus idoneus.

Oryzomys caliginosus chrysomelas.

Nectomys alfari efficax.

Sigmodon hispidus chiriquensis.

Sigmodon austerulus.

Rheomys raptor.

Rattus rattus rattus.

Rattus rattus alexandrinus.

Mus musculus musculus.

Macrogeomys dariensis,

Macrogeomys cavator.

Macrogeomys pansa,

Heteromys australis conscius.

Heteromys desmarestianus repens.

Heteromys desmarestianus zonalis.

Heteromys desmarestianus panamensis.

Heteromys desmarestianus crassirostris.

Liomys adspersus.

Proechimys semispinosus panamensis.

_ Proechimys semispinosus burrus.
Hoplomys gymnurus goethalsi.

Diplomys labilis.

Diplomys darlingi.

Dasyprocta punctata isthmica.

Dasyprocta punctata dariensis.

Dasyprocta punctata nuchalis,

Dasyprocta callida,

Dasyprocta coibe.

Cuniculus paca virgatus.

Hydrocharus isthmius.

_ Coendou mexicanum lenatum.

Coendou rothschildi,

Sciurus variegatoides helveolus,

Sciurus variegatoides melania.
Sciurus hoffmanni chiriquensis.
Sciurus gerrardi choco.

Sciurus gerrardi morulus.
Microsciurus boquetensis.
Microsciurus alfari browni.
Microsciurus alfari venustules,
Microsciurus isthmius vivatus.
Syntheosciurus brochus.
Sylvilagus gabbi gabbi.
Sylvilagus gabbi messorius.
Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus.
Sylvilagus gabbi consobrinus.
Icticyon panamensis.

Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus.,
Procyon cancrivorus panamensis,
Procyon lotor pumilus.

Nasua narica panamensis.
Bassaricyon gabbii gabbii.
Bassaricyon gabbii orinomus.
Potos flavus isthmicus.

Potos flavus chiriquensis.
Mustela affinis costaricensis.
Tayra barbara biologie.

Grison canaster.

Conepatus tropicalis trichurus.
Lutra repanda.

Felis onca centralis.

Felis pardalis mearnsi.

Felis pirrensis.

Felis bangsi costaricensis.
Herpailurus yagouaroundi panamensis.
Cryptotis merus.

Rhynchiscus naso priscus.
Saccopteryx bilineata bilineata.
Saccopteryx leptura.

Peropteryx canina cantna,
Centronycteris centralis.
Diclidurus virgo.

Dirias albiventer minor.
Chilonycteris rubiginosa rubiginosa.
Micronycteris microtis.
Lonchorina aurita.

Tonatia amblyotis.
Macrophyllum macrophyllum,
Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis.
Trachops cirrhosus.

Vampyrus spectrum nelsont.
Glossophaga soricina leachit.
Lonchophylla robusta.
Lonchophylla concava.
Hemiderma perspicillatum aztecum.
Hemiderma castaneum,

Sturnira lilium parvidens.
Uroderma bilobatum.
Vampyrops helleri.

Vampyrodes major.

Vampyressa minuta.

Chiroderma isthmicum.
Chiroderma salvini.

Artibeus watsoni.

Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis.
Artibeus planirostris planirostris.

43

aia

Why
= -.

44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Desmodus rotundus murinus, Molossus coibensis.

Diphylla centralis. Molossus sinaloae.

Natalus mexicanus. Molossus bondae,

Myotis nigricans. Saimiri drstedii érstedii.

Myotis ————— sp.? Aotus sonalis.

Eptesicus propinquus. Leontocebus geoffroyi.

Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis. Alouatta palliata inconsonans.

Nycteris borealis mexicana. Alouatta coibensis.

Dasypterus ega panamensis. Cebus capucinus capucinus.

Rhogeéssa tumida. Cebus capucinus imitator.

Molossops planirostris. Ateles geoffroyi.

Eumops nanus. Ateles dariensis

Eumops glaucinus.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE MAMMALS
Class MAMMALIA

Order MARSUPIALIA. Marsupials
Family DIDELPHIIDAE. Opossums

The opossums, which constitute the only large American family of
existing Marsupials,’ are represented in Panama by six genera. They
vary in type from the large familiar opossum of the southeastern
United States to the woolly opossums, the web-footed water opos-
sum, and species so small that ordinary observers often mistake them
for rats or mice. The small species, to which the rather misleading
term “ murine” is often applied, may perhaps be most easily recog-
nized as opossums by the wide mouth and numerous teeth visible, the
opposibility of the toes, and the remarkable resemblance to hands
exhibited by both fore and hind feet. The American Marsupials are
as a group essentially tropical in distribution, although one or two
species push well northward into the temperate zone in North
America and ascend to the upper slopes of high mountains in Middle
America.

Genus CHIRONECTES Illiger

The water opossums are distinguished from the other opossums

by black and gray marbled dorsal markings, the rounded black areas °

confluent along the median line of the back. The fur is dense, some-
what like that of an otter; the hind feet are completely webbed and
the animal generally fitted for an aquatic life. In general structure
Chironectes is very similar, however, to the other opossums. It was
regarded by Thomas ? as most nearly related to the genus Metachirus.

* The other existing American family of the order, Cznolestidz, includes the
aberrant genera Cenolestes and Orolestes which are restricted to South
America.

* Cat. Marsup. Brit. Mus., p. 366, 1888.

ee

SMITHBONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 60, NO. 6, PL, 18

Fic. 1.—Chiriqui White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus chiri-
quensis) now ranging throughout much of the Canal Zone as
far north as the Atlantic Coast.

a

Fic. 2.—Allen’s Opossum (Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus), caught in trap
placed at base of tree in forest near Gatun, Canal Zone

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5,

Darien Pocket Gopher (Macrogeomys dariensis) at mouth
of one of its tunnels near Cana, eastern Panama, altitude 2,000
feet.

PL.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 45

CHIRONECTES PANAMENSIS Goldman
Panama Water Opossum
[Plate 20, figs. 2, 2a]
Chironectes panamensis GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, p. 1,
March 14, 1914. Type from Cana, eastern Panama, altitude 2,000 feet.

The water opossums are little known. They occur in suitable
localities entirely across South America and northward through
Middle America to Tuxtla Chico in extreme southern Mexico, but
are rare, and few specimens have found their way into museum col-
lections. A specimen from Cana, eastern Panama, has been made
the type of a species apparently differing from C. minimus of north-
eastern South America mainly in various cranial details, especially
the longer, evenly tapering and posteriorly pointed, instead of trun-
cate, nasals. The type was caught in a steel trap baited with fish
and set beneath the surface of the water in a small rock-bordered
stream at 2,000 feet altitude. In Brazil, according to Waterhouse,’
“two of Dr. Natterer’s specimens, that gentleman informed me, were
caught near water not far from Rio Janeiro, and a third was cap-
tured in the water, alive, near Para, in a basket similar to those used
for catching eels in this country: it had made its way through the
funnel-shaped opening, and could not return; thus proving that the
animals are good divers. They feed upon crustaceans, and no doubt
upon other aquatic animals.”

Specimens examined: Aside from the type mentioned, no speci-
mens of Chironectes panamensis have been recorded from Panama,
but ten examples have been examined by me from localities in
Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

Genus DIDELPHIS Linnzus
The typical genus of the family includes the largest species of the
region, the type of animal that inhabits the southeastern United
States. The forms are externally distinguished from the other
opossums by the coarse hair, or bristles, which project conspicuously
beyond the shorter and softer under fur.

DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS ETENSIS Allen
Eten Opossum; Zorro

Didelphis marsupialis etensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 16,
p. 262, August 18, 1902. Type from Eten, Piura, Peru.

Large opossums of the common coarse-haired Didelphis virginiana
type are abundant nearly throughout the region. The status of the

* Nat. Hist. Mamm., Vol. 1, p. 535, 1846.

46 SMITHSONIAN, MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

continental form is not, however, entirely clear ; specimens examined,
as remarked by Allen (J. c.), seem “ not apparently distinguishable ”
from typical D. m. etensis. On the other hand they are not very
unlike typical examples of the apparently larger subspecies D. m.
richmondi of Nicaragua, and may be somewhat intermediate in gen-
eral characters. As in other forms.of the general group two color
phases are shown. The usual color of the pelage is blackest at the
tips, but in about one-third of the individuals examined, long whitish
hairs are predominant among the black ones. This dichromatism
has led to the belief in many localities that two distinct species exist
side by side.

While this form may be said to be abundant it occurs in smaller
numbers at most localities than Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus.
It favors the vicinity of streams or other water, along the muddy
borders of which numerous palmate tracks may be seen. While
using a hunting lamp in quest of more important game a number
were shot at night along the banks of streams. The species is easily
taken in steel traps baited with meat or fruit, especially bananas, of
which they are very fond. When caught the ground and vegetation
within reach are thoroughly torn up by the animal in frantic struggles
to free itself, but on hearing some one approach it instantly becomes
quiescent and “ possums” in the characteristic manner. The body
becomes motionless, in a half-crouched position, the head drops
slightly, and unless the eyeballs are touched the eyes have a fixed
stare. Given a‘slight push the opossum tumbles over on its side and
lies with rigid limbs and muscles as though dead. In this condition
it may be handled freely, making no attempt to bite or even to stir
and about the only sign of life is its regular breathing. Removed
from the trap it may be left lying motionless and apparently dead
upon the ground. But it is sure to be gone if the trapper retires
and returns to search for it a few minutes later.

A female trapped at Gatun had five hairless and sightless young
all firmly attached to teats within her pouch. When the young were
forcibly drawn away the much elongated teats were seen to have
extended well into their throats. Several other litters of similar
young were examined. The lips seem to be practically immobile;
the mouth a very small, round opening into which the teat fits so
snugly that one wonders how it could have been introduced at the
time of the birth of so embryonic an animal. When the young are
detached the open mouth retains the shape of the teat; they begin
at once to show their discomfort by making a slight hissing noise,

;
NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 47

twisting their limbs and bodies about and rolling over and over on
the ground. In this pitiful condition they may live for hours.

Several stomachs of opossums shot at night were examined and
found to contain the remains of crabs and small quantities of some
unidentifiable fruit. It is evident that crabs are an important element
of the diet of these animals, at least near the seacoasts.

Under the name Didelphis richmondi, Bangs (1902, p. 19) noted
specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Boquete. Later in the
same year Allen (J. c.) recorded 33 examples from Boqueron and
a smaller series from Boquete, all taken by J. H. Batty. Specimens
probably referable to this form were listed as Didelphis marsupialis
by Thomas (19030, p. 42) from Sevilla, Afuera, Gobernador,
Tologa, Brava and Cebaco, all small islands off the southern coast of
western Panama. He adds “as on the mainland, these island
opossums differ much among themselves, but none are as uniformly
brown-faced as.the Coiba form D. m. battyi.” Anthony (1916,
p. 364) regarded the species as not uncommon in the Canal Zone,
but rarer in the Darien region. He recorded specimens from Boca
de Cupe, Cituro, Real de Santa Maria and Gatun.

Through a peculiar transposition of names “ zorro” for the male
and “zorra” for the female, commonly and more properly applied
by the people to the foxes in much of Middle America, are used
instead for the opossums in Panama and Costa Rica. While the
termination employed depends usually on the sex of individuals the
masculine form is used in a generic sense to designate the species,
or an individual whose sex is unknown. In Costa Rica where foxes
occur they have received the misnomer “ tigrillo ” (little tiger).

Specimens examined: Ancon, 1; Boca de Cupe, I *; Boqueron,
18’; Boquete, 7**; Cana, 8; Cituro, 1°; Empire, 3; Gatun, 13°; Lion
Hill, 2; Mount Pirre, 1; Porto Bello, 1; Real de Santa Maria, te

DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS PARTICEPS Goldman
San Miguel Island Opossum
Didelphis marsupialis particeps GotpMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Vol. 30, p. 107, May 23, 1917. Type from San Miguel Island, Bay of
Panama.

In recording two opossums from San Miguel Island as Didelphis
karkinophaga cauce Allen, Bangs (1906, p. 633) remarks: “ These

1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

? Six specimens in Mus. Comp. Zool.

* Five specimens in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* One specimen in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

4

48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

have been compared by Dr. J. A. Allen with extensive material from
South and Central America; and it is Dr. Allen’s opinion that they
are best referred to this form, though they do not represent it in its
extremes.” Later studies have led to the recognition of these as
representing an insular race with less blackish face and skull char-
acterized by relatively broader rostrum, narrower braincase and
posteriorly expanded zyzomata in comparison with the form irthabit-
ing the adjacent mainland.
Specimens examined: San Miguel Island, 2.

DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS BATTYI Thomas
Batty’s Opossum
Didelphis marsupialis battyi THomas, Novitates Zoologice, Vol. 9, p. 137,
April, 1902. Type from Coiba Island, Panama.

Batty’s opossum is described as a rather small dark-faced insular
race. It was originally compared with D. m. cauce of Colombia, but
is probably most nearly allied to the form inhabiting the adjacent
mainland.

Allen (1902, p. 264) in his review of the group, after quoting the
original description, says, “ D. m. battyi seems to represent a small
insular race, as shown by several topotypes kindly presented by the
collector, Mr. J. H. Batty, to this Museum. I am also indebted to
Mr. Batty’s kindness for a transcript from his note-book of the
measurements of the specimens taken before skinning. I am thus <”
able to supplement Mr. Thomas’s description with the flesh measure-
ments of not only his type, but also of seven additional specimens.

The four females, rather strangely, happen to range rather
larger than the four males, doubtless owing to the fact that the
females had reached a greater maturity than the males. If the
females of the Coiba Island series and the females of the Boqueron
and Boquete series [referred by him to D. m. etensis] be taken
as the basis of comparison, the apparent difference in size prac-
tically vanishes.” Specimens examined by me are somewhat darker
on the face than etensis as represented at Boqueron on the adjacent
mainland.

Specimens examined: Coiba Island, 3.

Genus MARMOSA Gray

The genus Marmosa includes a number of small, slender, long-
tailed species commonly termed “ Murine” opossums, owing to a
very superficial resemblance to rats. They are rat-like, however,

* Specimens in Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 49

only in size, as a glance at the wide mouth, numerous teeth, and
characteristically opossum feet show. The skull of Marmosa is
similar to that of Philander in the permanent separation of the
temporal ridges, but it differs in other important respects, especially
the absence of distinct postorbital processes, the straight and
anteriorly much converged maxillary toothrows, and in the relative
size of the first and third upper molars. In Marmosa the third upper
molar is larger than the first, while in Philander the reverse is usually
true. For many years a single form was supposed to range north-
ward from South America to southern Mexico, but several distinct
species are now known to inhabit Middle America.

MARMOSA MEXICANA ISTHMICA Goldman
Isthmian Marmosa
(Plate 21, figs. 3, 3a]

Marmosa isthmica GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 1,
February 19, 1912. Type from Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone,
Panama.

The isthmian marmosa is about the size of a large rat. It closely
resembles M. mitis Bangs, of the Santa Marta region of Colombia,
in color, but differs from that animal in larger size, relatively larger
braincase, broader interorbital space and actually smaller audital
processes of alisphenoids. The general color of the upperparts is
brownish cinnamon (about sayal brown of Ridgway, 1912), lighter
on the middle of the face, and becoming dull ochraceous buff on the
sides of the neck and flanks; the underparts are between pinkish
buff and cream buff. It is probably a common species throughout
Panama. The type was trapped in an old banana plantation only a
few feet above sea level near Gatun. At Cana, where the opossums
are fairly abundant, a number of specimens were caught in banana-
baited traps set on hanging bunches of the ripening fruit in a planta-
tion. The bunches of fruit were visited by the opossums nearly
every night. Other specimens were taken in dense undergrowth on
the ground in old clearings.

Under the name Didelphys murina, Alston (1879, p. 200) notes a
small opossum which may have been this form collected by Arcé in
Veragua. A specimen of this subspecies was recorded by Bangs
(1902, p. 19) as Marmosa mexicana from Boquete, Chiriqui. More
recently a large series, in the aggregate, of this opossum has been
recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 363) from Real de Santa Maria,
Gatun, Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), Tapalisa and Tacarcuna. All
of these localities are in the eastern half of Panama, ranging from

50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

near sea level to over 4,000 feet in altitude. Anthony noted the fact
that the males were much larger than the females.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 1*; Cana, 14; Gatun, 7*; Maxon
Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 2°; Real de Santa Maria, 4°; Rio Indio
(type locality), 1; Tacarcuna (2,650-4,200 feet), 33°; Tapalisa, 2.”

MARMOSA MEXICANA SAVANNARUM Goldman
Savanna Marmosa
Marmosa mexicana savannarum GoLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Vol. 30, p. 108, May 23, 1917. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.

Specimens of this little opossum were recorded by Bangs (1902,
p.- 19) as Marmosa mexicana from Bugaba, and by Allen (1904,
p. 56) as Marmosa murina mexicana from Boqueron, Chiriqui. On
comparison with subsequent accessions of material from various
localities these specimens appear to represent a geographic race dis-
tinguished by small size and pale coloration, the latter character
shared with other mammals inhabiting the same generally open
savanna region, and evidently the result of the environmental con-
ditions prevailing. This pallid subspecies may range along the
Pacific coast of Panama as far east as the Bayano River where the
savannas end abruptly.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 22; Bugaba, 3.1 °

MARMOSA FULVIVENTER Bangs
Fulvous-bellied Marmosa

Marmosa fulviventer BANcs, Amer. Nat., Vol. 35, p. 632. August, 1901. Type

from San Miguel Island, Panama.

The fulvous-bellied marmosa is an insular representative of the
group to which M. isthmica Goldman of the adjacent mainland
belongs. It differs from that animal in darker color, the underparts
being deep buff or fulvous instead of cream buff or pinkish buff. It
is known only from five specimens collected on the islands of San
Miguel and Saboga by W. W.*Brown, Jr., in the spring of 1900.

The example from Saboga, a small island in the northern part of
the archipelago, is slightly paler throughout than specimens from
San Miguel and may represent an unrecognized form. The incom-
plete skull, however, is not very appreciably different.

Specimens examined: Saboga Island, 1*; San Miguel Island, 4.*

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

\

ln EM.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 51

MARMOSA INVICTA Goldman
Black Marmosa
[Plate 21, figs. 2, 2a]

Marmosa invicta GoLpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, p. 3, Sep-

tember 20, 1912. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).

A blackish species of pygmy opossum, mouse-like in size and
superficial appearance, was discovered at Cana, in the mountains of
eastern Panama. The marsupial pouch is absent as usual in the
genus. The mammae in an adult female were enclosed in a cinnamon
brownish abdominal area. Examination before skinning showed the
mammae, five in number, irregularly placed, three being ranged in a
row on the right side, one on the left, and the other on the median
line. Two specimens only were obtained, both of them at the same
locality in traps placed among rocks in second growth forest.

This species has no known near relative in Middle America, but
may be allied to some of the South American forms of the large
unrevised genus to which it belongs.

Specimens examined: Two from the type locality.

Genus METACHIRUS Burmeister

The members of this genus are of medium size, the pelage short,
rather straight, without the projecting bristles present in Didelphis,
and lacking the long lax woolly quality of the pelage of Philander.
With advancing age the temporal ridges unite to form a high, trench-
ant sagittal crest similar to that developed somewhat earlier in
Didelphis. Two species range into Panama.

METACHIRUS OPOSSUM FUSCOGRISEUS Allen
Allen’s Opossum; Zorro
Metachirus fuscogriseus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, p. 194,
October 23, 1900. Type locality, Greytown, Nicaragua.’

Of the several species of opossums inhabiting the region this form
is by far the most abundant at low elevations. It is about the same
in size, and in general appearance resembles its Panama congener,
Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus, by which it is largely replaced
on the upper slopes of the mountains. It differs, however, in dark
grayish instead of brownish general coloration, and the light mark-
ings on the head are grayish instead of ochraceous buffy. The two

1 Type locality fixed by Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 30, p. 247,
Dec. 2, 1911.

52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

species occur together at low elevations, but are very distinct as
shown by important cranial characters.

A number of specimens were caught in traps set in the hope of
attracting more important game. Several shot at night along the
banks of streams were located by their shining eyes as seen under
the glare of a hunting lamp. Unlike Didelphis when taken in steel
traps these opossums are always ready to fight savagely. The
stomach of one taken at Gatun was well filled with fragments of
crabs. Fragments of birds alone, or of birds, including their feathers,
and crabs intermixed, were the stomach contents of several others at
the same locality. These limited observations indicate that birds
suffer much from the depredations of the opossums. A female
obtained carried five young in her pouch; although they were small
they did not seem to cling so closely to the teats as similar young
of Didelphis.

A nest of one of these opossums was found three feet from the
ground on a fallen log. The log lay in the dense thicket of an old
clearing and was heavily overhung with vines and bushes. The nest,
globular in form and about a foot in diameter, was placed in a well-
hidden spot among the vines. It was made entirely of the banana-
like leaves of a native plant rather neatly laid together. The opening
at one end faced outward along the log. The occupant slipped
quietly out of the nest, when I was within three feet, ran rapidly
along the log and disappeared in the thick vegetation. The nest
cavity was clean and about the size of the animal’s body.

In his original account of M. o. fuscog#iseus, Dr. Allen (I. c.) gave
the type region as “ Central America ” and stated that “ the locality
of the type of M. fuscogriseus is unfortunately not definitely known ;
the specimen was found in a bunch of bananas in unloading a fruit
steamer from a Central American port, most likely Colon.” In view
of his indefinite reference to Colon and the fact that Panama and
Nicaragua appear to be inhabited by the same form I accept his later
fixation of the type locality. It is probably not very unusual for
animals of this general group to be carried away among bunches
of bananas. For example, a specimen of a large species of Marmosa
was transshipped and carried to an interior point in Texas before
being discovered.

Bangs (1902, p. 19) recorded specimens collected by W. W.
Brown, Jr., at Boquete and Bugaba, Chiriqui. The species was
noted by Thomas (1903a, p. 42) from Sevilla Island off the south
coast of western Panama. Allen (1904, p. 57) states that Boqueron
specimens collected by J. H. Batty “agree well with the type of

¥

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 53

M. fuscogriseus, which, however, proves to have been a young adult
that had not reached full size. The males have a patch (probably
glandular) of pale greenish yellow on each side of the flanks just in
front of the thighs; in the females the fur around the edge of the
pouch, and also lining it, is bright rusty chestnut.” Anthony (1916,
p. 363) records a specimen taken by him at Gatun.

The native name zorro is applied to this species and to all of the
other large opossums inhabiting the region.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 3*; Boqueron, 5*; Boquete, 1°;
Buenaventura Island (near Porto Bello), 1; Empire, 4; Gatun, 12’;
Tabernilla, 3.

METACHIRUS NUDICAUDATUS DENTANEUS Goldman
Brown Opossum; Zorro
[Plate 20, figs. 1, 1a]
Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus GoLpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll. Vol. 56,
No. 36, p. 3. February 19, 1912. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

In size and superficial appearance this opossum resembles Meta-
chirus opossum fuscogriseus, but is distinguishable by brown instead
of dark grayish general coloration, and by ochraceous buffy instead
of plain grayish light areas on the head.

It occurs sparingly at low elevations where M. o. fuscogriseus
is an abundant species, but apparently becomes more numerous and
largely replaces that animal on the middle slopes of the mountains.
The general habits of the two appear to be the same, and both are
northern representatives of widely ranging South American species.

Specimens are recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 364) from Gatun,
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 3; Tacarcuna, 2.

Specimens examined: Cana, 4; Cerro Azul, 1; Gatun (type
locality), 5*; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 1*; Tacarcuna, 2.

Genus PHILANDER Brisson
The opossums of this genus are handsome animals of about the

_ Same medium size as Metachirus, but may be readily distinguished

from that genus by longer, softer, more woolly pelage, and richer,
more contrasting colors. The face is marked by a dark median stripe.
In Philander the temporal ridges remain permanently separate much
as in Marmosa, but the skull differs notably from that of the latter

~ * Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
*One specimen in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Three in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

genus in the well-developed postorbital processes, the arcuate instead
of straight and anteriorly much-converged maxillary toothrows, and
in important dental details.

PHILANDER LANIGER DERBIANUS Waterhouse
Derby’s Woolly Opossum
Didelphys derbianus WATERHOUSE, Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, Mamm.,
Vol. XI, p. 97, 1841. Type region, Cauca Valley, Colombia.*

The beautiful woolly opossums of the Philander laniger group are
distributed throughout much of South America and range northward
to southern Mexico. Their more ornate appearance, as compared
with the other opossums of the region, has already been indicated in
the remarks on the genus.

The specimens from eastern Panama agree fairly well with descrip-
tions and are assumed to represent P. 1. derbianus which seems to be
distinguishable among the subspecies credited to the republic by its
rich cinnamon rufescent coloration. This form has a distinct grayish
stripe several inches in length on the median line between the
shoulders sometimes referred to as the “ withers mark.”

Derby’s opossum appears to be less numerous than the other large
species of the region, but this apparent scarcity may be partly due to
more arboreal habits. None were caught in traps set on or near the
ground where the other species were readily taken. At Cana a speci- |
men obtained by using the hunting lamp at night was located in a
tall forest tree by the glare of its eyes in the restricted field of light.
At Tabernilla one was discovered in a nest of leaves placed in a
tangled mass of vines in the top of a small tree near the edge of the
forest. The localities show that P. J. derbianus ascends from sea
level to at least 1,800 feet altitude on the slopes of the mountains.

Alston (1879, p. 199) noted a specimen in the British Museum
obtained by Arcé at Chepo.

Specimens examined: Cana, 1; Tabernilla, 1.

PHILANDER LANIGER PALLIDUS Thomas
Pale Woolly Opossum

Philander laniger pallidus THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 4,
p. 286, October, 1809. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
800 feet).

As Thomas (J. c.) remarks, “ This appears to be a pale inornate
race of the ordinary brightly marked Ph. 1. derbianus.’ Although
somewhat variable, some specimens approaching P. 1. derbianus, the
general color is paler and the markings less distinct than in that form.

* As restricted by Allen (1904, p. 57) and Thomas (1913, p. 358).

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 55

Bangs (1902, p. 19) listed specimens collected by W. W. Brown,
Jr., at Bugaba and Divala. Allen (1904, p. 56) provisionally referred
to this form nine examples taken by J. H.. Batty of which six were
from Boqueron and three from Parida Island. ‘The latter series
apparently represent the form more recently described as Philander
laniger nauticus. Of the general collection he says: “ No two of
the Chiriqui specimens are alike in coloration; all but one distinctly
show the pale gray median stripe over the shoulders seen in derbianus,
but with varying distinctness from very clear and strong to sub-
obsolete, while the sides of the neck and shoulders and the middle
dorsal region are rufous, varying in different specimens from light,
clear rufous to dark, almost chestnut rufous. The other specimen
(one of the Parida Island series) has the whole upperparts bright,
nearly uniform rufous, even to the proximal half of the forelegs and
the entire hind legs, with no trace of the gray stripe on the shoulders.”

As at present known this subspecies may be assigned an indefinite
range near the arid Pacific coast in western Panama, but until more
material is available its exact relationship to neighboring forms
cannot be determined.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 3*; Bugaba, 4°; Divala, 2.’

PHILANDER LANIGER NAUTICUS Thomas
Insular Woolly Opossum

Philander laniger nauticus Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 12,
p. 359, October, 1913. Type from Gobernador Island, off south coast
of Panama.

According to the description this insular race is most nearly allied
to Philander |. pallidus of the adjacent mainland, to which the
specimens on which it is based were formerly referred by Thomas
(1903a, p. 42). The general color is given as “ sayal brown.” The
grayish withers mark or median stripe between the shoulders in
P. 1. derbianus and P. 1. pallidus is said to be imperceptible.

Philander 1. nauticus described recently was based on four speci-
mens from Gobernador (type locality), Brava and Cebaco, all small
islands close to the southwestern coast of Panama. Under the name
Caluromys laniger pallidus, Allen (1904, p. 56) recorded three speci-
mens from Parida Island which are probably referable to this race,
although one only lacks’ all trace of the shoulder stripe.

Specimens examined: Parida Island, 3.’

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Genus PERAMYS Lesson
The tiny opossums of this genus are characterized by short ears
and limbs, and very short, apparently non-prehensile tails.

PERAMYS MELANOPS Goldman
Panama Peramys

[Plate 21, figs. 1, 1a]
Peramys melanops GoLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60,.No. 2, p. 2, Sep-
tember 20, 1912, Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).
The short-tailed opossums of the genus Peramys are apparently
rare in Panama. The type and only known specimen of P. melanops
is a small but robust animal with a non-prehensile tail less than two
and one-half inches in length. The upperparts are plain and very
dark brown in general color, the dorsal stripes, or spots, present in

some South American species being absent.
The type specimen was taken in a trap set among rocks in the

heavy forest on the bank of the Cana River.

Order EDENTATA. Edentates
Family BRADYPODIDAE. Three-toed Sloths

The three-toed sloths are strictly arboreal animals with short,
rounded heads, rudimentary tails, and sharp, strongly curved, hook-
like claws with which they hang back downward from the branches
of trees. The fore limbs are provided with three instead of two
digits as in Choloepodidae. The pelage of the top of the head is
inclined forward and forms a frontal ruff. The anterior teeth in the
upper jaw are reduced in size until they are the smallest of the series
and only slightly functional. The anterior teeth in the lower jaw are
large with a prominent longitudinal median ridge. These teeth shear
mainly with the second pair, the largest of the series in the upper jaw.

Genus BRADYPUS LINNAEUS. Three-toed Sloth
Perhaps the best recognition mark of the genus is the possession of
three digits on the fore foot, a character already mentioned in
remarks on the family. Two species are known to inhabit Panama.

BRADYPUS GRISEUS GRISEUS (Gray)
Gray Three-toed Sloth
Arctopithecus griseus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. 7, p. 302,
April, 1871. Type from Cordillera del Chucu, western Panama.
The three-toed sloths of Middle America, as far south as the Canal
Zone, are assignable to two fairly well-marked forms: B. casta-

‘NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 57

neiceps (Gray), from Jabali Gold Mine (2,000 feet) Chontales Dis-
trict, Nicaragua, and the animal described as B. griseus (Gray),
originally ascribed to Costa Rica, but as shown by Alston (1879,
p. 183) really from western Panama. The latter species was placed
by Alston (1879, p. 183) in the synonymy of B. infuscatus Wagler,
of western Brazil, but his identification, evidently based on scant
material, seems open to question. It is less distinctly marked with
white spots than an Ecuadorean specimen assumed to represent
B. infuscatus, and along with B. castaneiceps lacks the rather con-
spicuous white spotting which seems to characterize South American
_ species in general. Moreover, it seems to be replaced in eastern
Panama by a more spotted species, B. ignavus. Until some of the
South American forms are better known it seems best to recognize
the animal of western Panama as a distinct species.

Specimens from various localities in Costa Rica and as far east as
the Canal Zone, are therefore referred to Bradypus griseus griseus
which seems to differ from Bradypus griseus castaneiceps* as rep-
resented by examples from Escondido River, Nicaragua and Patuca
River, Honduras, only in color. B. g. griseus lacks most of the
chestnut marking the head of B. g. castanetceps, and the ruff across
the frontal region is black instead of grayish, or pale brownish. In
addition the short fur on the face is whiter and contrasts more
strongly with the coarser pelage composing the ruff. An example
from Gatun is recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 364).

In the Canal Zone this three-toed sloth and the two-toed species
Choloepus hoffmanni occur in about equal numbers. Like the
latter it was usually found curled up in a ball in the top of a tall
tree. The greenish shade, especially of the back, in freshly killed
animals is, according to Alston (1879, p. 183:), due to small green
alge, also present in Choloepus. The misapprehension of the natives
in regard to the call of the large goatsucker, or potoo (Nyctibius),
and their association of its cry with the “perico lijero”’ seems to
apply to both Bradypus and Choloepus as noted beyond (see p. 60).

Specimens examined: Chorrera, 1°; Gatun, 4°; Lion Hill, 2.‘

*For exact locality as here given see letter of Dr. Berthold Seemann to
Dr. J. E. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 429).

* Arctopithecus castaneiceps Gray, placed in synonymy by Allen (Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 28, p. 93, April 30, 1910) should stand as Bradypus griseus
castaneiceps (Gray) on the basis of color differences pointed out.

* One specimen in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

“One specimen in Mus. Comp. Zool.

58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

BRADYPUS IGNAVUS Goldman
Panama Three-toed Sloth
[Plate 22, figs. 1, 1a]

Bradypus ignavus GoLpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, pp. 1-2,
February 28, 1913. Type from Marraganti (about 2 miles above Real de
Santa Maria), near the head of tide-water on the Rio Tuyra, eastern
Panama.

The three-toed sloth of eastern Panama, apparently a distinct
species, is somewhat similar to B. griseus griseus of western Panama
in color, but the upperparts are more distinctly spotted with white
and the frontal ruff is grayish brown instead of black. The skulls
of B. griseus castaneiceps of Nicaragua and B. g. griseus seem in-
distinguishable while that of B. tgnavus differs from both in appar-
ently important details, the nasals being shorter, with the anterior
border concave or emarginate, the emargination deepest at the
median suture; the squamosal arm of the zygoma is broader, more
rounded, less acutely pointed anteriorly; the palate is less deeply
grooved posteriorly; and the mandible is less produced anteriorly
beyond the plane of the first molars.

In color pattern as well as cranial details B. ignavus differs
markedly from B. g. griseus and B. g. castaneiceps and is more like
some of the South American species. It appears to be unlike those
described, but its exact relationship to some of the South American

members of this unrevised group cannot be determined at present, <—

owing to lack of knowledge of their real characters. While the wide
range of variation seen in a series of specimens from a given locality
would include many of the characters used as specific by Gray in his
diagnoses of various species (1871a, pp. 428-449), this variation
is shown by examination of Middle American forms to be within

definite limits, and when ample material is available the distinctive |

characters of the species will become better known.

The type specimen was found one day in the extreme top of a very
tall tree where it was resting, its body doubled and limbs folded in
such a manner that it might easily be mistaken for the nest of a
squirrel or some large bird.

Specimens recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 364) from Cituro, Real
de Santa Maria and Tapalisa in the region of the type locality are
darker, more chocolate brownish in general color, and the light dorsal
spots are yellowish instead of nearly pure white as in the type.

Specimens examined: Cituro, 1*; Marraganti, 1 (type)*; Real de
Santa Maria, 3*; Tapalisa, 1.” ;

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

? Two specimens in the U. S. National Museum, from the Atrato River,
Colombia, are referable to the same species.

soe

d

gq

NO. 5 ; MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 59

Family CHOLOEPODIDAE. Two-toed Sloths

The two-toed sloths, family Choloepodidae, are similar in habits to
the three-toed sloths, family Bradypodidae, but differ notably in
details of structure. The number of digits and claws on the fore
limbs is reduced to two. The pelage of the top of the head is inclined
backward and there is no frontal ruff. The anterior teeth in both
jaws are greatly developed, exceedingly sharp, triangular and canine-
like, and shearing together exclusively, present a condition very
different from that exhibited by the Bradypodide. The anterior
nares are broad and low. The nasals, laterally expanded between
the orbits, articulate with the lachrymals. The audital bullz are
reduced to bony rings. The angle of the mandible is very short and
the condyle considerably extended transversely.

Genus CHOLOEPUS Illiger. Two-toed Sloths

The recognition marks of the genus are the same as those of the
family.
CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI Peters
Hoffmann’s Two-toed Sloth; Perico Lijero
Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin,
1858, p. 128. Type from Costa Rica.

Hoffmann’s sloth, originally described from Costa Rica, apparently
ranges throughout Panama where it is the only member of the family
with the digits and claws of the fore foot reduced to two in number.
Specimens from Panama are apparently typical; like those from
Costa Rica they exhibit varying intensity of the brownish tone of the
underfur. The greenish outer color of the long hairs is now known
to be due to the presence of small green algae (Alston, 1879, p. 183),
which assist materially in rendering the animal inconspicuous, espe-
cially when among masses of epiphytic vegetation.

Under the name Choloepus didactylus, Sclater (1856, p. 139) notes
the collection of the species by Mr. Bridges in western Panama as
follows: “From the vicinity of David. I believe neither this Sloth
nor the Little Anteater has been hitherto observed so far north.”

These sloths are rather common in the northern end of the Canal
Zone where they were usually seen curled up in a ball in the extreme
top of some rather tall tree. They commonly choose a fork in which
to rest, with their heads upward and the long hooked limbs clasping
the main trunk. When shot they often strike out frantically with
their long arms, and after a moment slowly loosen their hold and
drop crashing to the ground. One was found feeding early in the

60 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

afternoon, suspended from a low limb of a tree overhanging the
Rio Indio, near Gatun. The animal reached out and with the two-
hooked hand drew a small leafy branch to its mouth. Soon noting
my canoe, only a few feet distant, the sloth stopped feeding and
began to climb slowly away. No specimens were obtained in extreme
eastern Panama, but I saw one which had been captured in the
forest at 2,000 feet near the Darien gold mines at Cana, and was
kept alive for a time by a local resident.

A peculiar prolonged cry occasionally heard in the forest at night
was attributed by my men to the perico lijero, a name applied in the
Canal Zone to both the two-toed and three-toed sloths. When ques-
tioned further, however, they were unable to name the species, or
ignored the existence of two kinds (Choloepus and Bradypus) in the
same forest. According to Eugéne André* and other observers this
cry, elsewhere believed by natives to be given by a sloth, is in reality
the call of the large goatsucker, or potoo (Nyctibius). It has a
rather weird quality when heard in a tall, partially moonlit forest at
such an hour.

Specimens of C. hoffmanni collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at.
Bugaba and at 4,000 to 4,800 feet near Boquete are listed by Bangs
(1902, p. 20). Examples taken for the British Museum by J. H.
Batty are recorded by Thomas (1903a, p. 42) from Espartal, Sevilla
and Cebaco, small islands off the coast of southwestern Panama. |
The same collector obtaiiied specimens for the American Museum of ©
Natural History, which are noted by Allen (1904, p. 58) as follows:
“Five adults and 3 young, as follows, selected from a large series:
Parida Island, 1 adult male, Nov. 22; Boquete, 1 adult female,
Sept. 14; Boqueron, I adult male, 2 adult females, and 3 young,
Oct. 13-24, Nov. 22, and Dec. I. 7

Mr. Batty’s large series of some 50 specimens shows a wide range
of individual variation in color, some being much lighter or darker
than the average; some have a strong greenish tinge over the whole
head and shoulders, while others show no greenish tinge whatever.

Specimens examined: Bocas del Toro, 1; Bugaba, 1*; Boqueron,
34°; Boquete, 6‘; Lion Hill, 1; Parida Island, 2*; Porto Bello, 1;
Rio Indio (near Gatun), 2.

*A Naturalist in the Guianas, 1904, p. 144.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

*Four in collection Mus. Comp. Zool; two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Se

;
:

-

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 61

Family MYRMECOPHAGIDAE. Anteaters

The anteaters are the only really toothless American members of
the order Edentata. The three well-known South American genera
range northward through Panama.

Genus CYCLOPES Gray. Two-toed Anteaters

The genus Cyclo pes includes very small species at once distinguish-
able by the reduction of the toes on the fore foot to two, instead of
three, as in the other genera of the family. The tapering tail is
strongly prehensile, and the general pelage soft and silky.

CYCLOPES DIDACTYLUS DORSALIS (Gray)
Costa Rican Two-toed Anteater
Cyclothurus dorsalis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 385, pl. 109.
Type from Costa Rica.

The presence of two toes only on the fore foot, and the golden
yellowish general coloration and soft silky quality of the pelage of
this handsome little anteater readily distinguish it from the other
mammals of the region. It is more yellowish, or golden, less grayish
in color than typical C. didactylus, as originally described and as
pointed out by Thomas,’ who seems fully justified in regarding the
Costa Rican animal as a geographic race of the South American
species. The animal ranges from Costa Rica into Panama, at least
as far east as the Canal Zone where its occurrence was reported by
the natives, but I was unable to secure specimens:

The two-toed anteater is more strictly arboreal than the other
genera, and owing to this fact, together with its nocturnal habits and
small size, easily escapes observation. Of its life history little is
known. Bates? describes the capture of a living specimen of the
allied form in Brazil by an Indian who found it clinging motionless
inside a hollow tree. He says: “It remained nearly all the time
without motion, except when irritated, in which case it reared itself
on its hind legs from the back of a chair to which it clung, and clawed
out with its fore paws like a cat. Its manner of clinging with its
claws, and the sluggishness of its motions, gave it a great resemblance
to a sloth. It uttered no sound and remained all night on the spot
where I had placed it in the morning. The next day I put it on a
tree in the open air and at night it escaped. These small Tamandtas
are nocturnal in their habits, and feed on those species of termites
which construct earthy nests that look like ugly excrescences on the

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 6, p. 302, September, 1900.
* Naturalist on the Amazons, Vol. 1, 1883, p. 178.

62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

trunks and branches of trees.” In Costa Rica an example was kept
alive for a few days by Dr. A. von Frantzius* who says in his account
of the animal that it remained motionless during the day, com-
pletely rolled up and hanging by its claws from a bar of the cage in
which it was confined ; but as soon as night came it began to climb
slowly about, searching persistently for some avenue of escape. It

refused to take any food offered, and as it became noticeably thinner -

and was abrading its skin in constant efforts to escape from the cage
he was reluctantly obliged to kill it. In the same connection Dr. von
Frantzius states that this animal, in its habits of climbing, suspending
itself by its claws, and rolling the body together, greatly resembles
Cholepus, with the superior climbing power afforded by the pre-
hensile tail.

The earliest record of the occurrence of this species in Panama
seems to be that of Sclater (1856, p. 139) who as Cyclothurus
didactylus notes the animal in a collection from Mr. Bridges as
follows: “From the vicinity of David. Also seen near Panama.
A strictly nocturnal animal.”

Under the name Cycloturus didactylus, Alston (1879, p. 193) men-
tions the collection of the species by Enrique Arcé in Chiriqui, but
the exact locality is not given. Nine specimens taken by W. W.
Brown, Jr., are listed by Bangs (1902, p. 20) from Divala and
Bugaba. Measurements of an adult female taken at Boqueron by
J. H. Batty are published by Allen (1904, p. 59).

Specimens examined: Bas Obispo, 1*; Boqueron, 1°; Bugaba,
2\°* Divala; 70

Genus TAMANDUAS Gray. Three-toed Anteaters
The anteaters of this genus agree with those of the genus
Myrmecophaga in the possession of three toes on the fore foot, but
differ widely in other respects. The tail is long, tapering and
prehensile.

TAMANDUAS TETRADACTYLA CHIRIQUENSIS Allen
Chiriqui Three-toed Anteater
Tamandua tetradactyla chiriquensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 20, p. 305, text fig. 4, October 20, 1904. Type from Boqueron,
Chiriqui, Panama.
In this species there are three toes on the fore feet as in the great
anteater, but the tapering and prehensile instead of bushy tail, and
much smaller general size are distinguishing characters.

* Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1860, p. 300.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

a AE

7

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 63

Although seldom seen these anteaters doubtless range throughout
Panama. Specimens from as far east as the Canal Zone and Porto
Bello are referred to the form described from western Panama as
Tamandua tetradactyla chiriquensis, the skulls of which are charac-
terized by the broader, flatter frontal region, longer nasals and corre-
spondingly shorter parietals, as shown by comparison with the
Mexican subspecies, T. t. tenuirostris. The exact relationship of the
Panama animal to “ Myrmecophaga sellata” * Cope from Honduras,
however, remains to be determined, the latter being based on an
imperfect skin without skull. A skull from Plantain River,
Honduras, assumed to represent T. t. sellata has a very narrow brain-
case, but is otherwise somewhat intermediate in general characters
between T. t. tenuirostris and T. t. chiriquensis,

This anteater is partly arboreal, partly terrestrial in habits, while
the little two-toed anteater, Cyclopes, is strictly arboreal and the
great anteater, Myrmecophaga, is wholly terrestrial. It comes out
to feed, mainly at least, at night; a specimen secured at Porto Bello
was killed in the road by a hunter who was carrying an ordinary
lantern. He described coming upon the animal suddenly, and how
when very near it reared up on its hind feet and struck out with its
claws until knocked down by a blow from his gun used as a club.
Near Gatun one seen in the forest shortly before dusk one evening
was on the ground, but noting my approach clambered rather hastily
for five or six feet up the trunk of a tree and disappeared in a hole.
At the same locality an example brought in by a native hunter had at
least a pound of ants in its stomach. These have been determined
by Theo. Pergande of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and found
to represent five genera as follows: Camponotus atriceps Smith,
Dolichoderus bispinosus Mayr, Pseudomyrma pallida Smith, A phae-
nogaster ————— sp.? and Cremastogaster ————— sp? Most of
the ants were in a larval condition, but some were already winged.

The species is known from various localities in western Panama.
Under the name Uroleptes sellata, Bangs (1902, p. 20) listed two
specimens, one from near the Pacific coast at Divala and the other
from 5,000 feet on the slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui. Both were
collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., in the course of his field work in
the general region. Specimens in the American Museum of Natural
History taken by J. H. Batty at Boqueron and Boquete were first

* This name, placed by Miller (Bull. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1912, p. gor), in the
synonymy of T. t. tenuirostris, has priority over the latter and the form seems
entitled to stand as*Tamanduas tetradactyla sellata (Cope).

5 :

64. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS ~— VOL. 69

referred by Allen (1904, p. 59) to Tamandua tetradactyla and later
in the same year were described by him (1904, p. 395) as a new
subspecies. Regarding the distribution of the new form he says:
“An adult female from the Rio Cauquita, southwestern Colombia,
is exactly like the Boqueron [type locality] specimens in size, colora-
tion and cranial details. A skull, without skin, from near San Jose,
Costa Rica, is also indistinguishable from the adult Boqueron skulls.
Apparently T. t. chiriquensis will be found to range from Costa Rica
to the Cauca region of western Colombia.” As Tamanduas tetra-
dactylus the species was recorded by Thomas (1903a, p. 42) from
Gobernador and Cebaco islands, near the coast of southwestern
Panama. Anthony (1916, p. 364) listed specimens from Chepigana
and Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad).

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 3°; Boquete, 1°; Chepigana,
1*; Divala, 1°; Gatun, 1; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 1*; Porto
Bello, 1; Volcan de Chiriqui, 1.°

Genus MYRMECOPHAGA Linnaeus. Great Anteaters
The anteaters of the genus Myrmecophaga are externally easily
recognizable by their large size and bushy horse-like tail. As in the
genus Tamanduas the fore foot is provided with three toes.

MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA CENTRALIS Lyon
Central American Great Anteater
Myrmecophaga centralis Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 31, p. 570,
November 14, 1906. Type from Pacuare, Costa Rica.

Owing to its large size and bushy horse-like tail the great anteater
is not likely to be confused with any of the other mammals of the
region. Although apparently rare it doubtless ranges in suitable
localities throughout Panama. No specimens were obtained, but I
examined the skin of an animal said to have been killed in the forest

near Gatun. According toa native hunter the great anteater crouches .

down on the ground and covering itself with the long-haired tail
becomes very inconspicuous in the forest cover.

The first published notice of the animal in Panama was by Dampier
(1698, p. 60) who found it on the “ Sambaloes ” or ‘‘ Samballoes ”
as the islands in the present Gulf of San Blas were known to English
navigators of the latter part of the 17th century. Dampier’s quaint
account of the great anteater, quoted by Alston (1879, p. 192) seems
worth repeating here:

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

_OOOO

.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 65

“The Ant-Bear’ is a four-footed Beast, as big as a pretty large
Dog, with rough black-brown Hair: It has short Legs; a long Nose
and little Eyes; a very little Mouth, and a slender Tongue like an
Earthworm about five or six Inches long. This Creature feeds on
Ants; therefore you always find them near an Ants Nest or Path,
It takes its Food thus: It lays its Nose down flat on the Ground;
close by the Path that the Ants travel in, (whereof here are many in
this Country) and then puts out its Tongue athwart the Path: the
Ants passing forwards and backwards continually, when they come
to the Tongue, make a stop, and in two or three Minutes time it will
be covered ail over with Ants; which she perceiving, draws in her
Tongue and then eats them; and after puts it out again to trapan
more. They smell very strong of Ants, and taste much stronger ; for
I have eaten of them. I have met with these creatures in several
places of America, as well as here; (i. e., in the Sambaloes [Islands
in Gulf of San Blas, Panama.]) and in the South Seas, on the
Mexican Continent.” Bates* relates how the great anteater, when
attacked by a dog, may inflict severe wounds with the powerful claws
with which the fore feet are armed.

Alston (1879, p. 192) mentions a specimen received by Messrs.
Salvin and Godman from their collector, Enrique Arcé, while work-
ing in Veragua. A specimen recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 20) was
taken by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Divala, Chiriqui. Comparison of
rather scanty material in the principal American museums indicates
that the Central American great anteater is closely allied to the
South American form.

Specimens examined: Divala, 1°; Gatun, 1.

Family DASYPODIDAE. Armadillos
The armadillos,.like the sloths, are by no means toothless, as the
appellation of the order to which they belong indicates. The bony
carapace, or protective armor covering the exposed parts, at once
distinguishes them from all other American mammals. Two species
representing different genera and subfamilies inhabit the region
under consideration.

Subfamily DASYPODINAE. Four-toed Armadillos
The subfamily Dasypodine forms a well-marked division with
only four toes on the fore foot. The head is narrow, the ears close

together, and the snout long and slender. The tail is about as long

*Dampier’s Voyage, Vol. 2, p. 60, 1608.
? Naturalist on the Amazons, Vol. 1, 1863, p. 177.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS ~ VOL. 69

as the body, definitely ringed basally, and armored throughout its
length. !
Genus DASYPUS Linnaeus. Four-toed Armadillos

Many separative characters are available for the genus Dasypus
which in Panama requires comparison only with the genus Cabassous.
Of the four toes on the front foot the middle pair are subequal in
size. The skull as a whole is narrow, with a long, slender, nearly
parallel-sided rostrum; the jugal is broadest anteriorly, the outer
surface deeply furrowed; the upper tooth series is implanted well in
front of the orbital fossz; the coronoid process of the mandible is
long and slender, and rises high over the condyle.

DASYPUS NOVEMCINCTUS FENESTRATUS Peters
Costa Rican Four-toed Armadillo
Dasypus fenestratus Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin,
1864, p. 180. Type from Costa Rica.

The common armadillo, the Linnaean species Dasypus novem-
cinctus, is divisible into several slightly differentiated geographic
races, but their number and relationships are not well known. Ex-
ternally the forms seem so much alike that, allowing for individual
variation, there is no readily apparent character by which to separate
D. novemcinctus novemcinctus of Brazil from the North American
subspecies reaching central Texas. The skulls, however, differ in
details which are fairly constant and therefore useful in determining
the status of the forms. The skull of D. n. novemcinctus, as repre-
sented by Brazilian specimens, is characterized by the depressed, less
inflated frontal region as compared with D. novemcinctus mexicanus*
and D. novemcinctus texanus; the jugal and squamosal meet at or
behind the highest point of the posterior process on the upper border
of the zygoma (meeting in front of this point in D. n. mexicanus and
D.n. texanus) ; the antorbital foramen is shorter; and the palatines
extend rather well forward along the median line between the
posterior molars. The skulls of D. novemcinctus texanus, the most
northern form, are usually distinguishable from those of D, n. mexi-
canus by decidedly larger size. The name D. n. mexicanus, with
which Tatusia leptorhynchus Gray is probably synonymous, seems
applicable to the form occurring as far south as eastern Honduras.

The skull of a specimen from Gatun, Canal Zone, is very similar
to one from Talamanca, Costa Rica, assumed to represent Dasypus

* Type locality fixed by Bailey as Colima, State of Colima, Mexico (North
Amer. Fauna, No. 25, p. 52, Sept. 26, 1901).

—

————o

=

NO. 5 '* MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 67

fenestratus Peters which was based on an old and a young example
from Costa Rica received through Drs. Hoffmann and Von
Frantzius. D. n. fenestratus seems to be intermediate in cranial
characters as well as geographic position between D. n. mexicanus
and typical D. n. novemcinctus. The skull differs from that of
D. n. mexicanus and approaches that of D. n. novemcinctus in the

depressed frontal outline, the shorter antorbital foramen, and in the

union of the jugal and squamosal near the postorbital process of the
zygoma. On the other hand it is nearer D. n. mexicanus and departs
from the typical form in the tendency toward anterior shortening of
the palatines between the last molars, and the laterally swollen con-
dition of the maxillae in front of the lachrymals. Dr. Glover M.
Allen* has pointed out characters distinguishing the Middle Ameri-
can animal from the typical form, but would unite D. n. fenestratus
and D. n. mexicanus under the former name.

D. n. fenestratus doubtless ranges throughout Panama, and is
probably a rather common animal, but owing to nocturnal habits is
seldom seen. Specimens have been taken in the western part of the
republic. Under the name Tatu novemcinctus three specimens col-
lected by J. H. Batty at Boqueron are listed and their measurements
given by Allen (1904, p. 60).

Specimens examined: Gatun, 1; Boqueron, 3.”

Subfamily CABASSOUINAE.: Five-toed Armadillos

The armadillos of the subfamily Cabassouine, unlike those of the
subfamily Dasypodine, are provided with five toes on the fore feet.
The head is broad, the ears widely separated and the snout short and
broad ; the tail is shorter than the body and covered with skin.

Genus CABASSOUS McMurtrie. Five-toed Armadillos

Some of the more important characters of this genus have been
given in remarks on the subfamily. The skull differs widely from
that of Dasypus in general contour as well as in detail. It is short
and broad, with a short, stout and rapidly tapering rostrum; the
jugal is broadest posteriorly, the outer surface flat; the upper tooth
series extends posteriorly well beyond the anterior plane of the
orbital fossz ; the coronoid process of the mandible is very short and
exceeded in height by the condyle.

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 54, pp. 198-199, July, 1911.

? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

68 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

CABASSOUS CENTRALIS (Miller)
Central American Five-toed Armadillo
Tatoua (Ziphila) centralis Mitter, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 13,
p. 4, January 31, 1899. Type from Chamelicon, Honduras.

Aside from the differing number of toes on the fore foot, as com-
pared with Dasypus c. fenestratus in Panama, the Central American
five-toed armadillo is easily recognized by the great size and sickle-
like shape of the middle claw.

At Gatun I was shown the bony covering of a Cabassous which I
took to be of this species. It had been removed from the body and
rolled together so that when dry it formed a crude basket. The
animal was shot at night near Mindi (between Gatun and Colon) by
an American who located it by the light of a hunting lamp. The
species is said to be rare in Panama, and few examples have been
taken in any part of Middle America. In Costa Rica it is known as
“Armado de zopilote”’ owing to its disagreeable odor, which is
likened to that of the black vulture (Catharista urubu).

Specimens examined: Gatun, I.

Order SIRENIA. Sirenians
Family TRICHECHIDAE. Manatees

The manatees are a peculiar group of aquatic mammals inhabiting
the delta regions along the Atlantic side of Middle America, northern
South America, and western Africa.

Genus TRICHECHUS Linnaeus. Manatees

The genus Trichechus includes a manatee which has been reported
from the northern coasts of Panama. The manatee is remarkable
for the absence of the posterior pair of limbs, the reduction of the
anterior pair to paddles, and the transverse expansion of the rudder-
like tail.

TRICHECHUS MANATUS Linnaeus
Manatee

Trichechus manatus LinNaEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. 1, p. 34, 1758. Type

from West Indies.*

A manatee, doubtfully referable to this species, still inhabits the
Chiriqui Lagoon region where it was noted by Dampier (1698,
Pp. 33-37) on the “coasts of Bocca del Drago” (Boca del Drago)
and “ Bocco del Toro” (Bocas del Toro). Dr. R. E. B. McKenney,

* Locality fixed by Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, March, rgrt, p. 120.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 69

who has spent several years near Bocas del Toro, informs me that
the animal is occasionally reported by native boatmen. The species
has probably become scarce here as in many other localities where it
was formerly common. I have no record of its occurrence on any
other part of the Panama coast. Dampier’s general account of the
manatee as he observed it from the Bay of Campeche to the “ River
of Darien” (Rio Atrato) is so interesting that it is quoted at length:

“While we lay here [coast of Nicaragua], our Moskito men
[Mosquito Indians] went in their Canoa, and struck us some Mana-
tee, or Sea-Cow. Besides this Blewfields River, I have seen of the
Manatee in the Bay of Campeachy, on the Coasts of Bocca del Drago
[Panama], and Bocco del Toro [Panama], in the River of Darien,
and among the South Keys or little Islands of Cuba..... This
creature is about the bigness of a Horse, and 10 or 12 foot long. The
mouth of it is much like the mouth of a Cow, having great thick Lips.
The Eyes are no bigger than a small Pea, the Ears are only two small
holes on each side of the Head. The Neck is short and thick, bigger
than the Head. The biggest part of this Creature is at the Shoulders,
where it hath two large Fins, one on each side of its Belly. Under
each of these Fins the Female hath a small Dug to suckle her young.
From the Shoulders towards the Tail it retains its bigness for about
a foot, then groweth smaller and smaller to the very Tail, which is
flat and about 14 inches broad, and 20 inches long, and in the middle
4 or § inches thick, but about the edges of it not above 2 inches thick.
From the Head to the Tail it is round and smooth without any Fin
but those two before mentioned. I have heard that some have
weighed about 1200 |. but I never saw any so large. The Manatee
delights to live in brackish water; and they are commonly in Creeks
and Rivers near the Sea..... Sometimes we find them in salt
Water, sometimes in fresh; but never far at Sea. And those that
live in the Sea at such places where there is no River nor Creek fit
for them to enter, yet do commonly come once or twice in 24 hours
to the mouth of any fresh water River that is near their place of
abode. They live on Grass 7 or 8 inches long, and of a narrow blade,
which grows in the sea in many places, especially among Islands near
the Main. This Grass groweth likewise in Creeks or in the great
Rivers, near the sides of them, in such places where there is but
little tide or current. They never come ashore, nor into shallower
water than where they can swim. Their flesh is white, both the fat
and the lean, and extraordinary sweet wholesome meat. The tail of
a young Cow ismost esteemed ; but if old both head and tail are very

JO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

tough. A Calf that sucks is the most delicate meat; Privateers com-
monly roast them; as they do also great pieces cut out of the Bellies
of the old ones.

“The Skin of the Manatee is of great use to Privateers, for thev
cut them into straps, which they make fast on the sides of their
Canoas through which they put their Oars in rowing, instead of
tholes or pegs. The Skin of the Bull, or of the back of the Cow is
too thick for this use; but of it they make Horse-whips, cutting them
2 or 3 foot long: at the handle they leave the full substance of the
Skin, and from thence cut it away tapering, but very even and square
all the four sides. While the Thongs are green they twist them, and
hang them to dry: which in a weeks time becomes as hard as Wood.
The Moskito-men have always a small Canoa for their use to strike
Fish, Tortoise, or Manatee, which they keep usually to themselves,
and very neat and clean. .... One of the Moskitoes (for there go but
two in a Canoa) sits in the stern, the other kneels down in the head,
and both paddle till they come to the place where they expect their
game. Then they lie still or paddle very softly, looking well about
them, and he that is in the head of the Canoa lays down his paddle,
and stands up with his striking staff in his hand. This staff is about
8 foot long, almost as big as a mans Arm, at the great end, in which
there is a hole to place his Harpoon in. At the other end of his staff
there is a piece of light wood called Bobwood, with a hole in it,

through which the small end of the staff comes ; and on this piece of °

Bobwood, there is a line of 10 to 12 fathom wound neatly about, and
the end of the line made fast to it. The other end of the line is made
fast to the Harpoon, which is at the great end of the Staff, and the
Moskito man keeps about a fathom of it loose in his hand. When
he strikes, the Harpoon presently comes out of the staff, and as the
Manatee swims away, the line runs off from the bob; and although
at first both staff and bob may be carried under water, yet as the line
runs off it will rise again. Then the Moskito men paddle with all
their might to get hold of the bob again, and spend usually a quarter
of an hour before they get it. When the Manatee begins to be tired
it lieth still, and then the Moskito men paddle to the bob and take it
up, and begin to hale in the line. When the Manatee feels them he
swims away again, with the Canoa after him; then he that steers must
be nimble to turn the head of the Canoa, and holding the line, both
sees and feels which way the Manatee is swimming. Thus the Canoa
is towed with a violent motion, till the Manatee’s strength decays.
Then they gather in the line, which they are often forced to let all go

)

]

a

3

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 71

to the very end. At length when the creatures strength is spent, they
hale it up to the Canoas side, and knock it on the head and tow it to
the nearest shore, where they make it fast, and seek for another;
which having taken they go on shore with it, to put it into their
Canoa: for ’tis so heavy that they cannot lift it, but they hale it up in
shoal water, as near the shore as they can, and then overset the
Canoa, laying one side close to the Manatee. Then they roll it in,
which brings the Canoa upright again, and when they have heav’d
out the water, they fasten a line to the other Manatee that lieth afloat,
and tow it after them. I have known two Moskito men for a week
every day bring aboard 2 Manatee in this manner ; the least of which
hath not weighed less than 600 pound, and that in a very small
Canoa, that 3 English men would scarce adventure to go in. When
they strike a cow that hath a young one, they seldom miss the Calf,
for she commonly takes her young under one of her Fins. But if
the Calf is so big that she cannot carry it, or so frightened that she
only minds to save her own life, yet the young never leaves her till
the Moskito men have an opportunity to strike her.

“The manner of striking Manatee and Tortoise is much the same ;
only when they seek for Manatee they paddle so gently, that they
make no noise, and never touch the side of the Canoa with their
paddle ; because it is a Creature that hears very well. But they are
not nice when they seek for tortoise, whose Eyes are better than
his Ears.”

The manatee was also recorded from near the eastern boundary of
Panama by Maack (1874, p. 171) who says: ‘“‘ The manati is fre-
quently caught by the natives in the Atrato and in the Cacarica. Its
meat is highly prized by the natives, and I had the pleasure, during
my stay at the Cacarica hills, to partake with some caoutcheros
[rubber gatherers] of such a Manati dinner.”

Order ARTIODACTYLA. Artiodactyls or
Even-toed Ungulates
Family TAYASSUIDAE. Peccaries
The family Tayassuidae includes two genera of peccaries, or pig-
like species fairly well known in the region under review. Both have
extremely short tails. Large glands opening upon the back give off
a peculiar rank odor by which the proximity of a herd to windward
may often be detected long before the animals can be heard or seen.

72 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL, 69

Genus PECARI Reichenbach. Collared Peccaries

The collared peccaries are smaller, more grizzled in color, than
the white-lipped peccaries of the genus Tayassu. They are also
recbgnizable by the light shoulder stripes forming the so-called
“collar.” Generic distinction is, however, better shown in the skull:
The rostrum is much narrower, more highly arched along the median
line above; the maxilla are not laterally expanded over the first
molars ; the palate has a distinct ridge extending from the canine to
the anterior premolar; the molar teeth have rather more-developed
cingula, and the cusps are less closely connected by intermediate
cusplets.

PECARI ANGULATUS CRUSNIGRUM (Bangs)
Chiriqui Collared Peccary

Tayassu crusnigrum BaAncs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 20,
April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude 4,000 feet).

The collared peccary of western Panama and adjacent portions of
Costa Rica is a remarkably dark, richly colored animal with tawny
instead of whitish shoulder stripes, or ‘ collar,” usual in the group.

The original description was based on specimens collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr. Mr. Bangs described it as a distinct species
“because the relationship of the North American forms and the
South American T. tajacu [Pecari tajacu] are not as yet clearly
understood.”

The exact relationship to South American species still remains
to be determined, but examination of specimens from numerous
localities indicates that all of the collared peccaries of Middle
America may be regarded as subspecies of Pecari angulatus. Speci-
mens from Honduras are intermediate in color and in cranial details
also indicate intergradation between the present dark form and the
pallid subspecies, P. a. yucatanensis, which inhabits the peninsula
of Yucatan.

The range of P. a. crusnigrum is little known. It includes the
highlands of the western part of the republic, and lowlands of eastern
Costa Rica. In the Canal Zone and eastward it is replaced by the
paler form, P. a. bangsi.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 3.°

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA-——GOLDMAN 73

PECARI ANGULATUS BANGSI Goldman
Bangs Collared Peccary; Zajino

Pecari angulatus bangsi GotpMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 30,

p. 109, May 23, 1917. Type from Boca de Cupe, eastern Panama (alti-

tude 250 feet).
In paler coloration the collared peccary of eastern Panama differs
_ markedly in appearance from the darker, richer-hued animal inhabit-
ing western Panama,

As “zajino”’ it is well known to the natives of the Canal Zone
and doubtless ranges in the forests throughout the eastern part of
the republic. Although occurring in much smaller herds than the
white-lipped peccary it is more frequently met with and seems to
exceed that species in numbers. Parties of five or six to twelve or
fifteen individuals are not uncommonly met with, and lack of time to
devote to the species alone prevented me from securing a large series
of specimens.

A few small tracks and the depressions left where these peccaries
have been rooting or wallowing in mud may often be seen in isolated
parts of the forest. IFresh peccary work was seen nearly every day
not far from camp in the forest at about 800 feet on the basal slope
of Cerro Azul, but I did not see any of the animals, probably owing
to their becoming alarmed at shots frequently fired at other game.

The earliest account of this peccary in Panama, and the Indian
method of hunting it, is that of Lionel Wafer (1729, p. 328) whose
observations, made in 1681, are quoted as follows:

“The Country has of its own a kind of Hog, which is called
Pecary, not much unlike a Virginia Hog. "Tis black, and has little
short Legs, yet is pretty nimble. It has one thing very strange, that
the Navel is not upon the Belly, but the Back: And what is more
still, if upon killing a Pecary the Navel be not cut away from the
Carcass within 3 or 4 hours after at farthest, ’twill so taint all the
flesh, as not only to render it unfit to be eaten, but make it stink
insufferably. Else ’twill keep fresh several days, and is very good
wholesome Meat, nourishing and well tasted. The Indians barbecue
it when they keep any of it longer... .. These Creatures usually
herd together, and range about in Droves; and the Indians either
hunt them down with their Dogs, and so strike them with their
Lances, or else shoot them with théir Arrows, as they have
Opportunity.”

Wafer evidently mistook the dorsal gland for the navel. As stated
by him the part is removed as soon as possible after an animal is
killed, and should not be allowed to touch meat intended for food.

74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Collared peccaries are still hunted with dogs ; they are smaller, more
easily overtaken, and are not regarded as so dangerous either to the
dogs or hunters as the white-lipped peccary.

Alston (1879, p. 107) recorded the species from Panama as living
in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London.

Specimens now recognized as P. a. bangsi from Gatun and Real de
Santa Maria were assigned by Anthony (1916, p. 364) to Pecari
crusnigrum.

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 1; Escobal (Gatun Lake),
1°; Gatun, 5*; Real de Santa Maria, 2.

Genus TAYASSU Fischer. White-lipped Peccaries

The white-lipped peccaries are larger and blacker than the collared
peccaries of the genus Pecari, and are further distinguished ex-
ternally by conspicuous white areas extending from the mouth along
the sides of the face. The skull of Tayassu, contrasted with that of
Pecari, differs notably as follows: The rostrum is broadly flattened
above (not narrow and highly arched along the median line) ; the
maxillae are greatly expanded laterally over the first premolars ; the

palate lacks the distinct marginal ridge extending in Pecari from the ~

canine to the anterior premolar; the molar cusps are more closely
connected by intermediate cusplets.

TAYASSU PECARI SPIRADENS Goldman
Costa Rican White-lipped Peccary; Puerco de Monte

Tayassu albirostris spiradens GoLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25,
p. 189, December 24, 1912. Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica. (Prob-
ably near Sipurio, in the valley of the Rio Sicsola.)

The Costa Rican white-lipped peccary inhabits Costa Rica and ad-

joining territory ; and is doubtless generally distributed in the forests
of the greater part of Panama. It is one of the few mammals known

to occur in the region but of which no specimens are as yet ©

available for examination. Eight skulls in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology collected by G. A. Maack on the Isthmus of Panama
are referable to this form, but the indefinite locality may apply to
what is now Colombian territory. In the vicinity of the Canal Zone,
where it is known to the natives as “ puerco de monte,” the white-
lipped peccary occurs in much smaller numbers than the collared
species. Unlike the latter animal it gathers in herds which may
number 100 or more individuals. These herds move steadily about,

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. .
* Three specimens in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

al

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA——GOLDMAN 75

usually through parts of the forest remote from civilization. The
“ puerco de monte ” is regarded by the natives here, as elsewhere in
Middle America, as more dangerous than the “ zahino” or collared
peccary, which besides being much smaller, travels in fewer numbers.
According to report a herd of white-lipped peccaries may, if un-
molested, pass very near and apparently pay no attention to hunters;
but if one is wounded or attacked by dogs the entire herd may gather
and force the hunters to climb trees. Dogs are said to be not infre-
quently killed by them.

On Cerro Azul several broad, conspicuous trails left by moving

herds of white-lipped peccaries were seen at about 1,500 feet altitude.
These trails made by the single passage of a herd were marked by
many tracks, freshly mutilated, low growing vegetation, and spots
where the animals had stopped to root in the soft soil. Similar trails
were noted at about 5,000 feet altitude on the upper slopes of the
Pirre Mountains. On one occasion I was near enough to detect the
strong characteristic odor of these animals, but when I reached their
trail it was nearly dark and I was obliged to return to camp. On the
following morning, accompanied by one of my Colombian packers, I
followed the trail with difficulty for some distance; it led through
densely matted vegetation along a rugged shoulder of the mountain
and we were finally obliged to turn back. According to my men the
peccaries nearly always skirt a mountain, traveling across the slope
rather than choosing a route directly over the top.

Anthony (1916, p. 365) reports encountering a small band sup-
posed to be of this species at 5,000 feet in the vicinity of Mount
Tacarcuna, but no specimens were secured by him.

The quaint accounts by Lionel Wafer (1729, pp. 328, 368) apply
in part to this species which he calls “ warree” and in part to the
collared peccary. Referring to the hunting of peccaries by the
Indians of eastern Panama, he says:

“The Warree is another kind of Wild-Hog they have, which is
also very good Meat. It has little Ears, but very great Tusks; and
the Hair or Bristles ’tis covered with are long, strong and thickset,
like a coarse Furr all over its Body. The Warree is fierce, and fights
with the Pecary, or any other Créature that comes his way. The
Indians hunt these also as the other, and manage their Flesh the same
way, except only as to what concerns the Navel; the Singularity of
which is peculiar to the Pecary.

“Their chief Game are the Pecary and Warree; neither of which
are swift of Foot. They go in Droves, often 2 or 300; so that if the
Indians come upon them unawares, they usually kill some by random

76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Shot among them. But else, they are many times a whole Day with-
out getting any; or so few, considering how many they start, that it
seems a great toil to little Purpose. I have seen about a thousand
started, in several Droves, when I was hunting with them; of which
we killed but two, as I remember. Sometimes when they are shot,
they carry away the Arrows quite. When the Beast is tired, it will
stand at a Bay with the Dogs; which will set him round, lying close,
not daring to seize, but snapping at the Buttocks ; and when they see
their Master behind a Tree ready to shoot, they all withdraw to avoid
the Arrow. As soon as an /ndian hath shot a Pecary or Warree, he
runs in and lances them; then he unbowels them, throwing away the
Guts, and cuts them in two across the Middle. Then he cuts a piece
of Wood sharp at both ends ; sticks the Forepart of the Beast at one
End, and the Hinder-part at the other. So each laying his Stick:
across his Shoulder, they go to the Rendezvous, where they appointed
the Women to be; after which they carry their Meat Home, first
barbecuing it that Night.”

In connection with his description of the collared species Bangs
(1902, p. 21) says: ‘‘ A white-lipped peccary also occurs in Chiriqui. —
Mr. Brown [W. W. Brown, Jr.] saw them several times, but those
wounded escaped in the dense jungle.”

Family CERVIDAE. Deer

@
The family Cervidz is composed of several existing subfamilies

of deer-like animals of which one, the Cervine, ranges in Panama.

Subfamily CERVINAE. Deer

The subfamily, as represented in the region under review, includes
the genus Odocoileus to which the familiar Virginia deer belongs,
and the genus Masama which is restricted to South and Middle
America.

Genus ODOCOILEUS Rafinesque

The genus Odocoileus is externally distinguished from the genus
Mazama by larger general size, and the possession of well-developed
branching antlers.

ODOCOILEUS CHIRIQUENSIS Allen
Chiriqui White-tailed Deer; Venado
Odocotleus rothschildi chiriquensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 28, p. 95, April 30, 1910. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.
The Chiriqui white-tailed deer may be known by its larger size
and branching antlers as compared with the forest deer or brocket;

—- _

ee th

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 77

it also differs from that animal in local habitat. It appears to be
restricted in Panama mainly to the partly open savanna region
between the coast and the mountains on the Pacific side from the
Costa Rican frontier eastward to the Bayano River. It also inhabits
savannas in the Chagres Valley east of the Canal Zone and is com-
mon in partly cleared spaces all along the Canal route, apparently
having followed the old line of the Panama Railroad northward to
the vicinity of Colon. The white-tailed deer favors the forest
borders or the dense thickets and mixed growth of small trees and
shrubby vegetation which springs up wherever the original forest is
cut, while the brocket, more retiring in habits, prefers the depths of
the forest. It is apparently absent in the unbroken forests of the
eastern and northern parts of the republic, regions regularly in-
habited by the brocket.

Few specimens have been collected and the exact relationship of
the Panama forms to Odocoileus costaricensis remains to be deter-
mined. Specimens from as far east as the Canal Zone are referred
to Odocoileus chiriquensis. This deer was described by Allen (J. c.)
as a subspecies of the insular form, O. rothschildi, on the basis of
specimens which had previously been assigned by him (1904, p. 63)
to O. costaricensis. The Chiriqui animal is characterized by him
as larger and paler and the young less conspicuously spotted than
O. rothschildi.

The type of O. chiriquensis is a young female with the deciduous
premolars still in place and the posterior molar rising from the
alveolus. A female topotype has acquired a full series of permanent
molariform teeth, but they are very slightly worn. The other topo-
fype material consists mainly of separate horns. As noted by Allen
(1910, p. 95) it is somewhat paler than O. rothschildi, but the
decidedly larger size is a better differential character. It is probably
more nearly allied to O. costaricensis with which it was first asso-
ciated, but the latter was founded on a young male; in the absence of
properly comparable material the relationship to that form cannot be
determined and it seems best to treat it as a distinct species.

During the construction of the Panama Canal white-tailed deer
were regularly hunted by organized clubs of white employees using
hounds to drive them from cover; and yet the deer remained fairly
numerous near points where heavy blasting and other noisy opera-
tions were conducted on a large scale.

A freshly killed female specimen from near Corozal was received
through the Sanitary Inspector, A. R. Proctor, January 22, 1911.
Giving a sharp snort she sprang out before the hounds on the brush-

78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

covered slope of a hill. She circled about several times and was
finally shot. Her condition showed that she was nursing a fawn,
but the latter was not seen. The date indicates earlier, or possibly
more irregular, breeding habits than are usual in northern deer.

Sir Victor Brooke (1878, p. 919) recorded specimens of white-
tailed deer as collected in Panama by Mr. Salvin, but mentioned no
exact locality. The specimens may have been taken by Enrique Arcé,
a collector who was employed by Salvin for several years in Veragua
and Chiriqui. Brooke is quoted and the same material cited by
Alston (1879, p. 115). Bangs (1902, p. 21) records the collection of
a young white-tailed deer by W. W. Brown, Jr., at 4,000 feet near
Boquete, April 10, 1900, concerning which he says: “ This specimen
is in the spotted pelage, and is too young to identify. The species
was rare, but was well known to the native hunters.”

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 9*; Boquete, 1*; Corozal, 1;
Gatun, 3.

ODOCOILEUS ROTHSCHILDI (Thomas)
Rothschild’s White-tailed Deer
Dama rothschildi THomas, Novitates Zoologicz, Vol. 9, p. 136, April 10, 1902.
Type from Coiba Island, off west coast of Panama.

Rothschild’s white-tailed deer is known only from Coiba Island.
It was originally described as “ Size very small, about the smallest of
the genus; general colour above brown tipped with fawn.” Allen
(1904, p. 60) having obtained topotypes from J. H. Batty compared
them with specimens from the mainland which he regarded as repre-
sentative of Odocoileus costaricensis Miller, and later (1910, p. 95)
named Odocoileus rothschildi chiriquensis. Writing in 1904 he says:
“The three males, though adult, vary greatly in size and in the
development of the antlers, and show that Mr. Thomas’s two speci-
mens on which he hased the species were young or undersized
adults. As regards the external characters there is little to add to
Mr. Thomas’s description, except that the upper surface of the tail .
in most of these examples is dark reddish brown above instead of
‘fawn.’ The ears in most of the specimens are externally nearly
naked.” He (1904, p. 63) further states: “ O. rothschildi is much
darker colored when adult than O. costaricensis, and the young are
less conspicuously spotted with white; it is also much smaller, as
stated by Mr. Thomas.”

While darker in color as indicated by Thomas (Il. c.) and Allen
(1910, p. 95) the much smaller general size more readily distin-

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 79

guishes O. rothschildi from O. chiriquensis of the adjacent main-
land. Skulls of the two forms, of comparable age and sex, exhibit
close conformity in most characters, but the disparity in size and
apparent absence of any trace of intergradation seems to warrant
the use of a specific name for the island animal.

Specimens examined: Coiba Island, 3.°

Genus MAZAMA Rafinesque. Brockets or Forest Deer

The forest deer of the genus Mazama are small species with antlers
reduced to simple spikes not exceeding half the length of the head.
The body is heavy for so small an animal, but the limbs are very
slender. The metatarsal gland, usually present in Odocoitleus, is
absent in this genus.

MAZAMA SARTORII REPERTICIA Goldman
Canal Zone Forest Deer; Cabra de Monte
Mazama tema reperticia GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, p. 2,
February 28, 1913. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

The little forest deer, or brocket, known to natives of the Canal
Zone and to Costa Ricans as “ cabra de monte,” is a smaller animal
than the white-tailed deer and the antlers of the male are short
unbranched spikes as pointed out in the remarks on the genus. The
ears are short and rounded. The tail is white on the under side as
in the so-called white-tailed deer, but is not conspicuously shown as
in that animal when running away. Unlike the white-tailed deer,
which favors the forest borders, or partially cleared areas, the brocket
prefers thickets in remote parts of the forest. The small tracks
were seen in various places and the Canal Zone subspecies is assumed
to be the rather common form inhabiting the unbroken forests,
especially of the eastern and northern parts of the republic, but owing
to extreme shyness is seldom seen and few examples are available
for study. M. s. reperticia differs from M. s. sartorii of Mexico in
somewhat larger size and in duller much less rufescent coloration.
A richer reddish colored form, M. s. cerasina Hollister, recently
described from Talamanca, Costa Rica, may replace M. s. reperticia
in parts of western Panama. In the Middle American brockets the
orbital areas and much of the face is rusty reddish; in Mazama
bricenii Thomas and other South American species, aside from other
differential characters, the face including the orbital areas is very
dark brown or blackish.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
6 :

8o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL, 69

Very few of these small deer were killed in the Canal Zone by the—
white employees engaged in the construction of the Panama Canal
who hunted regularly in well-organized parties using hounds to drive
game from cover; the white-tailed deer, on the contrary, were easily —
obtained often in the immediate vicinity of noisy construction camps.

The early account of deer in eastern Panama by Lionel Wafer
(1720, p. 329) seems to apply to this species. Referring to game
hunted by the Indians of the region, he says:

“They have considerable Store of Deer also, resembling most our
Red Deer; but these they never hunt nor kill; nor will they ever eat |
of their Flesh, though ‘tis very good; but we were not shy of it.
Whether it be out of Superstition, or for any other reason that they —
forbear them, I know not: But when they saw some of our Men
killing and eating of them, they not only refused to eat with them,
but seemed displeased with them for it. Yet they preserve the Horns —
of these Deer, setting them up in their Houses; but they are such
only as they shed, for I never saw among them so much as the Skin
or Head of any of them that might shew they had been killed by the
Indians; and they are too nimble for the Warree, if not a Match for
him.”

Under the name Masama sartorii, Bangs (1902, p. 21) published —
measurements of three adults collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at
4,000 to 4,800 feet near Boquete on the southern slope of the Volcan
de Chiriqui. In his revision of the genus, Allen (1orSa, p. 543)
records specimens collected by W. B. Richardson at Chepigana, Real
de Santa Maria, Tapalisa, Boca de Cupe and Cituro. These records
are republished by Anthony (1916, p. 365) with the addition of
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad).

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 1*; Bocas del Toro, 1;
Boquete, 3°; Cana, 1; Chepigana, 1°; Cituro, 1°; Gatun (type
locality), 2; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 1°; Real de Santa Maria, ©
4°‘; Tapalisa, 3.

Order PERISSODACTYLA. Perissodactyls or
Odd-toed Ungulates
Family TAPIRIDAE. Tapirs

The tapirs, the largest indigenous land mammals of Panama, are
the only existing American odd-toed ungulates. The single genus
Tapirella is known from the region; the genus Tapirvs has not been
reported, but may possibly occur.

* Collection Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus, Comp, Zool.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN Br

Genus TAPIRELLA Palmer. Tapirs

The genus Tapirella ranges in the tropical parts of Middle America
from eastern Panama northward to southern Mexico. Generic dis-
tinction is found in the differing arrangement of the bony parts
supporting the proboscis, as compared with the other genera of the
family. The nasals are flat, triangular bones without the stout
descending processes which in Tapirus of South America meet and
overlap the maxilla; the maxilla are developed upward in thin
vertical plates which embrace an anterior ossified extension of the
mesethmoid, absent in Tapirus and in the Asiatic member of the
| group, Acrocodia,

TAPIRELLA BAIRDII (Gill)

Baird's Tapir; Danta
Elasmognathus bairdii Gur, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1%, p. 183.
Type from Isthmus of Panama.
Baird’s tapir is still a rather common animal in the forests of the
Canal Zone and of the republic in general; and it ranges from sea
level to at least 5,000 feet altitude on the mountains. The species
was described from the “ Isthmus of Panama” and specimens from
the Canal Zone are, therefore, typical.
Dampier’s (1698, Vol. 2, p. 102) early account of the habits of
the animal, which he never saw himself, seems to refer in part to
Baird’s tapir in Panama. Hesays: “ This Creature is always found
in the Woods near some large River ; and feeds on a sort of long thin
Grass, or Moss, which grows plentifully on the Banks of Rivers; but
never feeds in Savannahs, or Pastures of good Grass, as all other
Bullocks do. When her Belly is full, she lies down to sleep by the
Brink of the River; and at the least Noise slips into the Water;
where sinking down to the Bottom, tho’ very deep, she walks as on
dry Ground. She cannot run fast, therefore never rambles far from
the River; for there she always takes Sanctuary, in case of danger.
There is no shooting of her but when she is asleep. They are found,
besides this place [Campeche], in the Rivers in the Bay of Honduras ;
and on all the Main from thence as high as the River of Darien.
Several of my Consorts have kill’d them there, and knew their
| Track, which I myself saw in the Isthmus of Darien; but should not
have known it, but as I was told by them. For I never did see one,
nor the Track of any but once.”
The occurrence of the tapir in the Canal Zone was noted by Maack
(1874, p. 171) Who records it as living especially in the lowlands

aD
~ | ie

82 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

between Gatun and Bas Obispo. Alston (1879, p. 103) quotes
Captain Dow as authority for the statement that the favorite haunts
of Baird’s tapir “ appear to be in the hills lying at the back of Lion
Hill and the adjoining stations of the Panama Railway. It is-only
during the rainy season that they seem to seek the lowlands ; for it is
only at that season that they are captured. They are not hunted by
the natives ; and it is only when they happen to stray out into the open
spaces of the railway that the young ones are sometimes captured
alive and the old ones shot.” The species remained common in the
locality mentioned by Dow until by the recent completion of the
Gatun Dam much of the area has been submerged. During the con-
struction of the Panama Canal I was surprised to find tapirs inhabit-
ing the forested areas immediately along the canal route where they
seemed to be comparatively unmindful of the heavy blasting and
constant movement of men and material. They frequently visited
the Mount Hope Reservoir near Colon and the Agua Clara Reservoir
near Gatun, apparently enjoying the immunity from molestation
afforded by the enforced regulations prohibiting trespassing by the
general public on neighboring watersheds.

On the Pirre range in extreme eastern Panama trails made in the
forest and regularly used by tapirs were seen at various elevations
on steep slopes, and along the tops of the highest ridges. These
well-beaten routes were filled with the characteristic tracks of the
animals deeply impressed in the muddy ground. Viewed from a
short distance they resemble cattle trails. As the trails here show,
the rather clumsy looking tapir is able to climb up and down pre-
cipitous places ; but in the bottom of a narrow gorge I came upon the
body of one that had evidently been killed by a fall from the hill-
side above. Climbing up and examining the slope I was able to
locate the exact spot where in attempting to pass across the face of a
steep bank, the loose wet soil and leaves covering the underlying clay
had slipped from beneath its feet, and in spite of some struggles to
regain its balance the tapir had tumbled about 200 feet. Decomposi-
tion of the body was well advanced, but there were no indications
that carnivorous animals larger than beetles and larval flies had fed
upon the flesh.

These tapirs are very shy and seldom venture outside of the denser
forest cover. When frightened or pursued by dogs they rush vio-
lently through tangled thickets, breaking down vines and other vege-
tation barring the way. At low elevations near San Miguel Bay
I saw places where the tapirs had wallowed in muddy pools in the
forest. Tapirs have occasionally been killed in the Canal Zone by

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 83

hunting clubs using hounds. A fine male specimen obtained through
the Gatun Hunting Club was shot one morning near the shore of
Gatun Lake by a member who was stationed only about 100 yards
from me—so near that I heard the animal tearing its way through the
undergrowth before the baying hounds, and heard its heavy fall
following the report of my companion’s rifle. Like all of the larger
terrestrial mammals inhabiting the forests of the region this tapir
was infested with ticks, which become troublesome when numbers
begin crawling up one’s arms; they take advantage of every contact
with the animal during the skinning process and transportation of
the skin to affix themselves to one’s body. The tapirs often escape
the hounds by entering the water. As Captain Dow has indicated
they are seldom hunted by natives of the Canal Zone, but, when killed
by foreigners the flesh is sometimes eaten by certain classes of the
native population.

The species is known to reach about the same altitude on the
mountains of western, as of eastern Panama. Bangs (1902, p. 22)
records the collection of a fine old male adult by W. W. Brown, Jr.,
at 5,000 feet, near Boquete on the southern slope of the Volcan de
Chiriqui. Anthony (1916, p. 365) mentions noting frequently the
tracks of this species in the Canal Zone and on the slopes of Mount
Tacarcuna.

While no specimens of the South American tapir, Tapirus ter-
restris, are known from Panama, a skull of this species in the U. S.
National Museum is labeled as collected by William M. Gabb in
Talamanca, Costa Rica, along with a number of skulls of Tapirella
bairdii from the same locality. There seems to be nothing irregular
about the record of this skull, but occurrence of the species so far
north lacks confirmation.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 1*; Cana, 2; Gatun, 2; Mount
Hope (near Colon), 1; Mount Pirre, 1.

Order RODENTIA. Rodents
Family MURIDAE
Rats, Mice
The family Muridz includes a large number of species of rat-like
animals, many of which are much alike in general external appear-
ance, their differential characters becoming fully apparent only when
the skulls and teeth are examined.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

84 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Subfamily CRICETINAE. Harvest Mice, Rice Rats,
Cotton Rats, etc.

Genus REITHRODONTOMYS Giglioli

The harvest mice are among the smallest of the Muride. They
are slender, long-tailed animals resembling very closely some of the
smaller species of Oryzomys, but easily distinguished by the distinct
longitudinal grooves in the upper incisors.

Subgenus REITHRODONTOMYS Giglioli.
REITHRODONTOMYS AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS Allen
Irazu Harvest Mouse
Reithrodontomys australis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 328,
November 8, 1895. Type from Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica.
Reithrodontomys australis vulcanius BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39,
No. 2, p. 38, text figs. 16-17, April, 1902. Type from Volcan de Chiriqui,
Chiriqui, Panama (altitude 10,300 feet).

The Irazu harvest mouse ranges from Costa Rica into western
Panama. Two specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at 4,000
feet, near Boquete on the southern slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui
have been noted by Bangs (1902, p. 37) who says: “ These I have
compared with the type of R. australis from Volcan de Irazu, Costa
Rica, loaned by Dr. Allen. In color they exactly agree, except that
the upper surface of the feet is darker, more grayish—the feet being
whitish in the type. The skulls of the two Boquete specimens are
heavier throughout, especially the rostral part, and in this character
they are intermediate between true R. australis and the form de-
scribed below from the summit of the Volcan de Chiriqui.” R. a.
vulcanius, the form referred to by Bangs, has been regarded by
Howell (1914, p. 62) as agreeing too closely for separation from
typical R. a. australis. Specimens from Boquete and from near the
summit of the volcano appear very different as indicated by Bangs,
but the differences are scarcely beyond the range of individual varia-
tion exhibited by a series of typical examples of R. a. australis.
Additional specimens from Panama are much needed in order to
determine the point satisfactorily. If the two forms are inseparable
R. a. australis has an altitudinal range of over 6,000 feet on the slope
of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

R. a. australis belongs to the typical subgenus, Reithrodontomys,
which lacks the mesostyles and mesostylids present in the subgenus
Aporodon, the group including the other known forms of the region.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 2.’

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

a

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 85

Subgenus APORODON Howell
REITHRODONTOMYS CREPER Bangs
Chiriqui Harvest Mouse
Reithrodontomys creper Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 39,
April, 1902; text figs. 18-19. Type from Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui,
Panama (altitude 11,000 feet).

The Chiriqui harvest mouse is known only from the single example
collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on the cold, barren summit of the
Volcan de Chiriqui.

It is a dark brownish species, darker in general color than Reithro-
dontomys australis australis which inhabits the same mountain and

reaches nearly the same elevation. It differs widely from its
congener in cranial characters and belongs to another section of the
genus, one in which the outer wall of the antorbital foramen is
narrower and the dentition more complicated by small accessory
tubercles than in the more typical forms. This group with more
complicated dentition has recently been set apart by Howell (1914,
p. 63), as the subgenus A porodon, to which all. of the South Ameri-
can species belong.

Specimens examined: Volcan de ghiuie I (type).

REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS CHERRII (Allen)
Cherrie’s Harvest Mouse
Hesperomys (Vesperimus) cherrii AtteN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 3, p. 211, April 17, 1891. Type from San José, Costa Rica.

The range of Cherrie’s harvest mouse closely parallels that of
Reithrodontomys australis australis from Costa Rica into western
Panama where, on the lower slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui, the
two apparently occur at the same locality. R. m. cherriei is a larger
form than R. a. australis, with a tail measuring over 100 millimeters,
while in the latter animal the length of the member is usually less
than 90 millimeters. Moreover, they belong to different subgenera,
the present form being a member of the subgenus Aporodon. A very
young example from the grassy lake at Gatun is doubtfully as-
signed to this species.

As Reithrodontomys costaricensis, a name synonymized by Howell
(1914, p. 73) with R. m. cherrii, Bangs (1902, p. 39) notes 30 speci-
mens obtained by W. W. Brown, Jr., at from 4,000-6,000 feet altitude
near Boquete. Brown found this harvest mouse one of the more
common small mammals of the forest belt of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

* Collection Mus..Comp. Zool.

86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

Under the same name Allen (1904, p. 70) records six specimens
taken at Boquete by J. H. Batty. Two examples too young for
identification listed by Thomas (1903a, p. 41) from Cebaco Island
near the Pacific coast, may be referable to this form.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 34°; Gatun, I.

Genus PEROMYSCUS Gloger

The genus Peromyscus is remarkable for the inclusion of more
forms than any other mammalian genus in North America. The
species are forest mice, usually with long tails, rather large ears and
soft fur. They are usually, but not invariably, distinguishable from
the species of Oryzomys, a related genus, by the softer fur, larger
ears, and smaller, more densely haired, hind feet ; several other allied
genera are similar externally and difficult to determine without
recourse to detailed differential characters presented by the skull.
While so numerous in North America in general, very few species
range so far south as Panama where they appear to be restricted to
the upper slopes of the mountains.

Subgenus PEROMYSCUS Gloger
PEROMYSCUS NUDIPES (Allen)
La Carpintera Mouse
Hesperomys (Vesperimus?) nudipes ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 3, p. 213, April 17, 1891. Type from La Carpintera, Costa Rica.

Peromyscus cacabatus BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 20,

text figs. 8-10, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Peromyscus nudipes is a large member of the genus, but decidedly
smaller than P. favidus which inhabits parts of the same area. It
measures 250 to 270 millimeters in total length, while this dimension
in the latter species is well over 300 millimeters.

It is known in Panama only from the slopes of the Volcan de
Chiriqui where it was collected by W. W. Brown, Jr. It was de-
scribed by Outram Bangs under the name P. cacabatus, which I
agree with Allen (1904, p. 67) and Osgood (1909, p. 195) in identi-
tying with P. nudipes. Brown found it by far the commonest small
mammal of the mountain forest belt of the Volcan de Chiriqui
where it does not appear to occur below 4,000 feet and extends
thence upward to at least 7,500 feet elevation.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 116? (including type).

* Twenty-eight specimens in Mus. Comp. Zool.; six in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
2-93 in Mus. Comp. Zool.; 11 in Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist.

3 NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 87

Subgenus MEGADONTOMYS Merriam
PEROMYSCUS FLAVIDUS Bangs
Volcan Mouse
Megadontomys flavidus BANGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, text
figs. 5-7, p. 27, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama (altitude 4,000 feet).

Peromyscus flavidus is a large member of the subgenus Megadon-
tomvys, allied to P. pirrensis, but paler, more ochraceous in color, with
a shorter hind foot. It differs also in cranial and dental details,
especially the tendency to division exhibited by the anterior lobe of
the first upper molar.

This species was discovered by W. W. Brown, Jr., in the course
of his work for Outram Bangs on the Volcan de Chiriqui. He found
it common in the upland forest at from 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude,
but no specimens were taken above or below these elevations. The
species thus seems to be’restricted to about the same altitudinal range
as P. pirrensis and the two are apparently isolated by low-lying areas
unsuited for their habitation.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 32° (including type).

PEROMYSCUS PIRRENSIS Goldman
Mount Pirre Mouse
[Plate 23, figs. 5, 5a]

Peromyscus pirrensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, p. 5,
September 20, 1912. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 4,500 feet).

The Mount Pirre mouse is a large member of the subgenus
Megadontomys. It is similar to P. favidus of the Volcan de Chiriqui
but is decidedly darker, less ochraceous in color, and has a longer
hind foot; the skull is larger, with longer, slenderer rostrum; the
anterior lobe of the first upper molar is very narrow and in some
examples entire, in others slightly notched.

While evidently more closely allied to P. favidus than to any other
known form, P. pirrensis differs from that species notably in denti-
tion. The anterior lobe of the first upper molar is narrower, less
extended internally, and the longitudinal notch is faint or absent.
The supplementary cusps are rather weakly developed for a Mega-
dontomys, and the general form of the tooth suggests the 5-tubercu-
late condition of typical Peromyscus. In P. flavidus, on the contrary,
the division of the anterior lobe being more complete the cusp

2 Twenty-five in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; five in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VoL. 69

arrangement approaches that in the 6-tuberculate genera Nyctomys
and Rhipidomys.

The discovery of a Peromyscus on Mount Pirre materially ex-
tended the known range of the genus from the western part of the
republic to near the Colombian frontier. The specimens were trapped
mainly under logs and among the spreading aerial roots of trees, in
the unbroken forest, at from 3,500 feet on the slopes to 5,200 feet
altitude near the summit of the mountain. None were taken in
numerous traps placed at lower elevations, and the species seems to
be limited to the upper slopes of the mountains where it is common.
Two young were found in a nest about six feet from the ground
behind the expanded base of a palm frond, indicating scansorial
habits. The nest was composed of pulverized bark, and plant fibers.
Worn places over and under logs mark routes regularly used by the
species in moving about on and near the ground. Anthuny (1916,
p. 366) found this species “the commonest rat of southeastern
Panama.” Numerous specimens were obtained by him at various
elevations from 2,650 feet near the old village of Tacarcuna up to
5,200 feet near Mount Tacarcuna.

Specimens examined: Mount Pirre (type locality), 20; Mount
Tacarcuna, A7-

Genus NYCTOMYS Saussure. Vesper Rats

The members of the Middle American genus Nyctomys are
medium-sized mice of a rich yellowish color above. The underparts
are white. The tail is about as long as the body, and clothed with
rather long hair. In many respects the genus resembles Rhipidomys,
but the general color is more yellowish than is usual in that genus,
and the tail shorter and clothed with longer hair. The skull is short
and broad, with a short, slender rostrum and fully expanded brain-
case. The frontals are much broader than in R/upidomys, the lateral
margins projecting well over the orbits. The first upper molar is a
rectangular tooth with six tubercles much as in Rhipidomys, but in
the less complete division of the anterior lobe and the reduced size
of the anterointernal cusp suggests gradation toward the 5-tubercu-
late genus Peromyscus.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

MO. 5. . MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 89

NYCTOMYS SUMICHRASTI NITELLINUS Bangs
Chiriqui Vesper Rat
Nyctomys nitellinus Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 30,
text figs. 11-12, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama
(altitude 4,000 feet).

Nyctomys sumichrasti nitellinus is comparatively pale and yellow-
ish in color above, the general tone decidedly paler than in the allied
subspecies, Nyctomys sumichrasti venustulus of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica, which differs also in the narrower braincase and posterior
part of frontal region.

The subspecies is based on six specimens obtained by W. W.
Brown, Jr., at the type locality.

Genus RHIPIDOMYS Tschudi. Climbing Mice

Rhipidomys is one of those genera found during the present
investigations to range within the limits of Panama. Externally
the species resembles some forms of Oryzomys; the tail is very
long and clothed with rather long hair; the hind feet are short with
sharp, strongly curved claws adapting the animal for an arboreal
life ; cranial examinations are, however, important in order to make
accurate generic determinations. The skull of Rhipidomys re-
sembles that of Nyctomys in many respects, the braincase being
large and the rostrum short and narrow. The frontal region is
narrower, however, the incisive foramina much longer than the
palatal bridge and reaching posteriorly behind the anterior plane of
the first molars. The genus Rhipidomys differs from Nyctomys
notably in the form of the anterior upper molar, this tooth bearing
six well-developed cusps, while in Nyctomys the anterointernal cusp
is less prominent and suggests gradation toward the normally
5-tuberculate genus Peromyscus.

RHIPIDOMYS SCANDENS Goldman
Mount Pirre Climbing Mouse
[Plate 23, figs. 4, 4a]

Rhipidomys scandens GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, p. 8,
February 28, 1913. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 5,000 feet).

The type of Rhipidomys scandens is unique, and no other speci-
mens of the genus are known from any part of Middle America.
The species is closely allied to R. venezuele with which it may be
expected to intergrade, but until more material is available and the

'

go SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69 .

u

various forms of this unrevised group are better known, it seems
preferable to treat the Panama representative of the genus as a dis-
tinct species. The upperparts are darker colored than in typical
examples of R. venesuele and the skull is decidedly broader across
the braincase. In the breadth of the braincase it is similar to R. cocal-
ensis, another closely related form, but the frontal region is de-
pressed anteriorly and much narrower, especially posteriorly, the
maxillary arm of the zygoma is heavier, and the interparietal is
larger.

The specimen which became the type was secured just at dusk one
evening, when it was seen running rapidly up the trunk of a tree near
my camp in the forest, to a point about 35 feet from the ground
where the tree was encircled by a mass of Bromeliaceous plants.
The mouse paused a moment among the leaves, its long tail hanging
straight downward, and was shot.

Specimens examined: Mount Pirre, 1.

Genus TYLOMYS Peters

The members of the genus Tylomys bear some superficial resem-
blance to large examples of: Mus ratius. The ears are large and
naked, the tail is long and practically bare, the skin of the terminal
portion whitish or flesh colored instead of black. The skull is

elongated, with low rather flat braincase, and broad frontals which ¢

form supraorbital shelves much as in NV yctomys. The outer wall of’
the antorbital foramen is little developed forward, the anterior
border concave. The first upper molar is evenly rectangular with
six well-developed tubercles arranged about as in Rhipidomys.

TYLOMYS PANAMENSIS (Gray)
Panama Climbing Rat

Neomys panamensis Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, Vol. 12, p. 417,
November, 1873. Type from Panama.

The Panama climbing rat was described from a specimen obtained
by the British Museum through M. Boucard. To this species I pro-
visionally refer three immature specimens with narrow, elongated
skulls, taken near Cana. In cranial characters they are much like
T. nure, however, and quite different from a comparably immature
example from Cerro Brujo which may represent 7. watsoni.

One of the specimens was taken in a banana-baited trap placed
among rocks at 2,000 feet altitude near the entrance to an abandoned
tunnel at the Darien gold mines.. One caught in a trap set under a

j

NNO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN OI

log along the bank of a stream in the forest at 4,500 feet altitude was
devoured by some prowling animal. Another was shot in the same
vicinity one day by one of my men, as it climbed a palm frond 30 feet
from the ground. This was a full-grown animal, but, unfortunately,
the head was carried away by the shot and the specimen rendered
worthless.
Specimens examined: Cana, 3.

TYLOMYS WATSONI Thomas
Watson’s Climbing Rat
Tylomys watsoni THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 4, p. 278,
October, 1899. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude 800 feet).

The basis of this species was two specimens “ caught on banks of
river ” at Bugaba by H. J. Watson. The skull is described as much
broader and heavier than that of T. panamensis. Bangs (1902,
p. 32) notes four examples, collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., of which
he says: ‘“ The specimens from Bugaba are not only topotypes, but
were caught on the banks of the same stream as the type.” Allen
(1904, p. 68) lists a specimen taken by J. H. Batty at Boqueron.

An immature example from Cerro Brujo, with a broad, heavy
skull, is quite different from the Cana series and more like T. watsoni
to which it is provisionally referred, although the nasals and pre-
maxilla are conterminous posteriorly (in specimens of typical
watsoni the premaxille exceed the nasals in posterior extent). It
was taken in a trap placed among the spreading aerial roots of a palm
at 1,000 feet elevation on the Atlantic slope of the mountain.

Specimens examined: Bugaba (type locality), 3*; Boqueron, 1;
Boquete, 1*; Cerro Brujo, I.

TYLOMYS FULVIVENTER Anthony
Fulvous-bellied Climbing Rat
Tylomys fulviventer ANTHONY, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35, p. 366,
June 9, 1916. Type from Mount Tacarcuna, Panama (altitude 4,200
feet).

The type and only known specimen of this species seems sufficiently
distinguished by the russet and ochraceous-buffy colors of the under-
parts. In the other species inhabiting the general region the under-
parts are white. Additional examples are much needed in order to
determine the status and relationships of the various forms of the
genus. Anthony (l. c.) states that this rat was taken in a banana-

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

| 7

g2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

baited trap set at the foot of a large tree in the fairly heavy forest
that clothes Mount Tacarcuna.
Specimens examined: The type.*

Genus SCOTINOMYS Thomas. Brown Mice

The members of the genus Scotinomys are very small blackish or
dark brownish mice with soft pelage and tails shorter than the head
and body. Several species have been described and the group ranges
from southern Mexico to western Panama. Until recently? the
species were included in the genus Akodon which, by the segregation
of this Middle American group, becomes eliminated from the North
American fauna. Scotinomys differs from Akodon in dental details,
the molars being narrower and more elongated in the antero-posterior
direction. The lateral compression is especially noticeable in the
posterior portion of the first upper molar. An inner view of this
tooth shows the posterointernal reentrant angle extending as a deep
groove to the alveolar border and in advanced age three root divisions
are visible instead of two as in Akodon. The lower incisor lacks a
tubercular swelling over the root.

SCOTINOMYS TEGUINA APRICUS (Bangs)

Boquete Brown Mouse

4
@<

Akodon teguina apricus BANGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 40,
text figs. 20-21, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama
(altitude, 4,000 feet).

Scotinomys t. apricus is based on five specimens collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr., at from 4,000 to 5,000 feet altitude near Boquete
on the basal slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

The original description is in part as follows:

“Colors not so black as in true A. teguina (the rump and thighs
in true A. teguina are blackish, in the new form they are scarcely
darker than the rest of the upper parts) ; tail, longer; ears, larger;
skull, heavier; rostrum, heavier; molar-form teeth much heavier;
tooth rows not so parallel,—much more divergent anteriorly. Pelage,
short, close, and fine with decided gloss.

“Upper parts vandyke-brown, slightly more dusky on top of head
and along middle of back ; under parts dull cinnamon rufous ; hands,
feet, ears, and tail blackish.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? See Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 11, p. 408, April, 1913.

a 7

j

is

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 93

“ Through the kindness of Dr. Merriam I was able to compare the
series taken by Mr. Brown with a fine adult 4, No. 76,353, of true
A. teguina taken by Mr. E. W. Nelson at Ocuilapa, Chiapas, Mexico.
This comparison showed that the Chiriqui animal is quite distinct—
though it is perhaps better to regard it as a subspecies.

“Mr. Brown caught all five of these curious dark brown little
creatures, in open rocky places.” (Bangs, l. c.)

No representative of the genus was met with by me in the course
of. extended field work in eastern Panama where the Isthmus is
heavily forested from coast to coast.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 5* (including type).

SCOTINOMYS XERAMPELINUS (Bangs)
Chiriqui Brown Mouse
Akodon xerampelinus BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 41,
text figs. 22-23, April, 1902. Type from Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui,
Panama (altitude, 10,300 feet).

Three specimens obtained by W. W. Brown, Jr., near the summit
of the Volcan de Chiriqui are the basis of this species, of which the
following is the original description in part:

“Apparently specifically distinct from A. teguina. Size of that
species; tail, longer; pelage very long and fluffy with but little
lustre; colors, paler—more yellowish, less reddish brown; under
parts grayish (strong cinnamon rufous in A. teguina) ; skull lighter
and more delicate; rostrum lighter; nasals narrower; palatal slits
rather wider; audital bulle slightly larger; molar-form teeth
heavier—wider.

“Upper parts uniform dark yellowish brown (a color that might
perhaps be called tawny burnt-umber) under parts, broccoli-brown ;
hands, feet, tail, and ears, blackish (slightly grayer, less intense black
than these parts in A. teguina apricus ; due to greater hairiness).

“ The little Akodon of the summit of Voican de Chiriqui is very
different from the one found at lower altitudes and is entitled to full
specific rank. The three examples were taken on the desolate top of
the Volcano, a little below actual timber line, but still where the
forest had become stunted and sparse. Like A. teguina apricus they
were found in open rocky country.” (Bangs, /. c.)

Scotinomys irazu, a high mountain form of Costa Rica, seems to
be somewhat smaller and paler in color.

Specimens examined: Volcan de Chiriqui, 3* (including type).

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

04 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

Genus ZYGODONTOMYS Allen. Cane Rats

The genus Zygodontomys includes medium-sized, ground-inhabit-
ing rodents which are grayish-brown in general coloration, with tails
shorter than the head and body. The members are similar to
Oryzomys in external appearance, but may usually be distinguished
by the proportionately shorter tail and shorter hind feet. Recourse
to the skull may, however, be necessary in order to make accurate
determinations, generic distinction being lodged mainly in dental
details, especially the absence of distinct style and stylid ridges and
the presence of straight, antero-posteriorly directed commissures in
the molar crowns. In Panama Zygodontomys superficially resembles
the cotton rat, Sigmodon, but the ears are smaller and the light and
dark elements of the pelage, more finely mixed, produce a less
coarsely grizzled combination of color.

ZYGODONTOMYS CHERRIEI CHERRIEI (Allen)
Cherrie’s Cane Rat
Orysomys cherriei ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 7, p. 329,
November 8, 1805. Type from Boruca, Costa Rica.

The range of Cherrie’s cane rat extends from Costa Rica into
Panama where it was first recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 37) on the
basis of a young example collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba.
He says: “I have compared this example with topotypes, kindly
loaned by Dr. Allen and can find no differences.” The species was
noted by Thomas (1903a, p. 40) from Cebaco Island, near the coast
of Chiriqui, whence it was sent by J. H. Batty. Allen (1904, p. 69)
lists II specimens taken at Boqueron by the same collector.

Zygodontomys cherriei is replaced in the Canal Zone by Z. c. ven-
triosus, a larger, paler animal, with the back more uniform in color,
less distinctly darkened along the median line.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 11 *; Bugaba, 1*; El Banco, I.

ZYGODONTOMYS CHERRIEI VENTRIOSUS Goldman
Canal Zone Cane Rat
Plate 23, figs. 3, 3a
Zygodontomys cherriet ventriosus GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56,
No. 36, p. 8, February ro, 1912. Type from Tabernilla, Canal Zone,
Panama.
The Canal Zone form of Zygodontomys cherriei is closely allied
to the typical form, Z. c. cherriei, but is larger and paler in color,

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

oni

'

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 95

the back less distinctly darkened along the median line. It seems to
be the most abundant murine rodent in the grassy clearings, sugar-
cane fields, and second growth forest of the region. It was not
obtained in the heavy forest and in all probability greatly increased
in numbers with the clearing of forest along the line of the Panama
Railroad. With the completion of the Gatun dam and the elevation
of the level of Gatun Lake much of the cleared space, including the
type locality, has been flooded, and the area in which these rice rats
and other small rodents were thriving is again restricted. Anthony
(1916, p. 368), who visited the Canal Zone early in 1914, reports
“ This species was found but rarely. It was taken only at low eleva-
tions.” He records specimens from Gatun, Real de Santa Maria and
Old Panama.

Specimens examined: Empire, 4; Gatun, 12°; Real de Santa
Maria, 1*; Old Panama, 1*; Tabernilla (type locality), 15.

ZYGODONTOMYS SEORSUS Bangs
San Miguel Island Cane Rat

Zygodontomys seorsus Bancs, Amer. Nat., Vol. 35, p. 642, August, 1901.
Type from San Miguel Island, Panama.

San Miguel Island is inhabited by a large, well-marked species,
differing from the form of Z. cherriei inhabiting the adjacent main-
land in much larger size, and much darker, ferruginous coloration.

The basis of the species is a series of 68 specimens collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr.

In remarks accompanying the original description, Bangs, (I. c.)
states that “ The San Miguel vesper rat is a strongly marked island
species, most nearly related to Z. brevicauda, of Trinidad, which it
precisely resembles in color and character of pelage. Its much
greater size, bigger foot, and different tail distinguish it, externally,
from the Trinidad species, and the skulls of the two can easily be
distinguished.

Z. seorsus was an abundant animal in San Miguel Island, inhabit-
ing the dense, swampy woods, and Mr. Brown found no difficulty in
trapping it in numbers.”

Specimens examined: San Miguel Island, 54.

Genus NEACOMYS Thomas. Bristly Mice
The members of the genus Neacomys are very small, handsome
mice related to Oryzomys, but with pelage composed of grooved

1Four in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

7

96 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

spines or bristles mixed with slender hairs much as in the unrelated
genus Heteromys. This genus is one of those whose occurrence
within our limits was disclosed during the field work in connection
with the present investigations.

NEACOMYS PICTUS Goldman
Painted Bristly Mouse
[Plate 23, figs. 2, 2a]

Neacomys pictus GorpbMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 6-7,
September 20, 1912. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 1,800
feet).

This handsome little mouse is one of the smaller rodents of the
region. The pelage of the upperparts is composed of grooved black-
tipped spines or bristles and slender orange rufous hairs. The mouse
is easily recognized by the bristly pelage, rich orange rufescent
coloration, and the absence of the external cheek pouches present in
Heteromys.

The adults present remarkably slight variation in size or color, the
orange rufous hairs mixed with the black-tipped spines producing
a uniformly grizzled effect over the upperparts. The underparts
are white, the color changing abruptly below a sharp ochraceous
buffy line of demarcation along the sides. A half-grown young
individual is in a comparatively soft pelage corresponding to the
immature coat seen in Heteromys and other genera.

The species seems to be related to N. pusillus from the coast
region of western Colombia, but is a larger animal with white instead
of yellowish feet. The specimens were trapped in grass and small
bushes growing among rocks along the edge of a sugar-cane field at
1,800 to 2,000 feet elevation on a steep mountain side near the Darien
gold mines. Anthony (1916, p. 369) records the species from a
slightly higher altitude, 2,650 feet at the village of Tacarcuna and
remarks: ‘‘ The genus was not encountered elsewhere.”

Specimens examined: Cana (type locality), 5; Tacarcuna, 2.*

Genus ORYZOMYS Baird. Rice Rats
The genus Oryzomys seems to occupy in South America the place
filled in North America by the genus Peromyscus, as the Murine
group including the greatest number of species. But from South
America Orysomys pushes northward through Middle America, con-
siderably overlapping the range of Peromyscus. In this genus the
size is very variable, some forms being so small and slender that in

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

D0. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 97
the flesh they are most easily distinguished from Reithrodontomys by
the smooth instead of grooved ‘upper incisors ; others are as large as
common rats. The short ears, usually harsh fur, and rather long,
thinly haired hind feet will aid in the recognition of the rice rats
among the numerous small rodents of the region,

Subgenus ORYZOMYS Baird
ORYZOMYS GATUNENSIS Goldman
. Gatun Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 2, 2a]
Oryzomys gatunensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 7,
February 19, 1912. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

The Gatun rice rat is a member of the O. palustris group allied
to O. richmondi of Nicaragua, contrasted with which it is paler, more
grayish brown in color; the skull differs in detail, the frontals
being decidedly broader with lateral margins more developed as
supraorbital shelves ; the interparietal is much less extended antero-
posteriorly and the nasals are more prolonged posteriorly beyond the
premaxillz.

The type and only known specimen is a young individual which
seems to require comparison only with O. richmondi. It was trapped
in an abandoned sugar-cane plantation on the bank of the Chagres
River.

Specimens examined: Gatun, 1 (type).

ORYZOMYS ALFAROI ALFAROI Allen
Alfaro’s Rice Rat

Hesperomys (Oryzomys) alfaroi ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 3,
p. 214, April 17, 1891. Type from San Carlos, Costa Rica.

Alfaro’s rice rat is a small, slender, dark colored species which
ranges into western Panama from Costa Rica. It is closely allied to
O. a. dariensis of the mountains of the eastern part of the republic.
Contrasted with that subspecies the present form is duller, less
rufescent in coloration.

Specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at 4,000 feet altitude
near Boquete are recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 33).

Specimens examined: Boquete, 14.’

’
* Eleven in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; two in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; one
in Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist.

08 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

ORYZOMYS ALFAROI DARIENSIS Goldman
Darien Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 1, 1a]

Oryzomys alfaroi dariensis GOLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28,
p. 128, June 29, 1915. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000
feet).

In the richer, more reddish coloration of the upperparts, and
usually narrower skull the Darien rice rat differs from the closely
allied form, Alfaro’s rice rat of western Panama. The Darien animal
is rather common in dense thickets at 2,000 to 2,500 feet altitude
along the Cana River, near Cana. The same thickets are also in-
habited, apparently in smaller numbers, by O. talamance. On Mount
Tacarcuna an immature example recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 368)
was secured at 5,200 feet.

Specimens examined: Cana, 11; Mount Tacarcuna, 1.’

*
ORYZOMYS BOMBYCINUS BOMBYCINUS Goldman \
Silky Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 3, 3a]

Oryzomys bombycinus GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 6,
February 19, 1912. Type from Cerro Azul, near headwaters of Chagres
River, Panama (altitude 2,500 feet).

The silky rice rat is a dark-colored, forest-inhabiting species with
remarkably long, soft pelage for an Oryzomys. It was originally
compared with O. carrikeri and O. talamance, but is much more
nearly related to O. nitidus from Peru, as represented by specimens
in the National Museum determined by Mr. Oldfield Thomas.
O. bombycinus differs from O. nitidus most noticeably in cranial
characters, the braincase being broader, the zygomata more widely
spreading posteriorly (zygomata more nearly parallel in nitidus),
and the audital bullz larger.

On Cerro Azul a few of these rice rats were taken in traps placed
mainly under logs and about the bases of large forest trees at from
2,500 to 3,000 feet elevation near the summit of the mountain. No
examples of this species were obtained in the course of extensive
field work at the same elevation on the higher mountains near the
Colombian frontier. A single individual was taken at about 1,000
feet on the forested basal slope of Cerro Brujo where O. talamance
also occurs.

Specimens examined: Cerro Azul (type locality), 3; Cerro
Brujo, I.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 99

ORYZOMYS TALAMANCAE Allen

Talamanca Rice Rat

Oryzomys talamance ALLEN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 14, p. 193, July 24,
1891. Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica. (Probably near Sipurio, in
the valley of the Rio Sicsola.)

Oryzomys panamensis Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 8, p. 252,
September, 1901. Type from City of Panama, Panama.

The Talamanca rice rat typifies a group of wide distribution in
South America; O. mollipilosus and O. medius are closely allied
Colombian and Venezuelan forms, and others range as far as Brazil.
The pelage in O. talamance is short and close and the general color
varies in rich rufescent tones.

It was originally described from Costa Rica and is generally
distributed in Panama where it is one of the more abundant species,
ranging from sea level in the Canal Zone to 2,500 feet altitude on
the slopes of the mountains near the Colombian frontier. Specimens
were trapped mainly under logs and rocks and about the bases of
large trees in the heavy forest.

Specimens from the Canal Zone which I identify with O. talamance
have been submitted to Mr. Oldfield Thomas for comparison with
- the type of O. panamensis in the British Museum. Regarding them
he has written as follows: “ We have only one specimen of O. pana-
mensis and it is both larger and more rufous than your specimens.
But it is older; the skull agrees in general characters and the tooth-
row is of exactly the same length. As to the colour I think the
difference is only due to the coming on of the faded fulvous stage
found in the old specimens of most species of Oryzomys. Personally
I should certainly refer your specimens to panamensis.” On the
basis of this comparison and other grounds O. panamensis seems to
belong in synonymy under O. talamance. Anthony (1916, p. 369)
states “the species was found sparingly throughout the lowlands
from the Canal Zone to the Darien.” He records specimens from
Cituro, Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), Tacarcuna and Tapalisa.

Specimens examined: Cana, 7; Cituro, 1*; Cerro Brujo, 1; Gatun,
6; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 3*; Tacarcuna, 1*; Tapalisa, 9.”

ORYZOMYS DEVIUS Bangs

Boquete Rice Rat
Oryzomys devius BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 34, text
figs. 13-14, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
5,000 feet).
The Boquete rice rat is a large species of a group which includes
O. meridensis and a number of other South American forms. No

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

q

100 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

other member of the group is known to range so far into Middle
America, but an allied species, O. pirrensis, inhabits the mountains
of eastern Panama. The underparts in O. devius, unlike those of
O. pirrensis, are marked by white patches, as usual in the group.
The skull is similar, but more smoothly rounded, the zygomata less
widely spreading, the supraorbital and temporal ridges less distinct,
and the audital bullz decidedly larger than in O. pirrensis.

The species is based on four specimens obtained by W. W. Brown,
Jr., from 4,000 to 5,000 feet altitude on the southern slope of the

Volcan de Chiriqui, and additional examples from the same locality”

acquired by the Field Museum of Natural History.
Specimens examined: Boquete (type locality), 6.*

ORYZOMYS PIRRENSIS Goldman
Mount Pirre Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 5, 5a]

Oryzomys pirrensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, pp. 5-6,
February 28, 1913. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 4,500 feet).

The Mount Pirre rice rat is a large member of the O. meridensts
group. It is similar in size to O. devius of western Panama, but
slightly darker in general color, and the underparts lack the pure
white patches usual in the group. The skull is more angular, with
zygomata more widely spreading, the supraorbital and temporal
ridges more distinct, and the audital bulle decidedly smaller. The
skull combines the large general size of that of O. devius with the
small audital bulle of O. meridensis and O. maculiventer; it differs
from both, however, in the development of the supraorbital and
temporal ridges.

Like the allied species, O. devius, O. meridensis and others of the
group, this large rice rat is an inhabitant of the mountains. It was
found only in the heavy forest at about 4,500 feet altitude where
precipitous slopes border the narrow canyon of the Rio Limon. The
animals live in holes under logs and rocks along steep overhanging
banks of the stream, where palms and tree ferns are conspicuous
vegetation. Several were caught in well-worn paths, bearing
many marks of small feet.

Anthony (1916, p. 368) encountered this species at 5,200 feet on
the upper slope of Mount Tacarcuna where it did not appear to be
common. He notes the external resemblance to the much more

* Four in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; two in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

sf

ee

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN IOI

abundant species, Peromyscus pirrensis, occurring at the same
locality, and points out the more naked tail and shorter ears as dis-
tinguishing characters.

Specimens examined: Mount Pirre, 8; Mount Tacarcuna, 6.*

ORYZOMYS TECTUS TECTUS Thomas
Bugaba Rice Rat

Oryzomys tectus THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 8, p. 251, Sep-
tember, 1901. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude 800 feet).
The two closely allied forms of O. tectus are large, rather robust
rice rats with generally rich tawny or ochraceous-tawny upperparts.
The underparts vary from nearly pure white to pale buff. The
skulls are remarkable for the lateral expansion of the frontals as
supraorbital shelves. These forms are typical of a group including
O. flavicans and other South American species. O. t. tectus, known
only from western Panama and Costa Rica, differs from O. ft.
frontalis of eastern Panama in the brighter tawny coloration of the
upperparts and the more buffy underparts. Aside from the type no
specimens appear to have been collected in Panama, but two examples

from Boruca, Costa Rica, are assumed to be typical.

ORYZOMYS TECTUS FRONTALIS Goldman
Corozal Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 6, 6a]
Oryzomys frontalis GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 6,
February 19, 1912. Type from Corozal, Canal Zone (altitude 100 feet).

Oryzomys t. frontalis of eastern Panama is closely allied to O. t.
tectus of western Panama, but the upperparts are duller, less dis-
tinctly tawny, and the underparts are whiter, less extensively buffy.
It is decidedly larger than the related South American forms, O. flavi-
cans and O. f. illectus, and differs in cranial details, especially the
greater lateral projection of the frontals over the orbits.

At Corozal the type was trapped in grass and bushes near the edge
of a swamp a few feet above sea level. Near Cana specimens were
taken at 2,000 feet altitude in an abandoned sugar-cane field where a
rank growth of grass and shrubbery was springing up. Here it was
associated with the Panama dusky rice rat (Oryzomys caliginosus
idoneus), a much more abundant species. Anthony (1916, p. 369)
records a specimen from the village of Tacarcuna.

Specimens examined: Cana, 11; Corozal, 1; Tacarcuna, 1.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

102 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Subgenus OLIGORYZOMYS Bangs
ORYZOMYS FULVESCENS COSTARICENSIS Allen
Costa Rican Pygmy Rice Rat
Oryszomys costaricensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 320,
September 22, 1893. Type from El General, Costa Rica (altitude 2,150
feet).

The Costa Rican pygmy rice rat is a very small form closely
resembling some species of Reithrodontomys from. which it may be
easily distinguished in the flesh by the smooth instead of grooved
upper incisors. It differs from O. f. fulvescens of Mexico mainly
in the larger molar teeth, and from O. f. vegetus of the Volcan de
Chiriqui in smaller size and usually paler color.

Very few specimens have been taken in Panama and the subspecies
appears to be restricted to the savanna region from the Costa Rican
frontier eastward along the Pacific coast. Anthony (1916, p. 368)
records two specimens taken by him on the savanna near Old
Panama, and the range of the animal probably extends as far east as
Chepo.

Specimens examined: La Chorrera, 1*; Old Panama, 2.7

ORYZOMYS FULVESCENS VEGETUS Bangs
Volcan Chiriqui Pygmy Rice Rat
Orysomys (Oligorysomys) vegetus BANGs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39,
text fig. 15, p. 35, April, 1902, Type from Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama (altitude 4,000 feet).

Larger average size and a tendency toward darker coloration
usually distinguish this small rice rat from O. f. costaricensis which
inhabits lower elevations.

Five specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at 3,800 to 4,800
feet altitude near Boquete were referred by Bangs (1902, p. 35) to
O. f. costaricensis and 13 others from the same locality were at the
same time described by him as a new species, O. vegetus. O. vegetus
Bangs was regarded as identical with costaricensis by Allen (1904,
p. 69), who says: “ The type and 12 topotypes of O. vegetus kindly
sent me for examination by Mr. Bangs do not differ appreciably
from the type, three topotypes, and additional Costa Rican specimens
of O. costaricensis. They also agree with the seven Boquete speci-
mens collected by Mr. Batty, which I unhesitatingly refer to O. cos-
taricensis.” The specimens assigned by Bangs to costaricensis are
rather pale and probably indistinguishable by color from many

*Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Ne EEEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeeeeereeeeee

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 103

examples of that form, but the larger size, especially noticeable in
the skulls, seems to place them with the remainder of the series of
vegetus.

Specimens examined: Boquete (type locality), 27.*

Subgenus MELANOMYS Thomas
ORYZOMYS CALIGINOSUS IDONEUS Goldman
Panama Dusky Rice Rat
[Plate 24, figs. 4, 4a]

Oryzomys idoneus GoLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 5,
February 19, 1912. Type from Cerro Azul, near headwaters of Chagres
River, Panama (altitude 2,500 feet).

The forms of Oryzomys caliginosus range over an extensive area
in northwestern South America and northward in Middle America to
Nicaragua. Specimens from widely separated regions exhibit the
general characters of the species with remarkable constancy and
some of the forms now recognized may ultimately prove to be not
well founded. O. c. idoneus is much like O. c. columbianus of
northern Colombia from which it is barely recognizable by slightly
darker average color and shorter tail. It differs from typical O. c.
caliginosus of Ecuador in paler, more tawny, instead of russet colora-
tion. Compared with the more northern form, O. c. chrysomelas, it
is paler and the skull is more constricted between the orbits, the
supraorbital borders less projecting laterally.

“O. phaeopus” (O. c. caliginosus) was made the type of the sub-
genus Melanomys* by Thomas, who mentions its short tail and gen-
erally Akodont external form, Oryzomyine molars, broad rounded
braincase, short muzzle and well-marked supraorbital ridges. ‘The
molar crowns are, however, slightly higher than in typical Oryzomys
and the lachyrmal articulates mainly with the maxilla. The skull
differs also in the lateral expansion of the inner wall of the antorbital
foramen whereby the broad, rounded antorbital opening of typical
Oryzomys viewed from above is reduced to a shallow notch.

O. c. idoneus is the most abundant small rodent in the mixed
growth of grass, bushes and small trees at 1,800 to 2,000 feet altitude
in the Cana Valley and along the bottom of the canyon of the Cana

* Fifteen in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; seven in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.;
five in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* The subgenus Melanomys has been raised to generic rank by Allen (1913,
Pp. 533) but owing to close agreement with typical Oryzomys in dentition and
other essential characters such generic recognition seems of very doubtful
advisability. .

104. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS - VOL. 69

River. It was also taken in smaller numbers in the forest at various
elevations up to 2,800 feet on the slopes of the Pirre Range. At the
type locality on Cerro Azul it appeared to be rather scarce. Like
Nectomys alfari efficax, Sylvilagus gabbt messorius and other species
living on the ground, this rice rat has evidently increased in numbers,
locally, with the clearing of the original forest, the new low growth
springing up doubtless providing more suitable food and cover than
is found in the heavy forest where seed producing undergrowth is
largely crowded out. Anthony (1916, p. 369) found the species
quite common in the clearing at 2,650 feet at the old village of
Tacarcuna, but it seemed rarer at lower elevations and was not taken
above 4,200 feet. He records specimens from Fl Real, Tacarcuna,
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad) and Gatun.

Specimens examined: Cana, 46; Cerro Azul, 1 (type) ; Gatun, 1°;
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 31; Real de Santa Maria, 27;
Tacarcuna, 23.*

ORYZOMYS CALIGINOSUS CHRYSOMELAS Allen

Costa Rican Dusky Rice Rat

Oryzomys chrysomelas ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, p. 37,
March 11, 1897. Type from Suerre, Costa Rica.

Under the name Zygodontomys chrysomelas, Bangs (1902, p. 37)

noted three specimens of this subspecies collected for him at Bogava ~*~

by W. W. Brown, Jr. These have been referred by Allen (1904,
p. 548) in his revision of the group to Melanomys chrysomelas with
the remark that topotypes “ agree perfectly with Chiriqui and Nica-
ragua specimens of corresponding age.” The range of the sub-
species is given by him as approximately from Bugaba, Chiriqui,
Panama, north to northern Nicaragua.

Specimens examined: Bogava, 3.?

Genus NECTOMYS Peters

Members of the genus Nectomys, especially the smaller species,
externally resemble some species of Oryzomys. The genus is nearly
related to Oryzomys from which it differs notably in rather more
hypsodont dentition ; the molar crowns have lower tubercles and the
outer reentrant angles are shallower so that with continued wear on
the crowns the latter close along the outer side, but remain as deep
interior enamel folds or islands which persist to extreme old age,

+ Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. History.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 105

the result being a more complicated enamel pattern than in Oryzomys.
Some of the South American species of Nectomys are the largest
American Murine rodents.

NECTOMYS ALFARI EFFICAX Goldman
Cana Rice Rat
[Plate 23, figs. 6, 6a]

Nectomys alfari eficax GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, p. 7,
February 28, 1913. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 1,800
feet).

Nectomys a. efficax is a richly colored, long-haired animal belong-
ing to the section of the genus including rather small species—
N. esmeraldarum and others—which lack the fringed feet and toes
of the more typical Nectomys squamipes group. In the more essen-
tial characters, however, the two groups are closely congeneric.
N. a. efficax is closely allied to N. a. alfari* of Costa Rica. It differs,
however, in the richer, more tawny ochraceous coloration of the
upperparts and the skull has a narrower braincase and more massive
rostrum. It is somewhat similar to N. esmeraldarum, but larger,
the color paler, more ochraceous, and the skull more elongated.
N. dimidiatus of Nicaragua is a much smaller species with a different
skull.

This rice rat is one of the more common Murine rodents in the
grassy clearings, old cane fields and second growth forest at 1,800
to 2,000 feet altitude on the small plateau commonly known as the
Cana Valley. It was especially abundant in the rank grass growing
on the marshy valley bottom. No examples were taken in the heavy
forest. In examining specimens in the flesh it was noted that the
number of tubercles on the sole of the hind foot is variable. In some
examples there are five with no trace of a sixth; in others six are
distinctly shown, but the postero-external may be very small; in still
others the small sixth tubercle is present, but very minute on one foot
and absent on the other. Anthony (1916, p. 369) found the Cana
rice rat common at 2,650 feet at the village of Tacarcuna, but it
“strangely was not taken elsewhere.”

Specimens examined: Cana, 23; Tacarcuna, 15.”

1This species was described as the type of a new genus, Sigmodontomys
Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, p. 39, March 11, 1897), which is
clearly identical with Nectomys Peters.

? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

106 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Genus SIGMODON Say and Ord. Cotton Rats

The members of this genus attain the size of common rats, but
are more robust in form with tails usually shorter than the body,
rather thick at the base and tapering rapidly to slender tips. The
ears are short, but broad and clothed with short fur. The pelage is
coarse, and grizzled grayish brown in general color. The skulls are
easily distinguished by a spinous process projecting forward from
the upper edge of the outer wall of the antorbital foramen.

SIGMODON HISPIDUS CHIRIQUENSIS Allen
Boqueron Cotton Rat

Sigmodon boruce chiriquensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20,
p. 68, February 29, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.

The Boqueron cotton rat is very similar to S. h. boruce of Costa
Rica, but the upperparts are somewhat richer, more rufescent in
general tone. The underparts are usually white, but in both forms
they are sometimes suffused with buff.

The basis of the subspecies is six specimens collected at Boqueron
by J. H. Batty. Alston (1879, p. 152) notes examples of Sigmodon
hispidus “supplied to the British Museum by Whitely from
Veragua.” As Sigmodon boruce, Bangs (1902, p. 32) lists measured
specimens taken by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba, which he says <
“appear to be identical with Allen’s S. boruce of Boruca, Costa
Rica.” Thomas (1903a, p. 41) records eight examples “ mostly
young,” but probably referable to this form, from Cebaco Island off
the southwestern coast of Panama. Anthony (1916, p. 368) records
a specimen taken in a low grassy meadow near the Chagres River at
Gatun.

Specimens from the Canal Zone are provisionally referred to this
form, although the grayer examples are practically indistinguishable
from typical S. h. boruce.

Cotton rats are common only locally in the Canal Zone. At Gatun
a few were captured in the thick grass growing in places where the
forest has been cleared away. Such places are usually overgrown
with grass and a few small bushes, with here and there clumps of
larger bushes. The cotton rats make fairly well-trodden paths lead-
ing away, in various directions, from their holes which commonly
enter the ground along low banks. At Tabernilla they are abundant
in thick grass and small bushes which have overgrown earth and rock
excavated from Culebra cut and dumped there several years ago.

,

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 107

Here, also, well-trodden paths, radiating from their holes off through
the vegetation, were noted. The same local area is inhabited by
Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus. Both species avoid the heavy
forest. Many cleared spaces where they were undoubtedly abundant
have been inundated by the recent elevation of the level of Gatun
Lake.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 6*; Bugaba, 3*; Gatun, 7’;
Tabernilla, 24.

SIGMODON AUSTERULUS Bangs
Chiriqui Cotton Rat
Sigmodon austerulus Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 32,
April, 1902. Type from Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
10,000 feet).

The type, still unique, of Sigmodon austerulus was obtained by
W. W. Brown, Jr., near the summit of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

The animal is well described as “ about the size of S. boruce; tail
longer; pelage much more hispid; colors all much paler; skull
similar.” Quoted further the author says: “ The one example from
the top of the Volcan de Chiriqui, differs from S. boruce of the
adjacent low lands not only in having much more hispid pelage, a
much paler coloration throughout, but also a longer tail.

“Tn the forest belt of the Volcan, where Mr. Brown did much
trapping, he did not find Sigmodon, and for that reason I give full
specific rank to the form of the summit of the Volcan de Chiriqui.
It has been my experience that Sigmodons love open fields, savan-
nahs, brushy places, and waste land, and avoid the dense forest.”

Specimens examined : Volcan de Chiriqui, 1 ? (type).

Genus RHEOMYS Thomas. Water Mice

The single known species representing this genus in Panama is a
small, dark-colored, aquatic mouse with short glossy fur. In gen-
eral external appearance it suggests a musk rat in miniature. In
the peculiar combination of cranial characters it differs widely from
the other rodents of the region.

+ Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* One in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

108 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

RHEOMYS RAPTOR Goldman
Panama Water Mouse
[Plate 23, figs. 1, 1a]

Rheomys raptor GoLpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, p. 7, Sep-
tember 20, 1912. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 4,500 feet).

Rheomys raptor is a small member of the group which includes
Ichthyomys hydrobates and several rather aberrant genera of Murine
rodents. They are largely aquatic in habits and some species are
supposed to catch fish. In the present species there are short webs
between some of the toes, and the fringing bristles,-together with
the character of the pelage, show fitness for an aquatic life. The
upper incisors are of a more generalized Murine type than those of
Ichthyomys which show specialization in form, the heavily beveled
internal border resulting in a deeply emarginate cutting edge adapted
for seizing and holding soft slippery prey.

The specimens of R. raptor were all captured in traps placed in
the water among rocks and under logs in places where the water was
oozing or trickling out over the banks of a small creek, one of the
headwaters of the Rio Limon. There was no evidence that the
species preys on fish, but small collections of freshly emptied shells of
large water snails noted near the edge of the water in the vicinity
suggested another probable food supply. The snails had evidently
been gathered by some small predatory animal which had the power
to break through the shells. The point chosen for attack was in-
variably the middle of the largest whorl, which when perforated
exposed most of the snail’s body. The holes in the shells were such
as might readily be made by the incisors of Rheomys. Stomachs
examined contained small quantities of pulp that’ may have been the
remains of the bodies of snails.

Specimens examined: Mount Pirre (near head of Rio Limon), 3.

Subfamily MURINAE. Rats
Genus RATTUS Fischer. Common Rats

In the genus are included the common rats which are cosmopolitan,
everywhere infesting the habitations of man, and many indigenous
Old World species.

i

—————

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 10g

RATTUS RATTUS RATTUS (Linnzus)
Black Rat
[Mus] rattus Linnus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, Vol. 1, p. 61, 1758. Type locality,
Sweden.

The black rat is well established in the republic. Large numbers
have been destroyed in the city of Panama as a sanitary measure,
and in the vicinity of towns these rats have in places becomes natural-
ized in the open country.

At Empire one was trapped in a thicket along the edge of a corn
field at least a quarter of a mile from the nearest house. On the
small island of Buenaventura near Porto Bello the rats were very
abundant and generally distributed through the woods.

Bangs (1901, p. 644) notes a specimen collected by W. W. Brown,
Jr., on San Miguel Island. The species is recorded by Thomas
(1903a, p. 40) from Brava and Cebaco, both small islands off the
southwestern coast of the republic where specimens were taken by
J. H. Batty for the British Museum. Allen (1904, p. 67) lists
specimens obtained by J. H. Batty at Boqueron, where he states
that this rat was “ Very abundant, with the habits of a wild species,
being found remote from towns or the dwellings of man.”

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 17*; Boquete, 3*; Buenaventura
Island (near Porto Bello), 1; Cana, 1; Empire, 1; Gatun, 1.

RATTUS RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS (Geoffroy)
Roof Rat
Mus alexandrinus Grorrroy, Description de l’Egypte, mammiféres, 1818,
p. 733. Type locality, Alexandria, Egypt.

The roof rat seems to be much rarer than the black form in
Panama. A specimen collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on San Miguel
Island was recorded by Bangs (1901, p. 644) who says: “ The three
introduced species of Mus could not have been very numerous in
San Miguel, as one individual of each was all that fell into Mr.
Brown’s traps in over three weeks of collecting.”

Genus MUS Linneus. House Mice
The genus Mus includes many indigenous Old World species and
is represented in America by an immigrant, the familiar house mouse,
now cosmopolitan in distribution.

2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

I1o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

MUS MUSCULUS MUSCULUS Linneus
House Mouse

[Mus] musculus Linnazus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, Vol. 1, p. 62, 1758. Type

locality, Sweden.

The only record I have of the occurrence of the house mouse in
the republic is that of Bangs (1901, p. 644), based on a specimen
taken by W. W. Brown, Jr., on San Miguel Island. The species
probably inhabits the towns throughout most of the region.

In many localities these mice take to the fields where they seem
to be able to exist under the same conditions, and in competition with
native mammals. A dark Mexican form which has apparently
developed differential characters has been described as subspecies
Mus musculus jalape.

Family GEOMYIDAE. Pocket Gophers

A single genus of this family inhabits the region under review.
The group, represented by other genera, reaches its greatest develop-
ment farther north in Middle America, but at least one outlying
species pushes northward into Canada.

Genus MACROGEOMYS Merriam

The members of this.genus are robust burrowing animals, larger
than large rats. They are very unlike any of the other mammals of
the region and may be easily recognized by the very short ears which
are reduced to mere folds in the skin, the deep external cheek
pouches, the short, smooth, naked tail, and the large grooved upper
incisors. The genus is now known to range from Nicaragua to
extreme eastern Panama and probably enters Colombian territory.

MACROGEOMYS DARIENSIS Goldman
Darien Pocket Gopher; Duefio de Tierra; Chuchupa
[Plate 25, figs. 5, 5a]

Macrogeomys dariensis GoLDbMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 8-10,
September 20, 1912. Type from Cana, in the mountains of eastern
Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).

The Darien pocket gopher is similar in general size to M. cavator
of western Panama, but in color is a dull brown or black instead of
the rich seal brown shade of the latter species." The skull is less
massive, more elongated, narrower posteriorly, and differs in many
important details; the lambdoid crest is low, nearly straight or
slightly convex posteriorly instead of high and sinuous; the squa-

@

,

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 11 io §

mosals are less extended laterally as postglenoid shelves, the margin
being deeply notched and exposing much of the tubular portion of
the bulla when viewed from above.

The home of one of these pocket gophers is a network of tunnels
in the ground, along the lines of which large piles of earth are pushed
out at irregular intervals. During the dry season few fresh work-
ings are seen, but with the return of the rainy season their greater
activity is shown by the numerous mounds of fresh earth excavated.
They work mainly during the early morning and evening hours and
at night. In the vicinity of Cana the pocket gophers are generally
distributed over the forested slopes of the mountains up to about
2,500 feet altitude, but are most numerous in clearings, owing no
doubt to the greater abundance of succulent roots and small plants
available as food. Sugar-cane and banana fields on steep mountain
slopes are especially favored. Banana and sugar-cane stalks are cut,
and grass and other vegetation bitten off at the surface of the
ground. Sugar-cane stalks are drawn gradually into the holes, the
animal feeding at the basal end until nearly the whole is consumed.
When one hole was opened a number of freshly cut grass stems—
sections about three inches in length—were disclosed, all neatly piled
at one side of the tunnel. Gophers also bore in ditch banks and are
occasionally responsible for troublesome breaks in the ditches of the
Darien Gold Mining Company. Gopher workings were noted at
intervals along the railroad between the mines and the landing on the
Tuyra River at Boca de Cupe. Specimens from the latter locality,
where the altitude is about 250 feet, do not differ appreciably from
those taken near Cana. The species therefore ranges from very low
elevations upward over the basal slopes of the mountains in the
Darien region. No traces of pocket gophers were seen in or near
the Canal Zone, and there is no record of their occurrence in the
central part of the republic. Native names at Boca de acs are
“ duefio de tierra ” and “ chuchupa.”

Anthony (1916, p. 369) encountered the species at Boca ae Cupe,
Tacarcuna and Tapalisa, the two latter localities on the northern side
of the Tuyra Valley. The highest workings noted by him were at
about 4,200 feet.

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 7*; Cana (type locality), 11;
Tacarcuna, 5*; Tapalisa, 1.”

* Three in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist.

8

Li2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69 ©

i

MACROGEOMYS CAVATOR Bangs
Chiriqui Pocket Gopher
Macrogeomys cavator Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 42,
text figs. 24-25, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama
(altitude 4,800 feet).

The Chiriqui pocket gopher is based on a series of 26 specimens
collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at from 4,000 to 7,000 feet altitude
in the vicinity of Boquete on the southern slope of the Volcan de
Chiriqui.

The following is from the original description:

“ Differs from the four known Costa Rican species, though nearest
M. dolichocephalus Merriam. Compared with the type of that
species, the skull is shorter and wider across zygoma ; nasals, longer ;
distance from postorbital process to back of zygomatic arch, shorter ;
audital bullz, flatter; sagittal and lambdoidal crests, heavier; zygo-
matic arch heavier and more angulated, standing widely and squarely
out from skull. Color, very dark and nearly uniform—not pied as in
the other species. Pelage, short, close and rather harsh.

“Upper parts dark seal-brown—almost black ; under parts similar
but slightly grizzled, the pelage sparse, so that the skin shows
through ; a small white anal patch, and sometimes small white patches
under chin and on under side of wrists; whiskers colorless; feet,
hands and tail, naked—in dried skin yellowish brown to dusky, the
end of the tail black. In many specimens there are longer hairs
scattered through the pelage, some of which are silvery, others
brown like the general color of the back. ;

“This very distinct new species was abundant on the slopes of
the volcano from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, but was not seen below 4,000
feet. It hardly needs comparison with any of the four previously
known species from Costa Rica.”

M. cavator seems to be somewhat larger and richer colored than
M. pansa of the neighboring lowlands, but the two are evidently very
closely allied and probably intergrade. The skulls of both differ
notably from those of their known Costa Rican congeners in the
high sinuous lambdoid crest, and in the greater anterior develop-
ment of the basioccipital. M. cavator is similar in general size to
the more recently described species, M. dariensis of eastern Panama,
but the tail is shorter, the pelage longer and rich seal brown, instead
of dull brown or black in color; the skull is less elongated, much
broader posteriorly, and differs in many important details.

4

'

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN II3

Additional specimens taken by J. H. Batty at the type locality of
this species are recorded by Allen (1904, p. 70).
Specimens examined: Boquete, 24* (including type).

MACROGEOMYS PANSA Bangs
Bugaba Pocket Gopher

Macrogeomys pansa Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 44,
April, 1902, text fig. 26. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
600 feet).

Eight specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba are
the basis of this foothill form which is evidently closely allied to
M. cavator, the animal occurring at higher levels on the Volcan de
Chiriqui. The close agreement of the two forms in the more
essential characters suggests their probable intergradation on the
lower slopes of the mountain.

The following forms part of the original description:

“Much smaller than the alpine, M. cavator; hind foot propor-
tionally much larger (actually nearly the same size) ; colors duller
and browner, more grayish white on belly ; pelage short, close, very
sparse on under parts, nose and sides of head and neck where the
skin shows through. Skull much smaller and weaker throughout,
with less spread to zygoma; nasals, shorter; interorbital width
greater; molar-form teeth much smaller.

“Upper parts dull, dusky, chocolate-brown ; under parts grizzled,
the belly whitish: whiskers mostly colorless; feet, hands, and tail
naked (in dried skin) yellowish brown, the tip of the tail dusky.

“In July, when Mr. Brown was at Bugaba, birds were moulting
and mostly unfit for specimens; consequently he spent consider-
able time searching for suitable places for future work, trapping
mammals, and collecting a few examples of some of the rarer birds.
On one of his long rides he came upon a single isolated colony of
pocket gophers. It was in the foot-hills, about 600 feet altitude,
and was the only colony he found in the whole region. The members
of this colony were rather hard to trap, as pocket gophers some-
times are, and unfortunately the only old ¢ secured was caught in
the trap by the head and the skull crushed. The species is very
different from the large, black species found so abundantly on the
higher slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui.”

* Twenty-two in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

II4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Contrasted with MM. dariensis this species seems to be smaller. It
is similar in the general character of its pelage, but differs otherwise
in about the same characters as M. cavator.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 6* (including type).

Family HETEROMYIDAE. Pocket Mice

The pocket mice are small rodents at once distinguishable by the
deep external cheek pouches in combination with spiny or bristly
pelage. In the character of the pelage they are not very unlike the
Murine genus Neacomys, but the cheek pouches are distinctive. Two
genera, Heteromys and Liomys, inhabit the region under review.

Subfamily HETEROMYINAE. Pocket Mice
Genus HETEROMYS Desmarest. Pocket Mice

Externally the pocket mice of this genus closely resemble those
of the genus Liomys, but are more blackish, less grayish in the color
of the upper parts, and the sole of the hind foot in the Panama forms
is naked to the heel. The generic characters are exhibited by the
skull, the dentition being more complex, the interpterygoid fossa
V-shaped instead of U-shaped, and the angle of the mandible much
less strongly everted than in the genus Liomys.

Subgenus HETEROMYS Desmarest
HETEROMYS AUSTRALIS CONSCIUS Goldman
Cana Pocket Mouse
[Plate 25, figs. 4, 4a]

Heteromys australis conscius GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22,

pp. 8-9, February 28, 1913. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude
2,000 feet).

H. a. conscius is a small form of the genus, a rather slightly
differentiated northern offshoot of the Ecuadorean species H. aus-
tralis, which belongs to the Heteromys anomalus group. It is
similar externally to some of the other forms of the region, but the
cranial characters are distinctive. It is darker in general color than
H.a. australis, and the slender hairs among the bristles on the back
are grayer than in H. a. lomitensis, a closely allied Colombian form.
The skull is more elongated, with broader ascending branches of
premaxillae than that of H. a. australis; from that of H. a. lomitensis
it differs in the broader upper surface of the maxillary arm of the

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN II5 -

zygoma, and the broad posterior ends of the premaxille which are
more nearly conterminous with the nasals; in H. a. lomitensis the
nasals reach farther posteriorly.

This pocket mouse was taken mainly under logs in the forest at

_from 1,800 to 2,000 feet altitude on the lower slopes of the Pirre

Range; the upper slopes, above 4,500 feet, are inhabited by the very
different form, H. desmarestianus crassirostris.
Specimens examined: Cana, 5.

HETEROMYS DESMARESTIANUS REPENS Bangs
Chiriqui Spiny Pocket Mouse
Heteromys repens Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 45,
April, 1902, text fig. 27. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
4,000 feet).

Several apparently well-marked forms of the genus Heteromys,
clearly referable to the H. desmarestianus group, have been described
from Panama’ as distinct species. The alleged species are based on
collections from few localities, and while comparison of the various
series reveals remarkably constant differences the differential char-
acters suggest probable intergradation and the advisability of reduc-
ing these forms to subspecific rank. Their evolution, like that of
other groups, appears to be largely a result of widely differing
environmental conditions within restricted geographic areas.

The Chiriqui spiny pocket mouse is based on six specimens col-
lected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on the southern slope of the lofty
Volcan de Chiriqui. It is a dark-colored species similar to H. desma-
restianus desmarestianus of Guatemala, but smaller and lacking the
orange buffy lateral line of that species; it differs also in cranial de-
tails, the rostrum broadening more gradually to the zygomata, the
nasals reaching posteriorly beyond the premaxillz, and the molari-
form teeth smaller. Closer relationship is shown to H. desmaresti-
anus fuscatus of Nicaragua, which is about the same in size, with a
more blackish face, and differing in slight cranial details, the nasals
and premaxillz being more nearly conterminous posteriorly.

It is also similar to its nearer geographic neighbors in eastern
Panama. From H. desmarestianus zonalis of the Canal Zone it is
distinguished externally by the more ochraceous buffy suffusion of

the upperparts. The skull differs in the greater posterior develop-

*Heteromys fuscatus Allen from Tuma, Nicaragua, may confidently be
assigned to the same subspecific series and stand as Heteromys desmarestianus
fuscatus Allen.

116 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

ment of the premaxille and in the more massive maxillary arm of
the zygoma. Contrasted with H. desmarestianus panamensis it is
somewhat paler in color and the fore feet are white instead of
blackish ; the skull differs in detail, the rostrum broadens less abruptly
to the zygomata, the interparietal is narrower and the lateral wings
of the supraoccipital are broader, more developed over mastoids.

A single specimen taken by J. H. Batty at Boqueron was recorded
by Allen (1904, p. 70) ; the skull of this example exhibits the same
shortening of the premaxillz as compared with the nasals, and the
interparietal is broad without a posterior emargination, but in the
massive maxillary arm of the zygoma approaches that of H. d. sonalis
and suggests intergradation with that subspecies.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 1*; Boquete, 7* (including

type).

HETEROMYS DESMARESTIANUS ZONALIS Goldman
Canal Zone Spiny Pocket Mouse
[Plate 25, figs. 3, 3a]

Heteromys sonalis GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll. Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 9,
February 190, ro1r2, Type from Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone,
Panama.

The Isthmian representative of the H. desmarestianus group is a
rather large dark colored animal with the slender hairs inconspicuous
among the bristles over the upperparts. Unlike H. desmarestianus
panamensis and H. desmarestianus crassirostris, which have ankles
dark all around, a white line extends along the inner side of the hind
leg to the foot. Although so widely separated geographically this
subspecies seems rather more like H. desmarestianus desmarestianus
of Guatemala than like the allied forms in Panama. Compared with
H. d. desmarestianus and H. d. repens the general color of the upper-
parts is darker, the slender hairs projecting beyond the bristles being
less ochraceous buffy.

The Canal Zone pocket mouse inhabits the rocky slopes of low
heavily forested hills near the Atlantic coast. Anthony (1916,
p. 370) records the species from Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad).

Specimens examined: Gatun, 3; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad),
1°; Rio Indio (near Gatun), 1 (type).

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Six in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

q NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA-——-GOLDMAN 117

HETEROMYS DESMARESTIANUS PANAMENSIS Goldman
Panama Spiny Pocket Mouse
[Plate 25, figs. 1, 1a]

Heteromys panamensis GoLpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 9,
February 19, 1912. Type from Cerro Azul, near the headwaters of the
Chagres River, Panama (altitude 2,800 feet).

The Panama spiny pocket mouse is similar to Heteromys d. repens,
but still darker in color, the fore feet blackish instead of white to
near the base of the toes. It is distinguished from its near geo-
graphic neighbor, H. desmarestianus zonalis of the Canal Zone, by
the more ochraceous buffy suffusion of the upperparts, and the skull
differs especially in the greater width of the interparietal and corre-
spondingly reduced extent of the parietals along the supraoccipital
border.

On the humid slopes of the mountains near the headwaters of the
Chagres River this very dark spiny pocket mouse was found inhabit-
ing the dense forest from 2,000 feet upward to the summit at about
3,000 feet altitude. It was also obtained at about 2,000 feet altitude
on Cerro Brujo near the Atlantic coast. The specimens were all
taken in traps placed on the ground under fallen logs or near crevices
at the base of large trees.

Specimens examined: Cerro Azul (type locality), 5; Cerro
Brujo, tI.

HETEROMYS DESMARESTIANUS CRASSIROSTRIS Goldman
Mount Pirre Spiny Pocket Mouse
[Plate 25, figs. 2, 2a]

Heteromys crassirostris GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll, Vol. 60, No. 2,
pp. 10-11, September 20, 1912. Type from near head of Rio Limon,
Mount Pirre, eastern Panama (altitude 5,000 feet).

The discovery of this small spiny pocket mouse on Mount Pirre
extends the known range of the H. desmarestianus group to near
the eastern frontier of Panama, and it doubtless enters Colombian
territory. It is similar to H. desmarestianus panamensis, but smaller ;
as in that form the ankles are dusky all around. The skull is remark-
able for the unusual breadth of the rostrum,

The spiny pocket mice were evidently numerous at from 4,500 to
about 5,000 feet altitude on the densely forested upper slopes of the
mountains in the vicinity of the type locality. They were trapped in
worn runways under logs where the moist surface is often fairly
covered with small tracks and claw marks, and at holes in over-

118 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69 |

hanging banks and in other sheltered places frequented by them while
in search of food on the ground. Several were caught in traps set
close to the palm-thatched camp; one was taken under my cot where
it may have been attracted by some of the provisions. A pocket
mouse held by the tail in a trap and still alive when removed set its
teeth into clothing and tried to bite my hand. The rather dense under-
growth here consists largely of small palms and ferns. The only
other small rodent which was found to occur in similar numbers in
the same forest was another representative of a Middle American
group, the Mount Pirre mouse, Peromyscus pirrensis. The lower
slopes of the mountains at 2,000 feet are inhabited by Heteromys
australis conscius, a form of a species mainly South American in
distribution. The latter is similar to H. d. crassirostris in size and
general external appearance, but the slender hairs among the blackish
dorsal bristles are paler in color and the cranial characters indicate
that the two forms of the genus which here occur so near together
are specifically distinct. Anthony (1916, p. 370) records taking a
specimen of crassirostris at 5,200 feet on Mount Tacarcuna.
Specimens examined: Mount Pirre, 23; Mount Tacarcuna, 1.”

Genus LIOMYS Merriam. Pocket Mice

The general color of the upperparts in the genus Liomys is more
grayish, less blackish than in the genus Heteromys, and the sole of
the hind foot is hairy from near the posterior tubercle to the heel —
(naked to heel in all Panama forms of Heteromys). Generic dis-
tinction is shown in the skull, the dentition being simpler, the
interpterygoid fossa broadly U-shaped instead of V-shaped, and the
angle of the mandible much more strongly everted.

LIOMYS ADSPERSUS (Peters)
Peters’ Spiny Pocket Mouse

Heteromys adspersus PrtTers, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch.
Berlin, p. 356, with pl., May, 1874. Type locality, City of Panama."

In general external appearance Peters’ spiny pocket mouse is not
very unlike Heteromys desmarestianus gonalis which also inhabits
the Canal Zone, but the upperparts are grayish instead of blackish;
the tail is relatively shorter—about equal to or shorter than the head

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* The species was originally described from “ Panama,” but the type in the
Berlin Museum remained unique for nearly 40 years. In view of the redis-
covery of the species in the suburbs of the City of Panama that place should be
definitely chosen as the type locality.

=

»

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 119

and body; the sole of the hind foot is hairy from the posterior
tubercle to the heel instead of naked to the heel as in all the species of
Heteromys known to inhabit Panama.

The species as shown by specimens obtained by Messrs. Osgood
and Anderson at Balboa for the Field Museum of Natural History,
and by me at Empire, Canal Zone, is a large form of the Liomys
crispus group which ranges thence northward through Middle
America to southern Mexico. It has the same general coloration,
proportionately short tail, and the dental peculiarities of the other
members of the group. In color it approaches Liomys heterothrix
of Honduras, but the slender tawny hairs which project beyond the
dorsal bristles are less numerous. Moreover, it is characterized by
larger size than that species." Compared further, the skull has a
relatively broader rostrum and the nasals and premaxillae are usually
more nearly conterminous posteriorly than in L. heterothrix. ‘The
exact relationship of this form to the Costa Rican animal described
by Thomas as Heteromys salvini nigrescens and currently recognized
as Liomys salvini nigrescens remains to be determined.

Like other members of the Liomys crispus group L. adspersus
inhabits dryer, less heavily forested areas than those usually favored
by members of the genus Heteromys. It is probably restricted to
the arid belt bordering the Pacific coast of Panama and replaced
along the Atlantic side of the Isthmus by spiny pocket mice of the
genus Heteromys. At Empire specimens were trapped among
bushes, largely Compositae, along the border of a corn field. The
pouches of one contained rolled oats used as bait, and some dead
leaves cut in fragments about half an inch in length.

Specimens examined: Balboa, 3 *; Empire, 2.

Family OCTODONTIDAE. Octodonts

The Octodonts are rodents mainly South American and African
in distribution. Of the several subfamilies usually recognized a
single group, the Loncherinae, ranges within our limits.

1A rather young female from Empire, Canal Zone, measures as follows:
Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 117; hind foot, 33.5. Skull (of same):
Greatest length, 33.5; zygomatic breadth, 16; interorbital breadth, 7.5; nasals,
13.5; width of braincase (between outer sides of squamosals in front of
auditory meatus), 14.4; alveolar length of upper molar series, 5.4.

2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

I20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Subfamily LONCHERINAE. Spiny Rats

The subfamily includes three genera now known to enter Panama,
Diplomys, Proechimys and Hoplomys. They are all rather large rat-
like animals with grooved spines or bristles mingled with the hair,
especially of the back.

Genus PROECHIMYS Allen. Spiny Rats

The genus Proechimys is similar to the genus Hoplomys, but the
dorsal spines are much weaker. The ears are nearly naked as in that
gentis—not conspicuously tufted as in Diplomys. The long supra-
orbital vibrissae of Hoplomys are replaced by short, inconspicuous
hairs. The normally long tail, subject to accident as in Hoplomys, is
thinly haired. The molariform teeth are cylindrical in form as in
Heplomys—not elongated antero-posteriorly as in Diplomys. As in
the former genus the transverse grooves are shallow and through
progressive wear and partial obliteration soon divide to form irregu-
lar enamel islands. The claws are long, nearly straight, and asso-
ciated with terrestrial habits.

PROECHIMYS SEMISPINOSUS PANAMENSIS Thomas
Panama Spiny Rat; Macangué

Proechimys centralis panamensis THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7,
Vol. 5, p. 220, February, 1900. Type from Savanna of Panama (near
city of Panama), Panama.

Proechimys centralis chiriquinus THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7,
Vol. 5, p. 220, February, 1900. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.

Two Panama forms of Proechimys were described by Mr. Oldfield

Thomas as geographic races of P. centralis Thomas, of Nicaragua.
Comparisons show that all of the known Middle American members
of the genus differ slightly from each other and some of them are
scarcely distinguishable from P. semispinosus Tomes, of Ecuador.
In view of the evident close alliance the Middle American series may
be assigned to that species,” unless it proves to be typified by an
earlier described form. It is interesting to note, in this connection,
that the Nicaragua animal was identified with Tomes’ species by
Dr. F. W. True* in 1889.

* The forms should therefore stand subspecifically as follows:
Proechimys semispinosus semispinosus Tomes, Ecuador.
Proechimys semispinosus panamensis Thomas, City of Panama, Panama.
Proechimys semispinosus burrus Bangs, San Miguel Island, Panama.
Proechimys semispinosus rubellus Hollister, Pacuare, Costa Rica.
Proechimys semispinosus centralis Thomas, San Emilio, Nicaragua.

7 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 11 (1888) 1889, p. 467.

,

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN I21

Proechimys s. panamensis differs from P. s. semispinosus in
slightly paler coloration ; the skulls are practically indistinguishable.
P. s. panamensis compared with P. s. centralis is slightly richer, more
ochraceous in color, the incisive foramina are more widely open, less
pinched together posteriorly, and the inferior border of the jugal
is less developed posteriorly to form a hook. The rich ochraceous
coloration of P. s. panamensis is intensified in the insular form P. s.
burrus. In general characters P. s. panamensis is about midway
between P. s. centralis and P. s. semispinosus. P. s. chiriquinus
seems to be inseparable from P. s. panamensis.

In Panama these spiny rats occur nearly everywhere, except on
the slopes of the higher mountains. They appear to be terrestrial
in habits and were taken by me in traps set usually under logs, pro-
jecting roots of trees, or among rocks in the forest. Two were
caught on the top of the wall forming a part of one of the old forts
on a hill near Porto Bello. The walls were overgrown with bushes,
vines and small trees. Others were taken under logs in the edge of a
clearing on the Setiganti River near Cana. Bangs (1902, p. 47)
records 31 specimens from Divala and Bogava, Chiriqui, and further
states that “ though very common in the low lands and the foothills
of the Volcan de Chiriqui the spiny rat certainly does not ascend the
volcano to any great height as Mr. Brown did not find it at Boquete.”
Allen (1904, p. 70) lists specimens from Boqueron. Specimens in
the British Museum are recorded by Thomas (19004, p. 220; 19034,
p. 41) from Pacomé, Panama, and as P. s. chirtquinus from Gover-
nador, Brava and Cebaco, all islands off the southern coast of
Chiriqui.

Anthony (1916, p. 370) reports this spiny rat “ quite abundant ”
at low elevations in the Canal Zone and Ty1yra Valley, less so at
higher points and none were taken by the American Museum expedi-
tion on the crest of the range near Mount Tacarcuna. He lists
specimens from Boca de Cupe, Cituro, Real de Santa Maria, Gatun,
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), Tacarcuna (altitude 2,650 feet) and
Tapalisa.

Tailless individuals are common on the Panama mainland and I
noticed in skinning normal freshly killed specimens that the tail
parts near the base on very slight strain, so slight, indeed, that in
working rapidly care is necessary to avoid mutilating the skin which
is easily broken at the same point. On examining museum material
I find examples of P. cayennensis, P. mince, P. canicollis and of
Hoplomys gymnurus that evidently had no tails when captured.
Bangs is quoted on the tailless condition of P. s. burrus (p. 123) in

I22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

San Miguel Island; Allen and Chapman* are authorities for the
following observations on Proechimys trinitatis of Trinidad:

“Three of the adults were entirely tailless, the loss of the tail
having evidently occurred in early life, leaving only a broad cicatrix
where the tail joined the body... . . The tendency in these animals
to lose the tails renders an examination of the posterior portion of
the vertebral column of the tailless examples a matter of interest.
Fortunately this portion of the skeleton of two of the tailless speci-
mens was preserved, and shows that the amputation occurs at the
second vertebra behind the posterior border of the pelvis or just
behind the fifth caudal. The four first caudals are normal in size and
proportions, and appear to be in a healthy condition; the fifth caudal
is abnormal, the posterior third or half having apparently been lost
by absorption. A further interesting fact was noted in skinning the
specimens in which the tail was still intact, namely, its easy separa-
tion at the fifth caudal vertebra, in several specimens the tail breaking
at this point in the process of skinning. .... There are popularly
supposed to be two species, one with and the other without a tail.”

The present impaired condition near the base of the tail, and the
absence of any evidence that tailless individuals fail to thrive, sug-
gests that a progressive weakening of the part may ultimately pro-
duce a normally tailless group of animals.

At Boca de Cupe these spiny rats are eaten to some extent by the .-

native population. The native name is “ Macangué.”

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 7*; Boqueron, 14°; Bugaba,
19 *; Cana, 7; Cituro, 4°; Divala, 11; Empire, 2; Gatun, 21 *; Maxon
Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 3*; Real de Santa Maria, 8°; Rio Indio
(near Gatun), 1; Tabernilla, 1; Tacarcuna, 3°; Tapalisa, 3.°

e
PROECHIMYS SEMISPINOSUS BURRUS Bangs
San Miguel Island Spiny Rat

Proechimys burrus BANGS, Amer, Nat., Vol. 35, p. 640, August, roor. Type

from San Miguel Island, Panama.

A richly colored insular representative of the widely ranging
P. semispinosus group of spiny rats inhabits San Miguel Island, in
the Bay of Panama. It differs from the neighboring mainland form,
P. s. panamensis, mainly in somewhat richer reddish color, Mr.

* Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, pp. 225-227, 1893.
* Three in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

"
|
t

4

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 123

Bangs in describing this form and recording 51 specimens collected
by Mr. Brown remarks:

“The San Miguel spiny rat is a slightly differentiated island form
of the centralis [P. semispinosus| series. It was very common in
the island, and Mr. Brown easily took as many specimens as he
wanted. It is known to the islanders as raton mockungay. ‘They,
however, believe the tailless individuals are a different animal.
About one-third of the specimens taken were tailless. The animal
was generally distributed throughout the island, and was often found
living in the huts and sheds of the negroes, like the common rat.”

Specimens examined: San Miguel Island, 43.

Genus HOPLOMYS Allen. Spiny Rats

The genus Hoplomys may easily be recognized among the Octo-
dont genera of Panama by the remarkably stout spiny armature.
The blackish spines, nearly two millimeters in greatest breadth,
project conspicuously beyond the softer element of the pelage over
the back. The ears are nearly naked, instead of conspicuously tufted
‘as in Diplomys. The supraorbital vibrissze are very long, reaching
posteriorly to the shoulders. The transverse grooves in the molari-
form teeth are shallow and their partial obliteration and the forma-
tion of enamel islands through wear beginning at an early age results
in a complex crown pattern much as in Proechimys. Generic dis-
tinction rests on the more intricate enamel folds, especially of the
last upper molar which has four principal grooves instead of three
as in the latter genus. The claws are long, nearly straight, and indi-
cate terrestrial habits. The long, nearly naked tail breaks readily
close to the body, the stump heals over, and a tailless animal some-
times believed to be of a distinct species results,

HOPLOMYS GYMNURUS GOETHALSI Goldman
Goethals Spiny Rat
[Plate 26, figs. 2, 2a]

Hoplomys goethalsi Gotoman, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, p. 10,
February 19, 1912. Type from Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone,
Panama.

The Isthmian representative of the genus externally resembles
Hoplomys gymnurus Thomas and Hoplomys truei Allen. The heavy
zygomata and other cranial characters are distinctive, but additional
material obtained since the publication of the original description

* Forty-two in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

124. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

indicates probable intergradation. Specimens from extreme eastern
Panama show an approach to H. gymnurus in somewhat lighter
zygomata and slightly smaller audital bullae. Geographic variation
of relatively unimportant cranial details suggests the advisability of
regarding the Middle American forms as subspecies of Hoplomys
gymnurus.

Like the species of Proechimys this spiny rat seems to be terrestrial
in habits. Several examples were trapped under shelter of fallen
trees and rocks in the forest. One was caught in a steel trap set on a
narrow ledge under an overhanging river bank. Anthony (1916,
p. 370) lists specimens from Gatun and the old village of Tacarcuna
(2,650 feet).

Specimens examined: Cana, 5; Gatun, 2%; Rio Indio (type
locality) ; ‘Taearcuna, 6.*

Genus DIPLOMYS Thomas. Spiny Rats

The spiny rats of the genus Diplomys are distinguishable from
those of the other genera occurring in Panama by the short and
conspicuously tufted ears, the blackish hairs projecting about half
an inch beyond the margins. The face is marked by narrow vertical
stripes at the posterior base of the whiskers. ‘The dorsal pelage is
bristly, but softer than in Hoplomys and Proechimys, The molari-
form teeth are more elongated antero-posteriorly, the crowns rec-
tangular instead of cylindrical in general outline, and each divided
until old age by three deep transverse furrows. The long tail is well
haired. The short, broad hind feet, and short, strongly curved claws
exhibit adaptation for an arboreal life.

DIPLOMYS LABILIS (Bangs)
Gliding Spiny Rat

Loncheres labilis Bancs, Amer, Nat., Vol. 35, p. 638, August, roor. Type
from San Miguel Island, Panama.

Concerning this insular species I can add little to Mr, Bangs’ full
original account. It was discovered by W. W. Brown, Jr., at the
* Pending further revision of the group the forms should therefore stand as
follows:
Hoplomys gymnurus gynnurns Thomas, Cachavi, Ecuador,
Hoplomys gymnurus goethalsi Goldman, Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal
Zone,
Hoplomys gymnurus truei Allen, Lavala, Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

.

Ser eg

MAMMALS OF PANAMA=-GOLDMAN 125

time of his visit to San Miguel Island in the spring of 1900, From
D. darlingi of the adjacent mainland it is distinguished at once by
much more intense rufescent general coloration, ‘The hind feet are
rusty reddish instead of silvery white. Moreover, the skull is rela-
tively narrower, more elongated, with smaller audital bullae.

Regarding the habits of the species Mr. Bangs remarks: “ Lon-
cheres labilis [=Diplomys labilis| was abundant in San Miguel
Island, but was wholly arboreal, Mr. Brown catching all his specimens
in traps set on the branches of large trees, It appears to be diurnal,
and on one or two occasions Mr. Brown saw the animal proceeding
along the branches with a curious gliding gait, his account suggesting
the name I have used for the species. It is the ‘ Raton Marenero’
of the islanders.”

Specimens examined: San Miguel Island, 14."

DIPLOMYS DARLINGI (Goldman)
Darling's Spiny Rat
[Plate 26, figs, 1, 1a]

Isothrix darlingi GotomMan, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol, 60, No, 2, pp. 12°13,
September 20, 1912, Type from Marraganti (near Real de Santa
Maria), on the Rio Tuyra, eastern Panama,

This species of Diplomys was first obtained by Dr. S. T, Darling,
of the Sanitary Department, Isthmian Canal Commission, at Ancon,
Canal Zone. No member of the genus had previously been taken on
the Panama mainland, although an insular form described as
Loncheres labilis Bangs had been discovered on San Miguel Island
in the Bay of Panama. JD. darlingi is much paler in color than
D. labilis, the general tone of the upperparts being ochraceous buffy
mixed with black, instead of the rich rufescent tint of D. labilis. ‘The
feet are silvery white instead of rusty reddish as in the latter species.
The skull is relatively broader, the zygomata more spreading
anteriorly and the audital bullae are larger. It may be not very
unlike Diplomys caniceps (Gunther) from Medellin, Colombia, but
the latter seems to be somewhat different in color, with a bushy tail,
and the skull, as figured, differs in detail.

Of the habits of D. darlingi little is known except that it is an
arboreal animal. The type specimen was seen one morning running
up the trunk of a tree and was shot when it paused for a moment,
partially hidden by the curvature of the trunk. The tree stood on
the low forested bank of the Rio Tuyra where that stream meets the

* Thirteen in colléction Mus. Comp, Zool.

126 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

tidewater of San Miguel Bay. The spiny rat climbed with the same
facility a tree squirrel might have shown. Two specimens of this
apparently rare species collected by W. B. Richardson at Tapalisa
are recorded by Anthony (1916, p. 370). They were frightened
from a hollow tree by the collector and shot while running along
overhanging limbs from which they fell into the river. These adult
examples are more rusty reddish on the back than the type specimen
which was not fully grown.

Specimens examined: Ancon, 1; Marraganti (type locality), 1;
Tapalisa, 2."

Family DASYPROCTIDAE. Agoutis and Pacas

With the exception of the capybara (Hydrocherus) the agoutis
and pacas are the largest rodents inhabiting the region. The family
includes three genera of which two, Dasyprocta and Cuniculus, range
northward through Middle America to southern Mexico. They are
terrestrial species with hoof-like claws, short ears and rudimentary
tails. The other genus, Myoprocta, with a short but well-formed
hairy external tail is restricted to South America.

Genus DASYPROCTA Illiger. Agoutis

The members of this genus, commonly referred to in literature as
agoutis, are much more slenderly formed than the pacas of the genus
Cuniculus. They have narrow, rabbit-like heads and the hind feet
are provided with three instead of five toes as in the latter genus.
The pelage of the rump is considerably elongated.

DASYPROCTA PUNCTATA ISTHMICA Alston
Isthmian Agouti; N equi

Dasyprocta isthmica Atston, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 347. Type
from Colon, Panama.

‘

The agoutis or “fequis” as they are called by the natives are
common and well-known game animals of the region, much prized
for the quality of their flesh as food. Several closely related forms
of the Dasyprocta punctata group inhabit Middle America, ranging
as a group as far north as southern Mexico, and southward into
South America. Dasyprocta punctata was originally described from
“ South America,” but according to Alston (1879, p. 172) the types
collected during the voyage of the “Sulphur” by Commanders
Belcher and Kellett are probably from the west coast of Costa Rica

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

|

“NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 127

or Nicaragua. D. punctata isthmica of the Canal Zone and western
Panama is distinguished externally from D. punctata punctata by
less rich rufescent general coloration, and from D. punctata dariensis,
its geographic neighbor on the east, by the more nearly uniform color
of the back and rump. The elongated hairs of the rump are orange
buffy like the back, instead of silvery gray or very pale buffy as in
D. p. dariensis of eastern Panama.

In the Canal Zone the agoutis live in burrows, usually along steep
banks or in rocky places. From the entrances well-beaten paths lead
off a few yards through the forest undergrowth, or may connect
holes at various points along the front of a ledge. In places their
paths up the steep faces of cliffs have been used so long that they are
worn deeply into the surface of rather soft sandstone. The agoutis
are mainly nocturnal in habits and were shot at night in the forest
where they were located by the reflection of their eyes in the field
of light projected by a hunting lamp; but they may also be found
abroad during the early morning and late evening hours, and in
cloudy or rainy weather nearer the middle of the day.

One day while hunting near the Chagres River, a short distance
below the mouth of the Rio Indio, I came to a low cliff and saw one
of these animals run out of the bushes; it was scaling the rocks as
I fired. It fell backward to the ground, and I found a well-worn
agouti path leading up at this point. Erosion of the softer rock
underneath had left the cliff overhanging near the base so that the
animals were obliged to spring upward for about two and a half feet
and then scramble up a nearly perpendicular rock on which there
appeared to be practically no foothold. Another agouti was seen
in a crevice among the rocks in the same vicinity.

Specimens from western Panama correctly referred to this form by
Bangs (1902, p. 47) were collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on the
slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui and near Boquete. The other
examples listed by Bangs from southwestern Panama represent speci-
mens subsequently described as D. p. nuchalis.

Anthony (1916, p. 370) records a specimen collected by him at
Maxon Ranch on the Rio Trinidad.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 2°; Gatun, 10; Maxon Ranch
(Rio Trinidad), 1*; Rio Indio (near Gatun), 4.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

9 ~

128 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

DASYPROCTA PUNCTATA DARIENSIS Goldman
Darien Agouti; Nequi
[Plate 27, figs. 1, 1a, 1b]

Dasyprocta punctata dariensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22,
pp. t1-12, February 28, 1913. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount
Pirre, eastern Panama (altitude 5,200 feet).

The Darien agouti replaces the Isthmian form of the Dasyprocta
punctata group east of the Canal Zone where it has an altitudinal
range from sea level on San Miguel Bay to over 5,000 feet on the
summits of the Pirre Range near the Colombian frontier. Con-
trasted with D. p. isthmica of the Canal Zone, the Darien repre-
sentative of the group is larger and darker in general color. The
top of the head is blacker. The long hairs on the rump lack the basal
annulations usually present in D. p. isthmica, and the tips of these
hairs are very pale buff, silvery gray or whitish, in contrast with the
orange buffy back; in D. p. isthmica the rump and back are more
uniform in general tone. D. p. dariensis differs from D. colombiana
of the Santa Marta region of Colombia, which is doubtless a form
of the same group, in more buffy, less grayish coloration and in
important cranial details, the rostrum being heavier and the anterior
part of the jugal less extended vertically ; in D. colombiana the jugal,
more developed upward along the orbital border, approaches the
lachrymal. It may be not very unlike D. variegata Tschudi, front”
Peru, but is very different from Tschudi’s figure, and compared with
an Ecuadorean specimen in the National Museum, assumed to be
near D. variegata, is decidedly larger and darker colored. In the
pallid coloration of the tips of the elongated hairs on the rump
D. p. dariensis resembles D. callida of San Miguel Island, but the
latter is a much grayer animal throughout.

Among the quaint accounts of animals encountered by Lionel
Wafer (1729, p. 330) in eastern Panama during the summer of 1681
is one which apparently applies to the Darien agouti. He says:

“Here are Rabbits, called by our English, Indian Conies. They
are as large as our Hares; But I know not that this Country has any
Hares. These Rabbits have no Tails, and but little short Ears; and
the Claws of their Feet are long. They lodge in the Roots of Trees,
making no Burrows; and the Jndians hunt them, but there is no great
Plenty of them. They are very good Meat, and eat rather moister
than ours.” The statement in regard to burrows is, of course,
erroneous.

.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 129

Like the other forms of the group the Darien agouti is shy and
apparently mainly nocturnal in habits ; but if carefully searched for
it may be found abroad early in the morning or late in the evening,
and occasionally during the middle of the day, especially in wet
weather. They become alarmed at the slightest noise and scamper
away, often giving the characteristic squeak or short bark eh-h—
eh-h from which the native name “ fiequi” is derived. The usual
method of hunting them is to proceed slowly and cautiously, mainly
along trails through the forest, or wait in the vicinity of their
holes until they come out. One day during the dry season, I
heard a rustling noise in the dry leaves, and remaining motion-
less soon saw an agouti which came rapidly nearer and was shot
as it stopped suddenly about 20 yards away. The Indians and
native colored population hunt the agouti for its flesh and it is
one of the favorite game animals of the region. As Dasyprocta
isthmica, Anthony (1916, p. 370) records specimens from Boca de
Cupe, Chepigana, Cituro and Real de Santa Maria.

Specimens examined: Aruza, 1; Boca de Cupe, 3°; Cana, 6;
Chepigana, 2*; Cituro,1*; Mount Pirre (type), 1; Real de Santa
Maria, 2.

DASYPROCTA PUNCTATA NUCHALIS Goldman
Black-naped Agouti
Dasyprocta punctata nuchalis GotpMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol.
30, p. 113, May 23, 1917. Type from Divala, Chiriqui, Panama.

The black-naped agouti inhabiting the comparatively arid low-
lands near the Pacific coast of the southwestern part of the republic
is a handsome subspecies easily distinguished from its geographic
neighbors by the contrasting colors of the upper parts. The black
nape, tawny back, and buffy rump present a color combination
unusual in the group.

The specimens on which D. p. nuchalis is based were recorded by
Bangs (1902, p. 47) as Dasyprocta isthmica, a form at that time
very imperfectly known. The black-naped agouti may prove to
have an extensive range along the Pacific coast of Panama and
adjacent portions of southwestern Costa Rica. It is apparently
replaced on the Volcan de Chiriqui, and probably along the Atlantic
seaboard of western Panama, by D. p. isthmica.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 2*; Divala, 3.?

*Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

? Collection Mus.'‘Comp. Zool.

130 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

DASYPROCTA CALLIDA Bangs
San Miguel Island Agouti

Dasyprocta callida BANncs, Amer. Nat., Vol. 35, p. 635, August, 1901. Type

from San Miguel Island, Panama.

The San Miguel Island agouti is easily distinguished from the
mainland forms of the group by its much paler coloration. It is
most like D. punctata dariensts with which it agrees in the whitish
tips and lack of basal annulations of the long hairs on the rump.

The species is based on a series of specimens taken by W. W.
Brown, Jr., during a visit to the island in the spring of 1900. In
connection with the original description Mr. Bangs details the col-
lector’s experience with the animal as follows: “ The six specimens
were all shot by Mr. Brown among mangroves, the leaves of which
they are very fond of. The animal is much hunted by the negro
pearl divers, and is exceedingly shy and wary, and for some time
Mr. Brown was unable to secure one. One day during a storm he
noticed that when a mangrove blew over it was at once stripped of its
leaves by the agoutis. Acting upon a plan that this habit of the
animal suggested to him, he took several large stones with him, and
concealed himself in a tree. After a little he sent a stone crashing
through the mangroves and presently saw an agouti cautiously
approach the spot, thinking a mangrove had fallen over. The first
day he shot two specimens in this way, and afterwards four more.”

Specimens examined: San Miguel Island, 6.

DASYPROCTA COIBAZ Thomas
Coiba Island Agouti
Dasyprocta coibae THomas, Novitat. Zoologice, Vol. 9, p. 136, April 10, 1902.
Type from Coiba Island, Panama.

The Coiba Island agouti is very similar in color to D. p. isthmica
and the rump hairs are rather distinctly barred to near base. But the
skull is decidedly shorter, although similarly massive; the molari-
form teeth are smaller, the incisors shorter owing evidently to greater
wear, the beveled surface reaching to near the alveoli in both jaws
and suggesting feeding habits differing from those of the mainland
forms ; the audital bullz are smaller and the ppeRtoect correspond-
ingly broader.

In the original account the animal is described as agreeing with
Dasyprocta punctata punctata in the annulation of the long hairs of
the rump, but in the longer orange tips of these hairs and in the color
of the body it is said to bear a closer resemblance to D. p. isthmica.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN be

The species is based on five specimens collected by J. H. Batty in
the spring of 1902. Four topotypes taken by the same collector and
sent to the American Museum of Natural History are recorded by
Allen (1904, p. 70) together with measurements of a larger series.

Specimens examined: Coiba Island, 6.*

Genus CUNICULUS Brisson. Pacas

The pacas are much more robust in form than the agoutis. The
head is broader, the neck short and thick, and the limbs stouter. The
toes of the hind feet are five instead of three in number. Another
distinctive feature is the white-striped and spotted pelage. The
broad head of the paca is due to the extraordinary expansion of the
zygomatic arches which enclose a cavity lined with mucous mem-
brane continuous with that of the mouth.

CUNICULUS PACA VIRGATUS (Bangs)
Panama Paca; Conejo Pintado
Agouti paca virgatus BANcs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 47,
April, 1902. Type from Divala, Chiriqui, Panama.

In allusion to its striped and spotted pelage the Panama paca is
known to the natives as “conejo pintado.” It differs from C. paca
paca of South America in the encroachment of the white color of the
underparts along the sides and the partial obliteration of dark
stripes, a character which having proceeded still farther distinguishes
the Mexican paca, C. p. nelsoni, from the present form.

Pacas are common in the Canal Zone and probably range in similar
numbers throughout the forested parts of Panama. They live in
burrows in the ground similar to those of agoutis. The burrows are
often placed on steep slopes or in rocky places, but may enter soft
soil where the ground is level. Like the agoutis they are mainly
nocturnal in habits and may easily be located and shot by the reflec-
tion of their eyes in the light of a hunting lamp. They are often
hunted with dogs and the skins being extremely tender many speci-
mens obtained in this way are much lacerated. The thin, papery skin
adheres tightly to the muscles and is also apt to be torn during the
skinning process. Owing to the superior quality of their flesh the
pacas are among the most important game animals of the region.

While hunting one day in the forest at 2,000 feet near Cana I saw
a paca rush suddenly from a mass of leaves and small sticks a few
feet away and disappear in the forest undergrowth. On examining
the spot I found the animal had been resting in a cavity showing

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist.

132 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

signs of regular use and where it was completely hidden until dis-
lodged by my close approach. A burrow, evidently that of the paca,
entered the ground at the base of a neighboring tree.

Specimens examined: Divala, 1* (type); Gatun, 8; Rio Indio
(near Gatun), 7.

Family CAVIIDAE. Cavies and Capybaras

A single representative of this family, the capybara, until the
present survey known only from South America, is among the more
interesting mammals whose ranges are now found to extend into
Panama.

Genus HYDROCHOERUS Brisson. Capybaras

As the largest existing rodents the capybaras, genus Hydrochoerus,
are at once distinguished from the other members of the order.
They are robust animals about three feet in length, the body thinly
clothed with coarse hair. The webbed feet show adaptation for an
aquatic life.

HYDROCHOERUS ISTHMIUS Goldman
Isthmian Capybara; Poncho
[Plate 28, figs. 1, 1a]

Hydrochoerus isthmius GotpMAN, Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2,
pp. 11-12, September 20, 1912. Type from Marraganti, near the head of
tide-water on the Rio Tuyra, eastern Panama.

The capybara of Panama is decidedly smaller than Hydrochoerus
hydrochoeris of northeastern South America and it differs in numer-
ous important cranial details, especially the peculiar, short, thickened
condition of the pterygoids.

On the Pacific coast of Panama it is apparently restricted to a
limited area near the head of tidewater in the delta region of the
Tuyra and Chucunaque rivers. A skull from “ Atrato ” collected by
A. Schott, who accompanied Michler’s expedition through the Darien
region, seems referable to the same species which may therefore
prove to have a wide range in the Atrato river valley. Anthony
(1916, p. 371) records the species from El Real de Santa Maria.

At Marraganti many tracks were seen at low tide in early morning
where the capybaras had crossed exposed mud banks between the
water in the river and low-lying areas overgrown with tall swamp
grass and other aquatic yegetation. Capybaras were found during
the day occupying shallow beds hollowed in the ground, or wallow-
ing in muddy pools, in secluded parts of the swamp. Sometimes they

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

aed

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 133

permitted me to approach quite near their hiding places and then
rushing out in sudden alarm were shot as they crossed narrow open
spaces. Their flesh, sometimes eaten by the natives, is not however
considered very palatable. The native name of the animal is
“ poncho.”

Specimens examined: Marraganti (type locality), 10."

Family ERETHIZONTIDAE. Porcupines

The porcupines constitute a family of large rodents recognizable
externally by the armament of long, stout, acute spines, which are
especially well developed over the dorsal surface.

Subfamily ERETHIZONTINAE. American Porcupines

The subfamily Erethizontine includes two or three genera of
American porcupines, all of which are arboreal in habits.

Genus COENDOU Lacépéde

The porcupines of tropical Middle America, genus Coendou, are
distinguished at once from the similarly spiny species of Erethizon
inhabiting the northern woods, by the possession of a long, pre-
hensile tail instead of a short brush. A further differential character
of the tail, shared, however, with the Brazilian genus Chetomys, is
that unlike most prehensile-tailed American mammals, the upper
instead of the under side of the terminal portion of the member has
become modified for direct contact in coiling about branches.

COENDOU MEXICANUM LAENATUM Thomas
Chiriqui Porcupine
Coendou laenatus Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 11, p. 381,
April, 1903. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

The Chiriqui porcupine is the Isthmian representative of a densely
furred Middle American group which ranges on the north to Mexico,
the fur largely concealing the spines. In the other Panama species
of the genus, C. rothschildi, the spines are fully exposed over the
entire body. The type of C. m. lenatum is described as smaller, more
heavily clothed, and with less inflated skull than C. m. mexicanum.
Scanty material from Costa Rica and Honduras shows probable
intergradation with the more northern forms of the group. Four
porcupines collected by J. H. Batty at Boqueron, Chiriqui, and
recorded by Allen (1904, p. 70), as Coendou laenatus prove to be

*Four in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

134 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

referable to Coendou rothschildi, A specimen in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology from Boquete was collected by H. J. Watson.
Specimens examined: Boquete, 1."

COENDOU ROTHSCHILDI Thomas
Rothschild’s Porcupine

Coendou rothschildi Tuomas, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 10, p. 169,
August, 1902 (see also Thomas, 1903a, p. 41). Type from Sevilla Island,
off Chiriqui, Panama.

Rothschild’s porcupine is readily distinguished from its Panama
congener, Coendou mexicanum laenatum, by the exposed spiny
covering, the spines in the latter species being mainly concealed by
the long overlapping fur.

C. rothschildi, based on five examples from Sevilla Island and one
from Brava Island, is a northern representative of a group mainly
South American in distribution. The type is described as a spinous
short-haired animal related to C. guichua Thomas of Ecuador.

The principal differential characters given are the profusely white- —

speckled back, and the rather larger skull with greater inflation above
the orbits and larger nasal opening.

Specimens from Gatun and Rio Indio are provisionally referred
to this species. They differ somewhat from the description of the
type of C. rothschildi in the extent of the light basal color of the
dorsal spines. This color reaches less than one-half, instead of
three-fifths, the length of the spines, while the black subterminal band
occupies one-half or more of the total length. In one individual the
dorsal spines are black-tipped, the white tips being restricted to the
forehead and sides where they are sparingly distributed.

In cranial characters these specimens conform closely with a series
of ten from Boqueron, which are assumed to be typical, and four of
which were erroneously recorded by Allen (1904, p. 70) as C. lenatus.

One of these porcupines, purchased from a native hunter at Gatun,
had its stomach distended with vegetable matter massed in two
colors; a greenish part apparently leaves, and a white mass which
had the appearance of fruit pulp. The hunter reported locating two
in a tree by the light of a hunting lamp, but while he was securing
one the other escaped. In felling timber the animals are occasionally
dislodged from places of concealment among matted vines in the
tops of trees.

* Collection in Mus. Comp. Zool.

—s

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 135

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 10°; Gatun, 2; Rio Indio (near
Gatun), 1; Tabernilla, 1.

Family SCIURIDAE. Squirrels

The family is represented in Panama by species of the familiar
genus Sciurus, and by pygmy squirrels of the genera Microsciurus
and Syntheosciurus. Like Sciurus the latter genera are arboreal in
habits.

Genus SCIURUS Linnaeus. Tree Squirrels

The tree squirrels of the genus Sciurus inhabiting Panama are
easily recognizable by larger size,.when contrasted with the genera
Microsciurus and Syntheosciurus. Generic distinction, however, is
based mainly on dental characters. Sciurus differs from Micro-
sciurus notably in the presence of small cusps intermediate in position
between the larger tubercles on the outer side in the upper molariform
teeth, and from Syntheosciurus in the absence of grooved upper
incisors.

Subgenus SCIURUS Linnaeus
SCIURUS VARIEGATOIDES HELVEOLUS Goldman
Panama Squirrel
[Plate 29, figs. 2, 2a]

Sciurus variegatoides helveolus GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56,
No, 36, p. 3, February 19, 1912. Type from Corozal, Canal Zone,
Panama.

This large squirrel is amply distinguished from others inhabiting
the region by the long black and white tail, the individual hairs of
which are broadly tipped with the latter color. The limbs and under-
parts are paler than in the allied forms, Sciurus variegatoides varie-
gatoides and S. variegatoides dorsalis, in the color phase with
grizzled back. Its distribution area is the arid division lying along
the Pacific coast from the vicinity of the city of Panama westward
as far as Remedios where a specimen probably referable to this form
has been recorded by Allen (1904, p. 66).

The squirrels of the S. variegatoides group are very imperfectly
known. Several rather localized forms are recognized which in color
present a remarkably wide range of individual variation. Large

series of typical examples are much needed to make clear many

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

136 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

doubtful points." A specimen from Chorrera kindly loaned for
examination by Dr. J. A. Allen of the American Museum of Natural
History is like the Corozal specimens in color and agrees with them
also in the absence of the small anterior premolar usually present in
squirrels of this group. S. v. helveolus may intergrade with S. v.
melania (Gray), a melanistic form described from Costa Rica and
reported by Bangs (1902, p. 22) from various localities in Chiriqui.

Near Corozal in the middle of June the squirrels were found in
mango trees in an old clearing about two miles east of the railroad
station. Approaching the trees quietly I noted their rapid motions
while cutting and feeding on the ripening fruit. They were not
especially shy, but one that had been watching me suspiciously soon
ran down a tree trunk and started rapidly off along the ground,
carrying a large mango in its mouth. Five specimens collected by
W. W. Brown,.Jr., at Caledonia (near Panama) were recorded by
Bangs (1906, p. 212) as Sciurus adolphei dorsalis.

Specimens examined: Calidonia, 5° Corozal (type locality), 3;
Chorrera, I.

SCIURUS VARIEGATOIDES MELANIA (Gray)
Costa Rican Black Squirrel _
Macroxus melania Gray, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 20, p. 425, 1867.
Type from Point Burica, Costa Rica.

The black squirrel of Costa Rica, apparently a melanistic form, is
recognizable at once by the unusual color. In fresh pelage it is
nearly all black, the back only being of a dark chocolate shade which
through wear fades to a yellowish brown color. Although differing
widely in external appearance the animal is clearly related to Sciurus
variegatoides, and its geographic position between S. variegatoides
dorsalis and S. variegatoides helveolus suggests probable intergrada-
tion with both. Although intergradation has not been demonstrated,
and black or chocolate brown appears to be the color of all the
individuals occurring at various localities in Costa Rica and western

*The material available indicates that the several known forms should stand
subspecifically as follows:

Sciurus variegatoides variegatoides Ogilby, Salvador.

Sciurus variegatoides adolphei (Lesson) Realejo, Nicaragua.

Sciurus variegatoides dorsalis (Gray) Liberia, Costa Rica.

Sciurus variegatoides melania (Gray) Point Burica, Costa Rica.

Sciurus variegatoides helveolus Goldman, Corozal, Canal Zone, Panama.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 137

Panama, it seems best to treat it for the present as a subspecies
of S. variegatoides.’

Sclater (1856, p. 139) evidently referred to this species in a list
of mammals collected by Bridges in Chiriqui and published more
than ten years before the original description of Sciurus melania,
based on Costa Rican material, appeared. Regarding the squirrel,
which was referred to the genus Sciwrus, but the species unnamed,
he says: “A black species, difficult to distinguish. Mr. Bridges
states that it is common in the immediate vicinity of the town of
David, and between that and the port of Boca Chica.”

Twenty-one specimens, including adults and young of both sexes
collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Divala, Bugaba, and Boquete were
recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 22) who says: “It is a low-land
species, and not found high up the Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000 feet
being the extreme altitude at which Mr. Brown saw it, and but once
so high as that. About Bugaba (600 feet) and Divala, it is common
and generally distributed in suitable places.”

That this squirrel is not confined to the mainland is shown by
Thomas (1903a, p. 40) who records specimens collected by J. H.
Batty on Sevilla, Insoleta, Cebaco, and Brava, all small islands off
the coast of the southwestern part of the republic. Ten specimens
taken by the same collector at Boqueron for the American Museum
of Natural History are recorded by Allen (1904, p. 66). The known
general range of the animal is, therefore, the coastal plains and
islands, and the basal mountain slopes on the Pacific side in western
Panama and adjacent parts of Costa Rica.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 5*; Boqueron, 17°; Boquete, 1°;
Divala, 13.”

Subgenus GUERLINGUETUS Gray
SCIURUS HOFFMANNI CHIRIQUENSIS Bangs‘
Chiriqui Squirrel
Sciurus (Guerlinguetus) aestuans chiriquensis BANcs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 22, April, 1902. Type from Divala, Chiriqui,
Panama.

Hoffmann’s squirrel is somewhat similar to the subspecies of

Sciurus gerrardi in general external appearance; the tail, however,

*For discussion of the status of this species see Nelson, Proc. Wash. Acad.
Sci., Vol. 1, p. 74, 1899, and Bangs (1902, p. 22 and 1906, p. 212).

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

*Allen (1915, p. 212) in reviewing the South American squirrels has erected
several new genera including Mesosciurus, with Sciurus hoffmanni as type.
Some of these genera appear to be based on slight characters and I am not
convinced of the desirability of such divisions.

138 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69 |

is edged with ochraceous buff to the tip, instead of conspicuously
tipped with black. The species, originally described from Costa
Rica, ranges into western Panama where a form regarded as identi-
cal by Allen (1904, p. 66) and as distinct by him (1915, p. 220) has
been described as Sciurus estuans chiriquensis (Bangs, 1902, p. 22).
As indicated by Allen (1915, p. 220) S. h. chiriquensis is dis-
tinguished by a slightly richer, more rufescent tone of coloration than
typical hoffmanni of the Costa Rican highlands, a reversal of the
differential characters as interpreted by Bangs in his original descrip-
tion. Dr. Allen also refers to S. hoffmanni specimens of a squirrel
from the upper Cauca Valley, Colombia. The species was not
encountered by me in the course of extensive work at low elevations
in the Canal Zone and in the mountains of eastern Panama, and its
range is apparently discontinuous in that region. It may, however,
occur in the mountains along the Atlantic coast in an area from
which I have seen no collections.

This is doubtless the species recorded from Panama under the
name Sciurus aestuans by Sclater (1856, p. 139) who, referring to a
specimen collected by Bridges, remarks: ‘“ This seems to agree with
Bogota specimens so marked in the British Museum. It is from the
Boqueti at the base of the volcano of Chiriqui.” It was also regarded
as Sciurus aestuans by Alston (1879, p. 132) who mentions British
Museum material collected at Calovevora by Enrique Arcé. Forty-.*
one specimens taken by W. W. Brown, Jr., at various localities
including Divala, Bugaba, Boquete and the Volcan de Chiriqui at
7,500 feet are listed by Bangs (1902, p. 22). Mr. Bangs in his full
account of the Chiriqui animal states that “skins from the Volcan
de Chiriqui from upwards of 4,000 feet altitude are more woolly
with decidedly more under fur than lowland examples, but otherwise
they do not differ.” Since Divala is near sea level on the Pacific
coast this squirrel has a rather unusual altitudinal range. Fourteen
specimens obtained by J. H. Batty for the American Museum of
Natural History at Boqueron and Boquete were apparently the basis
of Dr. Allen’s reference of the Chiriqui form to typical S. hoffmannt.
More recently (1915, p. 220) he assigns them together with examples
from Divala, Bugaba, Tacoume, Cebaco Island, Sevilla Island, and
Insolita Island to S. h. chiriquensis.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 9*; Boqueron, 17°; Boquete, 17°;
Divala (type locality), 14.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
*Ten in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; seven in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 139

SCIURUS GERRARDI CHOCO Goldman
Darien Squirrel
[Plate 20, figs. 1, 1a]
Sciurus variabilis choco GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22,
pp. 4-5, February 28, 1913. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude
3,500 feet).

The Sciurus gerrardi group of tree squirrels, widely dispersed in
northwestern South America is represented in Panama by two forms,
one of which ranges as far north as the Canal Zone. They are
recognizable by the varicolored tail, the intense rusty reddish general
hue of which contrasts strongly with the broad black tip. In general
shade of coloration they are not very unlike the smaller species,
S. hoffmanni, which inhabits western Panama, but the latter has the
tail uniformly washed or broadly edged with ochraceous buff to
the tip.

S. g. choco of the Darien region in eastern Panama is closely allied
to S. g. morulus of the Canal Zone, but is distinguished by darker
color throughout; a deep black median dorsal stripe, usually con-
tinuous from near the shoulders posteriorly over the upper base of
the tail, is absent or only faintly indicated in S. g. morulus. The
underparts of the body are a darker rusty reddish shade; the under
side of the tail is marked by a broader, more distinct black sub-
marginal stripe. Variation from the usual rufescent coloration of
the underparts is shown in one individual by limited areas of pure
white near the armpits, on the pectoral and inguinal regions, and a
very narrow stripe along the median line of the abdomen ; in another
the white is reduced to a few hairs near the armpits and on the sides
of the lower part of the abdomen. These white areas may indicate
gradation of this subspecies toward the South American forms of
the S. gerrardi group in which the underparts are normally white.
Specimens from 800 to 2,500 feet altitude, on Cerro Azul near the
headwaters of the Chagres River, are somewhat intermediate
between S. g. morulus and the Darien form, the black dorsal stripe
being somewhat indistinct, but in the rich coloration of the under-
parts they agree with the latter form. S. g. milleri from the moun-
tains of southwestern Colombia seems to be a nearly related form
with the same pattern of coloration, but it differs in darker, more
rusty reddish hue, the darkening due in part to the much narrower
subterminal bands of the hairs on the shoulders and flanks.

These squirrels are generally distributed throughout the region
visited, ranging upward in the forest from sea level in the Tuyra

I40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69 i

Valley to over 5,000 feet altitude on the summits of the Pirre Range.
They were usually seen springing through the branches from one
tree to another. Occasionally they were found searching for food
among the ferns, small palms, and other low ground cover, and on
hearing me approach scrambled a few feet up a convenient tree trunk,
where a pause was made, apparently to locate the cause of alarm.
From such vantage points they sometimes continued upward into
the tree top, at other times they turned downward again to the
ground. Anthony (1916, p. 365) records specimens from Boca de
Cupe, Chepigana, Cituro, Real de Santa Maria, Tacarcuna (2,650 to
5,200 feet) and Tapalisa.

Specimens examined: Cana (type locality), 5; Boca de Cupe, 5°;
Cerro Azul, 3; Chepigana, 4°; Cituro, 6*; Marraganti, 3; Mount
Pirre, 6; Real de Santa Maria, 7*; Tacarcuna (2,650-5,200 feet),
12": Tapalisa. 2°

SCIURUS GERRARDI MORULUS Bangs
Canal Zone Squirrel; Ardita

Sciurus variabilis morulus Bancs, Proc. New England Zool.- Club, Vol. 2, —

p. 43, September 20, 1900. Type from Loma de Leon (Lion Hill),
Panama.

The common squirrel of the Canal Zone, locally known as “ ardita,”
is distinguished from S. g. choco of the Darien region by paler gen-
eral coloration. The black median dorsal stripe usually present in the
latter form is absent or only faintly indicated and the underparts
are a paler rusty reddish shade. The bright rusty reddish instead of
black and white tail is a recognition mark by which confusion of this
form with Sciurus variegatoides helveolus, a larger squirrel of the
region, may easily be avoided. S. g. morulus apparently intergrades
with S. g. choco in the mountains near the headwaters of the Chagres
River; the limits of its range west of the Canal Zone remain to be
determined. Specimens from Obispo and Caimito (near Chorrera)
were recorded by Alston (1879, p. 131) and from Gatun by Anthony
(1916, p. 365).

This squirrel is one of the few rodents that are diurnal in habits
and likely to be met with during a ramble in the forest. Owing to
the density of the vegetation it may be passed unnoticed at a very
short distance. In spite of bright colors it is not a very conspicuous
object unless very near. Sometimes one was heard making a
rasping noise as it gnawed the shells of hard fruits or nuts while

*Four in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

a ll

~-

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN I4I

itself still invisible in the dense foliage. On approaching cautiously
I usually found the squirrel sitting on a palm frond or the branch
of a tree, 20 to 35 feet from the ground, its brilliantly colored tail
curved over the back. At times they seemed rather indifferent
and permitted me to come quite near; at other times they
quickly took alarm and disappeared, usually running through the
interlocking branches or leaping across intervening spaces from tree
to tree instead of ascending a tall tree trunk. Occasionally they
make their escape by running down a tree trunk and off along the
ground. A few short, rather hoarse notes were heard from these
squirrels, but they were usually silent. By the construction of the
_ Gatun Dam the region of the type locality of S. g. morulus has nearly
all been submerged, Lion Hill being now reduced to a tiny island in
Gatun Lake.

Specimens examined: Lion Hill (type locality), 3; Gatun, 15’;
Porto Bello, 1; Rio Indio (near Gatun), 6; Tabernilla, 2.

Genus MICROSCIURUS Allen. Pygmy Squirrels

The pygmy squirrels of the genus Microsciurus are mainly South
American in distribution, but range northward through Panama to
Costa Rica. Microsciurus is distinguished from Sciurus by diminu-
tive size and the simpler molar cusp development already pointed out
in the remarks on the latter genus, and from Syntheosciurus by the
absence of grooved upper incisors.

MICROSCIURUS BOQUETENSIS Nelson
Chiriqui Pygmy Squirrel
Sciurus (Microsciurus) boquetensis, Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Vol. 16, p. 121, September 30, 1903. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui,
Panama (altitude 6,000 feet).

Several pygmy squirrels are now known to occur in Panama, from
which this species is distinguished by the richer reddish coloration
of the underparts. It is known only from the type locality on the
slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui where specimens were collected for
the British Museum by H. J. Watson.

In his recent revision of the genus Dr. Allen (1914, p. 152) regards
Microsciurus boquetensis as “a strongly differentiated mountain
form of the alfari group, with the soft fine pelage and strongly colored
ventral surface of the similis group, in correlation with the altitude
of its haunts. It seems entitled to rank as a species until its inter-

* Three in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

142 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

gradation with other forms has been shown.” As Dr. Allen remarks,
specimens from Panama described by Alston (1878, p. 669) and
referred by him to Sciurus rufontger were doubtless some form of
Microsciurus. These examples, collected by Enrique Arcé in western
Panama, were later assigned by Alston (1879, p. 134) to Sciurus
chrysurus. Arce visited the Volcan de Chiriqui and Alston’s descrip-
tion of the specimens applies fairly well to Microsciurus boquetensis.
A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology labelled
“ Panama, Gerrard, 1873,” and probably collected by Arcé at Boquete
seems clearly referable to this species.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 1 (topotype) ; “ Panama ” (prob-
ably Boquete), 1.

MICROSCIURUS ALFARI BROWNI Bangs
Brown's Pygmy Squirrel
Sciurus (Microsciurus) browni Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39,
No. 2, p. 24, April, 1902. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.

Brown’s pygmy squirrel is paler in general color and the under-
parts are grayer than in the allied forms, Microsciurus a. alfart of
Costa Rica and Microsciurus a. venustulus of the Canal Zone and
eastern Panama. The tail is edged with grayish white instead of
reddish as in M. a. venustulus.

This diminutive squirrel is known only from low elevations on
the Pacific slope in the western part of the republic. Mr. Bangs in
his original account of the animal says: “Mr. Brown [W. W.
Brown, Jr.,] found this little squirrel in the forest about Bogaba
| =Bugaba], at 600 feet altitude. It was rare and exceedingly hard
to get, on account of its small size and dull coloring, and only by
devoting much time and energy to the chase did he succeed in taking
five specimens.”

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 5.”

MICROSCIURUS ALFARI VENUSTULUS Goldman
Canal Zone Pygmy Squirrel
[Plate 30, figs. 2, 2a]
Microsciurus alfari venustulus GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36,
p. 4, February 10, 1912. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

The Canal Zone representative of the Microsciurus alfari group
of pygmy squirrels differs from M. a. alfari of Costa Rica in less
rufescent general coloration, and from its closely allied geographic
neighbor, M. a. browni of western Panama, in the darker tone of the

* Four in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 143

upper and under parts. The tail is edged with rusty reddish instead
of grayish white as in the latter form.

These tiny tree squirrels are apparently not very numerous, or,
owing to the density of the forest cover they inhabit, individuals
easily escape observation. In allusion to rapid movements the animal
has received the native name, in the Canal Zone, of ardita voladora.
One of the specimens taken at Gatun was seen running rapidly down
the trunk of a tree. I noticed that the tail seemed to extend behind
rather stiffly in a straight line with the body. On the top of the hill
near the west end of the Gatun Dam one, which had evidently become
alarmed at my approach, was seen moving down the trunk of a small
tree. When within four feet of the ground it slipped suddenly out
of sight on the opposite side before I could shoot. I supposed it had
jumped to the ground but found on searching that it had climbed the
tree again and was watching me from a perch among some leaves in
the extreme top, sitting motionless with its tail curved over the back
in characteristic squirrel fashion.

From the Canal Zone M. a. venustulus ranges eastward to near the
Colombian frontier. A specimen collected at Porto Bello was cling-
_ing head downward, about 20 feet from the ground, on the trunk of
a large tree giving short squeaking sounds suggesting those of some
North American chipmunks. <A single example was obtained at
2,000 feet altitude on the mountains near Cana. The same mountain
slope at 3,500 feet is inhabited by Microsciurus isthmius vivatus
which here typifies another species. Anthony (1916, p. 366), who
obtained specimens on Mount Tacarcuna, also noted their occurrence
in the same general locality and apparently overlapping the range of
M. i. vivatus, but he states that venustulus was taken at slightly
higher elevations and on the crest and eastern slope of the mountains.
His specimens agree closely in color with the type. M. i. venustulus,
contrasted with M. 7. vivatus has darker, much more finely grizzled
upperparts. Specific distinction is, however, better shown in cranial
details ; in the skull of M. a. venustulus the interpterygoid fossa and
basioccipital are narrower, the maxillae are less extended at the
expense of the frontals between the lachrymals and the premaxillae,
and the interparietal is rectangular instead of subtriangular in out-
line. The type of M. a. venustulus, an adult female, lacks the small
upper premolars usually present in Microscwurus.

Specimens examined: Gatun (type locality), 2; Cana, 1; Mount
Tacarcuna, 3°; Porto Bello, 1.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

10

144 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

MICROSCIURUS ISTHMIUS VIVATUS Goldman
Mount Pirre Pygmy Squirrel
[Plate 30, figs. I, ta]

Microsciurus isthmius vivatus GoLoMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2,
p. 4, September 20, 1912. Type from near Cana, eastern Panama (alti-
tude 3,500 feet).

Comparatively little is known of the relationships of pygmy
squirrels, most of the known forms being currently regarded as full
species based on scant material from few localities. It was, there-
fore, with considerable interest that I noted the occurrence of two
very distinct forms in close proximity on the Cana slope of the Pirre
Mountains near the Colombian frontier. One of them proved to be
Microsciurus alfarit venustulus, previously known only from farther
west, and the other an apparently new geographic race of M. isthmius
whose general known range is in the valley of the Atrato River and
the coast region of Colombia. Since M. 1. vivatus, the new form,
inhabits these mountains at 3,500 feet altitude, while M. a. venustulus
was taken only 1,500 feet lower down on the steep slope, both will
probably be found at the same elevations. M. i. vivatus is dis-
tinguished from M. isthmius isthmius by paler upperparts and
orange buffy instead of deep ferruginous underparts. Anthony
(1916, p. 366) records specimens of M. 7. vivatus from 2,650 feet
altitude near the village of Tacarcuna, which closely resemble speci
mens from the type locality, but have slightly richer-colored under-
parts. The examples of M. i. vivatus were obtained by me while
hunting birds. They were all found among the lower branches or on
the trunks of trees, where they were inconspicuous owing to masses
of dense overhanging vegetation in the dimly lighted forest. In this
forest, fog enshrouded during much of the time, one of these tiny
squirrels moving along a tree trunk may easily be mistaken for one
of the common Dendrocolaptine or Formicariinine birds of the
region.

Specimens examined: Cana (type locality), 3; Mount Tacar-
cuna, 3."

Genus SYNTHEOSCIURUS Bangs. Pygmy Squirrels
In this as yet monotypic genus of small tree squirrels an unusual
departure in dental details is exhibited. The upper incisors are very
slender and project outward and the outer surfaces, smooth in
Sciurus and Microsciurus, each bear a longitudinal median groove.

+ Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. d

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 145

SYNTHEOSCIURUS BROCHUS Bangs
Groove-toothed Squirrel
Syntheosciurus brochus Bancs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 25,
text figs. 1-4, April, 1902. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (alti-
tude 7,000 feet).

Concerning this peculiar squirrel nothing has been added to the
full original account by Mr. Bangs. In general external appearance

it is much like Microsciurus, but as the author states, is larger,’ with
“ ear still smaller, hardly standing up above the fur, and very woolly ;
pelage very long, dense, and woolly..... General coloration dark
reddish olive, with under parts varying from orange rufous to
ferruginous.” Perhaps the most important as well as easily recog-
nizable differential character is the grooved condition of the upper
incisors.

Mr. Bangs further remarks: “ Mr. Brown [W. W. Brown, Jr.]
met with this remarkable squirrel but once, when he took the pair
described. It was unknown to the native hunters who accompanied
him, and who expressed much astonishment on being shown the two

‘examples. Judging by the long, dense fur, even at this time of year—
April 30—when the female was nursing young, it is evidently an
animal of high elevations only.

“ Among tree squirrels, Syntheosciurus brochus has no very near
ally; its light, papery skull recalls that of Sciuropterus, but the
audital bullae are much smaller. Its peculiarly straight, slender
rostrum, weak, projecting, and grooved incisors at once distinguish
the genus from any other.”

Specimens examined: Boquete, 2 (including type).

Order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits
Family LEPORIDAE.’ Rabbits

The single genus Sylvilagus of the family Leporidae is known
from Panama.
Genus SYLVILAGUS Gray 4
The only representative of this genus within the region under
review is a forest rabbit of Middle America, easily distinguishable
from its North American congeners by the short ears, dark color, and
extremely short tail.

*Type: Total length 320 mm. (total length in Microsciurus less than
300 mm.) ; tail vertebrae, 150; hind foot, 46.

* The family Leporidae, formerly placed by authors in the order Rodentia,
has recently been elevated, along with the family Ochotonidae, to a group
wot sy ordinal rank (see Gidley, Science, N. S., Vol. 36, pp. 285-287, August 30,
1912).

|

146 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Subgenus TAPETI Gray
SYLVILAGUS GABBI GABBI (Allen)
Costa Rica Forest Rabbit

Lepus brasiliensis var gabbi ALLEN, Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, p. 349,
August, 1877. Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica. (Probably near
Sipurio, in the valley of the Rio Sicsola.)

Forest rabbits doubtless inhabit nearly the whole of Panama, and
range from sea level well up on the slopes of the higher mountains.
The Costa Rican form reaches from the western boundary as far
east, at least, as the Canal Zone. In extreme eastern Panama it is
replaced by a closely allied subspecies, Sylvilagus g. messorius, which
is less rusty reddish in general color, and darker on the back.

While these rabbits may be met with in the depths of the forest,
they favor the dense undergrowth along the edges of the forest, or
old clearings. They are shy and apparently feed mainly at night,
remaining during the day well concealed on forms under logs or
other cover. Even when their hiding places have been discovered
they may remain motionless, making no effort to escape until finally
dislodged by the very close approach of an intruder when they
scurry to the nearest shelter, perhaps only a few feet away. The
very short tail is dark colored like the body and one misses the flash
of contrasting white seen when a northern rabbit leaves cover.

Specimens from the localities on both the Atlantic and Pacifi¢
sides of the Canal Zone agree with the type of S. g. gabbi and are
regarded as typical. Bangs (1902, p. 48) recorded specimens col-
lected by W. W. Brown, Jr., as follows: “ Nine specimens, Divala,
November and December ; Boquete, 3,400 to 4,500 feet, March and
April, and Bugaba, July. The seasonal differences in color are well
shown by this series. July specimens are much redder, with but few
black-tipped hairs in the back, than autumnal examples.” Six indi-
viduals taken by J. H. Batty have been recorded by Thomas (19034,
p. 42) from Gobernador Island, and rabbits probably occur on other
islands near the coast of western Panama. Examples from Boqueron,
also obtained by J. H. Batty, were listed by Allen (1904, p. 70).

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 5*; Boquete, 2*; Bugaba, 2’;
Divala, 2°; Corozal, 1; Gatun, 7; Lion Hill, 2."

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA-——GOLDMAN 147

SYLVILAGUS GABBI MESSORIUS Goldman
Panama Forest Rabbit
[Plate 27, figs. 2, 2a]

Sylvilagus gabbi messorius GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2,
pp. 13-14, September 20, 1912. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (alti-
tude 1,800 feet).

In the mountains of eastern Panama, Sylvilagus gabbi gabbi which
ranges in western Panama and the Canal Zone is replaced by a closely
allied subspecies lacking the strongly rufescent suffusion of color
shown in the typical form, and with upperparts more obscured by
the long black tips of the longer hairs. Anthony (1916, p. 371) lists
specimens from Boca de Cupe, Tacarcuna, and Tapalisa and the
darker form doubtless occurs throughout the general region, includ-
ing adjacent Colombian territory.

In connection with the operation of the Darien gold mines con-
siderable land on the small plateau near Cana has been cleared at
different times and planted to sugar-cane and other crops. In these
clearings, partly marshy and neglected for years, an exuberant
growth of coarse grasses, shrubs, and small trees now form nearly
impenetrable thickets in which the rabbits, as shown by their number,
find conditions much more favorable for existence than in the un-
broken forest. In places, well-trodden paths mark their general
routes through dense cover. During the dry season small areas are
sometimes burned over and the fresh new verdure springing up
affords an attractive food supply. The rabbits visit these open
spaces to feed at night and are easily shot, their eyes giving off
reddish reflections in the glare of a hunting lamp. In the field of
reflected light they sit motionless and if no noise is made one may
approach to within a few feet, before they take alarm and dash off
into the darkness.

Specimens examined : Boca de Cupe, 3 +; Cana (type locality), 10;
Tacarcuna, 2°; Tapalisa, 4.’

SYLVILAGUS GABBI INCITATUS (Bangs)
San Miguel Island Rabbit

Lepus (Tapeti) incitatus Bancs, Amer. Nat., Vol. 35, p. 633, August 22, 1901.
Type from San Miguel Island, Panama.

Greater general dimensions combined with shorter ears and paler
color apparently distinguish this insular form from Sylvilagus gabbi

4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

‘

148 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69 ~

gabbi of the adjacent mainland. The braincase is also narrower, and
the rostral portion of the skull heavier than usual in the group. The
animal was one of those discovered by W. W. Brown, Jr., during his
collecting trip to San Miguel Island for Mr. Bangs in the spring
of 1900.

Regarding its occurrence, Mr. Bangs in his original account says:
“The hare was not at all common in San Miguel Island, and
Mr. Brown saw but one other during his stay. Mr. Brown tells me
that Lepus gabbi and L. incitatus [=Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus| are
extraordinarily swift of foot and are seldom seen except for an
instant as they dart like a flash through the undergrowth.”

Specimens examined: The type and only known example.

SYLVILAGUS GABBI CONSOBRINUS Anthony
Savanna Rabbit
Sylvilagus gabbi consobrinus ANTHONY, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 37,
p. 335, May 28, ror7. Type from Old Panama (near City of Panama),
Panama.

An unusually light-colored rabbit taken by Mr. H. E. Anthony
near the savanna at Old Panama on the Shiras Expedition of 1914
was recorded by him (1916, p. 371) as Sylvilagus gabbi gabbi. More
recently this specimen has been described by him and made the type
of Sylvilagus gabbi consobrinus, an apparently pale form which may .”
range at low elevations throughout the savanna regions of southern —
Panama. The few specimens of Sylvilagus available from Boqueron,
Bugaba, and Divala appear somewhat intermediate in color between
typical S. g. gabbi and the type of S. g. consobrinus, and might with
similar propriety be referred to either subspecies. They are listed
as S. g. gabbi, but future increments of material from the general —
region may indicate the desirability of transferring them to the
paler form.

Specimens examined: The type.

Order CARNIVORA. Carnivores
Family CANIDAE. Wolves, Foxes, Bush Dogs

None of the familiar North American members of the family to
which our domestic dog belongs are known from the region under
consideration, The single genus occurring represents the intrusive
South American element of the fauna.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 149

Genus ICTICYON Lund. Bush Dogs

The somewhat aberrant genus Icticyon was not until the present
survey known to enter Panama. It is a robust animal with short
ears, limbs, and tail and at first glance is scarcely recognized as a
member of the Canine family. The general proportions and long
hair give the bush dog a badger-like appearance.

ICTICYON PANAMENSIS Goldman
Panama Bush Dog
[Plate 31, figs. 1, 1a]

Icticyon panamensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 14-15,
September 20, 1912. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 5,000 feet).

One afternoon while in camp near the summit of Mount Pirre
several short dog-like barks were heard not far away. Cautiously
stalking in that direction I saw the whitish shoulders of an old female
bush dog suddenly appear through a small opening, presenting a
conspicuous target in the dimly lighted forest. A quick shot brought
her down. Three nearly full-grown young were soon sighted, two
of which were secured while the other escaped. Tracks led to a
burrow a few yards away on a steep hillside covered with tall forest.
Fresh earth had been thrown out of a tunnel directed downward at
an angle of about 45 degrees. The ground was trampled and the
place showed other signs of habitation for a considerable period.
Many bones and fragments scattered about the entrance to the
burrow had been carried from a heap of camp refuse; the bush dogs
had evidently been our very near neighbors for two weeks before
the barking, probably of the young, led to detection.

The discovery of a bush dog in Panama materially extends the
known range of the genus northward. The Panama animal
apparently differs from Icticyon venaticus of Brazil in the whitish
color of the anterior part of the body and in cranial details.

Specimens examined: Three, an old female (the type) and her
offspring, two nearly full-grown young, from Mount Pirre.

Family PROCYONIDAE. Raccoons, Cacomistles, Coatis, and
Kinkajous, etc.

The family includes the familiar “ coon,” the less familiar “ caco-
mistle,” representatives of which reach the United States, the rare
Bassaricyon, and the common coatis and kinkajous of the American

I50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

tropics. They are all medium-sized carnivores with plantigrade feet,
naked soles, and curved non-retractile claws. The tail is moderately
long, somewhat bushy, and usually more or less distinctly annulated.

Genus BASSARISCUS Coues. Cacomistles

The cacomistles are more slender in form than the related genera
of the region. They have short, rounded heads with larger ears than
Potos or Bassaricyon. The tail, flattened and long-haired to the tip
like that of Bassaricyon, is ringed in strongly contrasting colors
throughout its length.

BASSARISCUS SUMICHRASTI NOTINUS Thomas
Panama Bassariscus; Cacomistle
Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7,
Vol. 11, p. 379, April, 19003. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (alti-
tude 6,000 feet).

The only record of the occurrence of Bassariscus in Panama
seems to be that of the type of B. s. notinus, from Boquete, at 6,000
feet altitude on the southern slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui. It is
described as paler in color, with smaller skull and teeth, and longer
palate in contrast with B. s. variabilts of Guatemala.

The various forms of the genus Bassariscus are all slender, short-
legged animals, grayish in general color and with fox-like faces.
Perhaps the most distinctive external character, however, is the tail
which is about as long or longer than the body, with alternate black
and white or gray rings. The general range of the genus Bassariscus
is to the northward, one form reaching Oregon. Except in parts of
Mexico where B. astutus is very common these animals are rather
scarce, or of local occurrence only, and owing to retiring habits are
little known. All of the forms are expert climbers. B. astutus
commonly lives in caves or crevices in cliffs, but the forms of the
more southern species, B. swmichrasti, seem to be more arboreal in
habits. B. swmichrasti also differs notably from B. astutus in the
longer tail, the more extensively naked soles of feet, and in dental
details, the cutting edges of the first and second upper incisors of
the permanent series being finely but distinctly trifid, while in the
latter species they are smooth. In very young examples of B. astutus,
however, a tendency to similar division of the edges in these teeth is
sometimes shown. The Mexicans use the native name cacomistle,
but no English vernacular name for animals of this group has met
with general acceptance.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA-—GOLDMAN 151

Genus PROCYON Storr. Raccoons

The raccoons are distinguished externally by robust form, short
ears and nose, and rather short, somewhat bushy, ringed tail. Two
species, recognized as subgenerically distinct, inhabit parts of the
Isthmian region.

Subgenus PROCYON Storr
PROCYON LOTOR PUMILUS Miller
Little Panama Raccoon; Mapachin
[Plate 32, figs. 1, 1a]
Procyon pumilus Miter, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 24, p. 3, January
28, 1911. Type from Ancon, Panama.

The mapachin or common raccoon closely resembles its congener,
the crab-eating species, but is recognizable externally by the normal
inclination backward of the pelage of the nape.

Material now available, including a series of six topotypes, shows
that this raccoon, while small, is not so diminutive as the type, a
rather unusually under-sized and not fully adult individual, seemed
to indicate. General comparisons point to intergradation with the
common raccoon of North America, through Procyon lotor cras-
sidens of Costa Rica, the next geographic race to the north, and
P. |. hernandezii of Mexico. The animal inhabiting the Canal
Zone, and differing essentially from the more northern continental
forms only in size, marks in this region the southern known limit
of the range of the P. Jotor group.

These raccoons are more numerous in the Canal Zone than the
larger so-called crab-eating species, Procyon cancrivorus panamensis,
which inhabits the same region. While generally distributed they
favor the vicinity of swamps and streams and share the crab-eating
habit with P. c. panamensis, as shown by stomachs examined. They
are more arboreal in habits, however, as evidenced by their sharper
claws and the fact that they were commonly found in trees while
the latter species was encountered on the ground. Several were shot
at night as they climbed about among the mangroves along the Moré
River near Porto Bello. They were located by their eyes which give
off deep red reflections under the glare of a hunting lamp. On one
occasion two were found close together in a tree, and when shot both
at once came tumbling with a great splash into the water near the
canoe.

Bangs (1902, p. 49) notes the species from Pedregal, Chiriqui,
where it was taken by W. W. Brown, Jr. Allen (1904, p. 77)
recorded a specimen taken by J. H. Batty at Boqueron.

152 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69 |

Specimens examined: Balboa, 6*; Boqueron, 1°; Gatun, 4;

Pedregal, 1°; Porto Bello, 2.

Subgenus EUPROCYON Gray
PROCYON CANCRIVORUS PANAMENSIS (Goldman)
Panama Crab-eating Raccoon: Mapachin
[Plate 33, figs. 1, ta]

Euprocyon cancrivorus panamensis GoLpMAN, Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. 60,
No. 22, pp. 15-16, February 28, 1913. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone,
Panama,

The Panama crab-eating raccoon differs from its North American
relative, of the subgenus Procyon, in the reversed direction of the
pelage of the nape; from a hair-whorl between the shoulders the
pelage is inclined forward, meeting the opposing pelage of the head
along a V-shaped line between the ears. It differs also in cranial
and dental characters, especially the more rounded molariform cusps
which are better adapted for crushing hard substances. The general
non-sectorial character of the dentition is shown in the upper car-
nassial where the trenchant commissure of the median outer cusp
and the postero-internal cusp present in the more northern species is
absent. '

The crab-eating raccoon is mainly South American in distribution,
but is represented as far north as the Canal Zone where it meets the
range of a southern form of the Procyon lotor group. In Panama™~
the altitudinal range is from sea level to 2,000 feet, as determined by
the capture of a specimen near Cana, on the slope of the Pirre
Mountains.

Several were shot at night along the banks of the Chagres River,
their eyes appearing deep red under the light of a hunting lamp.
Another specimen obtained was killed as it emerged from some tall
grass near the edge of a swamp whence it had been driven by a pack
of hounds. Stomachs examined contained fragments of fish and
crabs.

The so-called crab-eating raccoon is apparently less arboreal in
habits than Procyon lotor, the Panama representative of which is,
however, also a crab eater. Adaptation for a terrestrial life is shown
in the bluntness of the claws as compared with those of Procyon,
All of the specimens obtained were found upon the ground while
those of Procyon were usually located in trees.

* Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 153

The species was noted from as far north as Colon by Sclater
(1875, p. 421). Alston (1879, p. 69) probably referred to the same
material as Sclater in stating that “The Crab-eating Raccoon is
found as far north as Panama, whence living specimens have more
than once been received by the Zoological Society, and Veragua,
whence it has been obtained by M. Boucard.”

The native name mapachin is also applied to Procyon lotor pumilus.

Specimens examined: Cana, 1; Gatun, 3; Panama, 1°; Porto
Bello, 1.

Genus NASUA Storr. Coatis

The coatis are remarkable for the length and mobility of the snout
which projects forward well beyond the lower lip. The claws are
long and rather straight and blunt for such arboreal animals. The
ears are short and the tail long and tapering. The muzzle is whitish
or grayish, and two narrow whitish lines usually extend backward
along the face diverging gradually to enclose the eyes.

NASUA NARICA PANAMENSIS Allen
Panama Coati; Pisote
Nasua narica panamensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 51,
February 29, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama. :

The long projecting snout of the coati fully distinguishes it from
the other members of the general group to which it belongs.

Nasua narica, represented by several closely allied continental
forms, ranges throughout the tropical portions of Middle America
and ascends from sea level well up on the slopes of the higher
mountains. Variation in color and cranial details is remarkable and
to N. n. panamensis I provisionally refer the animal inhabiting the
region as far east as Cana. The material available is insufficient to
satisfactorily determine the exact status and relationships of this
subspecies, but it seems doubtfully recognizable from N. n. bullata
of Costa Rica.

Dr. Allen (J. c.) in describing the Panama form says that in
coloration it is “ not readily distinguishable from N. narica bullata,
being very dark and highly colored, but much smaller, and with
the bullae of the usual size for the narica group.” He adds:
“ N. narica panamensis probably differs very little in average colora-
tion from N. n. bullata, both forms presenting the usual wide indi-
vidual range of color-variation seen in all the forms of Nasua, but it

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

154 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

is apparently very much smaller, with the audital bullae nearly one-
half less. From N. narica it differs markedly through its much
darker general coloration, and still more so in this respect from the
forms of the more arid portions of Mexico.”

The coatis are largely arboreal in habits, but they appear to be
equally at home upon the ground. They are sociable animals and
commonly range about in parties or troops consisting of several old
females and younger animals of both sexes. The old males are met
with alone, and from their solitary habits are in many localities sup-
posed to be of a different species. They are referred to in Panama as
pisote solo to distinguish them from the more gregarious pisote de
manada. Under other native names the same distinction is made in
other parts of Middle America. '

The coatis are less strictly nocturnal in their activity than some of
the other members of the family. At Gatun several parties of from
five or six to a dozen individuals were seen roaming through the
forest during the morning and evening hours. During the heat of
the day they were occasionally startled from a resting place in the
trees, from which they tried to escape by running along large branches
and passing across into other trees,.or came bounding down and off
along the ground. When searching for food they carry their long
tails high in the air and move at a rather rapid pace, running here and
there, pausing a moment to paw up the ground or poke their long
noses into likely places and then hurrying on to overtake more
advanced members of the troop. They also ascend trees in quest of
food. Stomachs examined by me contained fruit pulp only, but they
probably have a diversified diet.

Belt * in Nicaragua observed a solitary pisote climb trees in pur-
suit of iguanas, the large tree lizards of the region, but they made
their escape by dropping to the ground and rushing off to another
tree. The pisote, “ however, seemed to take all his disappointments
with the greatest coolness, and continued the pursuit unflaggingly.
Doubtless experience had taught him that his perserverance would
ultimately be rewarded; that sooner or later he would surprise a
corpulent iguana fast asleep on some branch, and too late to drop
from his resting-place.” In Panama the iguanas congregate in num-
bers to feed on the flowers of certain trees, especially an Erythrina-
like species at Gatun ; at such times some of them would not be likely
to escape the sudden attack of a party of pisotes.

*The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 330, 1888.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 155

They are easily tamed and make entertaining pets. Their sense
of smell is keen as shown by one at Gatun that without offering to
bite would force his long snout into the spaces between my fingers
in order to reach a nut held in my clenched hand; but if I extended
my empty hand, clenched as before, he merely sniffed at it. When
hunted with dogs a whole party will quickly climb trees and pass
across from one tree to another until they reach a point where they
can go no farther in that direction. If one or more are shot the
others usually attempt to escape by running down the tree trunks ;
reaching the earth with a bound, they frequently avoid the waiting
dogs and go scampering off to another tree. If caught by the dogs,
they fight savagely, and slashing with their long, sharp tusks, often
inflict serious wounds.

Alston (1879, p. 75) notes the species as collected by M. Boucard
in Panama. Under the name Nasua narica specimens collected at
Boquete by W. W. Brown, Jr., were listed by Bangs (1902, p. 49)
who says: “ The nasuas separate naturally into many geographic
races. These, as proper material accumulates, are gradually coming
to be understood ; the name narica is used here provisionally.” These
specimens were referred to N. n. panamensis by Allen (1904, p. 77)
who says of them “ while they agree in color with bullata, they lack
the excessive development of the audital bulle seen in that form.”
All of the specimens from Panama are provisionally referred to
N. n. panamensis, but the audital bullz are very variable in size, in
some examples closely approaching those of N. n. bullata, and N. n.
panamensis may prove to be based on an unstable character. Anthony
(1916, p. 372) lists specimens from Boca de Cupe; Real de Santa
Maria, Tacarcuna and Tapalisa.

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 1°; Boquete, 6*; Boqueron,
1*; Cana, 1; Gatun, 2; Real de Santa Maria, 1*; Tacarcuna, 2°;
Tapalisa, 4*; Volcan de Chiriqui, 1.

Genus BASSARICYON Allen

In external appearance Bassaricyon closely resembles Potos, the
short ears, short face, rounded head and general proportions being
about the same. The tail, however, unlike that of Potos, is non-
prehensile, somewhat flattened like that of a squirrel, and instead of
tapering is long-haired to the tip. In cranial characters Bassaricyon
and Potos are widely different. The known range of the genus is

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

156 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

from Ecuador to Nicaragua, and in Panama it ascends from sea level
to 5,000 feet altitude. Two closely allied forms occur within our
limits.
BASSARICYON GABBII GABBII Allen
Bushy-tailed Olingo
[Bassaricyon] gabbii ALLEN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 23,
April 18, 1876. Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica.

The known forms of the genus agree closely in essential characters
and may prove to be geographic races all assignable subspecifically to
Bassaricyon gabbu. The distinguishing characteristics of the species
are the same as those given for the genus, but the grayer color of the
face when contrasted with that of Potos may be pointed out as an
additional aid in avoiding confusion with that genus.

Bassaricyon has been regarded as a rare animal, but the fact that
it was met with at several localities and on several occasions at a
single locality in Panama leads me to believe that it is rather common.
While much less abundant than Potos its apparent rarity may have
been due to failure in some instances to distinguish it from that
animal when specimens were chosen, and to a lack of knowledge of
its habits.

As in many other groups cranial modifications furnish more
reliable differential characters than color. No material showing the
color of B. gabbii at the type locality is available, but a specimen
from near Gatun agrees very closely in cranial details with the type
and coming, as it does, from within the same general faunal area
may be regarded as typical. In this specimen the face is gray as
usual in the genus, and not at all like Huet’s (1883, pl. I) figure of
the animal from ‘‘ Caimito, dans la province de Correo, un peu au
nord de Panama ” (=the vicinity of Chorrera, about 17 miles south-
west of Panama) and only about 30 miles from Gatun. Huet’s
figures of the skull, on the other hand, agree well with the type of
B. gabbui and on geographic grounds might be expected to represent
that species. Since the skulls from Gatun and near Chorrera agree
closely with that of the type, typical B. gabbii is assumed to range
from Costa Rica eastward to the Canal Zone. In eastern Panama
typical B. gabbu is replaced by subspecies B. gabbii orinomus from
which it differs in more brownish color, shorter postorbital processes,
larger audital bulla, and correspondingly narrower basioccipital.

The species seems to be arboreal and owing to nocturnal activity
is likely to be overlooked unless special search is made for it. While
using a hunting lamp one night in the forest along the lower course

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 157

a

of the Chagres River near Gatun one of these animals was located

by the glare of its eyes in a tree top. When it was shot and dropped
to the ground short muffled squeaking sounds and rustling branches
were heard as several others, assumed to be of the same species,
climbed rapidly away through the trees. The stomach of the example
taken contained a small quantity of the pulp of some unidentifiable
fruit. Several native hunters readily identified the specimen as an
olingo, a name they apply also to Potos, and I found that they made
no distinction between the two animals.
Specimens examined: Near Gatun, 1; Corozal, I.

BASSARICYON GABBII ORINOMUS Goldman
Panama Bushy-tailed Olingo
[Plate 34, figs. -1, 1a]

Bassariscyon [sic] gabbi orinomus GoLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60,
No. 2, pp. 16-17, September 20,1912. Type from Cana, eastern Panama
(altitude 1,800 feet). :

The form of Bassaricyon gabbii inhabiting the mountains of
eastern Panama differs from typical B. g. gabbii of Costa Rica,
western Panama and the Canal Zone in more tawny or paler fulvous,
less brownish, coloration. It differs also in combination of cranial
characters, the basioccipital being broader, the postorbital processes
longer, more projecting, and the audital bullze decidedly smaller.

It was met with on several occasions while hunting at night in the
forest at about 2,000 feet near Cana, always among the upper
branches of trees, its eyes appearing in the narrow field of light
projected by the acetylene gas burner like those of Potos. In fact
I rarely knew what animal I fired at until it came tumbling to the
ground. The eyes are of course visible only when the animal has an
unobstructed view toward the hunter, and unless a quick and effective
shot is fired the game is apt to be lost. Like Potos these animals
climb about in small parties; two were shot in the same tree and
several others were heard making off. On one occasion a Bassari-
cyon was killed and another shot fired a moment later at a pair of
eyes in the same tree brought down an example of Potos. Both
species had, as the contents of their stomachs showed, been attracted
by the ripening fruit in the top of the tree, a tall species unknown to
me. A Bassaricyon shot at 5,000 feet near the summit of Mount
Pirre was in the act of passing from the top of one tall tree to
another. *

Specimens examined: Cana, 5; Mount Pirre, 1.

158 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69 |

Genus POTOS Geoffroy and Cuvier. Kinkajous

The kinkajous have short ears, short faces, rounded heads and
bear a remarkable external resemblance to Bassaricyon, but are
distinguishable by the round tapering, short-haired, prehensile tail.
The tail perhaps furnishes the most convenient differential char-
acters, but others are revealed by close inspection. The general color
and proportions are similar, but Potos is a larger, more robust
animal, and the face similar to the back in color; in Bassaricyon the
face is grayish. The genus, a preéminently arboreal one, ranges
northward in Middle America to the tropical portions of southern
Mexico. Two forms are represented in Panama.

POTOS FLAVUS ISTHMICUS Goldman
Isthmian Kinkajou; Cusimbi
[Plate 34, figs. 2, 2a]

Potos flavus isthmicus GoLtpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22,
pp. 14-15, February 28, 1913. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount
Pirre, eastern Panama (altitude 5,200 feet).

The Isthmian kinkajou is a rather common animal in the moun-
tains of eastern Panama, being replaced farther west by the Chiriqui
form of the group. Its known altitudinal range is from at least
1,000 feet on the slope to 5,200 feet near the summit of Mount Pirre.
Contrasted with P. f. chiriquensis the present subspecies differs in
the possession of a distinct black dorsal stripe; the skull is narrower
interorbitally, the postorbital processes stouter, broader and more
gradually tapering toward the base, instead of peg-like. The
Isthmian race combines the color pattern of some of the South
American forms with the heavier dentition of the Middle American
forms.

The specimens obtained were all shot in trees at night, their eyes
appearing reddish in color under the glare of the hunting lamp.
Small parties or family groups are attracted by fruit and apparently
revisit the same trees to feed night after night. This habit seemed
to be shown by my meeting with them in the same vicinity on several
occasions, and fallen fragments of fruit seen early in the morning
indicated that frequent visits, presumably of these animals, were
made. On approaching trees in which they were working a squeak-
ing noise was commonly heard, coupled more rarely with short
peculiar barks.

Under the name Potos flavus chiriquensis Anthony (1916, p. 372)
lists specimens from Tapalisa (altitude 1,000 feet), and Tacarcuna

“

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 159

(altitude 2,650 to 5,200 feet). Concerning them, he says: ‘“ Two
were taken from a hollow tree at Tacarcuna, two were shot by moon-
light and with the jack light at the upper camp on Tacarcuna, and
others were secured from the natives. At the upper camp this species
came nightly to feed on what seemed to be a variety of wild fig, a
fruit about the size of a man’s thumb, with a pink center. Shortly
after sun down, a small band of probably eight to a dozen individuals
would be heard coming into the fruit trees. They travelled entirely
through the trees and did not descend to the ground. Quantities of
dead twigs and debris were shaken down by their weight, and their
progress could be thus noted when the moving branches could not
be seen.

“The eyes of the Kinkajou (‘Cusumbi’ or ‘ Manteja,’ native
names) shine strongly red under the jack light. One was eaten and
its flesh proved to be quite palatable. A nasal, grunting sound was
the only call heard.”

Specimens examined: Cana, 4; Mount Pirre (type locality), 4;
Tacarcuna, 4°; Tapalisa, 3.

POTOS FLAVUS CHIRIQUENSIS Allen
Chiriqui Kinkajou; Olingo
Potos flavus chiriquensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 72,
February 29, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.

The Chiriqui kinkajou inhabits the western part of the republic
and ranges as far east at least as the Canal Zone. It is replaced in
eastern Panama by P. f. isthmicus which is distinguished by the
possession of a distinct black dorsal stripe and a different combina-
tion of cranial characters, especially the narrower interorbital region
and stouter more gradually tapering, less peg-like postorbital proc-
esses. The striking general resemblance of the species of Potos to
those of Bassaricyon has been mentioned in the remarks on the genus.

A series of specimens from the vicinity of Gatun includes adults
and young of both sexes showing a wide range of variation in the
intensity of the general yellowish tawny color. A trace of the dark
median dorsal stripe, which is more distinct in Potos flavus isthmicus,
seems to indicate gradation toward that form.

The Chiriqui kinkajou seems to be one of the more common
mammals of the region, but owing to nocturnal habits it is little
known. Examples were obtained by shooting them from trees in the
heavy forest where by the light of a hunting lamp their eyes were

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

II
+

160 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

seen flashing among the branches. They hunt in small parties and
several may sometimes be killed in a single tree. When approached
a short, rather hoarse barking sound is sometimes given and a
rustling noise may be heard as they climb or leap from branch to
branch. Several kinds of wild fruits were found in the stomachs
examined, including a common leguminous species known as
“guava.” Fruit seems to be their principal diet, but they doubtless
feed on many other things. One partially filled stomach contained
mainly fragments of large insects, but included small Coleopterous
species swallowed entire. These kinkajous are easily tamed and
often kept as pets, although they are inactive and remain curled up in
a corner during the day, and are inclined to be mischievous at night.
A rather young individual, which had recently been caught in the
forest, climbed to my shoulder and sat with its long tail coiled about

my neck.
Bangs (1902, p..49) listed specimens collected by W. W. Brown,
Jr., at Bogava and remarks: “I do not think the Central American

form is the same as true P. caudivolvulus of Surinam, but I have
not sufficient material to decide the question.” Under the name
Potos flavus megalotis, Thomas (1903a, p. 40) recorded specimens
probably referable to P. f. chiriquensis from Parida, Sevilla, and
Almijas, all small islands near the southern coast of western Panama.

The name applied to the animal hy natives of the Canal Zone is,

“ olingo.”’
Specimens examined: Boqueron, 67; Bogava, 37; Gatun, 15.

Family MUSTELIDAE. Weasels, Tayras, Grisons, Skunks,
Otters, etc.

The family, as restricted within our limits, includes a weasel of
the familiar type, the tayra and grison, large powerful weasel-like
animals, a long-nosed skunk, and an otter.

Subfamily MUSTELINAE. Weasels
Genus MUSTELA Linnaeus. Weasels

The weasels, mainly boreal in distribution, are represented in the
region by a single form which ranges well into South America. Its
small size, elongated body, short limbs, and hairy soles of hind feet
distinguish it from the other carnivores of the region. The white
facial markings present in the northern forms are absent or barely
indicated by a few white hairs in front of the ears.

4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

.) MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 161

Subgenus MUSTELA Linnezus
MUSTELA AFFINIS COSTARICENSIS Goldman
Costa Rican Bridled Weasel
Mustela costaricensis GOLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25, p. 9,
January 23, 1912. Type from San José, Costa Rica.

The weasel of Panama may, be referred to the Costa Rican sub-
species of Mustela affinis, but is somewhat darker than the typical
form and in the smaller skull, with less elongated braincase and
relatively smaller, more flattened audital bullae, approaches M. f.
affinis of Colombia. It seems to be distributed nearly througlfout the
republic, and the localities for specimens show an altitudinal range
from sea level to over 5,000 feet.

Specimens were taken by me in traps. At Gatun one was attracted
to a trap baited with the feathered body of a dead bird. Near the
summit of Mount Pirre, on visiting a spot where I had placed a trap
for small rodents under shelter of the wide spreading aerial roots
of a tree, I found that some animal had carried off the trap; but
bristles and some viscera of Heteromys left on the ground showed
that some carnivorous species had anticipated me. A steel trap was
set in the same place, and next morning held a weasel which bit
savagely at the toe of my shoe when extended to within reach.

Under the name Mustela brasiliensis, Alston (1879, p. 78) records
the species as obtained in Panama by M. Boucard. Bangs (1902,
p. 49) referred to Putorius affinis three specimens collected at 4,000
to 5,800 feet near Boquete by W. W. Brown, Jr. He found that the
examples agreed very well with Gray’s description, but varied some-
what among themselves in color; a young individual had a wholly
black head while the two adults had small irregular (not the same on
both sides) white patches, behind the eye, in front of the ear, and
above the corner of the mouth. The chins were white in all three,
and the rest of the under parts varying shades of orange rufous.
A specimen also from Boquete, taken by J. H. Batty, was assigned
to P. affinis by Allen (1904, p. 72) who noted a similar irregularity
of the white markings. He says “ on the right side of the head are a
few white hairs, scattered singly over the whole side of the head
from eye to ear; on the left is a very small oblong white spot just
behind the eye, and another somewhat larger white spot in front of
the lower base of the ear.”

Partial or complete obliteration of the white facial markings
usually present in weasels of this group is also shown in the speci-
mens collected by me, in one of which the face is entirely black

162 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

while in the other there are small, very narrow elongated patches
of white hairs in front of the ears.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 4°; Mount Pirre, 1; Rio Indio
(near Gatun), 1.

Subfamily MELINAE. Tayras, Skunks
Genus TAYRA Oken. Tayras

The genus Tayra, as represented in Panama, is a large weasel-like
animal, black in general color, but with the head and neck brown.
The single form known from the region is a link in a chain of sub-
species extending from South America north to southern Mexico.

TAYRA BARBARA BIOLOGIAE (Thomas)
Panama Tayra
Galictis barbara biologiae Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 5,
p. 146, January, 1900. Type from Calovevora, Veragua, Panama.

The tayra is the largest and most powerful Middle American
member of the family. In its several forms it ranges uninterruptedly
from South America north to Southern Mexico. The Panama race
was based on a female from Calovevora which Thomas (J. c.)
regarded as a smaller animal than 7. b. senex of Mexico. Compari-
son of fully adult males, however, seems to indicate that the reverse
is true. TJ. b. biologie differs otherwise from T. b. senex in the ~
brownish instead of grayish head and neck. An adult male from
Chunchumayo, Peru, assumed to represent 7. b. peruana Tschudi
seems to differ from T. b. biologie in the lighter color of the head
and neck and somewhat smaller skull with noticeably smaller teeth.

A fine male, without a breast spot, obtained at Gatun, was shot one
day as it slowly descended the trunk of a tree in the forest. No
others were observed by me, but the species is not infrequently killed
by hunters. I saw several skins taken by American hunters at Gatun
who, for lack of a better vernacular name, referred to the animals
as “black cats.”

Under the specific name Galictis barbara, Alston (1879, p. 80)
mentions specimens received by the Zoological Society of London
from Panama. Bangs (1902, p. 49) in noting a specimen collected
for him at Bugaba by W. W. Brown, Jr., says: “ The black-headed
Central American form is a very strongly marked subspecies.”
Anthony (1916, p. 372) lists specimens from Tacarcuna and Tapalisa,
exhibiting considerable range of individual variation, especially in

* Three in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

4
&
v

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 163

the color of the head. He says: ‘ Upon the one occasion when this
animal was encountered by our party, I found it to be most interest-
ing, it having marked resemblance in behavior to our northern
weasels and martens. It was exceedingly curious and unafraid.”

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 1*; Gatun, 1; Tacarcuna, 3°;
Tapalisa, 3.”

Genus GRISON Oken. Grisons

The genus Grison includes a large, weasel-like animal, smaller,
however, than Tayra and differing conspicuously in color. A broad
white line extends across the forehead, over the ears and on to the
sides of the neck ; the limbs and the face to above the eyes are black ;
the back is mixed black and gray, producing a grizzled effect. The
line across the forehead suggests the white facial markings com-
monly present in the weasels. The soles of the hind feet, unlike those
of the weasels, are naked.

GRISON CANASTER (Nelson)
Yucatan Grison
Galictis canaster Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 14, p. 129,
August 9, 1901. Type from near Tunkas, Yucatan.

A grison was shot one night on or near the ground in the forest at
1,800 feet altitude near Cana. It was located by the glare of its eyes
in the field of light projected from a hunting lamp, but the identity of
the animal was not suspected until it was picked up. The example,
a female, is provisionally referred to G. canaster, the type of which
is now in the collection of the Biological Survey. It closely resembles
G. canaster except that the dark element of the pelage is nearly pure
black instead of dark brown; but the type of G. canaster was mounted
and probably exposed to the light for several years during which time
it may have faded. In comparing the skull of this female specimen
with that of the type of G. canaster, a male, differences noted in the
size of the teeth are those usually found when Mustelidz of opposite
sexes are examined. A specimen in the National Museum from
Talamanca, Costa Rica, agrees closely in all essential respects with
the one from Panama and may be referred to the same form, While
the Middle American specimens may conditionally be assigned to
G. canaster of Yucatan, the relationship of that form to typical
G. allamandi Bell and to G. crassidens Nehring * of Brazil is some-

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

*For discussion of these forms see Nehring, Sitzungsber. der Gesellsch.
naturforsch. Freunde,zu Berlin, pp. 209-216, Nov. 19, 1901.

164 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

what problematical owing to the absence of adequate material for
comparison. The Middle American animal is much grayer above
than G. allamandi, as shown in the figure accompanying the descrip-
tion,’ and the white of the frontal region passes rather gradually into
the grayish color of the top of the head, there being no sharp line of
demarcation as indicated in the figure of G. allamandi

Specimens examined: Cana, I.

Genus CONEPATUS Gray. Skunks

In this genus of skunk the snout is very long, projecting well
beyond the lower jaw, with a large naked pad on the upper side.
The claws of the front feet are long and stout and the soles of the
hind feet are naked to the heels. The tail is rather short. The
skunks of the genus Conepatus are by their structure better fitted for
rooting in the ground than are the members of the more boreal
genera Mephitis and Spilogale.

Subgenus MARPUTIUS Gray
CONEPATUS TROPICALIS TRICHURUS Thomas
Panama Skunk
Conepatus tropicalis trichurus Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 15,
p. 585, June, 1905. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude 4,000
feet).

The Panama skunk is described as apparently similar to Conepatus
tropicalis tropicalis of Mexico, but with a decidedly longer tail, the
black element of which is restricted to a shorter area at the base.
The white dorsal stripes are also represented as shorter. The fur
of the back is coarse, sparse, not very long and “less mixed with
wool-hairs than in C. mapurito ” of South America.

The species was based on five specimens from western Panama
and Costa Rica, of which the type was collected by H. J. Watson
on the Volcan de Chiriqui.

Two specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Boquete were
recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 48) as Conepatus mapurito. Under
the same name Allen (1904, p. 72) noted an example taken by
J. H. Batty at Boqueron.

No skunks were met with by me in the Darien region of eastern
Panama, but native hunters reported their rare occurrence in the
vicinity of Cana.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 17; Boquete (type locality), 2.3

* Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., Vol. 2, pp. 204-205, pl. 35, 1837. (Also described
in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, pp. 47-49.)

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

7

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 165

Subfamily LUTRINAE. Otters
Genus LUTRA Brisson. Otters

The otter is aquatic in habits and differs conspicuously in appear-
ance from all the other mammals of the region. The body is
elongated and supple and the limbs are short as usual in the family ;
the ears are very short, the tail is rather long, tapering, and somewhat
flattened. The otter is much prized for its beautiful fur. Unlike
the forms of the more northern L. canadensis group the otters of
Middle America have the nose pad haired to near the upper border
of the nostrils ; the soles of the feet are entirely naked; the tufts of
hair under the toes and the granular tubercles present on the soles
of the hind feet in L. canadensts are absent.

LUTRA REPANDA Goldman
Panama Otter; Nutria
[Plate 35, figs. 1, 1a]
Lutra repanda GotpMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, p. 3, March 14,
1914. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).

The otters inhabiting the general region as far west at least as the
Canal Zone and from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude or higher belong
toa rather small species much more closely allied to L. colombiana of
Colombia than to the other known Middle American forms. It
apparently differs from L. colombiana in a number of cranial details,
the rostrum and interorbital space being narrower; the lachrymal
eminence more prominent, projecting as a distinct process on the
anterior border of the orbit ; the jugal less expanded vertically ; the
palate reaching farther posteriorly beyond the molars; the upper
carnassial narrower, with the inner lobe less produced posteriorly,
leaving a gap which is absent in the type of L. colombiana; the upper
molar narrower, with the posteroexternal cusp set inward giving the
crown a less evenly rectangular outline. Contrasted with that of
L. latidens of Nicaragua, the skull is very much smaller and the two
appear to be specifically distinct.

The specimens secured were brought to me by hunters who re-
ported seeing them in small streams where they were shot during the
day. According to the natives otters occur rather sparingly along
small streams throughout the region. Near the mouth of the Chagres
River they live along the banks of creeks up which the tide runs for
some distance.

Under the name Lutra felina, Alston (1879, p. 86) records the
otter as received through M. Boucard from Panama. Anthony

166 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

(1916, p. 372) in listing specimens from Tapalisa says: “I shot
one near the junction of the Rio Tapalisa and the Rio Tacarcuna, but
the wounded animal was lost in the rapid stream. Indian hunters
brought in two.” The animal is known as nutria to natives of the
Canal Zone.

Specimens examined: Cana, 1; Gatun, 1; Tapalisa, 2.*

Family FELIDAE. Cats

The cats of the region under review are comprised in two genera;
the genus Felis, which is well represented by the jaguar, the puma,
the ocelot, and the long-tailed spotted cat ; and the genus Herpailurus
including only the yagouaroundi.

Genus FELIS Linnaeus. Cats
The cats assigned to the genus Felis vary considerably in size and
color. The jaguar, the ocelot, and the long-tailed spotted cat are
recognizable by their profusely spotted color pattern; the puma is
fairly familiar as a big plain colored animal.

FELIS ONCA CENTRALIS Mearns
Central American Jaguar; Tigre
Felis centralis MEARNS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 14, p. 130, August
9, 1901. Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica.
The jaguar, the largest of American cats, ranges from far south
in South America narth through the tropical parts of Middle

America and occasionally reaches the southern United States.

Several forms, apparently geographic races assignable to a single
species, have been described, but their exact relationships are im-
perfectly known. F. o. centralis seems to be a comparatively small
subspecies.

No specimens were obtained by me, but tracks probably of this
subspecies were seen along the forested banks of the Rio Tuyra a
few miles above Real de Santa Maria. Anthony (1916, p. 371)
records a specimen killed by an Indian hunter at Boca de Cupe. The
jaguar is well known as “tigre” to native hunters and is said by
them to occur here and there throughout the region, favoring dis-
tricts where deer and peccaries are abundant. Imperfect skins from
indefinite localities were seen in the market in the city of Panama.
Black individuals, doubtless melanistic examples, are to be found
occasionally in the Darien region. They are supposed by some to be
a distinct species known as “tigre negro.”

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 167

While the jaguar is large and powerful enough to be very dan-
gerous, I was unable to learn of an authentic case of an unprovoked
attack on man. When surrounded it is said to fight stubbornly and
sometimes kills dogs used in the chase. But even when harried by
hounds it prefers to keep moving, seeking to escape to the densest
parts of the forest. In order to avoid dogs the jaguar may climb
into trees where it is easily approached and shot. At Chepo I learned
that wandering jaguars periodically kill cattle ranging on the savan-
nas between that point and the city of Panama.

The occurrence of the species in the Canal Zone was noted by
Maack (1874, p. 171) who in the course of his extended journey saw
one only, near the railway between Buenavista and Bohio. He says:
“TI came to within about twelve paces of it, but as soon as the animal
saw me it ran away. It seems that these larger cats (referring in
part to the ocelot) are very shy and cowardly, and prefer the most
concealed life in the very middle of the forests.”

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 1.’

FELIS PARDALIS MEARNSI Allen
Mearns’ Ocelot; Manigordo; Tigre Chico
Felis mearnsi ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 71, February
29, 1904. (Substitute for F. costaricensis Mearns, which is preoccupied
by F. bangsi costaricensis Merriam.) Type from Talamanca, Costa
Rica. (Probably from near Sipurio in the valley of the Rio Sicsola.)
The ocelot is the most abundant of the spotted cats of Middle
America. F. p. mearnsi is a large southern form of the F. pardalis
group easily distinguished from the jaguar by much smaller size and
the presence of about four parallel black stripes on the nape and
oblique stripes near the shoulders. In the jaguar these areas are
black spotted instead of striped. While the two animals are widely
different in size large ocelot skins represented to be those of the
jaguar are sometimes sold at high prices to unsuspecting purchasers
who may by noting the above markings avoid deception. The ocelot
of Panama closely resembles the long-tailed spotted cat of the same
region in profusely spotted and striped coloration, but is a much
larger more robust animal with a shorter tail; the tail of the ocelot
measures about 350 millimeters while that of the long-tailed spotted
cat as represented by the type is 440 millimeters in length.
Several ocelots were seen during the day resting among the
branches of trees. When approached they usually tried to escape by
climbing slowly_and stealthily out of sight, but when discovery

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

168 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

became certain they ran down the trunks of the trees to the ground
and, unless killed by a quick shot, promptly disappeared in the
forest. On several occasions while hunting in the forest I had
glimpses of ocelots crossing small openings among the trees, but none
were encountered while using a hunting lamp at night.

Bangs (1902, p. 48) records the collection of a fine adult male at
4,000 feet altitude near Boquete by W. W. Brown, Jr. Under the
name Felis mearnsi, proposed as a substitute for Felis costaricensis
Mearns (which proved to be preoccupied by F. bangsi costaricensis
Merriam for the puma), Allen (1904, p. 71) notes a specimen
obtained by J. H. Batty at Boqueron. Anthony (1916, p. 371) lists
a specimen from Real de Santa Maria.

Native names for the ocelot in the Canal Zone are “ manigordo ”
and “ tigre chico,” the former also used in Costa Rica for the same
animal and meaning literally thick paws, in allusion to its large feet.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 1*; Boquete, 1*; Gatun, 3;
Mount Pirre, 1; Punta de Pefia (near Bocas del Toro), 1; Real de
Santa Maria, I.

FELIS PIRRENSIS Goldman
Panama Long-tailed Spotted Cat
[Plate 36, figs. 1, Ia]
Felis pirrensis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, p. 4, March 14,
1914. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).

This species closely resembles the ocelot in heavily spotted and
striped coloration, but differs in more slender form and longer tail ;
the tail of the type measures 440 millimeters in length (nearly 100
millimeters more than is usual in the ocelot).

In the original description I provisionally referred this animal
to the little-known F. pardinoides group, with the remark that “ in
size it seems nearer to the F. wiedt group, but it lacks the reversed
pelage of nape commonly ascribed to that group.” I have since
become convinced that the direction taken by the pelage of the nape
is apt to be untrustworthy as a distinctive character; the animal is
more probably a large member of the F. wiedit group which is rep-
resented farther north in Middle America by F. glaucula, a smaller,
grayer colored animal. It is to this group of spotted cats that the
name Felis tigrina seems to have been applied by writers on the cats
of Middle America, a name which in the light of present knowledge

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

|

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 169

scarcely seems entitled to a place in our faunal lists. Although
inhabiting the same region as the ocelots, the spotted cats of this
group are rather rare as evinced by the small number of speci-
mens that have found their way into collections.

The specimen on which the species is based was brought to me by a
hunter who shot it in the forest near Cana. It had been dis-
emboweled and the hunter reported finding its stomach well filled
with undigested pieces of a large opossum, Didelphis marsupialis
etensis.

Specimens examined: Cana, I (type).

FELIS BANGSI COSTARICENSIS Merriam
Central American Puma; Leén
Felis bangsi costaricensis MERRIAM, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 3,
p. 596, December 11, 1901. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

Among American cats the pumas or mountain lions are second
only to the jaguars in point of size. They are easily distinguished by
large size, and the absence of body markings, except in very young
individuals.

A number of forms have been described, but their relationships
_are little known. Collectively they range from southern Patagonia
to southern Canada and ascend from sea level to the upper slopes
of high mountains. While the forms vary considerably in general
size and cranial details, no two appear to inhabit the same area and
many facts point to the probability that all are geographic races of
Felis concolor Linneus. The animal has figured prominently in
stories of adventure in many regions, but is much less dangerous than
is commonly believed. Some popular misconception in regard to it
is due to the various vernacular names, such as puma, cougar, panther
and mountain lion which are supposed by many to apply to distinct
species which may occur at the same localities. Throughout Middle
America the animal is generally known to the natives as “ leén.”

The Central American puma is characterized by rather small size
and rich reddish coloration. It occurs here and there throughout
Panama, but is rarely seen. On the stock ranges of the savanna
region near the Pacific coast horses and calves are said to be attacked
and killed by pumas, but such incidents are apparently of rare occur-
rence. Like the jaguar the puma is said to follow the deer and
peccaries and is most likely to be found in localities where these
animals are abundant.

The type of F! b. costaricensis was collected by W. W. Brown, Jr.,
for Outram Bangs at 4,000 feet altitude near Boquete on the southern

170 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui. An example from the bank of the
Bayano River, 10 miles above the. mouth of the Mamoni River, was
shot by H. B. Johnson of the Canal Zone police, who reported find-
ing it crouched on the ground and in the act of stalking a deer.
The specimen is similar to the type in rich reddish color. A skin
without skull obtained by J. H. Batty at Boquete is recorded by Allen
(1904, p. 70), who says of it: “This specimen agrees with
Dr. Merriam’s description of the type, from Boquete. The sides are
bright reddish; the median dorsal region is much darker—or dark
reddish chestnut—as is also the dorsal area of the tail; the tail
darkens apically, so that the apical half is decidedly blackish, the
tip being wholly black for the terminal two inches. The inguinal
region is pure white, a small pectoral area whitish, and the interven-
ing region is like the flanks but much paler. Fur between toe pads
black; ears almost wholly black, the usual lighter areas being
brownish black and the rest deep black.”

Specimens examined: Bayano River, 1 ; Boqueron, 1°; Boquete, 1."

Genus HERPAILURUS Severtzow

The single species referable to this genus, commonly accorded
subgeneric rank only, is a small, slender, long-tailed cat, with variable
but unspotted coloration, ranging from Paraguay northward through
the warmer parts of middle America to southern Texas. Generic
distinction seems well shown in the skull. Contrasted with Felis the
more differential characters are the elongation and lateral compres-
sion of the cranium, accompanied by the greater elevation of the
rostrum in combination with the relatively short canines, the height
of the latter being less than that of the anterior nares. Unlike normal

7

Felis the outer instead of the inner side of the upper sectorial is —

longest owing to the suppressed or vestigial condition of the proto-
cone. The foramen ovale is placed well behind the level of the
glenoid cavity, a position unusual among cats, and apparently asso-
ciated with the elongation of the braincase.

HERPAILURUS YAGOUAROUNDI PANAMENSIS (Allen)
Yagouaroundi; Panama Gray and Red Cat
Felis panamensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20) spiegi
February 20, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.
Herpailurus yagouaroundi seems to be a dichromatic species pre-
senting gray and red color phases of varying tone. H. y. panamensis
is a dark geographic race of which the only known specimens are

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

-

BNO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 171

in the grayish phase, the dark brown or black and the buffy gray
elements of the pelage being finely mixed and producing a grizzled
effect; but individuals of the less common reddish phase may be
expected to occur in the region.

A specimen obtained in the forest near Cana was shot by one of my
assistants who found it in a tree. Alfaro’ states that in Costa Rica
this animal is called “leédn miquero” because of its fondness for
travelling over the branches of large forest trees. Alston (1879,
p. 63) states that “M. Boucard has received the Yaguarundi from
Veragua.”

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 1* (type) ; Cana, 1; Empire, 1;
Lion Hill, 1.°

Order INSECTIVORA. §Insectivores
Family SORICIDAE. Shrews

The shrews are small mouse-like creatures, distinguished ex-
ternally by short, dense, very dark colored fur, long, pointed noses,
tiny feet, and in our southern groups, inconspicuous ears. In
America the family reaches its greatest development in more
northerly latitudes and a single genus is known from Panama.

Subfamily SORICINAE. Shrews
Genus CRYPTOTIS Pomel. Shrews

The shrews of this genus inhabit mainly the mountains of middle
America, but at least one species ranges at low elevations in the
southern United States and several have been described from north-
western South America. The single species found in Panama is
perhaps the smallest four-footed mammal of the region. The skull
is low and flat, without zygomata or audital bullae; the teeth are
30 in number.

CRYPTOTIS MERUS Goldman
Mount Pirre Shrew
[Plate 37, figs. 1, 1a]

Cryptotis merus GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 2, p. 17, Sep-
tember 20, 1912, Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre,
eastern Panama (altitude 4,500 feet).

The discovery of this small black shrew close to the Colombian

frontier materially extends the known range of the Cryptotis me.xi-

*Mamiferos de Costa Rica, 1897, p. 17.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

|

'
;

172 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69 #

cana group eastward from Costa Rica. The group is represented in
Costa Rica by C. orophila Allen, which differs from C. merus in
somewhat larger size, decidedly larger claws, paler color, and in
cranial details. No shrews are known from western Panama, but
one or more species doubtless inhabit the Volcan de Chiriqui.

Three specimens of the present species were trapped under logs
on steep banks at from 4,500 to 5,000 feet altitude near the head-
waters of the Rio Limon. The banks of streams in this vicinity are
very wet and heavily overgrown with ferns.

Specimens examined: Three, from the type locality.

Order CHTROPTERA, Baits
Family EMBALLONURIDAE. Sac-winged Bats; White Bats

The bats of this family are slender species, with large interfemoral
membrane perforated by the tail which appears on the upper surface
a short distance from the edge. The limbs are very slender, the fore-
arm strongly curved. Most of the genera have glandular sacs or
recesses in the antebrachial membranes. These sacs are well de-
veloped and conspicuous in the males, but are more rudimentary and
inconspicuous in the females and for this sex do not, therefore,
always furnish satisfactory distinguishing characters. Some of the
genera are marked by two parallel whitish dorsal stripes ; others are
plain, dark colored, and the genus Diclidurus is white. The post-
orbital processes are long and curved, except in the genus Diclidurus,
in which they are very short and straight. There is no nose leaf.

Subfamily EMBALLONURINAE
Genus RHYNCHISCUS Miller

The genus Rhynchiscus includes diminutive, butterfly-like bats
with remarkably long, projecting noses. As in the genus Saccopteryx
there are whitish dorsal stripes, but unlike the other genera of the
subfamily inhabiting the region, there are no wing sacs. Perhaps
the most readily distinctive characters are the haired tibia and tufts
of grayish fur placed at intervals along the outer side of the forearm.
The teeth are 32 in number. A single known species ranges from
Brazil to Mexico.

RHYNCHISCUS NASO PRISCUS G. M. Allen
Mexican Long-nosed Bat
Rhynchiscus naso priscus G. M. ALLEN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 27,
p. 100, July to, 1914. Type from Xcopen, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
The Mexican long-nosed bat is a small species (forearm about
38.5) with two whitish stripes extending along the back much as in

‘NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 173

_ the species of Saccopteryx. It is smaller than the latter, however, and

easily distinguished by the buffy gray instead of glossy brown gen-
eral color, and the characters given for the genus.

Fic. 1.—Rhynchiscus naso priscus.
No. 179843, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size,

Specimens from Panama are apparently somewhat intermediate in
characters, but referable to this recently described subspecies, which
differs from typical R. naso of Brazil most notably in the form of the
anterior upper premolar.

A colony of 13 individuals was found suspended from the under
side of a concrete bridge on the Panama Railroad about half a mile
north of Corozal. They occupied a strongly lighted space about two
feet in diameter, and were conspicuous against the light-colored
background of masonry. Ten specimens, now in the Field Museum
of Natural History, were collected at Lagartera on the Rio Trinidad
by Dr. S. E. Meek.

Specimens examined: Corozal, 13; Lagartera, 10.

Genus SACCOPTERYX Illiger

The sac-winged bats usually encountered belong to this genus.
Whitish dorsal stripes are present as in Rhynchiscus, but the tibia
and forearm are naked instead of clothed with grayish tufts of fur
as in that genus. Glandular sacs are conspicuous in the wings of the
males, but are less easily detected in those of the females. The genus
is similar to Centronycteris, but more robyst in general structure
and the skull differs in the greater lateral expansion of the lower
border of the orbit, which overhangs and hides the toothrow when
viewed from above. The ears are moderately long, narrow and
pointed. The teeth are 32 in number. Two species of the genus
range in Panama.

SACCOPTERYX BILINEATA BILINEATA (Temminck)
Greater White-lined Bat

Urocryptus bilineatus TeEmmiInck, Vander Hoeven’s Tijdsch. Natuurlij,
Gesch., Vol. 5, p. 33, pl. 2, figs. 3-4, 1838-1839. Type from Surinam,
Dutch Guiana.

Like the still smaller species Saccopteryx leptura, which it very

closely resembles, this small bat has two white longitudinal stripes
near the center of the back. It is not unlike Rhynchiscus naso in the

174 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

arrangement of the stripes, but is larger (forearm about 47.5 mm.)
and the general color glossy brown or black instead of buffy gray.
The males possess a well-developed glandular sac in the antebrachial
membrane near the inner side of the forearm; in the females this
sac may be difficult to find. Specimens from Panama appear to
represent typical S. bilineata and differ in larger size from examples
of S. b. centralis from Mexico. This difference seems most notice-
able in the skulls.

Fic, 2.—Saccopteryx bilineata bilineata.
No. 179849, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

Near Gatun a colony of 15 of these bats was found in the space
between the projecting buttresses on the trunk of a large tree in the
forest. They were clinging to the bark about 10 feet from the ground
and in plain view. At Tabernilla half a dozen were located in the
open smokestack of an old French dredge which had beeen aban-
doned and was lying in second growth forest near the railroad. They
were irregularly distributed over the smooth inner surface and
hanging motionless with their muzzles somewhat elevated or point-

ing outward, beyond the plane of their backs. Bats of this species |

were discovered under shelter of the high arch of the natural bridge
over the Rio del Puente, a few miles north of Alhajuela. Here they
were grouped in dark recesses from which they were dislodged by
shooting. A specimen picked up from the ground where it had
fallen with the others proved to be Peroptery« canina. A few greater
white-lined bats were also obtained from crevices in a small well-
lighted cave in the cliff forming the coast line a short distance west
of the entrance to the Panama Canal at Balboa. Clinging in or near
the same crevices in the cave walls were a few Hemiderma p. astecum
and Glossophaga soricina leachii.

On Taboga Island August Busck met with S. b. bilineata clinging
to sun-exposed rocks at the entrance to a cave. None were found
beyond the entrance. Anthony (1916, p. 373) records a specimen
taken by W. B. Richardson at Cituro.

Specimens examined: Alhajuela, 2; Balboa, 1; Cana, 1% Cerro
Azul, 1; Cituro, 1*; Gatun, 5; Rio del Puente (natural bridge north
of Alhajuela), 6; Tabernilla, 1; Taboga Island, ro.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

—_

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 175

SACCOPTERYX LEPTURA (Schreber)
Lesser White-lined Bat

Vespertilio lepturus Scureser, Saugethiere, Vol. 1, p. 173, pl. 57, 1774. Type
from Surinam.

The lesser white-lined bat closely approaches Saccopteryx bilineata
in general appearance, the glossy dark brown or blackish color and
two white dorsal lines being about the same. It is a distinct species,
however, differing in decidedly smaller size (forearm about 42.3
millimeters).

Two of these bats shot as they circled at dusk over the bank of
the Chagres River at Alhajuela, January 29, 1912, were the only
examples secured. This South American species has not previously
been recorded from Middle America. .

Specimens examined: Alhajuela, 2.

Genus PEROPTERYX Peters
In general structure this genus is similar to Saccopteryx, but the
skull exhibits a much more inflated and generally rotund condition
of the rostrum, the back lacks dorsal stripes and the wing sacs are
smaller and advanced to near the anterior border of the antebrachial
membranes. The teeth are 32in number. A single species is known.

PEROPTERYX CANINA CANINA (Wied)
Dog-like Bat
Vespertilio caninus Wien, Schinz’s Theirreich, Vol. 1, p. 179, 1821. Type
from east coast of Brazil.

There is nothing especially dog-like about this bat as the name
“canina ” might be taken to indicate. It is a small species much like
those of the genus Saccopteryx in external appearance except that, as
indicated under the genus, the dorsal lines present in the latter are
absent.

One was picked up from the ground where it had fallen along with
a small number of Saccopteryx bilineata that were dislodged by
shooting into dark recesses under the high arch of the natural bridge
over the Rio del Puente, a few miles north of Alhajuela. Ten speci-
mens in the Field Museum of Natural History were collected at
Balboa by Messrs. Osgood and Anderson. This bat, originally
described from Brazil and ranging to southern Mexico, is one of the
few species that apparently maintain the same characters throughout
this wide interval and on the continent show no tendency toward
subspecific division. A subspecies, Peropteryx canipa phea, G. M.
Allen, has been described from the Lesser Antilles.

Specimens examined: Balboa, 10; Gatun, 1; Rio del Puente, 1.

12 .

176 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Genus CENTRONYCTERIS Gray

Similar to Saccopteryx, but more slender in general structure.
Skull with the lower border of the orbit so slightly projecting that
the toothrow is visible from above, instead of hidden as in Sac-
copteryx. The teeth are 32 in number. The genus, mainly South
American in distribution, is represented in Panama by a single species.

CENTRONYCTERIS CENTRALIS Thomas
Thomas’ Bat
Centronycteris centralis THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 10,
p. 638, December, 1912. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
800 feet).

The only record of this bat is the description of the type, and only
known specimen, which was collected in western Panama, at the
locality given above, by H. J. Watson.

The species is “ Nearly allied to C. maximiliant, but slightly larger,
colour rather darker, and basi-sphenoid pits of skull markedly shorter.

“Fur long and loose; hairs of back about 6.5 mm. in length.
General colour above dark tawny brown, that of a Para example of
C. maximiliani somewhat paler. Basal third of interfemoral well
clothed with long hairs.” The forearm measurement given is 45
millimeters. The species is said to be mainly distinguishable from
C. maximiliani by the much shorter basi-sphenoid pits which do not
extend forward between the pterygoids as in C. maximiliani of
South America.

Subfamily DICLIDURINAE
Genus DICLIDURUS Wied

The species of the genus Diclidurus are white, a color very unusual
among bats. The ears, unlike those of other genera of the family
known to:occur in Panama, are short and rounded. The skull
presents remarkable features, the braincase, flattened anteriorly,
descending abruptly to the rostrum which is very broad and depressed,
with elevated lateral margins. There is no wing sac. The teeth are
32 in number.

DICLIDURUS VIRGO Thomas
Costa Rican White Bat

Diclidurus virgo Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 11, p. 377, April,
1903. Type from Escazu, Costa Rica.

7
7
7

The Costa Rican white bat was not met with by me, but in the |

original account of the species Mr. Oldfield Thomas records speci-

=

~s 2 ean

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 177

mens from “ Pueblo Nuevo, N. W. Panama,” and from Boquete,
Chiriqui.

The color of the upper parts, described as pure white or gray-
mixed, should render this species conspicuous among the bats of the
general region. The length of the forearm is 66 millimeters. The
species is said to agree in general character with Diclidurus albus
of Brazil, but has differently shaped incisors and premolars.

Family NOCTILIONIDAE. Bull Dog Bats

The bats of this family are rather large, with narrow, sharp-
pointed ears which, when laid forward, reach about to the end of the
nose. The short tail protrudes from the upper side of the inter-
femoral membrane. The pelage is short and on the lower part of the
back confined to the median portion. There is no nose leaf. The
upper canine teeth curve widely apart and project conspicuously over
the lower jaws. The elongated middle pair of upper incisors are in
contact near the middle, but diverge leaving a deep emargination
between their conical points. The outer pair of upper incisors are
very short, barely reaching the cingulum of the inner pair behind
which they are partially hidden. Two genera are recognized, the
typical one, Noctilio, including a large, long-legged, ochraceous-
tawny species not yet recorded from Panama, although it probably
occurs there. This species is noted for its alleged fish-eating habits.
The family is represented on the Isthmus by the genus Dirias.

Genus DIRIAS Miller

The genus Dirias is very similar to Noctilio in general structure,
but differs considerably in appearance owing to smaller size, dark
coloration and relatively short legs. The skull closely resembles that
of Noctilio, but the teeth are more delicate in sculpture and differ in
detail. The upper molars are more closely crowded; instead of
forming prominent cusps with distinct commissures the hypocones

of the first and second are shelf-like, with trenchant lateral margins

connecting with ridges extending upward to protocone and metastyle.
The teeth are 28 in number.

DIRIAS ALBIVENTER MINOR (Osgood)
Little Bull Dog Bat

Noctilio minor Oscoop, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 149, zool. ser., Vol. 10,
p. 30, October 20, 1910. Type from Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela.

A Panama specimen of this bat is a very dark shade of brown, or
near bone brown (Ridgway, 1912) above, with a faint grayish median

178 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

stripe down the posterior part of the back; the underparts are
whitish. It is a robust animal with large feet, and narrow ears
tapering to slender points. The fur is short. The forearm measures
about 60 millimeters.

The form was known only from Venezuela until recorded from
Empire, Panama, by E. W. Nelson (1912, p. 93). The record was
based on an individual shot flying across an old pineapple field near
Culebra Cut just at dusk, February 2, 1912. Several others appeared
at the same time and all had doubtless just come from some hiding

lic. 3.—Dirias albiventer minor.
No. 179848, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

place in the vicinity. They flew with rapid wing strokes, passing at a
height of about 30 feet from the ground and so near that the erect
ears were noted. Another example secured flew into my quarters at
Empire during the evening of February 16, 1912. The two indi-
viduals secured have been compared with the type and another™
example from Venezuela and found to agree essentially with them.
A dry skin is darker than the Venezuela specimens, but in all prob-
ability merely represents a darker color phase.
Specimens examined: Empire, 2.

Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE. Leaf-nosed Bats

By far the greater number of American bats are comprised in this
rather heterogeneous family under which a number of subfamilies
are recognized. The family includes the largest of American bats,
but the range in size is extraordinary, some of the species being very
small. The members are usually distinguishable by the presence of
“nose leaves ” or naked cutaneous folds which rise prominently over
the nostrils, but in the Chilonycterine these are absent. The ears,
moderately developed in most genera, are variable in form, but
usually rather narrow and tending to be pointed ; in certain members
of the family, as Vampyrus and Lonchorina, however, they are
greatly elongated. The tail is also variable in length, but except in
such examples as Macrophyllum, Lonchorina, and Chilonycteris does

2 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 179

not extend far into the interfemoral membrane ; in various genera no
external tail is discernible and its absence may be associated with a
deep emargination of the posterior border of the interfemoral mem-
brane. Among structural details distinguishing the family are the
presence of three completely ossified phalanges in the third finger
and the entire premaxilla. The molar teeth are well developed, but
exhibit wide diversity of form in the various subfamily divisions.

Subfamily CHILONYCTERINAE
Genus CHILONYCTERIS Gray

Unlike most members of the family, Phyllostomide, the genus
Chilonycteris lacks a nose leaf and the well-developed tail projects
through and overlaps the upper surface of the interfemoral mem-
brane. The ears are long with pointed tips directed slightly back-
ward. The braincase is subglobose, owing largely to the very
narrow interorbital constriction. The rostrum is depressed above
near base, and somewhat upturned anteriorly, the nasal opening
circular and directed forward. ‘The teeth are 34 in number.

CHILONYCTERIS RUBIGINOSA RUBIGINOSA Wagner
Dark Brown Bat
Chilonycteris rubiginosa WAGNER, Weigmann’s Arch. f. Naturg., IX, Vol. 1,
p. 367. Type from Caigara, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
In general color this bat is dark brown, or warm sepia (Ridgway,
1912). The pelage is rather long and directed forward over the

Fic. 4.—Chilonycteris rubiginosa rubiginosa.
No. 179754, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

head from a hair-whorl on the back of the neck.- The face is well
haired and elongated tufts project from the sides of the muzzle.
The forearm measures about 62 millimeters. Typical Chilonycteris
rubiginosa is replaced in southern Mexico by the smaller form,
C. r. mexicana.

Specimens collected by August Busck in the Chilibrillo caves, near
Alhajuela, in April or May, 1911, have been recorded by G. S. Miller,
Jr. (1912, p. 23); examples from the same place are recorded by

180 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

Anthony (1916, p. 373). A few were found by me January 30, 1912,
in one of the larger caves of the same series in which Mr. Busck
and Mr. Anthony obtained their specimens. They were located near
the entrance and seemed rather shy and quick to leave cavities near
the roof in which they were resting. Twenty-three were shot, along
with a large number of Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum, in a
French diversion tunnel near Bas Obispo, January 27, 1912. Here
they left the high-vaulted roof and began flying back and forth, in
company with the more abundant species, as soon as my boat entered
the dimly lighted turinel which was driven through a hill to turn
aside the flow of a small river.

Specimens examined: Bas Obispo, 23; Rio Chilibrillo (Chilibrillo
caves), 25°; Vijia, 2.

Subfamily PHYLLOSTOMINAE
Genus MICR@NYCTERIS Gray

The members of the genus Micronycteris are small, slenderly
formed bats with very large, thin, papery interfemoral membrane.
The thin delicate ears are variable in size and are connected by a
concealed band across the forehead. The long pelage of upperparts
is rusty brownish in color, becoming white basally ; rather long hairs
cover the lower inner sides and conspicuously fringe the anterior
margins of the ears. Similar in structure and external appearance
to Macrophyllum, but hind limbs shorter; interfemoral membrane
similarly extensive, but perforated by the short tail for about half its
expanse instead of to near the posterior border as in Macrophyllum;
color rusty instead of dark brownish; nose leaf prominent, but much
narrower than in Macrophyllum. Skull much more slender than that
of Macrophyllum, the anterior nares opening. upward as well as
forward close behind the base of the incisors. Dentition much as in
Macrophyllum, but premolars all well developed.. The teeth are
34 in number.

MICRONYCTERIS MICROTIS Milier

Nicaraguan Small-eared Bat

M icronycteris microtis Mituter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 328,
July 27, 1808. Type from Greytown, Nicaragua.

The ears of this bat can be regarded as small only when contrasted

with those of its large-eared congener Micronycteris megalotis. The

species is rusty brown in general color. The ears when laid forward

*Six in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 181

reach just beyond the muzzle. The forearm measures about 32

‘millimeters.

The small number of specimens of Micronycteris available from
Panama are referred to this form, whose exact relationship to the
larger-eared but otherwise similar form M. megalotis of South
America and M. m. mexicana of Mexico is not very clear. The
ears in these specimens are short but rather variable in width and

Fic, 5.—Micronycteris microtis.

No. 198338, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.
the skulls, with one exception, are about like those of M. megalotis
and M. m. mexicana. A single individual, apparently like the others
externally, has a skull so small that I doubtfully refer it to the same
species. ‘This aberrant specimen was collected by R. E. B. Mc-
Kenney at Bocas del Toro, whence additional material is, therefore,
especially desirable.

M. microtis ranges in Panama from sea level well up on the slopes
of the mountains. An example was taken at Boquete on the southern
slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui by W. R. Maxon. In a note accom-
panying specimens from Pinogana, at sea level in the Darien region,
H. Pittier says: “A fire was made at the base of a hollow tree
showing signs of being inhabited. Unfortunately all the bats fell
in the fire, so that only two could be saved.”

Specimens examined: Bocas del Toro, 1 ; Boquete, 1 ; Pinogana, 2.

Genus LONCHORINA Tomes

The very long nose leaf and large ears are among the external
characters distinctive of the genus Lonchorina. The elongated
posterior limbs, and tail reaching posterior border of large inter-
femoral membrane, approximate the arrangement of these parts in
Macrophyllum. The skull and teeth, however, somewhat suggest
those of Chilonycteris with differential details. The interorbital
region is deeply depressed on the median line, the nasals, curving
upward and over anteriorly, project above the nasal opening; the
molars are similar to those of Chilonycteris in general sculpture, the
anterior upper premolars are more reduced in size, and the median
lower premolars are relatively small as in that genus. The teeth are
34 in number.

182 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

LONCHORINA AURITA Tomes
Tomes’ Long-eared Bat

Lonchorina aurita Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 83. Type from
_ West Indies.

The distinguishing characters of the species have been given under
the genus. The forearm measures about 53 millimeters.

No. 174904, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

Mr. Miller (1912, p. 23) has published detailed measurements of
two adults, a male and a female, collected in the Chilibrillo cave, near
Alhajuela, by August Busck, April 14; 1911. Mr. Busck obtained
five additional specimens at the same locality in March, 1912. The
species is mainly West Indian in known distribution and has not been
recorded from elsewhere in Middle America.

Specimens examined: Rio Chilibrillo (Chilibrillo cave near Alha-
juela), 7.

Genus TONATIA Gray

In general external characters Tonatia is similar to Micronycteris,
but the single species known to occur in Panama is decidedly larger
(forearm about 53 mm.) than the regional representative of the
latter genus (forearm about 32 mm.). The skull is more massive in
general structure, but has a narrower palate and more constricted
interorbital region than Micronycteris. More important differential
characters are exhibited by the teeth. The upper canines are rela-
tively larger and nearly in contact with the median incisors, thus
forcing the outer incisors out of line; the large lower canines meet
behind the incisors, which are reduced to two in number; the median
lower premolar is obsolescent, its crown reaching about the level of
the anterior premolar, instead of being a well-developed functional
tooth as in Micronycteris. The teeth are 32 in number.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 183

TONATIA AMBLYOTIS (Wagner)
Round-eared Bat

Phyllostoma amblyotis Wacner, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., p. 365, 1843.
Type from Matto Grosso, Brazil.

_ Characters distinguishing the round-eared bat from the other
species of the region are given under the genus. The forearm
measures about 53 millimeters.

The only record I have of its occurrence in Panama, or any part
of Middle America, is that of Thomas (1902a, p. 54) based on
specimens collected at Bugaba, Chiriqui, by H. J. Watson. The
species is said to be rare.

Genus MACROPHYLLUM Gray

The unusual elongation of the hind limbs and corresponding
posterior extension of the interfemoral membrane inclosing the long
tail to border, together with the large nose leaf and slender general
form externally distinguish this monotypic genus. The skull is
short with high, anteriorly arched braincase and very short, broad
‘rostrum. The nasal opening is directed forward from a point far
back leaving a shelf-like projection of the jaw between the opening
and the base of the incisors. The dentition is similar to that of
Micronycteris, but the anterior upper premolar is very small and the
middle lower premolar notably minute, crowded inward out of line
and nearly hidden by the other premolars. The reduced condition
of these teeth is probably associated with the general shortness of the
skull. The upper incisors completely fill the space between the
canines, the middle pair being much larger than the outer, with some-
what oblique cutting edges. The teeth are 34 in number.

MACROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM (Wied)
« Long-legged Bat

Phyllostoma macrophyllum Wien, Beitr. zur Naturg. Brasilien, Vol. 2, 1826,
p. 188. Type from Mucuri River, Minas Geres, Brazil.

Features distinctive of this rare bat have been given under the
genus. The forearm measures about 38 mm. The only record of
the occurrence of the species in Panama or any part of Middle
America is that recently published by E. W. Nelson (1912, p. 93),
based on specimens taken by me in the ruins of old Panama about
five miles east of the modern city. Accompanied by W. H. Osgood
I visited the ruins. February 7, 1912. On entering a vaulted cellar

184 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

behind one of the principal ruins along the beach path a short dis-
tance west of the old church tower we found ourselves in the midst
of a large colony of Hemiderma perspicillatum aztecum and a
smaller colony of Glossophaga soricina leachu, many individuals of
the mingled species fluttering close about our heads. Among a few
specimens of the common species knocked down we discovered a
Macrophyllum and immediately began searching the flying swarm

Fic. 7.—Macrophyllum macrophyllum.
No. 179724, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

about us for others. We soon learned to distinguish the rare species
from the common ones by the long hind limbs and corresponding
posterior extension of the interfemoral membrane. Six specimens,
altogether, were secured, three of which are in the U. S. National
Museum and the others, collected by Mr. Osgood, are in the Field
Museum of Natural History. No material from the type region of
the species is available for comparison, but the specimens agree.
closely with the published descriptions and are assumed to represent
the monotypic genus.
Specimens examined: Old Panama, 6.

Genus PHYLLOSTOMUS Lacépéde

The distinguishing features of the members of this genus are the
large robust form, well-developed nose leaf, rather small, narrow,
pointed ears, short tail and large interfemoral membrane combined
with short, massive skull and the possession of two lower incisors
and two lower premolars on each side. There are no facial stripes.
The skull in general angularity, especially the prominent sagittal
crest and outstanding paroccipital processes suggests that of Vampy-
rus, but the much shorter rostrum exceeds the interorbital area in
width, the teeth differ notably in structure and the lower premolars
in number. The teeth are 32 in number.

et

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 185

PHYLLOSTOMUS HASTATUS PANAMENSIS Allen
Panama Spear-nosed Bat
Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 20, p. 233, June 29, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.
With the exception of the false vampire (Vampyrus spectrum)
this is the largest American bat. The forearm measures about go
millimeters. It is a robust animal, very dark brown or blackish
brown in color above, except a lighter brown area across the
shoulders. A gland on the under side of the neck is conspicuous
in the males, but rudimentary in the females.

‘ Fic. 8.—Phyllostomus nastatus panamensis.
No. 179732, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

The Panama race apparently differs from Phyllostomus hastatus
hastatus* of Trinidad and eastern Venezuela in larger size. Speci-
mens from Panama and as far north as Patuca, Honduras, are,
however, equalled by examples from the Amazon and from southern
Brazil.’

Common, at least at low elevations, throughout Panama. In one
of the Chilibrillo caves, near Alhajuela, I found thousands sus-
pended from various parts of the vaulted roof in the total darkness
of the principal chamber. More than 100 were seen in a single spot
over which they were so densely massed that their bodies seemed to
be touching. There was much loud squeaking, but I was allowed to
approach to within 12 or 15 feet when they vacated the place almost
in a body. In flying through the resounding passages of the cave
the noise of their wings resembled the thunderous roar of a heavy

* Type region fixed as Surinam by Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20,
P. 233-234, June 29, 1904.

* Phyllostomus hastatus cauce Allen measures about the same and seems
otherwise indistinguishable from P. h. panamensis which was given page
priority when the two were published.

186 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

waterfall when heard at a distance. The cave contained several tons
of guano, mainly the product of this species. Several smaller
colonies of these bats were encountered in neighboring caves.

An aggregation of perhaps 100 of the same species was located in
a small cave on the rocky sea shore a short distance west of the Pacific
entrance to the Panama Canal at Balboa. Here the bats were cling-
ing in clusters in dimly lighted cavities from which, when dislodged
by shooting, some fell into the sea. One of the latter, bobbing about
in the rough water, was only partially disabled as I learned when, on
reaching for it from a boat, a canine tooth was instantly driven
through the middle of the nail of my index finger. In other parts of
the same cave were a few Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum and
Glossophaga soricina leachit.

The original description of the Panama form by Dr. Allen (I. c.)
was based on six specimens from Boqueron, western Panama. Under
the name Phyllostomus hastatus Mr. Miller (1912) has published
detailed measurements of an adult male collected at Cabina by August
Busck. Anthony (1916, p. 373) records examples from Boca de
Cupe, Capeti, Real de Santa Maria and Rio Chilibrillo. Mr. Alston
(1879, p. 42) has shown how this species has shared with Vampyrus
spectrum the false accusation of being a blood sucker, the real cul-
prits being the true vampires, Desmodus and other genera.

Specimens examined: Balboa, 20; Boca de Cupe, 4*; Boqueron,
6*; Cabima, 1; Capeti, 4*; Panama (city), 1; Real de Santa Maria,
8*; Rio Chilibrillo (Chilibrillo cave, near Alhajuela), 42.’

Genus TRACHOPS Gray

In the genus Trachops the lips and chin are conspicuously studded
with conical or cylindrical wart-like protuberances, which distinguish
it at a glance. The short tail projects from the large interfemoral
membrane. The skull in general form is somewhat similar to that
of Vampyrus, but less angular. The median lower premolars are
very small and crowded inward out of line much as in Macrophyllum.
The teeth are 34 in number.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Nine in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 187

TRACHOPS CIRRHOSUS (Spix)
Fringe-lipped Bat

Vampyrus cirrhosus Sp1x, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil, 1823, p. 64, pl. 36, fig. 3.
Type from Brazil.
The fringe-lipped bat is large, dark-colored, and has large ears.
The peculiar condition of the lips and chin have been described
under the genus. The forearm measures about 62.5 millimeters.

Fic. 9.—Trachops cirrhosus.
No. 174884, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

A specimen of this species was taken by August Busck in the
Chilibrillo cave near Alhajuela, in March, 1912.
Specimens examined: Rio Chilibrillo (Chilibrillo cave), 1.

Genus VAMPYRUS Leach

Very large general size, the forearm over 100 millimeters or
four and one-fourth inches long and wing expanse about 760 milli-
meters or two and one-half feet, alone distinguishes the genus
Vampyrus among American bats. The ears are long, relatively
narrow and round-pointed, and the interfemoral membrane is large,
but there is no external tail. In the form of the braincase the skull
closely resembles that of Phyllostomus, but the sagittal crest is much
higher and projects farther posteriorly ; the rostrum and mandible
are much longer; the latter affording space for an additional pre-
molar; the nasal opening is slightly extended backward by a V-
shaped emargination. Dental peculiarities are numerous, including
the deep emargination of the lateral borders of the first and second
upper molars, owing to displacement inward or greatly reduced size
of mesostyle. The teeth are 34 in number.

|

188 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS C@LLECTIONS VOL. 69 —

VAMPYRUS SPECTRUM NELSONI Goldman
Nelson’s False Vampire Bat

Vampyrus spectrum nelsoni GoLoMAN, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 30,
p. 115, May 23, tory. Type from Coatzacoalcos, Vera Cruz, Mexico. .
Nelson's false vampire, the largest North American bat, differs
from the typical form of South America in somewhat smaller size
“and cranial details, especially the reduction of the hypocone of the
posterior upper premolar, It is reddish-brown in color. ;
The general range of the species is from the Amazonian region
northward through Middle America to southern Mexico, In Middle _

America it seems to be much less abundant than farther south, or at

ots

Vie. to—Vampyrus spectrum nelsoni,
No. y8ra7, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

least few examples from that region have found their way into
museum collections. A very large bat that I saw one evening in —
rather slow butterfly-like flight along the bank of the Chagres at —
Alhajuela I took to be of this species, but throughout the period
covered by my work in Panama I was unsuccessful in securing
specimens. Alston (1879, p. 39) notes the species collected in
Panama by McLeannan, probably at some point along the line of the
Panama railroad. More recently (Allen, 1904, p. 78) has recorded —
a pair taken by J. H. Batty at Boqueron in western Panama. |
This bat, now known to be harmless, was formerly believed to be
a bloodsucker, and the unfortunate name attached to it, together —
with its large size and repugnant general appearance, have doubtless
fostered this misconception of its real character, The true vam- :
pires belong to the genera Desmodus, Diphylla and Diaemus which
constitute a separate family, the Desmodontide. The false vampire

0. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 189
60 little known in Middle America that the observations of Bates,’

e at Ega on the upper Amazon many years ago seem worth
quoting. He says: “The vampire was here by far the most abun-
dant of the family of leaf-nosed bats..... Nothing in animal
physiognomy can be more hideous than the countenance of this
creature when viewed from the front; the large leathery ears stand-
ing out from the sides and top of the head, the erect spear-shaped
appendage on the tip of the nose, the grin and the glistening black
eye all combining to make up a figure that reminds one of some
mocking imp of fable. No wonder that imaginative people have
inferred diabolical instincts on the part of so ugly an animal, The
vampire, however, is the most harmless of all bats, and its inoffensive
character is well known to residents on the banks of the Amazon,”
He found that the church at E-ga was the headquarters of these bats
and adds: “I used to see them, as I sat at my door during the short
evening twilights, trooping forth by scores from a large open window
at the back of the altar, twittering cheerfully as they sped off to the
borders of the forest. They sometimes enter houses; the first time
I saw one in my chamber, wheeling heavily round and round, I mis-
took it for a pigeon, thinking that a tame one had escaped from the
premises of one of my neighbors. 1 opened the stomachs of several
of these bats, and found them to contain a mass of pulp and seeds of
fruits, mingled with a few remains of insects,” The insects were
species of Coleoptera.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 2,”

Subfamily GLOSSOPHAGINAE
Genus GLOSSOPHAGA Geoffroy

The genus Glossophaga typifies the subfamily Glossophagme
which includes six other genera, mainly tropical in distribution, The
members of the group are small bats characterized externally by
elongated muzzle, small nose leaf, short, rounded ears, notched lower
lip, and short tail protruding slightly from the upper side of the
moderately developed interfemoral membrane, In external appear-
ance Glossophaga bears a striking resemblance to Lonchophylla, a
member of the same subfamily, and accurate determinations must be
based on the examination of skulls. The skull is shorter than in
Lonchophylla, and differs most notably in the possession of complete
_ zygomata. The median upper incisors are about as wide as high, and

* The Naturalist on the River Amazons, Vol. 2, pp. 332-333, 1063,
* Collection Amer, Mus, Nat. Hist.

.

|

190 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69
project less prominently forward than in Lonchophylla. The teeth
are 34 in number.

GLOSSOPHAGA SORICINA LEACHII (Gray)
Leach’s Long-tongued Bat
Monophyllus leachti Gray, Voyage of the Sulphur, Zool., Vol. 1, p. 18, 1844.
Type from Realejo, Nicaragua.

As may be inferred from the remarks on the genus, Leach’s long-
tongued bat closely resembles species of Lonchophylla. It most
closely approaches Lonchophylla concava in appearance, the dark
brown color and proportions being nearly identical, but the ears are
slightly more rounded, the forearm slightly longer and the lower,
less protruding upper incisors also aid in its determination. The
length of the forearm is about 35 millimeters.

In point of numbers Glossophaga soricina leachiit seems to be ex-
ceeded in Panama only by Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum. It
passes the day in similar situations, often resting in close proximity
to the latter species in tunnels, caves, or other darkened places, but
smaller colonies seem to be the rule.

Fic. 11.—Glossophaga soricina leachii.
No. 179871, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

At Corozal a few were located in a partly dark tunnel roofed with
smooth concrete. The tunnel received daylight at both ends and the
bats could be clearly seen by looking toward the light. They were
irregularly distributed, one only in a place, clinging by their claws
to the edges of roughened spots in the concrete, some with their
bodies swinging free from the middle of the roof, but most of them
on the side walls or in corners, their stomachs lying against the
concrete and their nose leaves standing out rather conspicuously at
right angles. All were females and several carried a small young
attached to a teat. The same tunnel was inhabited by Hemiderma p.
aztecum.

In a half-dark cellar behind a prominent ruin a short distance
west of the cathedral tower at the old city of Panama, W. H. Osgood
and I found these bats very near neighbors of Hemiderma p. aztecum

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA-—GOLDMAN Ig!

and the exceedingly rare species Macrophyllum macrophyllum. They
_ were clinging singly in the vicinity of massed clusters of the Hemi-
_ derma. We were allowed to approach quite near, the bats watching
us suspiciously, their frequent squeaks and quivering ears showing
their alertness. One was seen to extend its long tongue the full
length and then retract it much as a dog does when stretching.

Small colonies were located in two shallow caves along the rocky
coast a short distance west of the Pacific entrance to the Panama
Canal. In these caves scattered individuals were hanging along
crevices in half-lighted places. One cave was shared with Phyllos-
tomus hastatus panamensis and Hemiderma p. aztecum, the other
with the Hemiderma and Saccopteryx bilineata. Others were cling-
ing to the roof of a limestone cave on the mountain side several miles
below the Darien gold mines at Cana. In other parts of the same
cave were colonies of Hemiderma p. aztecum, Hemiderma casta-
neum, Lonchophylla robusta, Lonchophylla concava and Desmodus
rotundus murinus.

At Bohio ‘a few of these bats were suspended from the vaulted
roof of the old French powder house. At Porto Bello several indi-
viduals were located in a dark corner of an old Spanish fort.

As Glossophaga soricina, 13 specimens from Boqueron, collected
by J. H. Batty, have been recorded by Allen (1904, p. 78). Under
the same name, Bangs (1902, p. 50) listed a specimen collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba. Thomas (1903a, p. 39) in record-
ing examples from small islands off the coast of western Panama,
lists the following localities: Gobernador, Insolita, Jicaron,
Palenque, Brava, Parida, Boqueron (island), and Cebaco.

In a recent revision of the genus, Miller (1913a, p. 419) lists
specimens examined from the following localities in Panama:
Balboa, Canal Zone, Colon, and Paraiso.

The feeding habits of this bat are little known, but are probably
similar to those of a Glossophagine species, of Jamaica, which were
described in considerable detail by W. Osburn* many years ago. His
interesting account well illustrates the manner of using the very long
protractile tongue in licking away the juice and pulp of soft fruits.

Specimens examined: Agua Clara, 1; Ancon, 1; Balboa, 3; Bohio,
3; Boqueron, 32’; Bugaba, 1°; Cana, 1; Colon, 3; Corozal, 24;
Empire, 1; Old Panama, 16; Panama (city), 37°; Paraiso, 44; Porto
Bello, 1; San Pablo, 12; Vigia, 1.

1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, pp. 81-85.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus) Comp. Zool.

13

192 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Genus LONCHOPHYLLA Thomas

The striking external resemblance of Lonchophylla to Glossophaga

has been pointed out in remarks on that genus. The skull is longer
and easily distinguishable from that of Glossophaga, by the incom-
plete zygomatic arch, and the differing form of the incisors, the upper
median pair being relatively narrower, higher and more projecting
forward, and the lower series having trifid cutting edges. The teeth
are 34 in number. Two species inhabit the region under review.

LONCHOPHYLLA ROBUSTA Miller
Rusty Long-tongued Bat
[Plate 37, figs. 5, 5a]
Lonchophylla robusta Miter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 42, No. 1882, p. 23,
March 6, ror2. Type from cave on Chilibrillo River, Panama.

The rusty color and large size distinguish Lonchophylla robusta
from the other Glossophagine bats known to inhabit Panama. The
forearm measures about 45 millimeters.

Fie. 12.—Lonchophylla robusta.
No. 179847, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

The species was first collected by August Busck in a cave on the
Chilibrillo River near Alhajuela, in 1911. In the following year
specimens were obtained by me in a limestone cave at about 2,000
feet altitude on the slope of the Pirre Mountains near Cana. The
same cave was inhabited by Lonchophylla concava, Glossophaga
soricina leachti, Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum, Hemiderma
castaneum and Desmodus rotundus murinus.

Lonchophylla robusta approaches the much smaller species L. mor-
dax Thomas in the more important cranial and dental details and
departs widely from its large congener L. hesperia.G. M. Allen. No
close comparison with L. concava, the only other species of the
genus known to occur in Panama, is necessary.

Specimens examined: Cana, 6; Chilibrillo River (Chilibrillo cave
near Alhajuela), 4 (including type).

ce MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN IQ3

LONCHOPHYLLA CONCAVA Goldman
Panama Long-tongued Bat
[Plate 37, figs. 5, 5a]
Lonchophylla concava GoLtpDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, p. 2,
March 14, 1914. Type from Cana, eastern Panama (altitude 2,000 feet).

In size, color and general external appearance Lonchophylla con-
cava very closely resembles Glossophaga soricina leachti and exami-
nation of the skull is necessary to determine it with certainty. The
ears are more pointed, however, and the longer more protruding
upper incisors may distinguish it from the Glossophaga in specimens
with the skulls in place. The forearm of the type measures 33.9
millimeters.

A single specimen of this species was obtained in a limestone cave
at about 2,000 feet altitude on the slope of the Pirre Mountains near
Cana. The cave was also inhabited by Lonchophylla robusta, Glosso-
phaga soricina leachit, Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum, Hemi-
derma castaneum, and Desmodus robustus murinus. Owing to the
remarkable resemblance to Glossophaga s. leachii the specimen was
at first referred to that species.

In the general form of the skull L. concava closely approaches
L. mordax Thomas, the type species of the genus, and exhibits a
corresponding departure from L. hesperia G. M. Allen in which the
skull is relatively much narrower and more elongated. The greater
attenuation of the rostrum in L. hesperia leaves the third upper molar
implanted well in front of the maxillary processes of the zygoma as in
the genus Cheronycteris, instead of in the same horizontal plane with
these processes as in L. mordax. On the other hand L. concava
approaches L. hesperia in the narrowness of the second upper pre-
molar, the conspicuous inner lobe present in L. mordax being reduced
to a slight swelling bearing a small cusp. The aberrant character of
L. hesperia has been pointed out by Miller (1912, p. 24) who re-
marks: ‘‘ The animal is so different from the other known forms
of Lonchophylla that it can hardly be regarded as a member of the
same genus.” Although widely different from L. hesperia, L. con-
cava combines characters which tend to bridge the gap between that
species and the more typical forms of the genus.

Specimens examined: One, the type.

Subfamily HEMIDERMINAE
Genus HEMIDERMA Gervais
The bats of this genus are small or medium-sized species with
small nose leaves, rather short, somewhat pointed ears and tails reach-
ing to about the middle of the naked, moderately developed inter-

194. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

femoral membrane. The forearm is distinctly furred along outer
side near base. No facial stripes are present. The skull is massive,
with short rostrum and moderately developed sagittal crest; in the
incomplete zygomatic arches it resembles that of Lonchophylla, but
differs widely in other respects. The teeth are 32 in number.

HEMIDERMA PERSPICILLATUM AZTECUM (Saussure)
Short-tailed Bat
Carollia asteca Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Ser. 2, Vol. 12, pl. 20, fig. 1,
p. 480, 1860. Type from southern Mexico.

The short-tailed bat is robust, medium sized, and has rather large
feet. It varies from dark brown to rusty in color. The forearm
measures about 42 millimeters. A much rarer species, Hemiderma
castaneum, sometimes inhabiting the same places, is distinguished by
smaller size, the forearm being about 5 millimeters shorter.

Fre, 13.—Hemiderma perspicillatum aztecum
No. 179811, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

Hemiderma p. astecum is the bat most frequently met with in
Panama. Numbers may be found resting during the day in almost
any dark sheltered places, such as caves, tunnels, or the darkened
corners of old buildings.

Near Bas Obispo a colony of several thousand short-tailed bats
was located in a tunnel driven by the French for the diversion of a
small river. Here they hung in massed clusters from hollowed places
in the rock roof about 15 feet above the water. Near the entrances
to the same tunnel were smaller numbers of Chilonycteris rubiginosa,

At Corozal these bats were associated with Glossophaga soricina
leachiit in a half-dark concrete tunnel roofed squarely over. They
were attached to roughened places in the concrete, their bodies in
contact with the wall, and their heads turned partly outward.

Following directions given me by Col. D. D. Gailliard, and accom-
panied by W. H. Osgood, I visited the ruins of old Panama in quest
of bats February 7, 1912. We entered a vaulted cellar behind high

walls overgrown with wild fig trees near the beach path a short dis- —

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 195

tance west of the old cathedral tower and found a large colony of
H. p. aztecum suspended in masses from the ceiling. These bats
shared the cellar with a smaller colony of Glossophaga s. leachii and
a few individuals of Macrophyllum macrophyllum, which on being
disturbed became mingled and fluttered close about us squeaking
incessantly. When we remained quiet a few minutes many of the
bats resumed their resting places, quietly attaching themselves only
a few feet away. The short-tailed bats clung with heads twisting
about, watchful eyes upon us, and ears trembling or turning nervously
this way and that.

Another large colony was located in an old powder house on the
bank of the Cascajal River about five miles above Porto Bello. Here
the bats hung in apparently solid clusters from the ceiling of a half-
darkened room.

At Bohio a few were detected clinging heads downward in half-
darkness along the ridge pole of an abandoned palm-thatched house.
When the door was opened and more light admitted they worked
their way along the pole by short shuffling steps, into a darker corner

_ where several disappeared in a crevice.

In the Chilibrillo caves near Alhajuela, whence a specimen has
been recorded by Miller (1912, p. 25), a few were found by me
roosting in the total darkness of the same large interior chamber
occupied by a huge colony of Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis, but
they were restricted to shallow cavities in the lower side walls while
the Phyllostomus was massed on the walls and roof above them.
Anthony (1916, p. 374), however, lists this form as the “ most
abundant bat of the caves.”’ Besides the Rio Chilibrillo specimen he
records specimens from El Real, Tacarcuna and Tapalisa.

These bats were clustered in shallow crevices of two small caves
in the bluff forming the coast line a short distance west of the Pacific
entrance to the Panama Canal at Balboa. One of these caves was
also inhabited by Phyllostomus h. panamensis and Glossophaga s.
leachu, and the other by Glossophaga s. leachii and Saccopteryx
bilineata.

My quarters in an old French building at Empire were shared
with these bats, numbers of which seemed to come tumbling out of
crevices in the upper story just at dusk every evening. Near the
same locality a few spent the day attached so that their bodies hung
free in a rather well-lighted place under a railroad bridge.

They are common in most of the caves and old tunnels in the
vicinity of the Darien gold mines at Cana; a limestone cave close to

196 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

the railroad line several miles below the mines contains hundreds
during the day, and is also inhabited by Desmodus rotundus murinus,
Glossophaga soricina leachti, Lonchophylla robusta, Lonchophylla
concava and Hemiderma castaneum,

Specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on San Miguel Island
and at Bugaba, Chiriqui, have been recorded by Bangs (1901, p. 644,
1902, p. 50) who remarks that the series of 13 specimens from the
latter locality ‘ presents a wide range in the color of the upper parts,
varying from hair-brown to russet, with every intermediate shade.”
Seventeen specimens obtained at Boqueron by J. EH. Batty are listed
by Allen (1904, p. 78). [examples taken by the same collector are
recorded by Thomas (1903a, p. 39) from the following small islands
off the south coast of western Panama ; Sevilla, Jicaron, Gobernador,
Brava, Insolita, and Cebaco. Hahn (1907) in his revision of the
genus, published records of specimens examined by him from
Panama (city), Boqueron, and Colon. Seven examples from Panama
(city), as shown by Hahn (1907, p. 112) had been erroneously
assigned by Bangs (1900, p. 213) to Hemiderma castaneum.

Specimens examined: Balboa, 1; Bas Obispo, 12; Boqueron, 3°;
Bugaba, 13°; Cana, 23; Corozal, 13; Empire, 8; Old Panama, 20;
Panama (city), 9°; Porto Bello, 6; Real de Santa Maria, 1°; Rio
Chilibrillo (Chilibrillo cave, near Alhajuela), 10°; Rio Trinidad
(Agua Clara), 4; Rio Indio, 1; San Miguel Island, 1; Tacarcuna,
4°; Tapalisa, 1.°

-
A

HEMIDERMA CASTANEUM (H. Allen)
Chestnut Short-tailed Bat
Carollia castanea H, Atien, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Vol. 18, p. 19,
February 25, 1890. Type from Costa Rica.

The chestnut short-tailed bat resembles Hemiderma perspicillatum
astecum very closely, but is distinguished by smaller size, the forearm
measuring about 37 millimeters instead of about 42 millimeters, as
in the latter species. ‘The difference in size seems still more apparent
when skulls of the two species are compared. The smaller Hemi-
derma is rare while the larger is probably the most abundant bat
throughout the region under consideration.

In a limestone cave at about 1,500 feet altitude on the mountain
side near Cana two of these bats were knocked down along with
numerous examples of Hemiderma p. astecum. Although they occu-

*Collection Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp, Zool.
* Five in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 197

pied the same cave and are indistinguishable from the latter species
in color their specific distinctness seems clear. They agree with the
type from Costa Rica in decidedly smaller size, as compared with
H. p. aztecum,. Others were found inhabiting the tunnel of an old
mine at 2,000 feet near Cana.

Under the name Hemiderma castaneum seven specimens collected
by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Calidonia, near Panama, were recorded by
Bangs (1906, p. 213). Hahn (1907, p. 112), in reviewing the group,
has shown that these specimens were erroneously identified ; they are
referred by him to H. p. aztecum. ‘The type of H. castaneum has,
therefore, remained unique until the present time.

Specimens examined: Cana, 4.

Subfamily STURNIRINAE
Genus STURNIRA Gray

Owing to peculiar and highly specialized tooth structure the genus
Sturnira has been placed in a separate subfamily. Externally it is
not very unlike some of the other Phyllostomide, one of the best
distinguishing characters being the conspicuous tufts of stiff yellow-
ish or rusty reddish hairs present in males near the front of the
shoulder. There are no facial stripes. The nose leaf is small and
the ears short and pointed. There is no external tail and the calcar
is very small. The interfemoral membrane is reduced to a narrow
fringe densely furred to the margin. The toes are haired to the base
of the claws. In general form the skull resembles those of Vampy-
ressa and Vampyrops, but the dentition is widely different. A cranial
feature shared with Vampyressa is the extension of the nasal opening
backward at the expense of the nasals. The teeth are 32 in number.

STURNIRA LILIUM PARVIDENS Goldman
Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat

Sturnira lilium parvidens Gotoman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 30,
p. 116, May 23, 1917. Type from Papayo (about 25 miles northwest of
Acapulco), Guerrero, Mexico.

The distinguishing characters of the yellow-shouldered bat in
Panama are the same as those of the genus. The dark tips of the
pelage give the back a dark brown tone, but the under color of the
fur is gray. The forearm measures about 44 millimeters.

_

198 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

This bat has been accorded a range as a species from Paraguay,
where it was observed by Azara, north to Mexico. It is one of the
rarer ones in collections, and the only record from Panama is that of

Fic. 14.—Sturnira lilium parvidens.
No. 8209, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size. » ),

ya

Bangs (1902, p. 51) of a single specimen taken at 7,500 feet on the

Volcan de Chiriqui by W. W. Brown, Jr. The specimen exhibits the

narrow braincase and molars characterizing the northern subspecies.
Specimens examined: Volcan de Chiriqui, 1."

Subfamily STENODERMINAE
Genus URODERMA Peters

In general appearance, including the arrangement of the white
facial and dorsal stripes, Uroderma much resembles Vampyrops,
Vampyrodes and Chiroderma. In these genera a pair of white.
stripes extend upward from the sides of the nose leaf to the inner
base of the ears; another pair less distinct reaches from the corners
of the mouth toward the ears, and a median dorsal line is usually
prominent. But the single species of Uroderma may be distinguished
by the naked or minutely haired posterior margin of the interfemoral
membrane in combination with the length of the forearm (about
45 millimeters). The skull is very similar in general to that of
Vampyrops, but is easily recognizable by the bifid upper incisors.
The teeth are 32 in number.

URODERMA BILOBATUM
Yellow-eared Bat

Uroderma bilobatum Prrers, Monatsber. k. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin,
p. 587, 1866. Type from Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Uroderma convexum Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 15, p. 83,
April 25, 1902. Type from Colon, Panama.

In addition to and in combination with recognition characters

given under the genus the yellowish color of the ear margins of

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 199

Uroderma bilobatum, distinct in fresh specimens and fading in dry
skins, might be mentioned. The species ranges from southern Brazil
north at least to Costa Rica.

Fic, 15.—Uroderma bilobatum.
No. 153563, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

In the forest near Gatun Uroderma bilobatum was located several
times, a few in a place, clinging during the day in clusters to the
midribs on the under sides of large palm leaves. They usually
choose darkened spots where the leaf was folded over, or overhang-
ing pinnz shut out much of the light.

Andersen (1908, p. 220) ina revision of the genus places Uroderma
convexum Lyon in synonymy. Comparisons made by me seem to
justify this disposition of the name. Andersen records Panama
specimens from Colon, Brava Island, Cebaco Island, Jicaron Island,
Insolita Island, and Gobernador Island. With the exception of Colon
the same localities for specimens in the British Museum had been
listed by Thomas (1903, p. 40), who also questioned the validity of
. Uroderma convexum Lyon.

A specimen erroneously referred by Bangs (1901, p. 644) to
Vampyrops helleri was collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on San Miguel
Island. The same mistake in identification applies to specimens
recorded by Bangs (1902, p. 50) from Bugaba, and by Allen (1904,
p. 79) from Boqueron.

Anthony (1916, p. 373) records examples from Capeti, Chepigana
and Real de Santa Maria.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 6*; Bugaba, 6*; Capeti, 7°;
Chepigana, 1*; Chorrera, 4*; Puente de Pifia (near Bocas del Toro),
3; Rio Indio (near Gatun), 15; San Miguel Island, 1.’

Genus VAMPYROPS Peters
The approach in outward appearance of Vampyrops to Uroderma
has been referred to in the treatment of that genus. Vampyrops is,
however, easily separable from Uroderma by the densely furred

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

200 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

posterior border of the interfemoral membrane, and simple, oblique,
instead of bifid, transverse cutting edge of upper incisors. The teeth
are 32 in number.

VAMPYROPS HELLERI Peters
Heller’s Bat
l’ampyrops helleri Perers, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin,
1866, p. 302. Type from Mexico.
l'ampyrops sarhinus H. Atten, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1891,
p. 400. Type from Bas Obispo, Canal Zone.*

Heller’s bat is little known and its status not entirely clear, no
specimens from the type region being available for comparison. But
the original account applies so well to the Panama animal that its
identification seems certain. Vampyrops sarhinus, a name also
applicable to the Isthmian species, is therefore placed in synonymy.

Heller’s bat has white face stripes and a white median dorsal line
arranged about as in Vampyrodes, Chiroderma and Uroderma. It
may usually be distinguished from the Isthmian representatives of
these genera, however, by smaller size. The forearm measures about
39 millimeters. The edges of the ears are distinctly yellowish in life,
as in Uroderma bilobatum, which it approaches in size and general
appearance, but the densely furred, instead of naked, border of the
interfemoral membrane is distinctive.

The species as now understood ranges from southern Mexico at
least as far south as Cana in eastern Panama, where a single speci-
men was obtained by me near the entrance to the tunnel of an old
mine. Specimens from northern Venezuela are apparently indis-
tinguishable from Panama examples and the species probably reaches
Brazil. As Vampyrops sarhinus, Thomas (1903a, p. 40) listed a
specimen from Sevilla Island, off the southern coast of western
Panama where it was collected by J. H. Batty. In regard to the
record Mr. Thomas in a recent letter says: ‘‘ The specimen is cer-
tainly what I always look upon as sarhinus, but not having the type
for comparison I cannot be absolutely sure I am right. The skull
quite agrees with examples from Ecuador and Para.” Among the
bats collected in Panama by August Busck were two immature males
of Vampyrops helleri from Cabima, of which forearm measurements,

39 and 39.6 millimeters, respectively, were published by Miller (1912, _

p. 25).

Specimens examined: Cabima, 2; Cana, I.

*The type specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology bears on the
label “Obispo, Panama, Hassler Expedition, 1872,” and the original assign-
ment of the species to Brazil appears to have been an error,

a; MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 201

Genus VAMPYRODES Thomas

The genus Vampyrodes is very similar to the genus Vampyrops,
but has two instead of three molars in each upper jaw, the small last
molar present in the latter genus being absent. A more important
character, however, is the suppression of the metacone in the second
upper molar. The genus Vampyrodes outwardly somewhat resembleg
the genera Uroderma and Chiroderma, but the differences in size of
the Panama representatives of these genera suffice to separate them.
The teeth are 30 in number.

ee

VAMPYRODES MAJOR G. M. Allen
San Pablo Bat
Vampyrodes major G. M. Aten, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., Vol. 52, No. 3, p. 38,
July, 1908. Type from San Pablo, Isthmus of Panama.

Vampyrodes major is a rather large bat with a pair of broad white
face stripes extending from the nose backward, one on each side,
over the eye to above the ear, and with a white line extending from
the top of the head down the middle of the back. Another white
mark extends from near the corner of the mouth to the ear. These
stripes are shared with Uroderma bilobatwm and Vampyrops helleri,
but the greater forearm measurement, about 55.5 millimeters, is
distinctive.

V. major is known in Panama only from the type locality, a place
now covered by the waters of Gatun Lake. A specimen also in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology was collected at Cerro Santa
Maria, Costa Rica, by C. F. Underwood, January 5, 1908, and the
species may be expected to occur anywhere in the general region.

Specimens examined: San Pablo, 1 (type).

Genus VAMPYRESSA Thomas

The genus Vampyressa includes very small species with the white
facial markings of Artibeus; it agrees further with that genus in the
absence of a dorsal stripe, but the ears are shorter and more rounded.
There is no external tail and the narrow interfemoral membrane is
densely furred to the margin as in Vampyrops. The skull is similar
in general contour to that of Vampyrops, but the molars are reduced
to two on each side above and below. As in that genus the median

upper incisors are separated by a distinct gap, but the cutting edge is
bifid instead of smooth. The teeth are 28 in number.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

a.

202 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

VAMPYRESSA MINUTA Miller
Little Yellow-eared Bat
[Plate 37, figs. 3, 3a]
Vampyressa minuta Mitter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 42, No. 1882, p. 25,
March 6, 1912. Type from Cabima, Panama.

« This recently described species bears a rather close general resem-
blance to some of the small forms of Artibeus, but is smaller than
any of them. The arrangement of white facial stripes is the same—
a supraorbital pair reaching upward from the nose pad to the inner
sides of the ears, and the cheek stripes extending from the angle of
the mouth toward the ears. The short rounded ears have yellow
margins. The forearm measures about 32 millimeters.

Vampyressa minuta is very closely allied.to Vampyressa thyone
Thomas. It apparently differs from that species only in rather slight
cranial details as shown by comparison with an Ecuadorean specimen
which has been determined as . thyone by Thomas. The skull is
slightly smaller, the difference in size being most noticeable in the
braincase. The nasals are less developed anteriorly between the
maxillae, the resulting gap or rounded excision constituting a distinct
posterior extension of the anterior nares. The palate seems relatively
narrower behind the posterior molars. The dentition is about the
same.

The type was collected at Cabima by August Busck in May, IgII.
The only other known specimen flew into my room at Cana where it
was captured during the evening of June 6, 1912. The bright, yellow
edges of the ears and tragus attracted my attention at once. This
color, most intense on the lower part of the ears, was somewhat
duller toward the tips. It is still shown in the dry skin, but is much
less conspicuous than when fresh.

Specimens examined: Cabima, I (type) ; Cana, 1.

Genus CHIRODERMA Peters

The alliance of the genus Chiroderma seems to be most nearly
with Vampyrops which it resembles in external markings; but the
nose leaf is broader and the forearm and interfemoral membrane
are more heavily furred than in that genus. The skull is similar to
those of Vampyrops and Vampyressa, the dental formula being the
same, but the teeth differ in detail. A striking contrast is presented,
however, by the apparent absence of nasals, their excision fore-
shadowed in Vampyressa having progressed to the extreme degree.
The teeth are 28 in number.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 203

* CHIRODERMA ISTHMICUM Miller

Isthmian Bat
[Plate 37, figs. 2, 2a]
Chiroderma isthmicum Mutter, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 42, No. 1882,
p. 25, March 6, 1912. Type from Cabima, Panama.
The Isthmian chiroderma is a rather small, brownish bat with the
outer side of the forearm and the upper side of the interfemoral
membrane well clothed with fur. A white dorsal stripe which is con-
spicuous in Chiroderma salvini seems to be indistinct or obsolete in
this species. The forearm measures about 45 millimeters.
Chiroderma isthnicum was based on two specimens obtained by
August Busck at Cabima. An individual flew into my room at
Cana during the evening of May 21, 1912, and alighted on the wall
where it was captured and one presented by Mr. George A. Brown
was secured by him at Culebra.
Specimens examined: Cabima, 2 (including type); Cana, 1;
Culebra, 1.

:
3

CHIRODERMA SALVINI Dobson
Salvin’s Bat

Chiroderma salvini Dosson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 532, 1878, pl. 29,

fig. 3. Type from Costa Rica.

Salvin’s bat is a handsome species, dark brown above, the face
marked with white stripes, a pair of which extend from the outer
edges of the nose leaf upward diverging gradually to near the inner
sides of the ears. Another pair of short stripes reach backward,
one on each side, from the angles of the mouth. A distinct white
median dorsal stripe is also present. The forearm measures about
53 millimeters. Contrasted with C. isthmicum this bat is recogniz-
able by larger size, and apparently by the conspicuous white facial
and dorsal markings. The latter character may be unreliable, how-
ever, as it is known to be variable in some species of bats belonging to
this general group.

A single individual was knocked down as it flew through a lighted
corridor at the Darien gold mines at Cana, May 7, 1912. No others
appear to have been taken in Panama, but the species was recorded
from Colombia by Alston (1879, p. 207).

Specimens examined: Cana, I.

Genus ARTIBEUS Leach
The genus Artibeus includes species varying in size from rather
large to small, some of which range far north in Middle America.
A pair of white facial stripes arising from the sides of the nose

"La

204. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

extend to near the inner base of the ears and a shorter lateral pair
normally reach upward from near the corners of the mouth. In the
possession of these markings and the absence of a dorsal stripe
Artibeus agrees with Vampyressa, but the ears are more pointed
and the disparity in size externally distinguishes the two genera.
Moreover, the skulls differ rather widely in detail; the upper incisors
are bifid in both genera, but while about as broad as high in Artibeus
they are much higher than broad in Vampyressa. Some of the teeth
are vestigial and may be absent in certain species, the number for the
genus varying from 28 to 30 or 32.

ARTIBEUS WATSONI Thomas
Watson’s Bat
Artibeus watsoni THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 7, p. 542, June,
1901. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.

Watson’s bat may be distinguished from its Panama congeners
by much smaller size and more distinct white facial stripes. The
forearm measures about 40 millimeters. The edges of the ears are
yellowish, much as in Uroderma bilobatum and Vampyrops hellert.
The known range of the species is Panama and Nicaragua. Several
similarly small and apparently not very distinctly related species
inhabit northern South America.

At Gatun a single individual was found clinging to the under side
of a banana leaf in an old field. The only other specimen obtained
by me was knocked down near the entrance to the tunnel of an old
mine at Cana.

Thomas (1903a, p. 40), the original describer of the species, re-
corded additional specimens from Sevilla and Cebaco, both small
islands off the southern coast of western Panama. The same
material was examined by Andersen (1908, p. 289) and listed in his
monograph of the genus. Six specimens, collected by J. H. Batty
at Boqueron, were recorded by Allen (1904, p. 79) ; six specimens
from Chepigana are listed by Anthony (1916, p. 373).

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 6*; Cana, 1; Chepigana, 6°;
Gatun, I.

ARTIBEUS JAMAICENSIS JAMAICENSIS Leach
Jamaican Bat

Artibeus jamaicensis Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. 13, 1821, p. 75. Type

from Jamaica.

The Jamaican bat is doubtless common at the lower elevations
throughout Panama. It is a large robust species with rather indis-

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

7

» 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 205

tinct whitish facial stripes of which a supraorbital pair usually
extend from the nose pad to near the inner sides of the ears, and a
pair, faintly indicated (or absent), reach from near the angle of the
_ mouth toward the ears. The forearm measures about 62 millimeters.
. Examination of the skull is necessary in order to distinguish this
- bat with certainty from Artibeus planirostris planirostris. It lacks
the tiny third upper molar present at the posterior end of the series
in the latter form.

Fic. 16.—Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis.
No. 203082, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

Dr. Knud Andersen (1908) in a revision of the genus states
(p. 266) that “to prevent wrong identification it is important to
emphasize that Central America is inhabited by two races, which
ought not to be (but hitherto have always been) confused, viz., the
smaller (truly indigenous) A. j. jamaicensis and the larger A. j.
palmarum (an immigrant from south).” In similar language he
reiterates (p. 278) that “in Central America and S. Mexico A. 7.
palmarum meets the considerably smaller A. 7. jamaicensis. There
is no doubt whatever that the latter race is the truly indigenous form
in the region north of Panama, and that A. j. palmarum is a late

_intruder from the south into the same region.” Dr. Andersen’s
positive assertions, made after a careful study of the group, should
be given considerable weight ; but since the forms as recognized by
him appear to be characterized by average differences only, his
interesting conclusions in regard to their geographic ranges seem
open to serious question. The Middle American material recorded
by him includes four specimens from Bugaba, Chiriqui, referred to
A. p. palmarum, and a single example from Colon referred to A. /.
jamaicensis.

Most of the specimens from Panama examined by me are indis-
tinguishable from typical A. 7. jamaicensis, having about the same
general dimensions (forearm rarely reaching 65 millimeters) and
degree of posterointernal emargination of the second upper molar,
and the same dark color, including indistinct facial stripes. Although
Bugaba examples are somewhat larger, I assign them, along with the
others, to the typical form.

206 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

A colony, comprising 50 or more of these bats, was located in a
shallow recess in the side of the high rock forming the center of the
islet known as San José Rock in the Bay of Panama. W. H. Osgood
and I visited the place together and obtained specimens, a part of
which are now in the Field Museum of Natural History. The bats
were suspended in crevices.

At Gatun several were caught in traps placed about a bunch of
ripening bananas that had been left uncut in an old field, and to which
the bats came to feed at night. At the same locality a single indi-
vidual was found clinging within a curled fragment of dead banana
leaf which still adhered to the plant at a point about six feet from
the ground. The colors of the bat blended well with those of the
leaf. Several were dislodged by firing into cavities in the arch of
the natural bridge over the Rio del Puente a few miles north of
Alhajuela, but one only was secured as a specimen.

A specimen obtained by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba, Chiriqui,
was listed by Bangs (1902, p. 50) as Artibeus intermedius. Under
the same name, Bangs (1906, p. 213) recorded an individual taken by
the same collector at Calidonia (near Panama). The specimen
from Bugaba, measuring 77 millimeters in length of forearm, was
subsequently referred by G. M. Allen (1908, p. 42) to Artibeus
palmarum, and Knud Andersen (J. c.) in the same year recorded
material from the same locality as subspecies palmarum. Miller
(1912, p. 26) assigned to A. 7. jamaicensis three specimens collected+
by August Busck on Taboga Island.

An interesting and rather detailed account of the habits of this
bat, as observed by W. Osburn in Jamaica, was published many
years ago. Osburn found them inhabiting caves in great numbers.
While they sometimes lived in places from which the light was
wholly excluded, they particularly haunted the entrances of caves,
or caves of shallow depth, which led him to remark that “ it certainly
does not seem such a lover of darkness as the generality of the
family.” He also found them “ clustering under the fronds of the
cocoanut palm, so thickly and in such numbers that at a single shot I
brought down twenty-two, while many flew off and took refuge in
neighboring trees.”

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 17; Boquete, 1?; Calidonia, 1;
Culebra, 1; Gatun, 6; Rio del Puente (natural bridge near Alha-
juela), 1; San José Rock (Bay of Panama), 11; Taboga Island, 34.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, pp. 64-67.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* Ten in collection Museum Comp. Zool.

ARTIBEUS PLANIROSTRIS PLANIROSTRIS (Spix)
Flat-nosed Bat

Phyllostoma planirostre Srrx, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil, 1823, p. 66, pl. 36,
fig. 1. Type from Bahia, Brazil.

S|
} :
NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 207
4
4

The flat-nosed bat very closely resembles Artibeus j. jamaicensis.
The two species are sometimes difficult to distinguish apart by any
external character, but A. p. planirostris differs, normally, in the
possession of a third upper molar, a tiny tooth appearing at the
posterior end of the series. But in some skulls even this differential
character partially fails as these small teeth may be lost on one or
both sides. In such cases, however, the alveolus of the missing tooth
persists at least for a time.

A. planirostris appears to be a rare bat in Panama, while A. 7.
jamaicensis is one of the common species of the region. No speci-
mens of the former were met with by me, but specimens from
Bugaba and Boquete erroneously listed by Bangs (1902, p. 50) as
A. intermedius were of this species as has been indicated by G. M.
Allen (1908, p. 39). A bat collected by J. H. Batty at Boqueron,
Chiriqui, and recorded by J. A. Allen (1904, p. 79) as A. intermedius
proved on reexamination by him (1904, p. 233) to be an example of
A. planirostris with the third molar on each side absent. Dr. Allen’s
later determination is evidently correct.

Specimens examined: Boqueron,’ Boquete, 1,’ Bugaba, 1.

Family DESMODONTIDAE

The family Desmodontide includes the true vampire bats which
subsist upon the blood of animals, probably to the exclusion of other
food. Contrary to a popular conception they are not especially
repugnant in appearance and are surpassed in size by many harmless
species. The ears are short; the nose is bordered by cutaneous folds
with a V-shaped notch in the middle above the nostrils. There is no
external tail, and the interfemoral membrane is reduced to a narrow
fringe. The general pelage is short and somewhat hispid, rusty
brownish in color, rather coarse hairs extending the full length of
the forearm and well down over the interfemoral membrane and hind
limbs. The highly specialized dentition is distinctive, the median
upper incisors consisting of greatly developed, trenchant, chisel-like
teeth which exceed the canines in size and are largely instrumental
in making the incision when blood is drawn. These bats often attack

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus.Comp. Zool.

14

208 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

horses and mules and rather rarely bite human being's, but since
vast areas unoccupied by man are inhabited by them in considerable
numbers, they doubtless prey normally upon native mammals or
birds. Three genera are known, two of which, Desmodus and
Diphylla, are represented in Panama.

Genus DESMODUS Wied

Blood-sucking bats met with throughout tropical Middle America
usually belong to the genus Desmodus, the other Desmodont genus
of the region, Diphylla, being exceedingly rare. Desmodus is dis-
tinguishable externally from Diphylla by the longer, more pointed
ears, and the long thumb, equal to about one-fifth the length of the
third finger, with two prominent pads on the inner side of the meta-
carpal. The calcar is short, stumpy, and supports no part of the
interfemoral membrane. More important generic characters are
lodged in the teeth, which differ notably in form and are reduced to
20 in number.

DESMODUS ROTUNDUS MURINUS Wagner
Mexican Vampire Bat

D[esmodus] murinus Wacner, Schreber’s Saugthiere, Suppl., Vol. 1, p. 377
(1839), 1840. Type from Mexico.
Although few examples were met with by me the Mexican vampire
bat is probably rather common at low elevations throughout Panama.
Specimens of Desmodus from Mexico average smaller than those

Fic. 17.—Desmodus rotundus murinus.
No. 179723, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

from Paraguay, assumed to represent typical D. rotundus, and seem
referable to a northern race for which the name D. murinus Wagner
may be used, as has been shown by Osgood.’

The difference in size between the northern and southern forms
is, however, rather less than might be inferred from measurements
by Osgood (/. c.). He gives the length of the forearm in typical
D. rotundus as 60-64 millimeters, as against a maximum of 55 milli-
meters in Mexican and Guatemalan specimens referred to the north-

* Pub. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.. Zool. Ser., Vol. 10, No. 5, p. 63, Jan. 10, 1912.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 209

ern subspecies. I find Mexican specimens that fully equal his
measurements for typical D. rotundus, and Paraguayan examples
that exceed those measured by him. But, while individuals are
practically indistinguishable the southern race averages considerably
larger, the difference in size seemingly more noticeable in the skulls
than in external dimensions. The rather scanty material available
from Panama indicates that the region is inhabited by a form some-
what intermediate in size but nearest to D. r. murinus.

A few vampires were found clinging in a recess of the high-
vaulted roof of a limestone cave in the forest near Cana. Four
secured as specimens had their stomachs distended with blood which
had thickened and become very dark in color. One of these that
had been knocked down was only partially disabled, and on being
rather incautiously handled suddenly snapped at my finger. The
canine teeth were not brought to bear, but the upper incisors neatly
scooped out and completely removed a bit of skin leaving a wound
from which blood flowed freely. In other parts of the same cave
were colonies of Hemiderma perspictllatum aztecum, Hemiderma
castaneum, Glossophaga soricina leachu, Lonchophylla robusta, and
Lonchophylla concava.

Three specimens of this species collected by W. W. Brown, Jr.,
at Bogava were included by Bangs (1902, p. 51) in his list of
“ Chiriqui Mammalia,” and a single example taken by J. H. Batty
at Boqueron was recorded by Allen (1904, p. 79). Detailed measure-
ments of an adult female obtained by August Busck on Taboga
Island have been published by Miller (1912, p. 26).

Of this vampire bat Dr. Linnaeus Fussell (see Hale, 1903, p. 244),
who had medical charge of a U. S. Government surveying party in
eastern Panama in 1870, says in his report: “ The bites of vampire
bats should be referred to, as the stories told of them are by many
deemed rather apochryphal. We were troubled with them more or
less during the whole time we were out, but ordinarily they did not
prove a serious annoyance; toward the latter part of our trip, how-
ever, some one was bitten almost every night; one night, the 13th of
May, nine men were bitten. The men were rarely awakened by the
bites, which, however, bled freely, sufficient blood being usually lost
to saturate the clothing, and to show its effects very perceptibly in
the loss of color and general feeling of weakness experienced.”

While the fact that vampire bats, presumably of this species, attack
man is fairly well established, such attacks seem to be rare in Panama.
No instance came under my observation, and many people habitually

210 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

sleep in the open air, unprotected by netting. I was told that ina few
instances bats had been known to bite sleeping natives, usually
choosing the ears or toes for their attacks. Horses and mules, how-
ever, frequently suffer from them. Streaks of blood-matted hair
extending down from small incisions on the withers or sides of the
neck are common evidence of their nocturnal visits. The wounds
are usually slight and heal quickly without attention, but sometimes
become infested with the larve of viviparous flies which may cause
the death of the animal.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 1°; Bogava, 37; Cana, 4;
Taboga Island, 2.

Genus DIPHYLLA Spix

The genus Diphylla is externally similar to Desmodus, but has
shorter, more rounded ears ; the thumb is reduced to about one-eighth
instead of about one-fifth the length of the third finger, and its
metacarpal lacks the distinct pads on the inner side in the latter
genus. The corresponding teeth differ in important structural details
from those of Desmodus, and are increased by a pair of minute outer
incisors, and a pair of upper and lower molars, to 26 in number.

DIPHYLLA CENTRALIS Thomas
Central American Vampire Bat
Diphylla centralis THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, Vol. 11, p. 378,
April, 1903. ‘Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

The Central American vampire bat, whose general characters are
those of the genus, is definitely known only from the type which was
collected at Boquete, on the southern slope of the Volcan de Chiriqui,
by H. J. Watson.

It is described as “ externally quite similar to D. ecaudata, except
that the legs are rather less heavily haired, and there is not so much
white on the digits and tips of the wings. Colour of back and belly,
where the hairs are dark to their bases, near ‘ seal brown’ ; anteriorly
on the shoulders and neck the colour is markedly lighter, owing to
the broad whitish bases to the hairs, D. ecaudata is rather darker
throughout, with less white on the bases of the shoulder hairs.

“Skull rather rounder and less sharply arched above than in
D. ecaudata,; interorbital region narrower. Zygomata more widely
and evenly spread. Bulle larger and higher.”

It is represented as differing from D. ecaudata, however, mainly
in dental characters, the last three lower cheek teeth being subequal

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN rH wD |

in size, while in the latter species the fourth lower premolar is fully
twice the size of the first lower molar, and half again as large as the
third lower premolar. Thomas further remarks that “in spite of
their general resemblance to each other the difference in the propor-
tions of the lower teeth seems to necessitate the distinction of the
Central-American Diphylla from that of Brazil.” The forearm
measurement given is 54 millimeters. Specimens of Diphylla from
as far north as southern Mexico may prove to be referable to this
species.
Family NATALIDAE

The members of the family are small, delicately formed bats, the
continental representatives of which are recognizable by peculiar,
low, somewhat funnel-shaped ears, long, slender limbs, large inter-
femoral membrane and the absence of nose leaves. The skull is long
and narrow, with high subglobose braincase; the palate is excised
anteriorly, but the premaxillz meet in the median line in front of two
well-developed foramina ; postorbital processes are absent.

Genus NATALUS Gray

Salient characters of the only known continental genus of this
restricted group have been given under the family. In addition, the
long, thread-like tail crosses the interfemoral membrane, which is
naked, except for a thin line of fringing hairs along the posterior
margin. The teeth are 38 in number.

NATALUS MEXICANUS Miller
Mexican Straw-colored Bat
Natalus mexicanus Mitier, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 399, September
12, 1902. Type from Santa Anita, Lower California, Mexico.

Rich golden yellow appears to be the normal color of Natalus

mexicanus, but individuals vary to dark brown. The color in con-

Fic. 18.—Natalus mexicanus.
No. 52117, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

junction with the thin papery ears and flying membranes will aid in
identification of the species. Its occurrence in Panama is known
only from the record by Allen (1904, p. 78) of a single specimen

212 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

collected by J. H. Batty on Coiba Island. In reduced size, most
obvious in the length of the skull and toothrows, this example agrees
closely with the Mexican form which is probably a small, geographic
race of Natalus stramineus. The forearm measures 38.4 and the
upper toothrow (front of canine to back of posterior molar) 6.4
millimeters.

Specimens examined: Coiba Island, 1.7

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE. Common Bats

Most of the common bats of northern latitudes are included in the
family Vespertilionide which, with several subfamily divisions,
ranges over the greater part of the land surface in both the eastern
and western hemispheres. The Isthmian members of the family are
distinguishable externally by the combination of medium or small
size, slender general structure, simple noses, narrow, usually pointed
ears, slender tragus, long tail reaching to near posterior border of
wide interfemoral membrane, and absence of adhesive disks on the
soles and thumbs. A notable feature of the skull is a broad and
deep U-shaped median, anterior emargination of the palate and the
resultant obliteration of palatal branches of the premaxille. Five
genera are now known to represent the family in Panama.

Genus MYOTIS Kaup

The bats of the genus Myotis superficially resemble those of
several related genera and examination of skulls is often desirable
in order to make positive determinations. The two known Panama
representatives are, however, usually recognizable by the combina-
tion of color and size; the colors are dark brown or blackish and the
length of the forearm 34 to 36.5 millimeters. They thus exceed the
measurements of Rhogeéssa and do not attain the dimensions of the
other Vespertilionine genera of the region. The skull of Myotis is
slender and of rather delicate structure, the braincase rounded and
usually rising high behind the narrow, depressed rostrum. Three
upper premolars are normally present on each side, and the teeth are
normally 38 in number. In certain species a pair of small obsolescent
upper premolars may be present or absent.

*In describing Natalus mexicanus Mr. Miller used for comparison specimens
from Dominica as representing N. stramineus, whose exact type locality, how-
ever, remains undetermined.

* Collection Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 213

MYOTIS NIGRICANS (Wied)
Little Black Bat

V [espertilio] nigricans Wien, Beitrage zur Naturgesch, v. Brasilien, Vol. 2,
p. 266, 1826. Type from Fazenda de Aga, near the Iritiba River, south-
eastern Brazil.

Viespertilio) exiguus H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866,
p. 281. Type from Aspinwall (now Colon), Panama.

Myotis chiriquensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 77,
February 29, 1904. Type from Boqueron, Chiriqui, Panama.

AA Pe he aa

Fic. 19.—Myotis nigricans.
No. 179721, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

The little black bat is a small, slender, blackish or brownish black
species with a very small foot. In general appearance it is not very
unlike Eptesicus propinquus, but is distinctly smaller. The forearm
measures about 34 millimeters. Specimens from Panama seem indis-
_ tinguishable in any way from a series from Sapucay, Paraguay,

assumed to represent typical M. nigricans.

At Bohio a few of these bats were located in a vacant part of the
old police station. They were clinging to the wall, several inches
apart in an upper corner of a half-dark room. Others were found
in an old tunnel formerly used for the storage of dynamite at the
same locality. A specimen from Bugaba is recorded by Bangs
(1902, p. 50), and two from Boqueron are listed by Allen (1904,
p- 77). Anthony (1916, p. 373) notes the species from Chepigana,
Cituro, Real de Santa Maria, Gatun, Tacarcuna, and Tapalisa as
Myotis chiriquensis.

The type of Vespertilio exiguus H. Allen has been searched for in
the U. S. National Museum, and Mr. James A. G. Rehn informs me
that it cannot be found in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. It seems to have been lost. The descrip-
tion is of a small bat conforming closely in size and general characters
with Myotis nigricans and it seems best to assign the name to the
synonym of this species.

Examination of the type of Myotis chiriquensis shows that the
forearm was broken off when the specimen was prepared and it is
not, therefore, normally so short as Dr. Allen supposed. There
seems to be no character by which it may be separated from
M. nigricans.

214 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 60

Specimens ie Boca de Cupe, 1; Bohio, 4; Boqueron, 3°
te, 1"; Cana, 1; Chepigana, 1‘; Cituro, 1°; Culebra, 2°; Gatun,
A

: Real ec Santa sapiins 3°; San Pablo, 1; Tabernilla, 2; Taboga
Island, 1; Tacarcuna, 2°; Tapalisa, 3."

MYOTIS —— sp. indet.

An alcoholic specimen, with skull removed, in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, from San Pablo, Canal Zone, belongs to a
widely ranging group which Mr, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr, informs me
includes Myotis ywmanensis, Myotis albescens, and other geographic
races in both North and South America, The example differs from
M. yumanensis in the dark color of its pelage, but the skull is not
very obviously unlike those of several currently recognized species,
and in the present unrevised condition of the genus the specimen
cannot satisfactorily be determined, The forearm measures 36.4.

Genus EPTESICUS Ratinesque

The broad, naked membranes combined with larger size (forearm
about 4o millimeters or more) suftice to distinguish members of the
genus Eptesicns from other Panama representatives of the family,
The skull is flatter with broader, heavier rostrum than that of Myotis
and more nearly resembles that of Rhogeéssa in form, As in Myotis,
and unlike Rhogeéssa, two pairs of upper incisors are present, but a
departure from the J/yotis formula results from the reduction of the
upper premolars to the single pair present in Rhogeéssa, The teeth
are 32 in number, ‘Two species are known to occur within our limits.

EPTESICUS PROPINQUUS (Peters)
Peters’ Black Bat

lesperus propinguus Prrers, Monatsber, k, preuss, Akad, Wissensch, Berlin,

18p2a, p. 262, ‘Type from Santa Isabel, Guatemala,

This rather small, dark brown, slenderly formed species bears a
general external resemblance to Myotis nigricans, but is considerably
larger, The forearm measures about 41 millimeters,

The specific distinctness of this bat from Eptesicus fuscus
(Beauvois), with which it had been subspecifically associated, has
been pointed out by Osgood. It is smaller and differs otherwise

* Collection Ayer: Mus, Nat, Hist,

* Collection Mus, Comp, Zool,

*One in collection Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist.

*Proc, Biol, Soc. Wash, Vol, 27, p. rot, May tr, ror4,

>

ane a a

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMAe=GOLDMAN 215

from the forms of L. fuscus, and the northern part of its range is
overlapped by that of Lptesicus fuseus muradorensis (11, Allen).
The exact relationship of 1. propinquus to Eptesicus Iilarii (Is.
Geoffroy) and other South American species is, however, not so
clear.

A small colony of E, propinguus was located in a dark corner of
the attic of an old house at San Pablo, a locality now covered by
Gatun Lake, ‘The walls of the room had been white-washed and
when a window was opened the dark color of the bats rendered them
conspicuous, A few individuals of Rhogeéssa tumida were clinging
to rafters nearby.

Specimens examined: San Pablo, 3.

EPTESICUS FUSCUS MIRADORENSIS (H, Allen)
Mirador Brown Bat
S[cotophilus| miradorensis H, Avten, Proc, Acad, Nat, Sci, Philadelphia,
. 1866, p. 287. Type from Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
The Mirador brown bat is one of the larger forms of Vesperti-
. lionid occurring in the region under consideration, It is externally
similar to :ptesicus propinquus, but is decidedly larger, the forearm
measuring about 50 millimeters in length. It also differs in dark
| brown instead of blackish color.
|
;

t. Vic, 2o,.—-Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis,
No, 53784, U. S. Nat. Mus, About nat, size.

Eptesicus f. miradorensis was first made known from Panama by
Bangs (1902, p. 50), who noted a single specimen collected by W, W.
Brown, Jr., at Boquete, Chiriqui, Allen (1904, p. 78) lists examples
taken at the same locality by J. H. Batty. This locality on the
southern slope of the Volean de Chiriqui, in the western part of the
republic, marks the southern limit of the known range of L/ptesicus
fuscus, This species in its several forms is one of the most common
_ in the area to the northward, including the entire United States and
. adjoining British territory, The skulls of examples from Boquete
4
4

216 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

are slightly larger than in Mexican specimens with which they have
been compared, but the external dimensions are about the same.
Specimens examined: Boquete, 4.*

Genus NYCTERIS Borkhausen

The genus Nycteris is easily recognizable by the continuation of
the dense body fur over the hind limbs and the entire upper side of
the wide interfemoral membrane. Distinctive tufts of fur appear
also at the upper base of the thumb and along the basal portion of the
fourth finger. In the allied genus Dasypterus the interfemoral mem-
brane is much less extensively clothed. The skull of Nycteris is short
and the rostrum broad and massive, very much as in Dasypterus, but
a pair of minute upper premolars is not present in the latter genus.
The teeth are 32 in number.

NYCTERIS BOREALIS MEXICANA (Saussure)
Mexican Red Bat
A[talapha] mexicana Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Ser. 2, Vol. 13, p. 97,
March, 1861. Type from southern Mexico.
The rich reddish brown color of the upperparts, including the fur
covering the hind limbs and the entire upper side of the wide inter-

Fic. 21.—Nycteris borealis mexicana.
No. 122663, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

femoral membrane distinguishes this bat from the otherwise similar
form, Dasypterus ega panamensis, and all others of the general
region. The ears are short and rounded as in Dasypterus. The fore-
arm measures about 41 millimeters.

Bangs (1902, p. 50) records a specimen collected by W. W. Brown,
Jr., at 4,800 feet near Boquete on the southern slope of the Volcan de
Chiriqui, where the species reaches the extreme southern known
limit of its distribution.

Specimens examined: Boquete, 1.°

* Three in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; one in Mus. Comp. Zool.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 217

Genus DASYPTERUS Peters

The genus Dasypterus is similar externally to Nycteris, but the
hind limbs and the posterior part of the interfemoral membrane are
naked. The skull indicates alliance to Nycteris, but the absence of
the small anterior upper premolars still appearing in that genus is
_ distinctive. The teeth are 30 in number.

DASYPTERUS EGA PANAMENSIS Thomas
Panama Short-eared Bat
Dasypterus ega panamensis Tuomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 8,
p. 246, September, 1901. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama (altitude
800 feet).

The type in the British Museum is the only known specimen of
this bat. It was collected at Bugaba in western Panama by H. J
Watson, October 8, 1898. It is described as dark brownish clay
color in general tone above, instead of buffy white as in typical
Dasypterus ega of Brazil. The forearm measurement given is
46.5 millimeters.

Bats of the genus Dasypterus appear to be rare in Middle America.
They may be recognized by the rather unusual color among bats,
together with the short rounded ears, and the long tail which sup-
ports the gradually narrowing interfemoral membrane to a point
well beyond the feet. Another Middle American form, D. ega
sxanthinus Thomas has been described from Lower California.

Genus RHOGEESSA H. Allen

The genus Rhogeéssa is similar externally to Myotis, but the
yellowish brown color and small size sufficiently distinguish the
Isthmian representative. The skull more nearly resembles that of
Eptesicus in form, but the single pair of upper incisors and other
details are distinctive. The teeth are 30 in number.

RHOGEESSA TUMIDA H. Allen
Little Yellow Bat
Rhogeéssa tumida H. Auten, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 286.
Type from Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

The small size, slender form, tiny foot, and naked interfemoral
membrane together with rich yellowish brown color characterize this
species, one of the smallest bats occurring in Panama. The forearm
measures about 31.5 millimeters.

218 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS ~— VOL. 69

A few of these bats were found clinging from the rafters in the
half dark attic of an old house at San Pablo, April 21, 1911. A
corner of the same attic was inhabited by Eptesicus propinquus.
Henry Pittier took a specimen of Rhogeéssa. tunuda at La Palma de
Darien in January, 1912. Bangs (1902, p. 50) records a specimen

Fic. 22.—Rhogeéssa tumida.
No. 52065, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba, which was rather doubt-
fully referred to this species by G. eat iller |r:

Specimens examined: Bugaba, 1*; La Palma de Darien, 1; San
Pablo, 3.

Family MOLOSSIDAE

The family Molossidz includes large, medium and small bats with
short, thick, leathery ears, broader than high, and projecting far
forward over the eyes. The short thick muzzle is not provided with
a nose leaf, the legs are short and the long tail projects prominently
beyond the posterior border of the short interfemoral membrane. ,
The general pelage is short and velvety; very short hairs with
thickened and more or less distinctly spoon-shaped tips are present
on the upper lip, and similarly modified hairs form a fringe alony the
under and outer sides of the Jateral digits of the foot; more con-
spicuous but slender hairs with recurved tips project beyond the
claws. The wings are very narrow, and together with the peculiar
shape of the ears give bats of this group an angular appearance in
flight.

Genus MOLOSSOPS Peters

The genus Molossops closely resembles Molossus in external
appearance, but more conspicuous lines of fur diverging from the
angle in the bend of the wing along the forearms and fourth finger
are usually distinctive. The skull is distinguishable from those of
Molossus and Eumops by the high, but broad, flattened rostrum with
conspicuous, laterally projecting lachrymal ridges. Distinct basi-
spenoid depressions are absent. In the species reaching Panama me
teeth are 28 in number, but vary in the genus to 26.

* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

BNO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 219

MOLOSSOPS PLANIROSTRIS (Peters)
Flat-nosed Mastiff Bat
M[olossus] planirostris Perers, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch.
Berlin, 1865, p. 575. Type from British Guiana.

Molossops planirostris appears to be mainly South American in
distribution, but G. M. Allen (1908, p. 56) directs attention to a
specimen collected near the City of Panama by W. W. Brown, Jr.,
and erroneously referred to Promops nanus by Bangs (1906, p. 212).
As Dr. Allen states, “ the presence of this species within the limits of
Middle America ”’ is thus established.

Specimens examined: Panama (near city), I.’

Genus EUMOPS Miller

Among the known Panama Molossine bats the genus Eumops is
readily recognizable externally by the connection of the ears across
the forehead. The skull is similar in general outline to that of
Molossus, but the rostrum is narrower and dental differences are
various. The upper incisors project forward far beyond the plane
of the canines and an additional pair of outer incisors is present.
The basisphenoid depressions are distinct as in Molossus. The teeth
are variable in number, 30 being present in the two Panama species.

EUMOPS NANUS (Miller)
Dwarf Mastiff Bat

Promops nanus Miter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 6, p. 470,
November, 1900. Type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama.

The dwarf mastiff bat, originally described from western Panama,
was not met with by me in the eastern part of the republic. A speci-
men collected near the city of Panama by W. W. Brown, Jr., and
recorded as Promops nanus by Bangs (1906, p. 212) is referable to
Molossops planirostris as pointed out by G. M. Allen (1908, p. 56).
As Miller aptly remarked, the species is essentially a miniature of
Eumops glaucinus. The forearm measures about 39 millimeters,
instead of 59 millimeters as in the latter animal.

Specimens examined: Bugaba, I.

EUMOPS GLAUCINUS (Wagner)
Chestnut Mastiff Bat

Dysopes glaucinus WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., 1843, p. 368.
Type from Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil.

This rather large bat, mainly South American in distribution, was
not until recently known to occur in Middle America. It is one of

* Collection in Mus. Comp. Zool.

220 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 0G

the largest of the Molossidae of the region, and in general external
appearance is not very unlike the typical genus Molossus, the short
thick leathery ears projecting forward and overhanging the eyes in
the same way. The forearm measures about 59 millimeters.

A large colony was found inhabiting the roof of the old police
station at Bohio. The bats remained during the day between the
corrugated iron roof and the ceiling. Looking through crevices a
considerable number could be seen ranged in rows with their heads
upward, their backs close to the iron, and their bodies lying flat on
the boards. They held on to some extent with their thumbs. The
sun was shining and the bats were panting with the almost intoler-
able heat radiating from the iron. When disturbed they crawled
about with lively shuffling motions, seeking always to keep out of
sight in the crevices. They were finally dislodged by tearing off the

Fic. 23.—Eumops glaucinus.
No. 179856, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

roof. Some of them, liberated in a room from which they could not _
escape, flew round and round and finally hung up by their feet in”
corners, swinging heads downward in the usual position of bats
when at rest. The building was soon torn down and the locality is
now submerged in Gatun Lake.

A specimen collected by August Busck, at Paraiso, was recorded
by Miller (1912, p. 26).

Specimens examined: Bohio, 14; Empire, 1 ; Paraiso, 1.

Genus MOLOSSUS Geoffroy

Externally the genus Molossus is similar to Molossops, but the
Panama forms are distinguishable by their smaller size in comparison
with the only known regional representative of the latter. The
absence of the conspicuously furred areas present on the upper side
of the wing between the forearm and fourth finger in Molossops are
distinctive. The skull differs notably from those of Molossops and
Eumops in the anteriorly arched braincase and high, trenchant
sagittal crest sloping down posteriorly to the low lambdoid ridge.
The basispenoid depressions are distinct as in Eumops. The upper

ae

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 221

incisors are less conical than in the genera mentioned and scarcely
project beyond the plane of the canines. One pair only of upper
premolars and one of lower incisors are present. The teeth are 26 in
number.

MOLOSSUS COIBENSIS Allen
Coiba Island Mastiff Bat
Molossus coibensis AtteN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 227,
June 29, 1904. Type from Coiba Island, Panama.

The Coiba Island mastiff bat is a small, short-haired, glossy species
of a dark chestnut brown or rusty blackish general color. The short
broad leathery ears hang far forward, and over-shadow the eyes.
The long tail projects well beyond the interfemoral membrane. The
forearm measures about 36.5 millimeters.

Fic. 24.—Molossus coibensis.
No. 202042, U. S. Nat. Mus. About nat. size.

This dark form was based by Dr. Allen on four specimens from
Coiba Island, originally referred by him (1904, p. 78) to Molossus
obscurus. It is nearly related to other forms of the Molossus
pygmaeus group, at least some of which will no doubt eventually
require reduction to subspecific rank.

In 1911 numbers of these bats inhabited the crevices between the
corrugated iron roofs and the ceilings of old French buildings at
Tabernilla and San Pablo. When a section of the iron roof of a
building at San Pablo was lifted, the bats, finding themselves sud-
denly exposed to the full light of day, crawled rapidly over boards
and plaster toward the cover of neighboring crevices. At Bohio a
single individual was found clinging to the wall of a well-lighted
room in the old police station. The windows were covered with
mosquito netting and the bat had probably entered the room through
a small hole in the ceiling, at night, and failed to find its way out
again. Tabernilla, San Pablo, and Bohio are all localities now sub-
merged in Gatun Lake.

A specimen probably assignable to M. coibensis was recorded by
Thomas (1903a, p. 39) from Gobernador Island, under the name
Molossus obscurus. Two examples of M. coibensis from San Pablo
were referred to M. crassicaudatus by G. M. Allen (1908, p. 60).

—

222 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Miller (1913, p. 92) in his review of the genus lists Panama speci-
mens from Ancon, Chorrera, Culebra, Paraiso, and Tabernilla.

Specimens examined: Ancon, 1; Balboa, 4*; Bohio, 1; Chorrera,
3°; Coiba Island, 4° (including type); Culebra, 2; Panama City,
73°; Paraiso, 1; San Pablo, 18*; Tabernilla, 9; Boqueron, 2.’

MOLOSSUS SINALOAE Allen
Sinaloa Mastiff Bat
Molossus sinaloae ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 22, p. 236, July 25,
1906. Type from Escuinapa, Sinaloa, Mexico.

The Sinaloa mastiff bat is the largest species of the genus known
to occur in Panama. It is similar to Molossus bondae, but larger and
somewhat lighter in color, the upperparts being a dark brownish
drab. The forearm measures about 47 millimeters.

The range of the species, as now understood, is from Sinaloa,
Mexico, southward through Middle America to western Panama.
Miller (1913, p. 89), in his revision of the genus, records specimens
collected by R. E. B. McKenney at Punta de Pena.

Specimens examined: Punta de Pefia (near Bocas del Toro), 2.

MOLOSSUS BONDAE Allen
Bonda Mastiff Bat
Molossus bonde ALtEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, p. 228, June 29, .*
1904. Type from Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia. ;

The Bonda mastiff bat is very similar to Molossus sinaloe, but is
smaller and seems to be darker colored. The forearm measures
about 40 millimeters.

The recorded range of the species is from northern Colombia into
Panama. Miller (1913, p. 89), in his revision of the genus, lists
specimens from Chorrera, one of which I have seen.

Specimens examined: Chorrera, 1.?

Order PRIMATES. Primates

Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA. Monkeys, Apes, Man
Family SAIMIRIDAE. Titi Monkeys -

This family is represented in the region by the single genus
Saimiri, which includes species scarcely exceeding some squirrels in

* Collection Field Mus.*Nat. Hist.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

* Seventy-two in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
* Six in collection Mus. Comp. Zool

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 223

size. They are easily distinguished from the Callitrichide, another
group of small, squirrel-like species, by the short, instead of much
elongated pelage, especially of the nape and sides, and the absence
of a narrow and conspicuous median frontal crest.

Genus SAIMIRI Voigt. Titi Monkeys

The members of the genus Saimiri are similar in size to those of
the genus Leontocebus, family Callitrichidae, which also inhabits the
general region; but they differ widely in more essential respects.
The general pelage is rather short, harsh and of nearly uniform
length, instead of being long and soft, with an elongated mane or
mantle covering the nape and overhanging the sides as in Leontoce-
bus; and the short hairs of the face pass rather gradually into the
pelage covering the top of the head, there being no narrow, con-
spicuous median crest as in the latter genus. The long tail is hairy
to the tip.

SAIMIRI ORSTEDII ORSTEDII (Reinhardt)
Orsted’s Titi Monkey
Chrysothrix drstedii ReinHArvt, Vidensk. Middel. Nat. For. Kjébenhavn,
1872, p. 157. Type from Chiriqui, Panama.

Orsted’s titi monkey is externally recognizable by its squirrel-like

size together with the white face, sides of neck, throat and chest
which contrast strongly with the black crown. The back, hands and
feet are rusty reddish.
_ The species was named for the Danish traveller Andreas Sandge
Orsted, who secured a specimen in Chiriqui many years ago. A
skeleton of an animal probably of this species was provisionally
referred by Sclater (1856, p. 139) to Saimiris sciurea (Linnaeus).
It was collected by Thomas Bridges in the forest near David. Sclater
later (1872, p. 3) assigned the same material to Saimiris entomo-
phaga (D’Orbigny) with the remarks: “In 1856 I recorded the
existence of a species of Squirrel Monkey in Central America,
Mr. Bridges having procured, near David in Veragua, a skeleton of
a species of this genus..... I have no doubt that the Central
American form is the black-headed S. entomophaga, as there is a skin
of this species in the British Museum from Veragua (Arcé).”
Alston (1879, p. 16) also mentions the Bridges specimen and ex-
amples sent from Chiriqui by Enrique Arcé.

Recent collectors have met with the animal at various localities in
western Panama. Bangs (1902, p. 51) lists five specimens collected

15

224 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Bugaba and says: “ The squirrel monkey
is common in the scrubby forest of the foothills of the Volcan de
Chiriqui. It was very tame, and Mr. Brown states that often little
parties of them, would follow him about in the underbrush, chatter-
ing, and allowing him to come so near that he could almost put his
hand on them. It is a beautiful creature, with a long tasselled tail,
and is admirably shown in Alston’s plate in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana. Mr. Brown states that he never saw a creature that he
disliked so to kill, and after he had secured five specimens, nothing
would induce him to molest the little troupes that accompanied him
on his rambles over the foot-hills.” Specimens taken by J. H. Batty
for the Hon. Walter Rothschild are recorded by Thomas (1903a,
p. 39) from Sevilla and Almijas, small islands near the southwestern
coast of the republic. Examples obtained by the same collector at
Boqueron were sent to the American Museum of Natural History,
and included by Allen (1904, p. 80) in his annotated list of species.
The animal is, so far as known, limited to western Panama. Another
form, described by Thomas (1904, p. 250) as “ Saimiri oerstedi
citrinellus”’ with “head less blackened, and the limbs less yellow ”
inhabits adjacent parts of Costa Rica.
Specimens examined: Boqueron, 59°; Bugaba, 5.’

Family AOTIDAE. Night Monkeys

Among the monkeys of the region this aberrant family is char-
acterized by nocturnal habits. The pelage is woolly, and in general
appearance the members of the group are very unlike the other
American monkeys ; they bear a striking resemblance to some of the
lemurs of the Old World.

Genus AOTUS Humboldt
The monkeys of the genus Aotus have very large and prominent
eyes, which are doubtless correlated with their nocturnal habits.
The face is marked by white frontal stripes, separated by a black
median stripe. The tail is non-prehensile, and terminates in a small
brush. One species is known from Panama.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

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NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN

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AOTUS ZONALIS Goldman
Canal Zone Night Monkey
[Plate 38, figs. 1 1a]
Aotus zonalis GOLDMAN, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, p. 6, March 14,
1914. Type from Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama (altitude 100 feet).

The night monkey of the Canal Zone and eastern Panama may be
easily recognized among the monkeys of the region by the characters
given for the genus. It is similar to Aotus griseimembra of the
Santa Marta region of Colombia in external appearance, the principal
difference being a more buffy suffusion of the body and limbs. The
skull differs in numerous details, especially the broader braincase,
and the more depressed interorbital region which materially alters
the facial angle; the larger molariform teeth of the Panama animal
would alone serve as a distinguishing character. A species differing
in the reddish color of the feet, Aotus rufipes Spee has been
described from Nicaragua.

Owing to nocturnal habits the night monkeys are ie seen, and
are therefore little known. Near Cana an example was obtained by
me while using a hunting lamp in the forest at night. Its large eyes
glowed conspicuously in the field of light projected into a tree top.
Rustling branches and low squeaking sounds indicated that others
were hurrying away in alarm. I did not hear the voice of the animal,
which was described to me by native hunters as who-who given in a
low monotonous tone. While in the forest near Boca de Cupe one
afternoon I heard a slight rustling sound, and looking up beheld
several curious little faces peering out of a dark hole about 15 feet
from the ground in the trunk of a tree. After backing away a few
steps I fired a shot into the hole and on egamining the tree found that
three of these monkeys had dropped to the ground inside the trunk,
whence they were extracted by enlarging another hole. A native
hunter described finding an adult and several young under similar
circumstances. Anthony (1916, p. 374) records examples from
Boca de Cupe and Tapalisa of which he says: “ Although my speci-
mens were taken in southeastern Panama, no material differences
between them and the type from Gatun are evident. The type is less
richly suffused, but this difference is probably not outside the limits
of individual variation.”

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 4°; Cana, 3; Gatun (type
locality), 4; Tapalisa, 7.’

*One in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

226 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

Family CALLITRICHIDAE. Squirrel Monkeys

The family Callitrichidae includes small squirrel-like monkeys of
which the single genus Leontocebus inhabits Panama.

Genus LEONTOCEBUS Wagner. Squirrel Monkeys

The smallest monkeys of the region are included in the genus
Leontocebus. They are little larger than squirrels which they re-
semble in form, posture and activity. The general pelage is long
and soft, that of the nape and sides especially elongated as a mane,
or mantle. The face is thinly clothed with short grayish hairs
through which the dark-colored skin is visible to a sharp line of
demarcation along the narrow and conspicuous median frontal crest.
The hands and feet, with the exception of the great toe, are armed
with long, sharp, strongly curved and laterally compressed claws
which doubtless facilitate rapid movement. The tail is long, slender
and non-prehensile.

LEONTOCEBUS GEOFFROYI (Pucheran)
Geoffroy’s Squirrel Monkey; Mono titi
Hapale geoffroyi Pucweran, Rev. Zool., Vol. 8, p. 336, September, 1845.
Type from Panama.*

Small size, together with the chestnut color of the nape, white fore
limbs and frontal crest distinguish the mono titi, as this little monkey
is known to natives of the Canal Zone. In western Panama the
species is largely or entirely replaced by the similarly small, bit
otherwise very different animal, Saimiri 6rstedii, which bears the
same local designation. .

In the Canal Zone and at localities visited in eastern Panama,
Geoffroy’s squirrel monkey seems to be the most abundant repre-
sentative of the order, ranging from sea level to at least 2,000 feet
altitude on the slopes of the mountains. They were usually met with
in troops of four or five, which quickly became alarmed at sight of
me and scattered like squirrels, scurrying along the branches and
often leaping several feet in passing from tree to tree, giving mean-
while rather weak squeaking cries.

The species has been well known in the Canal Zone for many years.
In his list of ‘“‘ Quadrumana found in America north of Panama,”
Sclater (1872, p. 8) says: “I have recently recorded the receipt by

* Locality given by Pucheran in account of Hapale illigeri on same page as
that of Hapale geoffroyi.

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 227

the Society [Zoological Society of London] of a living example
from Colon; and since that date other specimens have been received
from the same port.” Alston (1879, p. 17) records specimens from
Panama, Colon, and Chepo, and mentions examples from Chiriqui
formerly living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London
and believed by Sclater to be of this species. The animal is not
represented in recent collections from western Panama and the latter
record may be erroneous.

Anthony (1916, p. 374) in recording specimens from Boca de
Cupe, Chepigana, Cituro, Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), Tacarcuna
and Tapalisa, says: “This small monkey was fairly common
throughout the whole region where collecting was done, and speci-
mens from the high mountains of the cordillera [vicinity of Mount
Tacarcuna] are specifically the same as those of the Zone. In this
series the yellowish underparts, which Elliot’ made a character of
his salaquiensis, a species which he withdrew’ later upon the basis
of additional material, occur frequently and show that this character
is a variable one with no diagnostic value.”

Specimens examined: Boca de Cupe, 1°; Cana, 2; Chepigana, 6°;
Chepo, 1; Cituro, 4°; Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 1°; Tacarcuna,
12°; Rio Indio (near Gatun), 8; Tapalisa, 4.” .

Family ALOUATTIDAE. Howling Monkeys

The howling monkeys, which alone compose this family, are
remarkable mainly for their voices and the structural peculiarities
that enable them to produce sounds that often reverberate for miles
through the forest. ‘The vertical expansion of the angle of the
mandible, to a degree unusual among monkeys, is doubtless asso-
ciated with the extraordinary inflation of the laryngeal apparatus
which it partially protects.

Genus ALOUATTA Lacépéde. Howling Monkeys

The members of the genus Alouatta are robust species, with rather
long prehensile tails. They are similar in general appearance to
those of the genus Ateles, but have shorter limbs and are dis-
tinguished by five instead of four fingers on the hands. One species
only is known to inhabit the region.

* Elliot, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1912, p. 137.
7 Elliot, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1914, p. 644.
* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

ALOUATTA PALLIATA INCONSONANS Goldman
Panama Howling Monkey; Mono Negro
[Plate 30, figs. 1, 1a]

Alouatta palliata inconsonans GotpMAN, Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22,
pp. 17-20, February 28, 1913. Type from Cerro Azul, near the head-
waters of the Chagres River, Panama (altitude 2,500 feet).

The Panama howling monkey is recognizable as a large black
species with five fingers on the hands. It is closely allied to typical
A. p. palliata of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but the general color is
clearer black, especially on the flanks, rump and posterior part of
back. The skull differs in numerous details, the braincase being
broader posteriorly, the frontal profile in the male rising more
abruptly from the rostrum, the supraorbital protuberance being
stouter, more projecting, the interpterygoid fossa broader, the audi-
tal bull flatter and the premolars narrower. It differs from the
insular form, A. fp. cotbensis, in decidedly larger size.

Howling monkeys are generally distributed throughout the repub-
lic and range from near the coasts well up toward the summits of
the higher mountains. The quaint account of monkeys in eastern
Panama by Lionel Wafer (1729, p. 330) based on observations made
in 1681, refers to several species apparently including the howler.
It is quoted as follows:

“ There are great Droves of Monkeys, . . . . most of them black ;
some have Beards, others are beardless. They are of a middle size,
yet extraordinary fat at the dry Season, when the Fruits are ripe;
and they are very good Meat, for we ate of them very plentifully.
The Jndians were shy of eating them for a while ; but they soon were
persuaded to it, by seeing us feed on them so heartily. In the rainy
Season they have Worms in their Bowels. I have taken a handful
of them out of one Monkey we cut open; and some of them 7 or 8
Foot long. They are a very waggish Kind of Monkey, and played
a thousand antick Tricks as we marched at any Time through the
Woods, skipping from Bough to Bough, with the young one’s
hanging at the old one’s Back, making Faces at us, [and] chatter-
ing. . . . . To pass from Top to Top of high Trees, whose Branches
are a little too far asunder for their Leaping, they will sometimes
hang down by one another’s Tails in a Chain; and swinging in that
Manner, the lowermost catches hold of a Bough of the other Trees,
and draws up the rest of them.”

The habit of passing from tree to tree hanging by their tails in a
chain is, of course, fictitious.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 229

Howling monkeys occur in small numbers near Gatun in the
northern end of the Canal Zone. Several parties were met with on
the mountains near the headwaters of the Chagres River. On Cerro
‘Azul a troop of about 12 was found in a group of very tall trees.
The troop included several full grown males, females, and young.
A very young individual was seen clinging to the lower part of its
mother’s back as she climbed into the topmost branches along with
other females and the younger animals. The older males gave the
usual roar when shots were fired, jumping about, looking down,
and showing signs of anger rather than fear, as they made no effort
to escape. After several of these monkeys were shot the others
remained in the vicinity where they were seen on several subsequent
occasions, being evidently permanent residents of that part of the
forest. The so-called howling of these monkeys was heard soon
after daylight nearly every morning not far from camp on the
Cascajal River near Cerro Brujo, and at intervals during the day.
Near the summit of the Pirre Range sudden showers of rain often
brought forth deep-toned notes during the night. The voice of this
animal as it reverberates through the forest, is wonderfully im-
pressive, but seems better described as a series of deep growls,
becoming a prolonged roar when given by several in unison, than as
howling. Although the howler can pass rapidly through the tree
tops, its movements seem sluggish when compared with those of
Ateles or even Cebus. The flesh is eaten by the natives, but is less
prized than that of Ateles and Cebus. It is commonly cut in strips
and after being smoked over a fire may be kept for several days
without salting. All of the specimens obtained carried numerous
large larvae of flies, mainly in the skin on the throat, which added
materially to their repugnant appearance. These larvae were not
found on the spider monkeys taken in the same vicinity. Perhaps
the greater activity of the latter may prevent the deposition of eggs.

Under the name Alouatta palliata, Bangs (1902, p. 51) lists three
specimens collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at 4,000 feet near Boquete.
Specimens collected by J. H. Batty are recorded by Thomas (1903¢,
p. 39) from Sevilla, Almijas, and Insoleta, small islands near the
southwestern coast of Panama. Regarding them he says: ‘“ Like
mainland specimens these howlers are larger than the small insular
form of Coiba Island, A. p. coibensis Thos.” The same collector
obtained a large series of specimens at Boqueron and Boquete for
the American Museum of Natural History ; measurements of selected
individuals were published by Dr. Allen (1904, p. 79), who in the

230 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

same connection points out the great range of individual variation in
color. The howlers of the mainland of western Panama seem
referable to A. p. inconsonans, but in cranial details indicate grada-
tion toward typical A. p. palliata. Anthony (1916, p. 374) says:
“This monkey was noted the oftenest because of its far-reaching
call-note. It seemed to be everywhere common from the Zone up to
the crests of the cordillera.”” He lists specimens from Cituro, Maxon
Ranch (Rio Trinidad), Tacarcuna, and Tapalisa.

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 2*; Boquete, 5*; Cerro Azul, 9;
Cituro; 1*; “Gulf of Panama,”..17;“\isthmus of (Panama, ans
Maxon Ranch (Rio Trinidad), 1*; Mount Tacarcuna, 1*; Tapa-
lisa; zs

ALOUATTA COIBENSIS Thomas
Coiba Island Howling Monkey
Alouatta palliata coibensis THomAs, Novitat. Zoologice, Vol. 9, p. 135, April
10, 1902. Type from Coiba Island, Panama.

The Coiba Island howling monkey was originally described as
“a small insular race of the continental 4. palliata Gray. The
Howler Monkey of Coiba appears to have been reduced in size by its
insular habitat in a way that the Cebus has not, for the latter is fully
as large as its brethren on the mainland.” The following remarks by
Alston (1879, p. 4) doubtless apply to this form: “ Mr. Salvin tells
me that Captain Dow informed him that he once met with Howling®
Monkeys on the little island of Hicaron, which lies at the southern
extremity of Quibo [Coiba] Island, off the coast of Veragua. The
species would probably be AZ. palliatus; but it is difficult to under-
stand how the founders of the colony could have reached this iso-
lated spot from the mainland.” Three specimens from Coiba Island
collected by J. H. Batty indicate such disparity in size compared
with the allied howler inhabiting the adjacent mainland that it
seems best to regard it as a distinct species.

Specimens examined: Coiba Island, 3.°

Family CEBIDAE. Capuchin Monkeys

The restricted family includes the capuchin monkeys of the genus
Cebus, some of whose distinguishing characters are given below.

Genus CEBUS Erxleben. Capuchin Monkeys
The monkeys of the genus Cebus are medium-sized species, readily
distinguished in Panama by the white face, chest, and shoulders

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Three in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.; two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

a

NO, 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 231

The tail is long and curled under, but not naked near the tip. One
species, represented by two subspecies, inhabits Panama.

CEBUS CAPUCINUS CAPUCINUS (Linnaeus)
Colombian White-throated Capuchin

S{imia] capucina Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. 1, p. 29, 1758. Type

region northern Colombia.’

The capuchins are recognizable by the extensive white area cover-
ing the entire face, sides of neck, throat, chest, and shoulders, in
marked contrast with the glossy black remaining parts of the body.
C. capucinus of recent authors is the animal which formerly was
commonly referred to C. hypoleucus (Humboldt). The type locality
of the latter is Rio Sinu, Colombia, and as the two are now regarded
as identical the animal inhabiting eastern Panama and ranging as
far southward as Paramba, Ecuador, is probably typical. In the
vicinity of the Canal Zone C. capucinus capucinus is replaced by a
northern geographic race, C. c. imitator, which is distinguished by
the greater transverse extent of the premolars.

The white-throated capuchin was met with on several occasions,
in the forests of eastern Panama, at localities ranging from 1,000 to
5,000 feet altitude. On Cerro Azul, near the headwaters of the
Chagres River, a troop of eight or ten of these monkeys was found
in the tops of tall trees on a steep hillside. When two were shot the
others gave short cries of alarm and scampered off through the tree
tops, showing great activity, but their progress seemed slower than
that of Ateles’ geoffroyi under similar circumstances and I saw none
of the tremendous flying leaps by which the latter species spans
the distance between trees standing well apart. In the excessively
humid forest covering the Atlantic slope of Cerro Brujo a small
troop in the tops of tall trees remained quietly watching my party
passing beneath. On Mount Pirre a lone male was heard giving
hoarse barking sounds as he climbed rather slowly through the top
of a tall tree in the heavy forest at 5,000 feet. The white area was
conspicuous as he paused for a moment and looked down. Lionel
Wafer (1720, p. 330) doubtless referred in part to this species when
in describing the animals of eastern Panama he says: “ There are
great Droves of Monkeys, some of them white.” Anthony (1916,
p- 375) records specimens from Chepigana, Real de Santa Maria,
and Tacarcuna (altitude 3,000 to 5,000 feet).

Specimens examined: Cerro Azul, 2; Cerro Brujo, 2; Chepigana,
17; Mount Pirre, 3; Real de Santa Maria, 2*; Tacarcuna, 6.’

See Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, Vol. 27, p. 99, May 11, 1914.
? Collection Amer."Mus. Nat. Hist.

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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

CEBUS CAPUCINUS IMITATOR Thomas
Panama White-throated Capuchin
Cebus imitator THomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 11, p. 376, April,
1903. Type from Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.

The Panama white-throated capuchin inhabits the general region
from the Canal Zone westward and northward to Costa Rica. No
external character is known by which it may be distinguished from
C. capucinus capucinus of eastern Panama, but the decidedly greater
average transverse extent of the premolars above and below seem to
entitle it to subspecific recognition. The upper premolars are usually
broader than the first molar, while in typical C. capucinus the width
of these teeth is about the same. In Central America the capuchins
exhibit a progressive increase from south to north, in the width of
the premolars, the maximum development noted being in specimens
of Cebus c. limitaneus Hollister from Honduras.

An example of the Panama white-throated capuchin was obtained
at Gatun, Canal Zone, which seems to be near the eastern limit of the
range of the subspecies. Mr. Alston (1879, p. 13) mentions speci-
mens in the British Museum obtained by Arcé in Veragua. Two
topotypes collected by Mr. W. W. Brown, Jr., are recorded by
Mr. Outram Bangs (1902, p.51) as Cebus hypoleucus. Under the
same name five specimens of this species taken at Boqueron and one
at Boquete by Mr. J. H. Batty are listed by Dr. J. A. Allen (1904,
p. 80) who remarks that the males and females do not appear to
differ in the relative elongation, or color, of the hair of the frontal
region. In discussing six specimens of the capuchin of Coiba Island
Mr. Oldfield Thomas (1902, p. 135) says: “I can find absolutely
no difference, either in size or colour, between these and mainland
specimens. Considering the small size of the island there is a notice-
able amount of variation within the series, both with regard to the
extension ot the white on the arms and shoulders and in the skull
in the height of the nasal bones.” Skulls of specimens from Coiba
Island in the American Museum of Natural History are rather small
and in the narrowness of the premolars might, with nearly equal
propriety, be referred to typical C..c. capucinus.

So little is known of the habits of the capuchins in Panama that
the following observations on the same species by Belt * in Nicaragua
seem worth quoting: “Sometimes .... we would fall in with a
troop of the white-faced cebus monkey, rapidly running away, throw-
ing themselves from tree to tree. This monkey feeds also partly on
fruit, but is incessantly on the lookout for insects, examining the

* Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 118, 1888.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 233

crevices in trees and withered leaves, seizing the largest beetles and
munching them up with great relish. It is also very fond of eggs and
young birds, and must play havoc amongst the nestlings. Probably
owing to its carnivorous habits, its flesh is not considered so good by
monkey-eaters as that of the fruit-feeding spider-monkey. ... .
[ kept one for a long time as a pet, and was much amused with its
el I had it fastened with a light chain; but it managed to
open the links and escapé several times, and then made straight for
the fowls’ nests, breaking every egg it could get hold of ... . Its
chain allowed it to swing down below the verandah, but it could not
reach to the ground. Sometimes, when there were broods of young
ducks about, it would hold out a piece of bread in one hand, and,
when it had tempted a duckling within reach, seize it by the other,
and kill it with a bite in the breast.”

Specimens examined: Boqueron, 6°; Boquete, 2’; Coiba Island,
12; Gatun, 1; without definite locality, 9.*

Family ATELIDAE. Spider Monkeys

The Atelide form a surpassingly arboreal group of species. The
great length and power of the tail as.a grasping organ and the
slenderness of the limbs, in allusion to which these animals are
commonly called spider monkeys, permit a rapidity of progression
through tree tops that is often marvelous.

Genus ATELES E. Geoffroy

This genus is composed of rather large, but slender, long-limbed
species with very long, prehensile tails, naked on the under side near
the tip. In general external appearance they are not very unlike the
howling monkeys of the genus Alouatta, but are easily recognizable
by the absence of the thumbs and consequent reduction of the num-
ber of fingers on the hands to four, instead of five as in all the other
primates of the region. Two species are known to inhabit Panama.

ATELES GEOFFROYI Kuhl
Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey; Mono Colorado
Ateles geoffroy [sic] Kunt, Beitrage z. Zoologie, 1820, p. 26. Type locality
unknown.
Although somewhat variable in general color the “ mono colorado ”’
is usually reddish as the native name indicates, and by this character
is distinguishable from the black spider monkey of Panama. Parts

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
? Collection Mus. C6mp. Zool.

234 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

of the early account of monkeys in Panama by Lionel Wafer (1729,
p. 330) may have been based on observation of this species.

Geoffroy’s spider monkey was not met with by me in the Canal
Zone, but the species was recorded by Alston (1879, p. 8) from
Colon, as living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London.
It is known to range in western Panama whence a specimen was
referred by Sclater (1872, p. 4) to Ateles melanochir. He says:
“There is also in the British Museum a skin of this Spider Monkey
procured by Salvin’s collector Arcé near Calovevora, in Veragua.”
Since the species is not included in the more recent and extensive
collections made in Chiriqui by W. W. Brown, Jr., and J. H. Batty,
it may not be very common there. It appears, however, to be better
known throughout much of Costa Rica.

One was killed by a native hunter at about 2,000 feet altitude on
Cerro Brujo near Porto Bello. A troop of 12 or 15 was seen by me
near the Cascajal River, at the base of this mountain, but quickly
escaped by climbing through the tall trees up a steep slope. At about
Soo feet altitude on Cerro Azul, near the headwaters of the Chagres
River, | came suddenly upon a small party the exact number of which
I was unable to determine. Here I was especially impressed by the
remarkable climbing powers of the animal. Some of them were
seen to run along large horizontal limbs mainly on their hind feet,
but holding on also with both hands and tails. Arriving at the end
of a branch a tremendous flying leap carried one across an interven-
ing space to another tree. The species was free from the larve of
flies which infest the howling monkeys and the flesh is more highly
prized as food by the natives.

Specimens examined: Cerro Azul, 2; Cerro Brujo, 1.

ATELES DARIENSIS Goldman
Darien Black Spider Monkey
[Plate 38, figs. 2, 2a]

Ateles dariensis GoLDMAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, p. 101,
April 13, 1915. Type from near head of Rio Limon, Mount Pirre, eastern
Panama (altitude 5,200 feet).

Eastern Panama is inhabited by a rather small spider monkey easily
recognizable by its uniform black color from the “ mono colorado ”
or reddish species, Ateles geotfroyi. The monkey appears to be a
Darien representative of the 4. ater group of South America. The
type from the heavy forest near the summit of Mount Pirre was the
only example taken by me. The species was not encountered in the
course of my work in the Canal Zone, but Sclater (1872, p. 5) men-
tions several living specimens received by the Zoological Society of

NO. §

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 235

London and said to have been procured at Colon. Anthony (1916,
p. 375) records examples from Tapalisa and reports having once
noted this species at 5,000 feet near Mount Tacarcuna in the Serrania
del Darien northeast of the type locality. The exact relationship of
A, dariensis to the little known Ateles rufiventris Sclater (1872,
p. 688, pl. 57) is somewhat problematical. The latter species, which
was described from the Rio Atrato and may range into Panama,
seems, however, sufficiently distinguished by the bright rufous color
of the underparts.

Specimens examined: Cituro, 1*; Mount Pirre (type locality), 1;

Tapalisa, 1."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography comprises the titles of the principal
publications bearing upon the mammals of Panama, especially those
dealing exclusively with species inhabiting the region. Owing to
lack of general knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the area the
papers consist largely of brief accounts of new species or subspecies.

ALLEN, GLover M.
1908. Notes on Chiroptera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 52, No. 3,

ALLEN, J. A.
1900.

1902.

1904.

. pp. 25-62, July, 1908.

Contains original description of Vampyrodes major, p. 38, and
critical notes on several other species of bats recorded from
Panama.

Descriptions of New American Marsupials. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., Vol. 13, pp. 191-199, October 23, 1900.

Includes original description of Metachirus fuscogriseus
(= Metachirus opossum fuscogriseus), p. 194, the type of which
probably came from Colon, Panama.

A Preliminary Study of the South American Opossums of the

Genus Didelphis. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 16, pp. 249-
279, August 18, 1902.

A revision of the group, including the Panaman subspecies,
Didelphis marsupialis battyi, p. 264, and the Peruvian form,
Didelphis marsupialis etensis, p. 263, of which specimens are
recorded from Panama.

Mammals from Southern Mexico and Central and South America.

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, pp. 29-80, February 20,
1904.

An important, annotated list of 52 species from Panama,
pp. 55-80, and original descriptions of the following: Nasua
narica panamensis, p. 51, Sigmodon boruce chiriquensis (= Sig-

_modon hispidus chiriquensis), p. 68, Felis panamensis (= Her-

pailurus yagouaroundi panamensis), p. 71, Potos flavus chiri-
quengis, p. 72, and Myotis chiriquensis (= Myotis nigricans),
Pp. 77.

wp dine oe >
* Specimens in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

236 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

1904a. New Bats from Tropical America, with Note on Species of
Otoperus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20, pp. 227-237,
June 29, 1904.

Contains original descriptions of Molossus coibensis, p. 227,

Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis, p. 233.
1904b. The Tamandua Anteaters. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 20,
pp. 385-308, October 29, 1904.

A review of the group including original description of
Tamandua tetradactyla chiriquensis, p. 395.

1910. Additional Mammals from Nicaragua. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
‘Hist., Vol. 28, pp. 87-115, April 30, 1910.

Proposes the new name Odocoileus rothschildi chiriquensis
(= Odocoileus chiriquensis), p. 95, for the deer of western
Panama.

1913. Revision of the Melanomys Group of American Muride. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 32, pp. 533-555, pl. 48, November 17,
1913. ;

Includes Melanomys idoneus (=Oryzomys [Melanomys]
caliginosus idoneus), p. 548, from Panama.

1914. Review of the Genus Microsciurus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 33, pp. 145-165, February 26, 1914.

A general treatment of the genus including Microsciurus
alfari venustulus, p. 150, Microsciurus alfari browni, p. 151,
Microsciurus boquetensis, p. 151, and Microsciurus isthmius
vivatus, p. 158, from Panama.

1915. Review of South American Sciuride. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 34, pp. 147-300, pls. I-14 and 25 text figures, May 17, IgI5.

This revisionary work treats also the Panaman forms, Micro-
sciurus alfari alfari, p. 191, M. a. venustulus, p. 191, M. a. browni,
p. 191, M. boquetensis, p. 191, also Mesosciurus gerrardi morulus
(= Sciurus gerrardi morulus), p. 243, Mesosciurus gerrardi
choco (=Scturus gerrardi choco), p. 244, and Microsciurus
[sic—Mesosciurus] hotfmanni chiriquensis (=—Sciurus hoff-
mannt chiriquensis), p. 320.

1915a. Notes on American Deer of the Genus Mazama. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., Vol. 34, pp. 521-553, November 2, IgI5.

Records of Mazama sartorii reperticia, p. 543, from Panama
are included.

1916. The Neotropical Weasels. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35,
pp. 89-111, April 28, 1916.
In this revision of the group specimens from Chiriqui and the
Canal Zone are referred to Mustela affinis costaricensis.
ALLEN, HARRISON.
1866. Notes on the Vespertilionide of Tropical America. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 279-288.

The notes relate mainly to species inhabiting other regions,
but the original description of Vespertilio exiguus (= Myotis
nigricans), p. 281, from Aspinwall (now Colon), Panama, is
included.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 237

Aston, Epwarp R.
1876. On the Genus Dasyprocta; with Description of a New Species.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 347.
Contains the original description of Dasyprocta canada
(= Dasyprocta punctata isthmica).
1878. On the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1878, pp. 656-670.
Refers to specimens of a’ small squirrel from Panama under
.. the name Sciurus rufoniger, p. 669. The specimens were evi-
dently Microsciurus, possibly M. boquetensis.
1879-1882. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Mammalia. pp. I-XX, 1-220,
. pls. 1-22, 1879-1882.
In this important work numerous species are recorded from
Panama.
ANDERSEN, KNvD.
| 1908. A Monograph of the Chiropteran Genera Uroderma, Enchisthenes
and Artibeus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 204-319, September,
1908.
Records specimens of Uroderma bilobatum, p. 220, Artibeus
jamaicensis jamaicensis, p. 267, Artibeus jamaicensis palmarum,
p. 279, and Artibeus watsoni, p. 289, from localities in Panama.

ror | pp ey

1901. The Mammals Collected in San Miguel Island, Panama, by W. W.
Brown, Jr. Amer. Nat., Vol. 35, pp. 631-644, August, Igor.

An annotated list of 12 species of which the following six are
described as new: Marmosa fulviventer, p. 632, Lepus (Tapeti)
incitatus (= Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus), p. 633, Dasyprocta cal-
lida, p. 635, Loncheres labilis (= Diplomys labilis), p. 638,
Proechimys burrus, p. 640, and Zygodontomys seorsus, p. 642.

238 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

1902, Chiriqui Mammalia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 17-
51, April, 1902.
An annotated list of 63 species and subspecies collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr., mainly on the Volcan de Chiriqui, including
descriptions of a new genus (Syntheosciurus, p. 25) and 18 new
forms as follows: Tayassu crusnigrum (=FPecari angulatus
crusnigrum), p. 20, Sciurus @stuans chiriquensis (= Sciurus
hoffmanni chiriquensis), p. 22, Sciurus browni (= Micro--
sciurus alfari browni), p. 24, Svntheosciurus brochus, p. 25,
Megadontomys flavidus (—Peromyscus flavidus), p. 27, .
Peromyscus cacabatus (Peromyscus nudipes), p. 20,
Nyctomys nitellinus (==Nyctomys sumichrasti nitellinus),
p. 30, Sigmodon austerulus, p. 32, Orysomys devius, p. 34,
Oryzomys vegetus (= Orysomys fulvescens vegetus), p. 35,
Reithrodontomys australis vulcanius (= Reithrodontomys. aus-
tralis australis), p. 38, Reithrodontomys creper, p. 390, Akodon
teguina apricus (= Scotinomys teguina apricus), p. 40, dkodon
xerampelinus (= Scotinomys xerampelinus), p. 41, Macro-
geomys cavator, p. 42, Macrogeomys pansa, p. 44, Heteromys
repens (= Heteromys desmarestianus repens), p. 45, and Agouti
paca virgatus (=Cuniculus paca virgatus), p. 47. This paper
is one of the most important single contributions to. knowledge
of the mammals of Panama.
1905. See Thayer and Bangs.
1906. Vertebrata of the Savanna of Panama, II, Mammalia. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Vol. 46, pp. 212-213, January, 1906.
Records Sciurus adolphei dorsalis (= Sciurus. variegatoides
helveolus), p. 212, Promops nanus (= Eumops nanus), p. 212,
Hemiderma castaneum (= Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum
erroneously identified), p. 213, and Artibeus intermedius
(= Artibeus jamaicensis), p. 213.
Brooke, SiR VICTOR.
1878. On the Classification of the Cervidae, with a Synopsis of the exist-
ing Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 883-928, Nov. 19, 1878.
Records Cariacus mexicanus (= Odocoileus chiriquensis),
p. 910, from Panama.
- DAMPIER, WILLIAM.
1698-1703. Dampier’s Voyages, Vols. 1-3, London, 1698-1703.
[Vol. 1, unnumbered] A New Voyage Round the World, De-
scribing particularly the Isthmus of America .... The third
edition corrected pp. 1-550, 1608.
Vol. 2. Voyages and Descriptions. In Three Parts, viz.

1. A Supplement of the Voyage Round the World, Describ-
ing the Countreys of Tonquin, Achin, Malacca, etc. ...
pp. 1-180. ;

2. Two Voyages to Campeachy .... pp. I-132.

3. A discourse of Trade Winds .... pp. I-112.

Vol. 3. A Voyage to New Holland, etc., in the year, 1699
i. aa Dbe LO2s MZORt

An edition published in 1729 includes Wafer’s New Voyage
and description of the Isthmus of America, as an appendix to
the third volume. (See Wafer).

i st

NO. 5

MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 239

GILL, THEODORE.
1865. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 183.

Description of a new genus and species, Elasmognathus bairdis
(= Tapirella bairdii), from the Isthmus of Panama, presented
as a communication at meeting of October 10 and later pub-
lished.

GoL_pMAN, Epwarp A.

IQIl.

Revision of the Spiny Pocket Mice (Genera Heteromys and

Liomys). North Amer. Fauna, No. 34, pp. 1-63, pls. 1-3, Sep-
tember 7, IQIt.

Includes Heteromys repens (—=AHeteromys desmarestianus
repens), p. 27, and Liomys adspersus, p. 51, from Panama.

1912. Descriptions of Twelve New Species and Subspecies of Mammals

1912a.

from Panama. Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 36, pp. 1-11,
February 19, 1912.

Original descriptions of Marmosa isthmica (=Marmosa
mexicana isthmica), p. 1, Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus,
p. 2, Sciurus variegatoides helveolus, p. 3, Microsciurus alfari
venustulus, p. 4, Oryzomys idoneus (= Oryzomys caliginosus
idoneus), p. 5, Oryzomys frontalis (= Oryzomys tectus front-
alis), p. 6, Oryzomys bombycinus, p. 6, Oryzomys gatunensis,
p. 7, Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus, p. 8, Heteromys pana-
mensis (== Heteromys desmarestianus panamensis), p. 9,
Heteromys zonalis (= Heteromys desmarestianus zonalis), p. 9,
and Hoplomys goethalsi (=Hoplomys gymnurus goethalsi),
p. Io.

New Mammals from Eastern Panama. Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 60,

No. 2, pp. 1-18, September 20, 1912.

Original descriptions of Peramys melanops, p. 2, Marmosa
invicta, p. 3, Microsciurus isthmius vivatus, p. 4, Peromyscus
pirrensis, p. 5, Neacomys pictus, p. 6, Rheomys raptor, p. 7,
Macrogeomys dariensis, p. 8, Heteromys crassirostris (= Het-
eromys desmarestianus crassirostris), p. 10, Hydrocherus isth-
mius, p. 11, Isothrix darlingi (= Diplomys darlingi), p. 12,
Sylvilagus gabbi messorius, p. 13, [cticyon panamensis, p. 14,
Bassaricyon gabbi orinomus, p. 16, and Cryptotis merus, p. 17.

1913. Descriptions of New Mammals from Panama and Mexico. Smiths.

16

Misc. Coll., Vol. 60, No. 22, pp. 1-20, February 28, 1913.

Includes original descriptions of the following Panaman
forms: Bradypus ignavus, p. 1, Mazama tema reperticia
(= Mazama sartorii reperticia), p. 2, Sciurus variabilis choco
(=Sciurus gerrardi choco), p. 4, Oryzomys pirrensis, p. 5,
Nectomys alfari efficax, p. 7, Rhipidomys scandens, p. 8, Het-
eromys australis conscius, p. 8, Dasyprocta punctata dariensis,
p. 11, Potos flavus isthmicus, p. 14, Euprocyon cancrivorus
panamensis (= Procyon cancrivorus panamensis), p. 15,
Alouatia palliata inconsonans, p. 17.

240 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

1914. Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Panama. Smiths. Mise.
Coll., Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 1-7, March 14, 1914.

Original descriptions of Chironectes panamensis, p. 1, Loncho-
phylla concava, p. 2, Lutra repanda, p. 3, Felis pirrensis, p. 4,
and Aotus sonalis, p. 6.

1914a. The Status of Cebus imitator Thomas. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, Vol. 27, p. 90, May 11, ror4.

Type region of Cebus capucinus capucinus fixed as northern
Colombia; Cebus capucinus imitator regarded as a valid sub-
species.

to15. A New Spider Monkey from Panama. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Vol. 28, pp. ror-102, April 13, I9r5.
Original description of Ateles dariensis, p. 101.
1915a. Five New Rice Rats of the Genus Orysomys from Middle America.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, pp. 127-130, June 20, 1915.

Includes original description of Orysomys alfaroi dariensis,
p. 128.

1917. New Mammals from North and Middle America. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, Vol. 30, pp. 107-116, May 23, 1917.

Includes original descriptions of Didelphis marsupialis par-
ticeps, p. 107, Marmosa mexicana savannarum, p. 108, Pecari
angulatus bangsi, p. 100, and Dasyprocta punctata nuchalis,
p. II3.

Gray, J. E.
1871. On a New Species of Three-toed Sloth from Costa Rica. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. 7, p. 302, April, 1871.

Original description of Arctopithecus griseus (= Bradypusy
griseus), erroneously ascribed to Costa Rica; in reality from —
Cordillera del Chucu, western Panama.

1871a. Notes on the Species of Bradypodide in the British Museum.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, pp. 428-449, May 2.

Contains notes on Arctopithecus griseus (= Bradypus
griseus), p. 446, from ‘Panama.

1873. Notes on the Rats; with the Description of some new Species from
Panama and the Aru Islands. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4,
Vol. 12, pp. 416-419, November, 1873.
Includes original description of Neomys panamensis
(= Tylomys panamensis), p. 417.
HAHN, WALTER L,
1907. A Review of the Bats of the Genus Hemiderma. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. 32, pp. 103-118, February 8, 1907.
Records Hemiderma perspicillatum astecum, p. 112, from
Panama (city), Boqueron, and Colon,
Hats, H. C.
1903. Notes on Panama, pp. 1-271, with maps and illustrations, November,
1903, Washington, Govt. Printing Office.

A compilation of general information relating to Panama,

including very brief references to a few mammals,

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 241

Howe tt, Artuur H.
1914. Revision of the American Harvest Mice. North Amer. Fauna,

No. 36, pp. 1-81, pls. 1-7, June 5, 19014.

Treats Reithrodontomys creper, p. 79, and records Reithro-
dontomys australis australis, p. 62, and Reithrodontomys mexi-
canus cherrii, p. 73, from Panama.

Huet, M.
| 1883. Note sur les Carnassiers du Genre Bassaricyon. Nouv. Arch.
du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, 2° sér., V, pp. 1-12, pls. i-iii., 1883.
Describes and figures two specimens from “ Caimito, province
de Correo, un peu au nord de Panama,”
Maack, G. A.
1874. Report on the Geology and Natural History of the Isthmuses of
Choco, of Darien, and of Panama, pp. 155-175, in Reports of
Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Practicability of a
Ship-Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by Thomas
Oliver Selfridge, Washington, 1874.

A few mammals of the general region are mentioned, usually
no definite locality being given. A very small collection of
mammals was sent by Maack to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, but labels bear only indefinite locality records, usually
“Isthmus of Panama.”

Merriam, C. Hart.
1901. Preliminary Revision of the Pumas (Felis concolor group). Proc.
Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, pp. 577-600, December 11, Igor.
Includes original description of Felis bangsi costaricensis,
p. 596, from Boquete, Panama.
MILLER, Jr., Gerrit, S.
1900. A New Free-tailed Bat from Central America. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 6, pp. 470-471, November, 1900.

Original description of Promops nanus (= Eumops nanus),
from Bugaba, Chiriqui.

1911. Descriptions of Two New Raccoons. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Vol. 24, pp. 3-6, January 28, 1911.

Includes original description of Procyon pumilus (= Procyon
lotor pumilus), p. 3.

1912, A Small Collection of Bats from Panama. Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus.,
Vol. 42, No. 1882, pp. 21-26, March 6, 1912.

An annotated list of 11 species including the three following
which are described as new: Lonchophylla robusta, p. 23;
Vampyressa minuta; p. 25, Chiroderma isthmicum, p. 25.

1913. Notes on the Bats of the Genus Molossus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. 46, pp. 85-92, August 23, 1913.

A preliminary revision of the genus in which the following
species are recorded from Panama: Molossus sinalog, p. 89,
from Punta de Pefia (near Bocas del Toro) ; Molossus bonde,
p. 89, from Chorrera; Molossus coibensis, p. 92, from Ancon,
Chorrera, Culebra, Paraiso, San Pablo, and Tabernilla.

242 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

1913a. Revision of the Bats of the Genus Glossophaga. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. 46, pp. 413-429, December 31, 1913.
Records Glossophaga soricina leachii, p. 419, from Balboa,
“Canal Zone,” Colon, and Paraiso.
Netson, E. W.
1903. A New Pygmy Squirrel from Central America. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, Vol. 16, p. 121-122, September 30, 1903.
Original description of Sciurus (Microsciurus) boquetensis
(= Microsciurus boquetensis) from Boquete, Panama.
1909. The Rabbits of North America. North Amer. Fauna, No. 29,
pp. 1-287, pls. 1-13, August 31, 1900.
A revision of the group including Sylvilagus gabbi incitatus,
p. 261, and records of Sylvilagus gabbi gabbi, p. 261, from
Panama.
1912. Two Genera of Bats New to Middle America. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, Vol. 25, p. 93, May 4, 1912.
Records Dirias minor (=D. albiventer minor) from Empire,
and Macrophyllum macrophyllum from Old Panama.
Oscoop,. Witrrep H.
1909. Revision of the Mice of the American Genus Peromyscus. North
Amer. Fauna, No. 28, pp. 1-267, pls. 1-8, April 17, 1909.
Recognizes Peromyscus flavidus, p. 221, and records Pero-
myscus nudipes, p. 195, from Panama.
Peters, W.
1874. Hr. W. Peters las iiber die Taschenmause, Nager mit ausseren
taschenférmigen Backentaschen, und eine neue Art derselben,
Heteromys adspersus, aus Panama. Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. _
Wissensch. Berlin, pp. 354-359. “s
Original description of Heteromys adspersus (= Liomys
adspersus), p. 357, with pl.
PUCHERAN, J.
1845. Description de quelques Mammiferes Americains par le M. le
Docteur Pucheran. Rev. Zool., pp. 335-337, September, 1845.
Contains original description of Hapale geoffroyi (= Leon-
tocebus geoffroyi), p. 336, from Panama. Type locality given
under Hapale illigeri Pucheran, on same page.
REINHARDT, J.
1872. Et Bidrag til Kundskab om Aberne i Mexiko og Central-amerika.
Vidensk. Middel. Nat. For. Kjobenhavn, pp. 150-158, 1872.
Description of a new species, Chrysothrix drstedit (= Saimiri
6rstedii), p. 157, from Chiriqui.
Sciater, Pure LUTLEY.
1856. List of Mammals and Birds Collected by Mr. Bridges in the
Vicinity of David in the Province of Chiriqui in the State of
Panama. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, pp. 138-143.
Records the following species: Saimiris sciurea (Linn.) =
(Saimiri drstedii), p. 139, Sciurus ——————? (=Sciurus —
variegatoides melania), p. 130, Sciurus @stuans (=Sciurus
hoffmanni chiriquensis), p. 139, Cyclothurus didactylus (=Cy- —
clopes didactylus dorsalis), p. 130, Cholepus didactylus (=Cho-
lepus hoffmanni), p. 130.

a

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 243

1872. On the Quadrumana found in America north of Panama. Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1872, pp. 2-8.

Records the following species: Saimiris entomophaga
(= Saimiri Orstedii), p. 3, Ateles melanochir (= Ateles
geoffroyi), p. 4, Ateles ater (=—Ateles dariensis), p. 5, and
Midas geoffroii (= Leontocebus geoffroyi, p. 8).

1875. On Several Rare or Little-known Mammals now or lately Living in
the Society’s Collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 417-423,
1875.
Records Procyon cancrivorus (= Procyon cancrivorus pan-
amensis), p. 421, from Colon.
SurraAs, GEORGE, 3RD.
1915. Nature’s Transformation at Panama. Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 28,
pp. 159-194, and 33 photographs, August, 1915.

An account of changes in faunal and physical conditions in
the Gatun Lake region due to construction of Gatun Dam,
including habitat notes and photographs of some of the
mammals,

THAYER, JoHN E., and Bancs, OuTRAM.
1905. The Mammals and Birds of the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 46, No. 8, pp. 137-160.

Literature cited, and a nominal list of 12 species of mammals,
pp. 139-140, of which six are regarded as peculiar by Outram
Bangs.

THomAs, OLDFIELD.
1899. Descriptions of New Neotropical Mammals. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Ser. 7, Vol. 4, pp. 278-288, October, 1899.

Contains original descriptions of Tylomys watsoni, p. 278, and

Philander laniger pallidus, p. 286, both from Bugaba, Chiriqui.

1900. The Geographical Races of the Tayra (Galictis barbara), with
Notes on Abnormally Coloured Individuals. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 5, pp. 145-148, January, 1900.

Original description of Galictis barbara biologie (= Tayra
barbara biologie), p. 146, from Calovevora, Panama.

1900a. Descriptions of New Neotropical Mammals. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 5, pp. 217-222, February, 1900.

The following subspecies are described as new: Proechimys
centralis panamensis (= Proechimys semispinosus panamensis),
p. 220, and Proechimys centralis chiriquinus (= Proechimys
Semispinosus panamensis), p. 220.

1901. New Myotis, Artibeus, Sylvilagus, and Metachirus from Central
and South America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 7,
PP. 541-545, June, 1901.

Original description of Artibeus watsoni, p. 542, from Bugaba,

Chiriqui.

1901a. New Neotropical Mammals, with a Note on the Species of
Reithrodon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 8, pp. 246-255,
September, 1901.

Original descriptions of Dasypterus ega panamensis, p. 246,
Oryzomys tectus, p. 251, and Oryzomys panamensis (= Ory-
zomys talamance, p. 252.

244 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

1902. On Some Mammals from Coiba Island, off the West Coast of
Panama. Novitates Zoologice, Vol. 9, pp. 135-137, April, 1902.
Cebus hypoleucus (= Cebus capucinus capucinus), p. 135, is
recorded and the following are described as new: Alouatta
palliata coibensis, p. 135, Dasyprocta coibe, p. 136, Dama roth-
schildi (= Odocoileus rothschildi), p. 136, and Didelphis mar-
supialis battyi, p. 137.
1902a. Notes on the Phyllostomatous Genera Mimon and Tonatia. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 10, pp. 53-54, July, 1902.
Records Tonatia amblyotis (p. 54), from Bugaba, Chiriqui.
1902b. Diagnosis of a New Central-American Porcupine. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 10, p. 169, August, 1902.
Original description of Coendou rothschildi from Sevilla
Island, off Chiriqui, Panama.
1903. New Mammals from Chiriqui. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7,
Vol. 11, pp. 376-382, April, 1903. j
Original descriptions of Cebus imitator (= Cebus capucinus
imitator), p. 376, Diphylla centralis, p. 378, Bassariscus sumich-
rasti notinus, p. 379, and Coendou lenatus, p. 381, all from
Boquete, Chiriqui, and of Diclidurus virgo, p. 377, the type of
the latter from Escazu, Costa Rica, but Panama examples are
recorded.
1903a. Ona Collection of Mammals from the small Islands off the Coast
of Western Panama. Novitates Zoologice, Vol. 10, pp. 39-42,
April, 1903.
An annotated list of 23 species, including a second and fuller
account of Coendou rothschildi, p. 41, from Sevilla Island.
1904. New Forms of Saimiri, Saccopteryx, Balantiopteryx, and Thri-
chomys from the Neotropical Region. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Ser. 7, Vol. 13, pp. 250-255, April, 1904.
Original description of Saimiri oerstedi citrinellus, p. 250,
from Costa Rica, referred to in text.
1905. New Neotropical Molossus, Conepatus, Nectomys, Proechimys, and
Agouti, with a note on the Genus Mesomys. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. 15, pp. 584-586, June, 1905.
Contains original description of Conepatus tropicalis trichurus,
p. 585, from Boquete, Chiriqui.
1912. New Centronycteris and Ctenomys from S. America. Ann, Mag.
Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 10, p. 638, December, 1912.
Includes original description of Centronycteris centralis from
Bugaba, Chiriqui.
1913. The Geographical Races of the Woolly Opossum (Philander
laniger). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. 12, pp. 358-361,
October, 1973.
A list of geographic races, and original description of
Philander laniger nauticus, p. 3590, from Gobernador Island,
Panama.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 245

Warer, LIONEL.

1729. A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America, 3d ed.,
London, 1729. Published as pp. 263-460 of the third volume of
Dampier’s Voyages. The original edition was published sepa-
rately under the same title in 1699.

Includes quaint and interesting accounts of mammals based
on observations made in eastern Panama in 1681. Owing to an
accident which prevented him from marching with the others,
Wafer was left behind by Dampier’s party at an Indian planta-
tion on the Rio Congo in the early part of May. He and four
companions remained among the Darien Indians until the latter
part of August when Dampier’s party was rejoined at the
“ Sambaloes ” (= San Blas Islands).

246 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE 20

[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, ta. Metachirus nudicaudatus dentaneus Goldman. Type. Gatun,

Panama. January 12, 1911. of (172732).

2, 2a. Chironectes panamensis Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. March 23,
1912. o& (179164).

ate

z
z
i
—
—
=
=
°
°

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 21

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 247

PLATE 21

[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Peramys melanops Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May 23, 1o12.
3 (179609).
2, 2a. Marmosa invicta Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. March 14, 1912.
3 (178708). |
3, 3a. Marmosa mexicana isthmica Goldman. Type. Rio Indio, near
Gatun, Panama. February 16, 1911. d¢ (170069).

*
o

248 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.

PLATE 22
| Natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Bradypus ignavus Goldman. Type. Marraganti, Panama, April 6,
1912. 2 (179551).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO, 6, PL 22,

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 23

NO.5 |: MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 249

PLATE 23

[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, ta, Rheomys raptor Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, Panama. April 28,

1912. fb (179028).

2, 2a. Neacomys pictus Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. March 13, 1912.
3 (178717).

3, 3a. Zygodontomys cherriei ventriosus Goldman. ‘Type. Tabernilla,
Canal Zone, Panama. November 12, 1911. of (171008).

4, 4a. Rhipidomys scandens Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, Panama.
April 25, 1912. ? (178987).

5, 5a. Peromyscus pirrensis Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, Panama. May
3, 1912. J (178997).

6, 6a. Nectomys alfari eficax Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. March 12,
1912. o (178627).

250

Fics. 1, Ia.
2, 2a.

3, 3a.

4, 4a.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VoL. 69

PLATE 24
{Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Orysomys (Orysomys) alfaroi dariensis Goldman. Type. Cana,
Panama. March 4, ro12. 2 (178660).

Orysomys (Orysomys) gatunensis Goldman. Type. Gatun, Canal
Zone, Panama. March 7, rorr. of (171034).

Orysomys (Orysomys) bombycinus bombycinus Goldman. Type.
Cerro Azul, near head Chagres River, Panama. March 26, rorr.
¢ (171105).

Orysomys (Melanomys) caliginosus idoneus Goldman. Type. Cerro —
Azul, near head Chagres River, Panama. March 26, rorr.
2 (171106).

. Orysomys (Orysomys) pirrensis Goldman. Mount Pirre, near head

River Limon, Panama. April 29, 1912. ¢ adult (178993).

. Orysomys (Orysomys) tectus frontalis Goldman. Type. Corozal,

Canal Zone, Panama. June 20, rorr. ¢ adult (171531).

v

g*=

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 25

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 251

PLATE 25

[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Heteromys desmarestianus panamensis Goldman. Type. Cerro
Azul, near head Chagres River, Panama. March 23, 1911. ¢ adult
CIZriG?))s
2, 2a. Heteromys desmarestianus crassirostris Goldman. Type. Mount
Pirre, near head River Limon, Panama. April 26, 1912. o¢ adult
(179016).
3, 3a. Heteromys desmarestianus zonalis Goldman. Type. Rio Indio, near
Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama. February 15, 1911. ? adult (170976).
4, 4a. Heteromys australis conscius Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama.
March 8, 1912. of adult (178699).
5, 5a. Macrogeomys dariensis Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May 31,
1912. ¢ adult (179587).

252 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE 26
[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Diplomys darlingi (Goldman). Type. Marraganti, Panama. May II,
1912. Young 2 (179577).

2, 2a. Hoplomys gymnurus goethalsi Goldman. Type. Rio Indio (near

Gatun), Canal Zone, Panama. February 16, 1911. Young @

(170972).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

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NO. 5, PL.

27

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 253

PLATE 27

{Natural size, except figs. 1, 1¢ and 1b; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a, 1b. Dasyprocta punctata dariensis Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre,
near head Rio Limon, Panama. April 24, 1912. @ adult
(179056) (three-fourths natural size).

2, 2a. Sylvilagus gabbi messorius Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May
23, 1912. o& adult (179569) (natural size).

254 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 69

PLATE 28

[About one-half natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Hydrochoerus isthmius Goldman. Type. Marraganti, Panama.
April 4, 1912. o& adult (170703).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 6

fl. 26

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO.5 PL. 20

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 255

PLATE 29
[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

‘IGS. I, Ia. Sciurus gerrardi choco Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May 28,
1912. fo adult (179561).

>
2, 2a. Sciurus variegatoides helveolus Goldman. Type. Corozal, Canal
Zone, Panama. June 15, 1911. o¢ adult (171540).

18

vy

(rye
Wophoat

Ont

256 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE 30 5
[Natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Microsciurus isthmius vivatus Goldman. Type. Cana, ‘Sigs ma
f June 5, 1912. 2 adult (179565). ie

2, 2a. Microsciurus alfari venustulus Goldman. Type. fat, Canal
’ Panama. March I, ILI. 2 (171030).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 31

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 257

PLATE 31

[Three-fourths natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Icticyon panamensis Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, near head Rio
Limon, Panama. April 28, 1912. ¢ adult (179046).

258 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 69

PLATE 32

[Three-fourths natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus. collection.]

Fics. 1, ta. Procyon lotor pumilus Miller. Type. Ancon, Panama. (171983,
U.S. Nat. Museum collection).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 68, NO. 5, PL. 32

4

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 69,

NO. 5, PL.

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN

PLATE 33

[Three-fourths natural size; in U. S, Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, ta. Procyon (Euprocyon) cancrivorus panamensis (Goldman).
Gatun, Panama. June 21, 1911. 9 adult (171660).

259

Type.

260 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE 34

{Three-fourths natural size; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Fics. 1, ta. Bassaricyon gabbii orinomus Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama.
March 10, 1912. o& adult (179157).

2, 2a. Potos flavus isthmicus Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, near head
Rio Limon, Panama. April 21, 1912. 9 adult (179042).

lit ns

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 34

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VOL. 69, NO.

» 36

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 261

PLATE 35

(Three-fourths natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, 1a. Lutra repanda Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May jo, 1912.
g adult (179974).

s
262 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69
.
| PLATE 36
& [Natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection]

Fics. 1, 1a, Felis pirrensis Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. March 22, 1912.
2 adult (1790162). .

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VOL. 69,

NO. 5, PL

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 87

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 263

PLATE “37
[Natural size; in U: S. Nat, Mus., Biological Survey collection, except figs. 2, 2a;
3, 3a; 4, 4a.]
Fics. 1, 1a. Cryptotis merus Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, near head Rio
Limon, Panama. May 2, 1912. @ adult (178976).
, 2a. Chiroderma isthmicum Miller. Type. Cabima, Panama. May, 1911.
? adult (173834, U. S. Nat. Mus. collection).
, 3a. Vampyressa minuta Miller. Type. Cabima, Panama, May, 1o11.
2 imm. (173832, U. S. Nat. Mus. collection).
4, 4a. Lonchophylla robusta Miller. Type. Chilibrillo River, Panama.
April 14, 1911. ¢ adult (173854, U. S. Nat. Mus. collection).

5, 5a. Lonchophylla concava Goldman. Type. Cana, Panama. May 20,
1912. f adult (179621).

iS)

w

264 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69

PLATE 38

{Natural size; except figs. 2, 2a; all in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.}

Fics. I, 1a. Aotus zonalis Goldman. Type. Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama. April
20, 1911. @ adult (171231).
2, 2a. Ateles dariensis Goldman. Type. Mount Pirre, Panama. April 29,
1912. 2 adult (179044). (Three-fourths natural size.)

nile cas ap ce

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 69, NO. 5, PL. 38

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS vol. 69, NO.5 PL. 39

NO. 5 MAMMALS OF PANAMA—GOLDMAN 265

PLATE 39

[Three-fourths natural size; in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]

Fics. 1, ta. Alouatta palliata inconsonans Goldman. Type. Cerro Azul, near
head Chagres River, Panama. March 23, 1911. o adult (171068).

INDEX

[Synonyms in italics; pages containing the principal reference to a species
in bold-face figures.]

A PAGE
IHG, BEAVEOIENS. 2.0 ccs csecenscresdneesanccDyseseersnsoveuranterens 36
MEN 6 a. 's g-bcierayh We RMR ADO Ma Cress As nae doe neda miieeoaulmduieias 33
EM etal RP u gS An AL sie syle ® tan dnd a leiakioncle pied minala tc ae Be 35
EE ANON ale Cro Adea pane ed ey sadersdveradcees aupne cron uurentes > opine 33
EI ete Ee easy vids vb 9 aint s 6he Hehe 2 xine him taba » epee 33
NES oie Fea a ly hosp rep o\e's Pareipbivieao hems os 45:7 se gale cman ee 33
MENU LN a ai rsd 2 gong ce x ex's epitiddinp\s o0ies nid ioiya sie mame 35
PUPRINONIG AVETSITONA JEDIGBIACHYA 6. i 2cenccecoccsacecvcserscrasnewbes 33
a i thin cies oF x EN oo Lawn eres ond v9 <p h Ve WANG 36
Petes MOMENT OE SUNCONIS: 5 ye orion occ cs si boe 6 ses ves.eveercddeviands 40
CMR Aa ig Paley sg hiey dene heed rss vrses a2 anagem 34
et a bgt de er diva Mv cd oo By 46, ¥ 01d /aine We x 0'e'd an woe Uplale 33
eT eR Cer Ras hal Pia a Akiba: 20 2, os enielninie 2:0 ¢ o'nipiardialaWeNeerlg ee 35
ME eA aia Ll Males = via 94 dine ¥ A Hale #0 cd ain. vip ROKR O eRe ET 33
EE, arena tvieds dat ies koa aes Hibas ile cease eh ceaw en eiecp nailed 126, 244
ROAMEG OS ke ih adneae ers a dase Ob desea ciecas se V ede males 129
eR ro Hayat ryia Pdi wale po kia’ cld «id oh dO yin 3% 09 2.010 + phe ee 28, 130
Ss LSE Ltr tara Wo ai dig ow vid aes ies» 40,0 9\di4,0 ane, se gia en 39, 128
RR Cia ok abel vinele SANs. va. acneda ie whee 28, 32, 126
EE re he fia wy pw ipo nao aad doo ou gn wna Danone ibe 28, 35
NM SRO, Oe ys ne. vp ted ado ou bra op Pry awe ahaa ayia eale 131, 238
ON ONE cae Dee alls aig SOR ee De ee ey ire a eae ee rr er ery i 92
OE ey ee ey eT i Or eee Pee nee rey. er rrr ey cr Por 93
ie NT on adders Wd dv hing n cansaneceds Kase bean viene’ 92, 93, 238
AMIE GIN 5 da aia 5, died ads, © Ad 4 bo,@ B's, » vale dGIde along el etnd aile'= ork 93, 238
EN ii ee aa dee dade o ea ona wp cd bean nee or te erigmemakwe gaia’ 9
Ms Ae ah eae ame heats Th Wise byw. © Fp e Ao Sided od paw pisty net b Wiaee pee 18
Nia hc tesa Cinder rade sek do Ne scdee nash onaan nad en 9 ethan en 227, 233
ag LT At aaa So ne i ee, ee ae 29, 35, 44, 230
POLS aud SAA a Ts Pde aa ties aes ae et RO ale lson Bele 229, 230
CES a ee aE Bae 5 a a 228, 229, 230, 244
MAMSAGS SRCOGSOUANE . os pose acund vennetbassenon 29, 39, 44, 228, 230, 239
TR aio, Vin chs ahaa daring een rae Obs abe oe 0 maltese 228, 230
PMNRE EIN UNEP RR es ete gen ote Es re ane aah cl nal T aia 6 0 2:0. lei 0 8 RCS ate 227
PNGENEEL, SALTO WUCREICBOR On gay Ga wardibdsys bs andes secsasesrah base 29
Cen OAMIMEIOIN .,,o1ipwenewscctecispdapaedensondssaesewae 29
Ammodramts sayatifiaruin Obscurus ........20-ccccsernecsscvevess 45 S527
Amphilophium panniculatum ...............0++-: OAR ete Creer
EE CREO rn ee MS ww ken ReDeK RK a Canes s makes ¢ 36
I ees ah dre ad Fe a aaa dd Sia oye ew de oj. 0 06:0 wie iad 36

268 INDEX

PAGE

Andropogon BICOrNIS 6. cain sve cs bins 40s Qp.8's his WIA a PRT Last «9 Sn
condensatus ........ eee EEE ee ido on seer et
FAGTURTREUS 65's cepisin shui hg we 8 Atal A oh on pa nO
RIVUEB OPUS | so's3 0 y 008 vis siniy ebea w seon ave gi Sous in wv sTor lgea
TEUCOStACHYUS: a... ss vee cigs Gainey na hid «Kishin Ulreel eR E INN Sais @ATKes Rn a
tener ...... w PCC ONT NATO Fe Caw 8 pin0 6 UR MLNS bw ais NOMA Ol6lan Ale Minin gain RIRiE WMERGOE
hae) ee eee eee eh Pe RIS hoy eh ake ky
groove-billed ac svca'sivcs peaches v wa 66 RAMAN a bee ONE NR ern aE Inn
Annoney FAG sic iaccue can ese eee SR CLE TUN ger ani ee ce OS
AHNONATPULESORNS) «nace ews onmene siN/ac Wik Tete aurea ek ibe Rien en eRe
hayesii ...... Satis nies canteen amen ayy e/a 8 S78 AUS CARLOIN STAN S § 5 fuels Sica Crate Pane Ree
PANICDERT Alea ce hte ricer te mone cio Tarsaciath ches Reais Shale Pen AB Ugcarela Nata’ Saha rae ark een Ca
Antbird, bare-crowned ............. Ee PERRET oe rie Etec Ninicy ur ome eh
CHOPPIC'R) ccaarceneat aad RA eae Me Se ae ETE eet MN gee 30, 35
Costa Rican. bare-crowned (sic sac isds ccuwads abe chuce year ees seem
DAILVIS : Acie ch orerarere tare ate a & anh CAE <a an Ate ose HUA O ONTOS RCE U SRE
SOLtEE'S: Lisvinnin ne hee eee esas CSAS SO Deore ete ins AE eee a Toei tea
SHOLIEC Gn ascent ayo teye: Pe Sri creer irate aS Wale’ NCR SINC
Zeledon's. <iiccsscces Ste 0: aie SS REALE N OCNCN A/S SL etal g SUNCRTONCHCNS alter ea nce a RCN Cha
Anteater: Woe on ok An Ateatiote a hie Rac os RRO Oak Cruse BTR N TAINS BIRR TE Neet age nia En
Central American great .......... Sarthe te a cicih catelutnla tee Giaie erate ae anare ana
Chiriqui three-toed ..... we sola wll cinta eluiadatars oitate Sbytalh rales ietate (OAs Referee a tate ena
Costa Rican two-toed ..,......... Beh eins nial chyna Nawteaanre sin aelptet ATi Inman CeO
SCAU parctnsenne dames se re ecigita neal tice cient areata Saher ean heer RR EON
PUNCH OM OH tists acute ects nic knees ates Sate hehe vinleletecn Miu ce eters tet erat teea tan
ANtHLOPOITER Manian ans eke ans cies RAE OR OUASAIR S ee eo wah oak steal ae
Anthurium acutangulum .......... Sec aes SARAS Saeed Nib N ee eae
TRACHE Cis tale cain eels Ci tore aherere aia Ce aes PERM ON eG EE ets omtr Me
hacumense ..... PERS Rae he rr ne er tric Fovcice tea ts:
JOSCANUM cic chances CE mibietiers ee tee BERR CERR eres Gsiaiiviciatutalois Afaceri a Ob
PIGMICOOMN Ucn k HebaCeees cenita ba: wb Ra wArwin:&: NW OTR EATS Ce: BRGCAPRIR Hing Cente Stare Rane
PATHS, PAC VS aie ot caictesintochisl Cole hin as Puintacten tartans » wiainig lain pera ereemerera ees CORRS ORS!
weitpitta, ‘Michler’s 35 GAAa sows iewten au NIRS betwlaiel bia Senta bald GIR RIATRURTCA Rts RCC
Antshrike, fasciated ....sicswscseaees PP Te Me CERO ara tai as
Antthrush, Hoffmann’s ....... Saree tee RSet ent: mites
McLeannan’s o.5's leave veers eretatxiatehats aA RTA Sere calatuctet hele: ecie RRC ae
Petite (5 cudienare tatoo ted ata" wiv ctacalatata etelalpietentet saleteahein) CARA ere OAS
ruifous-breasted’. << csv ven ce oenuaks a ET AL CR reece ae
Antvireo, olive-sided ........ ACN ae arte Stee AW ed hick teres <1 140
PuPouS swine. eG. EMA Pak can kh CESAR ERE EET Chino ee
Antwren, black ....... ei QialatW lapel alata Se COR on RT a ae taatcintts Keener son CRC AR Re TEU
hali-collared@: | iki ciasconde ok Cee eee RE ENE Oe OCs ota 8
LAWONCE’S: 55 ca UN ha CORE 4 4.5.60 WOR ik epee setae arate RHE ALI Nee ees
Potidne: - .cclvGe Cla Rae eR RO EA REE SHEN RO tothe A Ace
PROCS vin sis b CECTL ARRAN T Rhee Benen ene REA Ear ror eh es fae a oie
griseimembra nee
PURDICS:: s visvvooce aurea eaters a's iat 0 ath Misteahainittarcara ts aistans Serer mitintiinc <6
BOMBIIG: J ins NUR R AR ERAN SR TS RT ee ee

a

INDEX 269

PAGE

PERCY Ly » s'aS bab en woMaees sane seuss «ndecviextdesrvcdticceedats 222
ei CGS sr ibn belubae eens s es verve cde aves ossccasecercevede 63
EOP? 5, chike eeroabe as 156 ravine ce'valeav vols ssseeecea'v oe 36
SINCIAIFIANS oes cccev senses Pea diaicnectthe heehee he nsec obe0e 34
IEE ca «oh oc sa cen Smee ay Facile ha S90 CG CORE Youd E> b0000.0% 34
TC CRS i, pie s49s SYP ALL Wee ROME Cae ae cea Senda Kee abe Reina ds nee's 84, 85
MMS s ssh ans ok ce agdavehbew Kees Kes cnn sv edeaddeeed saeedet nae 29, 32
Ct ean Foun ait aerate Wale ie ia calcd @ Am ti ted scp day weleln ne 6.9 29, 35
CM CAS sa natin ts amaiasig epee es 00 hid om ieee ORES Meee ae ae 4 29
PRPPLOPOELES LAMOBCICEES .nipitccedesrovvcsoorpereererriag Mdterader avd 57
MEE hte a's wklpiy anion Re ph Te UR Ries SEA ire Saar pe Ree aes Sa 56, 240
IONS LARRUMME lyn Db sy Ree rns osxs fee innva deny a cesnser ered teladae 42
PERIOD> te sip 03,0 SM AMUN Ee oc iris we pais as any Kou ee here Web esd ween reece ns 140
Rare en teeta cstria air Fe plereislt 2a ae diac Disbais lend b.6ind vier eta eae re oie 143
eer ELNRISMMELIIE? 2.) g'c's ssh coir oe vieiedcis dd edd dale add teedes a aa dale 36
Mra aegis cAagiceis sGouls 25 oylt eae cisllae pa Ono oc olde obit eae a are ase ae 65
ee OUR eeee SRS PRU EIOEE 0 sass ha bad vk aveedibavs 00 ce¥adsawoeer 27, 68
ee CEEOOD Ficana kines beck s ceed bavadhestecertaecedande 27, 66
SSR U INS ote Male Secibr a Suid a These ch voter: « AIAG woe woke Giete wlke a ole ho oteeons 67
ee Bears led dvasindicr kdariecverdeceeesasdetueudun 65, 6
Me oS ices ts ae edo cdy tadedvaadiabesesatvce tia vowus 68
OC susie cdl Awaa wd iabeciases cenelsbocanvesudets edipe 36
CE RCREOMUNEED 3.5.06 piaa i a0 oa cade ucte's ee seevedeg ive dactabpaithe 31
PUESOMMUOUS COUMMOSINIS. COMMTOMEIS ooccccccccelwccevcccdevecusdsdune 41, -33
EVRA een FOL ret ae AGIA alles A alas" oe TSI wb wt aol: piv! of ¥\ 01d di ave 202, 203, 204, 243
rn iia ig aati s bie a ladies troll donn'sddsovled as dae Range ome @ 206
NM Fad Ri aa etal Aviad kbiny eva cen «meses tilrs dhe teeiee 207, 238
UN re Sled Sata Wribid fig ad aaus omy wag S's vo vce daend dy ae pike puns 238
RMERININ SUMEMIRORESE eas saitc de dudovdcws ses raciand c 28, 43, 204, 205, 237
a MOND AE. CE ud gh GN oisn'ds u's on vin eweaedd dep sepanen ca 237
ee ak SE a Pe Part ee 205, 206
MNO MEINEM 07055 oe xe dieer od (waces end Souder as 29, 43, 205
MAEOMISD Cs Foo tera Pes Pe od Kes do 4,6 caw d dR veo 28, 43, 204, 237, 243
RE OG 0 OE EE PEE Pe OF PRE Ee FP iis ie Po Oe eee 71
SERN oa Mle erie aa faa aed ded cwedncardvaiee vue ed dom 00 > 0’. 216
a TANS o nels rdanate aero sia oa aul o'cixipeti/e oad vr alaaiw wy 6 a0 227, 229, 233
CAA So SA Rea x AKAM TR ATe Ose ts rod unas es vise eee siseen dened ae 234
OO Se apn ee COR POP EP LE COU COLE ETT CEE SPE LR eee Or 243
RET ie ccc ted ano 0in! Rane dua alee asd hacen 39, 44, 234, 235, 240, 243
I oe CO i sp as G hora de dah aneenh wiced ake 20, 44, 231, 233, 234, 243
CAML Ee Pn ero oo vies eae aA ea eR oer 0.3.6-0:0 0 odo wTOO 234, 243
RT he eta ae aa dd Ha hd Pardee hae addi w'es'tdiaec's scces shatdp lave 233
REUSE tS do wi a, obiliaaly slat ipie'e a's eves oes Ud PE e 40
Aulacorhynchus caeruleogularis caeruleogularis ...........2--eeeceeeees 390
Me RE SUNN MININO oe else daaiesdlied's eld dee ceedobavie es 39
eas ee er 5 ne a Seatel nab erersae 30, 35
rT ee RR eee Sn alu wi pee ae te 40
PIROMOIGS. PATTUIGUIATIS EXSELINS «2. oso cccsccccccecscessssccservececss 30, 35

pallidigularis pallidigularis ye eee POET Bie ata xed cae vet lie 30, 32

270 INDEX

PAGE

AXONOPUS COMPFESSUS ....... spe twee sis aa! detent ty eee 37
INALCINAEUS occa sis bc i cer star ginhelotarattnes a erMeraretatstereinets a layal 8 ave:'st ol alfatehanavers latte ar:
Artteroe Pemitrsila. «5: xcs <ulele dteutepataiara yar saue'Gin Ree ate alee RE ain a eS 19

B

Ba lartttopter yr. iis id.s/c./s wisi veins pagpisunisiainnd joinanip vig Fe aT es etaetele eae 244
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de oo. ci biolsiais wc vicieisraetalsaictcre mi eiistas eins aie ean ae 13
Ball D., Suc: ses wadiewaah ooals ewes blaine eal peel haps s oer on eee wae Cag
Bambacopsis: Sessilis: 0h ltavs sn caiteaele Gate ewe sient Jaane hans 2.0150
BANS, (OULAMN cna wenesuay conven tanta GO ee aus oak See 18
Batbet, bites ge Feiuielalacae Gala ar wa ceiaatele eo arereteche ome erenrere Sanetale: svela ere RRR MESS
spotted-crowned’s). «swarm rieniae enn Sixts (icon g PaoT area seers ..29, 32
Barbour: Dhomasi¢esens sent oe cae een ee tee one Sia ernresitiolael career eee Re ies
Barleria -miicansa\ sc piesa cates uocegemes Sra onead ooeeaee a sla iets eee
Basileuterus melanogettys exXimius: Jc. .c< << ons ecstetaneun eee Pee ere koe
melanomenySitSnNOlUs tac can ae ne creciemimereeteldie oe creeo ever Te rea ee 40
THIELAN OTIS i's ha sis iets kre ale inhe, co, Klova cin cle lere cleremelelelo eirete ie Rie nto eee eee Atay lo)
FUfIETONS, MIESOCMHYSUS sox. co a Rare satuslerdenerar eich acter eee ne ae ates reece!
SEMICELVINUS! VEFAQTIENSIS: VWs cceu sda es bodies oe h ee ene eee 31, 35
BaASsaricy.Onl ye snails cots at coe eae cot a teria 149, 150, 155, 158, 1590, 241
Pabbitioabbit. ssn wek.ccla witece sce kore ee Gee eee eee 28, 32, 43, 156
abhi OFMOmMUSis ae osc ee cite COME eee 15, 28, 39, 156, 157, 239
Bassariscus) Watiagire Vs) cpasaxcs cos ecejatelanse ecotereea tee ate eet nE veer Sree oe 30, 150
Bassariscus) aStuttisy scien wie bck cio ine cee chicks alee ee amie are een aera . I50
SUmMIChPASt sy wisp wanes ow sods Rae wen eG oeinee ye akisen Cente Ries 150
Semilehrasty Geis, ce ins oleae feed ccatae ep eee eRe Ree 30, 43, 150, 244
Sumirchrastivablabilisnn se) piso eee eee ere oenee ee Vomnaatete Paes (0)
Bassariscyon Gabbe OrimOMUS (oc < sali macnn vate ta Woctels Conte 3) 157,
Bat, Bondas mastitis oa sdiscuie tccis sepia toe eee Oe arn ee ce are ae 29, 222
Beall Og a aia ain Ward piv ws abn 5 CR ete ip ete Ie wee we CEO ae eee 177
Céntral American: vampire: ... «fac eecieoanie cobb lees Gea 30, 210
Chestnut: masttfe 6. cic), dalccew oon seeiaaeiee eee ek Oe ee 29, 219
chestiiut ‘short=tailed <0 :3.0.ic.di0.0.0ctalantalereide ever ob cairn pate eee 28, 196
Coiba Island “mastft \i is. sciew dee owen ic ew ee eee pee 20.22%
Costa Rican “white: ccc 5 the osldacbuws eee oc her ue eee ee 30, 176
darks «brown; so csiswew ices wu'es aietale Se eee tae ele ee ee ee eee 28, 179
Gosmlike egos cae Oe a eho ake wise Ser RCE EEE REC ae .28, 175
Gwark mastilh 3.0... o.5 oy Gais wists Lethe soe ees eee ee 29, 219
False wammihe ~2 5) .s~'ss hklee th Cae Oe eee are ee ee Lata ieiwieteetaatare 185
flat-nosedmiaStift siren. aces Saree alte ee ts ee eee et eee. ans
fringwe-lipped <6 ¢s5% 44s oa sae dees Bea ROR Nee ee Sree sie wet fs
greater white-lined \. s\ngauew ss oaks eee eee an oe we siaieles LOM LAS
Heller's.) tou civic iu a ata sor are ate Rees alate aie edt ere mentee See 200
Isthmian... 5°12’ ss rk es och ee keels Rae eee V didaieeen SopeeOS
Jamaican» jsp e oie ee eet eee Se ieMin oaetdelewte aejo eae .28, 204
Leach’s long-tonpired os. s. ioc ese Ce ee satnaete eG eo LOO:
leaf-tloSed!,, « xqeseree de pew a tenhe hace ne One aeee Sasaves LRG) 300
lesser «white-lineds .o..ccannuese.c bernie eee Nestea Sas neiceiacns ..28, 175

aittle) blaclom: 4oceee eee elaianeuhe MOG AL Act qi anicncae Gee; ake.

a og

INDEX 271

Bat—Continued. PAGE
RRR Bis <8 <A 28, 177
ih, rn. gpl eM wah ape vale tba Gyo K 8 #9, 0.45:0. 08d Gua'e 29, 217
eM RAN ED. pking doled My sis 5 seeds ve Kem in ds ale peisives 28, 202
Es ap ob ohn ape TE es Pee o> Rass iene aM ses baie seen e 28, 183
ET TOMECROGEN, so cd du suin ps enr eee sa ho aw aa dodyeabere heme 28, 172
ER oho ons din’ lp Aa gts ARMIN AM ree ate i> SG a Pelee On hein 30, 216
EMITS IC AMEE OOLED 5.5 tina bce ee elas e294 6 s,aaed cane eeiddaby 29, 215
EDS «oo QE. un sie aU ais is se NK Cidida/aa. aN ae phe aad wie Kp ed 29, 208
RINNE Fi8 ces al Dalat alae) a aioli gr eh. ex 8d dice Mia ace eine QL 5 w ack ate 30, 215
Peas TAN USE UIT as orale din 1 </o slab vio tithe eels ein Pialatoleln dial s\elareia Si alounis 28, 188

Res ete RANT, MRSA I OAC ENE a) e'c'a.0 a) nis.0'din eis Ne wo a dae opale’sic.ie 6 asah aiaeCele 28, 180
Hortiern. yellow-shotidered ...2..0,:ccscevcsasescvsdevecenasee 30, 197
eareee a Rees AICP ae Sia wa kis ea co, wie he's iaie sd vie nae hdr Ral esite 28, 193

IE Aad RS EACH PAGEL soa) sis bs aes sie oliie a wuadhste tn lelstoeindele’blale aate al atone pial 20, 257
IIs iS, (p's, vies swe TS ok Hd eS eater on wea Ow we 28, 185
ESLER UCP NIE eh: 4's a i SINS pale ois also dlotanal dis erage ahd ave phi COMME a
CRC el EEC Eset Tain Da Secleistelete 3 dos oicle geo INE a Hel she earn violas 28, 183
eR EMI 8 60 ag ing 1a ino clon Rullwd, FAD dines b.aveie-sied oes 28, 192
ie ET ESAT ee EM Sa aheRe 1, idl: Va ciate geal wt tidin/Aoe, a iele so siagesol Stn 8 shen tonin 172
TN ee See Te Guha y e ddvirdss'ecin sess co ias xn'en' aan 28, 203
aN ARM ea at She aro ctardigia' a sa aiatsa/sahd'a Apiaie:d'a «) Peep Ba ae we hale at 28, 201
Ce rede y 4 icin, d we saasiaibin., aca p wie, biojeiw «Ble SOW a6 ews 28, 194
EI AIEEE i Na toa osha hipis atu. A ooo in slaw aie A aig « 6 xin 899.8 98 abate 29, 222
UMaratiae Ge 3 AS ee et cot M Ce IE OE Ne ID en oe a A rd 28, 176
Sea MORN is gas aleve 9g v Die vik di sleieie 0 ns'o\e » 0:2 v0 sive wig kias 28, 182
eC eee ere e iacpaiseam awed oe phate kp «va vas acm meme 188
GLEN HEPA RN ek NS erie ee a tecig.s > arose cco a aVsidora ate are 28, 204
aE RS ELIE Le CMa ciao) bias bit y aly’ s 0: </d'0.0 <'s:e1,ba te woe EE 28, 204
ROCs IR Muss a tdlkdid Saicla alan bin xs Gia» o'eb > mas oan als ceasy 28, 198
Bauhinia hymenaeaefolia ......... Thos pe ere reer ree 36
inermis ..... eR OY Fee eae eS ons Win aasaahie xa velba ee 36
a ee Oe clon dicty’ alii, di vin Wo nid vin ole ves we pda ad wed Ne sae 36
ENCE RI CTI ANIV Ac ak tawiaipwigialeads de esas sy see ae teak eies ase aine 5
RR LES Re ea ia By wndin As os ee ccs scantily aves awa e we 30, 33
ER AES AS See ry ie ce eee ee ee 41
Ee ne, OSE Ae Pe ire Pee a ily pt vie 41
SMSAR a toes a altace tale atstaloiaty casa ial ei 6 nl e Ain tine isi aici laa eueceisie wiWlalb's, wialee Sea aiste ins 4!
SMEMETRe osot Bala mals mn > canes 3 bisa Mek sb be RR RIee Dole p ima) ale aia 41
Dee MACE SASORED oy ao yd ona wd walk oo nd 04 eA bey eke w Was ee veces ea'eie's 42
Sree ENE SOWWEE SEODICAL) Jbn ccs dca suipawavcds oasnevanevs LS one tense 35
TMG MOWER VEGOICAL. 5h vans ec cabedbaushac rage aehelscccdsveiedp én. 32
MAC EEL ae cis pula ada e th anved Ea bd es abctidovsvocrbvacascans 29
Bavaitia ang SenitOrested DOLTGELS: o2..> cle cc ssccs5 ss 'osseesvcvvcwedees 37

PER DEL ALE 15 boss wil. po )n.cies'p ein oie 0a pine Spit SRA.6 <u .8, Kila bso bi visle wees ae. wee oe 42
SES oe etde bh st ean PGR GR base at’ head ndensacatagee 39
PUT ech Tus click b aku ab pa SENOS ERED 4 mend pas weds aeb aseiee 29
Biackmird, Cayenne red-breasted oo. cccncdecsccccscccccccesccscesas Ba: 38,37
A OG. eek as bh vod db AS saad Doe GLVSdd is sctvcwdnehepetveedsce 10, 14, 17
Boqueron, work at ......-.s-ee0s TEPER AE LUG GR EAd dda Kos iw visors ciate weal 16

272 INDEX

PAGE

Boquete; work ates ..6.. ic cietatn odie s sdae wets Cours Sra annie res ee ey
Brachyspiza capensis peruviana: ss... 6. dices sec diowewente kes ganic Kn Fo ee amen
Bradypodidae oo. ccs de cscs ve sds vs dacigaw sleie eeu nether ek ste ee Rite item
BraGypus 3 sec! sh.c ac voice 4:aep sinaie'nie sierelé aie oie S:58in F 6 \als SSmebIRA ara tigate ete ene

CUSIGMEICEDS 63 camaamate 5 ia n'a a wodthZh piaial ded Oat NURI OW ACA at lesen

GCYISGUS were tse eine Ais aipiene srelvile ep nist ble nisrorg id slal etaracaketanelmarel &18°¢i yt alors terete te nanemne TS

griseus CaStaneiCePS: 0.54). 5h0 wena s sacpesie seh) RGN ake ke eee enn

GLISEUS GTISEUS: Lec sivan a bsls nin bce t/a de )sta wine ainiuln’ Ridtele nN Osh eke genoa Ee

UPTIAVUS |6.\.07s win cio acne Walp'y Nw e ly mb ese Nie ose Tare ade Wale gaa ne

init uscatus ss 2.5% diva dn sinyy's Sie nia.sis wiiveal a Moe SO ae al Oe Gatien
Brava. [slat oi oss hcaisis icin vive ww 'ela win ntls why cite nie face SRR Ia a eet neta ae
Bridges, Thomas: os..'.¢s's ae ees ss sees waren es we Sista tenis Wanely Oren em
Bristly mouse ....... PTI ee ee rao tee

PAINTER 5 ais viesvccic cece serena eis wmip'ere unigibivw sion SiN Ss 6 pi Ulm ninTene en NE ae eee
Brocket: svians'simane sintavécecerbjeta bis taco Whe w'nypracS Wm ie th siate n/a Qe wher ine ear ete ante
Bromelia. ping@wig x .'sc oye wis ce wee in Ciel wee Wosely pelea ai hls puis nieces ee
Brosimum: utile oyi.s os wea pe ce Geena shaisnwie sks senses pse es «ices Giemiete ania ea
BLOowneopsis GXCEISH: c.. 0% 6 vied ys 5 cinn'e.nianlets sin /sileiscNieine Qiihtne eras teeta
Brown mouse, BOQUeCtG ..in.csa0 cs ones ai alen’s wie-n’ein Wialele @>bcetetna: ates ett ana nanan

CHIMOUE ainske aes nse PTT LE AOE ee re eer, Ee
Brown, Wilmot W., Jr...... wiakalss Sse oe AR RT AT aa an ee bikie > calcre, @Rtat ee mn
Buerremon, chestnut-capped....... AR oie e ove 0164 Aveis » 5 AWW a a ea
Buerremon brunneinuchus ............-. c wasewoeiee erat wat ogee le eae Ouaseretaty fete rer tee tne CD
Bueaba, woth wt. cscsigsice ge eaean Se reac arcs Caan Gin yin scale Sbex scntoa eRe
Bucica Se enimsiilauis cafe ssi, Pak is See Sipratn, Comes alee OS crss ww le'eiale 6 G91 hans 9 heb Reaver ae
BusckeAneustinuccne. eee gidis. Setelulteviscatisvamaneien sy aleve rstereisls cli seasts tO ieneie ere mn
Bush adoe,) + Patiamarng d, ceah sous tee eacame teens Pere oe
Byrsonima cumingiana i. save cise oc ecens Ate Ne wescadecsensescensssne 7

( & ”

CabassGus sine cana wor ee TT ee OTTER I roe ea

CENT ALIS s cova niets ercolee laghder sionneeearelaente ae Gin 5 aipie ese CALA exten a
Galb ra de some 60255, 5 sa oie to etase ca wine an ve eve tavoio levee aia io is lia lpia le tele (anna ia ialee tear eee mez aD
Cahopresidecusesccstesen een ctedhinvs el alee anieeryS A Gaon caeaus Co
GaCiCuSemMIChOrMyNGMUSi ca) ve iota ieee sierisierapei rence I ore ote nae Sel

VACEMLEMUS Hie 5 ise eis ies aie hive iaieyattheina oimunis eiehevereietets ais Wit iala KussuiS eiahave alc a eETRre ESL
Caciaue, Lawrence's: ver... ats sew yae naan PI Oe a

Sinall=ba 16d Gaon. seralentane Are R Morionte Mor a eo dcomsonsere oH
Cacomistle annie mics on ccacranintinemtetmicis oeisid aUeceib oe alelavelysals Mitisiamiae witennel OsMit er
Gaenolestes. “Wintcus uata snes tae ERK Genoa Xa: eis, tom pineal sien ita koa abaae a
Caenolestidae ........ 4 hip Twinity ve al aN are Teun, Wey Si alate Ge layyl og 0 ave Gol CRORE RIC ESI tOeRte tee NTC
Calidonia, work at ..... mirc eral Kast's icra taMlicrels Lae eicitin S foxeteane Reker ieeenetcte aR OO
Calliandra emarginata ..... PT Te ee ee On coe NS

Pittierl wee aa I RISIS Gaye acche eee ee Rouen anlutuyie: ore, mcNie TSIRIRTSTEIR ty oer MRO)
Callipharus nigriventris ............ Be rk ee tar els mieigie Cetera eee Safe’ cies
Callitrichidae. civoesyeie es ae ne oie tn io“ Cieia IWivreturniviscar ain tales tafe tga is fei aia ent
Caluromys laniger pallidus so. .cccccccceccncces fe a Rehatanich niche ieee SS
Campagnani:, Pedro Ma.uascseus uk MR rit san, eee ahne Se s Tete ELO

et ee

INDEX 273

PAGE

SOAS MTIOODD o's on utee'n's fe adie'n o'ale ols 4 v'uls'v'elvia'u'a'n s'o's vo vob nddeceec 63
Gamierarrenia, Yellow-bellied 65s isiessecsssccacvatensovscsvevecces 30, 35
Comprostome pisillum Maviventve 2 idiscesscesecdisccudecscssesscecsee 30, 35
MTSE ot Ta gte ae Ie Sauls sv 0's via viesorarevelelelelete lee eietalct reir aaie ere ce as cue 132
COVENEAE ons cciviercecevrenescuenccaundes aessveses pra iad een’ 2 Bases eaes 132
EMME hdd i.¥ 5058 6.d.hverdlolejnin Ade Leta eke Gin doo ioe bed e old dp aie nd ccs 19
OT PEPE ee E EE PE, CURE PEP eR Ee PPE ee ST fe, rere pre Pee 230
ETRE ced. tad Midekad Swab ertnieeredandaday Partokie a uewess 229, 230
EE EOE LET OEY COLE POOLE TEL REP EET Si reTT ee rrr er 231, 232
RCADMCINNS /CADUCIIIUIS | fis vias tis arts 4rd ecole «aie ave 29, 39, 44, 231, 232, 240, 244
ARPCIINAR *TETATLATOR! o.yis''n'u.o cise biel Wind vv’ ein e'e'e 29, 39, 44, 231, 232, 240, 244
MORES TION ARENSN AAI bord ae o:ti0d eke a aed due cu edb os Ado aE Tb Oe aa 232
EN sd last lelyieladels p'e'u. 0d 6 apo 'h's's Wiehiicia ¥'Vie vialsa'y daly 231, 232, 244
Rm Me iE EUS iis Cite 'y ash bn v'v‘udbie els ha: Winnie aie Bin oh le Oh 232, 240, 244
een NO RETURN OL sir. Lic v,oik 4:0: x'elk. b's nh box Goin alee ho aaalny oPoee Sabre. 33
te ESTE TCS hloiss wines vie v's Ko X'e'a dade idle $ «bare Pa keraaeds eee 33
PEOPLES ALN d Lad ak tis ddele (dv dle bisa idee ape 'ebn & eh Ua keteweeeon 40
RMN EN LUCA a at ict x ail Fecal 0 9,914 vi 8 o'cable acid eg e's vla'nd CURES 33
NTS E ARE de vis dX vle OV aves oXAN 40.6 s'sd d do¥ 0a eed cata ie 36
MRC ATICAAN oN iG LR ote bah oN pee Folk tedecivie ble tevieensenteucven tale a 536
Ceiba pentandra ......... SU RA Wloka A Hiieck ied 21 eS hiimin' bb's aloe bole oe Ped 36
Serer ARO NEST OAUMIMOAUEB, 5 is:scce od sidv dev dedc Hep eitne ood vbdeevioue votes 41
a MN RD NE RaNT SUPRTUTIDID tor ialits Geel h: 's'e’s © viu'e'o ¥oh'e'o Sivioln'a v8.02 va veee agentes 36
RE EMS AIS iets er Wu bala WLS ech py alsin ob beg v's'e dale dle eldscs'a Ancels 600s, fae
Centronycteris ....... ER CEL CP eRe Tae fy TPC OE OCCT corr 173, 176
COMER AUIS sf da rtetclde.c PP Mee wee iat RATTAN ave bwie waned 28, 43, 176, 244
RR RCRA a ar she TORS ad twat dikes Ob vid v0 4d¥ede Ve awa 176
NM REINS otis atone Vielsw Ve Rye dae tas cide sees uhcdeke eee 27; 32, 94
CUTE Teh BA ee OP ey oy clei nee PCE i toll ar ar ah Be 7 bie Mey PRL |
Sra O LO LG ICNI CL A terd.c 1d eas d-41s7e HAVO 'AG,S vid bic oo a clea Mire de aalitoshe 27, 46,08
ET A eA AA tall ily Sadie dyin ad rev icn eC adévvadddenadde adits ans ¥ee 148
ICCB ScD ai dud ig dicta ss: 0 ied dei bind haaks 6 Ger ba ea To 6a he BF Viele 36
Capito maculicoronatus maculicoronatus ......c0cscsecvecsescsesses's s2Q) 32
SMERUPCIVOUATUN® PIETOMOUR. i aldn ecu del cnedslagucucdes dee ctesasedsee 20, 32
Cangcur, Colombian whité-throated 6. ...0.0ccccsccccenecnvane nce 29, 39, 231
mM UP EITO CAN OOACOOE f/x 'o'0'a's aie mw d'c's'p'xi0's\e's's'e-avinle s'xle'e's e's v ele bd 20, 30, 232
NMRA HIG cic eae Na on das Sate dda si Ae eReldawe cd vs vloen eens 126
METIREMATIY tec Oh Ta OMe ate te nels Tol tic rs'aerelea nial odld ma Oe De O's eva cae sles a 28, 132
meeerieenrihaee L ot ON ns ct an caey cipedh oodseceuses 238
Parmivora (ob) 66. fea Ve PEP TO LER EL RCP ES Tee Eee rere 148
ERE dh eek d9/-d ok Fi pass wHas REN ad 20d 7 SERED ele One cweer cand 48s 194
PPAEIU AS GIES eis 316 5 2s LRGs Maik Rie ee ioe Pee OE ore eae os br a.spice bwt se ae 106
SOOO LOS CAGLORIAGH 25 = hud Fb 1793's SAO Male scans bat lew ss cleo vdebuetes 35
ager MiteCe® CANBOCUGIS SIUANS 6 oi bri \idaclsvcsdeuscscccccedvbeetbane 40
SemMNE TREE OM | IU CHUIIETIRAUUG! / o! ticle civ ute Fiaiia's nic a elo d's've vesldéuerasebanes 2
ane ee Ee Cre OP OPP EE eT EPR RT CY PEP Tae CP POPE LEE ee 36
OPENING 154 3c 00 pap TE IMRAA OE? Ca TRE cd Aes dn cddg Eee vedeces 36
SMU ORMOMMMGIONT Ly Jed cick SiAesd aR itcddedictddcspdedisdiwbccbeucs 34
ny eI RO RI OO iy Ad cle kicks s add ihdadéaw's du'dvev'ny yes eve 28, 170

Patamis forme dled epotted: 00025 22s sic over daveravecdevressees 28, 168

; es

274 INDEX
PAGE
Catharista urubu: wis..cssanes Fass yk aie Wes Poe ORES Tee ee
Catharus frantzii frantzii .......... SA er pw ttees witha x le ns esa cca a
Catharus fuscater mirabilis ...{.......<. woh wie
Sracilirostris ACCENLOM win gay 0s oS dean en ve FAME Ups Me 8 te
BTISRIGEDS. oaic's « vss pip swat ate Uinta alivfa:'y "aia Ae REI eee ne Sei
Cavaniilesia ‘platanifolta:,’ siaicst vias ah»-atlemapmis ioe Be ee aes Sek ghsaets .- 10, 36
Centiirus seductas’ .sciis assy io sosieeishs w/a, ign, 66 he TEA pe
subélegane wagers © cscs Wissiensipnas ater RSet Ie Basie wees ee 2 6 te taco
Gepnalopterus: slabricollis ciits.cc.-sbaieva annie mane ats aly, vis: winger ir aa
Cerro Azul Vasscsteansa ek pee 4 Boom; biazacayalece S50 TNs lpia IRIN AIRES oe at
Cerro Brae. -anicsaics tev adsense waren tae nn a ee sas ag: Fie ew oc RR
CErvidae Yinis ans PI Rear tteeae ton ther ANH £ (a, WS EARS SS Sa eget Oke
GOnVINBE Ui itccosicthik aeteake Weare nie WrekiUe Ie ere eter Watnie ataeets Rie ersrntees eect ten 740)
Chachalaca,. ash-headed) v4. eave urea same eke PTET ER EE kk ia tie ee
Chaemepelia minuta elaeodes ..........eeeee0. a} sipoac ‘Gon Swit aah chats Geena
EUNPENMIS TUNIPEMTIIS |. ou seieisteelem crete wie ered rabcee rare aR ea Serra eae a)
Chacron veteran viirk sad fakes sees cea ReeeeneNS ix potas Votan +x os ae aoe OR
KSHACTONIYS © 4.s\s weche haleties oe kale See oa ROCs ee ahusetoha tis iiss Se Shame ste
ChalybUra ASAUPAG Vs. curses uote aaa eres eaten teerte eet ac eeinig ett Stace ee
Ghamaccrista--brevipes: occas wens uate Sine gaieavense luis Mts sen fas ao
FLENUOSE) vies. sidsinteoe eed Rierace ae SS athe NR ie are aon CORT Etec ee Re Sais ea
TAQ ESTA: ca aieiesiys-0:s spss elvis s,0 ae S's eleisis elves vie]s mete miele Neel aye galway ais tetiayy Mrs yd
EYISHIGUAL wicca te ce SSRN he eit a inne Nie eer a arth is Are RR IRS
Ghepignna se ccce st tele wise ucce weitere eter tra tis AS rend Rider enon AR fs Sethe yaw.)
COROT? plas veh desl erntania ina buat nonshih os Bedey teak news e Leger iiepancte hie eee pees SNES
GIS OCGRTRR 1s cB tinicis since co sihintnre etal ches atk Rew ieeme areemee seas RES &
GHUOAVCHELIS: say. Kortk ec hisrcte etal hei chs er sis estes Ciaceere ce a SaReca One nea Ok
PUDICINGSa sacenmneee Se RIE ura SPR CAR e oe ole o Rieti RIA CTS oe eentics Sansom
PUDICINOSS .MENICatiar cites < 6 ccs wianisin votes Ce ee vel Ei SNORE LEE See Le
rubiginosa rubiginosa. .......... bicoiaierm erbatacetenere cre) Rede ere ..28, 43, 179
Chiroderinaanancdecs rene Rae oR eeeee Sh eee auton hate .++.198, 200, 201, 202
TSCHINTOUM x Caiintese Gehrke Eee ee TIT ee srineedy 23a moO
C162 0) ee area arr eee eer e En he APSE ops. iusids 2, 43208
OHIFONERTES i ike s hoses ak has oo ewe ie eee ORS ree re oc é Salata ewetta ters keene
PAUAMENSIS. « Zi eieihaw etal bio CAM Ri ee renee 26, 27, 32, 42, 45, 240
Chiro pteras® \ occas piatctore eis cate WTO ene faa ae NETO Er PG BR ees IE
Chloroenas albilineacnissalish em cee eee eee Ueto SDA sie Sonics mie
Chloronerpés*Gailopteris = J.ss Sscues Heat ade Us one iscie etc rslon tie CatserReOn ea
Chlorophonia, Costa Rican ...... ch alee eee Klitch amietgaeere es ns a 40
Chlorophonia callophrys ......... cn his OR Ee nee wags GA RAO RCC em er G0
Chlorospingus, ‘sooty-capped: .. .<.sk ics s ken easteee emcee 5 kc Stapeeraegiaed See
Chlorospingus ‘novicits, nOVIGINS i: so yc wk eee n s anit none cathe san dO
PULESTULSs. sie Mesteas mieten te era leh Che ann rea tata. shitenbraten wee
Ghlorothratipis earmigl: isch .4ss eras bag cee oe MTR rete, ake
OlVAGEUS) Acsbsism guises PONS israel efehas We RO een reenter SRohacease Seung
Choloepodidaér ey ven cect wk Src SRT Cae RRS cas aricah eS oho Lene ete
GHOIGEDUS cc astins cacaen J dkivin. a nyaeth Meteo ain ERTS isch een enenees
dS CIG) <i idna cs camenrane ekiteue Ota Re tus WER vie aie Wiad cleus eRe teMnE SO
didactylus .....008.. ee bie sin s ejatn ate’ acpteihis 0k \capatte re ohhh ce ocata leis raha tetetataeete samen

hofimannt “Sieve PT Tite Cr ee hey Ae ks

INDEX 275

PAGE

Ghrysochlorus aurosus .....ccccccsvercstervesarcesceascsovevcvesseceens 29
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas chrysomelas ........0+ecceecsereeeseerenes 31, 33
Gleveoielas OCilaris: ..5 560. .rcree MW rersarerecorernabevecervesecee - 40
NE OPEPNTEL..0's.0's nce ce eriweennswishseccscesikni¢esdWssyesee 223, 242
GCUEPEOUEOGON CAliMatus 2... 0ccscrcensreservcccconcrescarceucrevusevens 29
ES Uisivingsie sn rvesd rreaner dyes. bbeK Kes sip sss cceererr eee’ aeav'y lO, 13%
RR MOLICUD 6g oc cin ce Shek pie be Meqe neo es meeerle ee ncaenT Raw dane 40
MOONEE ie csicrs Monvadderoesreknkadacsnnetnanenens twp devia’ OS 4
TEM COLOUER sic vis iodo. deng c¥brnakndien ahedaie secienpesddvruselgae 39
ives vest sce etre ier cereatsaeiyesinnesagetags¥auey vatnsa 2D
RN So, eens a Ani h an Kwa a nee lee wh tae One mma eee Tt
MN is sis Say eas en AL Ais pe rev apie aa og etn melee) Van Me pinedadene BO
NE aes sih stars slavish nbid >. gas ole nde k at OM s dee Pe RA Ree ROS ware Oa
ee SORTS Caer ant Ve VE ee Ee EMOTE CLEP oe 36
abe SOUS DLOURE FATTS o5 ces cisecvsccasrneneddvnecdnsemean .» 39, 89
ADIN EER, AUIVOUR-DOLIOD cir viciccrcccstsavescovectadodevenswnsia 39, OL
EPL EEL PRE LET ELL ELET TE CERT PLETE Ur 27, 90
ee Me Th vay vi yrs > pac ria 0b se woly bee dulwn pe die ae 27, 91
RMIT OMC METIS RANINITOULI yg nx: 5 010, 0,0'v ¥0:e.0 010: 04 ¥R'ar0.0fo. nb. 26:0, yale aio 0 ae din baelp 30, 33
MAE Aisles haiedsnigiald.n0in, hiv -vie'e.c:é.2. ocniaiaisle,sie aati aeuis wracne aati 149, 153
Ree eat aren PME r N et eet bre ily sie Waid ete dn d's’ van ww OSC UF 28, 39, 153
TST OMEN les c) )| i > 29, 32
CP tee POET ITER ELLE EE EEEEEREEEEE EEC eT 10
a are RAT MOEA ARAB PG sig ie otetsly padi vidieiginie bei.’ nv. ¥e'd oda: 9 6,¢ikeineage 33
Ne ie rie renee aE Leek CLERC e488 1:0 ce et i iepwialsciereas Hoven eneesl 133
WOE et en SE 9.0 Sr aie amy ER ne Mr ry PR 133, 134, 244
MIRAI ETD LAGHIAECEIL yey sigxidie a biacl ne cde o.eis's ovine eo ved Opedan maaeured
MM CISIETTD 1ST RACANISTITI Ahi nie slo sie.ereirie, tae our,eitivaie biediniae wtlvia Rapepegeate 133
Macy aN weln cawaannanbihcct hea enviatpn ns ormacnadeveteqccmeyine 134
MES pe eg) ocr a ON far eee ere ee 28, 43, 133, 1345 244
NINE PUNO AE 57 pp kao, vic. ols ivlavksicinaia4 0,0 \0m9,s'n 0 0a ei. eneeia'p apa 16, 19
ee cette onl ares caae eave dd sccereventaevsesdery temas 188
SERRE Perk PECL PPE ELETTEPELELEEETETULT OT er 39
Seam NRI RPI AED DLAC COMRESINT "72159, ai sin'cin, s: 5, 014, 02,0, 0/60: 4.0. bi efele, of8le)enielaieivisin dd mule 36
EE er Dy hE TREE ETE EERE TEPC C LOY EPPO ye 34

Te AMIN Re alia tay a da RI NR gain de aso dies k'nidididla.e dpa Pie PRAT A Swpie lM wera 36
UNMIS go) nly hubs ig od noe Abaib ed ant dp RITR irene OF ala eva? 36
ET See PU PET LTR TOIT U TE CL OL EE Le » 34
COMIDSOLUTY DIS. PITIAVUM SPECIOSA 2c sdcdsenesseccsesasasvescsaceceas 31, 33
PN na Sa inch dc ss 2<nium aida seaieace een tae ads 0ies aude ba ESE
IN a ds au 9 sv 10,015 wd osu Oa eA ala ee Raed 0,0: 0 00,0 06's,0 phiein 164
a es ed ds 4 iatn een ABTA eed een ant es 0.600 somes iss - 164
ERTS ALICUOSEE so adcscevssneceehsaedhewiwerevn’s 28, 30, 43, 164, 244
EN De iy by ia a nx ev dd phekew eater d tl weeds ete oeeee . 128
ee MR a, ss ade ang dind paps cep cntnssan kobe 34
CE EE ad RE Ae ri err Tat eee ar Oe Pike 34
SIDECME IMIS DAGIOD. 50040 cass revacedegscndedesesteesetersheeneve re
EN Ain cay iki vo od ale 4 TR 4600008 CP aR Oe re Reaa saaeewe 30

276 ; INDEX

PAGE

Cordia riparia}: i... POE Tee ea, ni d'ie SS aa! eiy vl oheiehe Shula a MPO he a: tn eho" co ES
MAAGTONA: 2.1 socks seek lan ns Gath os ee ae paeM vf dt NERS Cio « «alti
Gonmutia pyranndata (ys scapiens soar +\9 satearys « Diels lalerel ater ate ners ans ashen eet Re
Cotinga, Antonia’s ........ {Wins inte satan a Tene ads uh ise e . wis alata ia roeatane ame eee
Watterer’s) .% chi enn tw KE 8 Ee Ey eee ete oe disable oe big wie enero
RNAS WAY Sd cis asbiiane we Akar sieha's Hic tk wt stacaln tn al etehaterme 4 sip « s'elerelsinve! ein wie Seo ste Res
Cotinga nattererii ..... Penge tosh fete ete Leora ® in'h. > iliia to aa tu: lang tale ate tebe teaeg CDRS
TAGS Waly hiaiele elem tereniefaraaere beets os cereale Nbr terete notte ys Asie are eyayahatelspeneees Ones
Cotton rat isias, Sigkenas ae ea eh, Pe Ts a RNG Melee wie ain/ hic batp alg eg NS
BOqQueron: (0.0/5. oe: stireventetatehs sLanare athe ohana aceiecnanele sidswis'eiehs (eiatersts: Recon meOaIS
CHiFigui: sean SAN treat E54 wetoh6 Areata arasare la in ale reciiane tel Sleelete ise ee
Coumarouna panamensis ........ LL OF On ane n catendiale sie Six sel ae eS
Craspedoprion aequinoctialis.. 55 css ahica ss ses cu pO a0 wale ecepirs Gielen ae
@rax -panamensis ..s-....0%. bin arc Re Cnr ION Mimic 3 oak Se
Cremnhosaster: <5 1.11 - cr roneartanefeceots a trateetouniene
Gricetiviae! sn. os miplai a al pye!aiaiewin’e'e otalntavbriue ane leila baste gates hate ae een
Croton billbergianus ............ le Rue cephaeaneeres Ee aarti eae so

Crotophaga ani (f.ics cos dswe Sn eeehnninaetateeteiereae siete a's « is liste a akg ah ofa ba lopPen gE
MMALOEM GG cians Mick Wek s wh eats 5 ne fapwrtes o's wow oie saleiererctaliaty elec att sn aoer ane

Sulcirostris ss. 5- + SRO COO SO OS OAC AG ae Sy Ae

Crypronismi. ties ay stevie’ sluthidls leis fe’ae rah erect his atyictehrataitet Eaters Se CAMIgT
MOTUS) birds ARE a Edie caaitn spheres aed Seer os «0 30) '°43;. D7 Ry ag
MERICANTIS) “eee al: ha vishel rites ahs hay nahevaticn nel share orayevsest oot PN ee titirivcce
OROM A Aries ie ar ete etree Sid dhailatnheats wivisietdix winnie ws hye lor wwe at oa ae

Crypturus soui panamensis ........ Sh ctatetahst stadvaiereaas san oekeise a aval Quelialo: sraletolte mM)

EQGHOMIYS res One Mate eal jee aes hicie Peaks acd Gury ki atweefer Meee eer oy wee |!

Cuckoo! Parwaitias< 402) haeiied snlsia start ieee aie ClaLg wit d tee eR Shinkei ney ee
Salvin's: PEGG: Se Retinn Ch aw ana ce ea winee ote se ea va weiner eee

GrtMPOPE eh BF ces Ae eitbereer hs asaheeteaiep cutotc tore bene tercearatarorehecrs a oandliahe dy cekal eee nee rn LO.

CNS ca: A vor a ol a Beggs fe eineeenaes Sarees sa akietirate SRS Sawin cne eet

COMTOMTIS ©. sade Use Se EN A cee tae sh chtpiby eis eres RTs ei,
paca NELSON 4... ease « wcladichain ave SyavavaceVoqsvanavohade terete ener chet Pek steno ‘eines LOL
PMCAY PACA wai « wieititg Siw othaovarpacks steldy Shanumeeten tent ein dpttantend eee oe jctelerd ae
Petayvirsatus: yc... RUNGE LORI CRRA Cee we 2O AQ eee

MES PARTE Ch TLVE CATS Ac catsc tarts cvetoralsy siete cesar ote Rania sis sewtie # ere otra ehurg tues Oh hateleteeeneee mma
Pudtemalensis’, La) ccow Wein ploremk vw eaiele wate eit aR ES ee PCE ae

Gurassowy Ranama, (ie teenanct castomeee ae eee ws Bias hee wine veye niet eaters ee Ome

Curatellaraméricana’ 1 Xclniaciw doc soc esils pen ye eer a a ee Saris ats.

Gtirucujussmassena- .e. cs cs tunnsenices bin Shela eyo w a ale late SLR erTTarma Teena aeRO
melanurus macrourus ...... ok ph CNS NG RA oa th ee he ee ehh 30, 32

Gusimbie hieecere ee als BAW. Gis. 5 io NER are NHN Ee MIRE RE Re se SERENE 158, I50

liRaHO: 7k ak Save e ee es a sa bae laf Tate ae la taken lobe etonetg abe IMoreio tears eee is ee, sei =33

Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens .........eeeeecees salem eras oe ah ee

Cyanolyca 'argen tila: 3 fo iwatit/ ce monies lala se Toke Lae RS Senso ices

Gyclopest Wh viedeerchatianateee civ on Cees RUE AIONT AR Cc ie « Gene REO Dea ors
Gidacty las i lovi cia deaiasHa oleed ae Haba eee DETER alone US ck ese 61
didactylus: dorsalis: scbigecs + tegen eee ecient eee 27 \A2 OT o4e

Cyclothurus didactyls x. acweiews ioe aud pee ae Rdasratatoee 242
BOPSAES wig So: sve 4g MARR AG Aisle SA Oe State eR RIEL oleate CRT once ene 61

———

INDEX 277
PAGE
ER a eee ee re eee eee Pere 61
Drie GMNCLICIPRIUE LOGCIACUS 5 .uun sve caved pee edsy vaxse dees vaewoWclews 30, 33
EE LACPRALIIN 5 5's, 5s) vaiein Caideste AM Lalelw oa vivo oa a bine BU sie" Balle pica te's 7
D
MICA IIE ov. c's,40 4 0b b eiae tales b wba dalsielalee vir v vit ericatale teeta aner at 43
ER UE AUNALING oa os orice nc acwalluwadedvevacsssvendosradedones aT, 3a
NON AREER 4M Sey Grete ec rte re, Pa ae oe ee PO Be) et 10, 36
eum MMMEELTIS SELLE EAL AE al ot eric ¢ «sdk Mo ony Aba crete dist oh Sodlele Ora vin. 8129 Cid Hie < Ha RON 78, 244
arr RUMP TIGTIAITIENSIS) <c ctsietelals 01a nce die sia a gon dies h nid vin bool onhivewraclionae State ee 30, 32
PME OME ER GTS. § acc auch by Heaeo Ro ciatal ola.) w. 9 Nia GoaeaTanwila ol hv AB niG. alate Ngee ety I ORD 81
SEPT ULCICLICI IVE LEG ir osh cd Actes wi arel oat arotnte: evii’ese isturorenlniocy eo oleler ieee eel cena eas 10, If
eM Ee MnO Ic Ot eT een ae Pee aero OAT rs ei 126
MECLAIR eats yc igtih Naver aii AiPiakavsl aehosse’s: di-viphalareheversnstel cual rei dale 28, 35, 43, 128, 130
SOY LI hoe ak yor A RIC CIIOCE EL AERC ISART CPP nes 28, 35, 43, 130, 244
Rea LCOPEA ES TOMEI GP Tetat Nes (otu hata ie tseai ea ca>- 6a vest ae oatslntdbateteintoavicha’h Gree acl eeete 128
RM. Sane ube da of e'a aia nig wane umatne care 126, 128, 129, 237
UAC EEeC AMC AIIONIEIS © yr u'e ve «cri nia ce.¥ 6h, 9.d'asrdb aie wn ¥Ate re lorbinl 30, 43, 128, 130, 239
I MEIGUL SUIS LNITILC As ist c1p)staialarec:aiarere:eteis's) fie: 28, 32, 43, 126, 127, 128, 130, 237
Sem TANNA IE BS ald rigdy wh ekg ao isl id Sips aiarera ig; vid wipiela'e'e d 43, 127, 129, 240
PAL AMEAA LT CAMN EATS LCUE AN otis tad ruin! vite oye. aie 1a"S 16) 80/8/90 uejanecete,o) Wa vale ¥ bie Pee eal ote 127, 130.
OS ee eee Ce Done eee eee Peer ere er ere ni. 128
RNR te gard Waid 8 bein ih abso 4.5 4,b.5)5.0.9,850 01p'0 vi e-p''s vi tyne viale Stee 126
Ieee descr LYEUAL AN AW ere is ata Ye Mal Tak Med larey «:evotae's Gist kipieTstdsaheVollein!é nian, bie Savy’ elas vichetete 216, 217
SEE A Las NUTS ON Riese cts Saleitie Sialic maida en oat.oed dye blo so eV a ee eeee 217
BRM AT AITIGUISISMA Fs co vipin tdi civic aleve Viole abl araelaiealeed b's sialely Cie 20, 44, 217, 243
Sapam SELLE LTUNN SENG hay ce Ve fp’ tern 7s @Wialale oven ot in sic nse elbtW pletend’n slate stan We SED 217
EI D0 1d 00 Sl ound are's Hiclinle dd an, w'en © 3's Ho dee Se Seals aa ee 66
MELON EUAEIA Btsrerseti id da cig Vin a oak oieTh ke Aad CEOS Boia wd diac ols see DO 66
Powermemcras: Lenestyatus fess diccscedesvesvcesscdesens Oty Aap Oy Oo
Mune PUR SUSE RANTS 66 bho ana gn db re Giv) v xi vin'v/e've's'n ore pies ames Web RAE 66, 67
PPO RA CAIELIIS S10 VETRICITL COU sts aray halons: e1alan lors 'e:era!e/eraie ava \al lav eielvevarares ciararel vate 66, 67
IANNIS « LOU AUUER Cn otig Wuxi a0. F0.des v0 4 ke bu Wedd eew eed ae memes 66
EN REE SRLS a, at 0 ye ee CE pe Pee 15, 16
OG gt ae Se oe eases oe 2 me nee ni 30, 35
aN MIND EOPSVOCES. cr c-dert De Vdectts aes i's vhs a's vidba"aiS ‘alu diaoe dinlura’piutolaipetae suite Vane 30, 35
LOS FONE (lS OEE IEEE i er Erte fe Gist APO ,Y wid, ent miata d oe phec en eae 76
Mere MPT REOT ESL eR atoratetePe ates tale as slovenia al al otets fots(W Mirae expiate eM»! eee 27, 32, 79
SPNMMNER AURIALO=LOGIGOL Secs cae as oa dusedo dekadasnd vn dveaes 27. 345 BFF Oy TT
EE nce nen OCW Ot ee Ore Or ars i ma 79
IIR Rr Tard Nes, OS 35 dad Dine ASOD ath Bd Bde Aol DRM hie v's ole dias eae 80
aE UR TIEO~OANINR <5 5 a 5.c'c> Shane od ead e oe de deceene 27, 34, 78
ET Rs Roba. chee bis Se ka’ CRE RE REA RRO TITS TURNS eo 0s0's os 0 oOo PES 12
MU REVINUNEE 8 gi iy died sc) dda SM ERE COREE EA Soe ChN 000 ve 8 Waawao, 32
MP TALI is ebay dns v SPONSE DEER CURR ie Cas see ver ub agente 30, 35
MNES TAO PN ore xian 'raljinlc + Saex he aed ee kaise en'n Ob ved we hh eRe 30, 35
penaroeiein: mnavating SatusAla’ ie cieiats eiic Paic a! vee ie'e uv elelsches vivnisie's 60) OS
ee Ea EOS ee te nr eS PnP ees Dey ares be ot iare 30, 35
PROREM SON AION AU bites dn gedintiiod 1ENED dad db Ox cdsned dees VoX 30, 32

278 _ INDEX

PAGE

Dendrocolaptes. validus’ costaricensis: .<.).....ch ay) aneaes 0 Cee 40
Dendrophthora: biserrula. cs .)s< sens « +o fhenes asm cabin Ope eb eee Ota 42
GOStarIEEHSIS .. <\cscnnawebneapon bas ucbRaa has comer Jahan! Sa 42
WETS ETL 4 56s: oss, ceerccallgys bnraligs owas ane aha: 0 lone alee lalate IRC aan pee 42
Deppea Vonsipes: «cise alsieGind accales's 0 syerets rs enereetoiereteia coe tehatetc tare terete ene ene 41
Desmodontidae ........0..0.. Vahwtetesa sep reade te i 188, 207
Mesmodus yee ok Sele eee mses ee wieielolel eee ee ele ee elle eee ene shed Sia 188, 208
MUTUNUS | os oie § od aye co er einhn, Di ws cnelos erate) yoler tralere kG HOSA PRE Oi eC ae 208
POLES.) aiissms opm cis vei ss os iyeitnte' waa bwin vs mye fe lb pe ele ce oe ee 208, 209
rotundus MULINUS® 2...2,.cies)-- cle erie 2O, 44; TOL, 162.703 atone Sae200
DESMOPSIS MAXON | hack Se ids wie siotevoleleierale aickersielae Clee ET Ree 40
Devol, (Ca Ass eteee cis 5 Beware iiaye rave iopaneveh shesaiteveverclal eo oretelal erent Cie tarC ees ee) arena 18
[Dyke 10) bk a os cern APM REE ae aU Ee ene mT SA eT 188
Dacliduegds® ices «).'ss'e th ba's slelem eels victorin teen be ieee eee nee 172) 176
BIB UIGH Leis siete Serene icaose au eac obs kouskose oacue peccareeetere rae seas sttiientenier se eeees SALT
VAR BOs he latersl 8S Sve wip tsic boa eranehaler gratareiske later ebotaral eraser cha stole Ras anereee 30, 43, £76, 244
Dichipteratepusi thea. creda wares ace sieisielaie a eronreeiraeteiere Sa oa odrerstanele Setaateecee a 41
Dieranopteriss Dritdat «Soc: scree ereceusiace te solecoilelovate vei eraiowsoretererel ormteratc ee ton one 33
Didelphiidae suc. chs d. ca kicens ces ve we ag ks 0p ae eee ele ROE ee ee 44
Pie MPI S{ Ss tevece Ss c.sietess ova. a ». cre’ cinie,asa/eia Gia cketatovat oteterey dial aretoretens septa e ea nereneente ene eaene 45
RAV RIMO PHA: COMCDE | iss. ccs. saree ols che ais boi s.c\s dieieie el sinieistene ee eee 47
MAY SUDAGUS:. ld bos eae. ds wets Geis aise ie eit elo nie RE Ried ee eee 47
Mlarstpiallss ihathyd worn crasste anes clvekersto rere ersecitare 27, 34, 42, 47, 48, 235, 244
MATSUIPIAlIS \CAUCAC vs 4 o/c 0 sis were a)ose Sas tw alae aieieie @oiereteises aie cate sp ane earn 48
ANAT SUPIAlIS) VELCLISIS ye ev siarsiarsstereccialere eresaieic enetereseichetencairats 27, 42, 45, 160, 235
{MGPSUPUNES. “CLOMSTS A. oasis. os nv <a os» a 0:00 bs 4 aint ea wide a 48
MAGS UDIAlTGaMamIGED Swe ac ste cine eye tere nrecre oilelera secrete 27.34, 42, 475240
MALSUPIAIIS) LLCO MAD .epa,che-a: e\'sjstoioiecorsvelsieherieusrevsleicvelchsieyo] Prac ee eek 46
PAGING OMA: oF cesar arate Cibo tol haves cot oie tetele er aVouky ala. oka. 0 Ghat er atelelete TAA eee 47
VATS MULATIA » Shee; ace Bierettbe cords ovsvoies tusks roves epegeiaberstetais’ ale hate lane Reha ene ete 45
Didelphys derbranus: vsiccc cans sas seh paca os Secs, -hibieR cae Ae eee 54
PUTIN ALT S coe een kPS LS Fae OIE arPeiehe ie Weiatniatepe eeehs teats 49
Diglossa; Costa: Rican: Vs; 65.5! i 0asciecacie vere ieiencdevelcesi/ oho rey vate (ahaelel eet eee oe eee 42
Diglossaiy- pliammbea ys wah. eis a.stoneteraetels a elere ares en ei See Shere Ee eee 42
Dimorphandras mecistospenmia <ceesierveietes le cles e cionie eels attra 36
Drodraiwrad plac stance sic wetae Sole coe cae eee reat ieee S Acta eahereaerae 34
DRY A hs eczk aso ato wpe pcsanderlesacoyelecelaveunceusustetevetiohe svee ioteleeels biele te etna en ieeete 38
Diphyllaty ean es cou Jai wes wee poate en ae eer Cel esha Ree EE 188, 208, 210
O15} 015 G71) CY ARP ae ae EI Der MEN URE AeA Src cain Or 390, 44, 210, 244
CCAP ATA ahaa ly: eileen terre a spec's) cule waalee real ene eden ar eralenere eter Cael a on a eae 210
Diphysa carthaginensis cd oh es cc Ge acdwn sane aosiaum viv asin Sa ee ee 37
Dip lomys ys 3.055 (iis cnn orcs atominios ob eacieele Maer ee eee 24, 120, 123, 124
CATHIGE DS, Ai aio ni tise ad ear areie a o/c a cRCFAPORCISEeT Tue GIn eC chrerat cea aT en ee ec eee 125
darlingi) sex ios <kunritaovealae eee cee 28, 43, I25, 239

DAD INAS, isk ace growin or evaverelesore: oar trargreselela oa ai chore uel enue p11 Hea pe ee
Dipper,. Costa: Rican: 4 ois... ans os cis cine Bae ee alan ree ire o ale Geeta Erna 40
DD ACTS, ~ esd eis pela Sess ween Bab wimiaearo ihe Siw Oe teen ero ee te ac erie een 177
albiventerSminGr ost. ee seen abi eee eon eee 28, 43, 177, 178, 242
MAN OT ico wn awe 6.0 00.9 dead a pom weit eels eee on So CCL Gee eee 242

4 INDEX 279
PAGE
Dog, Panama bush..... ide daghees teehee ead evovnd dl eddewidarel 30, 148, 149
Dolichoderus bispinosus ........... Ae stselghslell< atain's hd Saipisias ae Ah see eee «dat 63
ME PP RNEAING oy 5c) cota cfa'tate u plelalg abi clxixi a: <leia'e'wla'siu'n'staieis a’e'e’e'e'elslela dds sa 20
UME OTA Sd ou civind Ogee eae area we Mei i'e wl dat bey » vie aidele Bo-s'hh 29, 32
SERENE OMIUIN Gi cal a dda Wa eR RCRA Eel de a cteld ohdbale:sharduldaets 0 bd eb za)
RAE EMTISERAN Coie ron viniotnla ne aleMah ttle 's wiwla'a'evisie wee eeekaditel vs 39
MOC ROR |, i Sn\¢-siodinlats Daas Wide’ ddseealed valde Ole ne ben vie eee 39
MMR ERTL EIE ORION /5,\ i) ald ctetaiatei Walaa win 9.40 wie oe lc ede dame tou es 29
REPEL CREST QISELELD 3) 155 at scl clalaleiatateret arotatatahstcieale alaatatte le olSizis elale vie clo Micaieg Oates 29
TM ITSC ETE CMe, evs das Apaisd MaKe ¥yi/aiece AldTata cine mnod av dasa 6 Se A Rekie oie ee 20, 35
Wubite-Delied .qtail ssovau hc ets seca sca viess bcbg Ablak aa iaat etre ae 29, 32
RA? MUNCH CIEE cio: crs iv. ’snid aleleiesmace Wik \gainsh biases aw Mee gale Gye 39
Pe aaa CDE a adrch pete een rates cna eta lctel ais) at aoe: 91 x where s'clalskere'aia eo wlbmcaraed le araierdiate'e eat ¢ TIO) ITT
LEigburcenghseka aki bay! joi ly hey fry ATE TEN BT RCRA RRR ERR CCRC ICI TCR MEE MER es ee 38
Maytag MiMAe SAITCULALIS SUTISUB .0<3% snd cred oescaeisdde dbvcabeesstaews 110
aE ERS) eA Ss etc nin way auh'a, ce arm age eM & boo MyeINe aioe oak 219
E
cM MIS PAGIOLUS. LQIVIGUB. 6.5 iia d sends bibactaadadsedsividaadaas 30, 32
ren IEAAL Ane etcie cues fats larace pic's Side MRT Ove. Sacaphaiere ietoiek ia oo, brain 6 Uioh arava ere Riereie 56
PARRA METAUIZING aati seas ontiescevendiess se ichikthch heats Wane ee ka Rae eran 40
Mee T Ett CEPT ARE SSARATIEPAN 0! y gles! a'seshnls'a's w\g'elpiuie's\ole'n's 0.n' s'e'n'e'ely.s atv steleie'ec d'eau eee 40
UNE ETE INST xs FRLEMAN EAS 5 chai cf 'o) vou pip aeieiarelwTaletsien*s'a 'ucn!s ata’a.a'a'whovelere e's SUS 81, 239
Electron platyrhynchum minor.. ....... Bayete chalahe: Srey aor ate! oh hohe a eee aa 30, 32
platyrhynchum suboles .............. Po PRbAARS kaos bed abies Dae A Oe 30, 32
PUONUPHE trIPBACOIdeS 2. cs sa eecssscnes pawAiia bike mA a'nsis b oA 9% ale ete eee 37
Elytraria squamosa ....... Pre Crore erates fat ao Ae ciara hie 36
Pema pAMOnuhidae: a kek sas wre ace ele « Ris Tevet otorstalsre ath lies’ Sysihle sv sth. s;h,0 b5e aka eee 172
NEN WEE TTECMON fats oh at. ash ctatcteie’ atdhaialy -atora'a cta(e'ale p'ainlois/ele'e/a nicrpididle, Overs Cae 42
Sa RRR ANTONE STAND SAR PN rasan cA valle Wha a°''n'a's dp Wield we wes oR wd ae we wk 34
RNR MRN IESE OU MOUILMEIT 5 cotiricishctareiniy. © hints waa! o'a! ave! solo‘ard sills’ salu Gls OGM EET 36
ESRI BE? AA re a 2s 36
RR 4s Sin tea eRe y ESAT) oo dads ou4 hae ohd Beaded Lewd 214, 217
Ce Se RR OTE eae ee me as A 8 214, 215
PIM IMICRUOTO Sad incised vcd desctsecvcatan vavieerdseasioy ees 39, 44, 215
MONE ah ha raced tateee Sse Casares eV Sens o/ lel ete ovele G Winks aietoldtai xT SR EA Pee 215
PRC OMIIOLIITE: WF Meee tee Fon ot esse ove cb coveuleuRe todo 20) 44, 205 \aEd, 218
IIIS TAL feeds WRK Reh Gn Usa ks b5 sb been haw araRAd a n's dW sled bie eau 133
MM CGR talk Richer yh san Sialgsowraistmive, gavel Aa lee kcale iP Male Sats a VTEC US aes 133
NNT I he c.f Be AS ees 9h 4s ar cha abn G0 a ee Wi wos Coat ha gD ah o'o" v aha otc OTA 41
RRNA 755 cg sk pith ogi ert Sarnia erewrdwieidrs oli ald aae dala ed we ov hl ea O 40
IN AONE AR ICIEE oped cg sid Dacia di Aad bed sida voor ecaed wees ade Carts 33
UNM IR A Mice Ri hs Fe 2 ass bk nce a sha betel May LOR Cowie a hose te be clas OU E 154
CMTE ANE S Fae ihe edie dane ahd ee dated Ride xadadedecsedeedadpede « 33
SR SE ERS R UE bacals 5 ADA ALATA RECOM AT AA CU kia Chaka Swcew eres « 36
ee NMRA. 1.3 os ic Sd Ad dal Bee Deas Ae bel cae ovat dade k aed os 36
NE Sell PEM gare cid dt caA ae AGU TO Ad te deie Vielé iva ebdadanewede! 34
eM eR sans te HUA nah at ded Kod eed ens devc tak raaeanese« 34
OR UEMONA Tae a ee alae ak dd vnsie Pivdd sd ease Cie adatanves od Vawweas eens 36

280 INDEX

.
PAGE
Espartel Island ....... TT ee NL Salen's sips veptee 19
Eugenes spectabilis. .sssxc<Seapsas bas > Maes Nae sie ee Ree ole tiba.s aw ‘5
BARIODS > oxisieg's 6p 3:62 8 epee SEN Ahn ae eens sas ike AG's Rares one are
BIAUCINUS ss, PR TE tansy ioe 20, 44, 219, 220
EROS: sic taxa tas Bere ya wi 4 lecesw ernie sin msn e'w (a 8 yey ue aa
BUUpverisa CRTERIA (5 sus ssconawepaaiysisAccumansienmenle a stokiiea eR wehste had i 3S
Buphonia, vellow-crowned. cstcisiess cnn hasten nia eects Se aa ee ttny Si
Euphorbia abimannicides (5. ieyisa cas vonsns canto Luele bitumen eas Cs
BHOGYROMEE "| Chane ke ays O6e came ok Lisle a Se seen SRE e Ren Sige Se
barbellataa= :cccisieidaioacs, cweinwyele erate, onsale eke cele eee cn ICR ReneS ancien <. 40
BAND ig yeah aca ak CA coy ah RL i rT RR Bons 40
EMProcyon CORCHIVOFUS PANGIMENSES: «sce acc wna «dan menlnensienioes a 152, 239
HUI Sitbala & OGULALIS: cuc.ive Pistons Sesulois wm eietet iere er eR aE Sickie < 6205035
Bury py ga Major os ssivisiess a,c. basa sinatercen wisiaitiare ponies rare Ree eas en 29, 32
Eutoxeres adquila sal vint «ie. va.c nian ccaank eae Oblgatlerats « Nitin) ete nee manta aan
F

Paunal ‘relations: si4csuns cn cence ws dette Ghee wh eaten 2
bts CT oe Oro een eee ee meer ie eerie aie Sore Bete ee . 166
BGS 5c. Boa awgdia whe VAeeale Ra nae e CrRitn iarruaatee AeA Risin Oana 166, 170
Danwst COstaricensigus.c; <a seamen re a itinte 28, 30, 43, 167, 169, 241
CORETINES 5. os. on. viv dnl Wises bap Ree Raine el ee Ae . 166
CONEGIOE YF iici ok Ea kis <clnelote potaien See eee eo ieee CRNCRaU ain a reir 160, 241
GOSTRPICHISISS oc cenit. ns cites artaarad cere ate wm nboneskee 167, 168
CUBWECCLD Cee VR any ae! Seen Py saa hear LPO eg baa weeks Soins Genie See tios 168
PREGPUS Aa teinr eee s Lx Ouieertic eine een eet wine af chomporannee Stole 167, 168
ONCa wentralisn sont s Carwuie Ck. ccetes clare cele ea rece eae 28, 43, 166
panamensts’ i oNedsaves PR Cex aisle sae ee: e aie terials CUne a Sk Cite RetS 170, 235
DANGALIS voce veie atshe sae coeiece ret ete: pechcne x come enese Re ean tate mee eRe ver on « etaieve roan
PArGalis: -M|ERPNST 0 hss Mex yis'n a'via'v's a'k wines wha iy cele 6 wnt cls ARUN DARI
DOPGINGIMES | Siwis ee G sis Sure’ hare oe ve ate miners pk otake Ale ete ee 168
STG eal EY CRA tot ear fea ie RETR to ENA oa Ne ae Go 28, 43, 168, 240
CUENTA | oa seia inet Rs a0 accaaee ba aa dyes RR RnergR oi eain Cie enc iwG8
GURL | aida Sicig whee 4 aK sy esn fen tc St cneRNees atten ak rece ia sie LOS
BicussalatiGescens occ ieccis.x saharere, cvalecratcea ee eee othe re Rr SISTER Bangs
hemsleyAna. <i. she's sk s90 ve gan’ adem weata sy cites wale eee ne ys
ASOPMIE DIG syoeahele aioe Si cjel sin, eghlaneta ore lapecs iwlotercisce erat arene aris Fra eI hee gore uss
OSE Gb ATA 6 5.<8.0 assis nosscnce sas 0p ys KalRieia bale We A ere he ate ee srecties5
PANAMENSIG) 6.6: 5ih'e wsscrace brad’ bee ysl piven Pte MI Diane e kere SRT ee ee ci PSs
DUCES HL Geis eieroncasclenoa tees eaichs Rielle kasha Rr Raat mats Uiblvs See auSs
WALLTAMISEL > cisvic A hic sic seeks wn oye eens i sen attra an teenie es eis dawegs
Fig, glaucous: wailed «sis ov ea's sicscsr on kn Soy ate etah wee ete otk Ta ae aa Rn 35
Hemsley’s: Wald i.cicis.¢ sista. cnu chin a sane eee Sine ae cuss
Orsted’s: wild 3s... s.sisklv dis Sw ess mrece's aie wk ee ee ie Lo ee 835
Panama Wald 5 icsic’s nce acasa mnwwinin Oita ine erape enemetctiaic se e eel Ros
Pittior’s: will css 'cic.asivis aie site die xtalp cok ee ane eee aie ine sa Fijeh aie eines
William’ s Swald: ss:deaneesie ss Py oy eer -> 35
Finch, : big-footed:: .< jo: s.ae.0s th omnia beeen aie Rae ee ces 41
black-masked | + ...5..«s1s sips nich is «kc ORI eek ea eas sis ete, AD

INDEX 281
PAGE
Flycatcher, Berlepsch ........... Aaa ate dla'b 0 PACKNV NES ere Hhae Take nni ee 40
pi LS PS Fire er yh Re REO EEE EEE COREE EEE EY Cee 30, 33
TIED U5. 54.544 \ Las edi VER R RM D Vaden eae D WW Reed Ve dows aned 42
NS OE GE ce aren) sk Se R ER ELE eee 30, 35
SEE URUOI TG Gee states ato :a'a'd asu Eee Care MTN T Dare C nad ea na Siglo west ra arent ie 30, 33
Net SRE ee rere el CLL TE OE CEE CELE PE ie 30, 33
OP eee rey: era ort tied Pie y Vek car ke 30, 33
IRUBATICE IS MHOTESDILIGH 111 chelate eae ee andced ciel he adhe mene ira Ws 30
PNMERENCLM hcp tra eiiv'e Paldichleda Fr Wiewdy ra hcyeede Fae newe 'aaV eels nie 30
Te ATIRNIA STE IShald dia’ e as Gsksa dietath ard AW Vial vie, re Gia whd/e otelad ie vole dup tel oid eed WRT as 40
Pe NRRTONOCR sire hh in dededks Soyo uviege ve aves Geee avian okt VOR S 30, 33
PL CICUIMMIOMIFOCOCLA tr hiv ais ir vulibie ya. gvir v's vice mBivis, sratnia nisin nie eta ae atethieTe 30, 33
Formicarius monoliger hoffmanni ............++0++% Rin ienkh amen hatay 30, 35
eres ene PN RTOTUR EGE 8 iye5'y bah 1 0'v's's v'vcolv w0-yb'e bib) ie bie ebn'e ame T ED 30, 32
VRRP PA a CRAARE ERT ARATE hinted Oe RT DWER Sah 6 Olas om Xo egy MN 40
ISTE aot 2 acarais oA CaO unt ea CrW eae ia IO ROCIO SERA Gay OTE rar 148

G
TRO Str Tir Tale a aia ie View 'p > Cuie'y sk h'elb ee vale a cle’x Pete meee aeleiee wOle 18
NS SR ete a diag Sie waned aC viphd oiveds A.a'G tan ie a wad OIE Cue RR EN 21
RIUM Siu s iwick Weeds oe vGa2n bey eee’ s pe ndccdaes bv anaes 29
IERIE) Sy ly guitare wes os Parc balve dein viele wens eels eam 163, 164
CdD butt? wu BENG 5 BAA OA SACP TOGO SETAE OE oC AIC Oe ic erent a 162, 243
Wk sclotes di Pl tad tN d OES TAA. 6 EES CSTE CEO COTTER EER IMCL APE PIO ie 162, 243
WOOT fo» Fae k 2aNOe COIS CERO. COULTER OT Ge ic 163
OS oy Teo Ne Epo ees PERCE TEETER TL cy. 163
EEPROM ery ray UU ial Re aiee oc: vce ove nibci' 0 yual vu! asin ain, 8 ave OAR RID 18
MeN eT INI SAME CALLA Lotipeset bryth i cveriN esau) de vVa's\ chatevee st Kets k aTacdie # hb 00's avy oor) Gals Whee 21
Nr ee RENE A Ce LTV GG fa use viedeicealele cee ub aexh #0a0g seam ge 5, 21
ORT aaa s as is ne Naas weer dee vs se eiewend noua lente’ 41
UR Sb PcG ei hb id hats 5S wn 8.8 5.0» s\n y's 00,00 vin Sie ol DORE 23, 24
SMRELRATRME DTD SILLA VELTLU EERO Tae tare av eli fotk cod’ no Ss SIE: b ol'n.a\ pie »10'oie.'o'ves.piahe ovleiiialg wield HotbNa 30, 32
EE. ce MGES GRO S his carinii bs i mevvs e Sano ee RRE Laas 189, 192
soricina leachii,..28, 43, 174, 184, 186, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 209, 242
er eA IER CL tals cb i ols hone ol shet Wire eile eee Owed POT a 1901
ES Ta vores SPOS eae hers od doe KAT LAUR Coe eres OC CaS 189
eR ee RO Bates Pia arvic bs e'oikeic o's d-g-n gia eve al dele Wn’ Weegee ay
ER tet Watts oe evn oss iies Win b ito. brax bone gies hes vad oneal 57, 60
TORE NY cE OSG bet iecuan Bde inane ehoedeydxdae beat ey een 4, 18
Goethalsia bella ....... | 08 STORE CIE CnC ID DORAL COO GIO Bore he 39
TARE sida dies kk 6 dais OP OT LORE FE OPI EG Dee 36
EE RE aloe 4's v s-vins écansil oa ba ile Ea Metin bs Keb eee tame 40) 32
OS ERI CME Loe cic'yic s vo scalsie tame dt awableaihecusr weiss ss 28, 35, 37, 113
OA ee HE SD ee ey ae ae ee ee ae 39, 112
EEE Arc BOS Ott ah cs. w'eny Fa cilea Ae CREPE OT ws Aiea need aoe 28, 110
EE lag es A Pe a a =? Pe ae 40
DRE is cone Sif eR INCL Oe Econ ee PEO OLE Cer.” 40
eC ass brs a reese ew Aee A dys ie prec erebaenebns < 40
Oe Se RS EPS | eae ee ee ee 40

—

20

282

Grison
Grison, Yucatan

Grison canaster «.. 6s ccsecans aac aide
Grosbeak razt. cis wwsenes ccs. “r

Panama: blue. ta cine nea een Fa’
Guacimo
Guarea williamsoni ............. Rca
Guarumo «.%..5. Re Nae grit He, FN nae

Maxon’s

see eee

Giatteria amplitola ccc. nduoesent antes

ee .

Guazuma ulmifolia
Guerlinguetus aestuans chiriquensis .

Gustavia microcarpa ..8...scccesvenses

EMR Vice hs Sent
PATVILOMAS Nea ci ues cinenietoNs
Guzmania angustifolia
Za wrecks

Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis .......

nudiceps nudiceps

Flabalé geovrvoyt .vecwencsaan dss
ce «ea Soe Re aA EE otis are
PLEPVESt MOUSE S winiv.carss «nits s bass tas
Cherrie’s
Giabborloinehy Sempre ars sis TORO

TYAZU ST cet CRIN ERA ener ihe

Tato BayanO? ccwocs hime es ae name ues os
Bla witty Gace: eins ud ete eotesauees
IQUSIN Finan ns Pardee cihehe
rufous-tailed
Heleodytes albobrunneus ............
Heliconia wagneriana

‘Heliocarpus appendiculatus ..... :
arborescens ..... Sere eh eeicicickrs
Hemiderma®’ ...a...% Bettiet 6 As Raion

castaneum
COSTGREUIE. ate kis Cts es we

a ae ee tC YR OR RS YS Te i Se)

INDEX

PAGE

MTree ee ee

i ey
6:8 ayn Ne B/6ib ee ee res a eS Seen

ey

eh Oka sa ho sha Sk SBCaA Ane bps gE
wie aaah re ee rk
Piers aa Ca Gee le
send ve «want CALE Gea cn AAC El
wa bp 68 arn Flaialecera tpt ethane vce Re a
< So Coe RAR Mma Renan wai WHR ESS
Net i <5 PE oe eS

CTUVUIUGR CN EUs FC. e eae tiew ae ae es

ardigich oh Sincere ek et oer + SN Vee oe

re Miak tae < rapacein dais 9 Ie
enter sats sca ay eae uae a eetatere es ee

era kia yee

sie eehe RT Es eee cee ey tae
Cam eraunls Sv sis wivis fe 0 RUGS CPRT RRS pelea ea ame
AS aera Wer ie ee eee
RRA OASNIA Siel CNS Do Ney oy
saeitinats dinrsid'y twats SRLS Shel Cm NEES
ahem wie in fa wine Te Ste eR 6 RRO RCT TO EOD

siatetonyele .28, I9I, 192, 193, 104, 196, 209

os Calle Gish eat Slate Siade lu ele ere cht QCIea an

perspicillatum aztecum..... . .28, 43, 174, 184, 186, I90, IOI, 192, 193,

FROMIGCERAIIEG ? eos seas een eas
Hemistephania veraguensis ....... Fo
Henicorhina leucophrys collina

eee eee

prostheluca pittieri ...........008.

Fiéfmmit, Bares ec. cccnkacyehackaeete :

lesser hay civics teresa dcals Ses

Nicaraguan
RUCKER Sco aea ~. Sanaa Hie ga “Ke

194, 105, 106, 107, 200, 238, 240
«NSCOR Sie Re UO
30

Mery ae A <u s cu enth SO Rp ee ORC
Ra ebek FeV ekaks (us ca eRe ee ee el
RR Sri eR ee le
ran ee AES PCE Teen Chee

Seen taddeak y Savee tank OM ee Ream

“a

haaseetnaggetimnnstnatiie, eapentiraseams nities

INDEX 283
PAGE
eo “haere sore Perro wa aay Awad xe 0ds wakes ca 166, 170
PEMIMMTOUNGL on. s0e es mc maces RR Ra cit vis: oP ics nies, $:8a ja Kk Os wales 170
SMURTOUNE PALAMCHGEIS cos 00 000 Mess 2 slice o,c 00 4 uses owed 28, 43, 170, 235
Herpetotheres cachinnans ...... She An Cn GIGAI ite tie era CIACRET TOR eperere 2
PIOCMSUOCHMUS TUNMATTINALUS EXIQUUS Voiced occriscoescercenrsevereene 40, 33
ETO SIG vig nic, 0.5. 0 Urighiniala tie uersen afi kie, 4.8 8ytrn ve inoynairaiey hin A'ecesa 8 07
ERR e y St csi dc wed we Oe ea ena OW aN aula av sarNie DEE IM Rie ABER hits 85
RINT ors CEN DOT cen eae kg 4 aN TheTRL KE ON ob Wak Uae uaa ckublaats 86
RUMEN yc idia cies xa n'a 6 Kinmeidielns pends indians vs PCP ry Pee OR es ee 114
RMN re 8 5. isis j,0; Casha Ri cak Gyawid die. tie mame eiels Pein d 96, 114, 118, 161, 239
NS eae oceiaic hk Mite ed bate, hus ie mio acs Dee ty Gee ei lek Alok RIC 118, 242
ERE CGN Se el eat ile ay od aan oy Sc ah stn Oa’ hin a" Oke slack ase Re aoe 114
MEG og Ns Caan sy kad No week eo vai Dia Wie tes tertautem cw 114
RE CMEI NON SG. Oe od a aaaie dak CEES 8's Aw LAG UK we OLS LL I14
PUSUERIE CE OTIBOIOUG ad uich ayes escccWaeweveceenecus 28, 32, 43, 114, 118, 239
Pee RMR PURINES ON acdc yk a's cn'c'e why aoava Una win dy ac Kab nant SaaS 114, 115
UMN Dole rea, SLs dys 3,64 skis cds bos ovine Gn ase od, vd, @ ei OT aE ele 117
INN tare ets Wi Gye Sil ssaru:ie Bd TEN Puls, 0clé wo She scen ee cate 239
desmarestianus crassirostris ..........00+. 39, 43, 115, 116, 147, 118, 239
SRIXIGMOBTIQITIE CIESIMAVEGTIATIIG Aicoe ace usar 0deess one vey dice’ ales te 115, 116
desmarestianus fuscatus ............ Pan Ce eek ccira ree Bils » ereier aie easy
GOMATSRTIANUS PAMSMENSIG 6, .ccceveccsvicdsovececvs 39, 43, 116, E17, 230
GOMIGSTGRIANUS TODENE- auciscccessavcrsaves 39, 43, 115, 116, 117, 238, 230
desmarestianus zonalis ............00: 28, 32, 43, 115, 116, 117, 118, 239
OTT eR eA Al Ras eu atria'y sie Diia\y sn. vide Widaud bata eae 115
eNO Re RS SMe Say king she's. Gc a x Koi» 6.0.0: weg.e alee 117, 239
EI EOS SGC IE AIOC ER RR PI TOe PU Malet sae waa ne aera dl 115, 238, 239
EE SOM ORNL Ft hag od asl BiSe Wiehe, aly ccs aca'e. © A oi. civ c'giu vague Vinheta 119
SN RTA aa CMI alates ths digs a W504 as xl Gov: 6 & viiualnve «cin Waid tea nate 239
RRC Ge Ge Wid Thy vaa civ wd bin a0 eee vinieipd neuen. woke 33
Aer CLL Maas te man oa rata a a SPRL T: 4-970 GK owl a's Wl a heles al acolovaaa: & RUVGNEE ®' otk Ae Game 36
eR eee aa iled Guys Shue Lai hoe oe ies wen eam s comes 33
Re OLR MA Pes stat. el yy i 's's anv asda vlebiodcde ndivauvaaewan 36
UREN Pe Pee CA ret ca vce oa we a 6G o'V ad ola dap a ated oly eae dc bee 17
eT PCRIGA eat ee a gia hot css ¢ 0 again ww bbuelah dade eakocimed 35
Hitchcock, A. S...... SIERRA Ae hd 4 Gh a aiahivs. fi aaie sete OF N ele ae iting Sk STe 18
MRM ILMIOTI «5/1 sivuiciew's srs «1 wuld be Alek SiGe ata an haa Caldas 41
Ee cla nit RATA © Gila EK MAAS BF APE © ov ke 120, 123, 124
goethalsi ......+... ahs sk AI OU ene ie eM eR Yoo Lead xo deta 123, 239
gymnurus ..... Me wtastira ta cene aise erate ph yes aah ene I2I, 123, 124
Mp GRUIEIIN SOOT UGIOS Ay i5.51-0's sea beuuutuiee a ies moest bie :AJ, SOBs tad, 260
er W TIE cr, cae s:cGik RRA ed kee Rao atblay «2. b:0 00 te, alee 124
REET aloe ag y eacek edie Vege aheelaitds had Medes din academe eae 124
1 ae eee Miatsta aid suv Sie Wiass aldara atagitint at wiahitne ¢ sctlveatWinita. 0 410/6¢0'aciirviee GaN 123
House mouse ....... Wem ewieh He. cn kit ee mee tates SARC eddie ts taco knad 109
Eimig lower tropical zotie <.....6.ccscrsccticccecoas BA (aidiatecd’s latehterntnts BB in 31
Hummingbird, admirable ....... Fe rte Ce RCD PER eae etre 39
black-belliede .........20c00- 2h tat ABS OREACS (OLLIE WATER ae 30
wll ty Crh: in OS wisceeh Ridiptetsie dieteta eakieie nih aa tetile bc wi Tioelaia' ate o'er 30, 35

284 INDEX

Hummingbird—Continued. PAGE
Gotha :Tslard.-.:<-s.s\s1'am ais kita tira too awe als eet oa se aie dies tC 30, 35
CRIVAGE'S A.A dy.sc.cs.s ack MER SEEA OL RS ee ven SUE POE ees, 30, 35
DiGchassaiii's:. ... «vsaveccaecius pe ssod + bane hk wena ewerneenem cmbivistd'sine BO
BUCS RIOUS i. n'0:0's ei.as Cea torNiuia aietad ohne wha ace ai Wie kin ee en 39
CPGBINGIC. uc cawcwvtanesueanaaee dis 0 6.0 eieark ak WNC Nb ere tae Oe a 39
Goldman’s , . iviscie's vs each eues oA ham eee ere there een 30, 32
heliotrope-throated ............. Wen tn a's no S/a racnte 9 AUSTRIAN aie inte 42
DOOM ais Feet Sawpig ia Binal p ALMA D VOup Nin" Wristnsuve Glin ik tsa TVA Paice aie only a oat. aS
lovely - sasyeicacksss <ASeTE OMIA TAA ROT ORS sot.6s CEkL OE SIADO SWAN ROR 30, 32
IPSTiaIna witieetnecuay Se AN CRON MEN RRS Wie UALS eere BERR aSie OaTe ieee 30, 32
Scintillant oiss 0st EVER he SoA TORON We ey ter ESTE MT ces 30
WOOtUEESE skate y's ae Shane Spins avelo rnb care cetucletOrkGuhin, Or ON a cafstienGin ott a ane 40

Humphrey, James Bi. Tes cic icia:cicissinze arene inn a isteivinia teh tals slain Auto te ee Tae. 4

PL yASOGHGOLUS : sin's nse intein's sinsiaheinin’s won'a’s iio haini aloha eas gas ee ete 24, 126, 132
LsthasrsiaS es vintelts crevasse oes inte os ose teianenetaa cele eee eee 26, 28, 43, 132, 239

Efyloetistes, Striped) wi iii s sinviecwiviv.a's v/uetucsruit sim ainiavocnhsl ately Gt Sen ane he tain 30, 32

Hyloctistes Virgatus js. vcs ssiecdscscvetbaeeeurismoen se Okus KERN SCONE SE 30, 32

Hylomanes, momotula-obscurus J 04 o.ccsesasciaseedesnuy cab chew eeGOn ee

Hylophylax: na@vioides® isis vicss.es a sancsts kaya Sees wh vole bar alae WGN Rene 30, 32

Hylospingus inornatus:.....cisecanseunseedaunv ass Saw eenieee mn ese ai ame 40

Elymenaea <Courbardl <s:csicis\sisisinren's ssiaiwie sininin nia b)a sale iin tints gente tee 36

I

Ibycter americanus 20... ccecesicenceecnpacveccbusesureseseeas suet e swan 29

Ichthyomys hydrobates ......cscccscccecveccseecssseenseeneenstseccuses 108

Teterws Mesomelas Salvage Sy eiosieviate nine wis ol avia bleletersieiatemnts ain/qsetete Uinertrens St, 39

Tatioyont is chinks souk pak Sek OV KWEN ASS Se Oot LESS Ne Gek ee hen Wh Oe 24, 149
HANWMONSIS ~ ciarvivcs dks cohkibabat a cthaur VARs awe ane mE 39, 43, 149, 239
VOTILICUIS. i ia.a sore clea acta wimix aleve la elataas aGuyaiand ite dajale ORNS in o/aiaTe hip Inet hetemtnetatenS 149

Tdiotriccus: zeledont) si o6s back Shai etal Via omy erateleints Win slates opie atab et nretrere 40

TRUONG. ssikacenls be ecnunys a'niak alan’ tp blue Nie 'h slats 9 a'3 Rutalaia hts aie aime 154

Indians, Sam: Blas \cc.c ais cia ga ies iais'sip’s alanis ou ints sih'e''n vin 97h s Nisit a }uinb ms Ole OLE CuAly

Indigofera pasCUOrUM ....cccecceccewcccccsccusccconcecnssccesnansns clear.
SUEEULICOSE: | 2s.0's ccs Giescace lcs mlatern b wisi sisjuierarere ecb b.9'u ele inih ai Sitoteiencereta Sins PIC AS) /

Inga cocleensis .......ccsccceccecccencescecusesceserseceusasegsceceses 36
woldmaniana ....sccscccsacececcveuevcssnanes Sos pA) SO MU DISCUS 83
HAVESH cisecenss bdeewede cate Ga geen we hp spn seg, ON SOS NNN eRe = a0
Lehr tte he taecne ovis avec fo bheave face tla: Ric ootadate otatienate Nie ab cate natalia Rete latemerens claeieincete «66
MUCUS Oe aaie’e's sch cb es ae b bb bike ke A ees SAS ee Saal ‘ait
PAUCHIOTA: 6 wei'sn sss ena dusiee alnelgla ine e/siplelb see nisi vain Sarnia sie dink warge aee
plttierh | cc ksas ac os coeadins citie.s5 4 ab GL0A)k UAa Aan CSCO Ciivean ee

Inophleum armatum .......ccceeeeeeeeec ec ceneeeeneerseenenees Soe taceenrad

THsectivOra: wis vcacic oink oc ele eien ciate oie 'e ple pitnans MIM IGh aca ets MageiIgISiIS eT ick wet

Islands:

Brava. cacasice owclestcns cs cles eft Slate einhtnrei S «hit Siar tetets Geert entre ky
CebaCO skin's celecyrere ey bi kc hleelety eggs le cin tut RAC ONAN TAtED re’s slur treiaratnrcietere ie erererere 19
Coiba: Vs vacvadauceana ete 0ony bis eG Skies Ae eine shale ges ence wens Me
Espartal scx00 cans sansa on os Gn okie ee§ Ran ee SELMA AGS Cente tents he

Tnsolitar ais v.scccses sieinstd cgalvietd wine yesh CN TaraCe) Mise Rama TRrST incase roy Atarate Calera TnCNONE LO

“A

INDEX 285
Islands—Continued. PAGE
RT ya wide vis die hoee Re Ta EPR SHA a sip dansieee'es theese 19
MN isis ib, Bate RATT A Uo ins eae TaD tend he's ew eve adie 19
PCa hss sis york em TREN ashe bia bis dd aT ab po 900.0 id old wise ve 19
DEO bare Mee ec oxide wide Oe paenkea' Pash tak ss WA AE Bah eas bb bin 19
EEE OCG W LE os'c'a t'ud uN UGE a hOd ete ne i0id'o e git teen teens senenes 19
I INUGL 5 hiainacsasasakdvcsaeg MINAS celia ais iw: dis a bela wk ale eed aren ein 19
I Bla da vais oa wuss Kane bee Matias salen adaskwps aachap bia heres 19
MG Sho dina sea end nok SASS cer Para Pe REIS RTC PTET ee eed ote 19
CES Cy S% pcpe hie GA ecHeed vd bowl tice ein ud daaaaena PRRAd ps 125, 239

J
RRINMS BR EMODINNER fs cs KataWageabeducevehccenetaub abet Ovaphowiadls 20
Nt eigen eer cess A oa'p'd'e's i 10 send be dieralen swe YOLEN EAE 20, 32
REATIOVOOR BULEE Giuhswarinchessveucsnne Pe Trrrcriccc rere ves tt 20, 32
NN gee ask pig iva cle aivilv ae ka vae Vee rea dvnv baie wewewah st 34
PAUCIZOUR one ncivs ee Sea EINE LAAT PERL Pie 36
eR Os ee ee eee ee rr rrr Pre re bya 166, 169
mene MR OT ACMIEY aul ahs vigiala wiin «aie scien’ s/atehadartaald’e aly's #4 ac heiteRetae 28, 166
MONE MOR ot ai cihigw i May adie teva Ve aak 603,08 be SRT eed eeReH Ow a 40
EM eae dab Ride ts bak aa eee ed bo tw eden ke yhncasheaerne 19
a AE IMG oto 8 ae AS Ce COE OT RD ered 42)
LOM oe Tes Cita a sae KURA RAN nD al 000.0 pve dud nel admanen 41, 42
SE a aT kere ade e RY Hialela sepa ways ba'ss bos Fase ea pews Cae 41

K
SESE CRE SCG ciety es ERG iniere Lp elels 0b-86 bo ¥id.0-0 4.9, 05.2 Renal eRe 149
Te MACUL aay vid dele ce LCE Naas Ke tae? coor es ene esha eR RNE 28, 159
ee pee tala si REA a apie SARS ED ba here h pia ob 5a kone ele 28, 158

L
eR gc ie Loin atursiba sian eh, pinais's ode 0's ne, 4a vine Veh peninahiy wine kigd 145
MIM MUM MMUOE CLE ns oy eds acid yok b es odesacennercaNmgaed weal ee |
NE A OP ara eaas viace ndiinse-0 6:0 tiolaW'e nlelenonereealae’a Dame eA panieen 39
CN PUT OROOTIN pak abelian boise isie cle phe Fa ae pe ven vede nse Rp abe tmdelee® 30, 33
PRMICMEMRIMTIOUCRHIG irk beta rt sled cis saen da eedeaeddeseauaen Vers eave eens’ 35
Maree Teaaate TEL Gh) Pelsalat tatters ars avs) cir wie Gk. winceie Se ae RRL OT G'S wielelw ie ein Wkiee 38
er SU On he ikkwelkuas 6 inks che NPLaead ahh One wach 10, 14
NE UM ROTNED 2, ald os v's x pdiecitead cae ey opb edna se baecnneettewdes 34
MT Ea Lr reheat Matai teil 2 gw ciel he alan ielatd ie ararava Viscetsi iin iiore i \p-0;.0:a\aad mie Rl Oa geie 34
ER ee tan ce unk xuader emcee td oa caine ox ie ona eo gud dot 31, 35
EN re aiid. rx veld Ta ee ee Abe ke rade ah oane 8 wiper 36
SOE ecu cevens SR AAI Ea la Fo das TRU RES PARES be Oop wre nine ates 169
Ne re a ads oaks oA POE MERA RU OME LOY pabr soe dnaypapaees 170
LS da FURL v5 hs. 2a aa MOPED OOS TAS es vee eka wanis ds 19
EES. 8 Strela t sos ns oc beh cao ene rite d VAs «Be aaawan 24, 223, 226
geoffroyi ..... =A CA EE Ea 6S a 29, 44, 226, 242, 243
salaquiensis pn ot ae et CPE eee nT PPE ER ere PEE ee 227

286 INDEX
PAGE
Leepioenas Specicsa 2... cc cvsccedvoraaes (sada by dle SSD eR Ok as eC tee
Lepidopyga caertileopwlaris!iii5 6ic.5 502. Medaeneeued Coneee Pane bee oeer ta RO
WepOrigge > felis 6s bs Lon news Seine se die doh a eeek® ot Baa tee an ae hah cs Cues
Lieptotila Cassini Cassini V.sncasaus sch no eawn Sie sahihee ti eh Rhian et 8 ak
PURNUCHA~ iA cass cae N SKEAMOAERENS OREN OEREECM xeha eee Sak a CRER IRE wees
Lepus brasiliensis gabbi ..........066. Ewch Oho CVE LEAICLM RA tape htele viene EA
BODUE © Sad fax he PV RT ee CRA Von kee erpuste ere er ature ee 6: es
BACHTOIUS Te wresori toe eee oooh a irsiee tem eee APR toe Ala tone lg
Lesbamia Macrocanpa, sidan sleinies eine a faisiie's-atgth.t4ia¥a ta Ale ORGAN eS ERD Brie
Levucolepis lawrence: sei iuanes We usher eee ON oe eck aig. ASR eee RIT Ct ae ree Chea
Leucopternis, barred-bellied ..........c..e0000: sa) MOOT WO ee ea Bae eRe Ty a
diuskty-mantled wesc. ccly. eon eee We aides Seas: wosie cel Ieee Re eee 20
Giniesbrechit's; ca-xsaccwecats eat beth rrr oc Sore La maa arate 629, “32
Leucopternis ghiesbrechti .............. areiie aid dc RUST Sel GROEN eet 20,402
DIINCEDSUasuna eee ra, care eee Pe A ee tres (oak ya!)
semiplambea; fe iiee duende. Tore ren oe MU Reels oe . 29
Lacania* arboreae cys caw sivas oe eure nee Beate ONE CC WA aatibctantink 35
HY POLGUGA scdiix cree y alte en avis st atenatenctels Rik tears Piriaie @rctatusihehne eee aera 35
PIRCV DUS Ge coun eee ele BONG Mon SEH hoochie Sokey acsvente ~ 35
LALO ZONES <A tik orate GAA SOR ne eR ee NS Rates hoes Haateren eo : 25
ESTO TVS Wars ieiaiala trace! Ss bape emia. wse WiSEN wk Sele PRINTS wis ICIS FG RTI Ce Tema ete Il4, £16; 230
GASPETSUS) icc mumectes oe Sendo eentontes Lee 26 a 37, 43, 118, 230, 242
GLISPUSi ree sean PL are ek ie tiaieiet Beanies cr ataerare Feud anima antes vou ght eva ete OS
heterothrixe Pecos eters erates reorient Nes tote sto AG gee 49)
Salvifii. nNiQTESCeNs 2/6. 6. cae devenn Sloe eee CR ek nts kt cco ia 119
Lion, MGintaim cde adheres waconee eee PRC Vege SF aie encore . 1690
LECT eae FUL eek go) g ae ee eRe ARN SAY MCN eee aad, pee A A abe ie oof anes
Lrzamos. (AGanit ©. tavita «ccm crt ex a aicceic nities ; vhis\an ate atin SpaRaiite,
LORnGH Ere STAD US jcite ck tee CIS SOC: eee. pee 128) 237
LOMGNELINAE in. SEX vids.g Soak otek Eh Rhee re ROME eer ars ee Re teeny 220
Lonchocarpus velutinus ..... Ee g le MEG) NR PR TRING Ries Lit: catch nk een + AN WORE RO
Lenchophivila f7.)4 ines ben sts ciatatatcete eae An, o7ahc Leia Rata Paceneeaels 189, tou 192
CONCAVE! \acce ies Aste Nh eG 28, 43, 190, IOI, 1902, 193, 106, 209, 240
hesperta © incu cn ttn Chniteehee wv ash lw'erelle Sele le le OMT eceia eller atitet hk aa gmnE ENS
MOndas eee ct Os eMane Saviaes Soa ueae eralhee eicre wicieh a bids Satie Cie SAIL ERO
FODUStayeteik gle Cutolat tate extra iatokten kaarete 28, 43, IOI, 192, 193, 196, 200, 241
DLonchonina vaaasscdse occas nee Fos ER abee Maun Ce Oe eee Pe 24, 178, 181
BUMItLe shins tatatalsarstensisatatete abst ntere taba a cLatanatstaiatantemlcet Sronictets ..28, 43, 182
Lopezia paniculata ...... dmkuis aogieetaree Sith iatein retehare Sf OS CORR ee See het 2 HL
Lophotriccus squamaecristus minor ....... RICA G ice kn ne Sistah ae 30, 33
Lopimia ‘dasypetala’ ....sshasb east san cen cee See ae odie Wa aioe ce ener e338
Loranthus "aviculariss: issues eae tae cmenemen EP AOL PRR aac ay tim
densitlorus: Wiatsnaancate Peers PRP titi jie TR UOC rine ote 40
POlyrhizos As essen emcee Wiis dlWia one lela eigterwne MRMNRG ee cleat Odin’ olatee One Semen Teen 35
theobromacyvincncesacs ane os wien drei baney PERIEAS SAN 216 4 Rae TITS REE 35
Lower tropical zone ....... EO BEE mir Ok Pate tt Sed Rik ook a PET CRI e'26
Eig d Wii paw cn ornate Gk Sc did adhd W laid Feces eer a al Ose SMETLSITS Cleha eta) CAUEICTS CrCeaERER . 78e
Lupinus <clarkii <5i.%aeceus Satter a 6 danidiorara tieraiebtyaec dad eiahclote’a evete eR taEenS 40

“a

a

INDEX 287
PAGE
ETRE, 2). 5 2,1 gia ME PARP MaeO Cale 6. ANN getline wie HOLE OY Role oe 165
Nays tw ON Re ARMAS COANE «SNA CALL COR CER Oa v0.0 cn wos ale 165
MME i a he ohh PAREN ANE eee Ree Resi e ee cers en ees 165
ENR eG 5.3 54.0 1a RES MASHER AR SUAS Vs 0 VAR VAS ne KVP boa va. as 165
oi NEE OPO EEE ETE CLE TE CET CCCP EEN TEETER ere 28, 32, 43, 165, 240
MERIAL ABER TS 5 G7 5.h n'y. > bik alain {Tb MRR GLA CO Wie A Ways SD Ke Ib DRT We’ @ 165
AT NC TISRCHIUUTD 5 5.5.5 Vina nah Shem venvihtny0 b yceeew eb Ans bke an e'delden'e 42
EMINEM E A ist sg MD 5 Sine KU IG RATA RELY 8 ere bp bod wi ieee el oid wie 40
FLATT CLUES, rs ca. 4 SALEAIS GM ee RRR OE AG akinitis WrakudeeaNteeb in Pus & 33
a ered tere were Leek: AERO Rhos wet re 40
lnihnjvitic-Fabhubiul Se SPpevey idea fey inter hie Sa cReEn neh ere WD TAM ROR RIES oce a Oie rorr es 42
MeTe reat ics MA TIRESA Wate (ore, 3 fevat ers eTE Nis Ststs hopa Ha Silos < Nas Kim han Hiaaneletee cG AOE TREN 40
ovafako Vino khingl og & sce hike hee Se ate Moone RET eee Sc PRET eRe Eee area a 40
ymchanbialorhhanl 9th Oy pics Sen ACE Gye DARIO ORCE W REEESCe CPI Te RL Swicki 40
UN REE TOL EN ip ai di oiia! iol tha dh ip axeena'b) share Tw fs oe Meinl ehuca atersseeAnas eh 40
PCP CN MME TRY Seer a PTLD. pl'scal sic: aiavere’ ais Ab asm enelaidiare Wid vies Cie wea i elet ale 40
uae UNE N FREER Uae extra wea pc ons ava as ota EP Al #) Wash vo orese maare chard STORM IY 40
ENR T ENC, | 546 Ge N53 Ans Risk A Aad DMG Lede sd a becry Cl eae 40
M
NR Ie tan Sos gael ory id WAGs wig 4.1 anions ¥ 44S KEN S TOPOL 120
ee SCO TARE sev laiy. Sina ee bP ai eiele aoe KiNG v c/Fsiw ole w de soln Ede Seed dipiple 34
UTADA IC VUOOCEIIN s Viecun ken skews iuredeeeds evs necnt ed wepanan 36
PM AS RS a aes ef eRe we AT Pe als Svea den oie wa bales Oe oh eae 40
GMCOUTIERIIH SIDDECRCOND Si. 5 ip). a'sis pcan ns sie vneedav.cceecckage saan cede 34
Rg Gre Rete oh ectaitlaia a gihw Moe Odi WAM nh OM ose oark Ceinn@eS 24, I10
CEC os iber, PRCR REIT UTES REE IER RAL LO car TERET CER 20, 43; 110); EXay. 113) 114, 246
CIRCE ee ole G eh HA Yia alae ED oisie® ¥ 6 28, 43, ILO, I12, 114, 230
Sena PEN NUR SSN ae eal oc 91a 4 0a a Ata Wh Role aw nie o's w.4ics ewan xe gis tine Sie a 112
NZ CSV ie Bree incr ica Sout ack: REET oO aR eae 28, 95, 37; 110, BEd) aie
PMN cv asuk aod tei iv hae hone kcuaveaen’ 24, 178, 179, 181, 183, 186
macrophyllum ...... Sel Pa we kA Wy ae ere» « 320} AG) DOs tude LON on eae
ELLE ise ieee NL Wale een 9a V0! e-o'o x 00 0 8 ub cate bio ba ke ne oe KOA RTO 136
Malache maxoni...6.64..5... a Ate aestal ane nat sitsa atecat® eine ace Rate de fie wise nie Crk 41
TID Tg GE ar I IMSL Io Sika FV Ucdolai a oS iolh be OMAR TTMIRR/S NEE Fas 36
IES ENTS ONG rag bsg 0 gl V Ge oy vce die a Rear aye ON dak Ce ein ee eae 30
DimacOisIA PAnaimenels PATAWICNGIS 6.6% cac.sccsnddecearoerredeunoapece 30
IO TREOUTNIS so Faas hi ib cire duet cnlew she ACER ATHY oh av denne cade 34
TMP AEA TENSTI STENT cal ¢ Wevtaly iv.ea cide wie Coie eeiiele ae etm ned cs kmaezedsetes 36
RMR OEIC OMT L PVOUICAL yy pd drscob edb wan Ke tmw ake be neee ed ee nerd 34
RCL his kia bad Sees dae, ba ratte sil une es Cs Fed ee dee 44
SRR ME MRMCE TOTO: (0 57 bev e a bale caisle aE BA be COANE hv n sins sed axe ated 32
RIN rota nah dies Sy no. pnt TA so oie" KOR UO von ee» wd awmies Oo 27
CREME era ee S Ls £81 5g: cig andthe UAT eine. LR OAC coe bine aey allel Ae 42
RAV asm Gti SEMULOTENted DOTAETE je iacsksccseccvanvsvervecceeswees 37
RAIL Mires estas svis- is ci ee EOD Pleo tie Gaited aes eee weeds 42
CE RAIL x > 5 dot PAL RRR EN Va diete eve Lvweecoe beds pa 39
UME RTPRMI RT ahs fy tee ry os ds cd cc's dv vawieuse se eno 30, 35
PEE Ne Soe Maa cd sid tee hie Pe OE bn Oh Nan eoe Civ evauleb eves 30, 33

288 - INDEX

PAGE

Manakin, Gould's’: sic. s vcs ld wax ano Asin Sie inte ete ene EES cect’ » SOS
TUPOUS? weak ne vs Was Gah pe RaEN RTOs & Re ret 95 sutaeiees os uie'e oars AGOGO
SRS Sais ae G sa RR aaa Oad 8s See es eee te 30, 35
MERRIBCBEN. sade uw cayclexminG RCAC Kes ea MeN ie © ip ack wlan ava OTN WSR ee
DAT OLOO: ss vk a viento k ae ica are en Ft waia.d A hipce' isis, tn) aiee eg
PETEEO TS’ sci sud. are dian eras DRICMMEe ty Ba ia) wR Mia ANC wate R caUbin Mane en A159
DERORODIN) a. oc Va ce Cee OMEN Oe Chats Hee anscecen orth Rawiite TRL SERS TES
Mayagia . saan ©. PRS ee PPS LR a Aik aye ha ba aOR Cutan ras a sniica Fae
Marattia. pithlerl Je..csits unae VeL see is icgy a Ro ee aien te ennneen er et
Marngarornis, beatitihuley csniccan cele ciae ulomieie wun ntentans SAT ates AO
Gostias Rica pishierccchis a carn cate aroteve wala asia meter aint eS Seite is wee tates creel)
Marrarornis' bellultsyix «ccc os csi darvareciien aicreimtnerainane Sracale ia lotaia aahtietornuctet send
THBISIROBA: cs cma ccna een onwaner a icn ksieaitae s ogee Sous tuetreat eee
Marimosa: sss nes peGhaintattace Watwa cn Nie aate tas a Cualetittsies eaten ee Ree ee |
lack sass oS Ta ares ain cist alate we pu eRe Per er che ne 27, 32, 51
fulvous-bellied: ciccisnc'e Wass Sins wp coe winlacemle te aire sical eer ae 27, 34, 50
Isthmian’ ceswvak casas caste Mas enema Re Rte ane eat Rests a eeete arise 3240
SOVANMG (a .aieis senile neers she, weiss; sis eia Nain teen ela ners Siasiaa tha oeeee27, 34, 37, 50
Marmosa:: fulviventer’ ss ...\..< sss cata w chine tuaie Ear: 27, 34, 42, 50, 237
tee CLE ra dancin’ iste eibteveloie.» sue elela tars tateenta trate te Siate alk ereeles Geter a Mea Le a cE
isthmica ..... A Oe ie ER EERE ees ey Te ert eee
MERICANA vicens Sint 0 praiorecelwcWelaa aon isbasesirtalarse:fei ait tal erectus a Pattee ia tet eerie aaa 49
IMEXCaMa IStHMUCA sc sisiss sve aiesa e's sin yia alare ial WIA 'o epee Genta ee ee
MEXICANA SAVANNAHUIN cic cease kre acs ier reteniCr amare 27, 37, 42, 50, 240
TTUELS sl a tciamerme ee tenet mice ans mince a at ory Sis a gvale aiepavarre: dancta piercer ete 49
PUMPING, HRORACTHG 55.00 vice suis Vitale. « Corale Sod & Gre Rimigiaras satel Sint SR seo eHO
Maroutine ics < Maes weRidyas wins ase ahal's eunleye a hcala wna @ & wa hier chee Tiere ge en . 164
MEMS UTID ick -is a avranres statis aifigedin ace aaebiee peace win Wa leresah ia She nO OMan TCR SRE Aa
BSS: TM. in nisia-c ai bin witrane Somatic im ola its cca hin ak ns ete: Orem is Rc tetany tre ee Glas eA
Naomi Wie ele acelace ure scararh ornrerats Gini alehersvetateere aya alain chante rekeretarertrc aioaeierebels ieee len ly:
Maytenus: blepharodes :.c:c. cask ves na ween aeiranie ae el ckccaae ania nee 42
Me rartig <8 beustin ote un suave. ale brava woploraiqra aie tarkraiiane guthavatennte( ciaaretla reine tonaten terOreiatrnreaes 79
PRICCI sn claciectee BAe CR ME EI RECO TES es Sana Oe 79
PORT OUED sca wearers f dinaeg Ace & WAcbintac Gum Sinee tana Ae A/C ct wi ist ghana
GartOril \COLaslma - sie, kc)vaiscaicicrsiacd ovate aveterore refexerele ote out CRN CR cerais ereTaLa te eRenetCre se eo
Sarton? gepertigia’ 25 icacca so ean anced woaitinteetatetria ee 27, 32, 43, 79, 236, 230
SATEGTAL SALTO | i.ds acd ain W's Gel ppakets wie eats pie pie Ae Rats Ars
FEM TEPEVTAAG os icv 0b 6 ox vie Vela Shaws dines sees Riek eee 79, 239
Meadowlark, Central American ........ Sila lekin slate ckele eielerca sak Seana STS ah Sy
Meek,S, Bus. oihale whe Sate Nan eg ohe cal WR SOF RIM een oe Rea acre a sieny eke
Megadontomys Maida. sics is ciicccusalecst ancl slate ae cae ian ee ane en 87, 238
Meibomia adscerdens: «oi bois.aé ss Gacmnleinieeeisla ioe Wren als raat een anes re? ay
AMNTUSTLE OLA iin ie, alacUintel Mie elias apa ecureua tele ROUTE MMEIRTS tole feel ee at aerate cet SA
0: 0) Ob Ean A APPR a oR PIU Re AE A Oe HOGA E ackincrce denne Ho
SOULS + sa'aiew ke bin tore alaacg veel een eee St ean tren cae
Mlelanotriys. issic ide dc Gaining bo kw Gas os 8 On eee wc Tcl a 103, 236
CArpSOmalas (iis usc Sos Ses oH we Oe Teas AR BATENON O sale wk eretanatnecetenele sean Od
SELOMMUS : .'ckg wie heat ere talt O chat mn atte ute ethes 6 ate estate ate atginbe at ane S50
NOLES ony sa'n'siniive'e's nM Ak Cece ba nets ak eRe CoRR wees fs Seats piacere

a

INDEX 289
PAGE
Melochia hirsuta ............ ees OV OO ee a a Cee 36
ee Onn ty Paar eer eet or Cr OL. COPE 164
TS ECOCONG: Vir xv veg pia RTE RE ERY iy 0 6 kane adi vo) 6d ade bee aces 41
AES Se Mts sisix's ag b's Se Hals’s AERA Date Note. F1v.8) be LWA eine Ar Adload Pa agiees 244
A PAOROIPUS BEFTOSOY CHOCO aevieccvidenepnededvedscnaiesas PT eee eee 236
NRE REP MLLION %5.5's'p.) sera desl s NSIT Awa oh BAe id At idltloes pearbee & eie'e xp 236
eM CO MUBISEIS itd Pio bree kne Kors ¢ oo ae eM bmake gine es olds 236
TALI ied cce asta ted MON cen ama e de Ce deo Ka NURS eeeee ews 51, 243
MOND 5.5: 655 Mae We HANG Raven CueAa daa al sista oodcie yee Maimeeete wate 51, 235
MUGS AMATIS *WONLATICLUIS: (cy cls diialelvidy sles awlertien ad .ee e's 27, 32, 42, 51, 53, 239
opossum fuscogriseus ..........s+005 Shion Poke ae 27, 42, 46, 51, 53, 235
iMIPESL ISU PmRIV LMR A Ss 2am Wath fai Wh gt elavia es aieiaia's # aie Rinya'el bodieraia Maire a nie ema ee se Oe «ara 12
tet MC EMER IGE e ait x nak VV 40.9% vnc 'd a wk eed cb ae Ga KEE OE EAEY ee icle 34
AICI Ect ERA aItaRaI ata al racatele erkis Va G4 G5)¥ 0ia'a avs ob pia lew Wien pvetai blalmmip Riis ap 41
SD EY Es Or re eT Tere CET ore rs ck 38
Se ELIA Pea AT sr atbt tga vp dian iat vie ate He Ws Suua'e ep pada Sh Mewlcy hole wae 36
a MUL ren aa Wis e'Vk iba a sia do's oad Nidm wauwhys wi ol2y HabeR ke ON eS 34
DRYER MMS cosa cVatatd a oka; 6"nie ep, ashi einie a <isibis,p ie) eib wisleloe wid eib gh ocplaltiaea fee 38
Microbates cinereiventris semitorquatus .....cccccscsccccsccscvsccess 30, 33
RMAs TR Sie gai Re elsiy sis veces ean) ed oon keven'ec.b 8 ed aewpd we 180, 182, 183
EST SIO Wate ih, wee 3 c70t A nikpsle 6, y;dins0/ 0010. 6 u4 Daid's dee ele a olala Rate 180, 181
etme AER OAT SIMRIODELEL Nea Ny a) Sixho Gitdia Dips am Bid Wid pve b.n°0 6/4/09 \o 0 op’ elalglan Mines 181
PML Feta Rute e Se AEN ada SPS, bo a, 0b:4)S)Aia/siG v'vlsna e'e! o:se\u'e wel Wi 28, 43, 180, 181
ARETE ois tind idid 6 3,05 09's she vile So A'ein oe F aaee anisole 135, 137, 141, 144, 236
ALU LUA SA tibiae Ee latarc ates a aisie.o SVP msiniovate isl abiecaiejeiacorels: ecclatnin' ei ateseraseveNR E 142, 236
aE TUE tale oe didu ark cla) ds va ch Ald Kee Phe nielnns 28, 35, 43, 142, 236, 238
BENGE CORUOTINE edie tdnvedeehassoces 28, 32, 43, 142, 143, 144, 236, 2390
EMR ects Liahek nani duigise we kie x dn's br es 0h 30, 43, 141, 236, 237, 242
LPL UNS AeS 0r8 oneeECRPE J ICRCL AICI IE EE TCO TET Tee re UR Lt ey 142
A ESTO Ss n:fay 9.4 0%) a 9i9's o'¥.y's,9'0 4 090 vp no s'eelep enews peenee 236
MELUTI OMA CELINA SMe GIR oe ef 4 cyaeves ela wishh.ed00 wib/h'v 010.000 «04d wpaleleip ess wdrew tain isate 144
Penna VAVRTIIGM sicily atte sing icy o's.0.0 ¥ a.0¢ ® vie'ves 28, 43, 143, 144, 236, 239
Be COIS DEUUMETCAIIUE <6 os pen sd b's eases ves v pan dsnebeleRneaae one p's 30, 33
Wh TOPE Maple Boro) = a7. ae F> 7 rCIECIRS g PICREOCEEEROIT EOC ee 243
MIMNEL SUMO Raa A rae nme re eee 0S Phang his 36/0) écajasu gigs sa evehs AeaIe evel T ond Aiea a8 ers 244
PVMRINITE CD ATLASIIONISI Oesverr ANG a:4idic/m nré/nratevalers,bie,aivino ePierxreMase Kd 6) e'y its, Bio's 0 Siang.oh8 36
heen ya pp teeta eas ft i St ene Ferre Aiea eran RO ran kiran cae ence 36
RUA EINCIRISTL Mt es ei tute eWetatec lolly. c/a ath a.sihlc Pela 0 vk pinta sip ORCI oo. e's bie Aah at eip 36
RUMI RECADICTIOIS® Ss cuires a4 sfsracrarem aineroe ainsi cme ee Me a Sie ve Ae ae tse a Ne mn 34
I ES Eta ae Prd gies GP AD FAs Wp outed FeO RU RTs v4 a eae 4I
OE RT SR RIC Ce ITT eR TITRE Ch TE TEE ee 4l
RENT RNNIOUSSSIIR aac oo & cic ase ldcaiuiaie si asinie CON Hehe ores e tie 8 bo ae 30, 33
EN BRA 5.3 55-5 sy ado v2 6 bore eee Rh Re vod Dh AREA wage CU ds Learewye 31
Ed RE Ee MPEP PERE >, PP Eee POPE TE EE PIT EEE Crete ire 218
Eg SRE SY 6s Ed SA 2-9 0 ee a DP 24, 218, 22
NS ES UMME Toa eilsda. sno nin axece SM aed nc bo Bia mies hm owas Bigegh 29, 44, 219
ae aR 8 ns sable Oe Re RAs picsiaidan' bw wid 6 908 218, 219, 220, 244
WESC Yaa Ce ata dy vicls 6 ba AeA GE 6 aidAe) 0x,4Rlse.kee oan 20, 44, 222, 241
PRIMO Slee Fadia ny LAE PRON a PU Abs eieg roe enne 20, 44, 221, 230, 241

290 INDEX

Molossus—Continued. PAGE
CPESSICAUROS © 65 bod be Cae aR Sand ted da Coda Cea Ca Rnd rae ok
Ci ha eee errr rr crerirgiey Seren py it kame
PYMMIACUS. « oisic ds od ola ddimees had kad Coma When dele RAC Rale eaten ok as

OOSCUIUS © sic cicid ia 0c e CEM ge Mak oo Ua ab bal eae ania cen el ata Ocha ie an

221

sinaloae ....... eiuiats wintainbetit GC niate eaten PR eee

Momotus-lessonii Jessonil: .os.aic oe ou 0c coals a ereme Ca caeteie aie neta
Monchaetum: bracteolatum™ fos £6 coca ccd fo cinslee a cele teeter tate ete en Cane

30

MEOTIRG Ys... 0's PNic/er vivian bisa in’ ath wp /alne Anew ie tole eit atain le tne taie Th 1 ee
Canal Zone night: 3 cshandac tance cceeek & exe nite Cnet Aen
CAUCE, Ret: etectata ee sisiel du sisi mld cig ace inant ei ateteta Steere tener ake ones SvtiarereeaO
Coiba Island howling ........ SETTER Ee at owas 20 OSE a
Geoffroy’s Spider ovin', sivcuriletua wi awaers Haisra Walatoro tote crarninrgic athena Rae
Darien black spider ..... nvatalabetatetats aafalin’ afelatavela’ataze alates OS CAT PCE CREME Ree CINan CRE
Geofroy’s SQMrr ed is ics'esiniaters’ ciara sini ata’syig nigtahus tte olahetatt ah gi etaih Aiki g et eig nnn
HOWling sci saneweesce des cae dae cetone tae ears wine ety! algtatacal ave aaxiaie) aiafen ete Renee

TINE arc section wesratee scenes erelain in lefaidhaiahere eihlsiarat ce atalabal dlatetal aiildkatataie aaneiea

Orsted) satitieniveate ce tstefainiet nhatabetenstehetels nin clan his!gialalute a ulelaral aha ml ctaiaeeeteed Oana aes
Panama NOwlite ss .c.kss sees Pan ree Hor utes Pe FRG Ge 29, 30, 228

Spiderean sarcastic AR AIRS ce fib etacargraia sala sPaIier aveP@imitere® tate ete Ml sea eis aa

SQUIRTel canes carers eel ea dala cave a mush arersrd god c aidlacsieveya sists. Sina alate tohatet aerate

TET IE Be a a atu we ratneh rate tac aie ie tava tote ola’ la tna ie Wle'e' 6 ote ta iain re Byala ia femte tas SheoR eee
Mote. colorado. cp sects cs Soins aes URN Oe CR cE a

TESTO eceishs arareinarate ohio untatolecsdae Shightck saints slaty nla Asem tal etanecetete tienes

CUED ren cate Ginte wtarataere ceh tesla esis AE IEEI PPT irr eatin hemes cn oe

Monophyllus leachté ... 0... ccc ceens b iucavia'e |b asia WIGS ie aca I Rn
Monstera parkeriana ......... eetah oatonteiarya ts a iatelate sens/atete here Chere eer Ge eeranene
PETLUSH® nc stares ciciwiatar sales. sella ateinraten atuhcats eles fate/ajalere) nin wie 'a,g Rfade sie eueteate
Montrichardia arborescens ........ Sar aA ae aisletuia chs a hl wraaeens Leawees
Moore, Ruth Collette ....... Satay cehdenwtions iy CRE cuter rea! Haine ereate
Morinda panamensis ....... Maida La Saracens aicievidin Oa PAG nica nec
IM@tinotelarienis consti cnt: Ulises a ie Sota niece RiRe MERE 30,
STEAter TUOlisucc aasiehieanreee een Mopaikdeee cas vale are laialgial ere siete exetereneechs
lesser broad-billed ........... dudaed Ueees hye eevee oes ieee
DGSSONIS) sate cures Scthersiceietelelehs hinioneiee Wislielaievelv.ace eaters ale SiR Cre ee vate
Mountain gem, Chiriqui .......... sions A aided Wistancnale i ciele siete Ree ett aan en
Mountains: Cerro Azul ...... Or tii toe keaton cee: (ales Oe
Cengo Bemoracyeitecn aac otcnct ae wd aie cea HET ee cay Sea SarONtertenee
Kitchener 3 iiewiccre vad cae anne ta oe ean eaten Fal wtalCalotarelaneteenon Sante
Pirre? Sronenion arsine uinte Wheels sale Oke rarale Rivet ale bs eae one elas ecatalons svere MRE
perrania de Garones «ic ccd a0 pecan + cand adnan cig die ane eine cen
Serrania de la Capira ........ dish digon ghia: dateteteatalttalvad are eneldiee sears aden
Serrania del Brujo ...... CARL AKIO v Rc RA NTR Waele ro/efec ara abateasier sate .
Serrania del Darien’ «.cessee us. Edd Sige eeaweadare ore ak ac aha NN Meee SRE
Serrania del Sapo .......... ac Nein SNARE A SVELOTS ALE GARD RUO Tere RTS ain tote Oe
Setetule =. scictcea weed ae x a were at eeLeeetinenetel dr eialaiaca a alee ete Laslaato Nate
PRCUNCUNE Tit icehbatareks Oe a'a.& Ace WATOR EN TERRIER W860 0 ASG RSL OR aT ere

32

Mouse, hotese 3d cid ie hid eae he 0k A Rone RNR RIN OMENS Ecce kc aaa
La ‘Carpintéra: 63.45 405, yaa ns 4 Wc ho ean sae Peete ck 0s ay ni
Mount Pirre: ts inci fi kiginjereia ale x aeate um ie antle a MRUeEAs rkk Geel bere tereleien enema Meee
Woleans (siccancncuts eaten 1 Reg REN AEE ae Me CRT RIS TIR TRG ute SIR TOIT TEA RINTCI eG ORE

“A

A tec ace

INDEX 201

PAGE

PAUIOROME Ra devericsscnnsdenvedpas DO Mae e rus Rare as eV ci redbe shia. 83
NS ay Sa Geis va'e'ttorneaogeinmak emirate dried 2 OAs eae 108
TIES Ca La ce Ke R ESA RATRY A VAN CC ta we Seve’ | b's ebb eae’ 109
TE ee err yo eerie re Cee rn Perr erin 110
SEITE SUNIBCOIUS (ib sure Au kaa PRADUR SNS) 51d 06 Rode Lens OER ee lay « 43, 110
LIMES Gercis Riv bee? eda es WY RO a Tee USF oil 4d 4/6 PE a, ole’ Ola OR y 8 bare 109
EMO y 55, ky bobs beR ERO EN EOS Ars a> Vince Lith her pure RUk ON wis 160
CLES Uk sb shu Webehe Yueh TN EERE Eh Abbe \ eid oN aah Gatinen maw 161
BUMIBTCOSATICCNEIS «ns 0 ccusvedeawetewnees Seto eah do Pees 28, 43, 161, 236
MINEO N Dyes os SUCHE Vad Viale IED CROLEY ob dad ¥ onic UTC RR Eee y 161
costaricensis ........ PIF LLIN CWE CTE CORE RTET ES Fe rk Rese CER TDS 161
Mustelidae ..... URE EA LNRM ALU AW istt 6 Kha © ood >.0 Verb See RMT ee 160
EEE OO LOCREESS WE Tiny s Wal nae Red sp iV'e'asinyn cps Cave bt ah Fiaies veer nr Realy 40
SN REN a ring Us bievinS! wpe Sa PVE DD eb) viii eee ee ardare a tM ely Rye 40
MCCS chee l veh tte Wiss hcshinn ha vanvee ss vcun> taba Reds 230
RENIODOFOS GRTANTIACUS. iu sovecer veer ersevererverercr cove tecvaensbenase 40
torquatus ..... RNR ROIS 6a) sek wn taiy hid wie ie ve Ce Wy eviews a as ba RW ote ene 40
Myiochanes lugubris ..... PRC U shay te ReATn Oia Pw's ¢.r0. ve Pie alley Mee 40
PeNIOUMONTE LASCIATUD TULLULOSUS . yoisxev sr ctutisy evens oveeversetanet 30, 35
RM Ti aAa Cataye wai ik ply ¢ipiich e bi0's 9 0/00 efe'e'o e's y'e'e'e ew bale 212, 214, 217, 243
RPA ROMAN RMN Oe oi iy ney sd pA Niels bla vin evi 9.0.06. 6 Sioabd v ain Na ee 214
RIES AMR NE eee kau Tide viva ¥ie'ane Ve Gin di cond wae bevel ee «6213; 235
aa gaeeial huber rine densi kattnng eedes en 29, 44, 213, 235, 236
MES PoE SY FUR ATELYY bere eV nehe hdd sxe ede Ker aws eoxes Oooo 214
CEE IEMEUL REO Gd eit dre rnp Tee endahne voesses ven beeen Wed 30, 32
aE PICPIC OVC ETER NL Aisi 5 ya's. aie ie ienwtnvory ain’ ste'k "ph bv 9 vio 9 Sis bv Winie-acetaly eine 30, 35
SERTEL ON IIS EE TER Ser HeeET GT SFA Weis atv iefara Gioaiele"s\nseis ve ves 9 e?or> eign SPIE 30, 32
EATS Tat ISA AD shat otal ati /a cl niAiai ate’ ohsherWiitate la’ Dievs'e die 's)y vein e'9: 8s altovsreginl 30, 32
TARDY. TTP ee cw Vel OE 6 00a 69 iba on e's F008 da vey vivps Owe 63, 64
MITE ORE ee ERTS sleet E a ora ate ald tinad: 3 Wicd h.c'e b 8c Gaba vd 9) Mik PWR Rie ea OE 64
eT EMMY Ae oe RAE AST RG JA vig ia Wel io. b0 have winivsieleuy oc'e tpipldre wk ala wile 63
Te COs ia Coda giv adesee ss bec dunn i ceen hoa'oneed 27, 42, 64
OR are tid s hs iwenseetea ner heeKeanenbyred ener eva rate 61
SER EEED CULV INOEIE yicevreesereeiteed 8x04 0etrneers riasoorrormake 30, 33
RIA tte eT Aya Riedl ola Avisieth avidin) ola OR Waa a ee a dees ee ee 20,0 32

N

Nir i hole cai bist edior aes CE La Dachia Maken nes berencns redwh 37
ee ae kb ks nk babd added ovens ssa dedion st oritgedteahhe 153
Ee SAE 5 igty'go¥inwl SMe lnar Te agiet elses Race aIR hin 0.08 aps 153, 154, 155
See STRICT OME gets VY troy 0 ste tre ptarp alate byah teas v hi MI id v4 NO Aap eaD 153, 155
Me ATI AMON OBS cxis oi vids soup ohh Va RGR EA Kaa aw os 28, 39, 43, 153, 235
Natalidae ..... GENS ae Sig s's a ch AeA Mer tec Ke sepece vhadneeeren juves. 2E2
pt OY ee URE PERG y cats Peas TERER CORT AG de hees iXtesncedeaeaes 211
IEA We IA Pe eles ere PEC EEE ELT 44, 211, 212
RMON ah othe adeces ae ana Gaile ale SolKk ¥.0've binteuie’n a2 Non pas 212
OS OSE BR ERED OE er a ree 2

292 INDEX

PAGE

INGGGONIYS fins tis ooo ny Scaler OTR Sophy ae tichs aly MAURRAS SOT evs 08 URSIN 24, 95
DECIR. cwvitwhs'aw es con Same a eee Pexvanens A nie ..27, 32, 43, 96, 230
DUSTING) A Ss daca EnAMROT ER ek WeTEITIe tiee e
INGOROGUS © seis unesinte acne Beatohsin foie ius nea eects Saqawiwiecalatear Wage ee Ran etne wea Od, 24a
BASRA BITTY «(tn titns eakaaitel cee elena nk Ub sianeangee aeenteane Shine Watend Ves
BLERTA CMA. Disco kn s RF PeFic Lona WINNS Nhe ROSTERS 28, 32, 43, 104, 105, 230
GIMIGIATUS = CSncdce et eo OME TEN ST ee ewinnalealcientens ee, 105
Ssmeraldarwn ian svn cekan Canaan w eee Wty PRT ee SRS oe oe é. TOS
SAUBMIDES pissin oars divin asec esielere wie eete ere eee APRS RR Gr en: 105
Neotiorphus. Salvi euscanckasaags weenie b isin vefevs (ovate jorsihecetee een cotenehe peter eatne 29, 32
Neomys panamensis ......... sas nwhinea he oe AY Si Sees ohne SEE 90, 240
INCGUL Jit seeeg Neen baoneks es A AE ad eaten ter A Ce rs 126, 128, 129
Nertera depressa ..cccessuvcnes ere wlemraetthen shape ejureberecuaaharcreheten etal re cc eer E!
Nesophilaxbiyaintat.. acs ona cccciwascientnion Recher eRe SiGe Bien | sien 80
INO CEULLD: wermaboace Cure ae rctnenien carers i Xtrig ele ChUene ee oere ies inch iniele Waa te ARORIEG ie INR 177
WENO cennsis G5 va CRT Ws WAIN CATE AOR EER: ene Seetarae ce Gtha ena 177
INoctilhonidaess..e cca ent ses we eantarean hie Gheterret Crater A es ates bho os eee
Nonnula’ yPanemaracicd cau scacnian eee okeonieeceeane Pe icherere sre tie 30, 32
Nonnula frontalis ...<.....: Vite SarmaCe er NCR RNS 60 owe ce Cure ee MER 30, 32
Notharchas:tectus Sabtectus vic. ccweee ease ee tak RENE S sialeTenterh ae aoe 30, 32
INEST ic ba wk Car eben cS we eaik Res yee ele ee omiarie Me Avice hee See ee 165
IN GOREN ES 2:65 8 ares 46 Cc tine d 0:4! tow AG, Oe 015 ee amie at a err 216, 217
borealis mexicana ........ Sie ROG a Rr eee cite eae ek ols 30, 44, 216
MEU G !S4 di inate aa SNE a nete 4 sR cele Ae ERI eee: 57, 60
STISEUS “PAMAMENSISHA . ccs va dion she sabe ccowomns w 6 sae RCE OnE 30

IN YOCORA YS: iis ieiw aicierersieigsaialelane’s: biel g-ahdige s/w lee /uar lee alec at koe ate ela ean
APE EERE. 6) wa wesrere tas kw Oe tate on wich PE PRT eres , 238
SHmiIChrastionitellinustees wena betacee comes he BA rk eae aint 39, 43, 89, 238
Sumichrastd WerrSheal uss cx cicia is nis siereiasasimulie A ibikin win ow oth tle ea 8o

Oo

Oak Chietguis ce anieusieaisiee cares RT ar Re tok: RRA EAA SS Krcatn tin 40
COGELOTH Le scakinw siete stesteurtre ek SSE WotR a inte A aibcesate elke, Ota ere ies 168, 169
MG aIrris’ Sok cin reer sEererh wre pitceiene ts MICO ele tees ania ater s atete alee ,.28, 390, 167
Ochotonidaes: <i a ncsen teu ee nea bs cca wie nearer acon Oe AGAR, LACOSTE 145
Octodontidaernnacsswx caer ae lersuchecas Sr'etetel@teue ATK Troha araiS eat GTC CORRS Ue oN Rice en RC een 120
QOdGCoileus: soca Wenisas ce coi eketke eet nee siamiees wan OR RAT ETC RISTO 76
GIRIFIQUONSIS 2a o:clisc ci ic Cees RCO CIR CRE ROLES 27, 34, 37, 42, 76, 236, 238
COSTALICENSIS ns os canireens cet BOER sah oe AR AE Hn eT ROA: 77,78
FOUNSCOIUGI eee cx dceaminit See Se ate carne piatineecere 27, 34, 42, 78, 244
rothschildt chiriquensis ....cccucscscvccniess Ca vahe sees ....76, 78, 236
Odontophorus castipatus <ciccevesacscaccucs SN LSA. bess Wa ek cs ee 20, 35
WULTALUS craks Pee he CCAR SRR ISIN Swe Re 4:0) Weds eel eee RE 39
Téucdlaemus: +./heas ces micas care eee Sanaa Kah Kew SNS ERIE 390
nmarmoratiis +. cueceaeank aan PPR PR tee AC MTEC oN a 29, 32
MEMNOUG: <a eroemeneene <lotw Aalst Stel Le Scatter RRO gOS ART, RETR PTR 20
Giigoryebimvys > cdi. arcu ceboees Ge PRESET res cE BARTER A ests: 4 AM: . 102
VEMOTUS. (os cae keene ek bbe kA S Crate ai ois Se eee antares © wie Pn te he iy Eng phe Cee

“a

INDEX 293

PAGE

Olingo:.:.5. Mnedss akin’ alate cecketintetae chad Raeiey eA ds oy OP Sarre Pierre 159
TEEN, rive. cv wus Nahin nibtelteynten nase in Rated simmm’nista nin t Rew He a 156
Costa Rican bushy-tailed ......... OA ra Toe ere rae 24, 32
Panama bushy-tailed ........... a OP epee Ain aay bind GAA 28, 30, 157
Oncostoma olivaceum ..........6++ Pas E eT idisia La cwagisdiad eavrivancue's Bae
DMEM CVs Css ob ee ny oink L hala Rieter wa eve vies yrange Re Tee 44
EM CA A hh Dhar: pu \adwra’ «anise bela! share atahoratemmiatalte| aides aialaishaleaiatea seta’ nale age bs 27
UCN a Gi aie btu eraiucn eset ic A wisi Sa eiaha sie O'Siw ninth Wihyn tes bah diate fine 27, 34
PALME NG eB nb. caudal wig ach Pale HRS Aa ave oR BANDS EW NATE aalicl ate 27, 32,53
OLIN ins i541 de oh hd Mains 5 eae eke anand nh anie padnek ‘OF, 4a, B4
SEMEN BIShsie" Nidhi ta olallptaligishalinia tah x heey lovaliasn isp ety a wie/aielee otpce'W daw lbs # alate tity ate 27, 45
SFISHIAL WOOLY we ccnesrecs PU aM tie pled Dare MRR hee we caeag oasis sty Shy. 58
MW AOU cissinn ob caes anadyaiee Hpbi aaseih Pi bidia hocks bib RRS 27, 34, 37, 54
PORE MRON EL As idevesuhevaraawaanddananividearag terns 27, 32, 45
PIER LOMEM Liha tied he s.0chbad and peat cabhedes cheney 27, 34, 47
RA a aR ahha hia! didi: Gala’ <iaia'sin ajeleld cig'esie/sid dia'e d's! dine own aoaaKehd ks 244
MRT OTIN TBS yo siujard bp. oi. tex 0.8/2.4 via big Wes Wee eae'd nb ah eee oce's 20 Me a)
TIDES (Us eh ashe evade xl ene una sd ens. Khddder ea aeneMe 390
A DOMMICLINS 1 Soi AAR vhs hak k bce k’ bbb 39% 0 s'oekby ba CROW R ED 29, 32
Oreopyga castaneoventris castaneoventris .........sc.ceesceccccsucesecs 39
MEE TIE TOLER Gs 6x2 wiata: Souk dic. aig xiv odin’ bpiavgsordu we de ¥es/adn cee erat CURR 40
Bs Aili din ap Rawk cike vba ks sib 08 bik one's od v bbe bene Ee Gl). 33
ET een tn Ne pe eihplscaotas obit st Plo ave, Vink» 9 0b Seley dtl wae cee 44
Rerbted, Andress SaMuse oc 5c0scseyvaccdovcsssicvevess Bahama Spee ose gS
PATIOS asic iurs Apia in aia ’a ea xh 09'S" vaca ‘avy vo wld samre:braia Ga nice Te
SOG EEMTRES TE. C1 0 a a ee Aa be eae 33
Se MNRRRANE Ts ITD Ba hina Wistar deine dol 6) nig aot ua; ofa @ evi b's.s a's a wares she eee eeeeon 33
erage Mn weed nih Fpiciaiphca hiv wok vig ey -ace adel So ipin'e 86, 80, 95, 96, 104
MSU Naa ahd yp Se Wi Niv oie ls Fob A> 9,0: 0'n.0'e e/a borage nies Gila xpath
SURI UR ORO fore tre Malays Rhy sites ann, veils. aiacu piv, ood e(e Kor 27, 32, 43, 97, 98, 240
RL aE Sra ly ody ay’ n «id vas o'w dina pees s oak VA whe 239
PINES CRI MRIID S yiciv'y.,0.9\sian 0'si¢ vice 60 vid wou ed aawnlen t 27, 32, 43, 98
GRIIMIORUG CHEVSOMICIAE 6 oc ve yeas si suivits ocaune vane 28, 35, 37, 43, 103, 104
ME TOA: CUI CIRTRARNA GS a ihe 4 bn) Wk, y mss. 9 v0.0 0.0K Wa lie OMe ed Ri ees 103
BTROSUIS 100NOa ras i oad'evia vie visese'ss anes 28, 32, 43, IOI, 103, 236 239
ENOL a Savitri eh ora ete’ dike k dae Muck wes bathe MIR nin wove ac Sth <opttaed 98
co RT RCE STS 0 ke aE 7 Oe A | ed 04
ELM Mess eM ste lucgis Wtara 5 0 craiie le, ahs 8. a0 bios, kiscie WR So: ie vs Wikia po 104
NIN Shuts VaipMk Says nth edie ea Ki aa Aa eo 4k ads aga elites 102
REM Ss ois oc alata twa ipenmtatt: OTs 3A eoahee nertye 118 25, 39, 43, 99, 100, 238
STE Sete, GEN’: p cix'o’> oe Et rac ka Kuo REN 's bn vo ngd BadeD 101
Ua eae ea os 1 ane A eer he 101
IE ac tre Sash % b-are. tied oitcs Mg tatial vin a ee Wein aid's'< do's 00s > celia . 239
FUIVERCEMS COSTACICCHAIG 5 occ cse Cudecevccesonsccusens 28, 35, 37, 43, 102
MEA SUTNORUGOE, , ci5:05 Usd pha bev bec ted.o pe adds erevesaveveedase 102
| i ee, Se PES 5, dees ee 30, 43, 102, 238
IO aS bsp sss VAS TeV EA baru Te Ty at ibh owele 27, 32, 43, 97, 239
TS Se 80) CRA Aol es ae ne er a a eee 103, 239
EE se He ic Cott eS LE wae caddie tks cies awa de revces 100

204 INDEX

Oryzomys—Continued, PAGE

PHECIUE evince ery sewens ce kh asd we LN cle TEs ae Gt NES Alok ane
PA ASIMONISIE g's visi REM ERNS ae Ces P TEETEN ern
mollipilosus ..... “ka DE Tia 5 ks SO Ae ine Bin fas ateipe W Tala RS

BUG” Ancien «oie ae MIE SDR atu nse «80 005 je 8.608 b ERE phe Oaa ss
DRAUELEES: pk ca ea yee Kael kn tah wom iets o's. 8.0 3 here 0s SURG Ave RRC
PANGINENSS Vacccodseveca Kare < wistue alee EKER re vain t a es
PRGEOPUS. Ro ncwasnasy kate oo eae eae ere Aen A POW SAAN Fi RI § RASTER
MICKENSIS) Mevasasy wy canteen Rene nay ns onan ith ur seine 025y 80.08) 0G:
HCDMONGL, <is05 vse Sean math ace NC eee ieee 16,6 0 Ose Oa Eales OO EERE
tHIAMOTICNG cts caburk vodaenn one PAE AGN Re a cet, 92; 49; CR IORs
POCEUS vas ware cle wis a'se a Seca ee NNO DDR OR UA DUO OR ESN ED OD RUCK BO O's Olt OIG

COCKS: THONGS. nu pao Seah cinta TA RS say 52; 43 LOns
TECULIIS TECLUS Jocats nana chu ww neucuNa Uniulniicntnts Lace Ces cUuuneeer gor horses
VEZEMS Le vsisowavurs aR ahh ope alain tate fete 0 (ain as Quipseile [sie 8 SIN CNT SAL Weta nT NINO
Osgood, Wiilirédcelovoceudtuneniecastenns aioe Leese erie ananans
Otoptertas,. ivwrun sce aicce wares hus maces eel ecg RenRincarerenhe cetera
CHRGE >< 24% Va broth here Ln ales PGE Ce Oe Tet en «166,

238

18
235
165

Panama cn onsale haan ks Ne Seaeanin aia a/a's jar tyesh 0h Ace a

Citive mudiinen ocx oo as cara wna a nen Ones
vermiculatus ........ aki; on Vite hid a erent ei mrtarents suiraa ONS aes
Owl, bare-legged screech ........ccnccvveeccs sAtantnece tar et iate Vials Cas
vermiculated screech .......cccccucene LciSlaiclaRiees Tee: Etre Sittats
ORXYMEL IS KIIDAMOMER coeds vases cnaanawas Oede oan Sd aime ate ary
. TOTOPOBRELS: cia h vara pin. x uiy'a'ne-v ned 0 we pein kid pea ened tg en

PRORY es PARAS Ricly CREA CR ERESONN AB wel ERANWEA AARON walt, TG

39
30
39
30
34

34

131

POneMe i. cn dcataser ee eae eitiia bars hats eet GLa ick Voisin Saar

Pacheca Tsland, work ats davies srestey cd a siateidate utyie uiaislereicnteten ths Gienets ete
Pachire dtuatica iit ectameasc ck VeRO ene SIE RRM ERR Obs

16
34

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus .......... 6. ee eee Pe Lt: ace ae
Pachysylvia, Lawrence’e:.ic iis oc ges oontkagenmes Cee ROG RIES uae RTM

Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons ...........eeeeaeee
Palicourea chiricana .........0 Wie keh RRO ry
PREVITIOPRS vis diac ca ound oerees Pree Here, Bee

Panama, description .i..icsiversishs cuecauek ars CeNASSA TEMES , ARO ARS
MHCRTINE Cis cas ss ci kban LAXEAT AC EORS ROR OR Pein REN Ret SKARKE Caen
Panterpe ‘Insignip sks .istibustacs SRN mae Rake ee saat Gace Mt ee .

Parida Island ...... Rs
Paronuet, Chistgil 3.5 s si civ ksacirareanecuee Pee nade
PRIGOM SD’) ac eek ans. APRs Se Ree ee
DOWD saawione Crthkere ci cals elehcemrat ities Rae 4 oS Arh 1: ve
Verague (oft cs Sais wn uistaie rath Nese teens sishutstnha’s
Parrot, bluc-headed ainic cs. ss cntek st heen AEA Stee MI OS cs

sreen-Neaded \ cyssie sntacess on an weal aera grat Bacay Ciatatice Mieke
PONRINE sn vie tests Sire -SbkTa CovesleshLta BA hits NUR Clin in Ca ea CANS R nical eee
red necklaced |. viwsvaswadkains Cxctstenn ame eeeees Aa Ue ARSON wae ern eee
Parrotlet, blue-fronted# <i...c ince. sae een bea SRURRES Aran els attache cite tominate

tal INDEX 295

PAGE

Partridge, black-eared ........ ARS SAE iS ae Pes i phoee kira ads ak 29
SUMPINEG ~cidenercececes is tira A NE ae RES OSS A a, Se 29, 32
PING) pve vice ucnseees Ma aM EA ye vse Uden iienvien's Vieltiier 29, 35
BIEUED, Siisncvsr vor scesebsvesdsoury Sehr ds Fchadegunsiawu aioe eA hath ne 39
white-throated .......seevses CEE TGs heir: arate Male hdd utc wae 39
ee ER IMPIGHUAIN © ic viccaic:i ate Seay Ve ws Cea peer ace ame eee 3's 37
MMT MROTMICHOT pains o.4 cepe.aiieeiieee nae hetens i cassichie vad a iba ath tate ook We a oa 37
MMA a ast '« Cicie Ritts h We MINER SHAR aww de Si eLR Ea e RAO bd ecole aerki polis ie 37
MCODRR LOUIE, o gz4.t Waihi 0.8 Ue RRC BRIO CaAlor ew AlN bye, NTHL9 nck'a) Were due Fpl a-FAjh Nei TN BORA fo) 37
Pe he wit yds nhnnka Yc rene ten ee ru PARR IC Ona ici Rote onee 37
DUGAN 6.5 reese sy DAS MAN IE ET EEN CVU TRI oT PEPE arte a7
NI NID eae vin sis ziviaie slip unin. tel evaun vty sts ble atatead dhaldin ow esl sTeP Ir ala a ateLAE® 6 37
LENNY UA Arc faainiaid eWwiaie bid ae 4 ode, Vea eo b'e k kt ck vies eraanels pete Po 33
ME Aa aati Wa Park’ eldss (0. 6:0,515, 4 OR Ar, 6d 0,6, nie OAlalew de We eho. aie Uke AN 20
ee NL See e DSi ghd uk vidi Aaa dis auld. u, dle,mavein ee, 4 a8 winystele A’kim ee wale tel 19
ene RE ET Ta reg cibig Fic O i't F.i,k (hbo s Sud GAG OK whee be bl RninielatMarese Ra Claw e 72
ae oe iil as Wi iiuy ae 02 Laide h Rh’ ela a's @ se wa Cede kale seer he 72
UE TEEE RSS gaia sis Wieip!s. n\n s:n'6, cin'e 4. wvholien mpie'aioiwiave .27, 42, 72, 73, 240
IPB ED CC UMEIOTUI fc coy k or teevcleene sind pcce-n nan vueens 39, 42, 72, 238
SR COMTI TCD (ro ga sha''n sivi9ie'dibio.a/a-v %, wa) tne :y.6 0,4 uv. din wale oop natnerteats 72
CFUSIUZTUM cevcnevcvrueries ie SRI ocaiih brad eck ve boc psa" Wate bag ee 74
NRE LEAN Sais Ucki vials usnirviii b Gi Gale vaiece, xe, erera nce.» ore a vonn.o ele i bviatie 72
OC Ne eee Pir Aaa rete Tas o's veins vane halen 73, 75
ee ee SOMBER winds do's valenyi tele cjea's ae tewavvacee cansequvinn ele 27, 73
Se LE ECE eee La ghdld Stun apf Sivus/a ia, /¥ (0 bidi9 v ud @ a.0'%.¥'s vl om neae 390, 72
a MTT ete a rah es Gey koh y ation owl's, @'s.0: 4:0. 6'0' 0b. vi enacrene 72, 75
CE WRILEIDOC. ssp vpsprieteeee snes eccevoeevésavedespean 27, 74
TENN Se Rt MR Eloy diate is e'a' ey, Wid, v0, 4,a'e i 4,9.9;0,0 wditia.y,9 6 1d ese 74, 75, 76
eEtNe MUVGOUES So's cad. csuh ekelwon qane Mebane WeViniie fad aban seek eee 38
aeRO LET oh Parra ca ie nia stip. eles Wh oie oN es tid ce vb wa) ninco dale aha watare leleartacaey’ aie 38
CEMA EME crn tld deg pes 07 9604) tad > hndiad| dameamaemadpue 16
MS St RGN TE MT ev ail fy cru esd ones chcnnctree dessa Weakioiae 33
Te eRe, Zo hole od ies Ss «5,0 0% 0h oa bes ble de ds Raleatu 38
IE UE AOC a Ee finn es v0.2 sso 4 2. s's'alP nd Meninie wm hipaa Ke sew be 36
CMs ted ta du avr caidas hele nsiae ve: censanied nea mnt ree PS rE 24, 56
a RI RR: 2 ae ee eof ae 27, 32, 42, §6, 239
EASED Oe Pe chk bine #40 ek dev eGN COTTA EER EP AG toseRen 27, 32, 56
Perico. Mjero . 220+ 0+> Pat ate daihc dyes Vixen i eta ee ini) aoe tes 27, 60
ER a vi hAnieelod aes eed gik obs bea vias he Manna Rie se edd a cedeemai 8o
La MMe Ms abst Sate EEEEG COAG OEM OLE TE OUE Lae iis ei 24, 86, 80, 96
Psat y ii6 dvr pAR ISAS Oe RAV COT AER rs 99 + 004 Colette 86, 238
ERE Se yt cd ddl aanad eke e EN hedah eats 25, 39, 43, 87, 238, 242
PINE GA ING Turis ranks ch CoE ETL aed eaA ieee es 30, 43, 86, 238, 242
OTE Gi a SUD ya WV o'y i c'6k 10-1 OO Mae ele ene 25, 39, 43, 87, 101, 118, 239
I Wl Maat ude sal a «sia, CHE ROR ES Che or Oe.o ri 0.0.0.0 8.0.e0ec He RS ty A
Me tee weds th 5 ae a Ce E AEA es ee iscdwes eae R penn ca bny's 174
CANINE CANINA oii es eeesscs A ee a Ory | 28, 43, 175
REET DIOR hin dg oie 5'-5.0 9 CaP Oe DERVIS ole aseticoa bx esitke tants eed Wiese 175
TCR Ce ne) so ee en) a aie en ce beh tes cal ones 40

296 INDEX

PAGE

P@ZODETES CADIOALIC: vnc v'ui seca yearn wap eineee Mee beanies + +040, 41
Phaenostictus mcleannani mcleannani ........ is ae SR Rk ie elatyl aca vn GO, ee
Phaeochroa cuvierii cuvierii ........... enced Ty hk we sacha CONSE
cuvierii saturatior ...... Perea Erect Ts bik 2a a aps RORONG
PREStHOFIIG BUY COLMACUS x5 hi c0lc ce ORE REN Whig AMER RRC wee
longirostris. cephalus. ..¢ tev swanswwn wanes a Wiaky RU arate Mei te See Melee eo
Phainoptila melanoxantha ....... JUNE She 6g RN A ny es nt 42
Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis ............. A te RAT
Phaseolus Graciis® s.siccn sak -vawespn Wes AO VON eh Cem ee Tha ace Gere
PHSUCHCUS HDIGHS; <0:<4.\4 cs cas AA CATA LAG RO EERE RK EL AREER EARS Sh a omen . 40
Pheugopedius fasciatoventris albigularis ............... cw incense 3Ueee aI, 32
fasciatoventris melanogaster ......cscaccccsccens TYR re Motta oe 20, 635

HY DORVUNIUE® (haa estan es coe ae key Wn ee RERRK a hea hires Ara anaes 31,35). 02
PRUNES a bess Sheen nieces KARAS ANRC QARN SO CNS ADSANBREES » > \ohleiamst eee
IANIGED: ps Mh ee LESAN SOA Rida eA RUSE ie aN RE eRe Ok Lee ee 244
lanigér’ Gerbianiis: ion v's viviay alee aren an eaten ade eee eisai es 27, 92, 42, 54, 55
LAAIMER: PAULL CUS Hi wiiva's a'e's fare gi stutatatcrelarentteletalotemretenet hteniane 27, 34, 42, 55, 244
LemiGeT RICH: Hididints Werwe's sic weeelortlatetes wie eee 27, 34, 37) 54) 55, ade
Philodendron ‘brevispathwum » «2/056 04 Ac wana ces vs kesh CRN Ke Ohne Re
PRLYGOr PAaNeryunrus’ Susi ckd wat eck WV ekiohte a his Vb SAO CACO Meo nnne ert te
Phoradefidron corynarthron. 6.s ck. hse dk Wak beh ek Cece Oe Seneca tener ca eAO
NEFVOSI “Laie Vora be bul bs LEC Maas BEER ‘inet LCA RASReS CS ae
Phyllostoma amblyotis ....... seletertn kes sere aD ie esis Ria Br PIN Se ek
WEICPOO IMME Ls a havc n sow R REA ASA Pe St tcc. eiNiE Aas Sma Thee eae 183
PhyliastamMnidee) 66 05 as CN wah son LK CNR ANC RCT A Ry: 178, 179, 197
PPV IIOSCORITIO. © i. 5:Kivieteluinis's Kise eis ig’n vialg hele: a: niniavielazin ath: whats ke Gas) erential 180
Phyllostomus. -<c¢-0vcns Se A eR ree ee en wig'cainh slate ek pS 184, 187
WOSHAMIS ogc ek one bia ERED OU ERS CUR ORES Oh OR SELENE NS GU RGIREEE se too
hastatus caucae ...... Gino's GORI A Wh cade A LEG ies N86 6 he See 185
hastatus: Nastatts: 246.s4g.00's ease a Gawe ec lecabcaremeraiestie ask ka: Sie ene EanenEEE . 185
NaStattis/ PANAMeENSIS ve < qa os ak ce eicleisciateeie deisions 28, 43, 185, I9I, 195, 236
Piglet; Panwa x soc wey alts aint nta’y’ xin inte ia lh biel otsl phat Regt ein pli nis eae na saaty. 32
MEFASTIA Lc \iais uns siccc stalk nici ts avafelhvtoh mute richie tele stat blate Racet ier + Kente eM CaQIERS
Wicummtus: olivaceus Mavocinetus. 0 vv vcd ton als ck nkosi Nae CODES
ONVACEUS: PANBMENSIS. vs h.nrcaue Cech One his CGS ene ee RASA AC Rae
Pigeon, Gostermicar bancd=tatled) sven wc einicieicehuisate siemnhchs ieee atetee ween Aa
SCALOC ch .crete Riateca'y stais’wla’ sini atase Wis x enrucn cick nile hu aha loi atatity (es ete tei Penner Cnet sot Sat}
Pinel Pale. cy givsue ce'd’sis vawccsn hoe ee pre wtb esl oie cieekte eee ane sie tO
Pionus menstruus ....... PAO R TERRA AROCLCRSE Ere EAD sa akieack s rerakentieen aren 29
Piper adunctiMecccn... ss Siete sieetets ra icia tet tarot a wintelatatr'n e-sveca'weaeiuloeTRneree aie 33
cordulatum ..... Sat anincase b eivitinle ete copia alate Rueheisis: Goats tora eral ntats Lae 33
Brandiflortiny os 05 cs 6 la Katt orais coon CAIN AIRORE RE RCe Ee Sgt Oke CRE anne seeneees
HISHUA WEE ase sins laine 'ssne Siatwlalgtarate: aig wuulaiata tamara ele reiehessi bien cle baratetsi lata nnyeteneaenea 35
NSEUCOPFOPMMGUUI s. 9\:s cv vinci. sv wip sin Tuleatelabatece uta eikex'at cl coat (ar ae ranean Be i)
Pipity Panama: cesses see sae sab 0-45, SURO RT MMOMIRIC At ha Ga te Sr Ie tle 31, 35, 37
Piratinera panamensis ...... RALuast Aran Aes UR OU. aw ee
IPISOtEy circle bcwiasincis weak PRA Seetacs ban facnib eturn rats sth ficeluia eclaiin are ooiuraiate SS
Pisote.-de smanatla’ vcs deus ve vees memes VAC Ks Me RAL oats wiekh a Mena!

Pisote SOlO J tcc cnet cnset atuene eke iets hy SOAS Re Vee a vv eberesteant ole’

“A

i,

‘
INDEX 297
PAGE
RG sf doutr ches Meee WEE €1 tsa Wak Th keane ses aie ndews 33
eC CUCOMTUI |. trie vxcteR tee FeNreeesovuRernahruxsDiereiieess 33
REDEEMER Cee ea ich y's b's gies & KALLA ARIE LRU An oa ae Faleserais Wn bow geet pie ache 33
EE Ava he Vow aeeannnaimmwant SivsvasaiVereNetedestneurraccee $8
EE aan i hs cag eke tee RA TAS fas Chav hGh ieee vane aen.abe 36
SE MNIGNINES THICHIOCLL | sive died keane ded ceterersseevenh aye) s as ¥e 30, 32
SGN Gin aay aire CEB ee RENE VR PRAM 90 9.5.0 5k HERE wa De kwh 17, 18
Ee RMSE hy ope an'a'sa'a K via 6. cal Fob ees eck ns he 8h Uwe tev takes 30
PU MRR IN COTS MT en Sika oars i iatu ta talataver ate piahes e/a IRWIN: QieiV case Uend. 0:18.01 8 mnie astra dues Aube RNA 42
TS cae C nee a CATES eVAs Pies Rid ae tp beets Neck aaxcadee nates 40
ET REMUORE TLOMICRL fa sna pis cuenecnsne db esurentasunes caseesdue he's 35
EL NOE Ait, fe UP rnur i Weve tea bane hen dde heenedi pee Thee 33
BUVOTIMM ANG BOMITOLORLEd DOSHCTES: iiccrcceaccssnevanstessesaws Suber 37
BONE Wa haraiiig iter vn ts vicinus ee kb Ain qalb whip avucn eee Meee 42
SRR DRL Se dy uo ov cud ecokdt pubes a? Lace ccheeaaer nee 40
RMD GIT OTAC OUI boils scccc crue rer cbenedaddcdesnerchseeetiaude 36
ON MME OUISEIY yc ipive ce sca whee tusdevtr ee civnes cones eubv adele 36
Plumeleteer, Baroness de Lafresnaye’s ......ccccccccesccvevesusdsvoens 30, 32
ET ISCMGIIR! ypu siisslait vic u0id-6.6.0.¢0.4'000\vb een s0cviee sas 28, 35, 37, X23
ISIC wr pss SHERe Ten aa eae Vie FCM y He Let aa'e.s aoa RD 39, 112
ee RT Le Te tial nv hice ew ddee's dered dua Keed te bly kek 28, 110
Pocket mouse ..... Mga eaMuhu ceaista dra yi cue te'b e'o.a'a bia olstoinlond o'ularwratdielpia Mr kivie 114, 118
any SCG ARV Atria brite? vii Suki aor Oeeeevevaved taunt 28, 32, 114
AMIRI a 4 de hacia on haba aWa vO Nae wreed byes 28, 32, 116
CMON ire hia ay AL ek Te cad aie ed vindule de eens nos ware dew eRe 39, 115
RO Sale Pita o) ss kewitls nL de Oe Feed eae Red sedis 30, 117
er ee Wadley dacsis id's bial veiee ¢ «ohn vibs.ose.00.0's bts 30, 117
MT SMa eid Wek dake wes Ad ba ei ars 08 hide aie 28, 35, 37, 118
NG Try EEL wade this fi vege de wtncnneede dn Hobie Ou ee eae 41
PORT BUDELCINALIN BUDEDCINGTIO. is ccscccne ccuccscunsussceeiasasdeane 31
ee eee ROI hae wir aig Wisk a via dials #' vb cow secu tied vodentewhsby aide 30, 32
MODEMS sya Ata teal n otaTe IST Gv eis WN cla ain bid bis,o ecurciow'e vieihotkeertambinelatte 30, 35
IEEE RIUM cael haath aie a «ld die'a’ a o'd'e,h. vva'n biaid nldch nee he padre MWieare Wait 33
Es as aad ae AE GD ps 459 > dale fd6 died bids shea ua beed a0 132, 133
EA oP Oe se oily saad alvdbuldaeeeieewbates asa LES
ea Lk ae Seema aiclay vin a 'magly a ane. Riiuie 6.9 2e EKO eee be 39, 133
NS 5 San ed hoi c'v'p nneivs Bh PON) SERS OE EP EEE So PET SEE 28, 134
NS es ehaS ibis bd oid Sarees tic a RGAE Sh wn Sociale Bi ad eee HG «2 dow Gaede 57, 60
CE Re Sy SE OAL Pee Sgn Pere ne EPR et 30
RE tere elcid ‘a via'sia pia ep pie'p vs eine psa apa atlvs suis dd ian 150, 155, 156, 157, 158
EE Srvc al a) Adige Sub Aun ieee nae ee Ke bee kana es) <x a Bea 160
NNER io vidas ca dn ee OLN Ua Ie ote wide AMe'e.ae cy Des
flavus chiriquensis ....... Hite ha Mpa etadl i dceinkiad.s bia «0 pest rime 158
MINGUS, Suigsley custo var ere mamernaerolaverss2ey 50) 43; Smee 350
OTE ES rae a Te ee ee 160
eRe cord) is Ree Nd aladink We Kasbke ise «aoa wensiectOy ae
Premnoplex brunnescens brunneicauda ........cccssevecececeeeeevereees 40
Primates ......! eee ata ca taba PPS taek et 00 Liang darn eh aap tee 222
a RIEU ss GAs vb oi vig Snr ea ee cee a nk de eed endian keene eevee 33

21

208 INDEX

PAGE

PAC GONOI «veteran ndash alan wsunte pie ise. boss (3 algo 0A Oh Le eR At oc
GUNCKIVOLUS ¢ Sivntivancstansy OP Pee rth es irr per Gay roe
EOMCINUTOVUS iss irtrvele scare a pints, 98) 0% cori njmtmya ol atcyouR ab POT aC eter ister Chere eaete ena ianenmaae
cancrivorus panamensis. ............ os enn acna@Oy AS. THl, Es Bao ees
HOSLOT: i oan arelanale mene ar Samer ererate eas APR One i Gera tne ore sy, HES
loton. Crassidens. * ia. eein ses SR AC ri titiacadeiscck Ws
lotor Nermandezit it sels de ch cons tw netentileiies OE Wc ict ee tal
NOtOMS DUNS, aceeeteeroont creas vececcceses cone@ey 49, 05 Rg ote amar
BUMS is crcniiatiokkatane ures a9 b/overm nin. 9.8.9 :epleveteteie ala ahelnne bi slatty katt teteteepiniistl amemtaniL
IPOGVODINGE Vas. da nich DER NETRE IEE yo Sd” aT rb osui nbc necks tce SRR aa Reet
PRGCCHIMVS. Nisan inna os WEN Gn eke cian wale e bis alelelgietgurele GLGO Mere valat aman tal
ULLUS Voisiutsskum ic ak Cite ieeoenn terete “Homeeerateerecse. isis Caleta atareliete eieteneetnee a
OCUPTUS. SUN Cec eaei ate a eacetd vie ea tee Neen eaS Ek OD ta Cn ny
CANICONISS iiakiccs bccn Content te atvione iets Siew vier eeteere ate mene Dan
CAV GMIVENS 1S caicis laren bastanns Wins maton pam ate wa loseveas face sonete aleretelale AUR RORERLEa
GONUPALIS Finan Geaisty cars cee eee steers Livale ca cheie eet UREN a a Caer 120, 123
CONEPAUS . CHAVIGUENSES ) 6.0 0 Suis a ecclimalveitiuls tte wena plole aleiaantwcienete ReRGe cD ie nn
CONEFGIES PARQNTENSUS —sixccev slave: sal erate Catal aoe alr false alee oat 120, I2I, 122, 246
MINCAe) leet es ag Sims “clin lo'De 906 cea adesat he tectteet ahora 5 ea eahin feta HONS T Re ete retain een iglateoced
SEMISPUNUSUS Oi alcc sre ac tac ues due Se eee cide taiduada uae veal ORO, Se
SEMISHINOSITS DUTnUIStastcstesssvcs aren retain aie loners cistaryeid 20» 035) AS Ova
SEMISMINTOSIIG! COMEDa Si r.1cte srarareteieray chsteucitichteholenets Peemanarcre 1 Tea he anderen 120, 121
SEMISPINOSUS PCIIFIGUENSTIS (2s cv eves cie vic scale Mueve mientike eerie Serta ame nt ads
SEMISMINOSUS PANlAMENSIS — uv sued ck ucaa ys elec cette sient ae aerate 28, 43, 243
SEMNISPINOSUS MHUDEIINS.. cs is Mews eh ack hivten loieniataren teeter tes RPS rie.
SEMISDINOSUS SEMISHIMOSUS). cess eye sie elves sl benoit Je ROTA TOL
CHMIMLBLIS Je os och tek hae ek Sa REN TS eRe Let cReeee erate Vid Pag
PEOMOPS HANES © Oe eek wie hte & wi bie Care ale Rie vis nee EN haa Lak irate sen 2109, 238, 241
PTunNis iOCCIMENtahis Wiricewcccetien ieee aime cercvaticte ine AL teed: Beery bh (0°
Peselliplionits eibialts ss cciewerevsianciectel ateneetatel taeitverrerrers widta 00g he IE hAO
Psedddcolaptes ‘la wrencit.... sx. wsors es ouner ike ox WO ae Se eee ir
Pseadomivomapaliiday vc. vaccaime cacieeneneraar cian eateries PP RT a choi ym:
Pseudotriccus pelzelni berlepschi .............. silva aradiaatteets MMe An a aar 7 0)
Psychottie: ‘agaregata 16.5. be ok ooen een eeeemires aoe Sd Oe eater Gost
AMOMOLM HG arereietata ahs vrceriexoitetaneteceheha tach valencia te takers Ae tonite tee Rea! Wee CAL
ChiMtCaHal Ney savwissaetaw seen eenes Rem Gn WA @ Bre AUS GEG Rl Mean St OAL
coldimanite ss... A ARLE Ps Ree ER ToC inborn cue sat
WALA i ae title wake w aldeieieé at¥are Hilo CLE Se RAR EUS SOE Se thete UNebE wal Ce
PAMATTLEHSIS: “ics ‘sere cic tame a etae letra mem an elee nts tetten oie enn state lala nelerale ees RAL
Pteroslossus irantzin scsswyates cee een A eMicite Aire cee § Seine eee weet, 35
TOrQuUatuS TOLdUattis sass sae eae Stara acearemars ateranas ahelg release Sete rarentce af)
Ptilogonys, Costa Rican ........ re eR See rH MORSE R AC: HAR nici wa Oe
long=talletl@ sm tcicctss s poate densa Sater wos. eee Oneeersranme He et
Salviriis) cys arses aceivare tasters wrordracs area aterate te laletenene Site ot orate ntctneee mera al
Ptilogonys, caudatus accesses cenit Seaeitieer eric sri BAPE ie 5 caatre eee
Puerco de monte ....... Sar ccetarere er wnat oie rateataton rt Pia ta nse FaMiars ic rataane Ue ae eee ane
Pitt=bird, ful Vous! oetircetehtae atlecetsene cs oerenenne WIE Gates cistg a Me ESET crn eGO ae

Panda: picds onus cutaiere aa. ie aoe Mia een aare tes hint Ata erate he ieee 630,32

4

INDEX 299
PAGE
eee C0 ig's od u/n.eie d\tbivn ¢ EAMES CRD /S wd Div b> OER b Aid.d Obed vip a aeee 166
SY UNSIROTICR ID) sgiala sip vn win chuediadalein’s « via'e’s s e'clh'apx'va.se ss v's 28, 390, 169
eA ETEMEE Pav \n)s. n'ai /aiala“t ARR eT Gin eit Hse vise. a Ol ala ws t pieUeaescees 161
PORPAMISREINOCOUIS COCCINICOMBYIS: ‘xc cists sis's sip 0.0.6) easels vad setvens veaeds 29
Dees ICOUPISITS “OOTICIONIA satu Licis cadley sible > 2 0.ne 0.0 ols weed sie sb wneec wes 39

Q
EM CT OPTSOG LUM Soon htc clea tirwh gia poe Blade via waa a. Paracas. wdse wi 9% potelee > 34
ER iil v9.0 Werle ca inti ine ie Sia ati a ep ay © 0/6 Uv vie evn «nex ean am 05 4I
MN ONMMNUEEEOR Yay rena 1 eect ER he gay Diminlara Plate: oc¥iaisie doi, a°b eink Fe aK ek ated aide 40
chiriquensis ........ IeUas. kralals cepicaia att e's vale bo nialeheuly Mk Tole ae ONES & 40
PMMA ers POW eee Sry bites e Wincga haveciig ko wo aers aed obs Ruan ak ess 40
aR eat RR TECTIA aera ath dain pin er bla gl Wis peie v6 r dc9,n polo ejale one aie ale 39

R
eee a GET ekg itias 6. tba vived eee KN GOS has a'r 9 nok o Kaa OS 128, 145
a SNL SP S00 og rca hatin! 5 mane ip) 4 Ww. 6; ove'n avin e's be geal 28, 146
ee ENEMMERE chctrs Ssh :A me cigis via exe Wd ves 6S ex'> sxe Held 9 wade eaeenots 28
PRIME EOIESUT ne er ae fits t sivewee cAew ers eb ode peso ne 28, 35, 147
BU TERI TRICO feta ecetatcts iisisietystasln vinir it/ ene leie alate yi oon 60 4/8, 9) 6:9 pe piece elecptaatatenne 37, 148
SEE OM Ra SU Rr pee ee eee ee pe 149, I5I, 152
CPS TH ORME ARLEN LD MRE ar sl cctel a! ate say 4m slalab Sth a) 9.6/6 wien ¥ ovis oie. «/asehde. veins; move simleeeOge LES OL
RR CLA TGEEUONOIE ga shy sthry Vw! vin) 4ib odie) ea wietbincpin’ no 09'9 6.p laa. ¥aa'e wet 28, 152
Peer nnel MMi te PAY AE A evare ate) it ascle Bia ahale) 4 tary vr ed mie’ xia e,owinceie'oisie'sacs] adi 9 "end, aarere Rate 22
PAI AGTOS MIGCIVOLIIG. DECVICATINALUIG i sacs svc. stew ccscscveclnes wien me 29, 32
ea MNES te east EMEA ce eal a yvelu'’s pl wiayiee cia tetotepsiea(eisrs: avs is\» co ae -a-0.ase) erwtesguei bie cave inmates 109
Osta TAN CUE MT Nayar ove Shepateta ret picid oT wunt giv terete 8i trate >) 0: +: qe a pie viavaia'e ws vial gta etelaetelare 108
ST ea a ee eM PR age eet ce avg ota: tc Busia ole wieiote- 90:4. 036 vio, 0:34 yr asi. acwie eustonerelege 109
a RINT ROCO RIS op aNs cel dil'y n'y xiv a@ oieiniel oe Kia Poo oda ne WAielp eee mE 123
alte eles tat gnats AS che SVE, Coil ui 5x'e! 25 (ai aa» suse 4/u ah alarwshocd ein. ot he Rie 108
Niet Rta iSe ods CO ACAN IRAN TEST RN at Vay aly stn Si valev/ovave pia boos ‘> erm nln diese v/eleivrecetarsierantd 43, 109
ARMAS RUALUL Spee tetare asta retolat a's son), ar alb, dna bon. 0ivp le €:0' 9 0 9 eid bv inte ines seta ee 43, 109
RaaEHS Seer TEMICO LATA ae Maret ae ter ees a ois oooh x autos 0) 0/s (> ip rela > avon os elu iaret pioliote @/Wlecsy pols 40
EVENS VEST eat apr ave MMe at e's\ yore Yo at el alsin. #1 (a euziaca’'o/a. eal onbia' Ristefarsrecacaiare\ cA x’aie a) ale 40
RAMEE PEL CESELDIN] OLLI S taeiste mee a vakeate EF pate iniolv-<8e, 5(a ata vavel Wiasci¥co iA MEAG Wed ariptave, Jiw aAaS.¢0) eyo 24, 84
TERMI Gs ASTOL ALLS Ea) pptenyi cles olha esata caieretyiei'eixi neta dtm ea 42, 43, 84, 85, 238, 241
PETER LEE EL OAYEMILS certte aioe Fk stood na os isch iota etn ora eivig RTA P's weet s mpckorn vie 84, 238
SEE Sete ae AG Wai ale pa ine ola da ee Ree os * We ome eed aah 85
CUP AAA Ne lorstei a cals nip aves Sires eta Mi y's e.Galel viele Liptk 42, 43, 85, 238, 241
RTE ELL AD aie vias sv ris evieinwiads Keates a Release oaks 39, 43, 85, 241
EIEN Seisin alata aaa ss dia's'ag) KoicleouWnna tba Ab T's aCe cp hans 0 obese ie nagineiee 19
ET SPE | a da'k «la'od Rech ak heinw pWa es onde Ry Ea weedeo> seed sign eae 107
EPENLGV LM Par ae din date sia ais donde nse) Soak MLE x) ep a< 0g ¢_wiekalaiN\'9) = 26, 39, 43, 108, 239
IE Rh aah isttn « Wiss Ve sndae Laeaels Gee nihead sees ones 24, 88, 89, 90
Rea ete TITS ic n,sNala a cia tole OMA iaie ais Sia Mais nw! 0.i/sle.b.6’~ sye'a slatviatwis oe 89
SAMRT LEAL STi of aE ahi ec a sce tp, Boley ele ale Neasie rc dinte Moda Wie diuieeale 30, 43, 89, 239
VEMEZUCLAE «oe seee cece senecee cece nssenserensensttnerseereeeseeanes 89
PenOR TIC TOME GXIUNG ce cuwh ees ved vied asad vn saved Rb A dle pislnee ences 31

300 INDEX

PAGE
RO REEESS.” odo vies 65 eal #6 cw Soe pressimie nb af alend adil Miah w ele ea ae
PLEATS SS ee ce veo scn tila aes la nebo nete eerste eis Lerche beter vere eetenete 20, A4,/215, 209, 206
Rhopoctites rufobrunneus ........ ae neque es sea apa aa) ede roe ren aii ch ce 40
IRR yMeMISCHs <. ....u). Kees ies, bikie 0-0. 0-year mg Oca ete ante ee 172, 173
IMABOSS c's olote is aroare oe Creme ecebeteeie ane 12 6:8» he mele ach bia ele peta eee ae 173
NASGO? PLISCUS bins ea sen neers As cw ed wiegae erate ne ae 28, 43; E7a,. 173
Rhytichocyclus miarcinatus: “c0c ve. si pice ne oie a sie te eee ee 30, 33
Rhynchortyx GMCtIs: iy is, +.a'k's ine Bes nd ot se estore saa kn Rosa ane oe eee eee 29
Rice Rat. ss 2280 ovine os a oteeisieretere the ombbote sabttctete tare eee ayaieta Sieve ayaehe 84, 96
AVEAGO'S a0 van SRC TAM IS.AS Arent rao oss ast SOc nee > 39, 97
BOquete wie. gidcisisline arose decisis eilele dialer sine See ieee 99
Bupa si cicce wie. tis co eth osee ae ciate hae aiialo eae Clo ater eerie 27,35, 374, LOL
Canidita sree sista inte viata bidity ale wveceusfeseierd Mele alcie chelate eC enters 28, 32, 105
Of} (oy 4) Heer rea RI ManeR arene osen elon aon coda abode Srigec 27, 32, LOX
Costa Ricat: Gusher \c ics. sinew s+ awe cmc tens eter eae 28, 35, 37, 104
Costa Ricail’ py ett... ox ctias a cue eemuniote eae ano ree 28, 35, 37, 102
Darien Se ia areteinss als tecere, cou ersioncte es shetePer sree STELOTET Tai ORR SR Eee 27, 32, 98
(Oya) oR RRE CRM SiCL AMINE Som IST OO Racin med mins acho. 27, 32, OF
Mog tnrt Pinte: oc Gaius aoa ae aes dcoate oe ercealant bo ahein ee atone avian ane 39, 100
Partaiia: QUSiey 75 sx divers vant wa Bice eee maton Teta eee 28, 32, IOI, 103
Sey ein a baa 's pa etre Mice eee iotena Cot cates eee ae ahchala sist orate Stain ers 27, 32, 98
RalaManCa wes rersusmrae ett cee scare ioe hence aeaehetectetaeieees 27, 32, 99
Volcan Chiriqui pygmy ........ cio, winlts fe Share stores enteiek eieteie corer aoe 30, 102
FRICHAT SOM NV iad USe, saranle aia) hie nu. ded vw Ciaiaperth aha oer ie ae eee ete ketene ane ae 17
Rivers:
PEEL shea ai cule facta seine iv emo Vices hase eutesseon’ a elev talc temis te aie are 20
SAVARO: lalate sted seats hrsires core sis weet cto Trapeveligtade sescetetel ohevotaiaversteteReretete S17 20
PACAP. |S 5 iis. aretuiadicis wissaiow ale kts Dil -tlere eck eee alba wrt cae ene 20
CANA! iis a sia cs bE STN La aoe era as Voie ee eG ea Cece eae See eT
Caseayale es Sc eed aladig ace aed oe ceihe ares tates IN fee ah iee ore ae calcein are
CASPER sis nd gin dole a doa seine Gta aE Seanad & eh one the oe eae ser oli praiets 21
Chiltheullo: eh. cca ees s.ekigee'p ven atatetemelees oles Rieiiacdeie oa} beeiveantan eae ro
Chucunadue 5 0. f Lack sass soa tecnioe aeeiae eke « sveieteleeainiet a aroniae 10, 17
@oclédé- Norte: ici ad sucesso eneerae aaarcaitie y wcatclaiteeeece tere eiayese\iolaecteieks 20
Fscucha Baadors. . .o. ceeneadss scars Detetvaterenac a alienanclelsloetararsiolere ttetsrete Ila te
GOAN a iia oi stcsas sate, aderapacsin'p:w were. gonth ns Eeu tate eer telohe ih eaTe te eee eee oe cee lit
Grande ide Nata. 4..:6:c235/< as sacielie ith Mee mee Eee eicinte eonstettqareeiane ee,
Juiradori? reise syckc cance ve to oan Ei Tt ON b Saco sealers etme tinier 19
Timon eee. de Sia. @ cord wn fore fareiane: a¥oue toilece, a ecetayatete heTaNete tebe Neratarere ited terete NRE ie
Mamominieinsmeccec cic eibiavciaMe ete caus aiaveter deve se Gor Talon ade erelie east eRe ee 5, 20
Menibrilla’ gies ces Cceastceet w sjiatwieiveia, o/eTavaVeievel rahe Biol chevossta oleate teraneter nates 20
Moore swe vis sivnim vrale'} 5 soso dine, ahh win Wales oe ae a I ova en 7
Pacorta ss sidarstdie'cts n'a oes Wajeea tiered oe aphae ee eee Albi eet os ateleree e cakre eee 6
PAN ata ts sere ee eee gin b acer ose 16 Cleave enefevatatetetal ote recayetoie ReChanire Tal CiatsteaGreUn 20
Setéwant) Craver cent ei ee EPA! dak NA tn RENEE yd dba ec BES i nt II
UPC IEE oe Paice caciabn wea plates oo cai eae eh he 20
PUGS 5 iste! Stee ation ee es ee PEESTS va erodes lotta love oem eteneneners ihe!
Dire > heii Se ee ee ee Pe revelavelte a iaiotu lerdal herieaieierets 10, 14, 19
Teayra—Chiicunaqte cea 0. okievalnecaete Fe IRR TICE A rice ton icicic 21

a

—

INDEX 301
PAGE
SE Pad sec dds ec pease a daw cel duide Gace slic ve ccnadecs 83, 145
INI cts i sco aes gon na MEM IAG LES oe cau sieaeems wacte's avec seve 41
RMIICA A a tone tae ta hain ais GOES Tet M EE CEG peace hee cases 41
INERT AAC To CN wi Colt, alae Si ateiria elena « # x(a Kain he's sista Cattnee tude 30
OE SS ea a Ce Ce Pe 7 ere eee 18
ERS NMP ERECTRRCOTE PILIKIL CAN A¥ee nie Vinten inre es ease aera sions bab Basle Siete es ge area ee ola cle 37
RSMO f,0 500 Kite aa ld CC a aE ek ald pas sam Pek ede heWees ed 40
Ue shEL be EES Tes CEE ce gg ARO Ue gt AEs a PS A Oa a 20; 35; 37
PIERS OIE ATG rts ecm ane aie cine have Ghee tae Siocon eke av ele cela site nals eultacaate oa 34
PRS ICAME te Raa AC eee ie ASA AS LA eos Cane Meda ne rac 34

S
a ERT COPIER Mets css 5 async aqh 4 ieee sh cand mmn cua te mica 16
PES EE ee Ciaaiay pn hia k tiem es ekcek ba caan eeu chu 172, 173, 175, 176, 244
ae eile oie ois wa vita Kata eete mex see becbe'e 174, 175, I91, 195
EE IIR Gre i ne ook dot esd tatwd eed de raed eee 28, 43, 173
ee NU Pe Let veka 4 noacen katie eee s aisle dureue eee 174, 180
Ret ey ie Pyih s cn'a clk dale Use xiao s nie wic.e 6 a otd-els 28, 43, 173, 175
Ray tere de ah ala Niyip wise x ack kin nce o'n'as.we'e a0 9.8 ow weee we 34
IPN Es At ta Farey eat ate eictcta-wnte aera rcre win o-w a/ses oe o's'e ase < cla! Sia's eve bieelnteata ele 36
a cr rn Seria che rds emma’ a k' o a.0.a © on nib atm'ove ep gee 24, 223
POPES CUTIICNDS nacisns cixedcavenceadacsee Mid ain a Getta k-oletaee ee 224, 244
PREC Mee corettereeetiateinere sitter eveaiarste eicreatesn aiera viele aie eco saa 'einte 25, 226, 242, 243
em ERI Rage ee a ele a eeic a ca ippiasian sss vedociansenead 20, 44, 223
EM te iar eas eas atv isis viele os «(eae sis ss hatalcce aceon heat 222
See ME SIRI SNT Ee oe 5a). 5 ilo spies w bhi aeons ss bebe caeeieee 223, 243
RE eter ae oe tite wihsncisah ws bak sony 20s cceeemcdaere 223, 242
emetitree . Aiteediy DIACR-HOAGEO! sc cia cl eked cess ndeesesavdiancedcnvsne's cies g:
MM CE UMRCLSLOM Liviai desi aalalaie's wanes <lelcis's du owiadls sles add oa yee at 31
PMCeneMa PTAC SR IOP LORIE 4 bain bk .s t's bs 5s V nue so ine ch eswcan decent sey 41, 33
Sea MER OMIDIOCINEN, 4 OLN a5. uk cs sd sa bd bv ab ce win dn pp aceon OWES 31
EGE Ne pete ee Baa gh eal a tel ecko ag’ w-ssble's «tdi! ip a dee aeRO 7
ROHN PRLAIE OS CUE ay sired fos five baccdaiqeawhandssdpamane vat 15, 16, 19
ME ACERS Ts ares line lcriNiis ren a vik dias mestofandea cis tw pila ae os Seis 16
NRE NEC RUIEN al Meet faa 4 sre wo) 9-o se wna Oye wae hah Gow ale in aeSerh yo @ bom ug wes 33
INS alec ls ogi Hue Puata nis hoércie nrc aotae «4ro ae ohm anlage we gh RVR dink ovo: we atl 135
RES, fat PUG Da ida y/e skeen Phas ve ae eee eh s'wa camp tioee 145
IR on Seta Rial SRC Cenk vats wax wots se dcndle ante kee wale sysin 135, 141, 144
NT OUND ade es xi os kava reesei Ke eg eeEs 6 fu ds yeas teehee 238
IEE ENUS TE Where te RAG ad ne oom Raid om 6 oe ae aa PRR Nie «2 wives earebae 242
PNENEE SEIPTIMLOULIED Go's v:4'0Lo vata siatciawitiwiinns 6 kauind anise 0oweds 137, 138, 238
TIE Ee CRSA ME SiC ale dhs wien atta MORRO ley dere Sal N ohm Gis dbie.e 4-26 Seipiats I4I, 242
SA EOIN SPRAY Aral wias'sig''a oininh.ale rolussleeeeeld he dw ieinoielatee otic xia don cioleate 142, 238
I ate and cath cia osu: x da dy mp eae ak iE WS 00 noes oe oe OE 142
oe Gel oe aw vcnes ew WA GRRE BA hips Wa hie v's 0.00 iat b eat 25, 139
OES ET a ree, ee ar ee 28, 39, 43, 139, 140, 236, 230
Rae reads LOT U ay cis a a sie, he cieimetee ware, oso welts ajnie wna) oc )n,udal diate Sina hia 139
MCAT CANS TEIOT URE jez sd ainsa.cictetmeacie ite ferdieididioa.suxiucare 28, 43, 130, 140, I41, 236

302 INDEX

Sciurus—Continued. PAGE
OMAN isch saan aicee ebisleie sine eS lee e eaten ah ee 25, 137, 136, 130
hetiswanni. chiriquensis, 3.02. 4.o00. sage tee 28, 30, 43, 137, 236, 238, 242
MECNGHAG oa. slap inis' nig Osu wimietnis #410 ataie wis aisle piviere se ateleie see eae 137
GUT OWALOP 3. i oa 0 0.5 boo 0.0 ene hieia 0.015 ae IS, CE Cee ee 142, 237
VAOVINS CHOCO \s. -.08 ncaa > s sme smouhine eae eee 139, 239
DARIDDIS MNOTUNGS oc caie 5 Seliain-e'>'ste aig sav en ate Ode eee 140, 237
vatiegatoides adolpliel:.....3s2 32s. deena s eee ae ee eee 136
variepatoides “dorsalis \.ciicts¢s Jsacc ook eee ee 135, 136
variegatoides helveolus ............... 28, 35, 43, 135, 136, 140, 238, 239
Vatiegatoides: melanie’ «i; 5. 6ase.e selene oe ee 28, 35, 37, 136, 242
variepatoides..variegatoides. |. :0c.<ticahe ces seam oe Caen ee 135, 136

SCOHMOMYS .5)s/c.c,s sisicjeidie'a d oba wratv lapels his elem eee aa ee 24, 92
TPOAU) 5 2s '< aie. stere sie Sib sede Dale ais eese tales SRO CREE eee 03
TESMINS AP TICUS: 1 cai v.n' cls where sbraauct epolerereta eis aera 39, 43, 92, 238
KELAMPEliniGS Ws Settee ccc ole lector eal AEE Te nee 42, 43, 93, 238

scotophilus mitadoreusis /.s'. 9): icsate en ane eee eee a eee 215

Scott, George tG, . 5 snes.e cs ciocsteie.e'e-blak etree iA Slee ee ate ee ene 9, 18

Scytalopus, -silvery-feonted | 3. ..)cdeeccicseetenaee seek 40

Scytalopus argent rons oes o-s.0/003 Has Gina Fela CEL eee 40

Seedeater;, “miihe: s...'5i. csseisitielee eled wccha we lage eke da een eee BG asp ee)

Selasphocus scintilla 5 acc So ne deatden cee eaten eine eee 39
HOTELS 355 5as shy swine Sopa ao nina ooo Fes ohaucie a ab meu eee ete rE ee 42

Selenideraispectawilis ) i in6is we das 6 iow ce cake toe oe Um ee ee 29, 32

DENECIO TAHOORESCENS: WSs.02 seh ss \sic. oo eis ca eae haar oe ee erry 4I

DELjatial SHAMS: sAierresigind < di ieieie orecsaidiels are arelelele soils SE ee 36
SRAM S Sp 42 5. p aienntelene acne sania daiaralaislots lala tomate Wiel Sere seiore eects ee 36

Sefrani de lai\Captran.. getass.s cen s aie cows Hose dens ena eee 20
del Dar ieta en scdic te aa xtaatrein sid § tis. 6 Seeks ob eRe ee eee 20

Sevilla -Tslavines 6 sigs cesractie terete nen 28 6 Be es Rew xeak ee a 19

Shira) Gear eer. sc iatusc.d Sap sate cb 50 oe Oe as clete ale male a eae ee 17

Shrew; Mount -Pirre: s3.3005. G08 vs ces eeetieee ue nee 30, 171

Sibert; William’ Io. 35.4. Se oek heb er or ae ee aa bine be eek cee s aoe eee 18

Sickle-bill; Salbyitls: cs cciait's jhcsieateiem noes aeeiees Oeelae eeeeeeee 30/32

Sila jamaicensis ios sec pads baa s eo eeaweld cen eawcee sue eine: Oe 38
Tinittebiass si ox a 02 feb Sd ain ols aie te aie eee ee ee eee 38
rhombifolia 336 Seis hod de sas ed Heese eee ete eee ae ee 34

Sistiodany 5 ec belo isiclasteiebeeieice Rie abies Cole eae ae eee 94, 106
ALISCENULUS.. | re ateteteye: crore ace ale- chisel eke Ste NS ee ere ae eee 42, 43, 107, 238
OPM CDE 7 Fits cia 3. « sierenn Pe iele rasa eines raya sh claiels Hie Pia atte ane 106, 107
DOFUCHE ‘CHIFUGUENSIES = 2 db otcparsis «lasosintere eeoateforste Sreaeie Teta eee 106, 235
WUSPVAUS. wasn Gas’ We casa sins pease ae sk kL ees See Ltn ane eee 106
hispidus /boruGae. pu... s:vacigian song a celeron ah ae ktee ook he eee eee 106
hispidus :chiniquenss | ..)sncsuaeh seceeaseeeesmee Sesc cee ce 28, 43, 106, 235

SILMODONLOWD)S \ riacian's ew 5 cae heb oe eRieere ee RISE eee hls cee ee 105

SHINE: COPUCING: <a sisicidaratarsciang Hace e's one ae OSE ee rae ive GR ee 231

Siretia sos h. ese Hk Maametbie Kew <6 Gee ew eereareete Eien s Renee nie oeneenenans 68

Sirystes,\Pamaszia | :2.cisrcciate soavafarstoleccterosatcsenerss ai tocar pare caee ota nen 30, 33

Sirystes alboerisens,cghels cscs ace veces Oe cae ORE ee ee 30, 33

Ee

INDEX 303

PAGE

ECS SE 62's «on vce aiete Cae nnta nh Minmiatsibia W's vine blade ysnes-na eas 160, 162
ACS. on sw Sea inal cop Paral Fos > os sew eleta ibd nx oy 28, 30, 164
eee TCE ONI DY Fo, cette el ARM AAI ess #0 walandbliels ago slows adele « 33
RI Le te RR Oe PE 9 2) an 38
Oe Me CSS ane Re 2 a ee a ee z/, 56
EEL EEE VOEG an 6 cid p vice nga Saloon Cava a vsisielea'e Re paetree laste 27, 59
TERE bi RMTE AIDED fo 55 soc dns fo db aia ARN RIP aces 'v 0,0 wal mk larealbla ear 27, 58
TS Se ne ee ae cy ee a 40
ES a orainta's viele acini hiss eae IF Ron's » Scale D xd etd os 9 ¥ eaieme eal 40
UE ANIL LI 5 cai snd alcun Sgr bk wah mie aCe es ead oS wiv eA aye alee eae 41
See MR RARER METI o i Cac dacaetiamttaty at atyietd ic ce ae wveyelkvereioreiganions & siaseite eR al m8 loi 171
EMER Tei PaTAR ASRS crate cic c Gieglty viel efates vA eats & & tomy hei alee oes o'n/vinrw'd dined abieteete aes 40
Ae ERE OR sue AM las oh as dads dino aid pus wine a areola Aik vib Sake AE ea a1, 33
eter RUE SNe ot Seti dig. sia, d visso a iaiat’e Wie hin © an. dedre owls See pe 40
Nea E NM GPa ar B av i'n 9 sv Xo. we; OG. bmi Aegean ol eave a ee Leone 4
SIEGE TTI LE CHM Mat te Merch atts ie ahcla.ceasneouveck ‘ie wla/ahl ao huee. alalcieloticolon RO Po a area eh 31

area MIMO ieee ehh Totes ys cin vie) es Lie, 9- oo: kcarwiterh( Wnt inle v0 tok a oreracgtelenet ta eens 40

rs NM NEU CUEN rege ety lof. i ysiz) aja sie cin -n.de p apigrgin is Havix'e’ sive vichebula ae mae Ree 40
ae AMNION ig ie nial, Fhe aroha Krad 6 a cies 4.¥ie Vu wee en ow kn Eee 40
aR NE NU Cohen StS ie a locas nioscre. om oie el wi craieca.e wate, W.0'w.d,cinle/eie adie Satie 164
ena TR TELA NS ree wth fa ats cialis s Diawaienipie.s viecd na ee nse vdeo oeice 28, 125
er a rt eA ed ctor eho d.% ve vid. ulm ciutainirwid siiensivic te devopstarete 28, 124
RENN ces Sect aS 2h cistiel cinta xia WS gis d «hn 6 0 A Fadaid Wieser atitecen a Le ee 23

Es Ata RIA CER ere P IN Bette is taterat eh ajcla,a-8 (sso acbleh ers & Stbineie’ © $la.nis Ascot diene 28, 120
SEIS GST i a ee 28, 35, 122
in ee PMMA ICISSI erst cic on Gr oi ei ecka Wale aye bad <i's « « awrn's arerdopaasatteats 37
Peale aris IMAC EIEL ACEECA MATINEE aia ices: e wip mipvatatnidin ale binreleie ores 0» ale a weievsois 35,365 99
mR ECO WINS UR IIY) fa ciy fiic sin oF diswin vc cwac ssa vacw ss vs dieuten v's 28, 35, 142
eT TSS ea A he Oe 28, 35, 37, 140
ere TE CERIN stays 2 Pe a's a vis fe n'a ses ek ded Owe wee of. aa) ae
NE Se Oe ee ce pe 28, 30, 137

aR UmUIE TEM ESGSMRUWR PRs ear ahe as oct was win wea'a sp.ad sad ow e/ewewan ce mel 30, 141
ene EAA” SRM RE I Gd dvs, hep asSin vos 0 8 in <add anya ps con afsymnaiins 28, 35, 37
RS i Shp EME, 68 st, aisle a x5 ng es wnat ann eed see 220s 80 kao
Pinatas LOLI Cra wae tbaret Pel erecenaic. scoops oc alo, tiass sx layers eheconel asaimice ie ormis wad 30, 145
MRE ELE. SUA W So Merce yaies.i died celta dal ee ay anneoa eee malleus 28, 144

SR UMMMNA REM, 2 usta. ordi eG ens pieatere io eee shag NS Bias aoa wet ink atid 28, 135
UDEE oo Gt JAS CSO DISD ADS BOONE DIGRESS ESD e OOEIIEID © OCIS PET Lac 135
Nhe Se efecto te aacucat aera dace dias wate 198
DREN EE PIEINICITIAINS | O0-d2 5, karat wav te anwa wad sindigdadewan b seieeh atoms 35
Peete Mciena INEXSHeCtAats: .. cos nosey sc oes os saw resvr eden succes STS e87,
0 SS CRE in to ee che, oh eng eee Sain One BP 197
eR CLNNE 1. ids sb wi w aun owe Me Mi A LAs PLeRIRS 8 390, 43, 197, 198
TEMS a ss hau yc se 05. ¢ sine. 4,0: cn Mbetietiaa cits GAT LEA, 8.0.0 v0.w 8 2.9 SORE 34, 36
EEC AIIELOMEE © Acaic/ie «,<-<.d, ving sic ded Cg Meee mae a¥.¥i 00. 0. wad Gite ata 33
10, te hentara CTE Ee a 8 ARR RS PRA ENE 60 6 0 yey ty de RS Se 33
eae RAAT IS Sk 0 os. So eid Ri BSU RRR AUD Ee. Ca Pino» xja'd a vide Rial ¥CRS 36
Mi RACE CET OE Sia cic ys a ka MOCK OMAN dee ieee we sn ceemumea hued 36

304. INDEX

PAGE

SNe te err eer ret Thiet cl keene | 145, 243
Habbi CONSODFINUS 2 cide seed 50e ys 6 Mes eR ee eRe 37, 43, 48, 237
Wabo Sabbis icc caavdshoass oosns Glee en MMM 28, 43, 146, 147, 242
gas) | aT eee or rrrrerrr yr Trees ray eevee Ps a cl ee 148
Shhbi incitatus si ivarrsasiaes syarkmatveren 28, 35, 43, 147, 148, 237, 242
abhi MeSsOLiUs:viwins sila nein sls'n n'a Me Mic Me Ne 28, 43, 104, 146, 147, 239
Symplocos chiriquensis: 2000.8 secs dees sind Oar Ua ee We oe 4!
Syntheosciurus ..... a Ghia Se eS ORR Dei Oe RUREEEER O MURR ERORS 24, 135, 141, 144, 238
DLOCHUS: <j cas Vie eats eiaiwletatel ul vip ietehal here hiatal integer 39, 43, 145, 238

7

"Pabowa' [slarich) «5 séiecsc cis sae e's aceite caves 7e sad WRI evelayel erate hn tT etiia tetnts) nn 19
Tacarcuna, world iat, sis sais sens anise va.a'ess 0 ela hy aie ainele@in gel Cette yen nnnnea 17
Tachyphotus delattdis. 15 \/e cess venkisae wasters seks e's ware les ycnennmne ST Re
luctuosts PANnAMENSis’ \...).% oss an ees Bh Us as ans elets Nin SeOnIE Ie OnnEEE $1.83
THCTAISSITMUS: “Fos piesgie-aie.e cag ole chhioys wee acaiterteaiave. Wee iaberctist cial eLat OtGret ther ete rntcnRnErEnE 31
Talamia “5 2. a iSpcdasiaeia alcw 00 wie Caceres ates al Ceara gieiClece/< elrel a var RT Ont Arete tener eee 41
Talisia PANAMENSIS y.. 1... cee eee eee eect eee ee eee eect neste teen eeseeeees 36
TaGmMandUG FeNGRACIVIG Sh. ccs sd sian voae Coa 5 Ce kee Ree eae 64
telvadactyla chiriquensts ..00655c53\0h.co es knee ues wet eeoee 62, 63, 236
"TAMENATUAS).< \ohcs coed. hans qdiwe eek Meee hiny Wkly @ Rat eit Cite Cen ne ne een 62, 64
tetradactyla> Chirigiensis™ .2.0% diic.. ce care cinta Rice ce Oa le erent anne 27, 42, 62
tetradactylaseblatay . 2505 5.5 iis a csc ceag ne eee baie Oke e Onn mea 63
tetradactyla *tenitirostris, ofc e es Ul cas pene ee Ue re ee 63
POLPAMGCE PINS Ris 5s ein isn wns AW cin go wk kOe ae eee tne 64
Tanager. Arce’s' emerald \)..( ns ss io sora Gucktn bs ke ues baler a a eee cetenanE 31, 33
Bane” PhO oe Coie ra ie ck ake Hate eee COOLS Oe Era e ete Oe One eat een 40
blaek:'avid golds cs Bocce < Sea See Ra Chane caste Ok Ou ee iis aa 40
black: and ‘yellow: 59556 sca Sos ea eeibe bie belt ok et ok Oe 31-33
black-rumped *shrilke? iio. ene caciee antele moins sek Sik aired Oe eRe tenatanEn 35
Garmial’s: ee Fg keke Re See AUTO RTO OIG Ore ONO ORTETS. SIRTEIS er EIRTES BI. 33

Ca s8itn's 65 5c visiain'ais's walsisin le inlet Nata BGteH At eIuowin’n phe acs tet Isha ita nae een 31
Sreen=naped. sss Hoes Ae nee ae Cw NaC eae ae ee Cerne aie erat 40
Mount Pine 6g Ce hbk ae CURE eRe eck we he ORE OTROS ee ee 40
Plain=cOlOFEd sc sic heaKue cise vie hk ale wR Oule phew oc lei le RR tener MPT ent One Teper Chik
silver-throated ............. a err ns Sota ebro cs 40

NA WIY-CKESTEG |... Aisnise cine caress Mile kone bR WIS ST UTR Shan Reed CeO Pave Rivas
Veraguan: white-shouldered) 6c cavum ares seine eine ee ereeniieoes 31, 33
white-shouldered ..........e00. CHG RG Ks Shlaeie Th wees ata Crowle ltatte $1, $3
VENGW-bLOWEd, ss Si.5 aus ei SOR AARNE SIA esle elejatw ciate Ok cri teres ST, 633
Tanagra icterocepbala ». cicc.cin ues cakse tacd cecauwen sews ete e ey hare nan nem 40
Wteicanills | Sais <.vcis. WWde evn ea wie kiped eis OR eaten an eientnee eee Cet ee 3
Tangara floridavarcaels .c< pie iasasican cea nee wait bce 64 «cA catiNne Tenancies 35, 33
FUCOSUS: sinc diniarals 9/5 Sk iwin & SN TAe Stuke CURIRIR ERS eles ce eaten Gu0 ate Rant C RG eer ee ane 40
ITLOTMATA, ~<:6. A uw baie wes se lere re Rin toe Nhe OIRTR sme ntiee Te Aertel eat ate een 31,33
Tapalisa, work: a6 ccs:ds ccc hee va waienaae ste ae Se sieebehs Vd sin Cals eee ene 17
"POR. 6c kev db ikoceaae see Ole ais Varies a UCU ORORMIDS 6 ac Ae Rit ein 146
INCTEGRUES os his iain MRSS Mass sls eALCH Ree grees SR Rasa nal We ee CC TE 147, 237

AD
INDEX 305
PAGE
RMI AY Ais o .cdk NMR AVSORE TAME KIR ES Ur bd av hp es alee aves wells 80, 81
EES Luo cs yd MEMM REEDS RAM OLEEEY (AVON NAR ARY Cox edee 5 27, 32, 8x
IL Gyre ei aos usb ahbeesiews sPETRCGATEDS 6s checsdenesinherueescepes 81
LY os Ly hash d eked FLAS ASE ARTES > o> Sep habbiene 27, 32, 43, 81, 239
SINE Stas a ty UN aia slain Aa e Aumliialaiemle ne n'a e's, we wa wey Baalba aed be 0 80
MG APPT ORELIS: 5 o'aenieic v:o.0y un bip bina tony aad ss nee cacce bee snizaens bueeee 83
RN MRNTONNEEES ca, | Cc cin, chic uleel mncd alele elk ites b ose n\¥ aiefatalatayialeidaigh:a'éiakte 68
TM EONIRL TIES 6 ois's a aiaa rian doe evPeneea ae Ulariecn Ex eee ed RORNMelppalaled se 67
NES TEP EOTINCTIUG io'n'n a iuin'e'e'eix ov s/aicloe giclee dled sonia vq pioypisrn dea nviahe Milnw we 66
MEU NTA 1, sx! aciu/nielv nln ninia'uin'y a,x/a nb -aleieiviese's h v.vin wine wlnince'» bio ele niaalle 66 6 72
Tayasse GIDITOStTis SPITODENS 000. ccecvccenventcvucescccversevererneuses 74
PPMP E TIL ic} css vir yi viate’aiy bsls vlan wie: ivia/a pie'#x'n/a'w/slels'a'e on Wy ella eau el 72, 238
PORE MULAN Wis leh wise n's'v/0 v'0'n b 'e'eelv'viein o'er s'v/n sence Va vne wets 27, 42, 74
IIIA sale ehca yp sien biuieinle’ vis’ wie o(0\n'e'y's'a's ule ¢s's'ein'ele Slew we vy 6 a emik eweigie aie 72
RM MORIN EA. Co eh 5 ab yh ois « b> > a0 eb 'cmhed > ¥ Piviawu nes «so wh wnyeeaeene 71
Se cla waists sildn/onis's av no o:nne naa eho bes cwa rv. $60 ow siRiee 160, 162, 243
COSTLIEST Te Pad igs hi t1s, Scoe 8 Gia\s, sre /ase aC Pipi biace Bmore bo 8 Able o's rare Ome 28, 162
MAVTE DATHALG DIOIOGIAG bi ii asics crc sssccccercivecscevesveces 28, 43, 162, 243
RPC DOEOEEEE Ga vav le ce eb Aves Ces cnae died se66 ses oan els vie basuiband oe 162
ge I Me Oa SA a eae ts ae 162
EN SMT Seong Sintn'n Sire vi pix no siriktn'bi¢ ls e's ot a kb cois x wes >a wR MMeee 41
EIR ead d scapes yeti kvves 09h A.c.en.0s di00 eed ovine obmemetll 16
SEACABURCAITIDYIOSLACHYA, sis. vine nivinin o'0'erb.es coenceecescunieinve vovitacmoaee 37
MMR CRPRATEE CAE INIID no ois vixiv.c's mdb 0.600 0\o0'e0 vie vine behing even es Pam 27
Three-toed sloth, gray ..... OIE OEE Pe PEE PEPE PPP EP DPR THT cy het ey: 27
PODADIA ie vivnc ees ides tate eroticinist as vintw/eln’s ‘aieib’v i ne\eré) ean, 0 0 ae ee POO 27
EE USS. OP Re Ee ee er Mee rt errr ee Pn eee | 30, 32
TE SL Lele st chaimhenan tres sasedboeencenraes TTP err hee 244
Thrush, Bonaparte’s ........ Dita aa re $s" ivw iib'ole a pie > ache a ning eee 30
RANE he ee alee tata aie yn inlets oie in'e oioie: #1 o:bru bio Bole bamaissal oie olen mane 40
eee Rete vind yk die shin. boned coin a'e gihieola ne theo oA vp EO 42
PTET LINT LEN ETEA ALON Pe Coral in. v.'\ace. u'e oisi+ cio’ Sp ein!» 0b. (016 ¢ ale/ace bie biaeapealaigtale 40
[evech eh cepa Plea te (26 | Oe ee eet ers re tric ci 40
ee AEAO SCUIMIMMIE, Gyn ence cv avigevianat an eded beeesknnss Swavieginns 40
BOOLY oavcvcentlemodivcr dacccnersicvecicssarcncdssapenuvatsnescedtianes - 42
Uma tela alae amatel nels isis pi aia'e's is scie's eldlenintere lalate’ nie einvelace atalino eats - 40
EDI Gt DIATE Lisi a al dias onde bles Obs ieakemedenasenep een Ree iia
PUMA CAMGTENS COMANCUS) . 50 6+5 + viecnbbeeeresiayuie ses vurepwpens 41,33
ETS. SIE REETR?. a» a Sa Sis wach 0'o bd nod ee RW ASA tL we Mew Ra 31,33
SP SIPCONIIE DROWN <s.2o.600 cr bien cten tear. csed wesciadensed socg eu bavnuhn que a
ora tends vida gt oa gna Panne wen tekaped ne th ne halbeemeney 166
TO EES ORE EP ETE PELLETS ELECT, PCUPLECEE CL? LEER 167, 168
ay eS Se vers Pee eee yey ee eee ee saces SGD
NN Ce Le UN ats Gigs ae 5 40645) eR PER ET EARS ERAGE 0 6 de Dewewed Witsoe. AZ
EAMMANOM, CHEBTINE-HEAGEE 2... csnsanbeneesasvesiveress icdevectawesres aD
rea tHe She atid b's: uu bis p.4/4/0 tb BREA SOS Pec e's ode cements x Vedoes mag
ee MAN ICPOR s , 4 .L. dens bade cee wees esse wes eds cdbeduviasheeees 29
TC RLPIOOON 0 fe clavke reds a aeeirhcowatuch Aeosdbabdvacasane 30, 33
LOS TUCROUNIGE, DIRERTIERGER Vp darcauburs esi vanesssovavervvnocvsete’s 30, 33

306 INDEX

PAGE

Todyambtmot, Panama x. ./1+ sic s eden arent aateat oa Rina Sao = wise oaths 30, 32
"ORSUIA Che ciciniein(e ays s,000.8:5,< aise ere hiatal ee Ps SEE Oi i ek ee os eetea
APUATUUGASETS |" «.nsere'a, a 'n)s)a,>: nin eae 5yata se PERSIE Te susyaatel aeategets 28, 43, 183, 244
Toucan short-keeled |. 05. y.exiws vs 2 ots es ama oes isa: da reveveusvelietars aoe eae 3220;) 32
Toucanet . blue-throated | 0... nisi: sas svita versa ste oeieie o atrentere eee sin a
Darien: blue-throated «iin. horses eau et aleles een eee ee ee
RACHGOS) | 6 ac ix odleraain veea.n 5 Ve me Sree ea Sk hve GEN Ee arena a . 186
CHEFHOSUS .. ais + soe 1p aos ae > Ls wie a Ri a ale 28, 43, 187
Trachypogon momtwiart), ss .is's oocce-cls ew wie'e ence els < s/ece se ee te ee nips ee
PTICHECRIGAC: . Sos econ aciaiy ae el ee tare Tui Catena Suet ee tale ree ame desc k’p: epee 68
EViCheGhus mManatus ais fase soe eaeeas See epee sug ell re stata 26, 27, 42, 68
Tripserus: chrysatiGhety. 1s i 's/sa'cis » evsta'g alsrale bie aibre a bre mere e eel Sine eeenaions aceaenaam 20, 35
pueherant pucherani -.)55..'s scr sis: aes Gia ciksep Sia aoa tahace akin cee Pe 20, 32
Triumfetta Speciosay «sje pis aes «ses aly odie cle son Grpletan vel ale leva aikiuee ihn pie a 40
Troglodytes brown ‘ss gir.< << se oseg F545 aati clas oaeeayelee eta ae irene eee 4I
FESHIMUG) 5 win ss-4'c 9 nb siapin'y sla g bine dergath'e OER betetaterge Bias oltre ete na 40
MUSEU S INGUIETUS 64 y <i5,«:ajna,5, 410/85 ga IRR Ree hes ata RR nee 31
OCHLACEUIS: | wetiesdic: sis ousie,ateiace.e eral mjose Vobste, a leswcalle Soyey eter creme a ayes eee oN Cie 40

TE POG OM: Baird’ © 5 iss. ejscesis eis (o>: 8,9: .0c0in bo Ste at aces taco eRe a eae ee ee 30, 35
PAP EH! a's ape /acale'Geesets, shaseoerevene, wield eating ataiahe olake ay erere aero Sea - 29
SHACEH Ul. wi. Sse cele everacatorere, + =,njase: a Sreseaialq isiabelavore ole tote) Saves en ae ae eee eae 29
Varoe=tarled:-.ix...speie,cleyaineejeieiais ttc Gre tic ace aaa teteere el ee ETRE Creare 30, 32
MlaSSema. |: stevievs sqciele’nd aise sieve 00s) arataiel ovesete) STace-als rel Sretonarereie ele ene aie By ie Ya)
Wilhite=tail @cer.eraicieterele erie es ais'e'aet ares gugtdi Sie Sig's Ton eratananave Dbalaee teen hate lot Seenaae vale 30
Aleayexoprajoentealh! QSe hah aaue eee 15s 0 ad, Sievers Minto tere at bie exeiets oie rece ERIy cae TREE 230,035
SEMISTALUS GMIONUEUS (oq des ci’ bossa merg ak esas ake eile es ce 30
Trosonurust curucul tenellisi ....scieissieids ereia cies «1s cheveinise a wr cee ee eres 20
TropicaloZone aridulowetces sistas cterecisretel te niave Saiere hare for are oe Liane 34.
Hntatrizd: LOWeT- coven wraseevets afore sisioresareteng.ckove rere tare:coeiere ie etete te areiier eects ae eee ae 31
UPPEL 0 as sielela- ae area hai cnie tesla eels NSeieare aoe eis taiets a eieta a ae eae 38
Tuyra: Valley, worl at \as:0 asic 5 vince oa aoe hrs ie ee Gc nee nana 17
ANVUVES) 107. de are ersten anaes PO a eR OR eI ee 22 AC
PUIVAVORCER: cccccam Stn casa sine ccaletale ce stale is aeeiaierens fern cee nave eee 30, 43, OI, 237
ibis ee ne Senne eR newt er ihe eae omiscouadaar Saeae kOO

PAL AMMIENSIS Scie dit Casto ome Greet ReoR en OL eee 27, 43, 90, QI, 240
WAPROMI Sha sg Ss cin si Aten Mo wesnaty aeaelis ere nore eee at eine 27, 43, 90, 91, 243
LyFanniscus: ViliGsumis parvas oa iso's ewes Canes eee ene « iloreinvd aheeth RES
Tyrannulet, browi-capped avis f.< ors Suk taeen eee eae sath einen als BESO ES
Zeledon's eiscka- Srea:ia iva a leevelay 6.5, suid, sia ayal ale Brel efaitalc faletehali che epeke suai eketere eaneaes 40

U

Umbrella bird, bare-necked ....... Jew is eee dS DE CT IS eae ee ay BAO
Uneulates, even=toeds) ic caik sc iiadnciase areamiere Sm ane Sale ate tecahe Sinse Gea ee aentanS 7A
OE -tOEd. 0 sak Uaioe Sein'jccacn'¢ oo Geers hy a age Rg etenehG eee area ie eure hay etn 80
Upper tropical zone ........ acaba ahbidh-, augha erate emt tbe RATA TE TE REC Afra Tapeonerceat nog 38
Urochroma . dilectissima | .\v. 9s... sc. ca ncews eerie ec enit aane i. 30
Urocryptus biltneatus <.......-+0-- Sava, acetal Gros st ate Si eeteenes oral Sie manne ota cele
Wrodernias a.5 seen Be cierto PAG TI rae OOD Ae Save wekQO, 190, 20n

bilobatatas «i is abe s wa wees «eee 228, 43, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 237

INDEX 307
PAGE
EV OMEMETEOMUESUI Cacceve csv nvdPeucreGernrccesenrbetstsoocvcons 198, 199
DPCP MRERUGED oo Nici. a aneivese weciqacieienle eter eseensscadaceeenesawenese 63
Urospatha martii semirufa .........sccccceesssecescsercsecesseeteees QO, 32
Vv
WRPODYLEESA cic i cee conse cwtnenwepsreerersesecas 24, 197, 201, 202, 204
ENTE HAR fm) SL he ad yinls aielp Oli ele d daly aie'dinia Whiacd 28, 43, 202, 241
MMPI De Miracle ticte\p sre taigiaints wine alee @iniciainaileintis ce sedidnie'ehne Rea caeene'é 202
BRIBE COUER iiie ccs croc enced pe ceun ed cerns sctintevenneaene doe 198, 200, 201
MOTs atc ens die S sede wines Oud ani esas a ne ils deg n's.s é 28, 43, 201, 235
COUNT A say a4,dyinia ecu, bb areik (0. 4.6, dielwialn: Selae'olbiae Prajateats 197, 198, 199, 201, 202
MEME eiicsce ieee a dleigait a kN md aidlains inp ainynteln in nw a 28, 43, 200, 201, 204
ee PUM ae iota eek ota aint dina aie wallop Ryn lsie wep a nieto «aioe ein aloo a ORR 199
eT aac a Rays! cn va,'o egos rnin aadini caine (mse) oidcnve ejaa mal dale ta late 200
UTNE ein e9itiaviclatp sigia wire. din. o\s dinreine ain aleinraie welgiuie si 178, 184, 186, 187
Fe GE TEIN Payer eee o:alascr2! a overs, si8 wialeiare or mareve sts sieve vip eietarara bree ats 187
ea Fe NOME Saale aa tes sve. san» Snivie' @' Wbin ad lbp iba} vita Mahe pail Oa 185, 186
BBE PIAUTIERSOU co's cia. ols nce a vasin ence nconieinneessccssccncclens 28, 43, 188
Deere ce Senna ar Soe Saati, Sect gla avai osx) eek 6! (0 dale, alc: o wine olale miss miavelee & 76
RTE AST UTT (OATIONISIG Vio cies slow Knie a's kudos ocaejs cae ced es aonas tomate 29, 35
RMR ECE Seep icls nin wile’ siald ainsi nin it'A wa ois'e a nwie een ain peewee es eel 29, 35
ME re a caidas wire ealew es i o'ee Se weg nas tenescocegnannaancanan su 88
RRON EINE ees eRe mae viagra Sian v b's \s.0. 8 aie ve oe sein eo aes a eee 30, oO
VeSDEriMUS CRETE . oo ccc ccccacccccenesnaccenccccsesssscccuctasconsccass 85
WIE Ce salen igiacsa ial satnle'd pom gidir's v in'a's Cas bee wale sip de oe sae 86
GSD CPIMEG CONMINUS oan cans concn cncnccr ens eeesnccctcatssacessnngaewaaes 175
GUA cla hia dia claclc cence ae a\nials Sani ke ses seeps sne caw wenn 213, 236
VEPtUrUs ....cccccccreccccccccccssancnsccnccctecsseseseessesseasacs 175
EAN hci ais c nw clad oc,0e Geek bvia was nes sieve cieseeea sins ae L Soke
ath ie Se BAS Foe sear sree oie ae 212, 215
PEDPSNPCOPINGUES Sed icsas detisesesreccuascecurcoascccsysecscsdeuaes 214
Re IEESET Cn aces ainsi dons ecd kbs secncnennasvesasvasde sa saeviens 39
Witeo: Carmiol’s . o.ic201<.% Ne ee NH) iia chased silfelaiese sm piols 40
SMES) 75.) welt RGM AMULS caida eer rcaxscnceshaacdws ape 6akese wien gaie's 40
MT MATEATALIIO za eto iste epic lee no's ale s\a'e- cy s's.¢ 0s a\sisie|w,n is’a pip wep es asle’s tiaternts 40
Vireosylva josephae chiriquensis ..........cccccsccvccccrcosvcssvaccecee 40
DER MMIRUCHRT ES une. cen wasn ocuniidea dees kA gemnete acces tnasu nae 33
ee TMIIIATI, 71 tals awe iin os ein Walesa. wip mae gip's ae v0 esis. 9c bk 36
PMR R IR EPTUOMIOCA oie adic ce scewnckenenvidedas veUen@eens tide sisnaeeeen 36
A AE AIETAUS, WOLKE: oiscin otis ce viens odie abanasevccecccusscesiWens 15
IO I re Sad dedetw ae kde dag sieved da can tevin d oe sou etew sii hwia 68
W
RN EMEC 2s A a.G Vna'r esse be aos koh es RAE Se ahnis ep hie bese s ceeds seeneEss 15
CIEE IMC PALON cas sch teens Veta MERN ee wake bwn toss veesede cesses 40
ES Re SS SNe ape a ts Se eee oe ee 31, 35
EERE Lasoad tad A hvac dace MC er Ms Senies Cas cecensebeneseaewne 42
ME SINT dig sig cine nd ln SaWielé cided Weua'vieCeuu ca eus Cheow neue ove 31, 33

308, INDEX

Warbler—Continued. PAGE
PEAZUE soe giclee wie viele dicta asics oig ligl Sian SRT diet eal dee ee ee 40
Mount -Pirre (2 ...66.6¢Goee. » 502k Rae ies Oe RGM eh 2 eee 40
EIALET, Sov wei ocidecictate idhalidls:w! aa" atest eal ge dial dilts atveiate ate iat Nt a he a ene af 31

WAPEEE. oii es an clhordietsl tapings s See anlp es plea aietalele pete ie tener ate een 75, 80

Water mouse, Panama .iaidi¥.. os. oo nace eaeln ocite ge tae see eee ree ee 39, 108

Water opossum, Patiama ti) vs) Ae s!dis csc daietecel a aa eels ein eames 27, 32, 45

Watson, Bi (Jo) siisisc view eiule a’els aie vel dia'elele tala tree's ater eldsa eee ate etna etre 16

Watsonamra Drachyotis: +. 5... Use. Kaas c+ senate sak see eee ae ene 36
@ymnopodat |... ik eae sch ca meaawe aes weal tye ce heen haan a 34
never gly bay aoa Safe chia Hol win o\wlsal ev arct clot las Win wot eye whee ment at a gee 34
MMAR NULTCA: 5 Aves iels Sh. S eS a's. 5 yao eelavs felerel9 > flee eraa\is fle font a RIC atene Rene Sore tenn 34
PUERLEL TY (Gs Gas ots Gia ag/h.ulal oda ole cale'ate! Wis etwhenesel bere at ale Tete pepe een 34
PUBCSCENS 6 kids vi sealed se pha eee wee nile wie oe gieten) Sah eee ee aie 34
teh) ie: oe ere en err eres er re Sa ry 36

Weasel oases Rao eves ck bes ees S le ueees ele ean ane neennnT ene 160, 163

Weasel, Costa: Rican ‘bridled. {......5.4 (. casteea esa eaene eee 28, 30, 161

Woodhewer,. black-striped | vs... .c'cwsise We tense as sch ee sae hs een 30, 32
Costa Rican «0 chk nce Fee eho COneene en e'iel dha ads an Male 40
StriPeG=DelbSd ~isisiccs: aie esc niece score tei /afeteraie forels bye.a talaualels lets arian eae 30, 35

Woedpecker, Boquieto so.) .:¢..°0 < osc.sseis'o a wratnnacbre talons Suttle ate lee ane ee 39
DATION: is dad bbe le aciee® sels bain. oh creme, Week al enu. 6 aw a ee taee Sines eee 20, 35
DE vct eas) Foistesi dle efatesateierelatatere oie laceve vesbiaratene tens eek teletere tate fariatenntelee hele tte tena 29, 35
S olde PES ich sais ais cte's « laigis Siete sues oR Eee Ee ri Baines 29
BOLMEMAMIAD EM si Ses iiesa spss tice je jw Sustaorwuntarel oer latmigisianaiel cok etki Aen Redeteeeae nS ae 29, 35
Panama’: “PTEEM \s ccrcisl odie afat elaiclasc-citis «ste lore wig sie nlerstelniarstecestsetteeTete 29
Pucheramisy 4.25. Cicissiais.s' vere s si oie/e:ohaiela.ae a orn'eisy 6 0: 6p ayo alata hale ete aemte erent 20
San Mietael cc e esac aise oslere coeteleosraisve ale'slp eis sleyeray e's dt eietetchate stamtare eietetere 29, 35
Wragler’s © 5s 5)\ wee f cote pantene Cetra a eee Ge © agers seers, 0 tee, 9 anc st 29

Woeood-star, Costa Rican: <i... s:. airy atanterde'vciaiars ois ettoreyeiats elovsls nfs te tee 39

Weollyopossum,: Derby’s\lis t.00 <2 tases Oneal ins ce ci ole cele eee 27, 32) Sa
PEAS LEAT y iesa's a hateconareatereiosaiete Gleltele latehete te tagevem nave riots teevalets teveler eletaner eateries 27, 34, 55
GOUR SSs Rak ots Ma nlemeianhere persica aye aneeeme etre oiatale eaten 27, 34; 37;.54

Wrote Bay: fone viene Oh 509 sb eeie urea WORN RRM es a eink aie ee Chie
ov Eto) Fee oy) bbe OA AR AAA MAO Sorta ASMA AMTIO ADO son Top oOee © 31, 35
BR@WwittS ny cicada ev cic aia che heim toes id tere Home eaealys svelaje sieeve efatare Cyathea reriere 42
GCHinigHt WOO 5&5 cacy as dacsleaco.clslorws area satel diele's atctavein Sale gin rere ame 40
Gad rattle. yo e8 Ses icteze eile toes rs to teeatara tc ane fo oie ce severe Ree alovelete tate torctetell terete lefeterets 31, 33
PTazudis ies, eis aiatarsavarwvosn ete nea ie wiekalele,weleNe cates! a cuaiolelclete retutelepal a ata nteneretatetsieieneate 40
Tea wrenCessiMusiciany. ice cls bic atic we reuse e mictaie te etaveietelere tc eieetatehe ta iaterete nh eke Biss
Motint: ire by :0.,. sccioisciereie aia oeccie hele eustereraiarelclonerelerstataleterateleiarel eietctaletptacate 40
Panama black=belliedi is isc5 oe eiators tow mists cote ree wee aio alle sins eoecae ete 315°35
Panama. hOuUSGie ss. 6. aie ahs erocaretare tos Saleen tee tauetereleraibisteneierclets arenctatatels ten teceneterenete 31
Prttier’s: “WOOd ss Gas bid cok arhin erase re rete e ee eleTeTne Ter emenve Tole ele larotatetetnaptetehe ted 31
tawny-bellied ajiicc's< ace tiv alareetie are wie Grate laa Ge are eae 31, 35) 37
white-headed) CaCtUs (ccas 5s irs, « win a Srorsentel eluate slajeleseloierels clais Wverelere mte\chaialeieiate 3I

X
Xanthosoma; helleborifolitam:. o2..62 Sacre esa clo eices siecle ceri eiantelertereretets 33

Menicopsis Stibalaris lirleatus ore eos clerseci tale orevelcteater alesis ols eieteintw ctelereunyerenyetave 40

INDEX 309
PAGE
Menops, MAGICA 2.6... ccc ce senccetenvasecccecssesssecsersccceoscuscs 30
[ign ha BEB ORIEBOE rb SAAS hse 7 DCM 7 IGEN ERO OOO E EEE ne. ea inl 40
Xenops genibarbis mexicanus .........ece cece eee cree seen eee eeeeeeces 30
PPPS G REL TULUIB dec oa kisiec ne Cite eal & Ca Ha Me ATE IO Rinle \sialejaiamie nals 40
Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus eximius ........ 60sec eee ee eee eee enna 30, 35
lachrymosus lachrymosus ..........ceeccsesssccsscsrcocvsceeecess 30, 32
Pete EYAROINOLA fein 5 vine sp oes owas ania se Aaa as des hee ee none wens caw era's 37
¥
NE NNRERSIENNENY 9h.) d.n ote. Liles -aid sian ie on a sie a be Pip teh ao a bie! Galen's Healt ee Be 170
TREND N cclUcinGyia itive Mig OE 4 3A S iRLaTNA AD iS Rs A ye'elo nhs £ Oo ha eS ve 171
Z
ST ELRy Sree tes teeta tener las by hel nin ois ei nvetaleol ws ofetas, Cra aldie austere a'e-siniee 27, 73, 75
MEER ED oe a add diiin's a ose nh wkd EA dha dine yd aeebebataees 40
RENNIN Seite clahisarsia U,c.0 9 'd' > cue wee wee ele ddiele'« adle sebe dealers 68
a eR SUNSETS! Parsi) gushuy 6 0 si u,0's'd oidialWistaialv cis ¢ 2 dns «id ge alyhe dn cota’s 34
SRE IMEE AS IOIO AN oon Ure alo c's wor sin. tvs Sinn a vO WAP aie'e wi pve b ob Fo éoaahem 31
aa RM ee Ns Sates Cas b's PG. simialaiwlete or llmie F'n aisle Scalp wv BE be DaKaeies 26
Baeesitia ANC SEMNITOLCsted DOTUETS$.... cicass cece cccsvdesccvedcecdar 36
RASA ESE eA UE sGMMMC tn apt Git Play diisie' di x sie's ahskie ale. ai's «'v// ale ole sale a-ace asia ore’ estan 41
GRC AMR A ee foi Me dick sv clés Wield cla b-d » 8 bine welulb alnaivicaieboe ue Par
BETO oie oa aais rat VEN EI Seye i RIG ee ARiSIS SIV iers, errs ATE, piaacosi pa oo. «.6 o10 ole 27, 32, 45, 47, 53
RNS eRe earn h fila tot vad ¢ Ad vie Ris hase Seja vais os s.s, one baniane wel 04
NIMES a oN Be EA b aise an ta inh ah eh es sows ves eu bin lode een 95
PR BCIOU CH ELEIE Lemeres casita eof aie re igialsabzie'e tcidiabe's vieve-e 27, 35; 37, 43, a4
PEACH ERIGUMG Ss fridy didad 2620 e KC bes DRb edo e gece od 27, 32, 43, 94, 230
MURR MSC Wa Ai ste R aria basics oh cbwels ¥ od cso on eb.bs » vbip aaa 104
MN atte lea Nass Bia iar PsP sou as ars ae b'eldeinsae, de wie's'a 3 27, 35, 43, 95, 237

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