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THE

Manner of Raifing, Ordering;

And Improving

f o?eft anD jfmitMim :

ALSO,

How to Plant, Make and Keep

WOODS, WALKS,

AVENUES, LAWNS, HEDGES,dv.

WITH
Several FIGURES in Copper-plates, proper for the fame.

ALSO

RULES and TABLES (hewing how the Ingenious Planter
maymeafure Superficial Figures, with Rules how to divide
Woods or Land, and how to meafure Timber and other
Solid Bodies, either by Arithmetick or Geometry, (hewing
the Ufe of that mod Excellent Line, the Line of lumbers,
by (everal New Examples 3 with many other Rules, ufeful
for mod Men.

By Mofes Cooh^ Gardiner to that great Encourager of Plant-
ing, the Right Honourable , the Earl of Effex.

Whereunto is now added, that ingenious Treati(e of Mr.
Gabriel 7* lattes^viz. A Difcovery of Subterranean Treafire

Printed for Teter Parker at the Leg and Star over againffc the

Royal Exchange mCornhill^ 1 679.

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* TO

HIS EXCELLENCY

Arthur Capell,

Lord Lieutenant and (jeneral Governour of
the Kingdom c/ IRELAND,
Earl of EfTex, Vkount Maldon, Lord
Capell, *Baron of H&dham, Lord Lieu**
tenant of Hartfordftiire, and one of the
Kings moft Honourable Trivy Council, &c.

May it pleafe your Excellency,

DI D I not very well know your great
Underftanding in, and Love to the
Siibjetf; o£ the enftfeg Difcourfe, I durft

A z not

tke Epijlle Dedicatory.

not alTume the Boldnefs to implore your
Honours Patronage of it; But being well
aflured, that you have not been onely a
Spectator, but an Adtor in moft of what
is treated of in the enfuing Lines • for ,
to your Eternal Prayfe be it fpoken, there
is many a fine Tree which you have
Nurfed up from Seeds fown by your
own hands, and many thoufands more
which you have commanded me to
raife.

Therefore, my Lord, I humbly crave
your Pardon for the Prefumption and
Imperfection of the Petvman j and though
your Excellency knows full well how to
prune young Trees, yet I hope you will
pafs by the impertinent and fuperfluous
Lines in this my Plantation; which,
though I have endeavoured to keep as
well pruned from Errors, and as clean
from Weeds as I could, yet 'tis pofsible
there may be fome things in it, which

fome

The Efijtle Dedicatory,

fame may term as ill : But to You all
things in it are fo well known } that I
hope both it and I fhall find fuch fhelter
and fupport by your favourable Afpedt,
as that we need not to fear the iStorms of
the ignorant or negligent Planters.

And my Lord, fince the Art of Raifing
and Improving of Trees, hath ever been
efteemed amongft the truly Noble, Wife,
Ingenious and moft refined Spirits of the
World from Age to Age, and chiefly
maintained and pradtifed by them ; and
fince this Property is Naturally inherent
in You, (you being not onely a great
Lover of this Art, but alfo moft skilful!
in it) I humbly prefume to Dedicate thefe
myObfervations to your Lordfhipj not
being ignorant, that he who is moft know^
ingin any thing, is the beft able to judge
of the fame; and that this my Opinion,
of your Honours Ability and Prompti-
tude in promoting the Planting and Im-
proving

The Epifile Dedicatory.

proving of Forrefl'trees, is furely ground-
ed, the Large Plantation you have made
will abundantly teftifie. But I humbly
beg your Lordfbip Pardon for this Pre^
fumption , not without hopes that my
good Meaning may obtain it j and fince
my good Wifhes and the beft of my Ser-
vices is all I can contribute to You, thefe
fhall never be wanting from

My L O R D,

Your Excellencies mojl Humble

and ntofi Obedient Servant toferve Ton
whilefl I bear the Name of

aSM'ofes Cookj

TO

TO

The Courteous READER.

AMongft the many Books that are fent into the world
in this Age, I have adventured to increafe the
Number by this one. I know there be many Pam-
phlets, prodigious Hiftories and Romances, invented by
mens Fancies, which abufe many Noble Spirits, in reading
of which they fpend their time in vain, and dull their Wits :
Which Books are more fit for Women than Men. For they
will furnifhthem with ftrange Stories, and a few fine words.
Alfb there be many Books ofDifputesin Divinity, which
tend more to make our Differences the greater, than any
wayes to edifie or unite us : therefore if your Genius leads
you to read fuch Books, this is not for your Fancy.

But if you take delight in Planting or Gardening, or to
raife and improve Forreft-trees, or to make Walks, Ave-
nues or Lawns 5 to plant or improve your Woods, Hedges,
&c. or to meaiure moil: forts of fuperficial orfblid Figures,
either by Arithmetick or Geometry , with feveral other
Rules of the fame Nature, as the Titles of each Chapter,
(but efpecially the Chapters themfelves ) will more fully
inform you 5 then I hope this Book will be of good ufe to
you : For here are feveral Rules, approved of by feveral
Noble and Ingenious Men, which are as faithfully deli-
vered, as they are really intended for the good of this Na-
tion,.

To the Reader.
tion, and all thofe that will put them in pra&ice $ which
if you pleafe to doe, you will employ your time Co well,
that you will never have cauie to fay, it is ill (pent 5 and
if once you do but ftep forward one ftep, and lee but any
fiiccels of your Labours, you will need then no Logicians
Arguments, nor no Rhetoricians Eloquence to perfwade
you to proceed. And for your better Encouragement
know, that it hath been and is the Delight and Practice
of Kings, Princes, Philofbphers, and all Noble fpirited and
wife Men : For have not many of them quitted their great
Employs, and taken upon them this pleafing Art of Plant-
ing and Gardening, as is proved by (everal ? See the Pre-
faces of Terkinfons, Gerard's , the Curate of Henonville's%
and {everal others. For Almighty God hath Imprinted in
the Hearts of moft wife men fuch a Love to Plants in part,
as their Father Adam had in his ftate of Innocency 5 that
thole noble and ufefull Works, which the Almighty made
for the ufe of Man , and his Glory, fhould be the mo^e
common for their excellent ule to the Sons of Men 5 and
that they (hould take care of thole which are tender, and
want the more care 5 left they fhould be loft 5 and alio
that both their Vertues and their Beauties fhould be known
in feveral parts of the World, that he might be the more
Admired and Glorified.

For I do believe that the Bleffing of God is much Af-
fifting to thole who Love and endeavour to Improve and
Prefer ve his Works $ for God's Works <and his Word are
-no fuch different things 5 and alfo it hath been and is ob-
served, that thole that are Wafters and wilfull Spoylers
of Trees and Plants without juft Reafbn fb to doe, have
feldom profpered in this World. See this confirmed by
Efquire Evelyn^ in his Preface to his Difcourfe ofForrefi-
trees. Therefore, you that are Lovers of Trees and Plants,
if once you have them, let your Love be fhewed in the
Care you take of them, to keep them from Cattel and

other

'to the Reader*
other Inconveniencies, then will you not onely have Plea-
sure and Profit of them, but others, by being defended
from the malignant and fharp Air by their Heads and Bo-
dies, and alfo (haded from the violent Heats , and their
fweet Flowers, and their refrelhing Fruit will be ufefulj
to feveral men.

Alio Planting and Gardening addes much to the Health
and Content of Man 3 and thefe two Jewels, no man- that
well underfrands himfclf, would willingly be without :
For it is not onely fet down for a certain Triith by many
wile Men, but confirmed by Experience. The Learned
Lord Bacon commends the following of the Plough in frefh
Ground, to be very healthful for Man 3 but more the
Digging in Gardens, faying, It is bejl to take the Air of the
Earth new turned up by Digging with the Spade, or fi an ding
by him that diggeth : He tells you alio that he knew a
great Man, that lived long, who had a clean Clod of Earth
brought to him every Morning as he late in his Bed, and
would hold his Head over it a good pretty while, &:d
See pag. 203. of his "Natural Hifiory. For though the Earth
be two-fold, External or Vifible, and Internal or Inviiible 3
the External is not the Element, but the Body of the Ele-
ment, in which is the Sulphur, Mercury and Salt 5 for the
Element of the Earth is Life and Spirit, wherein lies the
Aftra's of the Earth which bring forth all growing things 5
for it hath in it felf the Seeds and feminal Venues of all
things 3 for as it is made fruitfull by all the other Elements,
fo it bringeth forth all things out of it felf, as Trees, Herbs
and Flowers 3 and every one of thefe is again the Aftrum
and Seed: See Philofophy Reformed, p. 38. Thus is (hew-
ed, that the Earth hath in it the Virtues of all Herbs 3
it muft then be alio healthful as they be : But for that
part of the Earth that is neer the Surface, the Plants fuck
moll: of its Virtue into them 3 therefore that which lieth
deeper may be the more healthfull for Man to fmell of

a for

To the Reader.'
for Confumption, Lois of Appetite, &c. And Trees do
not onely catch the Mildew and other offenfive Dews
with their Leaves, but fcreen the Aire of other bad ones,
and makes it much the healthfuller for Man. Therefore,
you that live neer to Fenns, Moors, and other unhealth-
full places, plant your Seats round with Trees, and fbme
of thofe that yield healthfull fmells : For it is very cer-
tain, what the aforefaid Learned Author faith, p. 204.
That Odonrs do Nourifi 5 for he faith, he knew a Gentle-
man that would fall three or four dayes, without Meat,
Bread or Drink , by onely fmelling to a great wifp of
Herbs, &c. And in p. 44. in the Hiftory of his Life and
Death, faith, That Odours are especially profitable for the
Comforting of the Heart : And further he faith, We com-
mend above all other Odours, that of Plants growing and not
plucked , taken in the open Aire, as Violets, Gilly-fiowers, Pinks,
Bean-flowers, Line-tree Blojfoms, Hony-fiuckjes, Wall-flower sy
Kofes, Mints, Lavender, &c. Orange-trees, Citron, Mir-
ths, Sec. Therefore to walk, or fit neer the breath of thefie
Tlants, would not be hegle&ed.

Thus you fee this Learned man takes notice of the
Line-tree 5 and if the fimple Water that is diftilled from
the Flowers, be good againfl; the Plague, or other in-
fe&bus Difeafes, as certain it is, then fure the fmell from
the BlofToms themfelves muft be very good 5 therefore
excellent to plant neer your Houfes : And ("as I ^ave
heard) a wife Mans Opinion was, That the Line-trees in
the Cities in Holland adde much to the Health of the In-
habitants j and it is my belief. I have hinted at thebigT
nefs of one Lime or Line-tree, in the enfuing lines, and
fhall here (hew you, for your further encouragement to
plant and preferve Trees, the Content of one Tree, as I
had it from the Honourable Sir Henry Capell as follow-
ed!*

to the Reader.

[»

A Witch-Elm in Sir Walter Baggottv Par^, *« the County of
Stafford.

Two Men five dayes felling it.
It lay 40 yards in Length,
The Stool five yards two foot over.
Fourteen Load of Wood brake in the fall.
Forty eight Load in the Top.
Eighty pair of Naves were made out of it.
Eight thoufand fix hundred and fixty foot of Boards and
Planks.

It cofl Ten pounds feventeen (hillings Sawing.
The whole Subftance was conceived to be 97 Tuns.
It was felled in the Year 1 674.

And now I (hall fet before you fome Rocks, which are
in fbme Books, and for their ftrangenefs are entertained too
long, to the Abufe of many : But thefe which I mark here,
pray endeavour to avoyd.

Firft Error: It is affirmed by fbme, that if you put your
Seeds in a Box, Shell, or Squill, and Co fet them in the
Ground, thefe feeds will unite in one, and fo bring forth
larger and better Fruit ; but if they fhould joyn in Roots
or Branches, that will not make the Fruit the better or
larger, nor of two kinds in Tafte, as fbme have faid. I ra-
ther think that putting feeds into fuch things will ftupifie
them and deftroy them 5 but if they fhould unite in one
fhoot, that fhoot that groweth the fafteft would lead all the
fap into its Head, and fb ftrain it through its Pores, that
it would make no more Alteration of a Fruit, that fuch
a fhoot would Naturally have had, than a Graft doth by-
being grafted on feveral ftocks.

For what Alteration there is of Plants, it is from their
£eed, andisftamped in them at their firft Conception and

a 2 Na~

To the Reader,
Nativity, which the Art of Man helpeth and may improve
fomewhat, but never to alter the Kind, by Budding, Graft-
ing, &c.

I fhall not trouble you and my felf in Anfwering thefe
following Errors $ but if you be not fatisfled with my lay-
ing they are 10, I fhall anfwer them when you defire me,
as well as I can : So I (hall onely name them, and (hew you
them as I have found them.

Second Error : To water Seeds with coloured watery or
Plants, to make them produce what coloured Flowers or
Fruit you pleafe 5 It is in vain to think fb.

Third Er. To graft or bud Stone-Fruit, or Kernels, or
Nu^s, or to bud fuch Fruit as beareth Kernels on fuch as
beareth Nuts or Stones 5 or to bud Fruit-trees on Forreft,
and the contrary 3 or to graft or bud Figs on Peaches, or
Apricocks 5 or to bud any fort of Trees on Coleworts 5
or to bud Peaches on the Mulberry-tree to have them
Early ^ or to bud Damfons on Goofeberry, Mulberry or
Cherries, to have them Ripe all Summer 5 or by budding
Cherries on thefe Stocks, and to wet them in Honey and
Cloves, makes themtafte fvveet and fpicy 5 or by budding
or grafting, to make a Fruit tafte half an Apple and half
a Pear, or half a Pippin and half a Pearmain, or an Ap-
ple half-fweet, half-foure 5 or to graft a tvofe on a Holly 5
or to graft Cherries on other Stone-fruit to come with-
out Stones, or to grsft a Vine on a Cherry } or to take
the Pith out of two Grafts, and then joyn them together
and graft them, brings a Fruit without Kernels', fo they
may when both grow } or to graft a Cyon with the lmaU
End downward, will make it .bring a Fruit without Core :
Thefe, and the like, are great Errors, and very falfe in.
Grafting and Budding,

Fourth Er. To fet a whole Apple or Pear, the Pippins
will come forth in one (hoot } or to fet any fort of Fruit
wkh the flefny part on 3 are alfo great Errors.

Fifth

To the Reader,

Fifth Er. To bore holes in Trees, and to put Honey or
other fwcet things into them, to make them bear more and
ivveet Fruit 5 is alio a great Fallacy.

Sixth Er. To think that the Sap of Trees at the Ap-
proach of Winter falleth from the Head into the Root, is
a grofs miftake. Many more there are which I could count
up 5 but thefe are too many, either to be written or kept
in Memory.

Thus having (hewed you fome Errors, I here beg Par-
don for mine own that are in this Book. I know I have
committed Tautology 5 the Reafon is, I have been long
in taking true Observations : but I hope that which is fo
ufefull, cannot be too often repeated. I have ufed Arith-
metick the more, becaufe it is (b ufefull to the ingenious
Planter 3 for I have not laboured to pleafe my (elf onely,
but for all thofe that feek Wifdom : For the Gifts of God
are improved by communicating, and Knowledge thriveth
as Ingenuity is improved and communicated : for Ingenui-
ty hath thefe Properties of Memory and Charity, the more
you u(e it, the better it is 5 and the more you give of it,
the more you (hall have.

And now I (hall (hew you how I did proceed in that
which I was born to, not made: I alwayes took Notes
of what I did fet or low, the Time, and on what Ground,
&c. and when it proved well, I noted it fo$ but when
ill, I did endeavour as much as I could to know the Rea-
fon} which when once I found, I noted it well: I alio
alwayes was very wary of taking things upon truft} for
many Learned men have abufed their Works byfo doings
and if any man told me any thing, unlefs he had fufficient
Experience of it, or could give, very good Reafons why
it was fo, I alwayes was incredulous of it, unlefs ray;
Judgement told me it were poffible, or he by DifcouWe
made, it plain to me: For no man ought to deprive 2110-

thexz

To the Reader.
ther of the Liberty of Humane Ingenuity, that hath Light
of Nature to difcern and judge by.

I have often been blamed by Noble-Men, for not con-
fenting to the Opinion of fome of their Favourites, for
when their Notions were not grounded on Reafon, or had
not been proved by Experience, (though never fo new)
I could not well entertain them. So if you find any thing
in thefe few Lines, that hath not Reafon in it, prove by
Experience whether it is true or not: And do not fay, It
is lb or fo, becauie I fay it 5 but as you find it. And let
me be plain with you further 5 alwayes when I undertook
any difficult bufinefs, I was as carefull as- 1 could be, to
ele& a fit time to begin that bufinefs in : And to the prayie
of God I fpeak it, I alwayes had the greateft fuccefsin my
greateft undertakings, though many times I have been al-
together Ignorant in them 5 and many times failed in fmall
things, when I thought of the lead danger. I know fbme
will fmile at this Truth, but let them laugh that win, I
never loft by it. The wifeft man that ever was, tells you,
There is a Time for all things 5 and certainly there is in
Sowing , Grafting and Gardening : For it (hall be my
Opinion,

To think and judge as caufe I find,
My Rule is not anothers Mind.

Or as the ingenious Mr. Cowley hath it from the Learned

Vubartas :

Senfelefs is he who (without bluff}) denies^
What to found Scnfes moft apparent lies •■>
And gainft Experience he that fp its Fallacianf,
Is to be hifs'd from Learned Difputations ,
And fitch is he that doth affirm the Stars
To have no force on thefe Inferiottrs.

But

To the Reader. I

But to conclude } I have here (hewed you fome Rule)
how to prune Forreft-trees, which well done adds much to
their (hape, growth, and long life 5 Every one that makes
any Obfervation of Trees feeth this truth confirmed in their
fhape; and though many are againft pruning of Forreft-
trees, yet it adds much to their growth } and if done by a
skilful hand and at fit times, it adds much to the goodnefi
of the Timber, though feveral (it's poflible) will tell you
to the contrary, for it is the borrower that things of truft,
that is Truth's greateft greateft Oppofer : But to confirm the
growth by pruning, take this Example : There grew a
young Oak near the Orange-houfe at CaJhhkttrJ, about
nine inches Diameter, with many young Boughs on the (ides,
which robbed the Head fo much, that it did (hoot but
little, having more boughs than the Roots could well main-
tain, I took off the fide-boughs in the year 16693 and in
the year 1675, My Lord ordered me to k\l ni it (landing
too near a Walk we had made. My Lord being at Cafiio-
bury and difcourfing of pruning Forreft-trees with the in-
genious Artifts Sir Samuel Morelandmd Hugh Mtj Efquire, I
fhewd them theTruth confirmed in this Tree 3 for that year
it was pruned it did grow 4 of an Inch, which was near as
it had grown in five years before 5 It continued that
growth very near for the fix years after, as did plainly ap-
pear by Annual Circles to them and me. And as good
Pruning doth help the growth of Trees, fo alio it doth pro-
long their Life: For it is well known that the pruning of
fome Annual Plants will make them live more years than
one 5 for good Pruning may take off that which ill prun-
ing hath left , or the wind5 which otherwife would de~
ftroy the Tree in little time. And as I have faid fomcv
thing in this Book of Pruning Forreft-trees, fo I with fome
able man would (hew fome Rules, or his Judgement of
Pruning all forts of Fruit-trees and Plants that bear Fruit,
that there might be fome light for a man to fee to ground

his

To the Reader.
his Reafbns on $ for we are much to letk both in the man-
ner how, and the Time when to Prune our Fruit-trees, both
to Improve them and their Fruit.

g I alfo have (hewed you feveral Rules of Artificial Arith-
metick by the Canon of Logarithms , and (cverai Rules
of the Line of Numbers oxGnnters Line 5 which for their
excellent ufes cannot be made too common, or too well
known to the Ingenious.

And Laftly, I have not bufhelled my Light, but have fet
it to the Publick view $ which if it enlighten thee in the
good and true way which I intend, to thy benefit and plea-
fuie, it's pofsible I (hall doe thee, if the Lord permit,
fome other piece of fervice, farther to direel: thee in the
Truth.

My requeftto thee is to Correct the mifpointing, or pa-
ging, for my bufinefs is fuch, that I cannot fee it Corrected
my (elf, but trufting in your goodnefs (hall conclude:

Small faults if you I pardon, and fome amend,
Then tie be yours to my Ufes end 3

From Cafhiobury near
Watford,
An. 1675.

Watford, Novemb.16. JM, Cook,

CHAP.

CO

CHAP. I.

Of the fiver al IVayes ofRaifwg Trees: the heft for Forrefi-treer
is by their Seeds, Kejes% or Nuts, &c.

YOu mayraife moft forts of Trees by Laying; the Afn being one
of the worft, of any I have experienced : but it will take by Lay-
ing ; if you be an obferver of the growth of the Am, you then
may read the Reafon plainly, if that you keep but the eyes of your Un-
demanding open, which I take to be this: Of all the Trees that I know,
an Am moots with the ftraighteft (hot from his Seed, and fo continues till
it comes to a great heighth, unlefs by accident ; therefore feldom touch-
ing theground by its own growth-: But if it mould, it having no Arms
to defend it againft Cattel, and they being great lovers of the tops and
leaves, prevent its natural Increafe that way> finding it felf rarely or
never encreafed by this kind of propagation, it being not accuilomed
to Laying, therefore the harder to grow.

Your Oak will grow of Laying, fo will your Elm very frequently, as
I have feen in feveral Hedges, without any thing of Art : As you may
fee the great leaved Elm thrive well of a Layer on a bank by the Road-
fide from Ware to the Right Wofhipfull Sir Thomas Leventborp houfe
called Blacks-Ware. It is worth your noting, to increafe this ufefull wood
in your Hedges; as alfo other forts of Wood, which will be much for
your profit, and. alfo agr3at improvement to your Fence, though it be
at prefent altogether neglected. Of the manner and feveral wayes of
Laying, fee the Fifth Chapter.

2. Several forts of Trees will grow of Cuttings ; the Manner and
Time I (hall (hew in the fucceeding Chapter. But let me now invite you
when you fell your Woods, to give fome oi thefc Cuttings Quarters in
the Naked places, and you (hall find them afterwards to pay you well
for their Board : Remember your Hedges alfo where they want Guefts
tofurnifhthem.

You may raife many forts of Trees by the Roots, or part of Roots

B si

CO

of other Trees : The Kinds and Manner are fhe wed hereafter, which if
you love your Woods and your felf, you may take notice of.

3. Many forts of Trees may be increafed on other Stocks by Budding
or Grafting, but this is more proper for Fruit trees than for your Foreft :
For take it for granted, that it hinders the afpiring growth of Trees, and
makes them bear more. I know my Lord Bacon tells you of Budding
the Elm, and it will have greater leaves than ordinary : It is likely, if you
bud the great-leaved Elm upon the fmall-Ieaved whilefl it isyouig and
full of fap, it will have larger leaves, efpecially than an old tree ; but
that I judge fignifies little.

Enquiry may be made, whether by budding the Elm and alfo the Line-
tree, if it would not make their feeds keep better than, they do many
years with us : I wifli it were tryed. As for the maimer of Budding and
Grafting, i referre you to other fubjecls, for there are many have writ-
ten largely thereof.

4. The laft and bed way to raife your Fcrreft- trees, is by their Seeds ;
and how to do that, I mall (hew you in every particular Chapter, by me
experienced. I wifh every Noble-man or Gentleman that takes delight
in thefe (lately Monuments, would follow the Example of the Right Ho-
nourable, ' and very much knowing in thefe Lines, the Earl of Ejftx, who
hath now feveral thoufands of my Raifing.

Let me be bold to tell you, that one Afh-tree raifed in a Nurfery, and.
ordered as is hereafter fhewed, is worth five taken out of a Wood.
For there you fhall have them grow taper and ftrong ,!fo that when you re-
move them, cut butofffome of the fide-boughs,and fet them with great
hopes of a {lately Timber- tree. But if you take them out of a Wood,
then will they be not fo well rooted, nor taper, but top-heavy -0 therefore
you muft be fore'd to take off the Heads before you fet them, and then
expect at bell: but a- good Pollard ; and it is poffible you may wait
long before you get him to thrive : For the head being taken off, leaves
fuch a wound which is long a curing ; which you mult doe, or elfe his
Roots will not maintain that Head. Ever let me advife you to be as
fparing in taking off the leading top- (hot of an Afh or Walnut as you
can poflible.

Thus have I fhewed the feveral wayes to raife Trees •, for the per-
forming of the fame, read hereafter ; -and this is certain, that a few of your
Trees raife 1 in a Nurfery, «re much better than thofc you take out of
Woods. My Lord was a little before I came to him at fome Charge
more than ordinary to raife fome Oaks: Their way was to fence in a
great Oak in the Park, and then digged the ground ; and when the
Aeorns were moilof them down, then they raked them in: By this

Hus-

CO

Husbandry, my Lord had got eight young Oaks about fix year old : I per-
fwaded his Honour to take up his Fence, fatisfying him we mould raife
them at a much cheaper lay. He therefore ordered me to take up thefc
Oaks very carefully : I having two Men then at work with me, I bid
the cider goe and take up thefe Oak* but could not get him to goe by no
means ; he alfo had pofTeft the other with fuch a tragical flory, that I could
not perfwade him ; which was. that there were few which took up an Oak,
but either they or it dyed in a little time after. I told them that it was
poflible the Oaks might die in a fhorttimc, but they never the fooner.
The Reafon may be the fame with that before, of railing an Am by laying :
It being not ufed to be removed, makes them the more difficult to grow
when they are. But I went and took up my eight Trees, and loft Six
of them the Winter following. Had they been taken up at two years
growth, and the tap-root cut, you afterwards might remove them with
littledanger. I judge, if you can, it will not be amifs to faveycur Acorns
or feeds of this Tree that hath been removed.

CHAP. II.

How to obferve tmdknowtht Nature of Seeds, fo as the better to
raife them.

I Ever obfervedthe fhape, tafte, skin or {hell, that my Key es, Nuts,
Stones, Kernels, or Seeds had ; and if I found by their fhape, they
were pory, and by feeling fpongy, tailing little or very mild ; I then
did conclude to*fowe thefc forts of Seeds as foon as they were ripe, or as
foon at lead as I received them ; which if they were kept but a little af-
ter the time of their being ripe, I then expected but little fuccefs of thofe
Seeds. To give you a tafte of this Novelty, obferve but thefe few among
many more, that is, the Elm, Sallow, Popler, &c. and Angelico, Pafpere,
or Garden Samphire, Scofanara, &c.

I know 'tis a Tradition, that the Elm and Sallow have no feeds: Then
how could I raife feveral of them of Seeds, as I have done ? But if you
wj|| not believe me, I pray you ask the Earl dfEJfex, or feveral others
therefore.

Be gone Tradition, never more appear,
Out of the K alien dar before next year.,

B 2. Truth

( 4J>

Truth with Experience through this Nation
Shall Sainted be by a right Observation.
Leave room Afirologersfor Truths and fee
Tou write it next year in your Diary.

Now thofe Seeds that are of Tafte mild, Skin or Shell clofe, you may
keep them till the Spring approach, and longer, if temperately dryed ;
and dry, keep as your Acorns, and your Chefnuts, &c. but the Spring
after they be gathered is a fure feafon to fow them, therefore deferre no
longer.

But as for your Seeds that are of a hot or bitter tafte, or have clofe skins
orfhells, you may keep them till the Autumn following after they be
gathered, if occafion be, if they be ripe gathered and dry kept, fo the
flefhy part be clean taken off when that is ripe : Though I know an in-
genious perfon did hold, that to fow them with their fkfh on, (as Peaches
or Cherries, ) they would grow as well, as he faid ; but that was his
miftake : For the flefhy part was ordained by the Almighty for the ufe of
Man, Beads or Birds, and tends nothing to the growth of the Seed or
Stone, but rather to its diflblution, by ftupefying it7 as I have tryed by
fowing the Kernels of rotten Pears and Apples, which would not grow
though but a little time rotten. There be many Stones, Keyes and Seeds
which be of a hot and bitter tafte, asyourAfh, Peaches, Almonds, the
Mjzerion, Muftard-feed, c?c. yet though I fay they may be kept long,
yet I advife you not to neglect your feafon ; for many of thefe Seeds and
others will lie near two years in the Ground before they come up : if
you fowe them in Ottober, it will be the Spring come Twelve- months
before they come up; and if ycu fow them Early in the Spring, they then
will come up the next Spring.

Another way whereby you may know Seed of this Nature, is, by their
long hanging on the trees : for there, Nature finding it felf ftrong, taketh
the lefs care to feek out early to preferve its kind, and alfo Almighty
God hath made thefe very ufefull for the Creatures in this world, there-
fore hath ordered it thus by his Divine Providence. The Afh, Holly, &c.
hang long on the tree, and lie long in the ground, the Elm, Sallow, Syca-
more, fall foon, and come upfoon.

CHAP.

Cs)

CHAP. III.

The Sha^e of Seeds and their Weight do Inform you how to fet
. them.

THe very Form and Shape of Seeds hath inftrucled me how to
fet them : as an Acorn falls to the ground mod with its fmall
End downwards: Thus if they fall upon Mold or Mofs, you
may obferve the mod of them to be on one fide, with the fmall end tend-
ing moft to the Earth. And Ifuppofe that this pofture is the beft for to
fet any Stone or Nut, if you will be curious : For if you obferve any
Seed, of what Tree foever it be that grows in England, firft it puts forth
a Root at the fmall End, and when that Root hath laid hold of the Ground,
then it puts forth the fhot for the tree at the very fame place where the
Root came. Then feeing that bothRootand fhcot put out at thefmail
End, if fet with the fmall End downwards, the Body of the Stone or Seed
may hinder the fhoot; fo that it is the bell way to lay them on their
fides in the Ground: if they be heavy feeds you may fow them the
deeper, as Acorn, Peach, Apricock, Walnut, Chefnut, &s. about two
or three Inches deep.

If light Seed, then cover them with but little Mold, as the Elm, &c.
as I an Inch deep.

To conclude then, lay the fktteft fide of your Seed downwards; as
if it be a Peach ftone, fet it as it will lye on a Table, or the like, and it
will lie with the Crack where the fhell parts uppermoft, and the other
crack lowermoft to let out the water, as I judge; for Kernels in Stones
or Shells do not love too much water at firft.

Thus have I fhewed you the fevcral wayes to raife Trees: That is,
how they may be raifed, and how to know the time, at leaft to affift you
to know the time to fet them by their fhapes, &c. as alfo how to fet
them the beft way by their Form and Weight, which may be fome af-
fiiling to you, if you meet with far-Countrey feeds.

My Lord had thirteen forts of ftrange feeds fent him, as I remember
from Goa : I never faw the like; nor none that faw them here. By the
help of thofe aforefaid Reafons, I raifed ten of the thirteen forts, though
fome of them lay almoft a year in the ground : But I alfo muft tell you
I loft all, my ten forts the firft Winter, but one fort, and that the f.cond,
for want of a Green- houfe : fome of them I fuppofe were Annuels. I

(hall

ro

fhall give you one Chapter more of Seeds, and then I will mew you
fully what as yet I have but named.

O great Jehovah, thee J doe adore,
'Thy works I do admire, and thee implore
So to affift me, as that I may write
With Solomon' j Wifdom, that I way indite
. Jl4y few lines fo that they may be
Vfef all unto this La fid, pleafwg to ttiee.

CHAP. IV.

Obfervitiotts of all forts of Kcyes and Seeds,

-

LEt your Keye's be through-ripe, or when you find them to be-
gin to fall much, which is a fure fign of any Fruit or feeds Ripe-
nefs, (unlcfs by accident) gather them off fome young,' ftraight,
thriving tree : My reafon of gathering them from off a young thriving
tree, is, then will your Keyes or feed be the larger and folider; there-
fore by confequence they be the abler and likelier to (hoot the Wronger,
and to maintain themfelves the better : And I know by Experience, that
the feeds gathered of old Plants or Trees, or old feeds, fo the feeds be
perfect, will come up fomewhat fooner than the feed of young Trees .•
my aforefaid Reafon doth this fomewhat demonstrate ; or take it thus,
Nature finding her felf weak in thefe Seeds, doth (like a provident Mo-
ther) feek the fooner to provide for her weak Children \ as a great Phi-
lofopher and Naturalift faith, That Nature is one in divers things, and
various in one thing. See Par ad. pag. 90. of the Tree of Life.

And to gather them off a ftraight and thriving tree, 'tis likelier they
will run more up, and grow ftraighter than thofe which be gathered of
Pollards. This I know, that Nature doth delight very much in Imitati-
on, and in Plants and Trees like doth endeavour to produce its like :
though I know, that by the fcituation, or ground, or grafting of fome fort
of Stocks, that by any of thefe the trees may and will alter fomething,
both in growth and largenefs of Fruit, andearlyer, or the contrary, but
the fpecies will be ftill the fame. To which I adde.. good keeping or dref-
fing of any tree, doth much improve its growth, and largenefs of Fruit

or Seeds.

Now

C7)

Now the Seed being that part of the Plant which is endowed with a Vi-
tal Faculty to bring forth its like, it contains potentially the whole Plant
in it, therefore it may and is the more to be obferved : Or as a learned
Phyfitian hath it, fpeaking of Man and the World ; The Chaos or firfl:
Matter was made a World, "and of this World was made Man : fo a
Tree groweth from the Seed, the Seed is the beginning of the Tree, and
in every grain or feed of a Tree there lies hid another tree. Sec Phdofo-
■phy Reformed, page 58.

The Induftrious Farmer or Yeoman wi{l take care that the Grain
which he foweth be of the beft Kind for Largenefs and Goodnefs in every
particular, and hath oft found by Experience to his lofs, that the Corn
which is taken tofowe from that which was your fmooted or miil dew d,
doth oft produce fmooted or black Corn again; he knowing alfo that
this black Corn which is like dufl within, will not grow: Then what fhouid
be the Reafon that that which growes in the fame Ear will oft-times
produce black fmooted Corn, that hath nothing but a little black duft in
it, or a black flinty Kernel of little or no ufe, but harmfull to the reft,
though that which you fowe feem found, and a very likely berryed Corn ?
When I have found by Experience, that Wheat which hath not been fo
likely to the Eye as that which was freer from fmooted Corn,hath brought
or produced clearer Corn by much than the others. Now I have dif-
courfed with fome which would not fpare to fay pofitively , that your
fmooted or black Wheat would grow, and fo produce black Wheat
again, which is a great Miitake : But this I know, that your Wheat which
is like black dull within, will not grow at all ; nor fome of your black
flinty Wheat, but fome of it will produce blades, fome (talks, with ears,
but no found grain ; fome with good and bad in one ear, and fo the
nearer it is to perfect found grain, the nearer it produceth its like: Yet
though this may and will produce fome good, and fome bad, as I fay,
yet no black fmooted grain (unlefs meeting with fome accidental Caufe, if
the Grain be perfect found) but according to its defect fo may be the.
fuccefs of your Crop.

Now this which! call the Accidental Caufe, is the Mildew, which may
well be fo called, becaufe of its Malignity, efpecially to Wheat and Hops,
becaufe in them molt perfected, though many other Plants fuffer as
much : This Maldew or Mildew, is a Dew which is drawn from the Earth
and Herbs in a drye and calm time, and wnen Herbs are in their prime,
by the Sun *, and wanting wind to fan off their- grofnefs, and alfo being
drawn from Herbs, which make it thick and fweet and not fo active to
afpire: 'tis moil in your inclofed Grounds and Valleys: and to thofe
grounds which lie tending to the Oriental part of the'Heavens; as all Blad-
ing winds are. ' Nov/

C8)

Now I fuppofe thefe may be the Reafons your Valleyes do afford
more moyfture than your Hills, as is oft feen by your Mifts which
are more frequent in them than on Hills .* this being drawn up by
the Sun in the Day-time, and wanting wind to affift its Motion (as
I faid before ) doth hang in the lower Region, and when the Sun fets,
it falls upon your Plants with its thick clammy fubftance ; and in thofe
whofe bark is tender and young, and pores open with the heat of the
feafon, hinders the fap of the Plant or Tree to afcend to nourifh his
flowers or fhoot. Tis obferved, that when your Wheat doth fhoot up
to Ear and flower, it doth it fuddenly, and likewife your Hops, and
then this Clammy or Mildew coming upon it before the Air hath hard-
ned it, to refill: it ; For the Air being warm, Nature doth not fo much
as dream of this unkind Enemy : And if it falls on Wheat when the Ear
is new formed, then there is the black fmooty Wheat; but if the Ear
hath blown even when or before it comes, or that the whole {talk be
not furrouhded with it, then you fhall have fome of your grains good,
and fome bad, according as they were in fetting , or find Nourifh-
ment.

I have oft obferved in your black Heart, white Heart, and other great-
leaved Cherries, this Dew to fall upon them at the top, juft at the be-
ginning of Midfommer (hoot, and hath fo flopped the (hoot, that it hath
fhot forth in other places below; and on the top of the (hoots you may
fee many little Flies feeding on this Dew; and on the Leaves of Oak
and Maple, 'tis plainly to be feen and tailed ; and though deftruclive
to Corn, &c. yet it is mighty Relief to the induftriousBees.

The Reafon why thofe grounds which hang from the Horizon to the
Eaft, are moft fubjecl to this Dew, and to Blafting, as it is termed, may
be (as I judge) the Suns drawing thefe vapours towards it ; juft as a great
Fire draweth the Air in a Room to it fo the Sun having fet thefe in Motion,
yet not having ftrength enough to draw them into the middle Region,
to form them into a Cloud, doth yet draw them till he is below our
Horizon, then thefe Dews tend to the Earth from whence they were ta-
ken, and in motion to the Weft do as it were fall upon that Ground
which hangs Eaftward at right Angles, therefore offenfive to them
moft.

ButfinccI amfpeaking of this ufcfull Grain Wheat, I fhall take no-
tice of that which I know is ufed with good fuccefs: They take their
Seed-wheat, and fteep it twenty or twenty four horns in water and Salt,
which is found by experience to do good to the Wheat againft the black-
nefs, and helps it in its growth; the Reafons 1 conceive are thefe : The
ftceping it prepares it for its fpearing, and makes it take root the fooner;

there-

(?)

therefore if late in Towing, ftccp the longer ; if early, not To long : And
if there be any Grain that is not perfect found, this will cither kill or
cure it. And I fuppofe that Brine to Wheat, is as Sack to a young
Child, a little doth a great deal of good ; but have a care you do not
let it lie too long in a itrong Brine, left you ftupifie it, or kill it with too
much Kindnefs. I doadvife my Countrey-men, if late in fowingany of
their Grains, to fteep efpecially Barley, as well as Wheat ; if your Grain
be frear'd, it is never the worfe, provided you fow it before the fpear
be chill'dor dryed ; therefore commit it to the Ground, and cover it as
you can. Your Wheat, Oats, and Barley differ much in their growth from
other feeds ; for they put forth their roots at the great end, and then
one blade or long leaf at the fmallend, which comes between the skin
and the body of the feed. Your Beans and Peafe put forth their Root
at the fide, and then the fame fort of Leaf, at the fame place where the
Root came out, that grows on the (talks.

So doth your Walnut, Chefnut, Horfe-Chefnut, Peaches, Almonds,
Apricocks, Plumbs, &c. and the onely difference from Beans and Peafe,
is, that thefe Stone-fruits put forth at thefmall ends, and the other al-
wayes at the fides.

In like manner there be feveral forts of Trees, and moll: forts of Plants
that be fmall, which put forth Root at the fmall end ; and as foon as
that Root hath laid hold of the ground, they then fend out two falfe
Leaves, nothing like thofe that grow on the Tree or Plant, which two
falfe Leaves are the feed, which divides into two parts, and fo ftand fome
fmall time on the top of the ground : and then between thefe two falfe
Leaves comes forth a Shoot, which produceth leaves like thofe of the
Tree or Plant from whence it came. Of this way of growth, there be
an infinite number both of Trees and Plants, as the Elm, Afh, Sycamore,
Maple, Pear, Apple, Quince, and the moft forts of the feeds of Trees
which are not environed by Stones or Shells : of feeds , the Melon,
Parfnip, Carrot, Carduus, Angelica, and indeed moil: forts of feeds.

CHAP. V.

Of the feveral wayes to rajfe Forreft-trees, or others 5 and how to
perform the fame by Laying.

THofe forts of Trees which will grow of Cuttings, are the eafieft
to raife by Layings, fome of which forts you may fee in the next
Chapter.

C Now

(-10.)

Now touching the I "Vers of Trees obferve,

that if they be Trees that he'. Leaf all Winer, as Firres, Pines,

Holly, Yew, Box, Ba\ es; Lawrel: ; c. Let fuch be hid about the

latter end of Augttf}.

But if they be fuch as fhed their Leaf in Winter, as Oak, E!m, Line,
Sycamore, Apple, Pear, Mulbern c; c. let fuch be laid about the middle
of Oitiber. I c'o grant that you may lay at any time of the Year, but
thefe times 1 take to be the befl •, for then they hive the whole Winter
and Summer to prepare and draw Root in", at that time of the year the
Sun having lb much power on the fap of the Tree, as to ked the Leaf
and Bud, but not to, make a (hoot: and if that little fap that rifes, be
hindred. as it is by fome of the following wayes of laying , the Leaves
and Buds yet gently craving of the Layer, makes the Layer prepare for
Root, or put forth root a little to maintain it felf,. being it finds it can-
rot have it from the Mother- plant : and being it wants but little Nou-
rimment at that time of the Year, I think it is better to lay Layers of
Trees, and to fet Cuttings, than at other times : In Summer when the
fap is much abounding, or in Winter when the fap ftirres little, or in "the
Spring when the fap begins to rife ; for then it comes too fudJenly to
draw fap from the Layer before it hath drawn or prepared for ro:t: f r
Nature mult be courted gently ; though I know in fmall Planrs, the
Spring or Summerdoth very well, for they being fhort- lived, are there-
fore the quicker in drawing root: and befides that, Trees are many times
laid, as they are not.

Asfo-thofe Trees that are apt to grow of Cuttings, take but fome of
the boughs, and lay them into the Ground, covering them about half a
foot withfrefh fine Mould, leaving them with the end of your Layer a-
bout one foot, or a foot and a half out of the ground, keeping them moid:
In Summer \ and in Twelve Months time you may remove them if root-
ed, if not, let them lie longer.

Another way is, take a Bough you intend to lay, and cut it half way
through right crOfs the wood, then flit it up towards the end , half a
foot, or according as your Layer is in bignefs, lay the flitted place into
the ground, and you (hall find that flitted place take root, if laid as the
former, and fo ordered. This way you may encreafe many fine Flow-
ers and fmall Plants, but they being out of my Element at this time,
I fhall not fpeak of the ordering them, for fear I feera tedious to
fome.

Another way to lay a Layer of a Tree, is, take a piece of Wyer,
and tie it hard round the bark of the place you intend to lay into the
ground, twitting the ends of the Wier that it may not untie : prick the

glace

pUce above the VVier thorough the bark with an Aul in feveral places,
then lay it into the ground asthefirft.

A fourth way of Laying of trees, is, Cut a place round, about one
Inch or two, where \ou rind it mod convenient to lay into the ground,
and fo proceed as is fhewed in the firft way of Laying.

A Fifth way to lay fome forts of Pjees, is, to twill the place you in-
tend to lay into the ground as you do a withe, and lay it as is fhewed in
the firft way of Laying; by this way and the firft, you may furnifh your
Woods 2nd Hedges : For they being eafie, any ordinary man will per-
form the fame. Thus you may from one Stub, as a Sallow, or the like,
between one Fall and another of your Wood, for a Rod fquare of
Ground and more, (if that one Stub produce but ftrong (hoots) fill it
well with Wood : For when the Stub hath got two or three years (hoot,
then lay round it, as before at large is fhewed, there letting them re-
main to produce new Stubs.

But if you would increafe by faying fome young Trees from an high
Standard, whence you cannot bend the boughs down to the ground, then
you muft prepare either Box, Basket, or Pot, and fill them full of fine
fifted Mould, putting a little rotten Willow-duft with this Earth, for
that keeps Moyfture to help the Layer to draw root ; then fet the Pot
or Box thus filPd with Earth, upon fome TrefTel or Poft, as your Inge-
nuity will direel you, then lay your Bough by the fecond, third, or fourth
way of Laying, leaving not too much head out, becaufe the wind will
offend it if you doe; and by its own motion be likely to rub off the ten-
der young Root; and thus lay your Hops this way. Thefe things ob-
ferved, you may raife many choyfe Trees, as Mulberry, Horf- Chef-
nut, &c.

Thefe Rules may inftrucl: you fufficiently concerning the propagation
of Trees by Laying; but let me tell you, it is hard to raife a fine ftraight
Tree by a Layer, or Cutting : I have hinted at the Reafons before.

Note, the fmaller your Boughs be, Set them the lefs out of the ground,
and keep them clean from Weeds, that they fpoy 1 not your Layers.

Alfo note, that the harder the Wood is, then the young Wood will
take root beft, laid in the ground ; but if a foft Wood, then older boughs
will take Root beft : Now you that be Lover^of wood, make ufe of thefe
fure Directions, and if you repent, then blame me.

C2 CHAP.

C* *^J

CHAP. VI.

Of thofe forts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings , and how to
perform the fame*

IF your Ground be moifl: you may Set with fuccefs any fort of Willow,
Sallow, or Ofier, Alder, Water- Poplers, any fort of Apple that hath
a black burry Knot breaking out of the Boughs ; that Knot, if ftt a Foot
deep in good Ground, and the top a Foot out, is apt to grow: Some forts
of Wildings, Codlings, Gennitings, fome Sweetings, the fmiling Wil-
low, Quinces, Tamarisk, Lawrel, Firr, Box, &c.

The time that I have fpoke on for Laying your Layers, is alfo the very
bed: time for Setting of Cuttings, Whkh you may fee in the fore-going
Chapter, to be'mAugftfl, for thofe forts of Trees that hold their Leaves ; _
and October for thofe Trees that call: their Leaves in Winter.

Thofe forts of Trees that do grow of Cuttings are common, therefore
you may take your choice the better for the bignefs of your Cuttings ;
which 1 Advife you to let be from half an Inch to one Inch Diameter : If
they be lefs than half an Inch Diameter, then they will be weak , with a
great Pith, which Pith will take wet, and be likely to Kill your Cutting .•
And befides, when your Cuttings be fo fmall, they be not prepared with
thofe pores, (as at prefent I name them ) that is, little black fpecks on the
Bark where the Root breaks out, I fuppofe, if Set in the Ground; or
elfe Almighty God, for a Sign to (hew Man that thofe that have that Mark
upon them, will grow as your Elder, Alder, Sallow, Water-Poplers &c.
hath \ and alfo if they be Young, they then have not that burry Knot,
which is very apt to take Root, as your Codlings, and fome forts of Ap-
ples have ; in hard Wood,the Younger the better : But if they be greater
than one Inch Diameter, then the top of your Cutting will be long in co-
vering over, therefore may fomewhat decay your Cutting by the wet ly-
ing on the Head fo much.

But you may Set your Willow and Water-Poplcr of a greater fize, be-
caufe they be Set for Pollard, where Cattle come , therefore they muft
be great and high, to be out of their harming the fooner; but the other
fize is molt proper for your Hedges and Woods.

If youfet them by a Crow of Iron, or by an Initrument which they have
about Cambridge, that bores a- hole in the Earth, fomewhat like to an
Auger 5 Let the Foot. be free from cracks, cut fmooth at bottom, and the

(10

top of your Cutting the like, but let your" top be flantcd off; take care
you do not rub up the Bark when you fet your Cuttings • therefore make
your holes large when you fet them, and ram or tread the Earth clofeto
them, keeping them moift.the fir it Summer ; and let the flant cut off the
Head hang downward, and if your Cutting be choife, put a little fofc
Wax on the Head and Foot to keep out Air and Wet.

When you fet any Tree or Trees in your Woods or Hedges,be mind-
ful to put in one or two Cuttings with them, it will not be much time loft-
to do it, but well fpent, as 1 have often proved.

CHAP VIL

Of fitch forts of Trees as may be Raifecl by the Roots of another
Irce 5 and how to Ra/fe them.

AS f jr fuch forts of Trees which may be Raifed onely from part of a
Root of another Tree, there be many ; but of thofe that I have
made Experience, I fh:ill in this place give an Account.

Firft, Let the Tree be a thriving Tree, but not too Young, nor an Old
Tree: For if it be too Young, then the Roots will betoo final! for this
purpofe; if too Old, 'tis pofiible the Roots may be a decaying, and then-
not fit for this purpofe.

Let the Roots be from a quarter of an Inch, to an Inch and a half Dia-
meter, and from fome Young thriving Tree isthebeft, for in them the Sap1
is plentiful,and therefore will put forth the greater fhoot : then in the lat-
ter end of February, or the beginning of March, digg round the Trees
you intend to increafe from,till you find fuch Roots as before are mention-
ed, and taking your Knife, cut them three or four Inches from the great:
Root, fmooth at the phce you cut off; then Raife up that end, putting
in the Earth to keep it up, that when your Ground is levelled again, the
end of this Root fo cut off, may be two or three Inches above Ground.

I do Judge the fore-faid time of the Year to be the belt, for then the Sun
haftning to the Vernal Equinoctial,or rather this StaroftheEarth.to Libra,
the Sun having heat, andaftronger drawing faculty on the Head of the
Tree, drawcth by its fecret influence on the feveral Branches on. the
Head,- and the Head from the Body, and both Head and Body from the
Roots; and the Roots being furnifhed with Sap from the Earth, to fup-
jsly the Body and the Head, is then the fitter to produce with- that Sap a

new

C'O

new Tree, likelier than when 'tis in its full Sap, viz. in Summer; for then
the abundance of Sap will rather choak a Bud, than produce one out of the
Root, if the Root be of fuch fort as will produce Trees from part of the
Roots ; and then the Weather is fo hot, that it fuffocates a new Bud that
will be fo full of Sip, as that will be, if any : and as to the opening of
the Roots at that Seafon how unnatural 'tis to the roots of the Mother-
Tree,you may eafily Judge.

And then, to do this in Winter, though there is a continual Motion and
Afcending of the Sap from the Roots ^ unlefs Accidentally hindred by
Frofts) all the Year long (for Nature is no Sluggard) yet to cut the
Roots then, and to expofe them thus cut, as afore-laid, to the extremity
of the Weather, which then ufually is great, the Froit and Wet pierce
that new wound fo much, that 'tis more likelier to Ruine, than to Increafe
its Kind ; but if it doth Live, the Spring is the time when it will Bud ;
therefore by Confequence the belt. My Reafon for cutting the Root two
or three I nches off from the great Root is (then) that two or three Inches
of the Root will put forth many Roots at the end, efpecially if fmooth
cut pff, and fo the better for the Tree from whence you take the Roots.
Thus much for the manner of Raifingby part of Roots; the Kinds which
may be thusRaifed, are thefe that follow, viz. Elm, Maple, Poplar,
Afpen, Abcte, Cherry, Crab-tree, Plumb, White bum, Serves,
&c.

CHAP. VIII.

What Soy\^ or Dung is befl for Trees , or their Seeds > &c.

AN Y fort of Dung that is very hot of it felf, as Pigeons, Hens-dung,
Sea- Coal, or Wood-Afhes,Soot, or Malt-duft, fuch or as heats af-
ter'tis laid in the Ground; as Horfe-dung, and Horfe-Litter, or Green
Grafs, or Weeds; thcfeorthelike, unlefs a fmall Quantity, and in very
cold Ground, are better faved than ufed for Trees, efpecially Foreft-
trces ; fome Reafons may be given for this. Firft, their Fore-Fathers
have not met with fuch Kindnefs, therefore their Children do not, nor
cannot digeft it fo well. Secondly, thefe forts of Dungs are good for
feveral forts of Plants, efpecially Annuals, for 'tis the Nature of them,
where they meet with fuch warm Entertainment, to comeupthefooner,
jKoviied the Dung be not fo hot as to burn them ; for Nature hath ac-

cuitomed

C'5)
cu/tomcd them fo much to a Yearly decay, that the Seeds of them will
lay hold of the firft Opportunity, and put forward for their Journey, ci-
ther Spring, Summer, Autumn, or Winter; according as they meet with
Provifion for their Progrefs, till they have Accomplished that which was
done for them, «£. produced Seeds.

When your Forreft Tree knoweth its continuance to be long, and that
Naturally it hath many Years to produce its like, it will not be much forced
by Art or Artificial means ; for who can by the belt Art or Care that
be ufed, force the Keys of an Am to come up in a Year, or to grow but
one Inch ? For it will lie a Year or more before before it will begin to
moot ; when as feveral forts of Annuals will at any time of the Year come
up in three or four days, if their Entertainment be accordingly. There-
fore neither your Forreft- trees nor their Seeds require much Dung, but
love a ground Trenched deep with fome Addition of frefh Earth, fuch as
they delighting asif your Ground be a ftrong Clay, then trench it deep,
and mix it with fat Smd, Rubbifh of Buildings, Sea-coal-aihcs, High-
way-Earth that hath drift Smd in it, or fmall Gravel-Lime, or Lime-
Rubbi h, oc

And if your Ground be a Gravel or Sand, then trench it and mix it with
Loom-day, the turf and upper part of each is very good, digging the
Ground deep, and mixing it well : But if it be for an Orchard, youmav
add to any fort of Grouad ; fome rotten dung of Horfe or Cow, &e. will
do very well, fo it be not where your Root is ; but fet the Roots of any
fort of Trees in frefh fine Mould.

In (tiff Ground it is good to trench it with Straw, Thatch, Litter,
Woodilack-Earth, or fmall wood, but let not your Roots ftand upon
thefebyno means, nor upon no dung or turf, but let them be at teaftone
Inch or two from every Root ; and then in a Year or two, when the Roots
of your Tree comes to this Dung, or Soyl, the Ground will then have
made it rotten and fit to lead your Root along in the Veins as it Heth for
them , to find their Nourifhment the better.

Note, that thofe Trees whofe Roots run mallow, do moft delight-
in light Ground, as on a Gravel your Beech, Cherry, Afh ; ifmixedwith
Loom, the Elm or any; on a Brick Earth the Oak, Elm, Pear, &c. But
for thefe I mail refer you to each particular Chapter of their Kinds.

Of all forts of Ground for Trees, or moft forts of Plants, I take your
Clays to be the wor(t: that is, your ftrong blue, ftrong white, orflrong
red ; but if any of thefe hive fome ftones Naturally in them, they make
them the better; and the nearer they turn to a mixture of Loom, tSey be
fo much the better r So likewife Gravelly or Sandy Ground, the nearer a
Loom the better j for a. Loom, that is} a light Brick- Earth, is the moft I

Natural

Natural Ground? for Gardens or Plantations that is.

Your itrong Grounds arc worfe for Trees thin your light, efpecially
for their Seeds ; for they be more fubject to great Weeds, as Couch-
grafs, Thiftles, Nettles, &c.

When your Gravelly Ground hath in molt places a fhort Grafs, or
Mother or Thyme, or Mofs, commonly the greateft Plant is Fern, which
is very Natural to Seeds of Trees, and to the Roots of Trees : You may
often fee feveral Young Trees come up in Fern, which Naturally grows
on your light Ground, therefore is molt Natural for the increafe of wood :
But your itrong Ground doth molt commonly produce the greateft Oak,
and your Gravelly or (hallow Ground the fineft Grain ; that is, when Trees
are on fuch Ground as they do Naturally Love to grow on, they then pro-
duce thegrcatcit Grain, for then are their Annual Circles the greater;
therefore fuch Trees are your ftrongeft and tougheft Timber. But when
a Tree grows on a Ground it Naturally doth not like, then the Annual
Circles being fmall, the Grain of fuch a Tree mult by confequence be
finer, and the Wcod not fo tough; fo that thefe ftately Trees do not
love fuch great variety as your Annuals : For if they be in a Ground which
they do not very well like, if you give them but room by deep and often -
digging, they will then fearch the further from home, and provide fuch
Nourifhment as will make them thrive, and be ftately.

When as your Annual Plants, and others that be not very long Lived,
they will defire better, and more variety of Dung than your Forreft-trees.
I have often admired what fhould be the Reafon that fome Plants will not
come to their perfection, unlefs they ftand on Dung, or that which will
give a great heat ; which would kill the Seeds of feveral others, did they
but ftand there one day : But as for the Reafon of the heat that fuch Plants
defire, it is becaufe they were made for hot Countries, and therefore if
we would have them to come to Maturity in our cold one, we muft give
them warm Lodging, efpecially in the Spring, which is too cold with us
for them : but what is it then that Plant does feed on ?

But then to confider well this, why the heat of Grafs or green Weeds
fhould bring them forward as well as dung of Horfes, provided you can
keep it but as temperate (for 'tisfubjecttobetoohot) and as long Iaft-
ing, for it wil-1 not keep its heat long .• where is then the fait, Sulphur and
Mercury or Spirit in the Dung more than in the Grafs to feed thefe Plants?
/Ufo I have Obferved, that if you take Rich Mould, half or more of it
rotten dung, and cover one end of your Bed with* the other end cover
•the fame thicknefs with poor hungry Mould, provided you make it fine
and fit for the Roots to run in, this lad: (hall do as well, and many times
fcer for any feeds on a hot bed, than the Rich Mould : Where is then

C'7)

the fait Sulphur, or Mercury in the rich Mold, more than in the hungry,
as molt do hold, that the richer the mould, the more of them, and
that all Plants draw their Nourifliment from thefe matters; when f
know that the feeds (moil: wefow on hot beds) could well dige/t that
matter in the rich Mould, if it were there more than in the pore, and
come on much forwarder in thefe Molds, each, if not on a hot bed: the
rich Mould would bring on Plants muchftronger than the poor, pro
vided the feeds be of fuch Plants that are quickofdigeflion.

Pidgeons dungfown thin upon cold Land, and early in the Spring, is
very good for Barley : But if fown late, and on dry hot ground, it will
then do more harm than good, for it will burn up your keds or plants :
this dung is too hot and quick for the feeds of Trees ; for 'tis the nature
of Pidgeons to eat Salt, and to go to the fea-fide early in the Mo nings,
and there to pick up Salt, which the heat of the Sun makes by drying
up the fait water, and then leaving the fait upon the fand. Now this
Fowl feeding fomuch upon fait, the dung of it is hotter and faker than
any Fowl 1 know: Now the Reafcns why it is good for cold Lands,
and withall to fow it Early, are thefe : Every one knowes that 'tis the
Nature of fait, that the dryer and hotter 'tis kept, the more it keeps its
own Body, and doth not turn to water: And when it (rands in a cold
and moyft place, it then dilTolvesin a little time to water; and when
'tis turned into this Element of Water, then is it'fitfor the nourifh-
ing and feeding of feeds, efpecially Annuals : For they be alwayes
prepared to fet forward in their Journey, provided they meet but
with fuitable Entertainment. But the feeds of mod Forreft-trees ,
they will ftay the time that their and our great God hath allotted
them.

But then why Salt mould be a feeder of Plants or Seeds, I take the
Reafon to be this, namely, Salt water ; (yet I do not mean ofSaltina
great^quantity,and in meet places that will turn it into water.) I have
oft obferved, that Salt if fallen upon a Board or other place, it will be
long a drying ; and if Heat have made it drye, then Dews or Rain make
it moyft again, then it fleams forth, and that it is which nourifheth all
Plants : When if on a hot and dry ground, and late in the Spring, if
dry weather come, then it doth not nor cannot yield its fteam or fume,
as Pxracclfiu in his Philofophy to the Athenians, lib. 3. p. 57. faith:
Every Body or tangible fubftance is nothing but a curdled fume ; whence
(faith he) we may conclude, that there is a manifold Coagulation, one
of Wood, another of Stones, a third of Mettals, but the Body is no-
thing but Fume, fmoaking out of the Matter or Matrix in which iz is.
So that which groweth out of the Earth, is a fume, rifing out of the

D Moyfture

(-.3;

Moyfture of Mercury, which is various, and fendeth forth feveral fumes
for Hearbs, Trees, &c.

1 do remember when I was a Boy, about fourteen years of Age, the
Sea brake a bank into a Marfh of my Fathers, in Lincoln-pure, and
did over- flow that Marfh and fome others with fait Sea-water ; the
next Summer proving dry, all our Grafs was clearly burnt up, fothat
I was very much concerned for fome particular Reafons, thinking that
all our Grafs had been quite killed, and indeed fo it appeared : The
next Summer proved wet, fo that towards the latter end we had fome
Grafs again, and the third Summer we had Grafs enough, but the fourth
and many after in abundance. So that it appears, the ground was ftupi-
fied with too much Kindnefs at fir ft, but after the Rain had allayed the
too much ftrength of the Saltwater, then the Grafs could welldigeft
the gentle Fume : I would have thofe that lay Salt on their Gravel-
walks to kill their weeds, obferve if in a few years more they do not
produce more weeds than fome other that had not Salt laid on them
at all.

Sea-fand is a very good Compoft for Ground, efpecially for ftirTe
Ground, for there it doth the too main parts to plants, or any feed or
tree; that is, it makes way for the tree or feed to root in ftiffe ground,
and makes a Fume to feed it : but this is too nimble for the feeds of trees.,
f unlefs a very little) obferve the Reafons before.

Mau!t-duft is a mod excellent Compoft in a fmall quantity, for many
forts of Annual feeds, as I have oft tried with good fuccefs ; but the
Reafons are ftill the fame : for this being a fmall part of the roots of the
Barley, and being very dry, drinks in the Element of water, which is the
principal and firft matter of all things, (as a learned Author hath it, in
the Genealogy of Minerals, p. 44 ) So wonderfully hath God created
Water, the firft Matter of Nature, which though it be fo tender and
feeble a fubftance, yet from thence is created the moft folid and du-
rable Fruit: that is, from the fume of an Oyly, Earthy w*ter, is the
Lifeofall Plants. The parts of the duft- being thus filled, upontheSuns
attracting that and the Plant, the Root embraces this Fume : This little
root, it having not life to grow, turns to Earth, and its Grave is a
room to lead the root of another Plant in: it will give good entertain-
ment to its own Kind.

Thus you fee, the Deftruclion of one is the increafe of another : A
little of this is good for fome feed of For reft- trees j but fow it not too
thick, for any thing, left it mold, or turn Mufty.

Note, that the place which is beft for the root to be in, when the
Tree or Plant is growing, is, the place that bringeth it fooneft to De-

ftru&ioE!:

C«9i)

ftruftion when dead, and contrary : for a Tree cannot live in water,
oralwayesdry, andthofe preferve the Timber longeft when the Tree
is dead. This may be further improved by ingenuity.

Note alfo, that the place which is bed to keep the Fruit of a
Tree in, is the very worll for a Tree or Plant to grow in, and con-
trary.

Old Rags of Woollen Cloth, as is found by Experience by the in-
duftrious Farmer, cut into fmall pieces, are a good Compoft. for their
Ground : they draw the Dew and Rain to them, and keep it till Sol's
prefence makes it fit for the Roots of the Plant : I judge them to be beft
for a pure dry foyl, becaufe they hold their Moyiture long, and I fup-
pofe 'tis a foyl that is lafting ; for Wooll will not rot with wet fucL
denly . A little of this for the Trees or Seed on a dry Ground, will do
good to them, as appears by the aforefaid Reafons : For Annuals
better.

Conny-clippings are of the fame nature (but I do fuppofe they will
not laft fo long) and are better for a ftiffe ground.

Saw-duft, if well rotten, and of foft woods, is very gratcfull to the
tender Roots or Seeds of any fort ; 'tis good for dry ground, for it holds
water, and makes way for the Roots of Trees very well, and is as good
as moil: Preparers are.

Rotten-dull: out of hollow Trees, efpecially thofe of foft wood, is a
rich Leader offender young Roots : the Reafon is (hewed before.

Soot is good to kill Mofs, for its heat kills the Roots, for they lye on
the top of the Earth : and good alfo to keep worms from doing harm to
your Seeds.

Sea-coal Ames are very good in cold ftiffe ground, either for Trees,
or any other Plant, to make that ground work well, and to keep it
hollow for the Roots to run in, &c.

Rubbifh of Buildings, that is, broken Bricks, and Stones and Lime
is very good for the Roots of Trees in a ftiffe cold Ground, the Reafon
is told you.

Chalk broken fmall into pieces, is a very good Compoft for ftiffe
cold grounds. There is much difference in Chalk, but that which is
foft, fat Chalk, is good forfuch Ground as aforefaid, and for ground
that is not very ftiffe. Let your Reafon inftrudt you further.

Lime is a very rare Compoft for cold Grounds, and ftiffe Clayes,
for its heat caufeth a fume, and its tendernefs makes way for the Roots,
to fetch home their Nourimment, and its heat is great at firft, there-
fore lay not on too much on no ground; and let that be flacked. If your
dry ground be it your Tree delight to grow in, and you are forced

D 2 f

(10)
tofet them on wet, then adde fome of this Lime among your Earth.

Clay, efpecially that fort which is a light Brick- Earth, is very good
for fuch Land that is a light fhovey Gravel, or hath too much fand in
it : Such grounds as thefe, they do not retain the fpirit of Plants : for
when Nature hath by the two Lovers, Star- Fire and Water, gene-
rated their Babe, fuch ground as this doth drink down too faft, and
again doth drye too hailily } fo that the water cannot have time to
leave nor to prepare its (lime ; which is the Mercury that makes that
fume which feeds all Plants and their feeds : But this Clay mull not
be digged too deep,for then k wanteth of that which feedeth Flants, &c.
I have taken the green Slime that is common in (landing waters, ( I
do not mean the Frogs Spawn, which is caitmany times into this) and
have dryed it and beat it into fine duft, and then have mixed it with
good frefh Earth, and have found very good fuccefs in raifing feveral
forts of Flower- feeds and others : Though I have Notes of them, yet
it is out of my Road to fpeak of them now , being I am Writing of
the (lately Forreft-trees However, I may (its poflible) write fome-
what of them, if the Lord permits, and according as I find thefe k\v
Lines Accepted of by fome of the Royal Oaks of this our Age.

For I do fuppofe that there is not one thing in Gardening yet well
known : For (as a Learned Author hath it,) he that knows a thing well,
nut ft know what it wm, is, and jh. dl be ; Therefore all humane Know-
ledge is but a ftiadow of fuperficial Learning reflecting upon mans Ima-
gination, but not the leaft thing comprehended fubilantialiy.
D But to the bufinefs in hand, take Clay or Loom, and lay it on your
Ground, not too thick, the beginning of Winter, and there let it be
till the Froll hath made it fall into Mould, then in fome dry open time
harrow it all over : and if it be Ground you plow, then plow it in
a drye time, but if it be Ground you trench for Forreft or Fruit-
trees, obferve to order it fo : for by thus doing the Clay will mix with
the Sand or Gravel much the better: The better that any man chew-
cth his Meat, it is certainly the eafier to digefl ; and the dryer you
put it into your ground (provided it hath but time to water itfelfwell
before your trees be fee ; 'tis the better ; for then it draws the Mercu-
ry, and (lores it up till the Roots have occafion for it .• for 'tis quickly
exhaled out of fand : but the Clay holds his (lore till a time of Ne-
ceffity, and then contributes to the Roots, that is, in drye weather :
and the fmaller you make it to mix with your ground, the likelier the
fmall Roots (as well as the great) are to meet with it.

Note further, that the fmaller your Plants be, the finer mud your
Earth be made, by skrecning, fitting, beating, turning, &c.

I know by good fuccefs this to be true: for the Right Honourable
my Lord ( and the more to be honoured becaufe a great Planter, and
as great a Lover thereof ) gave me order to make three Walks of
Line-trees, from the New Garden to the New Bowling-green, and
withall to make them defcend towards the Houfe, as neer as we could ;
which to doe, I was forced to cut through one Hill thirty Rod, moll:
of the Hi!! two foot-deep, into a (harp Gravel, and the greateft part
of all the length of the Walks was the fame ; they being Trees that I
raifed of Seeds, moil of them, and the reft of Layers, at Hadham-
Hiilly they being with my Lord ever fince their Minority, and he ma-
ny times their Barber., engaged him to have the more particular Kind-
nefs for them, therefore he ordered me to doe what I thought good in
preparing the ground for them : which I did as folio weth.

Firft I levelled the Hill, and when I had brought the Ground neer
to the Level concluded on, I itake d out my ground where every Tree
fhould {land, and then ordered my holes to be made for my Trees,
each hole three foot-deep, and four foot-wide, being the ground was
fo bad : This I did neer a Year before I fet my Trees, and having the
convenience of Brick-Earth near, I got near a Load to every hole, and
rn xed this with the Earth digged out of the Holes, turning it over
twice, and in dry weather throwing out the greateft Stones, but the
Turf I did throw into each Hole (the grafs-fide downward) as foon as
they were made ; but the Hill of Gravel I trenched that with Loom,
Cow-dung, and the Litter under the Cow- racks, two Spade deep, and
five foot on each fide every row. of Trees.

Thus having prepared my ground, and the feafon of the yearcome?
about the beginning of November, 1672. I had the Trees taken up
with good help, as carefully as I could, and carried to CaJIriobury, the
place of their now Abode ; and then having good ftore of help, and
good Mould prepared, of the fmalleft and fiaeft, I fet the Trees with
the upper part of the Roots of each Tree level with the top of the
Ground, making a round hill half a foot high about every tree, and the
Compafs of the Hole.

Having prun'd the heads of each Tree, and cut off the bruited Roots,
and the Ends of fuch roots as were broken, I forted the Trees, and ob-
ferved this Method in placing them, namely; I fet the highelt next the
Bowling-green, and fo fhorter and fhorter till the lowed were next to
the Garden j which I did for thefe Reafons : Next the Green was the
worlt Ground, and the Trees more in danger of being fpoyled, by
reafon of a Market-path that goeth crofs that end of the Walks to
Watford,

Thus

Thus having fet my Trees {height in their Rows, and trod the
Earth clofe to their Roots, and made my Hills, I then laid round every
Tree, upon thofe Hills, wet Litter taken off from the Dung- hill, a good
Barrow-full to every Tree, and covered that with a little Mould, leaving
them to take their reft for a time ; but early in the Spring 1 found them
to begin their Progrefv, and that Summer they had fuch Heads (hot
forth, that I was forced to cut off fome of their Heads ( that is,the fide-
boughs) to keep the Wind from breaking them: There is inthefefour
rows of Trees 296. and of thefe I loft not one Tree the fir ft Year, but
they did grow and moot fo well, that there were feveral Noble Men
that faw them, did think, as they faid, that they were not removed the
Year before; but the year after we had three fpoylcd by fome bafc
Men or Boys.

Of the very fame parcel of Trees my Lord gave Sir William Temple
thirty of the belt of them, which he hirn'felf faw chofen out \ they were
Set at Sir Williams Houfe at Sheen, a much better Natur'd Ground
than ours, yet they loft all but fix of them the firft Year: I faw a
walk of Line-trees (butl think they were the Baftard-kind, which
we have growing in many of our Woods in Enjrland)kt at Debaen-hall,
the Right Worfhipful Sir Richard Brown's Houfe ; the Natural ground
was not bad for them, but how they were Ordered I do not know, for
they had the firft year not above one in ten that did grow any thing
confiderably.

I faw the like (orworfe) fpoyl of the fame Trees at my Lord
Chief Baron Tumor's near Stanford, where the ground might eafily
have been made very good for them. I onely write this, to perfwade
Noble Men, and others that are Lovers of Planting, to remember the
old faying viz.. A thing once well done, is twice done : And thofe
that are refolved to Plant, that they make their Ground fit for thofe
Trees before they fet them, and not bury them in a hole like a dead dog,
as too too many do. Let me then beg that they may have good and
frefh Lodgings futable to their Quality, and good attendance alfo,
to preferve them from their Enemies, till they be able to encounter
with them; they that will not do this, let them never refolve to Plant
Trees •, for why mould they fpoil the leaft of thofe ftately Monuments,
and in fo doing throw away their Monies ? For let fuch note that Nature
beftows not her gifts but where (he finds futable Convenience, there-
fore order your Ground well, and then you may fee a good fuccefs, as
my Lord hath had in feveral of his Plantations, though as bad ground
as moil is to Plant on. One Night ( me thoughts ) walking up one of

my

my Lords Line- walks, I heard the grateful Trees thus Paying the Tri-
bute of their thanks tohisLordfhip.-

Like Pyramids our Stately Tops wee'l Raife,

To Sing our Noble Benefactor's Fraife ;

Frejlily we will to After-ages jhow

What Noble EfTex did on us be flow ',

For we our very Being ewe to him,

Or elfe we had long fince inton.bed been

In Crop of Bird, or in Beajfs Belly found.

Or met our Death negletledon the ground;

By him we cheriflfd were with Dung and Spadey

For which wee' I Recompence him with our Shade ',

Andfmce his kindnefs faw us pruned fa well,

We will Requite htm with our Fragrant fmell'7

In Winter ( as in Gratitude is meet )

Wec'l firew our humble Leaves beneath his Feet.

Nay, in each Tree, Root, Trunckj Branch, all will be

Frond to Serve him and his Poflerity,

Thus having (hewed you by Example the good Effects of a light
Brick-Earth upon Gravel, I could alfo tell the fame of a Fat Sand, drift-
fand, fmall Gravel upon your Clay or ftiff Ground; but I hope that I
have informed your Judgment fo much, that you will Rcafonably con-
clude with me, that the preparing of Ground for Trees is, onelytomix
Ground fo together, that there may be convenient room for the Roots
to fearch for their Nourifhment; and to humour the Tree fo, that there
may be a good part of the Natural Ground which each Tree delights
to grow in. I know that if your Ground be a ftiff Clay, then to trench
and mix it with fat Sand, drift-fand, Lime, Rubbifh, or Chalk and
Lime, are great helps to fuch Ground, either for Trees, or Corn, or
Grafs ; and more lading than Dung, and for Forreft-Trees full as good
as Dung .• For it doth not onely give leave, and make way for the roots
to run in the Earth, but takes away that over-moiftnefs in the cold ftiff
Ground, which hinders Conception,by letting the water down into the
Earth, and by keeping it from Cracking, and ^o Nourifheth the Spirit
of the Earth, and alfo keeps it from fpending it too haftily.

Horfe-dung is the beft to make your hot beds with, for fuch Plants
as are commonly raifedof them be Annual Plants, but it is too hafty
for the Seeds of Trees, unlefs it be rotten, and well mixed with Natu-
ral Mould: It is beftfor your ftiff cold Lands, and if youlayituport

Plowed

Plowed Ground (which 'tis heft for) then Plow it in as foon as you can,
for if it lies there to dry, there will a great part of the Oily fubftance,
which makes the fume for nourifhment of Plants, be exhaled out by the
Sun : Let no fort of dung lie long on the top of your Ground unplowed-
in, but plow or dig it in as foon as you can-, for by lying fo, it doth not
onely lofe a great part of itsgocdnefs by the Sun (efpecially if it lies
thin) but where your Dung- hill lies every mower will wafh the ilrength
of the dung into the Ground, fo that if you take the dung off from that
place as clean as you can, yet you (hall have that place bear Ranker
Corn than where you thought the dung had lain much thicker, if it lies
long in a place. The Obfervation 6f this taught me many good Ufes ;
as hrft, to lay dung about the Roots of Trees is much better than (tones,
as my Lord Baccn Advifes in his Natural Hiilory -, for this keeps moid
the Ground better than they, and Rain wafhes the ftrength to the Roots,
as is aforefaid : and if you dig in this when the ftrength is gone, and
your Trees ftrong, it then prepares way for the Roots, and there is a
great benefit to your Trees. Or if it is not digged-in, but lies on the
top, and there turns to Earth, it then feeds the Roots on the top, and
leads them upward.

And feeing where Dung lies, the Ground is fo much improved by
the wafhing-in of the ftrength of the Dung, it nray well inform you
that Dung ikeped in Water is very good, efpecially if you ufe Dung,
in Quantity according to the Nature of your Plants, and ftrength of
your Ground ; the weaker your Ground, make your Water the ftrong-
er. There is in fome places in Farmers Yards, a Water that wafheth
from their Dung-hills, a Load of which is not inferiour to a Load of
Dung, yet by them totally Neglected ; but of Waters I (hall fpeak
more in the next Chapter.

Thushaving hinted of thefe two Ufeful and Common Dungs, Cow
and Horfe, in the Example of thefe Line- trees-, onely Obfcrvc this,
and then I (hall proceed .- Horfe dung is beft for Plants that are quick
of Digeftion and Growth, and for Trees or Plants that (hoot much in a
year j for it yields a great Fume, and fuch Plants can well difpofe of
it.

Cow-dung is a good Soyl for rnoft. Trees or Plants of hot Ground,
and better for durable Plants than it is for Annuals: Itis Excellent for
many forts of rare Flowers, if firft it be thorow-rotten, and then dryed
and beaten to duft, and fome frc(h fine Earth then mixed well with
it.

Deers-dung is much of the Nature of Cows, or Bullocks j but 'tis
more proper for tender and fmaller Plants.

Sheeps-

(25)
Sheeps-dung is alio of the fame Nature, but more agreeable to ten-
der and fmail beeds and Plants : By this our Yeomen and Farmers find
good profit, by Folding their Sheep every Night on their own Lands ;
for there they find a far certain benefit on their Ground by the Dung and
Urine which the Sheep make in one Night ; though it is not long lad-
ing, yet 'tis afure help for the firit. Crop, and a good Addition to the
fecond.

This may teach you that a thin fprinkling of dung is more fure moft
years for your Corn-Land than greater Quantities; and alfo that to
break your dung fmall is bell: ; for the fmaller the better, cfpecialiy if
you have laid it on your Ground not long before you fow, efpecially
for your Summer-crops, from this I do Advife my Ingenuous Country-
men of thefe few Rules which are fpoken before :

To well Obfcrve the Nature of your Land, and by fo doing to en-
rich it with fuch Soyl and Dung as is moft Natural to the Ground, and
to the Seeds you intend to fow on it; and to lay it on your Ground at
the moil; convenient times.

Firft, as to the Ground, I have hinted at many ufeful Compoffc,
and alfo that feveral of them are far more proper for fome Grounds
than they are for others, though there be many more forts that may be
and are made ufe of to very good Effect, yet I (hall not. trouble my
felf nor you with the naming any more, knowing that he that Under-
stands to Number to 20 in Arithmetick, may foon count to a 1 co.

Now, as to the Seed you intend to fow, whether it be of Trees,
Plants, or any fort of Grain, the fmaller your Seed is: make the oround
the finer ; the quicker your Seeds be of growth, and the more they run
into ftalks or leaves, your dung may then be the newer and (Iron^er,
and the more in Quantity, according to the Digeftion of your Plants.
But if for Trees or Plants of long lafting, then let the dung be the more
rotten; and the more they be apt to fhoot great moots, the more you
may allow them; but let them be fure of fome fuch Ground as they
Naturally^de light to grow in, and alfo to allow them room that is large
enough ; for High and Lofty Spirits do not love to be Confined to little
and fmall Cottages.

And as for laying it on your Ground, if the time be the Spring, that
is moft proper to fow your Seed, then lay fuch dung as is hot and dry
early on your Ground ; and rather erre in too little than too much, fuch
dungs as be your Pigeons, Hens, Sea-coal-afhes, &c. But if they
be hot and moift, fuch as Horfe-dung, Horfe-litter, or Green grafs,
Hay, &c, thefe be mod proper for Annuals, and it is not good to be
too fparing toward thefe tender Plants ; rather erre in keeping your

E, dung

. f*0
dung too dry than too wet, for in fo doing you {hall keep its heat the
longer, and have the more Command to keep it fo : But if you have
occafion to lay dung on Ground to helpfLeh Trees or Plants as are not
Annual, but more (low in their progrefs, then mix fuch dung thin, and
not too near the Roots; but if it be the Autumn Seafcn that you have
occafionto lay it on your Land, then lay it fomething thicker; for the
Winter will qualine the ftrength and beat of it.

To conclude, if you arc to lay dung on Land that you are to fow with
Seed that doth not run much into ftalks, yid is but How in growing, then
dc. as our Farmers do, let it be rotten and mixed well with Mould before
you lay it on your Land, and then your Grain or Seed will the better
agree with it, crelfeyoumay find on your Land ftrong great Weeds,
fuch as the Ground is moll inclined to; for ftrong Lend will produce the
ftronge r Weeds, and the other contrary.

Therefore if your Dung be too rank and new for the Seed you intend
to Sow your Ground with, then mix it with fome other Compoft as is
molt proper for your Land, and mod convenient to be had : and if your
Land be itiff, then mix it with Chalk, Light Sandy Ground, orfome-
what of the like Nature ; laying a good quantity of Earth frrft, then
your Dung, and then Earth to cover your Dung all over ; by fo doing
you will fave that Oyly water which will foakfrom the Dung by mow-
ers of Rain into the Earth under the dung : and by covering your dung
with Earth it will keep the Sun from drying out that moiiture, and what-
ever Fumes arife, the Ea;thon the top will receive : be fure you let it
not grow with Weeds on the top, but when you find them to appear,
take them off, and fuffer none to grow on your Comport ; or turn it
over, and mix it with your Earth below , however let it be mixed toge-
ther before you lay it on your Land : Thus do with New Horfe-dung
and Litter, but if it beany other dung, lay it on your Land as foon as
Opportunity ferveth ; for the longer you let it lie, the more it lofeth
of its ftrength, therefore lay it on rather too thin, and in dry weather,
and early.

To affift Nature do thou not neglefl; ;
Vfe her not Roughly? left there be deftU.

Thus much may ferve for Trees, but if it be for Flowers, or other
fine and tender Plants, you then muft be more Curious, and mix your
Earth better; butthcybeout of my Road atthis time. Themainbu-
fmefi is to prepare your Ground fo, that there may be room for the
roots to run in, to fetch their Nourishment. As for Trees and Plants

that

that root deep, trench your Ground accordingly, &c. Now, for to
pieafe the Tree or Plant with fuch Earth as it delights to be in, add fuch
a quantity of dung as may be mtable to the growth of your Tree or
Plane, thereby to make a fume to feed it ; for let this fume be made of
what it will, for my part, I mail not contend whether it be Salu, Sul-
phur, or Mercury; or as fome affirm, that 'tis Salt, Sulphur, Mer-
cury, and Spirit : AH, or any one of thefe that feeds the Plants of th's
Terreftrial Globe ; orif it be Fire, Earth,Water, or Air, as Wjs for-
merly the Opinion of the Learned ; for Sulphur or Brimftonc may an-
fwer to Fire, Salt to the Earth, Mercury to Water, Spirit to Air.

For 'tis certain, that Plants have Salt, Sulphur, Mercury, and Spirit
in them ; fome more than others, according to their Heat or Coldnefs,
but that they feed on thefe is not certain to me : But it is as I conceive
the Fume, Steam, or more properly the Spirit of the Earth that they
feed on; for the Earth is full of Spirit, which is the caufe of the vaft
many productions of Plants, and Infects which are produced every
year, and from no feed or fperm, but according to the fit Matrix of
the Earth; and the Star fire, and Virgin Mercury: their Dame Na-
ture is then bufie to make fome Plant or Infect according as fhe hath
provided a Breaft to fuckleand feed them.

The Earth is then but onely a Lodging- place,and fimple Water is one-
ly its Garment ; for fimple crude Water feeds nothing,but is rather De-
structive, as is feen by Water that runs forth on a Gravel, and the
ftream quick, there is feldome good Meadows by fuch Rivers, unlefs
there be fome Town that walheth it felf into the River, or good Rich
Land, or Lanes, or the like. Your Spring- water, unlefs it have fome
aflittance, is the like; but of Water, fee more in the next Chap-
ter.

And now I mail give you an Example of Earth, by which you may
well perceive that Plants do not feed on fimple Earth, nor crude Wa-
ter. My Lord was the Author that told me this, and as foon as the
Seafon of the year did permit me, I then did try the Experiment, which
was thus* performed. I took out of a Hill of good Rich frefh Earth
(which I had prepared for other things) fome of the dry eft, fomewhat
above a good large Flower-pot full ; this I carried into a little Room,
which I had at Ha.!ham-Hally it joyned upon the Bake-ho fe; there
I fpread this Earth thin upon the fhelves, now and then turning it till it
was as dry as duH:, and as I thought, as dry as it well could be, provided
it were not bu.nec'.: having thus prepared my Earth, I filled a Flower-
pot with it., which pot and Earth thus filled, weighed as exactly as
I could weigh it juft eighteen pounds and a half.

E z March

(28)

March approaching, in the year 1666, 1 put this pot into a hot bed,
to fecurc the feeds, and withall to help forward my defign to preferve
them : the feeds were Purflain which I fowed in it, the quantity was
very fmall : 1 kept this pot in hot Beds till the beginning of May, and
then I fetitundera South Wall, where it flood till that Moneth was
out, and then I fet it in the fhade from the Meridian Sun: there it flood
till the latter end of shigu.ft, and then finding my Plants full of feed and
at a ftand, I then cut up the Purflain clofe to the ground , at Noon time,
when it was very dry, and weighed the Purflain as exactly as I rould,
and it weighed juft fix pound two ounces. Then I took the pot of Earth
and fet it in a South Window in a Banqueting Houfe to dry, turning the
Earth to the Sun, to dry outfome of the moifturc, for the Earth was
wet, for I had kept this pot with watering all the Summer, as occafion
ferved: then I took this pot of Earth, and carried it into the little
Room to dry the Earth as I did before, and putting fome of the Earth
into a Box, and the reft !n the pot, I made it as dry as it well could be,
or at leaft as dry as it was when I fowed my feeds in it : and then putting
all my Earth into the pot again, I weighed it as exaclly as I had done
before, and then the pot and the Earth weighed juft eighteen pound and
feven ounces ; there was, I confefs, the roots of the Purflain, but when
they were dry ed, I do believe they did not weigh one ounce; and this
one ounce that it loft of weight might be Earth dallied over with
Rains.

Now, thefe Plants weighing fo much, and the Earth wafted orde-
creafed in its weight fo little, doth plainly fhew that Plants do not feed
onely on Earth ; for I do believe this, that the earth that was wafted,
was dafhed out of the pot by hafty watering, and by fudden fhowers of
Rain, or perchance fome might go out of the holes of the pot with the
Water.

Now, though Plants do not feed on earth, yet Earth is the Nurfc
and receptacle of moft things, and the Earth is fpongy and porous, fit
to receive the feveral Influences of the Heavens, of Heat, Rains, and
Dews; and ftores them up for the Confcrvation of her producls : and
when the feed or plant defire it, is put into Motion by the Coeleftial
heat the earth freely gives out of her ftore, according as the Plant can
difpofe of it.

And if there be no Plants to feed on this Spirit of the Earth, then ma-
ny times Nature makes fome which do; for the earth will produce fe*
veral Plants of its felf, without feed cr root, but they be Plants of no-
long laiting, c nd when they die, they then turn to Air and Spirit, as all
things do ; for there is nothing that is at a certain ftay, for all things

have

have their time of increafing, and their time of decaying, till they be
turned to that of which they were made.

No man can fee Trees grow, yet all men know that they doe : It is
plain to fee when a Tree is decaying, yet to know how long it will be
before it is of its own decaying turned to Earth or Duft, is hard to
know : Though it is Reported,that an Oak is a hundred years a growing,
a hundred years rtands at a ftay, and a hundred years decaying, yet
this is very erroneous ; for on (hallow Grounds an Oak will not grow
folong, and on deep ground much longer, and neither it nor any thing
elfe ftands at a ftay, but when it doth begin to decay, it keeps on, ac-
cording as it meets with Accidents, till it comes to dufL

Thus have I ghefs'd, but whether right or nor

The Critiekj Utjh 1 'm fire to under goe,

I to th' ir.geticus PraUifer diretl

Thefe lines, which hope with him to gain Rcfpcot \

For Learned men oft-times miftaken are,

When Foo 's as oft ghejfe right, though unaware.

CHAP. IX,

OflVattrfor Trees and Seeds, and watering them..

I Have oft obferved your Citterns and other places, that are onely
filled with. Rain- water, that that water will in a Summers time pro-
duce feveral forts of Infects, andfome fort of Water-plants; andalfo
that it will leave a green flime not much unlike to Plants, which fub-
ftance(or flime as I tearm it ) would certa;nly be fpent into Plants,
werethere but fome quantity of Aquatick Plants put into this water;
fuch as Mints of any fort, yellow Water- flagge, Flower de-luce, Crabs-
claws, or water Sen- green, Brook-lime. Ducks-meat, &c.

I once made an Experiment to trye this, which I have here inferted,
and thus it was: I took two water-pots, and filled them full of water,
out of a Fountain which had been filled by Snow and Rain the Win-
der before, and which was made clean the Michaelmas before : I fet
thefe two pots, thus filled, in the open Air, but in the fhade, and put
into one of them a good handfull of Mints, the Runners, which I put

in

in the firft of March, 1664. where I let them continue till thefirft of
April next, and then putiw afrefli handfull, and let that continue for
one Moneth more, and fo I did both May and June : I poured out
this Water about the beginning of September, toobfervewhichofthofe
Pots had the mod of this dime : whereupon I found, that pot that had
no Mints put into it, had twice as much, and being forced too to fill up
that pot that had the Mints with the fame water often, and that pot
that had no Herbs in it, the {lime of it was greeny the other pots fet-
tlement that was in it, was black,and of an Earthy colour : I did intend
to have profecuted this further, as to have filled two pots of frefh
Earth, and not too rich, and to have fown in them feveral Seeds, and
to have kept them from all water but this, and then to have noted well
the fuccefs, with more like Fancies which I thought on ; but I was pro-
hibited by one of the Drones of this Age, and did not know whether
I mould flay or not.

A Stone lying in water gets a kind of flime about it; and if you put
into water feeds that be quick of growth, (as moil of your Annua's are)
keep it but temperately hot, and they will in a little time fpcar out,
and then if you put them into fine Mould, temperately moyfl and
warm, you may ( if you pull up one of them and obferve ) fee the
Roots feeding upon a white fubllance, which I have often obferved ;
for in water is the feed of all things. Like wife put feed into Earth, and
if it be very dry, then though it be kept never fo temperately hot, it
will rather keep the feeds from growing than haflen them.

But water difTolves, then Life followeth the difTolution ; for water
opens the parts of the Seed, and makes them fwell, then they draw
the Spirit of the water to them, (for the World is full of Spirit) fo the
Seeds they have been fo long in water till the body of them cr
which is as foon as it hath filled it felf with enough to make a Root,
then that feed if once dryed, and a flop put to its proceedings, the Art
of Man cannot make it grow again. I have heard fome affirm, that
Malt will grow, but 'tis falfe, unlefsthey mean fome Barley corns which
never fpeared.

Therefore if you have once watered Seed, keep them with water-
ing if the Earth require; and if your Earth be poor, and your feeds
great growers, then water with rich dunged water, and often, but let
it not touch the Leaves ; and if you think your ground be toe Rich for
the Nature of your feed, then water your feed with water not very
Rich; but if your feeds be flow growers, foi fuijh keep your ground
only moyft, and no more; for, though it be Earth that .(lores up the
Spirit that feeds Plants, yet it is water that fets it on motion, and water

is

is full of Spirit alfo, but without Heat both thefe lie /till : for Heat
draws out firit the crude water, and fends it into the Aire: Therefore,
unlcfs it be for Aquatick Plants, or Plants that grow much, and the
weather be warm and drying, do not water too much, keep your
Earth juft moyft ; for when ground is full of water, the Coeleftial Fire
heats firlt the fnpcrficics of the Earth, and puts that into a fume, but
the Roots which are deeper in the ground being covered with water,
there is no fume rifeth there till molt of the water be drawn up by the
Sun, or fettled into the Earth : Therefore if your Ground be fubject
to be wet, keep it loofe and open, by deep trenching, and Earth to
drein away water; for it is oft feen, that good Land that lies low in a
wet Spring hath no great burden, becaufe it is over prefTed with wet;
and dunged Land in a wet year bears the wor/t Corn, efpecially if it
be low itifte Land; for Dung then holdeth the Moyfture, and the
ground being wet withal!, commonly do:h produce great weeds, which
can digeft the fpirit of the Earth and Water better than Corn, be-
caufe they grow much quicker, and fo they fpoyl the Corn : For the
greateft good that Dung doth to Land, is, to hold the water in the
ground, and to keep the ground hollow, for the Roots to fetch their
Nourifhmcnt. For 'tis the nature of Dung to draw water to it, to fill
it fclf like a Sponge; and when dry weather comes, then it fpends it
felf in fume, and fo it waftes it felf, and feeds Plants by its decay.
Thus you may fee and admire the Order of the great God of Na-
ture, that the Detection of one mould be the Prefervation of ano-
ther.

This you may obferve in rotten Wood, Malt-dud:, Wool, woollen
Rags, Horn-fhavings, &c. how full they will be with every little Dew,
and keep that longer than a Clod of Earth twice as big, thus will they
doe till they be turn'd to a very little Earth : By this you may inform
your felf what fort of Dung will Iaft Iongeit.

Some forts of Dung there be, that if they be not over- prefled with
Water, will wafte themfelves by their own heat ; Witnefs your Hot-
beds, &c. yet notwithstanding, this heat is very Natural to Annual
Plants.

Dung fteeped in Water, or water drained thorow Dung, doth take
a great part of the fubftance and Strength of the Dung with it, and that
water when dryed up in the ground, and evaporated, when Rain or
Dew falls on that place, it there leaveth fuch an Oily or flimy fub-
ftance as catcheth the Water or Dew, and hindereth it from running
deep into the Earth, and then the Over plus which the Plants receive
not, is rarified into Air, till it hath fpent it felf as it were to nothing.

After

' After dry weather in Summer, if there comes a good mower, and
a warm day after, you may fee this Fume hang in the Aire, fomctimes
low, clofe to the ground, as if it were loth to part with the Earth, and
toward the latter end of Summer, if great Rain and warm Weather
happen, then this Fume being great, and the Nights fomcthing cold,
it will fpend itfelfin Mufhromcs, Puffes, &c. as old Trees and rotten
VVood will doe, where there is a great decay, and nothing to feed

en.

Therefore, if you fear dry Weather, do not deferre too long be-
fore you water your Trees and Seeds, but water while your ground
is yet moyft : for believe me, I would not have you ftay too long be-
fore you water, if you be minded to water at all : And alfo when you
do water, do it well ; Confider the depth of your Roots, and thofe
that root deepeft, water moft ; and alfo when you begin to water, con-
tinue it as long as you find occafion : water Trees well, and Seeds and
fmall Plants often: ufe not Well-water, efpecially for tender Plrnts,
for it is fo drained thorow the Earth that it hath little fpirit to mak Nou-
rishment in it for Plants. Rivers that run quick and long on fharp
"ravel are little better; therefore if you mull ufe fuch, let them ftand
fome time in the Sun, in Tubs, &c mixed with Dung.

Let the Quantity and Quality of your Dung be according to the Na-
ture of your Plants; as, if your Plants be great growers, and require
heat, then put Horfc-dung &c. in the water.

If your Plants be fine and tender, then put Sheeps Dung, or Cows-
dung, &c. into the water, remembring, that if you think your ground
be bad, you muft adde the more Dung.

If your Water be bad (as is aforefaid) and that you put Dung into
it to help it, let it then ftand in the Sun and open Aire uncovered.

Take care you water no Plants with {landing ftinking Ditch water,
nor no water that ftinketh : for fweet water not too clear, and frefh
Mould, not mufty or tainted by ftinking weeds, &c. is as proper for
tender Plants, as fweet and good Food, and warm and clean Lodging is
to a tender fine-bred man.

Rain-water I take to be very good, if not too long kept; yet if
your Veilel be large, the oftner you ftirrc it, the longer it will keep

fweet

Large and Navigable Rivers, ( fuch as our Thames ) that receive
much Soylby the wafhing of Streets, and the many Sinks that run in-
to it, and which by its own motion doth cleanfeit felf from that which
is noxious both to Man and Plants} is a moft excellent Water for all forts

of Plants.

The

The larger that Ponds be, the better their water is for Plants; and
if they have the fhootof fome Stable-yard into them, it addcsmuch
^oodnefs; the opener they be to the Sun, the bette
ol motion they have, as byHorfes warning in then. 6\
ucks fwimming in them, 'tis fo much the better : for the I .
5 of Ducks in Summer in your fmall Ponds will keep the Water
fiom fmeliing.

Now having (hewed you feveral wayes of raifing Forred-t
fome other hints of their Seed, &c. and of CompoPc for tl
and of Water, and Watering them, I now fhali (hew you the r
ner how to raife them of Seed, which is to be preferred before all
others, though fome of the aforefaid wayes for fome Trees are much
eafier and quicker.

Good Aire for Plants (as well as Men) is much affifting to their
Health and Life, for without this nothing can live ; and that which
is molt healthfull for tender Men, is alfo the bell; for tender Plants.
Aire takes up the earthy Exhalations of all forts, and there mingles
them together, and being touched with Cceleftial Fire," it reduceth
them into general Principles, for great ufes. I (hail fay no more of
Aire, for it is an Hermaphrodite, and is inclofed in Water, therefore
near a-kin to it.

GH A P.

f34j>

CHAP. X.

Of the Oak* Rajfing and Improving.

1 Shall not trouble you with the feveral kinds there be; though
the Learned J. Evelyn, Efq; Reduceth them to four, in his Dif-
courfe of Foreft-Trces, but if they were diftinguifhed by feveral
Barnes, as we do our Pears, you might find as many varieties, oncly
according to the fhape and tafie of the Acorn : for as we know by Ex-
perience that feveral of our Pear-Trees grow Pyramid-like, as the Oak-
man-berry, and Bordon Musk-Pears, &c. And fome likewife grow
much fpreading, as the Winter-Bonchriftian, the back Pear of Wor-
cefter, &c. Even fodo fome of your Oaks; therefore if you defire
afpiring Trees, take care to gather your Acorns off from fuch Trees,
or rather gather them from under fome fuch Trees, when fallen, and
in a dry time if you can.

When you have fo done, lay your Acorns thin in fome open Room
to dry, and when they be dry, keep them in fome dry place till the
latter end of January, and having prepared fome good frefh Loomy
Ground, by digging and keeping it clean before-hand, fow them, and
let them be covered about an Inch and a half, or two Inches deep ; by
fowing them at this time, youfhallfave a great many, which other-
wife would have been fpoyled by Mice or other Vermin; but if it hap-
pen to be a wet time when they fall, then will they begin to fpear out in
a fhort time after : And then fo foon as you fee them moot forth a little
bud at the fmali ends, commit them to their Spoufeas foon as may be ;
for when they be come to the time that the Almighty hath alotted them,
end be hd and made Iufty by the dews and mowers of the Heavens,
then the Star-fire impregnats the Iv'oyfture in the feed, and then the
feed throws off, or endeavours to do it, and then takes his Lodging in
the Earth, where he prepares a room for his Off-fpring; that is, as foon
as the feed hath imbibed himfelf in the Water, and received heat, (for
without both thefe no feeds can produce its kinds) the Body of the
Acorn cracks, and the fpear fhoots into the Earth, and as foon as it hath
got Entertainment there, and the Seafon of the year agreeable, the Bo-
dy of the feed either turns into leaves, or fpends it felf into leaves, and
that L'ttle fmall part of the feed, the fpear, that fhoots forth Root, and

the

(35)

then (hot and leaves ; fothat if the Acorn hath had a convenient quan-
tity of heat and moifture (but if too much of either of thefe, that is
deadly to all feeds) then the feed fpears forth, and if it be not com-
mitted to the Ground before it be dryed, and the fpear withered, then
for certain that Seed, Acorn, Nut, or Stone will never grow. For
Nature, if oncefeton Motion, will rather ceafe to be, than alter its
courfe ^ for Nature hates violence, neither can the feed receive this pre-
cious fperm without thefe two, Father and Mother \ and thefe two mult
have a futable Agreement between them: for though one VefTel befuf-
ficient to perfect the Infant in the Womb, yet Nature hath not been
wanting to provide feveral Breafts to Nourifh it. Therefore if your
Acorns have taken wet,and the heat hath made them fpear, you tnuft low
them as foon as you can, and venture them a whole Winter in the
Ground ; remembring to keep fome Traps fet to catch the Mice.

In the Spring following they will come up, keep them clean from
Weeds, and let them ftand two or three years on their firft bed, then ha-
ving prepared a piece of good frefh Ground, by adding fome rotten
dung to it, if poor ; or good frefh Rich Ground (which is better than
dung) cut the tap-root, and the fide- boughs, and fet them as you do
other Trees in your Nurferies, keep your Ground with digging, and
the Trees with pruning up every year; thus Order them till you find
them fit to Remove, and you will then find no fuch hazard in the Remo-
ving them, as if they were never Tranfplanted before ; for there is a
great deal of Reafon to be given that the oftner you Remove a Tree,
the likelier 'tis to grow when it is Removed again, provided it be not
too great. Befides, Experience doth plainly mew the fame, for I have
often found that a Walnut-Tree fet of a Nut, and never removed in its
Minority, but ftill keeping his place of Situation, till it is fix or feven
Foot high, that in Fvemoving fuch a Tree, you (hall find near as much
hazard in the growing of that Tree, as in Removing an Oak of the fame
ftature, provided the Oak hath had his Abode in open Air, and not been
tenderly Nurfed up in a Wood \ for fuch Trees, let them be of what
kind you will, are nice to be removed out of their warm Habitation :
But at this 1 have hinted before. Now, to (hew you fome Reafon why
any Tree being Removed before, is the likelier to grow when removed
again, Obferve thefe few Rules;

Firft, 'Tis the Nature of all Trees to put forth one Root firft, and then
fome fide-roots, according to the Kind and Nature of the Ground ; and
this moll: ftately Tree doth commonly run to the bottom of the SoyI
that is fit for his Nouriihment, before it puts forth many fide-roots,efpe-
cially in a loofe, hollow Ground, and then at the end of the tap-root

F 2 it

0«p

it puts forth r :tty

big, it hiving few rccdfng Pvoots r: the Tree can hardly be

up well,withcut lofmg moll: of them,which will be a great hazard
to the lofs of your Tree.

Secondly, But when a Tree is taken up young, as at one, two, or
three years old, then there is but frhall head, fothat a little Root will
maintain that and then this little Root lying no: deep, and in a little
compafs of Ground, may be taken up with iefs lofs, to the proportion
of the Head, than a greater.

Thirdly, When you have taken upthefe young Trees, in cutting off
the end of the tap-root, and the end s of the greatefr, of the others,'thofe
very ends fo cutoff with the flopelowermoft, wifl at that place put forth
many final! Roots, which lying near to the Body of the Tree, are the
eaficr to be taken up with the free when 'tis Removed again.

LaftJy,Cuftom in Removing of Trees tends fomewhat to their grow-
ing, being Removed \ for I fanfie, that if you could get fome Acorns of
an Oak, that had ( with his Fore Fathers ) been accuftomed to Re-
moving, as our Apple- flocks are, I do Judge it would be then as pa-
tient of changing his Habitation as they. From that which hath been
fiid I hope you will conclude with me, that 'tis belt to Remove, either
Foreft-Trees, or others, when young ; for if you Remove them when
they be older, the better the Ground is, the more the Tree runs down
with a tap-root • therefore if never Removed before, the wo'rfe to re-
move off from fuch a Ground.

Thus having Ordered thefe Young Trees till you have Nur fed them
up to the ftature of fix or feven Foot high, you may afterwards Tranf-
plant them into your Walks, Wood,or where elfe your Fancy pleafeth,
fety in Tranfplanting Obfervethis:

,ke your holes four Foot wide, and two Spade deep at lea(t \ half
a year, or a quarter at leaft before the time of Planting (if it be a year
'tis the better, provided you keep that Mould which you threw out
of the holes clean from Weeds and Grafs, by turning it over as Occa-
fion requires ) and if you think your Ground bepoor, or of fome con-
Soy I to what your Tree Naturally delights to grow in, mix it with
feme fuch like Earth as your Tree doth beft delight to grow in \ as for
an Oak, if your Ground be Gravelly, mix it then with the upper
Spade of Ground that is a Brick-Earth, turning thefe together with the
Earth you did throw out of the holes ; if Clay, mix it then with a light
Loom, or a fat Sand, or fmall Gravel ; and if the Ground be poor, a
little laving of rotten dung in the bottom of your holes, but let none be

among

C37)

among your Earth when you fet your Trees, that is, to touch the roots

an.

Having thus prepared your holes for your Tree, and your Earth,
if your Ground be a dry Soyl, then begin as foonas you find the Leaf
to fall, that is in October : 'Tis not the Hiil or Valley, North or South
Situation which makes the finer or tougher Grain; but if there be a
feeding Ground onthe top of an Hill, or on the North fide, more than
there is in the Valley or South-fide, there then will be the toughed: Tim-
ber ; for where a Tree grows moft in a year, that Oak is the tougheft
Timber* and there that Tree (hall have the moft fap, as on a deep
Loomy Ground : But let it be Hill or Valley, if it be a {hallow ground,
and the bottom Gravel, and not mixed with Loom or Clay, there Oaks
will grow flow, and the Annual Circles being clofe together, the Tim-
ber muft then be the finer Grained : and the fap of fuch Oaks is little,as
I have many times Obferved : Experience and Reafon ( which I have
al wayes hitherto taken with me as Guides in my Travel and Search after
Nature) have confirmed me in this : A light Brick-Earth, or a
Loomy-Clay produce the ftatelieft Oaks, fooneft, and toughed Tim-
ber, for there they grow quicker!:,

Your Clays produce great Oaks, for that is a holding Ground ; al-
though they grow fometimes flow, yet they laft long.

Your Gravel produceth many Oaks, and ftreighr, they grow flow,,
the Timber is fine, and they decay while they be young; theReafons
of this I have told you before.

Having made Ready your Holes, and taken up your Trees well, I
Advifeyou to open the Earth well round your Tree, keeping the fide
of your Spade to the Body of your Tree, to prevent Cutting the Roots
when you take them up; and alio to digg deep round the Tree, that
when you come to pull up your Tree, it may come upeafily, which
will prevent thofe Roots which grow Elbow-like, which if they do not
break off in palling up, by (training them to pull up, they will crack
fo in the Elbow, that they will never grow, nor put forth Roots below §
that place ; therefore for fuch Trees as be ticklifh to Remove, take
the more time, left you verifie the Old Proverb, which faith,

Too much bafle
Oft makes wafte.

Such Roots as you find Bruifed, or much Cracked, cut them

off, till you come at firm found Root. Such Trees as are flow-growers,

as the Oak is, you may prune up to the fmaller Head; as, if your

11 Tree

(38)

Tree be taper and {freight, you may prune up fuch a Tree to one moot ;
but if your Tree be not taper, then leave two fide-boughs, or more,
to receive fome of the Sap, which will make the fhoot that you intend
fhall lead to make the body of the Tree, the fmaller, and fo your Tree
will be taper } but top your fhoots, all but your leading fhoot, which
will make the Body of your Tree fwell the more, and hinder them from
equalling the leading- fhoot, and by topping the other it will grow the
ftronger : I need not tell you which fhoot you fhouM leave to be the
leading- (hoot for your Tree, not Queftioning but Sence and Reafon will
teach you to leave that which grows ftreighteft and ftrongeft } if you
do leave any fhoots, as molt often it is necelTary, leave them not right
againft one another, for that will make the Tree grow too fuddenly
thick in that place, but leave them one above another, fo will your Tree
grow the more taper, for it will belefsand Iefs upward, between the
fhoots, which fhoots you mult takeoff Year after Year, as your Tree
runs up in height, minding ftill, now and then to leave fome fide-boughs
to keep the Tree taper, or elfe you will want your height of Timber ^
or your Tree may grow top heavy, and fo Crooked : I fpeak of Tim-
ber-trees, or the ways to Order Trees for Timber, (for I wifh all Oaks
were fit for Timber ) but if your leading- fhoot be much Crooked, then
top it underneath a bud that tends upward, fo low as if that bud lead
away, it may grow near ftreight up •, or cut off the leading-fhoot un-
der another that grows more upright, Ordering it to be the leading-
fhoot j fo, as your Tree grows,mind to lead it up every Year, accor-
ding as you fee Caufe, taking care to keep off the Suckers, efpecially
the firft Year, unlefs you find the Head grow too great for the Body,
then leave fome fide boughs to receive fome Sap, and to make your
Tree taper, but this you fhall hardly find in Oaks in their firft Years
growth, namely, to grow too much in Head.

Thus endeavouring to keep your Tree, (of what fort foever it be,
if it be for Timber ) with no great Head, frill keep the leading-fhoot
uppermoft, by fometimes heading the other fide- boughs, aboutaFcot
or more from the Body, or elfe they will be ready fometimes to make
your Tree top-heavy, therefore keep your Tree till you have got it to
the height you intend, by keeping it as is above- faid; and if you find
it is not taper by thcfe means, then in the Moneth February flit the Bark
quite thorow on three or four fides, according to the bignefs of vour
Tree ; but if fmall, but one or two : fo if the Tree be three yards high
to the Head, then let three flits go up one yard, two flits two yards
high, and one to the top: But if it be a ftreight Tree,and taper, as you

would

(39) .

would have it, if the Bark be bound, flit it on one or two fides, from
the Ground to the top.

If your tree be young, though thriving, it will do it no harm, but
much good, for you may fee in many thriving trees the Bark part of
it felf, telling you that it wants your help, therefore obferve Nature,
and affift her in all your undertakings; for Wifdom flandeth, not onely
in the Streets, but in the Woods, calling to you to learn of her.

Notealfo, if you find any tree Crooked, flit it in the ham at the
afore-faid time, and take off fome of the lower fide of his Head, and
you will help the crook of the tree, whether it be great or final! ; and
in time, by fo doing, it will grow {height : for by flitting the Bark in
the ham it makes the tree fwell there,and fo fets the tree ftreight • there-
fore make two or three flits in the ham, according to the bignefs of the
tree and crook ; but if the tree be pretty great, then take your Bill
and cut the Bark thorow in the ham in feveral places, about two or three
Inches afunder, let the Cut be cut flanting upward, a little crofs the
Diameter of the tree ; by fo doing you will flop the Sap in that place,
the Bark will dilate, and the place grow greater, and fo the tree will
grow freighter.

.Sometimes if your tree be not taper,in Summer when it moots much,
the weight of the Head will draw the Body crooked, and the Head will
incline to the Ground ; in fuch trees Leave fhoots on the Body, to check
and receive the Sap, and to keep it from abounding too much in the
Head; but when you find your tree grown crooked by the Head, irr
Summer, with Leaves and Boughs weighing it down, as foon as you
find it begin to leane, take off fome of the Boughs on the leaning fide,
and top fome according as you fee caufe : By this Summer-pruning you
may keep your tree ftreight, therefore Obferve it. I have found good
fuccefs on Walnut-trees and Lines by it, &c .

But though Oaks grow Crooked, it is not often by their great fhoots,
for on moft Grounds it grows flowly, but fometimes their Head, or
leading (hoot being cropped orTby Cattel,it then breaks out on the fides
into feveral leading (hoots, and one leads one way, and another another;
and fo diftributeth the Sap, which makes the tree not onely grow crook-
ed, but flowly, and fometimes the early mooting of the leading- fhoot
in the Spring caufeth the fame : For Frofl: coming upon the tender leaves
and leading-bud, kills them, and then it is fore'd to break out a new on
the fides; this happens often-times to young feedling Oaks in long Grafs,
which would gladly be more in the open Air, but by making too much
hafte many times they lofe their Heads for it. Now in fuch Cafes you
muft take off fome, and cut fome half a Foot off from the leading-fhooty

pre,

C40)
preserving that which is mod likclie for the leading flioot, which
though it be crooked, defpair not, for Naturally it will grow (freighter,
and if you ufe pruning, and the afore- faid Rules, it will be (Ireight
much the fooner. But in cafe you find your Young Oak very much
flubbed near the Ground, and never a (hoot that is fit to lead to make
a Tree, in fuch a young Tree you mud cut it off clofe at
the Ground, in the Spring-time, fo (hall you have one fine (hoot or
more, but be fure take oft' all but one, and then you (hall find that (hoot
thrive very much, till it hath got fuch a Head in bignefs as the Head
was before, and the Bark being then fine, it will enlarge it felf for the
growth of the (hoot, and give good way for the Sap to run into the
Head, and fo make a fine Tree; therefore if your Tree be dunned, or
much Crooked, then take this courfe,to head them clofe at the ground,
and the Summer following neglect not to take off all the (hoots but one,
for at Midfomer it is as good, nay, better to prune fome Trees than
in the Spring, for then the Sap will foon cover round that wounded place,
and if not heal it quite, it will prefer ve it/rom much harm, till the
Spring following, and at that time (hoots will not break out much into
the head, to make it top-heavy : You may fafely cut off fmall branches,
and prune fmall Trees at this bummer- feafon. And for fuch Trees as
have a great Pith, as the Am and Walnut, I take it to be the beft time
for them. And whereas fome fay to the contrary, yet if the Reader
willbeAdvifedby me, let him prune fuch in Summer. But in the midfl
of Winter forbear to prune moil Trees, efpecially great Boughs, or
fuch Trees as have a great Pith, or tender, for then the wound lyeth ex-
pofed to the open Air and Wet, and Froft coming upon the Wet, and
piercing fo far into the wounded place as the wet hath gone, kil-ls the
Wood, and makes a hole in that place, and that hole holding Water
many times, Kills many a good Tree, efpecially where great Boughs
are taken off, for they be long a covering over • and never will be co-
vered if the Tree be Old.

Therefore if your Tree be Old, forbear to cut off great Boughs ;
but if for fome Reafons you are forced to do it, then cut off fuch Boughs
two Foot, or a Yard from the Body of your Timber-tree; and let the
place where you cut off fuch a Limb be perpendicular to the Horizon,
rather inclining to the Nadir, than the Zenith-, by fo doing, the wa-
ter will not lie on fuch a place, and then the Tree will receive no harm.

But if your Tree be young and thriving, then cut off the Boughs as
clofe as you can, keeping the wounded place perpendicular to the Ho-
lizon, and be fure not to leave Elbows to receive the wet, as too many
of our Husband-men do , for, the dofer you cut off a Bough to the

Body,

(41)

Body, the foonerthe bark covercth that pb.ee, therefore cut off the
fide-boughs of young Timber trees clofe and fmooth.

I with I could perfwade all Lovers of handfome Timber- trees, at eve-
ry Fall of their Woods to prune up all the Timber- trees ; but then the
Wood muft not ftand too long before it be fell'd. You may prune off
boughs of ten years growth very well, and fo every ten years or oft-
ner if it be in Hedg-rowes, prune up your Trees till you have got them
to fuch a height as you find moft convenient, viz,, to fifty or fixty foot
high : For I have many times obferved Trees, of Oak, Afh, Elm and
Beech, to have leading fhoots fixty foot high and more, when they
have had not above ten foot of good Timber ; for Boughs have broke
out at that height, and have fo diftributed the fap, that they were little
worth, but for the Fire ; when, if they had been pruned up as is before
directed, you might have had the fame height of good Timber ; which,
how much more profitable it would be, andalfo beautifull, I leave to
any mans Judgement.

The Am and Beech cover the wounded place over foon, and feldom
break out many fide-boughs : The Elm very frequently breaks out
fide- boughs, yet will arrive to a great height of good Timber : the
Oak is a little fubjeel to break out fide-boughs, and though a flow
grower, yet by its own hardnefs of his Wood he preferves himfelf
well till it hath over grown the wounded place, which it will in a few
years doe, if your Tree be young and thriving, and the boughs, not
very, great; for if the boughs be great, that place when they be cut
off is fuch a Damm to the fap, that it forceth it to break out with many
fraall boughs there ; efpecially in fuch Trees as have a thick and rugged
bark, as the Elm and Oak have when old.

But if the Tree be young and thriving, then is the Bark thin and loofe,
and will more readily give way to the fap to afcend into the Head, and
not break out into fide boughs ; but if fome few do break out, often
pruning them clofe off will prevent that : But if you would be at a little
more trouble, note this which I have found to be true, and your Tim-
ber fhall pay you well for your pains.

At Midfomrr.er, after you have pruned up your Trees, take offall
the fmall moots that are broke out on the fide of your Trees, clofe to
the body of the Tree; do thus two or three years together, and you
will find every year the fide- boughs to be fewer and fewer, till you
have a clear body, beautifull to behold, and profitable for as good Tim-
ber, thirty or forty foot or more, which otherwife would not have been
a quarter fo high. Thus may you make an Elm (which is a Tree mod

G fubjeel

f40
fubjeift to break out fide-boughs) as clear from boughs forty or fifty
foot high, as they be.

Your Oak that is young you may eafily matter, and bring it to a
clear body ; though it is fomewhat troublefome in Woods, yet in Hedg-
Rowes it may be pradtifed with eafe, or in Walks, or on fingleOaks:
But our Yeomen and Farmers are too much fubjecl; to fpoyl fuch Trees
as would make our belt Oaks, by heading them, and making them
Pollards. I wifh there were as ftricft a Law as could be made, topu-
nifh thofe that do prefume to head an Oak, the King of Woods, though
it be on their own Land.

By this means we fhould have the Farmer that is fcanted in Wood,
by often pruning off the fide boughs make many finer Trees than now
there are; for in fuch places there is great food to make him a great
Tree; and then in Coppices, if you let a Tree ftand to be very great,
it fpoyls many a young one, and alfo your under- wood.

But methinks I hearfome oppofingme, faying, that by fo pruning
up of Trees, they do not prove fo well for the Joyner, Carpenter,
Wheeler, &c. for they fay, if the Tree doth over-grow the Knot, when
they come to cleave fuch a Tree, that place proves faulty within, and
the Timber is not fo good.

Secondly, They fay, that cutting off the fide-boughs, makes Trees
more knotty.

Thirdly, they fay, that it makes a Tree decay fooner.

To thefe three Objections I (hall anfwer, and then haften to conclude,
and fo leave my beloved Oak.

I do grant, that if the Knots be great, though the Trees be young
and thriving, and have covered the place over well, ifyoucometofaw
out fuch Trees for Plank, Board, or Wainfcot, that there may be
fome Defect there where great boughs were cut off ; but fuppofe there
be, you have (till the fame length clear Timber at the lower end as you
would have had if thefe boughs had not been cut off; and then by pru-
ning up your Trees, they grow ftraighter, and your Tree carries a
greater length of Timber, ufefull for Beams, Summers, Raifing, Wall-
plats, Rafters, Joyce, &c. and how much Timber thefe fpend more
than the other, viz.. Board and Wainfcot, &v. I leave you to deter-
mine. But my Advice is, not to let your boughs be great, but take
them off from fuch Trees whileft young, and then the boughs will be
young and fmall, and fuch Trees will cover fuch places in a little time,
and thefe fmall Knots will not be perceived then, in cafe the Tree be
fawn for Wainfcot, &c.

Again,

C43J>

Again, as to the firft Obje&ion, this feems tome a full Anfwer • as
firft, for fuch Trees as ftand abroad fingle, you (hall find them to have
a clear body, of fix, feven, eight or ten foot high, I only ask my Op-
ponent, whether fuch a length of Timber had Knots on it or no ? I hope
they will grant it had \ well then, how comes it to be fo clear without
Knots ? Now I tell you, 'tis Cattle that crop off the boughs whileft
they be young, and that makes it clear from boughs, and the fap mounts
up higher, and there breaks out, which if it were but taken off as
it is below, it then would be as clear fixty foot as it is at fix, and as
ftraight.

This very Reafon pofTefs'd me fo much, that it told me, an Elm
(which is the moil: fubjecl of any Tree to break out fide- boughs) might
be made clear Timber fixty foot high, as well as ordinarily they be fix,
by early, often, and Summer- pruning. This my Experience hath
proved true.

Again, a Thorn or VVhite-bufh growing in a Park, and kept under
by Dear cropping of it, for eight, ten or more years, fo that it hath
got a hundred little boughs, if it once get but a leading (hoot, and that
out of the Dears reach, all {hall unite in that one, and that (hall come
to be a ftraight body, andftraight-grained, notwithstanding it was fo
crooked below ; for the lower ones will all die by the Dear cropping
them, and the faps free afcending into the leading (hoot.

But as to the fecond Objection, I grant, that fometimes cutting off
boughs, ( efpecially great ones, and of Old trees ) makes more, but
then they be fmall ; for the more a River is divided into fmall Rivu-
lets, the eafier thofe little ones are flopped and brought into one; for
a great River muft have a great Damme, and taking off a great bough
is a great Damme to the fap \ for the Tree falling fuddenly narrow
upwards, and the fap being ufed to fpend it felf there, and having free
p aiTage thither, when it is got into that place it breaks out on each fide
of the Knot, into many little boughs ; but if you take offthefe little
boughs that Midfommer, the Summer after there will be but a fmall
quantity in comparifon of the Spring-fap : And the bark being then
loofe, it makes the eafier way for the Sap to afcend into the head, and
not to break out into Boughs ; and fo having prepared the way by the
Sap, that Afidfowmer-faoot will not be at a (land fo much the Spring
following.

Or if the Spring after you have taken off the Boughs, you take off
the little ones that were (hot out the year before, and flit the bark
above each Knot, that is} fomewhat great down to the Knot ; by fo
doing you may bring your Tree to have a cleat Body, by a few years

G z pruning;

Cu)

pruning- for I have Obferved it ufual in many Trees the Year
they have been pruned up, for the Bark to have cracked an Inch or
more ; which tells you moil plainly, that the pruning of Trees doth
make them fvvell in Body, therefore help the pent places by flitting the
Bark: you may often fee this on your Afh, &c.

Pray you, how comes it, that in your Coppices you (hall have Tim-
ber-trees ten or twelve Foot high, clear, without Bough, and then the
Tree break out all into head ? It is ( I am confident ) the under- wood
vn hich fmothers, and beats off the fide-boughs as high as that grows, and
fo makes the Timber clear fo high •, alfo if you mark where high Tim-
ber-trees are, that have clear Bodies a great height, they do, or did
ftand thick together, and fo one draws up another, fmothering the
fide-boughs, and beating them off (fomctimes) by their Motion in
great Winds.

Thus by what has been faid of Catteli Cropping, Trees (landing
in Coppices, and by Trees (landing thick together, you may Learn
that you may do the fame, and have Timber, by pruning, as clear from
Knots, as it is by thofe Accidents.

Thirdly, Whereas they fay it makes a tree decay fooner; I grant
this, that to prune off great Boughs from an Old tree, makes it decay
fooner ; for the Wounded place being great, and the Tree (low of
growth, is a long time covering over that place ( if it can be done at
laft ) and that takes wet and Air, and decays the Tree ; therefore I do
not Advife you to take great Boughs off from any tree.

But fmail Boughs cut off fmooth, and clofe, from an Old tree or
Young, caufeth the tree to laft longer, and to be clearer Timber : For
when fmall Boughs are taken off from the fide of your Tree, though
Old, the Tree then not drawing much Sap, that little Sap doth moft of
it then afcend into the Head, and fo makes the Head continue fre(h and
thriving the longer ; and taking off the fide-boughs makes the Tree to
fwell, and grow fooner into a great Body.

For the Boughs that break out of the fide have not fuch deep Root
in the Body of the Tree, ( I mean thofe that come forth after the Tree
hath been once pruned ) for every bough that breaks out, breaks out
through the Bark, and hath its Root between the Bark and Tree that
Year, and as the Tree increafeth, fo that knot is deeper and deeper in
the Body of the Tree : thus taking off the fmall Boughs often, keepeth
the Tree clearer from great knots within the Timber,and the little knots
do cover over fofoon before theout fideof the knotbedead, thatthey
become as clear Timber.

Thus have I (hewed you, that allforts of Trees come to. have clear

Bodies.

C45) . .
Bodies by pruning, either Natural or Artificial ; that is, by Cattel crop-
ping, by under wood beating off the fide-boughs, or by Handing clofe
one to another, and fo drawing up one another, and fmotheringthe
fide boughs by 'landing fo thick, or by pruning, &-c.

Reader, if thy Faith hold cut, Read on ;
But if you find you can't btlieve7 be gone :
For, with more eafe a Aian might undertake
To bring Brute Bear unto the Fatal ftaks,
Than him to Teach, vehofe Infidelity
Does Demonfiration, Reafon, Truth defie,

Thus have I (hewed in part how to Raifc and Order the Oak from the
Acorn, till it is thirty or forty Years old. There is one thing more to-
be known, which is, how to Remove an Oak that is large (or other
Tree ) and that was never Removed before ; I (hall borrow part of it
from the Learned Efquire Evelin's Difcourfe of Foreft-trees, p. 13.
Choofe a Tree as big as your Thigh, faith he, ( but if lefs, the better
to grow ) Remove the Earth from about him, cut through all the Col-
lateral Roots, till with a Competent ftrength you can inforce him down
upon one fide, fo as to come with your Ax at the taproot; cut that
off, and cut all the Roots fmooth on the under-fide, re-drefs your Tree,
and fd let it ftand, covered about with the Mould you loofened from if,
till the next Year, or rather longer, thtntake it up at a fit Seafon, and
you will find it will (at thofe ends where the Roots were cut off) have
drawn many tender young Roots, apt to take, and fufneient for the
Tree wherefoever you (hall tranfplant him •• further to facilitate the
Removal of fuch great Trees, or fmall ones that are ticklifh to Remove,
for the Adornment of fome particular place, or the rarity of the Flant,,
there is this Expedient: A little before the hard Frofts furprife you,
make a Trench about your Tree, at fuch diJtance from the itemme as
you judge fufftcient for the Roots •, dig this fo deep till you come lower
than the fide-roots, if your Ground be a dry Ground, water the Hill
of Earth, the Fro/Is will lay hold on it the more, but commonly inv
Winter before Frofts we have (howers faves you that Labour ; then lay
fome Litter in the bottom of your Trench, which will keep that part
from freezing, in cafe you have Occafion to undermine it more to
loofen it when you take it up, as is very likely you will : Thus let it
ftand till fome hard Froil do bind the Earth firmly to the Roots, and
then convey it to the Pit or Hole prepared for its new (lation, having be-
fore, covered the Earth by with fome Horfe-Litter to keep that Earth

fro

cm

(torn freezing, which Mould will then be ready to cover that clod
round the Root of the Tree, and the ends of the Roots, and fo fecure
it the better ; and that Litter will do well to lay round the Tree on the
top of the Ground.

But in cafe the Tree be very great, and the Mould about the Roots
be fo ponderous as not to be removed by an ordinary force, you mutt
then have a Gin or Crane, fuch a one as they have to Load Timber with j
and by that you may weigh it out of its place, and place the whole upon
a Trundle or Sledge, to convey it to the place you defire ; and by the
afore-faid Engine you may take it off from the Trundle, and fet it in its
hole at your pleafure. By this Addrefs you may transplant trees of a
great ttature without the lead Diforder, and by taking off the lefsof
their Heads, which is of great Importance where this is praclifed, to
fupply a Defect, or remove a Curiofity.

I do fuppofe that one of thefe fmall Cranes or Gins would be very
ufeful to thofe that have a great many pretty big trees to take up in their
Nurferies, efpecially fuch as have ftrong and tough Roots ; for if the
Ground were but wellloofened round the Roots, and a Rope well fa-
ttened a little above the Ground to the ttemme of the tree , I dare en-
gage, that this way one Man with a Lever (hall draw up more than ten
Men : And befides, this will draw upright, which is better than draw-
ing on one fide, as many are forced to do. You mutt have on the lower
end of the three Legs, pieces of Plank, to keep it from finking too far
into the loofe Ground : I have now one a making, and hereafter I mail
be able to give you a better Account of it than nowjthe onely Inconve*
nience ^ think of at prefent, is, in fattening the Rope about the Tree
fo, that it may not Hide, or gall the tree ; but a piece of good Leather,
about four or five Inches broad , with three or four Straps to come
through fo many holes, when it is fattened to the Rope they may all be
ftraincd alike ; this I fuppofe will do your work. The afore-faid Learned
Author Advifethyou, before you take up trees, to mark them all on
one fide, the better to place that fide to point to the fame Afpecl it did
before : For, Oaks growing on the North fide of an Hill, are more
Moflie than thofe that grow on the South-fide : this I grant, becaufe
that fide is Colder and Wetter; for it is Cold and Wet Ground that
breeds Mofs moil, and that gets from the Ground upon the Trees : Alfo
he fays, that Apple-trees ftanding in a Hedge-row, after the Hedge
was taken away, the Apple-trees did not thrive fo well as they did be-
fore, for want of the fhelter of the Hedge. I fay, that if the Hedge-
row had drawn up the Apple-trees fo as to make them top-heavy, they
might not thrive fo well ; but if they were not, the fhelter being taken

away,

<47)

away, they would thrive the better : unlefs by thriving he means grow-
ing in height: Sec Lord Bacon's Natural Hhjlory, p. 113. For a
tree pent up cannot fpread.

But as for placing the South-fide of a tree South again, this is not to
the purpofe \ for the greateit time that Trees grow in, is from the Suns
entnng into Anes to his entring into Libra; and ail that time (that
is, half' a Year ) the Tree hath the Sun on the North-fide both Morn-
ing and Evening, and the North fide hath the benefit of warming it felt
later in the Evening, and earlier in the Morning, having two hours
time earlier, and two later in the height of Summer, more than the
South fide : Again, you fhall have the Cold be as much on the South -
fide of a Wall or Tree in the Night, as on the North, if the Wind blow
on the South-fide ; therefore I do Judge that to place a Tree the South -
fide South again, fignifieth little, though the fame Author faith, p. 88.
and the Author of the Book, Called [_ Mathematical Recreations~\
p. 75. faith, That a Tree groweth more on the South-fide than on the
North ; I have oft Obferved the Annual Circles, and have found as
many, nay more, to the contrary \ for thus I have always found, on
a Tree near the Ground the Annual Circles have been the greate/l on
that fide from which mo.'l of the great Roots came : As if a Tree grow
on the South-fide of a Birik, yjou ihall find the Circles on that Tree to
be greateit on the North-fide, c^c. but higher on a Tree the Circles
are ever greater on that fide the Tree where there is a great Bough
breaks out, for the Sap has great recourfe thither ; many times by
fudden cold fome is ftayed by the way, and fo increafeth that fide of the
Tree mod.

For I take the Sap of a Tree, if the Weather be open ( that is, of
thofe Trees that (bed their Leaves ) to be ftill afcending into the Head,
though it be Mid-winter ; though there do not rife enough to keep the
Leaves on, nor to make it bud forth, yet it is plain that it keeps the
buds full and frefh, and increafeth the growth of the Tree , for that fame
pory fubftance of the Tree which is between every Annual Circle that
is made by the Winter-fap ; and the milder the Winter is, the greater
you fhall find this to be, as is vifible in Am, Oak, Elm, &c. The
other, which is more hard and clear, is increafed by the Sap in Summer 5
and the more feeding the Summer is by (bowers, the more fhall the
Circles increafe on dry Ground ; and according to the Nature of the
Ground that the Tree Loves, and the depth of theSoyl, fo doth the
Tree increafe in thefe Circles and growth in all parts.

Between thefe Annual Circles doth fome Sap rife, as is plain in a
tree that is Barked round, for that tree (hall put forth Leaves and increafe

(48)

in Body, outproduce little or no (hoot, and the more porous the tree
is between the.'e Annual Circles, the longer that tree will Live, as ac-
cidentally 1 have had it Exp rimentedon Walnut-trees, Afhes, &c.
And they have continued fomctimes twh^^ears, and fometimes near
three before they have dyed, when they haveH^cn barked quite round
the ftemme, a Foot or more ; and by way of Expe*Trraent I cut off the
Bark from a Holly- tree and a Box tree about half a Foot clean, quite
round the ftemme or body of each tree, and the tops of both did die in
lefs than one years time , which informed my Rcafon, as much as though
I had Learned it out of the moft Learned Author, that the Sap of thofe
trees that fhed their Leaves, doth in a fmall quantity afcend between
the Annual Circles, in that pory place: for trees that hold their leaves,
their Wood is clofe, and Compact between the Annual Circles, and
that is the Reafon that they die foon, being barked round: Alfo their
Sap being of a Turpentine and Clammy Subftance, is the Reafon they
hold their Leaves all Winter,being as it were glued on by that Subftance;
and the Sap of fuch Trees as hold their Leaves, being once fet by cold,
requires a pretty deal of heat to make it thin, and fet it on Motion .• As
Comparatively, a little Cold will fet or make ftiff Pitch or Turpentine ;
but it muft be Froft that fets or ftays the Motion of Water.

Alro thofe Trees which hold their Leaves will grow much better un-
der the dropping of other great Trees, than thofe that fhed their Leaves ;
for their Turpentine-fap (hoots off the drops, fo that they have little
or no harm by fuch a Scituation,

But in cafe you mould have a Tree Barked round by Accident, and
wou^d will ngly preferve it, your beft way is to get a (hoot below the
wounded place, and if your Tree be Young, you (hall then have feve-
ral break out a little above the Root, if you find they (hoot ftrong,
preferve two of the ftrongeft, and fee that the Barked place be near the
Ground ; but if your Tree be Barked high from the Ground, or that it
ihootupflowly, then leave but one (hoot, keeping all other that (hoot
out clean taken off, as foon as ever you fee them break out ; fo Nourifh
up the two (hoots or (hoot till you have got them higher than the
wounded place ■ then cut a long flit in the Bark, above the wound, and
joyn in that (hoot exactly, making it fit the flit, the in- fide of one bark
right againft the in-fide of the other ; tie it clofe in, and Loom it over
with good and well tempered Loom, to keep the Air and wet out; or
better with foft Wax. The Spring is the beft Seafon, but if you fear
your Tree to decay, defer not, but do it as foon as your (hoots be (hot
long enough.

If you would bz further fatisfied concerning the Largenefs and life-

fulnefs

C5i J)

up : About the midft of September fift a little richer Mould all over the
Bed, but not fo much as to cover them, thus doe the next Summer,
and take off the fide boughs though young, and when they have Hood
two years on that Bed, then plant them on beds in your Nurfery,
keeping them with digging and pruning up yearly, till you have got
them to the ftature you think convenient to plant abroad. In fetting
this or any fort of Tree forget not to top the ends of the tap-root, or
other long ones, andalfonot to leave a bruifcdEnd uncut off. You
may fet them in ftreight lines in your Nurfery, about a yard one Row
from another, and about a foot "and a half one Tree from another, in
the Rowes; mind the Natural depth it firftdid grow at, and fet it (o
when you remove it; have a care of fetting any Tree too deep, and
alfo keep not this Tree nor a Walnut long out of the ground, for their
fpongy Roots will in a little time grow Mouldy and be fpoyled : There-
fore if you cannot fet them, let them be covered with Earth, and then
you fhall find this Tree as patient in removing, and as certain to grow
as any Tree I know.

The ground they like beftisa light Brick earth or Loom, as I faid
before ; that they diflike moft is, a rocky ground, or a ftirTe clay ;
but if one have a mixture of Brick- earth, &c. and the other of
fmall Gravel, Drift-fand, Sand, &c, then there they will do pretty
well.

They naturally increafe very much of themfelves , and the more
where they meet with natural ground : if you fell a thriving Tree, and
fence in the place, you then may have a (lore tofurnifh your Woods
and Hedge-rows with the worft ; and the ftraighteft to nurfe up in your
Nurferies, for to make Walks, Avenues, Glades, &c. with; for
there is no tree more proper for the certainty of its growing, efpe-
cially if you make good large and deep holes, and where the ground
is not natural, there help it by fome that is, and then you may hope
for a ftatelyhigh growing Tree, if you take care in pruning it up, as
is before mewed of the Oak. You need not much fear its growing
top-heavy; for it having fuch a thick bark, thefap is fubjeel to lodge
in it, and break out many fide-boughs, and the Roots apt to break out
with fuckers, the more when pruned, therefore prune it up high, and
often, but let the feafon be February, for then its fine dark, green-
coloured Leaf, and long hanging on it, is the more ornamental, and fit
for walks.

As for the way to increafe it from the Roots of another Tree, I doe
referre you to the [event h Chapter, which will (hew you fully how to
perform the fame ; obferving but them Rules, you may raife many fine

H z your.o

\

young Trees from the Roots of another, much better than naturally they
will be produced from the Roots.

I advife you where you find your ground Natural in your Hedge -
rowes, there to plant fome of this moil ufefull wood ; for it will run
in the Banks, and thicken your Hedges with wood, and is very cour-
teous to other forts of wood growing by it.

Do not let ignorant Tradition poffefs you that it will grow of the
Chips, or of Truncheons fet, like Sallowes, though the Author of the
Commons Complaint faith it will, for I allure you it neither doth nor

will.

In Lopping of this, becarefull to cut your boughs clofe and fmooth
off, minding to keep them perpendicular to the Horizon, the better
to fhoot off the wet,

It will grow well of Laying, (as is before noted and alfo directed in
the Chapt. of Laying ) in which if you take but a little labour more
than ordinary, from one Tree you may have (in a few years) many in
your Hedge-rowes or elfewhere; therefore deferre not, but put this
in practice, efpecially the great Kind : My Lord Bacon advifeth to bud
it, to make the Leaves the larger, but that is needlefs.

Part of thefe Rules I wrote fome years agoe, at the requeft, and for
the ufe of the truely ingenious Planter, and Lover thereof, Sir Henry
Capell ; and I fhall give you the fame Conclufion now, that I did then
to him, which take as followeth.

Since Gardening was the firfl and left Vocation?
And Adam (ypbofe all are by Procreation*)
Was the fir ft Gardner of the World, and ye
Are the qreen fhoots of Him th' 'Origin al.Tree \
Encourage then this innocent old Trade?
Ye Noble Souls that were from Adam made '?
So fhall the Gardners labour better bring
To his Countrey Profit? Pleafure to his King.

CHAP.

("53)

CHAP. XI L

Of Raijirrg and Ordering the jjfi,

AN D as for Railing the Afh, I mall give you the fame Rules as I
did to the aforefaid Honourable Perfon the fame time, before the
Difcourfe of Forreft- trees was written.

Let your Keyes be thorow ripe, which will be about the middle or
end of October, or November : When you have gathered them, lay
them thin to dry, but gather them off from a young ftraight thriving
Tree : My Reafon to gather them off a young thriving tree, is, becaufe
there will the Keyes, or feeds in the Keyes, be the larger and folider,
therefore by confequence they are the abler to (hoot the Wronger, and
to maintain themfelves the better and longer : Though I know by ex-
perience that the feeds of fome old Plants will come up fooner (fo the
feed be perfect) than the feed of young Plants ; and alfo that old feed,
(fo it will but growj will come up fooner than new Seed. My afore-
faid Reafons do in part demonstrate this : Or thus, Nature finding her
felf weak, doth (like a provident Mother) feek the fooner to provide
for her weak Children : for Nature is one in divers things, and yet va*
rious in one thing.

Now if you gather them off from a ftraight tree, 'tis the likelier
they will run more up, and grow ftraighter than thofe which be gather-
ed off a Pollard or crooked tree : for it is well known, and might be
proved by many Inftances, that Nature doth delight in Imitation, and
the Defects of Nature may be helped by Art ; for the great Altera-
tions which many times we find vifible in many Vegetables of the fame
/pedes, they all proceed either from the Earth, the Water, or the
Heavenly Influences ; butthelaftis the greateft Author of Alteration,
both in Senfibles, Vegetables and Animals. However, Like ftill pror
duceth its Like ; and fince there is fuch plenty of Forreit-trees that
bear feed, you may as well gather all forts of Keyes andUeeds off or
under fuch Trees, as not.

As for the time of fowing them, let it be any time between the lat-
ter end of OChber, and the laft of January j for they will lie till Spring
come twelve Months before they appear : if your ground be not very
fubjeft to great weeds, you may fow them with Oats, if you be

minded

C54)

minded to make a Wood of it ; and in your Woods on the top of
your Ground ; but if they be prepared before-hand, they will be much
more certain of growing : therefore if you would be fure to raife good
(lore of them for to make Walks, or furnifh your Woods with, &c.
having gathered your Keyes, and ordered them as is aforefaid, pre-
pare fome fifted Earth, or Sand, which is better by keeping an equal
warmth and moyfture, to prepare them for fpearing. Having prepa-
red yourfand, and a houfeto lay them in, where the Air may freely
come, then in this Houfe lay one Laying of Sand and a Laying of Keyes,
parting your Keyes well; fo doe till you have (Laying after Laying )
covered all your Keyes in the Couch, any time in Winter, as is be-
fore directed: Let your Sand be pretty moy it, and fokcep it all that
year ; and having prepared your Ground by often digging, and a ten-
der Soyl, (which the Am loves) then about the latter end of January
fowe them on this Bed, covering them about one Inch, or an Inch and
a half thick : Do not let them lie too long uncovered when you tike
them out of their Couch ; for then they will be fpeared, and if they
lie too long in the Aire, it will fpoyl them : Do not fowe them in
frofty weather; but if Froftsbe, ftay till they be over.

Mind to keep them clean from weeds the firfl year, for they will
fhoot but little the firft year, but the fecond they will moot ftrongly:
the Winter after you may tranfplant them upon Beds , pruning the
little fide-moots, and topping the tap-root. Keep them with digging
and pruning every year onthefeBeds, and in few years they will be
fit for Walks, Woods, &c. and one of thefe thus ordered, fhall be
worth ten taken out of V Voods, for they will be taper and fine trees.
When you remove an Afh, take not off his head, if he be not too
top-heavy, that you can poffibly help it ; for an Afh and a Walnut
are two of the word Trees I know to head, they having fuchagreat
Pith : but the fide boughs you may be bold to take off, provided you
take them off clofe, and the Boughs not very great. It is not very
apt to break much into fide-boughs, and heals over the wound as well
as any tree except the Beech; then why will you have low Timber -
trees of Afbes, when you may as well have high ones ? Therefore
prune up your young Afh-trees well and often: And if you follow
but thefe Rules, you may raife them as eafily as Barley , and as
thick.

As touching the feveral Kinds, fome Authors will have two forts,
the Male and Female : but there is no fuch thing as Male and Female
among Plants, though fome Plants are fo called; for what Act of
either* do any two Plants communicate to each other ? The greateft

diffe-

(55)

difference that ever I obferved in young Afties, among the many
thoufands that I have raifed, was in their Bark; for Ihavehadfome
that have had blackifh Bark , fome reddifh, the Leaves alike , but
what difference there will be in the Keyes and Timber, I yet know
not.

The Afh is not fit to be fet near fine Gardens, for the Leaves turn
to foyl fuddenly, and fo fpoyl your Walks; alfo the Roots run fo
fhallow that they will rob your Borders, and fpoyl your Fruit-trees :
They are as bad by your plow'd Ground, for the Roots will fo draw
the itrength of the Ground from the Corn, that it will Ianguifh and
pine aw:y. And this I have obferved, that the Summer after a Tree
is lopped,, it fhall rob the Corn more than another bigger {landing
by ir, as may be vifible by the growth of the Corn : I have wilfully
experiene'd it, and I conceive the Reafon to be this ; the Sap rifeth
into the head of the Pollard (as ufually it did) and fointo the Boughs,
but finding the Boughs cut off, it filleth the Head fo full, that it cauftth
it to fwell in the Spring • and this is the reafon Pollard-heads are
bigger than any other part of the body of the Tree ; the head being
fo full that it can contain the fap no longer, ic then brcaketh out in-
to abundance of young (hoots, and when they fet once a growing
they grow apace, and fo the Bark of them being thin and open for
the Sap to run in, they receive as much as the Roots can poffibly
provide for them and endeavour to enlarge the Head to that mag-
nitude as it was at before.

But though the Afh doth harm to grow near or upon plowed
Ground, yet it is the ufefulleft wood that growes , for the Plough
and other ufes belonging to the Plough-man. .It is a quick-growing
wood, and will grow pretty well on mod: forts of Grounds, provi-
ded they be not too wet, or very fhallow : It grows bed on fuch
Grounds as have their furface of a loofe Nature, fothat it be not too
fhallow. It produceth excellent Timber for feveral ufes, and is fuch
a quick-grower, that from a Key, in Forty years, one Afh was fold
for Thirty pounds iterling, as witnefTeth the ingenious Author of the
Difcourfe of Forrejl-trees, pag. 22. And this I can tell, which my
Lord and I meafured, of the (hoot of an Afh that flood between the
Wood-yard at Had'ham-Hall, and a place where I ufedto raifc Me-
lon plants ; that the fecond years fhoot was Eight foot within two
Inches; which had it fhot but a few years at this, rate, it would foon
have been a very great Tree, and worth a like price.

Of all the Wood that I know, there is none burns fo well green

as

as theAfh; and that is oneReafon that many a fine Pollard isfpoyl-
ed : For your bad Husbands (as they are tearmed) are as unkind to
Trees as they are to themfelves : For their want of Wood early in
the Winter, makes them flie to the Afh, whence they hack off the
Boughs, and thus leave htm all Winter; in which time the wood be-
ing not very hard, that drinks in the wet at thefe wounded places,
and before the Spring comes to heal it over, decayes, and fo by that
means every Winter receiveththe wet more and more, till it hathde-
(troyed Root, Body and Branch.

On the other fide, there are forne which will not lop their Trees till
they bear very great Boughs; and then lop off them, (fmooth and
well cut off) though it be in the Spring ; yet in fuch great wounds,
before the Sap can cover the place, the wet makes a hole in fome or
many of thefe places ; and fo you lofe both Body and Lops in a few
years. Befidesthe lopping of Trees young, that is, at ten or twelve
years at the moft, by fo doing you keep your Tree much the longer
alive ; and you (hall have (hoots of Trees at firft felling, grow more
into wood in one year, than they do when old Lops in two or three,
and in all Refpeclsare asufefull for the Fire: Then I intreatyou be
not fo wilfull, as to make you and yours poor, and alfo fpoyl your
trees.

Therefore in lopping of Pollards , efpecially foft wood, let it be
towards the Spring, and let not your Lops grow fo great, as to
fpoyl your trees and lofe the ufe of your Money. If once you find
your Pollard grow much hollow at the Head, down with it as foon
as may be. for it then decay es more in the Body than the Lop comes
to ; and if your Timber-trees be dead-topt, or mod: of the Head dead,
or that you find Wood-peckers, or Nihills make holes in them, then
fell them as foon as the feafon is, (which is from October to February)
for when they begin to decay, they decay apace.

I know it is the Opinion of moft men, that thefe Birds fpoyl their
Trees ; but let me tell you, they rarely make holes in found Timber,
therefore Learn of them, and fell the trees of which they give you
warning by making holes in them : the fooner the lefs Timber loft.

CHAR

(57)

CHAR XIIL

OfRaifing and Ordering the Beech.

OF the Kinds of Beech I know but one, though fome fay there
be more. *

About the middle of September you will find the Mart begin to 'fall
apace, then gather what Quantity you think good to fow, and as
foonas your feeds be drye, make a Couch of Sand, as you are be-
fore directed for the Am, andfowe them before the Moneth Septem-
ber be part; Keep them in the Couch moderately moyft (not fo wet
as you keep the Am) untill the latter end of January, then fowe them
in a bed of light gravelly Earth, made on purpofe : Or if you fancy to
fowe them in your Woods, that is the beft time ; or you may fowe
them in the Month September in your Woods: But if you keep them
in tne Houfe all Winter, and fowe them at the firft Rife of the Spring
you will preferve them from Mice and other Vermine the better -
they affeft a gravelly light Soyl, and will not thrive on Clayes- If
you would make a Nurfery of them, your Ground rnuft be accord-
ingly, or elfe they will thrive but badly with you

Of all Woods that are, this may the beit be pruned up; for ft
growes over the place in little time, and is not fubjecl to break out
fide-boughs: It is fitting for Walks where the Ground is Natural
\nr\l V1 1Sf° niCCrin its 2round' that J d0 thi"k there are few
cToTh no't like"7 SrCat S ' bUt haVC f°me VdnS 0f Ground *

CHAP.

CHAP XIV.

Of Raiftng and Ordering the Walnut.

BEfore we come to Raife this Tree, or Gather the Nuts, there may
be thefc Enquiries made.
Firft, you will defire to know what kind of Nut is likelieft to pro-
duce the beft Fruit ; and to know what Kinds will alter from that Kind
to a better ( as moft Kinds of Fruit will degenerate, fome for the bet-
ter, and fome near the fame, and fome worfe ) as alfo to know the ve-
ry Nut, or Nuts, and other forts of Fruits which will do fo.

As for the Kinds that are likelieft to produce the beft Fruit, and the
mod likely to produce better, Obferve to gather your Nuts, Stones,
or Kernels off from fome young thriving Tree, that is in its Prime of
bearing, and hath the Kernels plump, large, and full, and of the beft
forts , and if it be of Fruit that is too fubjedt to Ripe late with us, then
let it be of the earlieft Kinds, and as for the lateft Kind, preferve them
for Stocks onely : alfo if it may be, make choice of fuch Fruit as is
lately produced from fome other good Kind, and is better than the Kind
it came of; for you cannot expccT: to have as good an Apple produced
from the Kernel of a Crab, as you may have from the Kernel of a good
Pippin ; for if the one bring you a good Wilding, and the other an Ap-
ple, either more large, or more beautiful, and as good, if not better,
and of different tafte, this is as much as can be well expected : for Na-
ture doth not run her Journey all at once, but makes feveral fmall ones,
and many times more backward than forward, the better to encourage
Ingenious Men to try and obferve her ways .* but to thofe that are dilt-
gent (he oken. drops her blcffings, and requites them well for their di-
ligence. And if you would obtain a blefling in you Works by Nature,
you mull: frequently be begging it of the great God of Nature, and by
his affiftance and your diligence, you need not doubt accomplifhing
you Lawful defires : Of this Truth doubt not.

The Lord ^t -3 in his Natural Hiftory, tells you of an Old Tra-
dition, that boughs of the Oak put into the Earth, will put forth
Wild Vines. I wim all fuch Old Traditions were buried in the Earth in
room of the Oak-boughs.

He

(59 J>

He tells usalfo of an Old Beech tree cut down, the R.oot whereof
put forth a Birch, See p. 1 1 1 .

This moft Learned Man , in his next page lays down fix Rules
(though all, as he confefllth, untried by him) concerning the tranf-
mutation of Plants.

The firft is, if you would have one Plant turn into another, you
muft have the Nourishment over rule the Seed.

The Second is, to bury fome few Seeds of the Plant you would
change, among other Seeds.

The Third is, to make fome Medley or mixture of Earth with fome
other Plants bruifed, or fhaven, either Leaf or Root.

The Fourth is, to mark what Herbs fome Earth does put forth of its
felf, and to fow fome contrary Seed in that Earth.

The Fifth is, to make an Herb grow contrary to its Nature.

The Sixth is, to make Plants grow out of the Sun, or open Air ; as
in the bottom of a Pond, or in fome great hollow tree.

_ I might and could Anfwer to all thefe, but I think it would be too te-
dious 5 for I do verily believe, that to fow Seeds any way that can be
devifedby Man, will not in the leaf* caufe them to be quite another
kind of Plant ; for if you find any alteration, in any Plant that is, it is
from the Conception and Nativity of the Seed ; for there is no real al-
teration but by Seed. I know that Plants or Trees may bring fairer,
or fmaller Flowers, or Fruits according to the Ordering and Natural
Situation of the Ground, and the contrary : For it is in vain to think,
that the Kernels of an Apple will bring forth a Pear, or a Pear an Ap-
ple ; or that Cherry-ftones will produce a Plumb, or Plumb-ftones a
Cherry : But if you fow the Kernels of good Pears or Apples, &c.
then you may expeel good Fruit, and of different tafte, fhape, or big-
nefs, as is afore-faid ; for I do believe all our forts of Pippins come from
one : the Burry-pear from the Green-field, the Pettit Roufelct from the
Katharine, &c. And fo of Walnuts, or other Fruit; and what mould
be the Reafon then we do not Raife as many new forts of Fruit as the
French? And though I do deviate a little from my intended Difcourfc,
I (hall (hew you that we can do it as well as they, and I fuppofe better,
though we do it not j but before I proceed to give you further Judgment
of it, I will in fome meafure Anfwer my Querie, which was, to know
the very particular Fruit that will alter for the beft : I do not affirm it as
true as the Gofpel, but onely conclude according to Reafon.

Firft, it is known by Experience in Flowers to be true; that fuch
Flowers as differ in number of Leaves, in fhape, in Colours, the Seeds
of fuch will produce Flowers much different from the Ordinary Kind

I 2 0f

(6o)
of Flowers, though produced all of one Flower but a Year or two be-
fore ; nay, a particular Flower among many others, of one Plant, fhali
bring more double ones than twenty others that are not fo qualified as
it ; this is apparently known to all that take delight in Raifing of Flow-
ers, that the Stock-gilly-flower that hath Flowers of 5,6, 7. .8, or 9
Leaves, that the Seed of fuch a particular Flower or Flowers will pro-
duce more double ones than thole Plants that bring forth but four leaves,
Quantity for Quantity of Seed, twenty for one : You may know thefe
Flowers before they blow out in the bud ; I confefs this Flower doth
fhew this by its Leaves more than any other I know; for this F ower
having no thrum in the middle, as the mod of Flowers have, Nature
hath given it this Sign to inform Man, that thofe that have a Leaf or
Leaves added to them more than their ufual kind , will bring forth
thofe with many Leaves, and make a fine double Flower ; which when
it hath attained to, it then is come to the bounds of Nature, which the
Almighty hath alotted it, faying, Thus far ft alt thou go, and no fur-
ther : for when it is thus a double flower, it never beareth Seed more,
but by endeavouring blows it felf to Death.

If you be Curious, you may obferve the fame Rule in feveral other
flowers that have no thrum in the middle, as Auriculoes, Prim-Rofe,
Wall- flowers, Campians, and feveral others ; and when you find on
Leaf or Leaves more than the ordinary number, you may conclude
there,Nature hath fet one ftep forward in altering from the ordinary
Kind j therefore U you be a Lover of Plants, or a Servant of Nature,
be diligent, and whenfoever you fee your Miftrefs ftep out of Door,
then do you wait upon her to her Journeys end, for 'tis on the Diligent
{he beftows her Favours.

Alfo thofe flowers which bear Seed when double, as the Gilly-flower,
uiffrkart) &c. , Sowing the Seed of fuch double flowers, they will bring
you more and better flowers a hundred for one than fingle ones ; and in
fowing the Seed of fuch, you (hall have feveral Varieties, but mofr.
marked with the colour the Mother-plant was of-, and fomeof thefe will,
as it were, run beyond the limits of Nature, and then they will break,
©r have pods in the middle, and then never bear Seed more. Gilly-
flowers have their fign, which will bear Seed, and which not : Thpfe
that will bring Seed (if Weather or other Accidents hinder not ) have
their Homes in the middle of the Flower.

It is alfo obfervedin the marking of flowers, that the Seed of thofe
that be ftriped fhall bring the mod: Itriped ones, and fome of different
Colours and Itripes, their Seed all alike. But it may be Anfwered, that
this may be true in flowers, for none can deny it, but that fuch flowers

willi

(6i)

will alter, and bring forth fuch flowers as afore- faid : but can the alter-
ing of the Fruit be known by the flower ?

To this IAnfwer, that you have not onely the Leaves of the flower
but the thrum and the Fruit it telf,to inform you which will alter- there-
fore by the Shape, Colour, or Thrum in the Flower, you may know
which fruits will alter, and it is poffible, which will alter for the belt- for
it is commonly known, that fruit will alter from the fruit they come of
byfowingtheNuts, Kernels, or Seeds.

Now, when you have made choice of your Seeds, Stones, Nuts,
Raife them as is Direded in each Chapter of the Kind, in good frefh
Ground, and by Midfomer that Year they will have mot fo (bono, that
you may take off Buds of fome forts, and of all forts the next Year,
having in readinefs fome fine thriving (lock ogainft fome good Wall, for
that will make the fruit fet the fooner when it comes to blow : At a fit
Seafon bud thefe Stocks,if Pears on Quince-Hocks ;if Peaches, Neclrons
or Plumb, on fome large white Plumb-flocks, &c. If they be Apples
or Walnuts, they may be from the Wall : bud your Apples or Cocj-
1ms, or Apple of Paradice (which is a fort of Dwarf-fweeting, and
will grow of Cuttings; if Walnuts, on a fine Young Walnut tree, bud
it five or fix foot high ; this doth not onely alter the Property of the
Wild Kind, but it makes the Tree more Naturally bear fruit much foon-
er and better, if well Ordered ; your Pears, Plumbs, and Peaches will
bear in three or four years after, your Apples and Walnuts in five or
fix years after.

I know my Lord Bacon tells you, that Peaches come bell of Stones,
unbudded, but I advife you to bud all you Raife of Stones, Seeds, &c.
though it be to take a bud offfromthe fame ftock,and to bud iton'that'
as I have often done.

Thofe that have great Grounds to look to, and good Ingenuity, let
them but put this in Praftice, and J am confident they will find great fa-
tisfacTion therein, and in a little time Raife many new forts of fruit.

Now, the Reafon why in France they Raife more Varieties of fruit
and flowers than we do, is this : there are many Ingenious Men in their
Monafteries, and there they being Seated as long as they Live, there
they Raife many fine fruits and flowers,

Now, if our Noble Men that take delight in Gardens, as all that are
Ingenious do, would provide themfelves of good Ingenious Gardi-
ners, and allow them good Encouragement, with afFurance of conti-
nuing in their Service fo long as they carry themfelves carefully in their
Employ, and are faithful in their Place ; this would certainly caufe them
to improve their Places, much for their Matters good and Profit, and

their

(62)

their own Credit, or give them Patents for their Places, as His Ma-
jefty does to the Gardinershe keeps, for which I hope none better fer-
ved. A good Cook can Drefs you feveral Dirties of Meat very well
in half a day, and if one mifcarry, they can in a little time make ano-
ther ; but the Gardiner muft have feveral Moneths or Years, to bring
fome things to Perfection; and if He mifcarry, he cannot begin again
when he will, but he muft wait his time with Patience ; therefore he
ought the more to be careful.

But for this Digreflion I muft crave your Pardon; and thus I have
mewed you, that it is not the mixing of Earth with other Plants, that
will make them change into fuch Plants as you mix the Earth with, or
make the Plant alter to any purpofe; for the main alteration of all Plants
is from their Seed ; though it may be, mixing fuch Plants or Shavings
with the Earth you fow Seed in, may caufe them to have fome quality
of the Phy fical ufe of the Plant in them ; as is the Opinion of the Learn-
ed, that Mifccltoeon the Oak, and Polipodyof the Oak, and Elder
on the Willow, & c. do partake of the Phyfical ufes of thofe Plants on
which they grow : for in Nature you may find, that many Bodies do
notonely by their Qualities AffecT their Adjacents, butalfo infufe their
Virtue into them, and endue them with the fame faculty ; as the Load-
done doth not onely attract Iron, but Communicates its Virtue to it,
and makes it Magnetical by touching, &c.

But 1 fhall leave the Stones, and return to the Walnut-tree. Let
your Nuts be very Ripe, and when they begin to fall, then beat the
reft off from the Tree, and lay them by, that the outward Husk may
Crack, then peel them, but do not warn them, for wet doth make the
Kernel Crack, and Mould, and fpoyls it: When you have taken off
the Husk, lay them thin to dry in fome dry open Room,turn them fome-
times with a Broom.

When they have fwcat, and are dry, about the beginning of Octo-
ber put them into Sand a little moyft, making it a little wetter about
Chrijimu, for then they will begin to fpear, and then will digeft it :
Sow them not in their Husks, neither fteep them, as fome Advife. Set
or Sow them about the latter end of January, or beginning of Febru-
ary, in good frefh Ground, minding the aforcfaid Rules, and you fhall
not lofc one in a hundred ; and cover them about an Inch and a half, or
two Inches; keep them well Weeded on their firft bed, and when they
have ftood two Summers, then Remove them into other beds, fetting
thcmal:outayard afunder, one Row from another, and about a foot
and a half one from another in the Rows : Cut the Tap-root and all
. bruifed Roots off, and the fide-boughs, but cut not off the Head of a
Walnut-tree. Keep

C*3)

Keep them with digging, and hoing, and pruning up, till you have
got them five or fix foot high, then bud them, it will make them bear
fooner, and then you are certain of a good Kind ; for I prefume you
will not bud them with a bad Kind, if you know it.

If you do not bud them, let them Head about fix foot high a year or
two, and then Remove them -, but keep them not long in the open Air,
for the Roots being of a fpongy Nature, will take in the Air fo faft,
that they will foon Mould, and Kill your Tree, therefore fet them as
foon as you can, when once taken up.

Remove them young off from the Seed-bed, as is before Advifed ;
for if you let them ftand to be great on the place where they were firfc
fowed, they will be much more dangerous to Remove, and not fo likely
to thrive.

The Ground they Love is a deep Soyl, and of a dry Nature, on a
(harp Gravel , if the Ground be fhallow, they will not profper, but
if the Gravel be mixed with Loom, they will do well: They Love not
a (tiff Clay, but if it be mixed Naturally with ftones or Chalk, and not
too (hallow, then they will thrive on it.

It is a proper Tree to fet in Woods, for it will run up ( if the fide-
boughs be taken off) to a great height, and yield very good Timber
for many Ufes.

CHAP. XV.

Of Raijittg and. Ordering the Chefnnt.

Touching the Kinds of this Nut, there may be feveral, but I know
but three ; one ©f them is very good, which ought to be the more
Increafed.

For the time of Gathering, Gbferve the fame as before is faid of
the Walnut: When you have gathered them, and taken the Husks
off, lay them to dry and fweat, but not too thick.

Do not fieep them in Water, as fome Advife you, for it is not good
to fteep any fort of Seed, unlefs fome Annuals, and to fteep them is
good, efpecially if Iated in fowing ; but to fteep Stones, Nuts, or Seeds
that are not of quick growth, watering them may Kill them, by ma-
king the Kernel fWell too haftily, and fo crack it before the fpear caufeth
it j or it may Mould and ftupifie the fpear ; therefore let no Seeds what-

foever,

C^4)
foever, that are not quick of -growth, have too much wet at firft.

You muft put your Chefnuts (then) in Sand, a little moift, about
the beginning or middle of November; make it a little moifter about
the beginning of January, and at the latter end or beginning of Febru-
ary fow them on beds, and cover them about two Inches, or you may
fetthemby a Line, as you (et Beans, or you may fow them in drills,
as Beans, or you may fow them where you intend they (hall ftand ;
and in any of thefe ways or places keep them clean from Weeds the
firlt or fecond year, then you may Remove them into your Nurfery off
from the Seed-bed: prune oft' the fide- boughs and Roots.

They are Subject to put forth many fide-boughs near the Ground,
whereby they may be increafed by Laying very eafily, to do which,
fee Chap. 5 . But the beft way is to Raife them of Nuts.

Set them in Rows in your Nurfery, and Order them as is (hewed of
the Walnut.

The Soyl they Love is fuch as the Walnut takes delight to grow
in.

They be Excellent to fet in Coppices or Woods ; the Timber is ve-
ry Ufeful, and they will grow to be large for under- wood ; if the Tree
be much crooked, fell it, it will yield great (tore of ftrong (hoots from
the ftemmc, fome of which it will be convenient to Lay, whereof you
may leave fome Layed to thicken the place, and others to Plant where
you pleafe, and may have great fhoots from the (lemme for feveral
Ufesalfo.

CHAP. XVI.
Of Raifwg and Ordering the Sarvice-Tree.

AS for the Kinds of the Sarvice, they may be many ; there is one
whofe Fruit is much better than the other, but whether it is the
Ground makes it fo I cannot pofitively fay. We have them grow at
Hadham on very (tiff Ground ; the Trees bear well, and the Fruit is
good : and at Cafinobmy we have them on a (harp Gravel, the Fruit
naught, and the Trees bear very badly.

It may be Raifed of the Seed or Stone that is in the Berries, which,
when they are rotten, are then Ripe; that is, about the latter end of
September, or beginning of OUober 3 eat off the Flefhy part, or rub it

Oa

C«5)
off by Rolling them in Sand, then dry them in the open Aire, and keep
them in moyit Sand till the beginning of January, then fow them on
moift Ground, or in the (hade ; keep them from weeds, then let
them itand two or three Years, and then plant them in your Nurfery,
as you are directed for Walnut-trees, there keep them with digging
and pruning till they are fitof ftature to plant out ; they grow in good
fhape, and laft long : it is a fine tree for Walks, it likes bell a ftrong
ground, but let it be good, and there they will bear ftore of Fruity and
grow to be large, fine Trees.

They be very fubjeel to put forth fuckers, by which they be eafily
increafed from the Roots of the Mother-tree: but how to do that
fee Chapt. 7. there you may be fully fatisficd howtoraife them.

When you havegotthemto five or fix foot high, bud them; they
will bear fooner, more, and better, &c.

CHAP. XVII.

Of Raifwg and Ordering the Cherry-tree.

I Know many will fay, that it is not proper to rank this among For-
reft-trees ; but if fuch did but fee the fine (lately Trees that we
have growing in the Woods at Caflnobury, they would then conclude
it proper for Woods ; and if for Woods then for Forrefts.

Where they like the ground, they make a glorious (hew in the
Spring , their white Blolloms (hewing at a diftance as though they
were cloathed with fine white Linnen ; their Bloflbms are a great Re-
lief to the induftrious Bees at that feafon : the way to raife and order
them is as followeth.

And firft you muft know, that the bed way to raife them, is of Stones.
Let your Cherries be very ripe, for the riper your Cherry is, (or any
other Fruit) the plumper and better is the Kernel.

The time they be Ripe is according to the kind, but it is the black
Cherry which growes common in Woods and Hedges about Caflric-
bury, which is the Tree fitting for Woods, and therefore how to
Raife it I (hall (hew, though there be much difference in thefe alfo ;
for we have fome full as large and good as the Cororvne, and at a place
called Red-heath, at one Mr. Baldwins, they have fome forts not infe-
rior to the black Orleance, which are produced naturally from the

K Stones*

(66^
Stones , without Budding or Grafting? or any other help but the
Nature of the Ground, which indeed is very natural to them.

They are ripe in July, and the largeft forts are ripe lateft ; the
Fowls of the Aire will give you notice of their time of being Ripe, by
their vifiting them, which are as fo many McfTengers to awaken the
induftrious to take care in time to prefcrve them; and to thecarelefs
mar>;nd Sluggard, to take that away from him which he will not take
care of: For, as the wifeft of men faith, Prov. 20. The Sluggard will
not plow by reafon of .cold, therefore flmll he beg in Harveft ; fo he that
will not take care in time, fhall want when others have. But we have
fuchftore, that what the Jack-dawes, Jayes, Mag-pies, &c. eat, they
are not miffed with us; and though the Fowls do begin to eat them
as foon as they turn biackifh, yet Nature hath tied them on fo fa ft to
the (talk, that they can but take off part of the flefh, and leave the
Stone and reft to feed the Kernel; for the wonderfull wife God hath
ordered moil: forts of Fruit fo, that fome by their bitter, fower, or
other taftes, are fo well defended, that neither Bird nor Bcaft will
touch them till the Kernels be ripe, or near it, and then the fie fhy part
and Kernels alfo are plenfing to their Pallats.

When the Fruit is Ripe gather them , and have the flefhy part
eaten off, or taken off, by rolling them in Sand that is drye, with fome
heavy Plank upon them, drawing it too and again to take off the flefh ;
when you have fo done, drye them for three or four dayes, then put
them into pretty moift Sand, and fo keep them till the beginning of
February in houfc, and then fowe them in a Bed of light gravelly
Mould ; if your Bed be not naturally fo, make it fo ; keep them clean
from weeds for two years, and then you may plant them in Woods,
Coppices, Hedge-rowes, &c. or in your Nurfery, to raife other Kinds
of, or there to itand till they be fit for walks •, for where the Ground
is Natural, they be very proper for walks. The ground they like, is a
dry Soil, the bottom Gravel, the fur face mixed with Loom.

Or you may fowe them on Beds as foon as you have taken the
fielh off, and they will do very well, and come up the Spring fol-
lowing, and then you may plant them at two years (hoot , where
you pleafe • but if you keep them too long out of the Ground before
you fowe them, they will lie two Winters in the ground before they
come up.

Note this, that all forts of Stone-fruit would be committed to the
Earth as foon as the Fruit is Ripe, the Flefh taken off, and the Stones
a little drye : for all forts of Stone fruit, if well kept, and fown or fet
in time, will'- come up the Spring after, but if you keep them tqo long

out

C«7)
out oftheGround, they then will flay till the fecond Spring, and fome-
times never come up at all.

At any time when you Remove a young Cherry-tree , you may
prune off his head clofe, if you pleafe, to one (hoot ; for they Natu-
rally grow taper and ftraight: They arefubjecl to increafe from the
Roots of another Tree, but if you would help Nature in Raifmg of them
that way, fee Chap. 7.

It is a good wood to plant in Coppices, for it produceth a ftrong
fhoot, and it is (like the Elm ) apt to put forth feveral young Trees
from the Roots of other Trees; but eipccially if you fell a tree that
is not too Old, and it be in a light Ground : for then it will bring ma-
ny from the Roots of one tree, and fo thicken your wood much. It
produceth great Trees in a light ground, that being the Soil it liketh ;
but in a ftitfe cold Ground it is not fo ready to grow, nor bring fuch
fine high taper- trees, nor increafe fo from the Roots, as it will on
light ground. Once I meafured a Cherry-tree in Cafiriobury Wood-
walk, firftby the Quadrant, and fol found it 85 foot high; but for
more Exaclnefs (being the Tree leant, by reafon of another which was
blown upon it by a high wind,) I faw it meafured by a Line let from
the top-fhoot to the Ground, and it was 85 foot five Inches, there-
fore I think fuch trees as this might well be accompted among Forreft-
trees.

When you tranfplant young Cherrie-trees, do not fet them too
deep; nor indeed no other fort of tree, but efpecially thofe that natu-
rally run (hallow, as all forts do that be fubjecl to put forth young
Trees from their Roots, fuch is the Elm, Abele, Sarvice, Cherry, &c.
This tree is wanting in feveral parts of this Land : But you that want
it, I would counfelyou to get it as foon as your Ground is convenient
for it.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of Raijing and Ordering the Line-tree,

THis Tree is called by moft Herbals the Line-tree ; or Linden, but
vulgarly the Lime-tree : But call it which you pleafe, for Lfliall
not trouble my felf with the Etymology of the Name.
Of this Tree there are but two Kinds, that I know, one of which is

K z the

(6S)

the broad-leaved, and this (hoots with Wronger (hoot than the other;
*hc broad- leaved one is much to be preferred before the other, for the
aforcfaid Reafons, and feveral others : of the broad leaved Line we
have had, oflate years, feveral trees from Holland.

I have raifed feveral hundreds of Seeds of this fort. The narrow-
leaved Line growes plentifully in feveral places of this Land, as in '"e-
veral of my Lords Woods in Efex : This latter is harder to remove
with good fuccefs than the former : the Rcafon is, becaufe it hath not
been fo much tifed to be tranfplanted, therefore not fo certain to grow
as the great-leaved j according to our old Proverb, Vfe maizes Per-
fettnefs.

Some Authors tell you, that they arc Male and Female, but there is
no fuch thing in Plants ; for both thefe Kinds bear feed, but it ripens
not every year with us in England.

You may raife this fine Tree by Seed or by Laying, either way with
great facility, and great Increafe : But of this, as of all other Trees,
to raife them of Seed is the bed way : For my Honourable Lord, and
the Honourable Sir Henry Capel, have fecn fuch difference between
thofe raifed of Seed, and thofe of Layers, that when they were Trees
of ei«ht or ten years growth, they have often told me which was
raifed from Seed, and which from a Layer ; for that raifed from feed,
much out-growes the other, and keeps its Taper-fhape for feveral
years after they be planted out in Walks : The tapernefs of the Seed-
tree makes itgrowasftraight as an Arrow; but this I advife you, that
when you gather the Seed, you mind to gather it off from fome of the
broad-leaved Line-trees, and of thofe that (hoot with a ftrong moot :
But as I told you before, the Seeds do not ripen every year with us ;
but you may know that, by cracking the husk or (hell of the feed :
for if the Seed be good, it will lie plump and full under the husk, the
body white, if you bite it in two. But if the year be not kind for the
Seed, mod of the Husks or Seed-vefFels will have nothing but a little
cVaffie fubftance in them, and fome few will have fome fmall lank feeds

in them. ,

But to our Purpofe •, to raife them of Seeds, let your Seed be very
Ripe, which will be in Ottober, gather it in a drye day, and after
you have dryed it about a week in an open Room, then put it in a
Couch of Sand, indifferent moift, fo let it be kept till about the middle
of February, then fow it under fome Wall, on the North or Weft fide,
in fome good, frefti, Loomy ground, rather ftrong than light j if there
come a drye Spring or Summer, keep them indifferent moift, and
(tick fome Boughs over them, to made them from the fcorching Sun,

efpecially

r^9)

efpecially if they be much expofed to it ; keep them clean from wecdst
there let them ftand two Summers, and afterwards you may tranfplan
them into your Nurfery, and fetthem in Rowes, as you are direct-
ed of the Walnut and other Trees before. Prune them up to one
(hoot, unlefs you find fome moot or (hoots that are fit to Lay, and
then if you would increafe a Stock, Lay them. This tree is very apt
to put forth fhoots a little above the ground, and Suckers a little
within, fo that it is very readily increafed by Laying : Lay your Lay-
ers betimes, any time between Midforvtmr and November, as they
be ftrong and fit to Lay : And in a Twelve-months time or little more,
they will have drawn Root fit to be tranfplanted into a Nurfery: Thus
by feed and Layers you may in a little time encreafe enough for a
County, which when you come to have great (lore, you may plant
fome of your crookedeft Layers in your Woods ; they will produce
a large Stub, ftrong moots, grow well almoft of any Ground, and are
very good Fire-wood.

It is a Tree that loves pruning up well, for it naturally growes ta-
per, efpecially thofe which come of Seed 5 but if it fhoot much, and
thrives apace in your Nurfery, then leave fome fide boughs to check
the Sap, left by forcing it all into the Head, it fhoot out fo much
there, that it make the head too big for the Body, andfo (being top-
heavy) make the Tree crooked : Now if ever you fee your Trees ia
fuch a Condition, then immediately cut off the leaning fide of the Head,
which when it is lightned of its heavinefs, and hath not long flood
crooked, it will then come ftraight again ; Midfommer time is the
time of this pruning, but do not force the Sap too much into the head,
left by high winds you have many of your Heads broke off. But of
this I have fpoken before.

My ingenious Lord was once too free in pruning up a parcel of thofe
Trees; which 1 the rather acquaint you with, that you hereafter may
avoid the like • for the Ground was frefh and good, fo that fome by
their great Heads loft them, and fome grew crooked : Butdefpair not,
for if you obferve what I have faid before to make a crooked Tree
ftraight, you may eafily bring them to be ftraight again, for they na-
turally delight to grow as ftraight as moft trees doe; and if the Head
fhould be broken off, (as very feldom it is, becaufe the Bark isfo tou^h)
they will yet fhoot with fuch a ftrong fhoot, that they will in a little
time make a fine Tree again.

You may f if occafion be) tranfplant them pretty large, as big a*
your Legge, but the fureft fize is about two Inches Diameter, and
eight or ten foot high.

."But

(73)

But if the Tree was never Removed from the place where it was firfl
fowed, then Remove it the fooncr •? for if it be great, there's the more
danger in Removing it, and the topping of the Roots when removed
young, makes it break out near home, with many young feeding Roots
like a Maple : Therefore my advice to you that take delight to raife
Trees, is, to tranfplant any fort of Tree while young, and to top the
Roots a very little •? they will be much the better, and certainer to
grow when they are again removed, and will come forward much the
better : They that take this Advice, will find the profit of it in Trees,
which will the better encourage the practice of it.

They will grow as well on any fort of Ground, as any Tree I know,
but they like bed a feeding Loomy Ground, which is not too wet, as
is before faid in Chap. 8. where I have fpoke fomewhat of this fine
Tree, for Walks, Avenues or Lawns ; This being a Tree I fancy for
the aforefaid ufes, before any Tree we have in England, though I
know many do not love it that are Planters, becaufe it is not good Tim-
ber n .and 1 grant it is not, but to vindicate what I have faid of it for
Walks, I fhall lay down thefe following Reafons.

i. I doe fuppofe with my felf, that whofoever is a Lover of
Walks, will not fell the Timber-trees in a (lately Walk, while the
Timber is inrts prime \ for molt Trees will continue many years very
Ornamental, after they be in their prime, even while they be fit for
no ufe but Fire wood ; and why not the Line then for Walks as well
as any fort of Timber trees ?

2. It will grow as well on different Grounds as any Tree I know,
which is a confiderable encouragement to the ingenious Planters, to fee
their Labours profper.

3. It will grow as great and as high, if kept with pruning up, as
moit Trees we have: For the Greatnefs of it, I fhall borrow the
words of the Learned Dr. Brown? which he writ to Efquire Evelyn? as
he hath it in his Difcourfe of Forrefl-trees : Chap. 29. pag. 82. His
words are thefe: An extraordinary Large and Stately Tilia, Linden
or Line-tree there grow eth at Dcpenham in Norfolk, ten miles from
Norwich, whofe Meafure is this : The Compafs in the leaft fart of
the Trunk^or Body? about two yards from the Ground? is at lea ft eight
yards and a half; about the Root nigh the Earth, fixteen yards in cir-
cuit? the heighth to the uppermofl Boughs about thirty yards, &c. This
is one of the Broad-leaved Lines, which how great and ftately they
grow, you may obferve out of this wife and learned Doctors Dif-
courfe, who commends this Tree with the Epithets of Large and
Stately,

*• is

4- It will Iaft found long, as appearcth by the Greatnefs of irs-
growing.

5. It is a Tree will feon grow over the places where you cut off
fide boughs, and is not fubjecl: to put forth many.

6. It is a Tree that naturally groweth taper and ftraight.

7. No Treekeeps fucha con,i-ant Pyramid-fhapeasthis; the Heads
of other Trees growing of feveral fhapes and Forms, though all of one
Kind, this keeps its Head as if it were cut, and the Body itraight.

.8. For Shade few better, having a thick Head, and large Leaves,
only it droppeth his Leaves too foon.

9. The Bark of this Tree being tough, keeps its Head from break-
ing off by great Winds.

10. It's a Tree that as feldorn blowes afide as any Tree whatfo~
ever, for it's matted Root and Taper-body prcferve him upright all
his Life- time.

it. The Flowers are beautiful!, thefcent counted heafthfull, and;
Dreakethout ftrangely on the fide of the Leaves, much 'different from-
other Flowers of Trees or Plants.

12. The fhoots being of a fine red gloflie colour, are very pleafmg
to behold in the Winter-feafon.

13. It is a Tree that feldorn grows hollow in the Body, for it focm
evergroweth the wound, and fo keeps himfelf found, both Body and
Limb.

J 4. It is the befi: wood for Carving that is knowrr.
15 At lad: when he is dead, his Bark will make you Mattes and
Ropes, ufcfull for feveral things.

16. Andlaftly,its Wood is a good, fweet, free-burning Fire- wood r

the Charcoal made of it, is commended before ull others for Gunpowder.

Now put all thefe together, and judge if rhis be not a fine Tree for

Walks ; but if you would have them fliape themfeives finely, fet them

two rod afundcr ; if for a fnady walk, whatdi/lance you pleafe.

I fancy that a fingle Rowe, to bound a Lawn round, fet two or three
Rod afunder, would be mighty obliging to the Nobleft Senfe , for then
they would fhew themfeives more clearly than when fet in double Rows
to make Walks; or they would fhew mighty well fet thin on the fide
of a Hill, one topping another, with their curious natural fhapes. As&
& adieu my beloved Line-trees.

Jf treating of the Line I've wrote atnifi,
Fie thanks you if ycitl fhexv wherein it ipi
But if yon meet v.i h any thin^done voelly
Say nothing or^c, but finely to excelL

C< H- A 1

C70

CHAR XIX.

Of Raijing and Ordering the Maple*

THE Maple-tree is very plentifull in moft places of England
where there are any Hedges or VVoods } but as for the Kinds,
I know but one fort, though Authors tell you of more.

It is increafed, and doth increafe it felf by Seed and Layers, and
from the Roots of Mother Old Trees, and by Suckers, which makes
it fo plentifull.

The Seeds will lie a year in Ground before they come up, therefore
you may order them as is before faid of the A(h ; you may increafe
it by Laying (as isdiretledin C/wp. 5.) for to thicken your VVoods
or Hedges \ but if you let it grow into Trees, it deftroyes the Wood
under it ; for it receives a clammy Honey-dew on its Leaves, which
when it is wafhed off by Rains, and falls upon the Buds of thofe Trees
under it, its Clammincfs keeps thofe Buds from opening, and fo by
degrees kills all the wood under it : therefore fuffer not high Trees or
Pollards to grow in your Hedges, but fell them clofe to the ground,
and fo it will thicken your Hedge, and not fpoyl its Neighbours fo
much.

You may increafe it from trie Roots of an older Tree, as is fhewed
in Chap. 7. It is a good Wood to plant for under-wood in Coppices
and VVoods, for it produceth a good (hoot, and thickens your VVoods.
it loves a dry Ground or Bank beit.

CHAP. XX.

7'he Raifmg and Ordering the Sycamore.

THis fine Tree is much out of Favour with a great many, for thefe
Reafons, w'fc. Becaufe the Leaves falling upon their Walks, turn
into Soyl foon, and fo fpoyl them, breeding Grafs, and Weeds.
Aad alfo that notwithstanding its fine (hade, it is not good to plant

Shew

(73)
them near Dwelhng-houfes ; for the Leaves in Summer-time being fuV
jcclto catch and hold the Honey-dew, do draw together feveral forts
of Flies, and (Tome fay) amongft them the Moth : if fo, they be not
fit to be planted near Houfes and Gardens : the fame fault hath the
King of Trees, the never enough admired Oak, and the Maple and
others.

But granting this, yet let me defire thefe that have Woods and
Coppices in Parks, where Deer are efpecially, to fet fome of this
Tree every Fall, in the open places, and that for thefe Reafons : Firit,
it is a wood the Deer will not fcon harm, then it is a wood that bears*
Keyes foon, and many, which will fall Early and come up the next
Spring ; and being armed with a large Leaf, the weeds will not foon.
choak them : On fome Grounds that are dry and light, it groweth
faft : It produceth tall, tough and good Timber for feveral ufes : It
groweth apace from a Stub, and is good Fire- wood.

It may be raifed of Seed, which is beft, or by Laying, or by Roots :
Sow the Seed (not on too wet or ftiffe Ground) as' foon as it is Ripe,"
and the next Spring it will come up ; whereby on a little Ground you
may raifeagreat many Plants to fet in your Nurfery ; keeping them
clean from weeds by digging and pruning up every year, till yo*u have
got them big enough for Walks, Woods, or what you pleafe. Thus
much at this time of the Sycamore, onely remember (as I faid before)
that it is a good wood to plant in Coppices and Woods.

CHAP. XXI.

Of Raiftng and Ordering the Hornbeam.

ITold you but now of the Sycamore being fit to be fet in Parks, be-
caufe Deer do not often Bark them ; but of all Trees that I know
for that purpofe, this is the beft ; for a Deer will fterve before he will
fo much as tafte the Bark of the Hornbeam, they do not love much the
very fmall tops.

This Tree may be raifed of Seed, or by Laying ; but by Seed is belt,
though the young Seedlings be tender.The Seeds may be fo wn at the time
dire^ed for the Afh ; for it lieth a year in the Ground before it comes
up, and then you mufHook to keep it well fhaded, or elfe it will fooncr
be gone than you think for ; It naturally loveth to grow on ftifFe ground,

L whetc

C74)

where it will grow, and bring great Lops to the Owner, when the Tree
is but a very Shell, as Indeed moft Old Trees are hollow within ; which
I judge not to be the Nature of the Tree fo to grow, but the fault of
thofe that look to them; for they have too many Matters which be bad
Husbands, and no Friends to this Tree and many others, as the Elm,
Am, &c. who let the Lops be great before they lop them, perfvvade-
ing thernfclves that they have more great wood, which is moft ufefuli,
never confidering that great lops do endanger the Life of the Tree, ot
atbeft wound it fo much, that many Trees decay more yearly in their
Bodies, than the yearly lops come to; and fo indeed they do provide
themfelves with more great wood, though it be much to the Owners
lofs ; though this Tree will bear great Lops when there is nothing but
a fhell of a Tree {landing, yet the Am ( if once come to take wet much
at the Head) it rarely bears more Lop after that the Body of the Tree
decayes: Therefore if once a Tree decayes much at the middle, it will
foon be little worth elfe but for the Fire : But in cafe you find a Tim-
ber tree decay (as is aforefaid) down with it in time, for fear you lofe
vour Timber, and alfo the Fire-wood be fpoyled ; but of this I have
Spoken before, and would alfo fpeak more, could I with words but
perfwade men out of this great Error : But our ordinary Husband-men
will vindicate Their Countrey-Husbandry to be better than the next, for
indeed Countreys do differ much in the ordering of Trees and Hedges,
and they as much condemn ours : for it is as hard to perfwade them out
of their felf-conceited Opinion and Tradition, as it is to make a Jew
turn Cbriftian.

This tree makes the very beft Hedges of any Tree we have in Eng -
land that fheds the leaves, ( I mean for Ornament :) for you may keep it
in what form you pleafe,and it will grow very thick to the very Ground;
Therefore to make a private Walk, or to fence in Avenues, at a con-
venient diftance, without the bound-Range of Trees, or Walks ; or
to hedge in Ridings, Caufewayes, or to make clofe Walks or Arbours,
this Tree is much to be commended ; efpecially on fuch ground which
it likes : You mav be better fatisfied about this Tree at Hampton-
Court, in his Majefties Garden, which is kept by the ingenious Artiffc
and my good Friend Mr. Tobias Cans : It is good Fire- wood , and
vieldeth good Increafe both from Stubs and Pollards.

It encreafeth much by fowing it felf, therefore you that love planting
get a few into your Plantations,- and try whether they will thrive with
you or not; which doubtlefs it will en many Grounds where now it
is not, and fo would many other Trees doe mighty well in Woods
;>nd Coppices, to thicken them> and make them the more beautifully

efpecially

(75)
efpecially thofe that increafe from the running Roots, as the Nobie
Elm, Cherry, Sarvice, Abel, Popler, &c. and fame others, for to feed
if you have them not, as Afh, Sycamore, Line, Hornbeam, Maple,
Quickbeam, &c. and with thofe which you fee thrive beft:, you may
at every Fall furnifli your woods where they be thin, and I do aflurc
you it will pay you for your pains with Intereft.

CHAP. XXII.

Of Railing the Qmch&tam.

THE Quickbeam, VVhitchen, or VVild-afli, though very fcarce in
the South parts of this Land, is pretty plentiful! in fome parts of
the North, as in Nottingham-foire^ &c. and would be there more plen-
tifull, were it fuffered to grow great, to bear the greater Quantity of
Seed } for I think it increafeth (as the A(h doth) onely from feed : It
produceth ftraight, fmall and long (hoots, which in that Countrey they
cut off while they are young, to make Goads (as they call them) or
Whips to drive their Oxen with, for it is as tough a Wood as
mod is.

I do ghefs the feeds lye a year in the Ground before they come up,
I am now about trying to raife fome. Letmedefire fome kind Plant-
ers to get fome of this Wood into their bounds, where it is not, that
it may be tryed whether it will grow in the South or not, as no doubt
but it will if you will but trye: I (hall fay no more of this Tree, be-
caufe I cannot yet fpeak much on my owrr Knowledge.

CHAP. XXIIL

Of Raifmg the Birch,

THis Tree increafeth froom the Roots or Suckers, and for ought
I know it may be raifed of Seeds ; for I do fuppofe there are
Seeds in that which it (beds in the Spring, though I have not yet
tryed.

M It

(76)
It delights to grow on your hungry Gravel, as it doth about Cajhic-
bury in feveral VVods : Therefore you that have barren Ground
where your VVoods be, get fome fets of this Wood, to help to
thicken your VVoods; for though it be one of the worft of Woods,
yet it is very ufefull, and the great God hath ordered it to be content-
ed with the worft of Grounds; and befides, that it mould not bede-
fpifed by his Servants, he hath endowed it with a Faculty of Attract-
ing arid preparing from the Earth a very Medicinal Liquor, which is
both pleafant and healthfull for man ; which to take from the Tree, and
alfo to prepare this Water, and to demonftrate what Difeafes it is
good for, I (hall make bold to borrow out of Efquire Evelyns Difcourfe
of Forreft-trees, />»■?£. 32, &c.

About the beginning of March^ with a Chiziel and a Mallet cut a
flit, almoft as deep as the very Pith, under fome Bough or Branch of
a well- fpreading Birch: Cut it oblique, and not long wayes, inferring
a fmail Stone or Chip to keep the Lips of the Wound a little open;
fatten thereto a Bottle, or fome other convenient VelTel appendant ;
out of this Aperture will extill a limphid and clear water, retaining an
obfeure fmack both of the Tafte and Odour of the Tree: thus may
you obtain this water. I will prefent you a Receipt how to make it,
as it was fent me by a fair Lady (faith he.)

To every Gallon of Birch- water put a quart of Honey well ftillcd
together, then boyl italmoft an hour with a few Cloves, and a little
Limon-peel, keeping it weli fcumm'd ; when it is fufficiently boyled,
and become cold; addeto.it three or four Spoonfulls of good Ale, to
make it work, which it will do like New Ale, and when the Yeaft
begins to fettle, bottle it upas you do other winey Liquors, it will in a
(Competent fctme become a mod: brisk and fpirituous Drink, which is a
very powerfull Opener. This. Wine may (if you pleafe) be made as
fucceflfefully with Sugar inftead of Honey, lib. 1. to each Gallon of
water; or you may dulcifie it with Raifons, and compofe a Raifon-
wine of it. I know not whether the Quantity of the fweet Ingredi-
ents might not be fomwhat Reduced, and the Operation improved, but
I give it as Received.

For Diftempers in Man it is good for Cure of the Ptyfick, moft
powerfull for diflblving the Stone in the Bladder, curing (as I am told)
Confumptions, and fuch interiour Difeafes as accompany the Stone
in the Bladder and Reins : This Liquor is fo ftrong that the common
fore of Stone-Bottles cannot preferve the Spirits, fo fubtile they are
and volatile ; and yet it is gentle and very harmlefs in Operation within
*he Body, and exceedingly flaarpqps the Appetite being drunk ame

Pajtum,.

("775

Pajluni. This from the Learned Author, and thus much of the Birch :
And now I proceed.

GHAP. XXIV.

Of Raifwg the HafeL

OF the Kinds there be many, and fome very good Fruit, as the
Red and White Filberds ; the great French Nut, &c. alfo your
wild Nuts do differ much infhape and goodnefs. My Lord had once
a Quantity of very good forts fent him from beyond Sea, they had a
very tender Shell ; therefore I took care to raife fome of them, and
did feverail, but when they came to bear, they were no better thaa
our Hedge- nuts.

When they be Ripe I neednottell you, for every Boy can ; order
them all winter as you areadvifed to keepyour VValnuts, andfowe
them at the fame time in the Spring ; they will grow almoft on any
Ground, ^provided not too wet) but benY on your dry ground: there-
fore fetthem on your high and dry Banks, between your Fences, but
Early in Winter : if they hold but the firft year, they will produce
good Stubs; you may increafethem by Suckers, or Laying, but the
befi way is from their Nuts. I would have you to benefit your felf
by Laying this and other Woods in your Woods, that be thin of wood •
I dare allure you that for every Shilling you lay out in this Husbandry,
in a few Years time every ShilSg (hall be paid you yearly, for many
years after..

CHAP. XXV.

Of Raiftng the fever al forts of Poplers.

^THere may be many forts of this Wood, but I know but Four ; the

bed: is that large, white Popler ; a great leaf white on the lower

fide, it fhoots with a ftrong whitilh lhoot; which the Batch call

Th&.

(78)
The Second is a fort much like to this, both in Leaf and Shoot, which
grows in many places of this Land, and is in moft places called the
white Foplcr.

The Third is a fort that hath theleaves and {hoots more fmall, and
not (o white ; it groweth in many places, and in moil of them is called
the Afpen or Afp-tree : Thefc three forts are to be ordered all as one :
the other differs much both in the Nature of growing and -ordering:
therefore a word or two of thefe.

I never yet did Raife any of them of Seed, but I do believe they
have a Seed in that downy fubftance they died in the Spring ; they in-
creafe naturally very much from the Roots, but they may be help'd
much by the Rules in the Chapter before, which fheweth you how to
raife Trees from the Roots of another Tree ; by which Rules, from
two of the Abele Trees my Lord had from Holland, I have raifed above
a hundred : But if you fence in a place round the Tree, to keep Cattel
off, and keep down the great weeds a little, they will put forth many
young Trees from the Roots of an old one, efpecially if you prune up,
or thin the Heads of any of thefe forts, they will then yield the more ;
but if you do not value your Mother- tree, but defire to get a great
ftock of young ones, then you may fell the Mother- tree at the ground:
and if it be not very young', or old, the Roots will put forth in young
Trees, the Quantity of the Body and Head of that Tree : and fo will
the Elm, Cherry, c-c then how ufefull fuch Trees are to fet in the places
of Woods that be thin, I leave you to judge.

Though this Tree is none of the bed of Woods, befides the afore-
faid Properties, I can fatisfie you it will grow and increafe on the very
worft of your grounds, as well dryeas wet.

You mufb forbear to head any of theft three forts, unlefs young, or
that you leave Come young fhoots to draw up thefap; except you are
minded to deftroy the old one you head ; for if the Lops be very great
itmanv times kills, or makes ;he Tree hollow; therefore lop young.
Some will tell you they grow of Chips, but that is falfe, they rarely will
grow of Cuttings.

' They are bell in Woods, though fome advife you to plant them in
Walks; but they be not good for walks, for the Suckers they pro-
duce from the Roots, will be troublefome : The greater fortsare proper
to fet on the Halt, Weft, or North ProfpecT, at adiltance, in or by
the fide of a wood ; for their white Leaves fhew finely when the Sun
fhines upon them, and make fine variety with other Trees that have
dark green leaves. I commend them to you for to plant in woods of
barren ground ; for there they increafe much, and yield much wood :

And

(79)
Andfo I leave them, and come to the other, which difTereth fromthefe
bom in Leaf and Shoot, and manner of growing.

This la/t kind is in moil places called the water-Popler ; its Leaf is
a pale Green, fhaped fometliing like the other, but it is not white be-
low; the fhoot is ofayellowim green, this loves to grow by Rivers
fides, or in Ground that \s wet, or fuch as holds water much : There-
fore you that have fuch Grounds, get fome of this Tree to fet in them :
It will grow of Truncheons, from two foot long to eight: the fir/1 be-
ing the bell to fet for Stubs, the other you may make Pollards of,
for it is a good profitable wood, bringing a good Lop in few years,
and that on fome Grounds better than the Willow.

For your inftruc~tion in fetting the fmall fetts, fee Cbap. 6. and for
fetting thofe of fix, feven, eight or nine foot long, for to make Pollard-
trees, keep the lower end of your kt, and alfothe upper, free from
cracks, and cut each floaping off; as for the bignefs,* let it be about
two or three Inches Diameter : If you make your hole with an Iron* 4
Grow, make it big enough, that you do not thruftup the Bark when*
you thruil them into the hole ; or if you make them with a Stake, ob-
fcrvethe fame; but if you fear the Bark to pare from the wood, tie it
about the lower end with a piece of Wier, &c. fet them about one
foot and a half deep ; if great, deeper • or if you have a quantity to fer,
and would fet them well, then have an Auger made, fomewhat like to
a Pumps, a little bigger than your fets, fo may you fet your fets in, and
ram the Earth clofe to them;' but however you fet them, be fure to
■R-amme the Earth clofe to them : I preferre the beginning of Winter
for the bed feafon, -unlefs your Ground be very wet, then deferre it-tilJ
February.

M But if you have ground that is wet and barren, and that you are
minded to plant, makeDreins two fpade-decp, and a yard wide, and
at every two yards afunder caft up the Earth upon the two yards of
ground you left, and fow it the fir/1 year with Oats, to mellow the
Ground, which may pay a good part of your Charge, if not all ; the
next Winter fet it with the fe forts of woods, Water- popler and others,
Alder, Willow, Withy, Sallows, &c. and in four or five years after
you may have a good Fall of wood, fomay you have every five or fuz
year after, for many years.

To encourage you, Efquire Evelin tells you of an Abeie that did
fhoot in one year feventeen foot in length, and as thick as your VVriil ^
and alfo informs you of fome Willowes that have fhot no Iefsrhan
twelve foot in one year. Therefore to thofe Gentlemen that have ■
Wet or moorifh Ground, which is bad and will not grafe weli,, do I-di-

~e£i I

C8o)
^e<fl this good Husbandry, efpecially where wood is fcarce, and fella
well : The Charge to 'do this will not be great; and to fatisfie you the
more, I (hall here (hew you, if you dig two fpade-deep, then there
will be but one third part of ground to dig ; that is, to dig your Trenches
one yard wide, and leave two yards there to lay the Earth, and to
Tow one year, or to fet the fctsas foonasyou have made the ground

ready.

J 60 Rod in one Acre, divided by 3 gives one %d. of 160,

1 ,(\ which is 53 and 4. This 53 doubled (neglecting the 4 as

160 (53 necdlefs in fuch a bufinefs) is 106 ; Now if I allow 3 d. a

3 3 Rod for one fpade-deep, that is 6 d. for two ; and then

2 d. a Rod for letting, is 8 pence the Rod, leaving the Sets

out, and not counting them, becaufc I do not know the fcarcenefsor

plentifulnefs of them where you intend to plant, though they will cofl

but little : Now if I divide 106 by 2, being z Sixpences

is one Shilling, it gives 53 s. and then divide 106 by 6,

being 6 Two pences makes One (hilling is 17 s. 8. d.

By this it appeareth, that if the Ground be

2:13:0 planted this way, having the Trenches digged

o: 17:8 two foot deep, which is the beft way to

— — plant any fort of Ground if the foyl be fhal-

3 : 10:8 low, (as I (hall (hew fuller hereafter) the
Charge (excepting the Sets) is but 3 /. 10 s. $d.
where men can dig fuch ground for 3 d. the Rod.

But if the Ground be not very wet, or the Soyls furface very (hal-
low, then may you dig one yard, and leave another, throwing half your
Earth on -one fide, and half on the other: Suppofe you were to plant
an Acre of Ground this way, there will not be half digged, efpecially
if the ground be an oblong fquare } but if you count it at half, that is
80 Rod, which at the fame price, 3 d. the Rod, is 20 s. for if you di-
vide 80 Threepences by Four, (the Thirds in a Shilling) the
80(20 Quotient gives 20: then 80 Two- pences for fetting is 1 3 s.
44 4 d. for if you divide 80 by 6, ( the Two- pences in one Shil-

ling) it gives 13 in the Quotient and 2 over, which 2 Two-

2 (2 pences is 4 d. thatis then izs. 4^. and 20 s. is one pound
80 (1 3 1 3 -f. 4 d. charge. Yet as 1 told you, the more oblong the
66 piece is, it will cofl: fomewhat the lefs, provided you divide

your ground into yards, or as near it as you can, and leave
a yard next the fide where you begin, and one at the fide where you

end.
Having (hewed you the Charge, or pretty near it , and alfo two

wayes

(8.)
Wayes how to prepare your ground, you may fet Truncheons of V Va-
ter-popler, all forts of Sallowes, Alder, VVilloWes, Oziers, &c. of
Roots, Abele, Popler, and if not too wet, Elm, Am, &c. Let none
of thefe foft woods ftand too long unlopt if Pollards, or unfelied if
Stubs, for the Reafons before mentioned. Of all the Poplers, VVa-
ter-popler indures bed lopping when great, then the Abele, the Afp
worfl: when the boughs be great : This VVater-popler doth not in-
creafe of a Runner as the other doth ; I fuppofe thi, is the fame which
fome call the Black popler : It growes in feveral places about W are,
by their Ditch-fides, and brings them good profit; and therefore you
that have wet grounds get fome of this to fet by your Ditches, one
Roweofthis, and one of VVillowes; for if you fet one ofthefeworth
a halfpenny, if they grow they will bring you that yearly for twenty
years or more. Prune all foft woods at the latter and of Winter, Qrc.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of Raifwg the Alder.

''T'Hjs Tree may be raifed of Truncheons as the other I lafl: writ of;
fome fay of Seeds, but if you cut them about two foot and a
half long, and fet them two foot in the ground, if the ground be
proper for them they will certainly grow, and yield you good Profit.
They love a wet moorifh ground, and will not grow on dry ground ;
they will grow well on your boggy Grounds, which feldom yield good
Grafs.

Some advife you to fell them every third or fourth year, which is
good Counfel : but do not deferre above five or fix years, the woun-
ded place will be too great if you ftay longer, and with wet will grow
hollow ( if it be great)" before it can overgrow the wound. As for foft
Woods, or Aquatick Trees, fell or lop none till to wards the Spring,
viz. February is the beft Seafon, and the Moon encreafing.

M CHAP.

C80

CHAP. XXVII.

Of Raifwg the Withy, Willows, Sallow, Oziers.

^TTHE Withy doth bed grow on ground that is not very rnoy3, but

yet the moyfture rnuft not be far from him j as on the weeping fide
of a Hill, where fome Spring breaks out, or on Banks by Rivers or
Ditches fides, or on Banks in your Moorifh ground, &c.

The Willow loves to grow on fuch like ground ; both this and the
former are fetin fuch places as the Water popler is, and of fuch fets
as it is; to make Pollard trees, fee the Chapt. before of the Water-
popler, and Chap. 6. which teacheth how to fet all forts of Cuttings ;
Remember to keep them well fenced for two or three years, and to
cut off all the fide -moots, which they will be fubjeel: to put out below
the Head, and thin the head as you fee it convenient, leaving not above
fix or eight for Arms ; fo doing will make the body of your Tree fwell,
and lay hold on the Ground the better.

And as for the variety of Kinds of thefeand the following, I (hall
not trouble my felf to inquire after ; for I intend only to (hew you how
to Raife them, not todefcribe them, and if you know how to raife
fome, you may then foon be able to raife them all : But there is one fort
more which is called the fmelling Willow, which deferves to be ta-
ken notice of ; it (hoots a great (hoot, bears fine, broad, mining, green
Leaves, and will grow on moft Grounds that are not too drye. It
bears a fwcet beautifull Flower, and worthy to be fet in Orchards :
You that have Rivers run by your Orchards plant fome of this, if you
have not, yetif your ground be moift, and pretty good, it will grow
mightily, and yield Ornament and Profit.

It is eafily increafed of Cuttings, which if fet as is (hewed in Chap,
6. will grow every one : Only mind if your Ground have a dry Bot-
tom, then fet them on the North fide of a wall ; befide the Beauty and
Smell, the indubious Bees love it much: It is as eafily increafed as
any Sallow, and bears as good a Lop, then endeavour to make it as
common. From one fmall Plant I have Raifed fome hundreds, and
have fet feveral in our Wood-walks at Caflnobury, where they grow
well notwithitanding our dry Ground, but they were Rooted before

(83)
1 fet them there : I commend the like Husbandry to the Lovers of
Planting : And to thofe that are Lovers of that bufie Martial Creature,
for it's an Early Relief to them. It may alfo be very plentifully in-
creafed by Laying, for if it be but covered with ground, it will
Root.

Of Sallows there be three common forts ; all of them love a moid
Ground, but that with the Round Leaf will grew on Banks, as in
Hedges^ for if you fet them for Stakes they will take root : And though
they be%o very good Fence, yet they will yield good Profit : The
two other grow beft on Moorifh ground, and there will yield great
(hoots, they will grow of Cuttings much, and may be increafed well
by Laying; both which waves you may thicken your Woods very
much : but then you mull keep out Cattel, efpecia'.ly all Deer, for
two or three years and above. They may be raifed by feed, as the
Elm is, fome years, for the feed is not all years good with us, no more
is the Elm and Line : I have raifed many of them of feeds in the
downy fubftance, but they be fo eafily increafed by Cuttings and Lay-
ing, that you need not trouble your felf to raife them of feed. It is
as profitable a wood for under- wood in Woods, as any you can fet in
them for Fire, producing ftrong and great moots : Therefore, where
you ftock up Trees in your Woods, fet two or three Sallow Trun-
cheons with fome other Wood that is fubjeel to run, as Elm, Cherry,
Abele, &c. fo may you have a thin wood made a thick good wood ; or
if you have a Ground that is Moorifh, and will not yield good Grafs,
then plant fas is before (hewed) of the Water- popler, and it will yield
you quick and great Profit.

If you would fee more largely of thefe Sallowes, &c. fee Efquire
Evelyns i$tb Chapt. He tells you, you may graft Figs and Mulberries
on them, and that they will thrive exceedingly: The firft is true, you
may graft on them ; but you had beft trye the other, for I fear 'tis bor-
rowed from Pliny, &c. but I forbear.

Of Oziers there are feveral forts,and are all raifed of Truncheons, as
the Sallow : They love a moifter and more Moorifh ground than the
Sallow or Willow. The Basket- makers know beft the time to fell
them, which may be done any time in Winter, they muft be kept well
fenced from Cattel, and thus I (hall conclude of the Aquatick Trees.

_ Only let me defire all thofe that have Moorifh ground, and fuch as
yields little Profit, (e^ecially where wood is fcarce,) but to make
ufe of thefe fure Directions, and I do engage you a great and certain
Profit.

M 2 CHAP.

CHAP. XXVIIL
Of the rine, Firrc, V'majler^ ckc.

THefc (lately Trees want more Refpect with us than they have :
And there are three things which make it fo : The firft is Igno-
rance in planting them \ and that is, theymifs the right Time or Sea-
fon of the .Year to fet them, planting them when other Trees are
planted, as from November to Anarch, which is the very worft time
in the Year ; but the beft time to Remove thefe or molt forts of Greens,
is, from mid- March to the latter end, or from m\&-j4uguft to the
la(r, which are the very beft times, unlefs for tender Greens, and I
{hall not fo much as name any of them.

As to the Ground, thev love not Dung, but a frefh gravelly Soyl'
mixed with Loom, alfomind but the Roots, and they will tell you,
that thefe forts of Trees muft not be fet too deep, therefore take heed'
you commit not that fau't to them \ for if you look into Gerrards
Herbal, with Johnfons Additions to jt, pa/. 1364. you are there in-
formed by that laborious Author, that Firres grow on the tops of
Rocks in great plenty, and alfo large Trees m the cold Countreys of
Nomay,8zc. and of Pines that grow in the cold Countreys beyond
Denmark^, as in Ruffta> &c. then certainly they may and will grow
here in England very well, if you will but mind to fet and prefervc
them.

Then a fecond Reafon why men do raife but few of thefe, and
plant but few, may be becaufe they love them not ; and it is with other
men, becaufe they many times die, or do not grow well with them,
and this makes them not fancy them : But fuch Men want good In-
ftruclions, and I hope I mall give them fome that will make them again
in Charity with thefe fine Trees j but others there be that have ground
and fit places to plant Trees in, but mind them not; thefe men do not
love Trees, ho nor themfelves, nor their Pofterity.

The third great hinderance of planting thefe and other Trees is, there
are many men that love planting and improving of Trees, but are hin-
dered by not having ground of their own convenient to plant in, and
if they Nurfe up or plant Trees for their Landlords, they many times
meet with but fmaU encouragement for fo doing ; for many times they

be

C85)

be turned out of their Farm before they come to perfection, or if there
be any that are come to be fit to fell, many times another man fhall
have them as cheap as he that Nurfed them up in his Hedge- Rows &c.
or his Predeceflors.

But I could and do wifli that Owners would encourage their Te-
nants, by allowing them fo much Money for every Fruit'tree, and fo
much for every Forreft-tree they plant in their Grounds, and look to
them well till they be pad Catties fpoyling them ; this would help both
the Owner and his Tenant, and many a good Tree might be in wafte
places where now none is ; this would make the Farm much better
and pleafanter, and fo we might have more plenty of Fruit and Tim-
be*, and Knowledge in Planting would be greatly improved.

Now fuppofe you fhould plant on good Land, and in open Fields
you would be no Lofer by it: J& if you mould plant Oak, Afh, or
Elm, in Pafture- ground, at three or four Rod afunder, they would do
your Land no harm, nor would you lofe any ground, fave only juft
where the Trees rtand; now it mud be a good Tree that takes uo
one yard fquare, nay the Leaves and Shade may do your Cartel as
much good as may countervail the lofs of that Land ; as if your Land
be worth 20 s. an Acre, that is not a Penny a Yard, as here I fhall
(new ; 1 60 Rod fquare makes an Acre, and five yards and a half fauare
is a Rod. ^

You fee that in one Rod fquare there are 30 yards ?• ?
2nd a quarter • for the Decimal Fraction 25 is J of a —

100 ; or thus, 5 times 5 is 25, and 5 halfs and 5 halfs 27S

make 5 whole Rod, and a half and a half make but ', _^275

which is 30 yards and a quarter. 30 'z$.

30*25 Yard in a Rod. *(4.d

il° Rod in one Acre. ^ ( ' ■

1 81500 I /xxx
3Q2_5___ /j

4840* 00 yard in one Acre. |

Here you fee that 4840 (the yards in one Acre; divided by 12
(the Pence m a Shilling ) gives 403 (hillings, and 4 remain, that is '
one Acre at a Penny a yard comes to 20/. 3 ,. 4 d. But it may be
hxty years before a Tree takes up fo much ground, then at half that
Age it takes up but half fo much ground, then 60 halfpence is but
2 /. 6 d. and your Tree at that Age, and on fuch Land, may be worth

CB6)
30 s. or more, which is Profit and Pleafure, &c to the Planter.

But to our bufinefs, Johnfon tells you of fome ten forts of Pines,
but I know but two or three in England -0 one is common, and is raifed
of the Seed fown in good ground, and in the (hade, in the Month of
February : If it be frofty put it into Earth or Sand, and keep it in the
houfe till the weather be feafonable; they will not grow of Cuttings,
nor Laying, well ; they be bad to be Removed when old, became the
Roots run far from the Body in few years, and if broke or cut off, they
will not readily break out at fides and ends \ therefore Remove them
young, at two or three years old, and at the times beforefaid, and then
you may expect glorious ftately Trees. None of all our green Trees .
in England may compare with them : Prune them as the Firre: They
be fine tofet round a Garden, or Bowling-green, for the Leaves will
not do any harm. <**■

Of Firre-trees we have two forts, they be eafily Raifed of Seeds
fown as the Pine ; one fort will grow of Laying, or of Slips fet about
Bartholomemide ; but then you muft cut them one Inch or two from
the Body, and cut that Stump clofe off the March following ; and cut
all other Boughs that be needfull at that time,and you need not fear hurt-
ing your Tree, though my French Curate be againft it.

The beft way to keep them is in Stories, about a yard between one
another, but do not cut their Ends as fome doe, neither let them grow
thick on a heap, but if you keep them in Stories they will grow taper,
and you may take off fome when you fee Caufe, and fo help them up
to a great height, and ftraight as an Arrow, for they naturally grow
in a good (hape.

Lay the Clogs before the fire, and they will gape, fo may you take
out the Seeds the better. Pliny calls one fort of Pine, the Pinafter ;
Johnfon s Herbal, pag. 13 50.

CHAP. XXIX.

OfRaifwg the Tew, Holly, Box^uttiper, Bajes and Laurel ',Scc.

THere be a great many more Trees, fome of which fhed their Leaves,
1 and fome keep them all the year befides ; thofe I have fpoken of
before, but thefe be the moft of our Forreft-trees •, and as for thofe that
doe belong to the Garden, I fliall not fo much as mention them.

The

(87;

The Yew-tree is produced of Seeds, rub the flefhy fubftance off, then
dry them, and when they be dry, put them in fand a little mail, in a
Pot or Tub; let this be done any time before ChriftrxM : Keep them
in houfe all Winter, and under fome North-wall abroad all Summer;
the Spring come Twelvemonth after you put them in Sand , fowe
them on a Bed; the ground nottoofttfife, keep them clean, and prick
them out of that Bed into your Nurfery, when they have ftood two
or three years there, you may bring them to what (hape you pleafe : It
is a fine Tree and worthy to be more increafed.

Holly maybe raifed of the Berries, as the Yew, or by Laying; it
loves a Gravelly-ground, as moft of our Forreft-greens doe; it is a
curious Tree for Hedges, and will grow under the dropping of great
Trees : It well deferves your love, yet is fomewhatticklifhto remove,
but the beft time is before Michaelmas ; if your Ground be ftiffe and
cold, mix it with Gravel, but no Dung.

Box the Englifhand Edged,. &c. do grow well of Slips, fet about the
tatter end of Aug* ft, or in March : It is very pleafant in green Groves,
and in Wildernefles, though it hath a bad fmell after Snow.

Juniper is raifed of the Berries; it is ticklifh to Remove, k is &
pretty Plant for the aforefaid places ; the Berries are very wholfome;
the Wood burnt yields a wholfome and pleafant Perfume, fo doth the
Plant in the Spring.

Bayes is increafed plentifully of Suckers; or you may raife them
of their Berries: They love the made, and are fit to be fet in green

Groves. . r % ,

Laurel, or Cherry-bay is increafed by Cuttings fet about Bartholo-
mewtide, and in the made beft, or by the Cherries. It is a glorious
Tree for Standards on moft Grounds, but on our coldeft and openeft
it holds out our hard Winters beft : It may be kept with a clear ftem
two or three foot high, and let the Head be kept round, fo that if you
have a Row of them, the Trees all of a height and bignefs, and the
Heads all of a (hape, no Tree is more pleafant: It is fit for Groves,,
Wilderneffes, Hedges, &c. It will grow well on any ground, therefore
make Life of this beautiful! Tree.

The Oak, at firfi doth like a King appear,
The Laurel now at lafl brings up the Rear i
The one does tender Plenty and Renown,
The other offers Tleafure and a Crown :
The Elm, the ufefnll Afh, and Sycomore,
Toother with the Seech and many morer
* The%

(83)

They prowife all com eat to thofe that loo\{
To pratfife what is written in this Books

CHAR XXX.

General Rules for planting For reji-trees in Avenues, Walfy ,
or Orchards, as in a Natural Ground,

FIrft as to the Ground, your Ground that hath been fed for many
years, Winter and Summer, as your common Pafturc ground, or
the like, fuch Ground (if it beany thing good) isthe Bert : The next
is your Meadow-ground; and then your plowed Land, if your Land
be of Soyl alike. Thus I preferre them. Several Reafons might be
given for this, but 1 fhall inftance onely in thefe few :

As namely, your Ground that is conftantly fed, hath likewife con-
stantly a fupply of Cattels Dung and Urine, with the variety of Kinds,
which addes much to the Strength of the ground : and likewife your
Pafture- ground, though it abound with great variety of Herbs or Grafs,
according to the Nature of the Ground, as alfo your Meadow-ground
doth ; yet your Pafture- ground hath not only a conftant fupply of Soyl
by one fort of Cattel or other, but the Grafs which growes on it, doth
feldom run to flower or feed; which when they doe, they draw forth
much more of the Salt or Spirit or Strength of the Earth, as we find the
Herbs or Grafs on Meadow-grounds moft commonly doe. Therefore
I judge your Commons the beft; and both common Field Ground and
Meadow better than conftant plowed Land ; for that being kept with
plowing to prevent what naturally it would produce, this makes the
Ground the Better ; for 'tis certain, that where your Houfes Stand,
or High- wayes are, there the Earth is full of Salt and Spirit, or the
Life of Plants; not only becaufe there is often fome Afliftance of Soyl,
which 1 confefs makes it much Richer, but alfo becaufe it cannot pro-
duce thofe Plants which naturally it would, were it not Retrained ;
For /till it receives a conftant fupply from Nature, and as the Holy
Scripture faith, the Almighty caufeth the Sun tofhineon thcVn]uft as
well as the JuL fo alfo hath theforefaid Earth the fecret Influence of

the

(89)

the Heavens, as well as any other, unlefs Accidentally prevented ; but
this by the way.

Now as for your plowed Land, 'tis granted to be much better for
plowing; but this being fowen with Annual Grain, very much draw-
eth out the ftrength of the Earth ; for I judge that your Annuals are
much more drawing Plants than thofe which will laft feveral years, it
being in my Judgement with your Annual Plants, as it is with a man
which hireth a Houfe for a Year, when his year is out, he knowing
he muft remove, cleareth the Houfe, efpecially of his own ; when as
your Durable Vegetable, ( like a man whofe houfe is his own) is fa-
vourable to its fituation, having a kind of fecret Knowledge (as I may
fay) that there they and theirs may continue many years.

If this be underftood, I hope you then will fay with me, that your
common Pafture is • beft to plant on , next to that, Meadow, then
plowed Land ; that is, if all three be of equal goodnefs and foyl.

CHAP. XXXL

Of planting Forreft-trees to make Woods > or to fill up Na^ed
places in Woods, where they want.

TO tell fome men of planting of Woods, is very needlefs ; for there
are too many men more inclined to flock up than to plant them •
but I fuppofe the greater fort of Men, and I am fure the beft fort, are
more inclined to prefer ve and plant, than to deftroy and flock them up.
To thofe then that love either their Countrey or themfelves, or efpe-
cially their Pofterity, and have any kindnefs for ftately Forreft-trees,
do I give this Advice.

Firft, Let the Ground be of what Soyl foever, be fure to plant moft
of fuch Trees as will grow bell on that Soyl; As if it be Gravel, then
Beech, Holly, Hafel, &e. if mixt with Loom, then Oak, Am, or
Elm, eH.if ftifTe,then Am, Hornbeam, Sycomore, &c. if a light Loom,
then mofl forts 5 and withall, have an eye to the adjacent Trees, and
which fort foever you fee thrive beft, be fure to furnifh your Ground
with (lore of them.

Secondly, If your Ground be moyft, then fet in good ftore of the
Cuttings of Alder, Willow, Sallow , efpecially the two laft on any

N Ground %

Ground ; for it there comes a wet Spring, or a moyft Summer, many
of them will grow, and produce good under- wood, if fet as is directed
in the i6tb. or zjtb. Chapters. Though the Ground be dryc, and a
Gravel-Bottom, yet they will thrive and produce good fhoots in a
little time, as I have found true at CajliiobHry^ dec.

Thirdly, If you be minded to fow feeds, then you mult prepare
your Ground with a good Tillage before you fow your feed, as much
as you doe for fowing of Barley ; and having all your Seeds ready pre-
pared (.by being kept fome time in a Houfe till they be fittofpear, or
fpcared a little) then about the beginning of February fow them : The
particular Chapter of each Kind will tell you how long it is before they
will fpear : If you plow your Ground into great Ridges, it will make
the Earth lie the thicker on the top of each Ridge, and there the Roots
will have the more depth tofearchforNourifhment, and the Furrowes
will in little time be tilled up with Leaves, which when rotten, will
lead the Roots from one Ridge to another.

If your Ground be very drye, then plow your Ridges crofs the
defcent of the Kills, not to drayn the water off, but to keep it on your
Ground ; and if your Ground be very wet, then the contrary.

But be mindfull to fow molt of thofe feeds your Ground is moll na-
turally for. The molt of thefe feeds following may be fown on your
Ground : Oaks Am, Beech, Sycomore, Hornbeam, Crab or Apple,
Cherry, Walnuts, Chefnuts, Holly, Hafel-nuts, Maple, Sarvice, o-c.
Which of thefe you find are not Natural for your Ground, neglect
them. Some do fow their Seeds with a Crop of Barley, but the feafon
of fowing of Barley is too late for your feeds, if they be prepared be-
fore-hand \ but if you will be fo faving as to have a Crop of that
Tillage, then fow your feeds with Oats, for they may be fown with the
feafon of your feeds: Do not fow your Oats too thick, and they may
do well-, but the belt way for your feeds, is to fow them without any
Crop of Corn.

Fourthly, If you are minded to have a Wood foon, then plant it
with Setts, and if your Ground be a good Natural Ground for Trees,
then you may make only holes two foot wide, and as much deep, and
about half a Rod afunder, fo there will be four holes in every Rod
fquarc. But for fear my Reader mould be at a ftand here, and ask me
how four Trees may ftand in a Rod fquarc, or four holes made in a
Rod fquare, and yet the Middles be each half a Rod, or eight foot and
~ afunder, 1 fhall here fatisfte him by Example; and it fhall be of a
luppofed piece of Gtound three Rod fquare, you may make your holes
fquare if you pleafe. (See Figure i.)

This is much like to that Queftion, Whether is half a 36

Foot fquare , or half a fquare Foot, moft ? When as I 6

have heard fome fay, they were both alike, but it was — — —

their Miilake. 2I0"

For, ■§• a Foot fquare is only 6 Inches every way, that is, *~" '

6 times 6 is 36, and 6 times 36 is 2 16 Inches; when as I2
half a fquare Foot is the half of a Cubical fquare foot, the

numberjaeing 12 the fquare Root is 144, for 12 times 12
makes njfcj., and 12 times 144 makes 1728, the Cube, I2
Now the half of 1728 is 864, which is half of a fquare

Foot, then if you divide 864 by 216, you will 144

find 4 for the Quotient, fo that half a Foot .*• 12

fquare is but ~ of half a fquare foot. This I 8## ( 4

have demonftrated as plain as I can, that I xftf 288

might be underftood by every Countrey-ca- 144

pacity.

1728

Now if^ou were to plant one Acre of Ground after the aforefaid
manner, the Charge would be as followeth : If it be a good digging
ground, you may have 20 holes made for 12 d. two foot wide,
and two foot deep ; fo there would be four times 160
holes, which is 640 holes, at 20 for 1 2 d. that is 3 2 s, and 640 (32
then I allow for every hole 2 Setts, fo then it will take 12 80 22
Setts, which will coffc you together about 4 d. the 120.
of any forts of wood, which comes to about 3 /. 6 d. then /.*So (10
for every hole 2 Sallow or Willow Cuttings 3 . s. then 5 men x,*o
to fet them 6 s. and then Keyes and Seeds to fow among
your Setts next Spring, 5 /. 6 d.

I s. d.

Making Holes or : 12 : 00

Setts 00 : 03 : 06

Sallow Truncheons 00 : 03 : do

Men to fet them 00: 06: 00

Keyes and Seed 00: 05: 06

Whole Charge 02 : 10 : 00

So that the Charge of one Acre of Ground planted this way, will coft
you about 2 /. 10 s. where Work-men and Sets may be had at fuch a
price •, the Spring after, I advife to fow Acorns y Sycamore-Keyes,
Apple and Crab-ftampings, &<;, Let this fowing be done fo oft as you

N z find

find Stampings and Keyes to be had, till you find your Wood very
thick. I did fow all the Stampings of Apples and Crabs at Cafiriobvry
among our young Woods which I had fet, and the Ground not pro-
ducing a ftrong Grafs to choak them, they came up thick , and did
well : Bat take care you let them not lye too thick long, for if you
doe, the ftampings will heat, and kill the Kernels ; fow them there-
fore as foon as they be prefTed, or elfe lay them thin, or keep them
parted with dry ftraw. ^

Bur if your ground be bad, and a (hallow Soyl, or that y^r would
help an indifferent ground, and are willing to be at fome more Charge
to do it, then do thus, which in fmall time will pay you or yours well
for your Charges.

Obferve which is the Beft way to lay out your ground, and then
divide it into four yards diftance at both ends, by little itakes, and
make Rowcs offtakes by fetting up fome few between the two at each-
end, which are only to direct you to lay your work ftraight, by plow-
ing one yard of each fide your Stakes : If your Ground be Green-
forde, then plow it as is aforefaid, which will make the better for the
Roots of your Trees to run in.

Thus having plowed two yards, and left two yards unplowed all
over your Ground, a little before the feafon for planting, and when
the feafon for fetting is come, (that is, as foon as moil of the Leaves
are off, ) having prepared Sets and Work-men, let them dig up the
two yards that are unplow'd, laying one half of that Earth upon one
of the plowed pieces, and the other half upon the other; and as you
lay up that Earth upon the plowed pieces, there fet your Setts about
a yard one from another, with ftore of Sallow-Cuttings with them,
digging that ground which you lay on your plow'd Ground a good fpade-
deep, and then it will be near a foot thick to fet your Setts in. Thus
goe from open (that is, unplow'd) to open, untill you have fet all the
plow'd pieces in your Ground : One man having the Setts ready, will
fet them as faft as four men fhall dig, that is, two men on each fide
the Beds or Ridges, one a little before the other, fo finifli Bed after
Bed till you have gone over and finifhed the whole Ground which you
defigned to plant that Winter } and endeavour to get all your planting
done by the latter end of January, or beginning of February ; for this
Reafon, that is, having provided Keyes, Nuts and Seeds, as is before
directed, ( and is in each particular Chapter more fully difcourfed >
about that time fow them, fT«.j about the beginning of February, un-
lefs it be a Frofty feafon, for then you rauft ftay a little longer j. fo fow

all

("93)
all your Beds over with feed, and cover them a little with the fhovel-
ings of fame neighbouring Ditch.

In doing thus, you may be certain of a good thriving Wood in a
little time, though the ground you plant on be ( almoft ) never fo bad.
This I doe fuppofe to be as good a way as moft are for planting of
Woods.

Therefore, according to the Latine Proverb, Serere ne dubitesy
Doubt not to plant ; and I wifh I could perfwade Noble-men and
Genrtfmen that have Ground that is not very good for Corn or Grafs,
to plant it with Wood ; efpecially in thofe Countreys where wood is
fcarce : I dare infure them, that it would be to them or their Succef-
fors a very great benefit, and alfo a great Ornament to their Naked
Grounds.

Now I (hail endeavour as near as I can,to give you an A ccompt what
the Charge of this may be ^ wrrW, did I but know your Ground, and
what wages your Work-men in fuch places have for one dayes work,
I could then do more exactly.

But we will fuppofe the Ground to be a good digging Ground, that
may be afforded to be digged and laid up for 4 d. the Rod-fquare,
and our Example (hall be of one Acre of Ground, of which you may
well perceive by what is before fhewed, there will be but one half
plowed, and that half planted.

Firft then, for a good deep plowing of half an Acre of Ground
41.

Secondly, For half an Acre of Ground digging, at 4 d. 2 (z

the Rod, ( for if 160 Rod make one Acre, then 80 Rod #0(26 s.
is half an Acre, and then 80 Groats for the digging,) comes 3 3
to 1 /. 6 s. 8 d.

Thirdly, If every Four men mufl: have one man to fet to them, then
there muft be near one fourth part more for him, which one fourth
is 6 s. 8 d.

Fourthly, If we allow for every yard fquare in this half Acre, one
good Set, befides Truncheons of Sallow and Willow, &c.

55— the fide of a Rod fq. is 5 yards and |.
5S

27S

3o*2«— <fThe Nur"ber of yards in a fuperficial Rod fquare is
J L 30 and ~%

j Co

cm

i6o— The number of fuperficial fq. Rods in one Acre 160.
181500
3025

4840 • 00 The number of fq. yards in one Acre, or 160 Rod, 4840.

Or if you would work this QuelBonby the Line of Numbers, and
your Compafles, fet one point on one} Extend to 5 and ', the fame
will reach from 5 and ' to 30 and '.

Secondly, Extend your Compafsfrom one to 30 and ', the fame
will reach from 160 to 4840: Thus you may prove your work by
two turns of your Compafles.

(40 Now finding 4840 yards in one Acre of ground, and

4^40(40 for every yard one Set, .at 120 for 4 d* comes to Forty

,**20 Groats, and Forty over^which is 1 3 s. 5 d. 1 q. and ~

1 of q. for forty Groats is 1 3 s. 4 d. ) then to know what

the odde Forty come to, the Rule ranks it felf thus : If

* C1 120 coft 4^. or 16 q. what then will 40 coll.
4?( 13

11 40

120 : 16 : 40

240 (40 ^^(3

40 ^4 #f

*#o (5

640 : txo
So you fee that thefe 40 will coft 5 q. and 40 over, and if you di-
vide this 1 20 by 4.0, there then will be 3 in the Quotient, which fhew-
cth that 40 is 4 of 120: So that 4840 Sets at 120 for 4 d. will coft
thirteen Shillings five pence one farthing, and one third part of a far-

For Truncheons of Sallow and Willow 3 s. and for Seed 1 0 /.

/. s. d.

Plowing 00: 04: 00

Digging 01 : 06: 08

To a Man to fet 00 : 06 : 08

For Sets 00 : 13: 06

For Truncheons 00: 03: 00

For Keyes, Nuts and Seeds 00: 10: 00

Whole Charge is 03 : 03 : 10

Thus

Thus have I mewed fome wayes for the planting of Woods , and
alfo what Charge it will coil: you, though I have fpoke of the lowed
Rates that good digging Ground can be done at , and where men work
for 10 dfer day, yet if you love planting, and your Ground be a
bad Ground to dig,(asa Gravel or ftirTe Clay,) and that yeur Sets be
fcarce, or that you be minded to plant more in your Ground ( which
will be the better ) then if you allow as much more to each Acre, the
Charge may be computed accordingly, and you will find it not to be

gre.it.

There are more wayes to plant Woods, but thefeTtake to be the
beft; or thus, inftead of making your Holes Round, you may make
them a long fquarc, and the holes will be the eafier to make after this
way. {See Ftg. 2.)

This that hath been faid, I hope will be fome fatisfa&ion to thofe
that love planting of Woods, and are to feekin the wayes; which if
it be, 1 then mail be well fatisfied, for my defign is a General more
than a Particular Good. #

Now having finifhed your Wood, take care to keep it well fenced
from Cattel of all forts, and when it is about feven or eight years
growth, then fell it, pruning up thofe to a head you are minded to
leave for Standards, leaving half as many more as need toftand, for
Timber- trees, as Oak, Am, Elm, Beech, &c. felling the reft at the
Ground, not flat off, but well floped up; And if yow have Popler,
Abele, Cherry, Elm, Sarvice,eH . they will fpring much from the Roots,
and thicken your Woods ; if not, fet fome in.

CHAP. XXXII.

Of planting Toung Hedges, and how to improve and keep
Old Hedges,

THere are and may be made many forts of Hedges of one parti-
cular fort of Wood alone, fome for Ornament only, fome for
Ornament and Profit, and fome for Ornament Profit and a Fence.
Juniper I take to be one of the bed for to make a lew Hedge, of any
Plant or Tree we have growing in ErgUmd\ for it growes naturally
very thick, is a How grower, and hath alwayes a fine freft green

C$>0
Colour, and the feverefl of our hard Winters will not make it change
his Countenance •, I confefs it is fomething ticklim to be Removed,
for its being not ufed to ftirre far from home makes it many times
lofe its way, and its Life too, if led far from its native place, at un-
feafonable times, or by an ignorant Guide, and put into fuch an Ha-
bitation as is not fuitable for it to Live in. I have with good fuccefs
removed it above Thirty miles, namely, from beyond Cajlriobury to
Little- Hadham ; therje I made my Ground ( notwithftanding it was
naturally a ftiffe ClayJ'by mixing it well with Gravel and Sand : I Re-
moved it a little after Bartholomewtide, and I did not lofe one Plant
in ten, but they do flourifh in two little Hedges moft gallantly.

I (hall not fpeak of that mod healthfull Aromatick Seed which it
beareth, nor of the ufe of this Cedar ; but if you would be further
fatisfied, fee Efquirc Evelins Difcourfe of Forreft-trees, or any Her-
bal. I have not as yet raifed any of it of Seed, but I am now making
a tryal, which if they once come to endure Removing while young, I
doubt not but then they will be better to Remove when old.

Holly makes a moft ftately and beautifull Hedge; and had we but
ftore of the White-berried Holly to mix in the Hedge with the Red,
it would make it the more Ornamental. Its Ground that it moft de-
lights to grow on, is, drye and gravelly: See more in the Chapter of
Holly : Or had we but (tore of the ftrip't to make Hedges with, it
would be very Noble indeed.

Hornbeam may be kept in a good (hape for a high Hedge, and very
thick, even to the ground. It is (alone) one of the very beft home-
bred natural Forreft trees that ftied the Leaf, to make a Hedge of j
and is fenceable, unlefs againft therudeftfortofCattel.

Box maketh a good Hedge, and lafting ; I mean the EngliJJi, though
the others are pretty for Hedges, both the Gilded, and the Dwarf;
but thefe two being not proper to name, or to difcourfe of among
Forreft-trees : I (hall only name them and many other forts, and fo
pafs forward.

Laurel, (as we call it,) or Bay-Cherry, makes a good Hedge, and
if well kept, very fine Standards. Hard Winters do pierce it on fomc
Grounds, but on moft it is durable; it is eafie to increafe, and will
grow well on moft Grounds ; Keep it but down, and it will grow ftrong
below, and thick, and then make a very fine Hedge.

Arbutus, or Strawberry-tree is a Curious Plant for a Hedge, onely
it is very tender, efpeciully while young; for, the Leaves being con-
ftant whileft Life lafteth, and of a fair Green, finely dented about the
Edges, and its pretty white Flower in Summer, with its Strawberry

on,

(97)
on, the beginning of Winter, all together adde a great deal of grace
to this Plant. fa

Cyprefs would make fine Hedges, but for two faults ; for firft, in
in fome Grounds it is tender, and will not abide our hard Winters.
And Secondly, it doth not love to be headed, for that makes it frill more
tender : Cut it not late in Summer.

Atezereon or Dwarf-bay, both the Red and White together
make a pretty low Hedge, and (hew very beautifully Early in the
Spring.

Materntu or Ever green Privet makes a fine thick green hedge, it
would be fupported with a Frame, efpecially while 'tis young.

Pyracantha or prickly Corall makes a good thick Hedge , and a
very fine mew when it is full of its fine Red berryes, which appear
like Beads of Red Corall among the dark green Leaves. It likes our
Entertainment" fo well, that it will grow well onmoft Grounds ; our
Winters difturb it not, and 'tis very eafie tobemultiplyed or increafed
by Laying or Cuttings.

They that have (tore of Ground, and are Lovers of Plants, I hope
will not be without thefe few named, and many more that will be very
acceptable; but they be not fome of them fo proper for Hedges : Ma-
ny more there be that would make very fine Hedges for pleafure, if
well kept, as the double- bloflbm Cherry, the Laurta, Tmm or wild
Bay, Primme, Savin, &c.

Thefe few are only for Ornament, and make ( any of them ) fine
Hedges alone, or you may mix them with Judgement, and they will
then be very pleafant.

Now I fhall (hew you a few of thofe that are for profit and Ornament ;
fuch are the Summer-Pears on Quince- ftocks ; for that makes them
the more Dwarfifh ; Cherries make a fine Hedge, but efpecially the
fmall-leaved, as the feveral forts of Flanders, great Bearers, &c.

Plumbs, Quinces, Codlins, Barberries, &c. all thefe' make fine
Hedges, butmuft have Supporters : In the three laft there is this fault,
that the better they be kept, I mean the handfomer, the worfe they
will bear. But I am got two fteps too far into the Garden, and now
I (hall give you an Accompt of fuch as are proper to fence in your
Woods, Orchards, &c. which is the fcope of my Difcourfe; for
fuch are both profitable and pleafant, though notfo Ornamental as the
other before ; and if you would make a Fence of one particular fort of
Wood, the very beftis your White-bum, or White-thorn.

Your Crab-ftocks makealfo a (tout (hong Fence; and if you leave
at every twenty foot one to run up, keeping it with pruning till it is

O five

C98)

five or fix foot high, and then graft it with Red brakes or other good
Syder- fruit, fuch a Hedge would be very pleafant and profitable : You
may fo order your Stock and Tree whileft they be young, that by
pruning you may have the head of your Tree to hang into your Ground,
a little over your Hedge : Let me defire you to make fuch a Hedge
where you have occafionto make one : As for your Stocks they are as
eafie to raife as Barley, and they are as certain to grow onmofWbrts
of Ground, as any one wood I know.

For common and publick Fences there is none to compare with
thefe two, for certainty of growing, for a thick, ftrong, and an armed
Fence.

Black-buih makes a good ftrong Fence, but it hath one Inconveni-
ence, that is, it will not keep within its bounds, but will run very
much into your ground, and there be very troublefome to keep out :
Therefore if your Fence be for Wood, it may do well, for the Reafon
aforefaid : Alfo when you plafti it, it will often be ready to die, by
Reafon that it moots fo much from the Root.

Thus have I {hewed you fome forts of Woods to make your Hedges
with, I fhall now give you fome Directions how to make them; and
here obferve that for all thofe which are for Ornament only : You
muft prepare a Border by good digging and clean picking it from
weeds, adding fome good Natural Earth, fuch as the Kinds you fet
do moft naturally grow in, which let be well prepared againftthe
feafon for planting, and then makeufe of your time : The greatcft fort
may be fet about a yard one from another, fuch as your Holly, Lau-
rel, &c. the other about two foot or lefs, fuch as your Juniper,
Mezereon, &c. Let this be the moft , but if you have ftore of
Plants, fet them thicker , be fparing in heading molt forts of
Greens. \

For thofe that are for Ornament and Profit, the Ground muft be
made good, trenched deep, and mixt well with Dung-, they may be
fet about fix foot afunder. You may make very curious Hedges of
Pears, Cherries, &c. But I am too far got into the Orchard or Gar-
den-, I muft retreat to my Forreft-trees, to fhelter me from the Gar-
diners Anger.

Of thofe forts that are for Ornament, Profit, and for Fence, I have
told you that there are two peculiar forts, viz.. the White-thorn and
the Crab j which are indeed the moft proper to fence in our Forreft-
trees, and woods, of any I know. I know moft Hedges, which are
mixed with many forts of wood, are apt to come too faft, without
planting Sets of White-thorn, which in rnoft places are plentiful! to be

had

C99)

had • bur if you would Raife them of Haws, order them as is mewed
of the Cherry or Yew-berries.

Now to Raife your Crab or Apple-flocks, (though the Crab-ftocks
are better than your Apple-flocks, for the Crab grows more rugged,
ftrong, and is more laiting, but Stocks raifed of Apple kernels will
do well) let your Ground be well prepared by Digging, and picking
it clean from weeds ; mix it with fomegood rotten Dung, then when
the fime is, that they beat their Crabs for Verjuice, or Apples for Sy-
der, then prepare your felf with fo many as you think are convenient
for you^iround, and as foon as they be ftamped, fow them if you
can, for n they lie long in the Stampings, that wil-1 heat and fpoyl
your Kernels : Therefore if you have them to fetch far, or that you
cannot fow them inftantly, then let them be fifted from the body of
the Apple, and fpread thin, or mixed with drye Sand, till you have
opportunity to fow them; or you may keep them in Sand (the Ker-
nels I mean) a little moyfl, till February, and then fow them ; but
be fure your Ground be well prepared before- hand with good tillage,
and clean picking , cover them about one Inch, or a little more, with
fine Mould \ afterwardsjwhen they come up? keep them conflantly clean
from weeds; Remembring if you fow at Michaelmas, that you take
care to keep Traps fet, for fear Mice rob you of your Kernels. Thus
may you Raife what Quantity of Stocks you pleafe, which at two
and three years old you may fet where you would have them to ftand,
for to Raife Trees, or to make Hedges for fenceing in your Ground.
Keep them clean from Weeds by Digging or Hoing.

Thus having {hewed you how to furnifh your felves with floreof
Stocks in a little time, which will make you as ftrong and good Fences
as moft wood whatfoever, and are very profitable too, both to yield
good Liquor for Drink, and to bring good Fewel to the Fire ; I fliall
now (hew you how to plant thefe Quickfets, both for Hedges with
Ditches , and for Stant-hedges ( as fome call them ) without
Ditches.

Firft, Strain a Line where the infide of your Ditch muft goe, next
your Hedge, then mark along by the Line, floping, as you would have
the Bank of your Hedge to flope, then ftrain the Line on the other
fide of the Ditch, and mark it out Hoping inward to the Ditch, as you
did the other fide : For Example, fuppofe you make your Ditch a yard
at the top, and three fpade or a yard deep, let it flope fo on both fides
that it may come to a foot wide at the bottom, but let the Hedge- fide
flope the moft, then if your ground be Green-fwerd, and ftiffe Land,
with a Turing Iron take all the Turf off the breadth of your Ditch,

O 2 then

Cioo)
then cut out a Triangle-piece all along next the bank, turn hat upfidet
down, for to make the flope of your bank ; Lay fomeof the Turf you cat
off, or all of it, on the back-fide of that Triangle-piece; thereon fetone
Row of Quick, covering the Roots with Crumbs of Mould, the Dirch
one yard, and the Bank a yard, .as you may fee in Figure 3. where A. is
the Triangle- piece cut out of the Ditch, B. the piece laid on the B^nk,
with the Turf laid grafs-fide downward, and the Set on the top of that
piece, then level up the Bank till it comes level with the top of the
piece B. and then lay' on fuch another Angular piece, and en the top
of that a Quick-fet, as the other, then level up as before, anijfet ano-
ther Angular piece, with the Quick on the top; fo have ^fou three
Rowes of Qiiick-fet, which let itand about one foot from another in
each Row, and if your Ground or the Bank be dry, fet their! a foot
deep, and if you will you may fet one row on the top of the Bank ; but
three Rowes fet each againfl: other, open, triangle, make an excellent
Fence ; if fet as is aforefaid.

{See Fig. 3.)
And note, that the higher and larger you make your Bank, the bet-
ter your Quick will grow ; for this Paradox is true in planting, That
the more you fpend, the more you (hall get ; but if your Ground be
a light S07I, then you need not take off die Turf from the triangle-
pieces, becaufe the Turf will make fuch Ground hold up the Bank
the better; but then it will grow out at the edge of the Angle, and
fo will trouble you the more to weed your Quick ; and befides you
will want it to lay in the midft of your Bank, which would feed your
Sets much, and make them grow the better.

But if you would make a Stant-hedge without a Ditch, the ufual
way is, to dig a Trench about a foot and a half wide, therein fet two
or three Rows of Quick, which on good Land may prove indifferent
well, but if your Ground be bad, or that you would make it grow
and profper well on any Land, then dig a place where your Hedge
muft (land one yard wide, and make a Bank with Earth one yard
high, being one yard at the bottom, and narrowed by degrees to a foot
at the top ; fet two Rows of Sets on each fide this Bank, as is (hewed
before about planting. the Bank by the Ditch; or you may make this
Bank two foot wide below, and two foot high, fetting one Row of
Quick on each fide, and one on the top, as is before directed; and
everobferve, that the larger you make your Banks, the better your
Sets will grow, as is before noted.

You may, if your Fence be near to an High-way, have Earth fuffi.
dent from thence to make this bank, which will be a little fence of it

fe!f,

fioi)

felf, and help the growth of your Sets much; or you may Hope off
your ground a foot deep by this Bank, and fome ten foot off come
out to the Level of the Ground ; there may you furnifh your felf with
Earth to make the Bank, plowing or digging up that ground where
you took off the Earth, adding a little Dung to it, which you may
fowein the Spring with Corn or Hay-feed, and your Ground in little
time will be never the worfe, efpecially if the Sovl be good.

Thus having fet your Hedge, cut off all the lets within one inch or
two of the ground, and keep them weeded for two or three years; and
when they have fliot two years on good, or three years on indifferent
ground, cut them off within three Inches of the ground; but if there
be fome places too thin, there lay down fome into the gaps, and cover
them and the reft over one Inch with Mould, leaving the Ends of the
the Layers out, which will draw Root, and thicken your Hedge.
Let his be praclifed at all times, when you make or lay your
Hedges.

But note, if your Hedge be fet with Crab, or Apple flocks, that

you leave one ftanding, uncut up, at every twenty foot, or at every

ten or twelve foot, if the Ground be your own, on both fides the

Hedge; then may you fo order them, by pruning or flaking, that one

may lean into one ground, and the other into another, &c. Prune up

thefe Stocks yearly, till you have got them out of Cattels reach, and

then graft them with Red-ftrake Jcnm't-moyl, or what Syder, or

other Fruit you pleafe ; but, if your Stocks be of Apple-kernels, you

may let them ftand ungrafted, and they will yield you very good Sy-

der-fruit; but Stocks ungrafted will be the longe/before they bear,

and alfo when you graft, you may be certain of your Kind, but if you

find a very mtural Stock, that is likely by Leaf, Shoot and Bud, try it-

by fo doing you may have a new fine Fruit : if you like it not, you may

graft it when you pleafe.

The reft of the Hedge when it hath mot three or four year, you
may Lay, for to make a fence of it felf; for you maftmindto keep it
from Cattel till it comes to be Laid, and one or two years after; And
now to Lay it, I (hill give fome few Rules, which may direci vou
when you Lay any Fence-hedge, of what fort of wood focver it
be.

Firft at every Laying, lay down fome old Plafhes, or young ones
if your Hedge be thin ; but let them point with their Ends to the
Ditch-fide of the Bank, keeping the ends low on the Bank} they will
the better thicken the bottom of your Hedge; and keep up the Earth
of your Bink.

Secondly?.

Secondly, At every Laying lay Earth on your Bank, to heighten it,
and to cover your Layers all but the Ends, which Earth will help your
Quick much, and make the Fence the better by heightning the Banks,
and deepning your Ditch.

Thirdly, Do not cut your Plafhes too much, but juft fo much as
they may well bend down ; and do not lay them fo upright as fome
of our Work-men doe, but lay them near to a Level, the Sap will
break out at feveral places the better, and not run fo much to the ends
as it will when they lie much floping. If you have Wood to fpare,
cut up moft of thofe that grow near the Ditch ; but hang the Bank
then with Bufhes, to keep the Cattel from cropping them the firft year ;
thefe will (hoot ftrong, and fecure your Hedge well, keep up the Bank,
and thicken the bottom of your Hedge, &c.

Fourthly, Lay your Hedge pretty thick, turning the beard on the
Ditch-fide; but do not let the beard hang uncut, as the common work-
men do, (though it doth make a good mew at firft making ) but cut
off all the ftragling boughs within half a foot of the Hedge on both
fides, then will it fhoot ftrong at thefe places, and thicken ) our Hedge
much the more : Of this, Reafon may inform you, as it did me, and
Experience will afterwards confirm it.

Fifthly, If you have got a good high Bank, make your Hedge fo
low as you think it may but juft ferve for Fence the firft year ; for it
will foon grow high, and the lower your Hedge is made, the Quick
will grow the better, and the bottom will be the thicker ; but take
care to keep out Cattel from the Field-fide, the firft year after it is
made.

Sixthly, If you would have a good Hedge for Fence, you muft fell
it often, doing as is aforefaid, and take care at every felling to root
out Elder, Travellers Joy, (that is Bull bine, as fome call it,) Bria-
ny, &c and alfo leave not too many high Standard-trees or Pollards
in it ; the Elm is one of the beft. Doe not ufe too much dead wood
in the bottom of your Hedges, for that choaks your Quick ; but if
you have a gap, make your dead Hedge at a diftance. Much more
I could fay of Hedges, but I forbear.

Only I cannot pafs by the Learned Efquires good Advice , in his
Difcourfe of Forrefi-treesy (pag. 50.) which is this: / do only wijht
upon the Profpett and Meditation of the V niverfal Benefit, that every
perfon whatsoever, worth Ten Pounds per Annum, within his Ma]e-
files Dominions, were by* fome indifpenfable Statute obliged to plant his
Hedge-rowes with the befi and mofi ufe full kjnds of them , efpecially
in finch places of the Nation, ai be the more Inland Counties. Thus

far

far the Learned Author ; To which I adde, that if they did not plant fd
many Trees, and keep fuch a number planted, they fhould be com-
pell'd to plant ten Crab-ftocks for the want of one Tree, &c.

If this were but as much in ufe with us as it in Herefurd-frire, and
once grown to a Cuftom, we mould in few years banifh out forraign
Drinks by this our excellent and moft wholfom one. Befides, our
Trees in (hallow ground would thrive better in Banks of Hedge-rowes,
than in the middle of the Ground.

Again, (faith he) Undoubtedly if this courfewere effectually taken,
a very confiderable part both of Meat and Drink^which is fpent in our
prejudice, might befavedby the Countrey-people. even out of the Hedges ;
which would afford them not onely the Pleafure and Profit of their deli-
cious Fruity but fuch abundance of Syder and Perry as fljould fnffice
them to drinhj>f one of the mo ft wbolfow Beaverages in the World.

Old Gerr^rddld long fince alleadge us an Example worthy to be p r-
fued: I have feen (faithhe, fpeaking of Apple-trees, lib. $.cb. ioi.)m
the Paftures and Hedge-rowes about the Grounds of a worjhipful Gen-
tleman,dwelling two miles from Hereford jailed Mr. Roger Bodnome,/*
many Fruit- trees of all forts, that the Servants drinks for the mo ft part no
other Drink. ^lit fhat which is made of Apples ; the Quantity being fitch-,
that (by the Report of the Gentleman himfelff) the Parfon hath for
Tythe many hog flu ads of Syder. An Example do ubtlefs to be followed
of Gentlemen that have Lands : But Envy faith, The Poor will breaks
down our Hedges, and we fliallhave the leaf: part of the Fruit : How*
ever, I advife you to go forward, in the Name of God ; Graft, fet,
plant, and nourifj up Trees in every comer of your Ground', the La-
bour is fmall, the Co ft is nothing, the Commodity is great, your f elves
fliall have plenty, the Poor fhall have fomewhat in time of want to re-
lieve their Neccflity, and God flo all reward your Minds and Diligence,,
Thus far honeft Gemrd.

And in truth, with how fmall Charge and with how great Pleafure this
were to be effected, every one that is Patron of a little Nurfery can eafily
calculate : But by this Expedient, many thoufands of Acres, fow'd now
with Barley, might be cultivated for Wheat, or converted into Pafture,
to the increafe of Corn and Cattel ; befides the Timber which the Pear*
tree doth afford, comparable for divers curious ufes with moit : this
alfo would make Timber the more plentifull -0 the decaying Trees and
pruning would be good Fire- wood.

One thing more I do wifh were practifed in our Hedges, and thofe
fined feverely that did not obferve it, viz.. That there fhould not *n
Oak in any Hedge whatfoever, be headed, but that the Owner might

hav£

(104)
have liberty to fhread them up as fome do Elms, though not to #ock
or fell them till fuch an Age ; in fuch Banks we fhould have the bed
Timber, and enrich the Owner, &c.

CHAP. XXXIII.

Of planting fever al forts of Forreft-trees, in order to making
the beji advantage of Ground, as Orchards, or the lik$*

SUppofe you were to plant one Acre of Ground, or more, with
Walnuts or Chefnuts, or the like, and would have it planted to
the beft advantage ; that is, to have your Trees ftand in good Order
to the Eye, and to have as many Trees as conveniently you can in
your Ground, (which is fuppofed all men would have) and yet your
Trees to ftand at convenient diftance.

Now (I fay) fuppofing your Ground to be one Acre, and a Geome-
trical fquare, in fuch a ground you may begin your firft Row on which
fide you pleafe to ftake out your Ground for the holes to be made ;
you muft firft refolve what diftance your Trees had beft be planted at ;
remembring, that if your ground be good, and a deep ground, then
you may plant your Trees at fomewhat the greater diftance : Of the
Ground that moft Trees delight in, you may fee in the particular Chap-
ter, fpeaking of each Kind. Your Beft way is to plant them Trian-
gular and not fquare, as fome doe ; for you can plant them in no form
or order whatfoever to be more pleafing to the moft Noble Senfe, than
to have every three Trees to make an Equilateral Triangle ; nor in no
other way whatfoever to have fomany Trees to ftand in fuch, or any
piece of Ground whatfoever., at fuch a diftance. For fatisfaclion, and
likewife to demonftrate it more fully, obferve thefe two following Fi-
gures of the aforefaid piece of Ground, which is one Acre, and is a
Geometrical Square.

But before I fhew you a Draft, or you ftake out your Ground for
your holes to be made, firft confider well thefe few Rules:

Firft, Obferve the Diftance that your Trees ought to be planted at ;
alwayes remembring, that if your Ground be good, and a deep Soyl,
that then your Trees will hold the longer, and by confequence grow
to the greater perfeftion, therefore plant at larger diftance. As for

Exam-

Example, If I were to plant this Acre of Ground with Syder-Apples,
(as for Inftance, all red-ftrakes, which is an excellent Syder- Apple, and
is Iikewife a great Bearer, and a Tree that doth not laft very long,) my
Ground being alfo a (fallow Ground, I think of 22 foot afunder to plant
thefe Trees at, or as neer that as the Ground will permit.

Then Secondly, I go round my Ground, and obferving my Fence
well, and finding no great Trees in it, I then refolve to fet my Trees
at fix foot from my Fence, (but note, if there be great Trees in your
Hedge that fences your Ground, then this is too nigh J then I fet off
fix foot at one Corner of my Orchard, and fix foot at the other Corner
of the fame fide, which is the Eaft fide, then I fet off fix foot at one
Corner of the Weft fide, it matters not which, only that End which is
the Levelled, is the beft for Meafuring : Having fet thefe three flakes,
I drain a Line from one ftake to the other, on the Eaft fide ; then 1 lay
a fquare to this Line, removing it'along the Line till I find the other
End of the Square point exactly againft the Stake on the weft fide ;
then laying a Line right fquare to that Line, till you come at the Stake
on the Weft fide, I thenmeafureby this Line as many 22 foots as I
can ; noting how many times 22 foot I find, and what you find is over,
or more than 1 1 foot, then make your diftance the Iefs, to make that
up the equal diftance for one Tree more : but if it be Iefs than half
the diftance your Trees are to ftand afunder, then adde that which is
under the 1 1 foot, to the number of Trees that be to ftand afunder.
Obferve but this, and then you need not fear that your Trees will ftand
too far off on one fide, and too near on the Other, it being the fame
Charge to plant in good Order as at Random, as too many doe; nay
many times Iefs Charge ; and how much more pleafing Order is, I
leave them to judge to whom the great God of Order hath given a great
delight to imitate him in his glorious works.

But as for this my piece of Ground, which I pitch on only for Ex-
ample, viz,. One Acre, and a Square, Imuft find the fquare Root of
160 Rod, or as near it as my Chain will give, and tjien fubftract but
the 12 foot out for the diftance of the Trees from the Fence, and di-
vide the Remainder by 22, the Quotient tells you how many Trees
will ftand in a Row; the over- meafure fubft rafted from, or added to,
as your Reafon teacheth you.

Note this, that it is moft commonly the beft way for your Rows to
goethe longeft way of your Ground; for though your Trees ftand 22
foot afunder, yet your Rowes in their ftraight Lines will not ftand fo
far.

Now to find the fquare Root there are very many Rules, but none

P that

that are to my Apprehenfion fo exact and eafie as by Logarithmes : .find
but the Logarithme of your Number, then take half that Log. the
Number anfwering is the fquai e Root.

Exam. The Log . of 1 60, is 2* 204 1 1 99 8.

The half of this Log. is 1 * 10205999.

The neareft Number anfwering this Logarithme is 12 Rod, ^i
that is, 12 Rod 65 Links of a one Pole-Chain divided into 100 lv-°
parts.
The Proof may appear by thefe three Examples following.

.E.v.as 12*65: Ex. as 12*64: Ex. by Log. 12.65-.is r 1020905
by 12*65: by 12*64: Log. 12*65:15 1* 1020905

6325 5056 The Number that 2*2041800

7590 7584 anfwers this Log.

2530 2528 is i6o"02.

1265 1264

160*0225 159*7696.

By this it doth plainly appear, that 1 2* 65 is the nearefl Number that
can be found by your Decimal Chain it is but -, -s -„*;■' more, and by
Logarithmes but 2 of a Link put into 100 parts, therefore exact as
need be for this purpofe, unlefs it were for Calculation in Aftronomy,
or the like. And you fee that 12* 64 multiplyed in it felf, amounts
to 159 Rod and : fothat I take 12 Rod and 65 of 100 to be

Length or Breadth; it being a Square they both be as one.

Now being the Queftion is propounded in Feet, we mufl turn this
1 2 Rod and rt-l into feet alfo ; but note, you may work the fame by
the Links of your Chain better than by foot Meafure; but fome ('tis
pofiible) have not a Chain, therefore obferveboth wayes, andfirftby
Foot meafure.

12 Rod multiplyed by 16 Foot and a half, fnew the Feet in 12
Rod.
As Ex. 16' 5 gives 198 foot:
12

- Then for the 65 Links of one Rod, put into

330 100 parts, or if it be your four Pole-Chain (as is

165 moftufual now) put into 100 Links ; then are thefc

198" o 65 Links but 16 Links and a {j by that Chain;

then

(107)
then by the Rule of Three, fay, if 25 (the Links in one Rod) be equal
to 16 foot and a half (the feet in one Rod,) how many feet are equal to
16 Links and a Quarter?

The Queftion ranks itfelf thus in Decimal Fractions.

As 25 is to 16* 50J fo is 16* 25 : to 10 foot VJ-M of afoot.

16*50

16*25

/

- -T

XX

8250

f#6x

3 300

x68-?x?ti (10*725

990O

mm

1650

xxxx

2681250

t

Do you defire to know what this Fraction -r III is, in Inches or Bar-
ley-Corns, (which be the lowed vulgar terms in furveying) to fatisfic
you andalfo my felf, and likewife to inftrucl thofe that defire to learn
this Excellent Rule, the Rule of Three, which rightly (for its excel-
lent life) is called the Golden Rule.

Obferve this, if one foot, or 12 Inches be put into 1000 parts, as
here it is, (and muft be, being 'tis the Integer or whole fumme of 725,)
the Rule orders itfelf thus, as 1000 is to 12 Inches, fo is 725 to 8
Inches To7!:.

725
12 (700

syoo ( 8

1450 1000

725

8700

"Now to know what this t!0°° is in Barley- Corns, do as before, fay
thus, If 1000 be equal to 3 Barley-Corns, what is 700 equal unto?
I fay as here you fee it proved, that 700 is equal to two Barley-corns
and one tenth part of one, for 100 is one tenth of 1000.

700
3 #100(2

^000

210D

P 2 By

Cio8 J)

By this it doth plainly appear, that if 72 Rod r-ll be turned into

feet, it maketh 208 foot, 8 Inches, 2 Barley-corns, and one tenth of a

Barley-corn: So that you fee thefquare Root cf an Acre is near 208

foot 8 Inches two Barley-corns, neglecting v', becaufe -/0l isfome-

what too much. Now from this 208 foot 8 Inches, I take the 12 foot for

the Trees to ftand off from the Fence, there remains 196 foot 8 inches,

then I divide this by 22, the diftance the Trees are to ftand afunder ;

So I find there may ftand ten Trees, for here you fee there

3 C20 may be 0pen piaceSj and 20 foot 8 inches for one more ;

;*y6(8 f0 tnere warits but one foot 4 Inches (or 16 Inches ) to

xz make fo Trees in a Row, for there is alwayes a Tree

more than the open.

Note, that in planting of Walks, this is of good ufe,
22 foot: o : tnat(as I faid before) to make one Tree more, this

20 foot : 8 m: } 6 jncnes 1 divide by 9, (being there are 9 opens be-
r • ~ "~TjII tweenthe ten Trees,) the Quotient is near 2 Inches,

° • 4 • whicn fubftracl: from 22 foot, and there remains then

21 foot 10 Inches, andfo much muft every Tree ftand afunder, the
proof is as folio weth :

2 1 foot : 1 o inches : 1 89

9 9 (6 in: 7

189 920 (7 foot: 196 foot:

32

Here you fee that 'tis 1 96 foot and 6 Inches, it wants but 2 In.

Then to know what diftance your Rows may ftand afunder, the
Rule is, If you make an Equilateral Triangle, the perpendicular of
that is the diftance between the Rows, which Triangle I have drawn
by the fame fcale of the Orchard. (See Fig. 4.)

See Chapter the 44^. The breadth of my Paper

MS r* 6 inches, the Plat 196 foot, and 66 of 100 for the

/$tf *^6 (32* 79 g inches, my Scale is neer 5 3 parts in one inch, but

&&& 6 I take 3 2 becaufe it is an even number.

( See Fig. 4.)

If you will trye the Perpendicular of this Triangle, 'tis but 19 foot,
fo that there are 3 foot between every 2 Rowesfaved by Planting your
ground this way , more than thofe that plant their Qround to have
every 4 Trees to make a Square, the Trees ftanding in both at the
fame diftance. \. .

But finding that but little Paper beareth the full breadth of 6 inches

' ° the

fiocO

the quarter of a fheer, and this being Iefs fquare by twelve foot than
my full Draught mould be, this being only for the fquare of the Trees,
I draw and proportion my Scale to the breadth of 5 Inches
and a half: 208 foot divided by 5 and 4, fheweth that 4.* ( 15
your Scale mud be one Inch divided into 37 parts, and xp$'o( 37
better; but for fear this Scale mould be too great, I draw f f 5

my Plat by the Scale of 40 in one Inch, fo if you divide

208 ( the breadth of the Ground ) by 40, it gives 5 5

Inches and :* , and fo broad muft the Plat be, as you
may fee by the Figure : Thus may you enlarge your Draught, or di-
minifh it on your Paper, as your ple;.fureis: But 'tis better to draw
all your Draughts as large as your Paper will give you leave; the
diitance of the Trees in the Draught is 21 foot 10 Inches afun-
der. (See Ftg. 5.)

By this you fee, that if you plant your Trees, triangle, this Acre
of Ground hath 11 Rowes and 104 Trees; but if you begin either
fide with 1 o, as before I began with 9, then will there be in this ground
105 Trees; but to know how many Rowes you may have in any
ground, doe thus, and you may prefently fatisfie your felf; you fee
the ground from one out-fide Row to the other, is 196 foot' 8 Inches,
which divided by 19 (the diftance that the Rowes be afunder, neg-
lecting the Fraction as needlefs now) gives iodilknces.
Al wayes remember that there is one Ro we, or in a Range x$£ ( 1 o,
of Trees one more than the Diftanccs, in this Draught the /??
Trees ftand at the fame diitance, but fquare. x

( See Fig. 6. )
By this Iaft Draught it appeareth, that if you fet the Trees at the
fame diitance, and fet them fquare, that then there will be but 9 Rowes
and 90 Trees in this fquare Acre of Ground ; but if you plant them
Triangle, then will it hold 14 or 15 Trees more: But if your Plat of
Ground be a long fquare, or any other Irregular Figure, then will
your Triangle- way hold a great many more, in proportion to the
Quantity of Ground; befides it makes many more Rowes, therefore
morepleafing to the Eye.

Note this well for fetting your Trees exactly, having found the
diftance they are to ftand afunder, and likewife how many Rows,
with a Line laid, or ftakes true fet, where your firft Row muft goe ;
the faid ftakes will be of good ufe to&t the Trees by when your holes
be made; having refolved on which fide you will' begin, which al-
wayes let be the fide you find molt in fight, fet down your twoCor-
ner-ftakes for the firft and laft holes to be made , then with your

Afliftants.

(no)
Afliflants meafure exa&ly in your Row by the Line 21 foot and Ten
inches, but in cafe there ihould be odde meafure, then proportion it
(as is fhewed before) by making one Hole more or lefs, as you fee
caufe : Then having two men to afiift you, with a Chain (for Line
will reach or fhrink,) meafure exaftly the dillance of two Trees, let one
hold at one Tree, and one at the next in the Row, you {landing at the
Angle, with the Chain equally ftiffe, put down a flake at the Angle,
and fo go on to the next two Trees,- pitching down your flakes per-
pendicular : And alfo confidering the Thicknefs of your Stakes ; thence
let your two men go to the next, and you fetting down one at the Angle,
till you have ftaked out the whole Ground ; this doe when you come to
fet your Trees, being carefull to keep your Chain flrained both fides
alike, and to allow for the crookednefs of your Trees, and when you
have got two Rows planted, fhenyour Eye will afiift you well enough
to obferve the Pvowes as you go on.

Note alfo, that if your Ground be large, and a fquare, thenypur
bed way will be to find the middle Row, and fet that off fquare from
that fide of your Ground you mind mofl, or find to be ftraighteft -,
there begin to mark out your holes, and alfo to plant your Trees ; but
if your Ground be Irregular* or have an Angle on one fide, then be-
gin on your flraight fide, and run the odde meafure into the Angle, as
far as is convenient to plant in fuch a Ground, you need but find what
diflance yourfirfl Row mufl be fet at : But if your Ground have both
the fides flraight, then it will be convenient to fet the fide-rowes at
equal diflance from your Fence ; Thus you may well perceive, that it
is but meafuring the length and breadth of your Ground, and propor-
tion one to the diflance your Trees be to fland at, the other to the
dillancc the Rows are to be afunder, and you may proceed to flake
out your Ground. After this method you may plant any fort of Forrefl

trees in Groves.

The beil way is, to flake out your whole Ground before you plant
a Tree, or make one hole ; by fo doing you may well perceive where
a fault is, and eafily mend it in time (though fome are of opinion other-
wife,) but I mail leave them to their own Judgement, and fatisfie my
felf with Experience and Reafon : But for fear any thing fhould be du-
bious to you that I have writ, obferve but the fetting out of thefe two
Rows, and then I hope it will be plainly demonflrated to you how
to proceed. Suppofe the Length of your Ground fhould be the length
of the Line marked at the End thus ©.

( See Fiwre 7. )

Having

C»0

Having flaked out your firft Row, as before is fliewed, and havin«
the Ghain exactly the diftance of two Opens, then bid one of your men
take one End, and the other man the other End, you holding exactly
the Middle, bid one hold at the flake one, the other at the flake two,
then pitch you down your flake right at the Angles, as the prick-
ed Line fheweth : So let your two men remove from flake to flake,
and you from Angle to Angle, till you have flaked out your Rowe,
and then let them come to that Row you Iafl fet out, and goe on to
another, fo proceed till you have ftaked out your whole Ground. Thus
much for planting trees in Orchard fafhion. I have been the larger
to fhew the belt way for improving your Ground, prefuming, that
every man that fenceth in a ground would plant as many Trees as he
can in it; let fuch but mind what I have delivered, and what I fhall
deliver in the next Chapter, I hope it will be Satisfactory to him ; if it
be, it will be the like to me.

But what Order foever you plant your Trees in, make your holes
good before: Set not your Trees too deep, and keep them flaked the
firft year, covering the ground over the Roots with fome Litter, or
Dung, and over that a little Mould, to keep the Sun from burning the
Dung, and exhaufling the flrength. In the Spring walk over the
Ground you planted in Winter, and fet your Trees to right, and tread
the Mould to the Roots, efpecially if the Spring be drye; keep all the
cracks filled with Mould; after your Trees be fet, keep your ground
with digging or plowing, for three or four years at firft, but the longer
the better ; your Trees will run and thrive in the loofe Ground much;
but if you do not fo much mind Order in Planting, but would keep
your Land for Corn, and yet would gladly have Fruit-trees too (which
may very well be, and you may have good flore of Fruit, and not
much the lefs Corn,) then plant your Rowes about thirty foot afun-
der, the longeft waves of your Ground, and fet the Trees in the Rows
about 1 5 foot afunder, and let the Trees in each Row fland exactly
fquare ; fo may you have a very fine Orchard, and little or nothing the
lefs Corn : Many years may you have as much Fruit as is worth a
good Crop of Corn, offfo much Land, and not the lefs Corn; which
may well encourage you to planting, if you dare believe me ; but if
not, be but fo kind to your felf and me, as to trye whether I tell truth
not. Be fure to keep Cows out of your young Orchards ; Sheep will
do no harm, provided you wifp your Trees about with Thum-
bands whileft young, which is the beft way to keep them from the
deflruclive Hares and Coneys.

CHAP.

(IIS)

fA

CHAP. XXXIV.

OfVrunwg Trees > fome general Obfervations.

Lthough I have fhewed you how to prune moft. fort of Trees, in
^ each Chapter, where I fhewed you how to raife them, yet I
(hall fay a little more; and all wiU be too little; for the Curate of
JHenonville tells you in his Bo6k*of the Manner of Ordering Fruit-
trees. That it is a Thing very rare among Gardners to Prune Trees
welf; for the doing of it well depends more upon their Ingenuity than
upon their Hand : It is alfo very hard to give Inftruclions for it, be-
caufe it confiftsnot in certain and general Maxims, but varies accord-
ing to the particular Circumftanccs of each Tree , fo that it de-
pends abfolutely upon the Gardners Prudence, who ought of himfelf
to judge what Branches muft be left, and which are fit to be cut

away, &c. , . - .

Indeed that erroneous Cuftome and Saying (which is among moft
men ) of Timber-trees, not to prune them at all, or if you doe, to
cutoff the boughs atdiftance from the Body, hath made many a good
Fruit-tree lofe its life fooner by many years than it would have done,
and alfo hath yielded to the Owner much lefs and worfe Fruit than it
would have done : Therefore whatfoever Bough you cut off from Fruit
or Forreft-tree, cut it clofe and fmooth, and the loweft fide clofeft,
then will it not hold water, and every year the Bark will furround and
overgrow the wound by little and little, till it hath quite healed the
place; But if you leave a Stump, it's likely that will hold water, and
make a hole into the very Body of your Tree, and fo in little time
make it ficttand kill it, which before would bear you but little and
poor Fruit : Or if the Stump hang down fo that it doth not hold wet,
then the Tree muft be as big as that Stump is long, on all fides, be-
fore it can over-grow that place ; or if the Stump rots, and breaks
off, then many times it leaves a hole inj^e Tree, which if it tends
much upward, fo that it takes water, it certainly kills the Tree ; and
if the Tree be not a very thriving Tree, it will be very long before it
overgrowes that hole, though it do not take wet ; Therefore what

boughs

boughs you cut off, cut them off clofe, unlefs the Tree be very old,
and the boughs great, fuchl do not advife you to meddle with ; but
if you doe, cut them at a diftance from the Body, al waves remem-
bring to let the wound be fmooth, and to tend as much from the Ho-
rizon as may be. All boughs that grow upright , be they great or little,
cut them not right crofs over, but cut them Hoping upward, and let
the dope afpecl: the South, Eaft or Weft, if it may be ; and in thofc
boughs that lean from the head, cut the flope on the lower fide, the
flope tending downward, fo will they cover over the better ; if the
wound be great cover it over with fome Clay , well mixed with
Horfe-dung to keep it from the weather, and it will cover over the
fooner.

Many a good Tree is fpoyled by grafting of it in bad places,, as I
have feen in fome hundreds, of which I have not fpared (as oft as I
could) to tell the Owners, but few would believe me; forfometimes
they cut off great boughs, till they come to 6 Inches for thereabouts)
Diameter; there they put in four or fix Grafts in the Bark, and fome-
times two in the CIift,and faw the bough right crofs over,though it grow
upright, in which if the Grafts do grow, the head is fo great, and they
growing Round (as it were endeavouring to cover over the wound )
make fuch a hollow place (like a Dim) on the Head, as holds water
and kills the Tree, which is many times dead before the Grafts can
cover over the head : or if the Tree doth not thrive very well, they
keep that place well covered with Loom, or Clay mixed with Horfe-
dung, and fometimes they head the Tree very low, and thereby check
it fo much, that it dyes in little time after : Sometimes they cut off
fuch great boughs, and do it foil], that though the heads grow, yetiw
little time thefe wounds kill the Tree. Though I mall not here teach
you how to graft, yet let me advife you when you graft high great
Trees, not to cut them too low, but to prune them up till they come
to the thicknefs of your Arm, or lefs, and then graft them, for then
will the Grafts foon overgrow fuch places.

Leave a good many of thefe Heads on, according to the bignefs of
your Tree, that if fome mifs you may take them off the next Spring,
and yet have enough for the Head. If you graft in the Bark, youmulr
remember to head your Grafts about Midfummer^ or elfe they will be
fubject to blow off; put your Grafts in alway on the upper fide, and
cut upright Boughs a little floping off, they will heal over the better ;
keep them from Suckers, and then you may expect good Trees and
Fruit, of which I wifhyour Hedge- rowes were full.

Of all forts of Trees whatfoever, if any Roots be broke or much

Q bruifed^

0'4)

bruifed, or cracked, cut them off till you come to firm Wood, the
flope tending to the Ground likca Horfe-foot; but be very fparingin
cutting the Roots of Greens, and alfo in cutting their heads off, yet
you may proportion the Head to the Root, by cutting offfome fide-
boughs, which cut off (if your Green be tender ) the latter end of
March, or in jipriij and cut the Bough off two or three Inches from
the Body, and that time come Twelve month take off that piece clofe,
and cover the wound with a little Wax or Clay well tempered ; if your
Greens be for high Trees, endeavour to make them taper, by leaving
fome fide boughs to eafe the head.

In all Trees you intend for Timber, be cautious in catting off their
heads, efpecially thofe of great Piths, fuch as the Afh, Walnut, &r.
Unlefs your Tree grow top-heavy, or much crooked, and then at the
crooked place cut off the head Hoping upward, and nurfe up one of
the principal fhootsto be the leading Shoot, but fuch as are fubjccl
to die when headed, or any Tree very great, meddle not with fuch;
the Beech is one of the worit to head of any Tree I know.

Such Trees as you intend for to grow to a certain propofed height,
you mull take care to keep them taper, by leaving fide-boughs in
convenient place and diftance to make them taper, cutting fuch boughs
off when you find your Tree is fwelled enough below ; itill minding
to take off the greateft fide-boughs and leave little ones, and to pro-
portion "your head( by keeping it fmall ) according to the Body, and
maintaining the leading Shoot, letting it have no equals ; for forked
Trees are never ftraight: Thus do till you have got your Tree to the
Height you intend, and there let the Head break out, and cut off all
the fide-boughs, but 'if fia'e- boughs ftill break out, then give them a
Summer-pruning, a little after Alidftnnmery and cut them off clofe;
fo will you kill them, and have a fine, {lately, clear Body, and fine Tim-
ber-tree : See Chap, i O.

Obferve this in all Trees you would have grow with a handfome
irraight body, till you have got them to the height you intend they
(hall head at.

Whileft your Trees be fmall you muft prune them every year : The
beft time for moil: is the Spring; but hardy Trees and Wood may be
pruned at any time in Winter; when they be a little older, once in
two year, then once in three, and then in four, and never feldomer
than once in five or fix, fo will the Bough be fmall, the Tree will foon
overgrow the place, the Knot will not be great to vex the Carpen-
ter or joyn'er at all, the place will not be very fubject to putforth
-Suckers, became the Sap hath had no great recourfe to that place.

Mind

C"5)

Mind alwayes to cut off your Boughs fmooth , and clofe to the
Body: This if you pleafe to doe, you may have fine Timber, and
handfom Trees, which I dare engage will pay you or yours well for
your helps to them.

The like doe with your ftandard Fruit-trees, or thofe you intend for
Pollards, till you have got them to the height you defign they mall
head at, and at fctcing if they be tender Trees, or Trees that have
great Pith. If you mult head them, let it be in the Spring, when you
rind they begin to bud, but then you mull take care of the winds in
Winter, that they (hake them not fo as toletthehir in to the ground,
to kill the Roots, therefore tie them to good Stocks.

Or this is a good way for Trees that have not great Piths, or are
very tender ; cut off fome of the tops of the Boughs when you fet
them, fo let them be till the Spring, and when you fee the Bud break
out, then cut them on every moot of the head, a little above the
IoweftBudor two of each (hoot ; fo will the head (hoot but with few
moots, and they will be the ftronger ; the head being fmall, the Root
will endeavour to proportion it to its former greatnefs, or near it : but
if you have many fhoors break out, then cut them all off but four or
five, for fo many are enough to make Arms for any Tree ; but if then
you find the Tree to fhoot too much, and grow top-heavy (asfome-
times they will if well kept and on good ground,) then head the Tree
again, but not folowas you did before, (for Rearon ought to be ufed
in all things ; this will make your Tree fwell in body much, and in
time be a fine Tree : So that I fay, endeavour to get a good Body ;
for in Fruit-trees this is to be noted, that you muft in the firlt place en-
deavour to get your Tree in fuch a Condition as to bear you good Fruit,
and a Quantity, rather than little Fruit early , and then never good
Fruit or Tree after ; therefore if you have a Tree that doth not thrive,
but is fubje& to blow much (as moft fuch Trees are J cut off the blow-
ing Buds in the Spring, as low to a Leafie Bud as you can, and fome
moots, as near the place where the Tree headed as you can ; but mind
to leave fome Buds on the head todraw uptheSap, or elfeyourTree
may break out in the middle of the Body, or a little above Ground;
but if your Buds once fhoot on the head, but half a foot, then will your
Tree come away. Thus and by digging about, have I helped ma-
ny a Hunted Tree forward, which you may doe likewife> if you
pleafe.

I have many times obferved feveral Fruit-trees, as Pears, Apples, &c.
to be full of falfe- bearing Buds; I call them fo becaufe they did not
blow, for the Tree having got more head than the Roots could well

Q^ 2 main-

• C"0

maintain, had not ftrength fufincient tofpare Tap for bloflom, nor yet
for Fruit; which by pruning and thinning the heads of fuch Trees, and
by flitting the bark on the Body in the Spring, hath made them after-
wards to bear well, when they have put forth new fhoots at the head.

And fome forts of Fruit-trees there be which will blow and bear
themfelves to death, when they be middle-aged, as before I told you
fome young oneswould, if not helped by pruning-, butthe beftwayes
to preferve fuch Trees from death , and to make them bear pretty
?iood Fruit, is, to cut off mod of the blowing Buds, and to thin the
head of fome boughs, to make it (hoot again •, then will it live many
years longer, and bear better Fruit : Some Trees there be that will
run fomuch into wood, that they will not bear of themfelves till they
come to be old, but if you cut off the head of the fhoots as foon as
everthe Spring- fhoot is over, which is near Midfummer, and take
out fome great boughs then \ if you mind your Time, and do it with
difcretion, you may force that Tree to put forth blowing Buds, and
blow and bear the year following.

Thus have I (hewed you fome wayes and hints of pruning Trees,
though I know fome that are againlr. Pruning them at all \ So are there
fome that areagainft Learning: but 'tis convenient for Trees to be
pruned well, as alfo it is very necefTary for men to be brought up in.
Learning j for thereby both produce-much the better Fruits : therefore*

Be gone from hence thou knotty-naturd Turk,,
There's nought defigndfor thee within this work.
This was for Chriftians made, and J itch as be
Lovers of Trees and Ingenuity ;
This was intended onely for the wife.
And none but Ignorant s will it defpife ;
Let fools laugh on, and wife men plant <u fyfl,
And fee who I have the better ont at lajUt*

1 fhaH here (hew you what the good Efquire faith in his Difcourfe of
Forreft-trees, pag . 74. which he quotes from an ancient Author.

9Ti* a tnifery (faith he) to fee how our fair eft Tree/ are defae'd by un-
skilfull Wood-men, and mifchievom Borderers, riho go alwayes arm'd
with foort Hand-bills , hacking and chopping off all that comes in their
Way ', by which our Trees are made full of Knots, Boyls and Cankers,
to their utter deftruUion : Good Husbands jhould be aftamed of it : As
much to be reprehended are thofe who either begin this wor\ at unfea-
fonablt times, or fo maim the poor Branches, that either out of lazS-

nefs

f"7)

ntfi or want of skilly they leave moft of them Stubs', and injieaci. of
tutting the Arms and Branches do fe to the Boll, hac^them off a
foot or two from the Body of the Tree ; by which Means they become
h low and rotten, and are as fo many Conduits to receive Rein and
the weather, which penjhes thereto the very head, dtformtno the whole
Tree with many ugly Botches ■, which fame nits Life, and utterly marre
the Tree.

By this Animadverfion alone it were eafie for an ingenious man ta
understand how Trees are tobegovern'd, which is (in a word or two)
by cutting clean, fmooth andclofe, making the ftroke upward, and
with a (harpChizzel or Bill, fo as the weight of an untraceable bough
do not fplice, and carry the Bark with it, which is both dangerous
and unfightty ; and by endeavouring to keep the Tree taper, by leaving
fome little Boughs on the fides.

I have here (hewed you how to prune Forreft- trees, with fbme what
of high Standard Fruit-trees; but if you would fee more Books, then
fee Efquire Evelyn: Difcourfe of Forreft-trees? and for Fruit-trees, the
Curate of Henonvilles Book.

But here note, if you mould have any Trees that fhould beftundied,
or very crooked, or much cropped by Cartel; the beftway is not to
ftand to prune upfuch TreestoaHead, but firft to fell them clofe at
the Ground, and then they will put forth young ftraight (hoots; one
of the ben: you muft nurfe up, if you intend it for a Timber-Tree ; if
for under- wood, then let them grow with all the heads the Roots will
put forth : The Spring is the beft feafon for this. And thus much at
prefent of pruning Forreft-trees ;. for I tell you there are more Trees
fpoyjed by bad Lopping or Pruning, or for want of good Lopping or
Pruning, than there are of all Difeafes belonging to Forreft-trees, iinlefs
they be accidental, asfpoyl'd by Cattel, &c.

CHAP. XXXV.
Of the Difeafes of Trees.

THere be fevera! Difeafes and Cafuahies that do fpoyl Trees, which
fometimes happen in the Roots, and fometimes in the Body or
Head.

i. The Roots maybe the decay of the Tree ; as, if they ft and in

Ground

ruB)

Ground contrary to its Kind, as the Beech on cold Clay , and wet
Ground, or the Alder on (harp dry Gravel, &c. which is contrary to
each Kind, and muft not thus be fet.

2. It is alfo a great fault to the Roots of Trees, to fet thofe Trees
which naturally love to run (hallow,too deep j or indeed any other.

3 . When Ground is very ftiffe or Rocky, it muft be digged or plow-
ed to make way for the Roots to run in, and contrary Earth tayd round
about the Trees Roots.

4. Great weeds muft not grow round the Tree, for they will rob
the Roots of their Nourifhment ; alfo they muft early be weeded from
Seedlings, or imall Plants, leaft they choak them.

5. Ivy, and Travellers Joy, Bryany, and fuch Climers, muft be puil'd
up round your Trees, leaft they pinch or make them crooked, and fo
fpoyl them.

6. Suckers muft carefully be pull'd off, whenfoever you fee them
break out, opening the Earth, fo that you may well come at the place
of the Root where they grow out, and then pull or cut them offclofe :
If you find them rooted, you may fet them again, but then you muft
obferve Winter-feafon \ but fuch Trees as yield Suckers from the
running Roots, as the Elm, Cherry, &c. if it be in Woods, and they
thin, leave fomeofthem as you pleafe, they will do the Tree no harm j
be fure to take fuckers clean off from the Body the firft year.

7. The Bodies are moft commonly in danger, if Deer, Hares, or
Connyes can come at them whileft they be young} therefore if you
plant where Deer or Connies are, you muft take care to fence them
well with Frames of wood, and look to keep them fo, or elfc never
plant at alii for in one day or night they will bark round feveral, efpe-
cially the Afh, Line, Abele, Poplar, &c. And take great care to keep
vour App'es and Pears from Hares and Connies in hard Winters, for
they will fpoyl them all if they come at them. The beft fence to fe-
cure your Trees from them, is to tie Thum-bands of Hay or Straw
round them, fo high as they can reach ; keep this renewed early every
Winter.

8. Great Boughs ill taken off, as I have many times faid before,
fpovls many a Tree ; therefore take them off clofe and fmooth, and not
parallel to the Horizon : Cover the wound with Loom- or Clay, well
mixed with Horfe-dung, and keep it fo covered; for if the wet fall
perpendicular on fuch a place, it will in little time make the whole
Tree hollow, by the wet getting in there, which comes by great Lops
and bad Lopping; as you may fee in too many Elms, Allies, Horn-
beams, &c. fpoyi'd bv fuch carelefnefs.'

p. If

C"9;

o. If a Tree be Bark-bound, then flic through the B.rk with your
knife, from the head to the Ground: The Spring is the bciHeafon;
This will do molt Trees good, and no harm to any.

10 If Worms be got between the Bark and the body of your Tree,
they rnuft be cut out -, and the place done over with Loom.

11. Cankered places, or gall'd, or boughs broke, are to be cut
frnooth, and covered over with Loom ; the Canker mud be caft clean
out: If a great bough be broke, and the Tree old, cut it off at adi-
ftancc from the Body, but little boughs clofe.

12. If a Tree be blafted in part, or the whole head, cut all that is
blafted or dead clofe off to the Quick, and take out all dead boughs :
Keep Catterpillers from the heads of young Trees, left they eat off the
Leaves and Buds, and kill your Tree.

1 3 . Take care to deftroy Moles and Mice, by Traps or Poyfon \ for
Moles will make hollow the Ground, and much harm your young
Trees : Mice will eat all the Bark off round the Body in hard Winters,
and kill your Tree ; but mind you in time to prevent them.

14. Rooks do dedroy many a Tree, both old and young, before
their time : As to old Trees by pinching off the tops, and breaking off
the Buds ; and young Trees by lighting on their heads ; their weight
breaking off their young tender moots and Buds, caufes the Trees to
die; and alfo they deftroy Seedlings where they breed ; their Dung
brings forth great weeds, as Nettles, &c. and fo choaks the young
Seedlings ; therefore kill all of them you can at breeding-time, by
{hooting them, and fetting Lime-twips on the tops of your young.Trees:
You'l thrive the better if you deftroy them.

CHAP. XXXVI.

Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices.

IF you love to have a thriving Wood, and to improve it for your bed-
Advantage, your beft way is, not to let it ftand too long before you
fell; for the oftener you fell your under- wood, the thicker it will be;
as at ten or twelve years growth on a (hallow ground, and twelve or
fourteen years growth on your. deep Soyl and beft grounds ; for there

be

(120)
be many Inconvenlencies in letting your Woods ftand too long before
you fell them, or Trees in Woods that do not profper.

Firft, When you let your Woods or Coppices (land long before
you fell them, you cannot come to furvey your Timber-trees, to fee
which be decaying, and in fo doing you are uncharitable to your Coun-
trey, no good Common-wealthfman, no good Husband for your felf,
and no good Chriftian : For why fhould any Reafonable man let his
Trees ftand in his Woods, or elfewhere, with dead tops, hollow
Trunks, Limbs falling down upon others andfpoyling them, dropping
upon young Seedlings under it, and killing them? The ill husband,
while many of his Neigbours want fuch Timber (nay poflfibly he him-
felf,) there he lets his Trees ftand, which were formerly worth 10 or
5 /. a Tree, or more, till they be not worth the half that they were:
Here he Iofeth the ufe of his Money, more than Twenty in the Hun-
dred, if it be an Oak, he lofes the Bark, with the ufe of the Ground,
where tis likely fcveral young Trees might have been, if that had
been taken down in time.

I know that fome perfons of Quality fay, that this is a great Orna-
ment to their Ground : But I think no greater than it would be to their
perfons to wear a Garment very Old, with half a skirt, a piece of a
Sleeve, and all the Trimming off. But I (hall never pronounce fuch
Judgement againft trees, having ten times more Mercy. Such as be
thriving ( unlefs they ftand too thick ) I would intreat you not to cut
down ; for you do not lofe fo much by fuffering the Tree that is decay-
ing, to ftand } but you hinder you or yours as much in cutting down
a young thriving Tree.

There are too many men in this Kingdom, who before they fell
their Eitates will many times fell off all their Timber that was good,
and which would have thriven well for many years, and fo by the
Moneys they make of that, they lengthen out the time before they fell.
I wifh that my Vote ( though fingle) could perfwade thofe men that
are refolved to fell fuch Timber, that they would alfo fell their Land
with it ; and I do not queftion but the Purchafer (if a Lover of Tim-
ber, as moll: Purchafcrs are) would then give more for the Timber to
ftand, by at Icaft 12 d. in the pound, rather than have another man to
buy it off from his Ground, lonceobfervcdan Afh-tree intheWood-
waiks at Cajhtobury, which ftood in the Walk that I made through
the Wood-walks to Hemjleed High-way ; which Afh I meafured as
followeth, according to the cuftomary way of meafuring by the Line
of Numbers ; it was a fip.e ftraight tree, tapering a little, fo that I
needed but to girth it in one place 3 it girthed juft 72 Inches, and was

£8fott

(131)

58 foot long, from the p'ace where the Root was fawn off, to the place
where the head was cut off: The fourth part of 72 Inches, is 18
Inches.

The Rule is as 12,

To 18 the Square in Inches,

So is 5 8, foot the Length

To a fourth Number j

And that fourth Number tells you the content in feet, &c.
Extend the CbmpafTes, one point fixed in 12, (the fide in Inches
of a fuperficial foot fquare) to 1 8 Inches the fquare of the Tree \ keep
the CompaiFes fixed, and fet one point on 58 the Length of the Tree in
feet, ( but it muft be the 58 on the left hand, or elfethe CompafTes will
go offthe'Rull)and then turn the CompafTes twice to the Right hand,
and the laft movable point of the CompafTes will fall upon 1 30 foot,
and fomething above a half ^ but that Divifion is fo fmall, a man can-
not read well how much it is7 if it be above half a foot : This is the
cuftomary way with mod men to meafure trees, though it makes Iefs
than there is, which in reafon ought to be confidered in the price, and
not in the falfe meafure : but I will here (hew you how to work both
the cuftomary and the true way, by the Rules of Natural Arithme-
tick \ that fo you may trie whether you have meafured right by the
Rule and Compafs, or no ; and alfo that you may fee the fweet Agree-
ment between Geometry and Arithmetick.

And firft to work it by the cuftomary way 5 here we take the fourth
part of the Circumference to be the fide of the fquare of the Tree,
(though erroneous ) and meafure it as a Cylinder. The fourth part
of 72 In. is 18 In. which multiplyed in its felf, gives
324, the fuperficial Inches of one end : 18 I 58

Then 58 (the Length) multiplyed by 12, gives 696 18 (12

Inches, the Length of the Tree in Inches ;

And 696 Inches multiplyed by 324 Inches, gives 844
2255041 the fquare Inches, which fumme divided by 18
1728 (the fquare Inches in a folid foot) gives 1 30 foot —
and a half. *' 324

116

58

696

1.8 (864

2. 2. 1. I thought by the

1.5.3.7.6 - 8<f4 point of the Compaf-

2. 2. 5 . 5 . o. 4 V. 1 3 O ,-y-jj : fes it had been a little

*. 7. 2. 8. 8. 8 above \ a foot, but it

1.7.Z.Z isjufthalfafoot:

1 7 225504

R Thus

( I22J

Thus having (hewed you, both by Lines and Numbers, what there
was of this Tree the cuftomary way, I fhall here mew how many foot
of Timber there is in it, the true way, ftill fuppofing it to be a Cylin-
der, that is, a round Figure of equal Circumference in all parts : there
be feveral wayes to mefure it, as by having the Circumference, ©r by
having the Diameter at the End, or by having the fide of a fquare equal
to the Bafe thereof ; but we having the Circumference, which is 72
Inches, I (hall proceed that way :

And firft by the Rule and Compafles, the Circumference being 72
Inches : and the Length 696 Inches j how many folid ket are there
in fuch a tree ?

As is the /landing Number 147: 36,
To the Circumference 72 Inches,
So is the Length in Inches 6p6
To a fourth Number :

And from that to the Content in feet, 166, and near half; that Divi-
fion being fo fmall it cannot well be read on a two-foot Rule.
Extend the Compafles from the 147 ~* point, to 72 on the left

hand ; keep the Compafles fixed , and fet one point on the Num-
ber 696 (the Length in Inches 0 and then turning your Compares
twice from that Number towards the left hand, the point will fall upon
1 66. and near a half, the folid Content in feet :

Or moreeafily thus: As is the Handing Number 42- 54.

To 72 Inches the Circumference,

So is 58 foot (the Length,)

To a fourth, and that fourth to 166 foot and a 4 fore.

Extend the Compafles from 42/ 54, to 72 the Circumference in
Inches, that Extent will reach from 58 foot (the Length) to anorher
Number, and from that Number to j66 foot and fomewhat more, but
how much more I (ha>ll (hew you with my Pen, and the ordinary way
of working; though Log. is much eafier, but fome may not have ta-
bles, or not underibnd them if they have.

Now having the Circumference given, which is 72 Inches, wemufr.
find the Diameter, and the Rule is,

As 22 is to 7, fois 72 to 22 ~ Inches,the Diameter near 23,as

here it is wrought :

7 2 (20
**o r .0

*.*2

x Off

Or you may do it by two turns of your Compafles;
Extend your Compares from 22 to 7: the fame Extent will reach
from 72. to necr 23; for it wants but 2. of zz :
Or, if you will have it in more exacl terms, then,
As 3. 140,
To 1. 000;

So is 72 Inches, the Circumference,
To 22 ■■ ° that is neer 23 the Diameter.
Now for the Content of the Head, multiply half the Circumference
by half the Diameter, and it giveth the fuperficial Content,
HalfDiam. 11' 5
Half Circum. 36

690
345

414*0 the gpntent in Inches :

This multiplyed by 696 (the Length of the Tree in Inches) giveth
the folid Content in Inches, and that fumm divided by 1 728 (the Inches
in a Cubical Foot,) fheweth you how many foot and parts are in the
tree.

The Length in Tnches is 696 1

The Content of the Bafe is 4 1 4 5.2

1.3.

2784 2.4. (1296

696 i. 3.6. 9

2784 5-5-r-4-

1. 1.6. 3.6.6

The whole Content 288144 2.8.8.1.4.4.(166

in Inches 1.7. 2.8. 8. 8

1.7.2.2.

1 7-
The whole Content in Cube- feet is about 166, and a little more;

for if you come within } ofafootinfuchfummesasthis, with the Rule

and CompafTes, 'tis well.

When this Tree was fawn off a little above the Root, I told jufl: 72

annual Circles; fomeof them were the greateft that I ever yet faw in

any tree, and thofe were about the middle of its Age ; fome three

made above one Inch, fo that the tree then did grow above two Inches

in Diameter in three years time ; but at firft and of late, for fome 6

or 7 years it did increafe but little; for it was neer at its full growth,

R 2 fo»

CI24)

fo that if you multiply 12 the Semi-Diameter (for it was 24 Inches
at the Root-ena) by 6, it gives you 72, fo that it did grow one year
with another 2 Inches in 6 year, or one Inch in Diameter in three
years.

I do not bring this Tree in for its Greatnefs, but for its quick growth,
and fine Length of Timber, which was helped by its fituation, it (land-
ing in a Valley, and fet round with many other great trees. If this
tree had been fold a|one, it being fuch a ftraight Tree, and fuch a tough
grane ( for your great grand Trees are alwayes the tougheftj tofome
Pike-maker, &c. it had been worth 1 /. 6 d. the foot, at which price
the very timber comes to 09/. 15/. 09 d. then the Head and Roots
would well pay for the Stocking and making up the wood, and make
up this fummeTen pound too.

I do not bring this to compare with Trees that are and have been ;
for the ingenious Author in his Dtfconrfe of Forrcfl-trees, pag. 84. tells
you of a Tree worth 50 /. as affirmed Jay Capt. Bullockj, but I men-
tion it to (hew thofe that love Trees, wS5r Profit a thriving tree brings
them yearly : And I dare affirm, that they had better pay life for
Money, than cut down a tree thatllands in a good place, and is in a
jjood thriving Condition : therefore if your trees be growing and in-
crcafein moot, be not toohaily in felling, and when thev are decay-
in^ it is too late, therefore let them not decay too long before you feil
the;n .

When your Wood is come to the growth you intend to fell at, if
your Wood be thick of wood, then fell the Timber trees and under-
wood as clofe to the ground as you can; but if your wood be thin,
then (lock up your trees, efpecially if great timber ; and the Winter
after, into thefe holes where you flocked up the trees, fet Elm, Cherry,
Popler, Sarvice, aud Sallow-Cutrings ; fo will thefe trees, which are
fubjecl to grow from the running Roots, thicken your woods: the
Roots will pay for the flocking ; you will fave a foot or two of the bed
of timber, and the Roots of other wood will grow the better in the
foofe ground where you made the holes : whereas the old Roots would
keep the Ground from nourishing, or any from growing there for ma-
ny years. If your Ground be a fhallow Soyl, do not fill up the holes
quite, but fet in fome Running wood, the Ground being deep by the
hills, will make the other wood grow better, and the ends of feveral
Roots being cut, will (hoot forth at the fides of the hole, and the holes
will receive Seeds which the wind will blow into them, and there being
weeds to choak them they will grow well.

For thefe Reafons I flocked up all the great trees which we felled

in

in our Wood at Cafoiobitry, and I fet in an Elm and a Cherry by the
fides of the holes, and the Spring after there came out of the fide-roots
of Maple, Cherry, &c. which made good fhoots, and many Sallows
came up in the holes, whereby our Woods were very well thicken'd,
to the Conteut of my ingenious Lord, though many people were much
againft it, becaufe it was not ufed fo to be done.

If your Wood be thin, at every felling lay fome boughs, which are
moft convenient, into the thin places ; and before next fall you will
have them well rooted, and good fhoots from them ; A man will doe
a great many in one day, for which you will be well fatisEed in
time.

December and January is the belt time to fell Timber, but the Oak
in April; if you would have the Bark, when the Moon is decreasing,
and the wind not Eaft.

When the Stubs of your under- woods are grown great, flock them
up: This is found to be good Husbandry with u> in Hartfvrdflme,
which they call Runting their Woods ; it makes way for Seedlings*
and young Roots to run the better: Do this at felling-time, wherefo-
ever you have felled Trees at the Ground. When the Roots begin to
rot they then come up beft, then flock them all up, the other Wood
will grow the better, and they will pay you well for your Charge ; they
will coft you about 6 s. a Stack, and here they will be worth 12 s. or
more, when flocked up.

When you fell your Woods or Coppices, cut them fmooth and
clofe to the Stub, and a little Hinting upwards, as I advifed you about
Lopping Pollards: the oftner you fell your Woods, Coppices, or
Hedges, the thicker they will grow; for every felling gives way to
the young Seedlings to get up, 3nd makes the weak Plants fhoot ftrong.
Thofe Woods which increafe by running Roots , as E'm, Cherry,
Popler, Maple, Sarvice, &c. which thicken your wood much : And
Felling makes the Roots of a Tree to fwell, as Lopping doth the Body ;
and fo it produceth the greater fhoots, and comes fooner to perfecti-
on : Whereas great wood, and old, and ilitaken off from the Stub3 ma-
ny times kills all.

When you fell your Woods, leave young Trees enough ; you may
take down the worft that Hand, next fall; efpecially neer a great tree
that you judge may go down next fall, for by its fall it may fpoyl fome :
The Statute faith, you are to leave twelve fcore Oaks at every Fall,
on an Acre; for want of them, fo many Elms, Afhes, Beeches, &c
But leave according to the thinnefs of your wood, and where under-
wood fells well, there let your Timber-trees (land the thinner ; and in

fuch>

(126)

iiich Countreys where Coals are cheap, and Timber fells well, there
let your Timber-trees ftand thick, and then they will need but little
pruning up.

Endeavour to plant in your Woods fuch forts of Wood as the Ground
is moft proper for ; if wet, then Alder, Sallow, Willow, Withy, &c.
if (hallow and dry, Am, Cherry, Beech, Popler, &c. if {hallow and
wet, Hornbeam, Sallow, Sarvice, &c. but remember that the Oak
and Elm be entertained in all places. If your Woods or Coppices be
in Parks where you lye open to Deer, then at every Fall plant in them
fuch woods whofe Barks the Deer do not much love, fuch are the
Hornbeam, Hafel,Sycamore,#-c. WhenTrecsare at their full growth,
there be feveral Signs of their Decay, which give you warning to fell it
before it be quite decayed : As in an Oak, when the top- boughs begin to
die, then it begins to decay : In an Elm or Afh, if their head dies, or
if you fee they take wet at any great Knot, which you may know by
the fide of the Tree being difcolour'd below that place before it grows
hollow ; or if hollow, you may know by knocking it with the head
of an Axe, of which you may be the furer fatisfied by boring into the
middle of it with a fmall Auger ; or if you fee the Nighills make holes
in it : thefe be certain Signs the Tree begins to decay, but before it de-
cayes much, down with it, and hinder not your fclf.

CHAP. XXXVII.

How to take the height h of a Tree feveral wayes, the better to
judge the worth of them, &c.

tl

r Aving (hewed you how you may judge of Timber, whether it be
J. found or not, in the Iaft Chapter, I will now fliew you how to
take the heighth, that you may the better know the worth of it ; for
where you have a Rule to go by, you may then the better ghefs.

There be feveral wayes to take the Altitude of a Tree or Building
that is perpendicular: as by a two foot Rule, or two Sticks joynedin
a right Angle, (that isfquareas the Figure A. B.C. having at A. a pin
or hole to hang a Thred and Plummet on.

Suppofe you were to take the height of X Y, firft then hold that

end

end of your fquare jnarked with C. to your Eye, then goe backward
or forward, till the Thred and Plummet hang juft upon the middle of
your Square, perpendicular, and your eye looking through two fights,
or two Pins at A. and C. or over the ends of the Square, thus look to
the very top of the Building at X.

(See Fig. 8, 9- )

Which found, with a Line and Plummet from your Eye at C, let
fall to the Ground at D, meafure the length of that Line, and addc it
to the height, that Length to E; then meafure the diitance from E. to
the foot of the Altitude, asatY, and that (if your Ground be level) is
the height of of X. Y.

Or take the Level from your Eye to the height, and adde that
which is below the Level to the Height, &c. as the Line C. F. (hew-
eth.

To find the height of a Tree, &c. by a ftraight Staffe, or by a Line
and Plummet, the Sun fhining, the Altitude perpendicular , and the
Ground Level ; if not, you muft make the end of both the fhadows
level to each foot, which is foon done.

As if I fhould take the Level ofB. atC. finding the very top of the
fhadow to End there, I meafure the Diftance from C. to B. and find
it 60 foot ; then at that very inftant I fet up a ftick perpendicular, as
E. D. 1 2 foot long, which I find to caft a fhadow juft 9 foot ; and then
the Rule orders it felf thus : As 9 foot to 12, fo 60 foot to 80, which
you will -find true, if you work it by Logarithmes, or by Rule and
Compafs thus; Set one point on 9, extend the other to 12, that Ex-
tent will reach from 60 to 80 : Or if you work it by Natural Arith-
metick : as 5? is to 12, fo 60 to 80.

60
12

120 720 (8«

60 9

720

( Ste Fig. 10.)

The fame may be done by Line and Plummet

T*

To take the Altitude or height by a Bole of Water, or by a Looking-
glafs placed parallel to the Horizon.

Place on the Ground a Bole of Water, or a Looking-glafs, at a con-
venient diftance from the Building or Tree, as far as you think the
height is, then go back till you efpie in the middle of the Water or
Glafs, the very top of the Altitude; which done, keep your ftanding,
and let a Plum-line fall from your Eye, till it touch the Ground , which
gives the height of your Eye from the Ground. 2. Meafure the
diftance from your Plummet to the Middle cf the water. 3. The
diftance from the middle of the water to the foot of the Altitude.

Which Diftances, if you have meafured exactly ftraight and level,
by Proportion you may find the Altitude required, thus :

As the diftance from the Plummet level to the Center of the Water
or Glafs

Is to the height of your Eye from the Ground, which is the Length
of your Plum line,

So is the diftance from the Center of the Water to theBafe or foot
of the Altitude exact perpendicular, to the very top of the height
which gave the fhadow to the Altitude \ for if your Object be not
upright, and you meafure ftraight and level, and juft under the top
that gave the fhadow: If youmifs in any one of thefe, you are quite
out in taking the height.

Example.

Suppofe the Altitude A. B. the Glafs or Bole of Water imagine to
ftand at the prick in the fquare C. you ftanding at D. your Eye at E.
feeth the top A. in the middle of the fquare, your diftance from D.
to the middle of the fquare, is 7 foot and a half:

Your diftance from your Eye to the Ground E. D. 5 foot.

The Diftance from the middle of the fquare to the prick at the foot
ox bafe B. is 120 foot.

(See Fig. 11.)

4
rf*o (80 : 120 As 7* 5 : is to 5, fo is 1 20 to 80 foot ;

^ ^ • 5 5 or adde a Cypher to the 600, and a Cy-

/^•o:o(8o .« pher to the 7 foot and £» and divide

j : 50 600 as before.

Thus may you take the heighth exactly.

7V

Ci29)

To take an Altitude acce/fible, at oneftation, by the Quadrant <

Suppofe A. B. the Altitude as before, take your Quadrant, and look-
ing through the fights thereof go nearer or further from the Altitude,
till you fee the top at A. through your fights ; and alfo that your thred
at the fame time fall juftat the fame diftance, upon 45 degrees of the
Limb of the Quadrant, then meafure the diftance, upon a level Line
from your Eye, to the Altitude from the place where you flood, and
if the Altitude be perpendicular that diftance is the height.

But if it happen fothat you cannot take fight at that diftance, then
goe nearer the Altitude, till the thred fall upon 61 deg. 26 mm. in the
Limb ; this diftance being doubled, and your height from your Eye to
the Ground added, makes the height of the Altitude ; if the Ground
where you ftand be level with the foot of the Altitude; if not, vou
muft make it level. ;

Or if you find it mod convenient to take your fight at a greater di-
ftance than where the Line or Thred hangs or falls upon 45 degrees
then goe to the Complement of the laft Exawp. of 63 deg. 26, til! the
thred hang upon 26 deg. 34 mm. in the Limb ; the diftance beino mea-
fured, and the height of your Eye upon a level to the Altitude added,
makes double the height of the Altitude.

Thefe Rules be fo plain , there needs no more Examp. but the
larger your Quadrant, the better • and note that if the ground be not le-
vel, you muft find the Level from your Eye to the foot of the Alti-
tude; and alfo meafure the diftance upon a level and ftraight Line al-
wayes minding to adde what is below the level of your Eve to the
diftance meafured. ;

When you take an Altitude, makeufeof two of thefe Rules: the
one will confirm the other; for the Rules are all true in themfelves-
therefore be you fo in working them. '

Thus having (hewed you how to take an Altitude by themoftufe-
full Inftrument, the Quadrant ; I mail now fhew you how to do it bv
thepodrine of Triangles: And if you would be more fatisfied in that
moft ufefull and pleafant ftudy, read thefe Learned mens Works ■
Mr. Bridges Trigonometria Britanmca, Mr. Geihbrans Trigonometric^
Mr. Wtngs Ajtronomta Britanmca, his Geodatits Pratlicm, Mr Win-
gates Vfe of the Rule of Proportion in ArithmeticKand Geometry, or
Mr New on s Trigonometria Britanmca, pag.51. whofe Rules I mall
obierve, though the Examp. be my own, and as before, to take the
height of a Tree.

s The

The Angles and one Leg given torffind the other in the Rectangular
Triangle A. B. C. the Leg B. C. is inquired.

'Leg A. B. 80 foot:

.A.C.B. 4sdeg.

Angles

'B.A.C. 4Sdeg.
The Terms of proportion are thus:

As the Radius

To the Leg given, _ . . , . ,

So the Tangent of the Angle conterminate with the given Leg
To the Leg inquired.

llluflratlon by Numbers.

A s the Radius s i°" coooooo

To the Leg A. B. 80. 1*9030893

SoistheTangentofB.A.C.45 a?. 10-0001515

To the Leg B. C. gives 80: £f v 9032408 :
{See Fig. 12.)
You fee the difference is not the 28th part of ioco. and it is worth
minding how it doth exaftly "agree with the firfl: Examp. of the Qua-
drant, &c

It may be wrought otherwife thus :

As is the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg
To the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the Leg inquired,
So the Leg given
To the Leg inquired.

Or thus :
As the Tangent of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg
Is to the Radius,
So is the Leg given
To the Leg inquired.

Thus have I fliew'd you how to take the height of a Tree, or any
other Altitude, feveral wayes ; now if you would judge the worth of a
Tree ftanding, firft take the height to the very top, or neerit; then

take

too

take the Height of the Length of Timber, fofar as your Reafon tells
you you might meafure it if it were down ; fubftracl the Length of the
Timber from the Length of the height of the whole Tree, there then
remains the Length of the head. Thus have you the Length of the
Timber and Head ; Next of all feta Ladder to your Tree, and girt it
in fuch place as is mod convenient, allowing for the Bark ; then ac-
cording to the cuftomary way of meafuring, you may know the Quan-
tity of the Timber, and fo confequently the worth of the Timber, ac-
cording to the price where the Timber isftanding.

The Timber of the Tree may thus, cafily, and neer to the Quanti-
ty be ghefTed at : The head will be more difficult, becaufe of the diffe-
rent Forms they grow in; and befides, fome Timber- trees head much
lower than others, fo that for want of helping up, either by their not
{landing near others to draw or help one another up, or for want of
pruning up while young, they head low, and run into great Arms of
good lengths of Timber ; with fuch Trees you mult goe the higher in-
to the Arms, accompting them with the Timber as your Reafon will
beft direct you.

Now then to eftimate this head by Rule, I do judge, that if all the
boughs of the head of moll Trees were in an intire piece, from the
place where they were cutoff from the Timber, to the very top ; the
neareft (and I fuppofe exacftcftj Figure of any would be a Cone, or
near to a Conical form that the head ends in : For we fee that when
a Tree is headed, it breaks out into a great many (hoots, and as the
Tree growes higher in the Lop, fome of thefe moots decay, ftill the
more endeavouring to end in the figure of a Conical Body : and fo the
head of your Pollard trees being greater than the Body, is occafion-
edby the Sap fwelling that pk~e, endeavouring to break out neareft
to where it was accuftomed to go up the boughs, it fearcheth for a
paffage, till it can contain it felf no longer, and fo fwells the head.

This head commonly goeth ^ith the boughs, and doth the better
help them to be allowed this Form , whileft young j fo that take a tree
headed or never headed, it ftill enc^s in this Figure, nearer than any
other, efpecially thofe that never were headed : this being then the
neareft Figure part of the head can be reduced i.to, this being granted,
it is as eafily meafured ♦, for if you multiply the Bafis by one third of
the Altitude, the folid Content of the Figure is had, which you may
value at fuch a price as Fire- wood beareth with yon.

1 will give you one Example, and it fhall be of an Afh, which was
felled in a place called the Old Orchard, by the Stables at Cafiiobury :
This tree I obferved by feveral of the Rules before, and found it to

S 2 be

be 80 foot high from the ground to the top (hoot ; I alfo obferved the
height of the Timber to be 56 foot long; by the fame Rules then,
fetting a Ladder to this Tree about z$ foot high, I girthed it with a
pack thred (which place I took for the middle girth being the Tree
did not taper) and it girthed 64 Inches upon the Bark; Butmoftmen
that buy timber by the foot, have the Bark taken off at the girthing-
place, or an Allowance for the Bark; but you may readily know the
girth of the Tree under the Bark, though the Tree be (landing or ly-
ing, without ever taking off the Bark, or making Allowance by ghefs,
as fomedoe ; which to perform, find with your Penknife, or Prickers,
the thicknefs of the Bark, or you may cut a hole thorow the Bark
in the girthing places, or two or three holes, and then obferve the
mean thicknefs : As on the forefaid Tree, the Bark was half an Inch
thick, doubled makes one Inch, fo then the tree is lefs by one Inch in the
Diameter when the Br.: k is off, then by this general Rule, as 22 is to
7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter.

Examp. by the Line of Numbers.

Extend your CompafTes from 22 to 7, the fame extent will reach
fro n 64 to 20 and near a half, for the Diameter of the Circumfe-
rence of 64.

Exdmp, by Arithmetick.

As 22 to 7, fo is 64 to 20 /,, the Diameter.

7

**8 (zo & h.

448 %xz

2

But the Bark taking one Inch off from this Diameter, It is then rg
Inches and ■■/,, then to find the true Circumference under the Bark>
agreeing to this Diameter-, fay thus, As 7 to 22, fo is 19 --, to 61,
the Circumference, or near it.

For if you extend the CompafTes from 7 to 22, the fame will reach
from 19 A to 6 1, very near.

Or you may turn this 8 into a Decimal Fraction, for as 22 is to
tod, fo is 8 to 36 of 100 and near a 4.

Thus by four turns of your Compaffes on the Line of Numbers you
may in a moment find the Circumference under the Bark, which here
we find to be 61 ; then according to the cuftomary way of meafuring,
(though not the true way) take one fourth part of the Circumference,
and fay, As 12 is to this - part of the Circumference in Inches, fo

is

is the Length in feet twice repeated, to the content in feet or parts.

Examp.

The fourth part of 61 is 15 and \ Inches, extend your CompafTes
from the point 12. on your Line of Numbers, to 15 \: that extent will
reach from 56 to 91 foot andneer a half, being twice turned to the
Right hand, which muft alwayes be if the \ of your Circumference be
more than 12 Inches, if lefs,thentothe Left hand.

Thus having found the Timber of this Tree to be 91 foot and a
half ( which muft be valued according to the worth of Timber in the
place where you arej here I will value it at 12 d, the foot, (though it
was fold with courfer Timber at an under-pricej this at 12 d. the foot,
comes to 4/. 1 1 s. 6 d. Now tomeafure the head of this Tree accord-
ing to our fuppofed Rule aforefaid, if you take 56 (the Length of the
Timber) from 80 ( the height of the Tree) there remains 24 foot for
the head : This 24 foot, which is the head, two parts of it I meafure
as a folid Cylinder, and one part as a Cone : for if you girt all the
boughs a little above where they break out from the Timber, and adde
the fev.ral girths together, they will girth more than the Timber,
where the head was cut off; two parts of the 24 foot is 16, which I
meafure by the fame Rule I did the Timber, by the Line of Num-
bers, and the fame Girt.

As 1 2 is to 1 5 4 (the fquare in Inches,)

So is 16 (the Length in feet twice repeated ) to 26 foot \ for the
4 of the Head :

Now for the 4 of the Head, which muft be meafured as a folid Cone,
we muft find the Bafis, and multiply the Content thereof by one third
of the Altitude.

The Circumference of the Bafis was 61, but I will take it now for
60 Inches ; then as before, As iz is to 7, fo is 60 (the Circumference)
to the Diameter, which is 19 and a little more; that which is more I
neglect, as not worth minding in fuch a bufinels as this.
Half 60 is 30, half 19 is 9 and 4.
Ex. to work it by the Line of Numbers :

Extend the Compares from 1 to 9 and 4» the fame will reach from
30 to 285, the Content in Inches of the Bafis, then 4 of 8 foot is $2

Inches ;

285 Then fay, As 1 to 32, fo is 285 to 9120 4

32 Inches, which divided by 1728 ( the In. in 05.8 (48Q

~^7cT one f°ot fquare^ is 5 foot and |, and a little 4'6'2'o

gL more; this added to z6 foot J, make 32 foot 9'r2o (5

9120" for the Head? which at a Gxoit ?er f00t> l'7'Z*

is io j. 8 d. But this muft be valued accordiag to the Countrey you
are in.

So according to thefe Rules, this Tree was worth 5 /. 2 s. 2 d. there
was of the Head one Stack, and near a quarter, and 12 Faggots ; it
cofl: 3 s. per Stack to cut out, and was worth in the place where it itood,
10 s. You fee how near the Rule agrees with this tree ; but if the tree
{tends hanging down hill, it will then endanger the Timber in falling ;
or if you fear the Timber to be faulty, or fome of the Arms blown off,
you muit judge accordingly, &c.

It is oft found in your great Elms and Ames, that they be hollow
within and yet good Timber on the out-fides, efpecially fome length
of them toward or at the lower end : Now I will (hew you how you
may judge very near the Quantity of Timber that is in one of thefe
trees, or a piece of them, according to the cuftomary way.

Examp.

A piece of a Tree 12 foot long, and hollow and decayed wood at
one end 12 Inches Diameter, at the other end hollow and decayed
6 Inches Diam. The piece was 26 Inches Diameter under the Bark.
Firft I meafure the piece as if all found Timber, then the hollow and
decayed by its Diameter ; that being deducted from the piece, fhew-
eth how much found Timber there is in foot and parts, meafured the
cuftomary way.

As 7 to. 22, fo 26 to 81 4 the. Circumference; the ~ of it is 20
and ', "and fomewhat more: as 12 to 20 £ in Inches, fo is 12 (the
Length in feet twice Repeated) to 39 foot and ', the Content as if it
were all found.

Then for the hollow, I take the mean Diameter to be 9 In. As 7
to 22, fo9 to 28 and 27, the Circumference of the hollow 'f is 7 In.
then as 12 to 7, fo 12 foot to 4 and \ near; which taken from 39
foot and 4, leaves 35 foot and ;- for the found Timber of that piece.

CHAP.

035)

CHAP. XXXVIII.

Of making IValkj, Avenues, or Lawns,

AS for making of Walks in Gardens, I (hall not fpeak of that in
this place, becaufe I have refolved to keep my walk without the
walls: there arefeveral Books of Gardening that have many Drafts
and Knots in them, but they be all donebyghefs, and none of them
fitted to a fcale, to inform what Ground they be moft proper for • fo
that they be as fit for Butter-Prints as for Knots in a.Garden.

Moft Walks that are made abroad, they either terminate, or end,
or lead to the Front of a Houfe or Door, or Garden gate, or other
Gate, High-way, or Wood, &c Now if you would make a Walk
from anyone of thefe, and have refolved upon the Center or Middle
Line of the Walk, as the Middle of a Door in the Front of a houfe, or
the like, there pitch up a ftraight ftake, and then from the fquare of
the Front, &c. raife a Perpendicular from this Stake, and at a con-
venient diftance in this perpendicular Line, fet up another ftake ; let
thefe two flakes be two little ftakes at firft, but that at the Centre al-
wayes the higheft ; thefe two ftakes being thus fixed, and you fully
conclud-ngthemtobe in the Mid-line, then come to the Centre-ftake
and havin in readinefs a Quantity of Stakes, according to the Length
of your Walk, bid one of your alMance go as far as you can well fee
back-fight and fore fight, and there by the motion of your hand or
hat, and his own back fight, let him fix upright one (take as exaclly as
may be in the Line, then take up the two little ftakes, and at the Cen-
tre fix in a ftake fix foot high, ftraight and upright, with paper on the
top, and exaclly in the place where the little itake ftood: Thus ha-
ving got two Hakes placed (the Middle-ftake and the Centre ftake,)
you may if your Walk be level, and the ground clear, and the Walk
not above one mile long, fet up one ftake at the End, in the Midline;
looking over the head of that ftake and the other, moving it till hefe
three ftakes be in a Right Line ; fo may you have the middle line of
your walk by thefe three ftakes exacler than by more : for the fewer
ftakes you ufe in your mid-line, the better -, becaufe that if you be but

ones

CH6)

once a little amifs, the more flakes are ufed, you will be fo much the
further out of the right way.

And note, it is better to take your fight over the head of your flakes,
than to look by their fides ; therefore you muft have the Center-flake
higheft, the next a little fhorter, and fo the next fhorter than that, &c.
but if your Ground be not level, then order your flakes accordingly,
as thus :

And if your Ground be not level, or be of fuch a length, that you
cannot well fee from End to End, then you mufl place down more
flakes, 'viz.. between the Middle-flake and Centre-flake one, and be-
tween the Middle and End-flake one, if need require more. I have
oft made ufe of a fight-flake, which I had only to find the place where
my other flakes fhould fland ; this flake was made with a flit in the
head half a foot deep, which I looked through over the heads of the
reft, till I found the place where to fet my flake right in the Mid-line :
It is of good ufe, and Fig. 1 3 . may fomewhat reprefent it ; you may
make it to Aide up and down, the better to come to the Level of the
head of the flakes.

(See Fig. 1 1.)

When you take fight, to fet any flake true in a Line with others,
fland at a little diflance with your Eye from the head of the flake, fo
fhall you fet it ExaCter in the Line than when your Eye touches the
head of the flake ; fet your flake fo that you may onely fee three flakes
in a Line : let your Walk be of what length it will.

Having thus flaked out your Mid-line, flrain a Line in this Mid-line,
and lay a fquare to that Line, fo fet off the breadth of your Walk ex-
actly fquare to your Middle-line, then fet up flakes fas you did) againft
every flake in the Middle of the Walk, and when you have got the
Lines true, where vour Trees mufl fland, then drive down Oak-flakes
in the Line to the head, and then it is but putting down high flakes by
thefe when you come to fet your Trees. ^

Then having refolved on the diflance to fet your Trees at, and pro-
vided good flore of fmall flakes, take your Chain (and not a Line, for
that will retch and flirinkj and with your help fet little flakes down-
right in this Linet and fquare where you would have every Tree to
fland, thefe flakes are to make your holes by, which I would have at
leafl three foot wide, and two foot deep, and the holes made a Quar-
ter of a Year before you fet your Trees; if it were a year 'twere the
better, keeping the Mould turn'd over now and then, and mixing it
with Earth or Dung, if need be; then when the time of Planting is
come, begin betimes ; however, on dry ground ; fet up Stakes by every

Oak-

(i*0

Oak- flake you left in the Row before, having pruned the Roots and
Heads to an equal height , fet them right one Tree againft another
fquare. **

And if your Trees be not all of one Size, fet the greateft firft, right
one againft another, and fo lefTer and lefifer by degrees, minding that
both Rows go on fquare together ; and be fure you mind to let your
Trees be at equal diltance from End to End \ then if you have a point
fixed at both Ends, you mud run over that diftance ycu refolve to
plant vour Trees at, before you fet your Stakes, and if you find it is
over or mort of equal distances, then mud: you adde or fubftract this
odde open to or from the relt, to make them all of equal distance.
See Chap. 3 1 .

Now having your Trees and all things in Readinefs, fet them by
the Stakes ftanding in the Rows, minding to fet every Tree to range
with the Stakes by back-fight and fore fight : Cover and part the Roots
with fine Mould •, and when they be all covered, lay on fome Rotten
Dung over that Mould, and then cover that Dung with a little Mould :
this Dung will keep them from friezing in Winter, and from drying
too much in Summer j and alfo well prepares the water for the Roots,
Thus having fet them, take care to fence them in at fuch places where
need is, fo will you as well as I reap a great fatisfacTion, if you let
not the Dung touch the Roots.

Do not mask a fine Front, nor vail a pleafant ProfpecT fas too ma-
ny doeJ by making the Walks too narrow. If you make any Walk
that leads to any pleafant Front of a Houfe, or other Obje<ft; if it be
but half a mile long, let it be at leaft forty foot wide, but if longer,
more, as 50 or 60 foot wide, or the breadth the length of your Front ;
But if you be for walks of (hade, then make three Walks, the mid-
dle one4<o, the two out-fide walks each 20 foot, or 50 and 25 the out-
fide walks, or divide your Front into two parts, and let the middle be
as broad as both the fide-walks •■, fo that if you make three walks toge-
ther, let the middle one be as much as both the other, fo will the Trees
range much the better, whether you fet them fquare or triangular ; but
however keep-to one of them, though I think the fquare to be the beft,
becaufe then four Trees in the four Rows end all together, fit to end
in either Semicircle, fegment of a Circle, Oval, Triangle, or Circle;
for all walks of any Length, efpecially in Parks, (hould end in fome one
of thefe Figures, cr lead into fome other walk ; bur where they doe
fall into another walk, there fhould be a Circle to receive them, or elfe
they feem much defective.

I fhall now endeavour to fliew you how to make a walk through a

T wood 3

wood, and then I will give you an Example offome of the Figures
that Walks ought to end in.

Suppofe you were to clear a Walk or Line through a Wood, for
to run the Mid-line true about three yards wide; having the Centre
given, doe as before, run your Mid-line as far as you can into the wood,
and at one yard diftance on each fide the Mid-line, two other Lines ;
Run thefe Lines alio as far as you can into the wood, keeping them
juft one yard diftant, and fetting up ltakes (as you proceed into the
wood J with large whites, all of a bignefs, as half a meet of white Pa-
per on every Stake fpread abroad ; when any of thefe three Lines come
to a Tree, run on the other two till you are paffc the Tree, and then
fet him off again in its place, parallel to his fellowes, and fo proceed
till you be through the Wood, marking that wood which mud: goe
down ; then when your under-wood is {locked up, run out your Line
again ; ftill when you come to a Tree, fet off Parallels ; and when
pad, Vet off into your true Line again : This way I cut a ftraight Line
through the Wood walk at Cajhiobury, from the North front, over
one wall and feveral Hedges, neer a mile long, and when I came to
{take it out true, there was at the very end not four foot difference, as
the ingenious Hugh May Efq; can witnefs, and feveral others.

This way of (taking out a walk by three Lines is worth yourpradi-
ling ; in fetting out of Walks that go through Hedges or Bufhes, be
Cure to carry on the Mid-line of the walk, and the two Lines where
the Trees mud goe, together; now and then meafuring to fee if they keep
their equal distances, and that which is amifs you will foon find, and
may as foon rcclifie it again.

There is another way of carrying a ftraight Line through a Wood,
which Reafon taught me, and by Experience I have found true : the
place where the middle of the walk mould poynt to, being given, there
hang up a large Candle and Lanthorn, and having found the Mid-line
fome 20, 30, or 40 yards from that, there hang up another, they muft
both hang pretty high, but let that next the Houfe or Center be the
higher ; having thus placed your two Lights, and in a clear calm night
(but not too light) goe with your Man to the further fide of the wood,
till you make both thefe Lights in one Line, and then walk on, keep-
ing them fo, marking the Trees on each fide of you, quite through the
Wood, order them to be cut down at leifure ; fo fhall you have a
ftraight Line cut through the Wood.

But if you are to make a walk from Gate to Gate, fo that you are
tied to fucha Center at each End, if your walk befo that you can fee
from End to End, it is then but fetting up two Stakes, one at each end,

by

(139)

by the fight of which caufc a third to be fet up in the middle : But if
you cannot fee to the far End, for Hill, Wood, or the like, then you
muft caufe an high Pole, with a white on the top, to be fet up at the
End, by that and your Centre-ftake caufe your AfTiftants to fet up as
many as you think convenient in the Mid-line ; but if that wood be
fo high that you cannot fee a high Pole at the End, then run it over as
near as you can by ghefs, take notice of the Length, and of your Error
at End and J and ■?- and \ each ; at a Quarter of the Length of your
walk fet off a quarter of your Error, &'c. And thus bring your Line
till it ranges exactly from one point to another, from Gate to Gate j
then fet off the two Lines where the Trees muft goe(as is before (hew-
ed) by the fquare, and if for three walks, then the four Rows of Trees ;
if there be three Walks, let the Middle- walk be juft as broad as both
the other, which is the bell Form 5 or elfe all three of equal breadth,
fo may you fet your Trees not onely fquare, but they will anfwer one
another feveral wayes befide, as fquare from A. toB. and other wayes,
asB.to C.and to D. fo that every Tree muft keep his Row, Range,
Square, and equal Diftance, &c.

( See Fig. 14.)
The pricked Lines (hew how the fight will take the Trees as fquare
from A. toB. and Angle wayes from G. toB. orC. to D. &c.

Thus have I (hewed you how to flake out the Mid line, and the two
fide-lines of your walk : I wi(h Sir E. T. Sir W. B. and Sir R. B. had
feen thefe Directions before they had planted their walks \ I do judge
they then would have done them better : For Errors in planting make
too many worthy Perfons forbear.

Now as for the Figures which walks ought to end in, I have named
them before \ and if you obferve, moft Plants (efpecially Trees) which
make your Walks, the moft of them end in a Circular figure; and
therefore I will (hew you fome wayes how Walks ought to end in a
Circle : For a walk ending bluntly without any Figure or entring in-
to another, may be compared to a Tree with the Head off, and what
difference there is, let thofe which well obferve the Objects of Nature
judge. Let the Circle be three times the Breadth of your walk, if con-
veniently you can, or bigger if you hare Room.

After you have found the Mid-line, and refolved upon the Centre,
as at A. and of the Bignefs of your Circle, next confider of the Di-
ftance of your Trees round the Circle ; run that diftance over firft, and
if you find an oddeTree, let it (land in the Mid- line, and in the Cir-
cumference, as at B. but if no odde Tree, then let the Mid-line pafs

T 2 be-

( 140)

twcen two Trees, adding or fubftrading the odde Inches, till you find
the equal difhnce your Trees muil ftand at, &c.

(See Fig. 15.)

Let the Trees in your Circle ftand not much above half thediftance
that the Trees are in the Rowes, as in the laft they were 16 foot fere,
Trees in the walk 24 foot, but in the Oval thicker, that they may
fhew the Figure the better ; A fine Tree in the Centre of all Circles
doth well.

(See Fig. 16.)

Two Walks meeting in a Point, let that be the Centre of the Circle,
as at A. and there a Tree.

Two Walks eroding one another, where the Mid line meets let that
be the Centre of a Circle, as B.

Note : That if your Circle be divided into two parts, by Walks, as
the Circle A. find a diftance that the Trees jn each part may itand as
neerthat diftance as may be, there they be near 11 foot both, and the
Circle B. neer 10 foot afunder.

Now the fmaller parts the Circle is put into, the thicker fet your
Trees round it ; as B. is put into four parts by the two Walks crofting
it ; fet thefe parts the thicker that they may fhew the Figure the
better.

Of three Walks going up to a Circle, as they doe to the Bowling-
Green at Ca(hiobury (which Green is 80 yards, or 240 foot diameter,
with a border 16 foot wide, planted with three Rowes of Spruce-firs,
fet in the year 1672. being fet Circular and Triangular, ) fee the Figure :
there are 90 trees in the outer Row,and 90 Trees in the innermolt Row,
and 89 in the middle Row, which is 269 trees ; I loll not one of thefe,
except one that was jtollcn.

(See Fig. 17.)

To plant fuch a Border, fir ft with a Line on the Centre B. mark out
the Circle where the inner Row mould goe, then fet two Trees in
the Circle, and in the Rows of the Walk, as at A. A. then having re-
folved of thediftance to fet them at, run that Diftanceover from A. A.
and the odde Inches or parts adde orfubftracT, according to the Num-
ber of the Opens, to or from the Meafure you firft refolved on, as is
fhewed before, &c.

t . Next I fhall fhew you fome wayes how Walks may come into or
end in a Semi-circle, or Segment of a Circle, &c. as A. being a Gate,

B.C.

B.C. is a Hedge or Pale, A. is the Centre of the middle of the Walk
and Circle.

(Set Fig. 18.)
Or thus : The Centre at A. and then three Trees or more to go to
the Pale parallel to the Walk, as i, 2, 3.

2. How three tyjlks way come into a Semi-Circle :
-{See Fig. 19. )

This may be continued on with three or more Trees parallel to the-
Mid line, as in Fig. 19, &c,

3, How three Walks may breakj-nto a Semi-ctrc'e at tliree fever al
places, and how to make the Semi-circle Jo great, at that you may
have ytfl fo much Wood on all fides of the Walks, as the Walkj are
broad, or to order it to what proportion you pleafe.

Suppofe the three Walks to be each forty foot wide, which makes
120 foot, then there is to be 40 foot without one fide- walk, and 40-
foot without the other fide-walk, and 40 foot between each of the
fide- walks, and the Middle- walk, which is four times 40 foot, that is,
160 foot; fo that the 120 foot makes 280 foot for the Arch of this Se-
micircle, then find the Semi-diameter to the Arch of this Circle, and
ftrike the Arch from the Centre.

Ex. The Semi-circumference being 2 80, the Circumference is then
560.

Then as 22 is to 7, or if you will be more Exact (as the Learned
Oughtred in his Circles of Proportion, pag. 43. faith) as 3* 1416 is
to 1. fo is the Circumference to the Diameter; but the other is a
ftanding Rule, nigh enough for our purpofe.

As 22 to 7, fo 560 to 178=* (^the
Diameter;) if you turn this Fraction in-
to Inches, it will be two Inches and near
half of a Barley-Corn, fo then the whole
Diameter will be 178 foot 2 Inches, the
half is 89 foot one Inch : With this '89
foot one Inch (being the Semi-diameter)
draw the Arch of your Semi-circle, which
Arch fhallbe 280 foot; and from the Centre by which you drew this
Arch, may be the Mid-line of your three Walks; as is defcribed in
the Figure,

(Sm

560

7

920

1.

3.2. (4
1.7.8.4 .
3.9.2.0.(178:

2.2.2.2.

2.2.

(HO
(See Fig. 20.)

Let the Centre A. be m a ftraight Line with the pricked Line B. B.
and parallel to the Middle-walk C. the Line B. A. B. may be (if Con-
venience ferve) 50 or 60 foot from the wall, pale, hedge, and that to
gee parallel to that Line; and where the wall or pale ends, there may
be a Row of Trees continued fo far as you pleafe or can, &c. At the
Centre A. let be fome fine Tree fet, or fome Figure, &c. 1 once
faw a Semi-circle fet outfomewhat like this, where I faw a great deal
of meafuring before they could proportion it exactly to fuch a place
as was intended : I took my Pen, and by thefe Rules I told them juftly
how far they mould goe. Morel could fay, if I thought it not un-
feafonable now.

Here you fee how to proportion a Semi-circle, which you may en-
large with three, four, or five Trees on each fide, and parallel to the
Middle- walk, as is in the fecond Figure of Semi- circles -7 but be mind-
full to make fuch a Figure for your Walks to end in, and of fuch a
bignefs as is moft convenient to your Ground ; the Arch of the Semi-
circle may be one Row of Trees, (as in the Figure ) or two, three,
four, or more, as you pleafe j but three Rows fet triangular do very
well.

4. How and where a Semi-circle is proper on the fide of a Walk.-,
&c.

Suppofe you have a Walk a Mile in length or more, it is no
wayes improper, but pleafant and fatisfactory to have your Walks
fhew you every \ of a Mile, -! of a Mile, and *, &c. to the End ;
or from each End, or from one End back to the other ; as if you begin
at the Centre-tree in the Semi- circle at A. then at \ of a Mile at the
Figure 1. make a Semi-circle to break out on the Right hand, the Cen-
tre-tree to be exactly in the Row of the Walk, and juft a quarter of
a mile, as is fhewed in the Figure as well as the Largenefs of our Pa-
per would bear by the Semi circle Figure 1 ; then at the half-mile let
two Trees ftand in a Semicircle, at Figure 2, one to ftand in the Row
that makes the walk, which two Trees is half a mile, and at three
quarters three Trees ; ftill minding that one be in the Row or Walk
the Centre tree of your Circle, and the exact diftance : So one Tree the
Centre of the Semi-circle, as at Figure i.isa *-of a mile; two Trees
as at Figure 2 is 4 a mile, three Trees as at Figure 3 is $ of a mile:

(SeeFig.zi.)

Though

f'43J

Though the Figure doth not (how well, becaufe the fmallnefs of the
Paper will not allow Room to draw the diftance of miles, as the Trees
are according to Scale, (though my fcaleis here for the diftance of the
Trees 160 foot for one InchJ yet I prefume, where this is really aded
in Walks, it will do well : I here begin at the Centre-tree in the Se-
mi-circle, and in the Right-hand Row, (hewing how the J4 of the mile
maybe fet out, and (hewed by the Semi circles on the fides; at the
other End, I begin at the Centre of the Circle, and fo (hew the -, ■ ,
and '+, how they may be fet out on the other fide.

Or if you pleafe, you may have a Tree in the Mid-line of your
Walk, at every quarter of a mile, with a Circle to break round that
Tree three times the breadth of the Walk, which Tree mutt be pruned
up high, or elfe it will hinder the Profpecl of your Walk, (I fanfie the
other way is beftj as let a Tree ftand at every } of a mile, as you fee
in the Figure.

(See Fig. 22.)
^ Thus having (hewed you how Walks may end in Circles, or Semi-
circles, I (hall now fhew how Walks may end or come irito an Oval,
and how it fometimes happens that an Oval is the bed Figure that
Walks can End in.

If three Walks meet acutely at one place, then it will be neccflary
to have the Mid-line of the three Walks meet at a Tree in the fide of
an Oval ; for if you make that poynt the Centre of a Circle, it will
be too large, 'tis poflible larger than your Ground will permit; as at
Cajhiobury, where the three Walks meet by Hemjted High-way ; for
if I had made the Circle from the aforefaid Centre, and made the Semi-
diameter fo large as to have in the Circumference the two Trees mark-
ed A. A. which rangeth for both Walks, then would this Circle have
been too great, and befide could not be made within the Pale : Now
I having Orders from my Lord, that the Mid-lineof thefe three Walks
mould meet at a Tree, as in F/f.23. they doe at B. and that I (hould
make the Figure fo large as that the Wood which is between the
Middle walk, and the two out fide Walks, (hould end at a Tree which
(hould (land exactly in the Range of Trees, for the Middle- walk, and
alfo for the in- fide Rows of the two out- walks ; by considering I found
the Oval to fuit beft with this ground ; fo I having thefe two Trees,
as at A. A. and the Poynt as at B, which I took for the Breadth of the
Oval, accordingly I made it. See the Figure.

Length of the Oval is 205 foot, Breadth 124 foot, Middle- walk
50 foot, the fide-walks each 40 foot wide, having wood between the
V Valks, and round the Oval.

(See-

Cm)

(SeeFig.21.)
Now having the two Trees as at A A. and the Centre-tree of the
three-Walks B. from the Mid-line of the middle- walk, and in the m-Jdle
of that Line between A A. and B. draw a perpendicular Line, which
fheweth the length of the Oval ; at each End fet a Tree, as C. C. tnen
divide the diftance between the Centre-tree at B. and the End-trees at
C C. which let he at fuch a diilance as may beft fuit with the fix Trees
between D. and C. on each fide ; here the Trees between B. andC-
are ten foot ten Inches diilance, and the Trees between D. and C. are
10 foot 9 Inches diilance j Let alwayes the Trees that make either
Oval or Circle itand pretty nigh, they fhew this or any other Figure
the better : For this no certain diftance can be given, but they mult
be fet at fuch a diftance as the Arch- line can be divided into, &c.

I (hail lhew you how to know the Length of an Arch line, and how
to make an Oval or other Figure hereafter.

This Oval and Walks are furrounded with Wood, and alfo between
the Walks ending at a Tree, as at A A. you may make broader at your
pleafure, or you may alter the Oval in fhipe or bignefs , as your
Ground and Fancy fhall direct; you. Your Oval may be furrounded
with a double or treble Row of Trees if you fanfie it, and indeed if it
be in a place where it is not encompafTed with wood, it is very proper :
An Oval or a Circle, are very good Figures for Ponds, though they
be not in ufc :

Now for making Walks to end in a Triangle, this may be feveral
wayes, according to your Fancy or Ground : But I confefs I never yet
fjw or heard of any Walk in England or elfewherethat ended in fuch
a Figure j But why may not the beft of Figures be neglected by the
Ingenious Surveyor both at home and abroad, as well as we fee many
Excellent things known to feveral ingenious men, which are praclifed
by few.

' Having made at the End of Walks, Semi-circles, Circles and Ovals
of feveral forts, and notwithstanding that I had at the end of the three
Walks that goe from the Garden to the Bowling-green, that end next
the Garden, a Figure given me by a worthy perfon (but how proper
for that place I fhall not now fpeak) I neverthelefs neglected that, and
made the Triangle as is (hewed by Figure 24. The trees I fet the clofer,
becanfe this being a Front of the houfe intended to be hid at a diftance
all but the breadth of the Walks, therefore I chofe this Figure as
much proper for fuch a defign.

(See Fig. 24..)
This Line according tQ Scale is the Length of the Garden- walk, the

Break'

CHS)

Break in the middle againfl: the great Walk, is a Grate which is in-
tended to front it.

This Figure might be much improved if it were made a little larger,
fo that the inner Row of the Triangles might range a little without the
End of the Garden wall, and at that end a walk to take it, to goe by
the Garden-fide \ fo might you have a convenient by-way without the
Walls, from the 20 foot VValk, along either Walk of the Triangles,
to the walk by the Garden-fide, &c.

There are feveral other forts of Triangles proper for Walks to end
in, but for Shade I preferre this or the next following ; if you would
have the Trees to (hew the fhape of their heads, then a fingle Row is
beft, as the out-Row of the Triangle- walk.

(See Fig. 25.)

For a Court you would have fhaded with Trees, this Figure will
do well.

In this laft Figure you may let the little Walk end Parallel with
the Wall, and have no VValksby the fide- walls ; or you may make
onely one VValk on each fide.

As for making of the Triangle at the End of your Walk, it may
be Analogically according to your Ground ; though thefe two be made
obtufe, the perpendicular half the Length of the Bafe : there be feve-
ral forts of Triangles or triangular Figures ; but thefe we have here
made are called Ambligone ; that is, a Triangle which hath one obtufe
and two acute Angles, &c.

Thus having {hewed you moft of the Regular Figures through which
a Walk may pafs, or in which a Walk may end, I fhallnow'fhew
how a VValk may pafs through a Square, and fo proceed.

( See Fig. 26. )

You may make your Walks according to this Figure, or you may
have the Walks break into the Square in the Middle, on every fide,
which Figure will do well with a Tree in the Centre, where the prick
is, Thus:

(See Fig. 2 7.)

How a VValk may end in a Square, may well be perceived by this
laft Figure ; befides, it is common in many places to be feen, yet in my
Opinion is not fo convenient for a Walk to end in as the aforefaid Fi-
gures ; from thefe foregoing you may make feveral others, according
to your Ground : for it is a good Rule to Cut your Coat according to
your Cloath; and to proportioB the Figure your Walk ends in, ac-
cording to the beft convenience of your Ground.

U Ln

Ch6)

Let not your hdndalwayes for Copies flay ',
But let an active Fancy lead your way.
Proportion ftill your Figure to your Ground,
Whether it be Triangle, Square, or Round.

Some of thefe Figures are alfo the beft to make your Lawns, that is,
a fpacious Plane joyning to your Houfe ; which let be in Largcnefs
according as your Ground will permit, as ioo Acres or more.

This Lawn is moil: convenient to be on the South fide, or Eaftfideof
your Houfe: For if it be on the Weft fide, it giveth the more way
for the weft wind (which is moil commonly the greateft) to harm your
Houfe, by its free paffage thereto: Alfo if your beft Rooms front your
Lawn, as they al way es mould doe, the Afternoon being the moftufual
time in which great Perfons do folace themfelves in thefe principal
Rooms, the Afternoon Sun will then be Offenfive to fuch Rooms, and
the Profpett will both be hindred and not fo pleafant ; for the Sun by
fhining againft you and from the Object, doth by both hinder your
Profpect j and moil Profpe&s are moil pleafant when the Sun fhineth
on them. Thefe Inconveniences, which arife from your Lawns being
on the weft fide of your Houfe, being confidered, I thence conclude,
by the Rule of Contraries, that it is moil convenient for your Lawn to
be on the Eaft fide of your Houfe •, for there you have your Rooms
fhady in the Afternoon, the Objects which you view from your houfe
much beautified by the Sun mining upon them in the Afternoon, &c.

For the aforefaid Reafons your Lawn may do very well on the South
fide of your Houfe \ for the Sun mining moft part of the day on that
fide of your Houfe, doth much addetothe beauty of that Front, which
ought to be the beft Front of your Houfe ; therefore a large Lawn
on that fide , doth much help the Profpecl to the Houfe , and alfo
fiom it.

A Lawn on the North fide is no wayes convenient, for that Iayes your
Houfe too open to the cold North winds, &c. Wherefore, let your
North and Weft fides be planted with Woods, Orchards, &c.

A Square is no ill Figure for a Lawn, thus : Where there may be
three Avenues break out at the three Angles, or one at the Angle op-
pofite to the Houfe : And if your Lawn be Rifing Ground to the Houfe,
fome Trees fet thin on the Lawn will be very pleafant. {See Fig.28.)

Your Lawn may be bounded with Walks, if you pleafe, which in
this Figure will do well, or you may have a fingle Row of Line-trees
to bound your Lawn with, fet at a good diftance one from another, they
will fhew the (hape of theft heads the better.

As

Ci47)
As the Pricks arc on the Lawn, fo may your Trees fland,but leave the
Front clear, except the Lawn be much falling Ground from the Koufe : i
Let the Figure of the Houfcbe in the form ofthefetwo,(jF/^.28,29.)
or any other, yet let the Z-awn be on both fides the Front alike, making
an Angle at the middle of the Front, or at fome Court gate right be-
fore it, and breaking ofT(as you fee in the Fig.} at a convenient diflance
from the Houfe : A fingle Row of .Line-trees let at 4 Rod diftance, as
they be in the Ftg. will bepleafantto bound your Zawri.

( See Fig. 29. )

From thefe two you may makefeveral, but ftill mind to make fuch
as will beft fit your Ground.

A Circle is a good Figure for a Zawn, onely it mud break off be-
fore it comes againfl the Front.

A Triangle is alfo a very proper Figure for a Xawn, but let it not
be too Acnte at the Angle which leads to the Front, but rather Ob-
tufe, or right angled at the Angle next the Front, as in the two laft
Figures. I have often obferved fome Fields lying in the form of a Tri-
angle, leading up between two Woods or large Hedges, and fome-
times I have feena Houfe at the Angle ; this hath been very pleafant
to my fancy, efpecially when it hath afcended up hill, and hath had the
South, South- eaft, or Eafl Afpecl : Now if Noble-men and Gentlemen
that have Ground convenient, would but make fome fuch Lawns be-
fore their Houfes, it would be very pleafant, and a great Ornament to
their Seats. They may make thefe Lawns, and clear the wood that is
within the figure of them, as it decayes, or as they have occafion ; the
Charge would not be great, but the Pleafure and Profit would cer-
tainly be great and lading :

I do preferre your Lime-trees to bound in your Lawn, becaufe it is a
Tree that will grow well on any Soyl, having but care to plant it as it
fhould be, befide the fine fhape all the Trees will naturally grow in, for
they will feem as though they were cut, provided they be notfettoo
thick, for then one hinders the fhape of another.

The Elm is a good Tree for this purpofe, for it hath a fine green Leaf-
and if the Ground be Natural for it, it will grow to a great Tree, and
flraight, if kept with Pruning as it ought to be : Thefe Trees you may
plant thick round your Lawn.

The Beech, in Ground where it likes, makes a {lately Tree, fo doth
the Walnut, Chefnut ; black Cherries where they like the Ground, are
quick Growers, and very pleafant in the Spring when they be cloathed in
their white Garments; and indeed any Tree that is not very dangerous
to remove, as is the (lately Oak and Pines, which were the very bed,

U z were

(-i48)
were it not for this fault. The Firs and Ewes are not fo difficult ; they
will do well where they like the Ground, &c.

Now where men have not the Convenience or the Quantity of Ground,
if they make but 20 Acres in a Field in fome good Figure leading to the
Houfe, it will be the more pleafant, and the Charge as little as to do it
other waves.

CHAP, XXXIX.

Of fever d Superficial Figures, and how they are to be meafured,

TO fpeak of all forts of Figures will be far beyond my intentions,
there being fo very many irregular Figures which have many un-
equal fides and angles; but they may all be brought into parts of fome
of the Figures following, and Meafured like them ; I (hall (hew you
one Ufeful Prob. efpecially to make your Ovals by, whether they
be made from two Centres, or four ; and then I fhall touch at fome Su-
perficial Figures. ( See Fig. 30.)

Suppofe three pricks or points given ( fo they be not in a {trait line )
to find a Centre to bring them into a Circle. This may be done feve-
ral ways, viz.. either by Circles, or by raifing Perpendiculars ; as if
the points at A. B.C. were to be brought into a Circle : Draw a line
from A. to B. and in the middle of that line raife a Perpendicular,
as the line D. E. which you may foon do ; for if you open your Com-
pares to any convenient diftance, and fet one point in B. draw the Arch
1. and 2. then fetting one point in 4. draw3.and4. where thefe crofs
draw the line E. D. Do the fame with the points B. C. and where the
two Perpendicular lines meet is the Centre, asatF, eye. Superficial
Figures that are irregular and right-lined, are fuch whofe Sides or Angles
are un-equal , of which fome are triangles, or triangular Figures 5 and
here Note, that there are five forts of triangles, which are thus Named
and known :

1 . Jfocbeles hath two of the fides unequal,

2. Scalena hath the three fides unequal.

3 . Orthygone hath one Right and two Acute Angles.

4. Ambiigone hath one Obtufe and two Acute Angles.

5. Oxygone hath three Acute Angles, or Equilateral triangles.

(See Fig. 31.)
Every triangle is half of a fquare, whofe Length and Breadth is equal
to the Perpendicular, and Side cut by the Perpendicular ; as is plain
in the firft Figure (hewed by the pricked lines -. therefore to Meafure

any

(H9)
any triangle, raife a Perpendicular from the Bafe, to the greatefl; An-
gle:

Then Multiply the whole Bafe by half the Perpendicular, or the
whole Perpendicular by half the Bafe, and the Produft is the Content.
Or thus, take the whole Bafe and whole Perpendicular, and Multiply
one by the other, the half of that Summe is the Content of the triangle,
&c.

Square or Quadrangular Figures are thefe following.

i . A Geometrical-fquare \ this hath Right Angle, and fides equal.

2. An Oblong-fquare, which hath equal oppofite fides and Re<ftang.

3 . A Rhombus, hath equal Sides, and unequal Angles.

4. A Rhomboides, having unequal Sides, and Angles oppofite,

equal.

5. Trapezia, Are all other four-fided Figures.

( Sec Fig. 32. )

The firft is Meafured by Multiplying one of the Sides in itsfelf.

In the Second the length Multiplyed by the breadth, gives the Con-
tent:

The three laft may be turned into two triangles each, and fo Mea^
fured as is before faid.

Polygones are thefe Figures following-.asthe end of a Tree hewed into
five equal fides , this is called a Pentagone \ of fix fides, Hexagone \
feven fides, Heptagone, eight fides, Oclagone ; nine fides, Enneagone;
ten fides, Decagone; twelve fides, Dodecagone. To Meafure any of
thefe, take half the perimeter (that is, half the Compafs about ) and
the perpendicular drawn from the Centre to the middle of any one of
the fides, Multiply the one by the other, and it giveth the Content.

Circular Figures are thefe, which be thus Named :

1. The Circle,is near Equal to a fquare, made of 'Diameter, and 4
C ircumference.

2. The Semi-Circle, to a fquare made of half the Arch-line, and \
Semi-diameter.

3. The Quadrant, or fourth part of a Circle.

4. The Segment, Arch,or part of a Circle.

The firft is Meafured by Multiplying the Semi-circumference by the
Semi-diameter. The fecond, by Multiplying the Radius or Semi-dia-
meter by \ of the Circumference of the whole Circle. The third, by
Multiplying the Radius by ' of the Circumference of the Circle that
it was made of. The fourth by Multiplying the Radius by ; the
length of that Arch- line : thus have you the Content or Area of each.

To find the Diameter of any Circle, or the Circumference, by ha-
ving.

CiSo)

ving one given; theloweft Number is, as 7 is to 22. (bis the Dia-
meter to the Circumference 5 or as 22 is to 7. fo is the Circumfe-
rence to the Diameter.

To find the Length of an Arch-line Geometrically.

This Problem is Ufeful to be known, for to Meafure the Quadrand,
Segment of a Circle, or Oval} for the Oval is made of parts of the
Circle.

Firft, Divide the Chord-line of the part of the Circle into four equal
parts j then fet one of thefc parts from one End of the Chord-line, alfo
fet one of the four parts from the Angle in the Arch-line ; then from
one point to the other, draw a Line ; the length of this Line is half the
le»gthof the Arch-line.

(See Fig. 33..)

Examp.h. B. the Chord-line,Divided into 4 parts, one ofthe 4 parts
fet from B.to C.and one part fet from A.to D. then draw the Line CD.
which Line is half the length of the Arch-line A . D. B. which was to be
found out.

Thus may you Meafure this part of a Circle, or the like ; but if the
part of a Circle be prcater than a Semi-circle, then Divide the Arch-
line into two Equal rarts, and find the length of one of thefe, as is
afore faid 5 which doubled giveth the length of the whole Arch-line :
This Rule will affifl: you to Meafure the Oval, whether it be made from
two Centres or four, &c.

There is no regular Figure but may be Reduced into fome of thefe
Figures afore- faid, therefore 1 fhall fliew you the life of fome Geome-
trical Figures, which are very Ufeful \ not Queftioning but that you
Llnderfland the firft Rules in Geometry, as, to draw a parallel Line,to
Raife a Perpendicular-line from another, &c. for thofe things are out
of my intended Difcourfe, therefore if you be to feek in them, confult
with Euclid and others.

How to Raife a Perpendicular at the end of a Linejby which you
make a Square, very ZJfeful alfo to fet eff ajquare-
line from a fir ait-line, in any Garden ,
IValkj Houfe-end, or the like.

(See Fig. 34.)
Fxar/.f. If you be defired to fet off a fquarcline at B. from the Line
A.B. take fix Foot, Yards, or Rod, and Meafure from B. to C. in your
ftrait-lirie, then take eight of the fame Meafure and fet from B. to D.

and

CT50

and ten of the fame, holding one end at C. bring the Line B. D. till it
juft touch the Line G. D. at D. fo have you an Exact Square made by
6. 8. and 10. See Euclid firft Book, Prob. 47. and p. 35. Math.
Recreations, p. 93.

{See Fig. 35.)
This you may do jn other Numbers that bear the like proportion ;
for Euc. tells you, "that the fquare made of the fide fubtending the
Right Angle, is Equal to the fquares made of both the fides containing
the Right Angle \ for 10 rimes 10 is a 100. and 6 times 6 is 36. and
8 times 8 is 64. fo 3 6 and 64 make 1 00. equal to the fubtended fquare.
There be feveral other ways to Raifea Perpendicular at the end of a
Line, but this being fo eafie, and the mod ufeful, I mall not name any
other.

CHAP. XL.

To Divide a Right Line given^ according to any Proportion
Required 5 and how to Divide Land or Woods ^ with fome
Vfes of the four-pole Chain.

TH E Line A is Required to be Divided into two fuch parts,
which mill have proportion the one to the other, as the Line
B. hath unto C.

{See Fig. 36.)
Make an Angle of any Quantity, as A. B. C. and let the fide A. B.
be Equal to the given Line A. then fet the Line C. from A. to E. and
the Line B. from E. to C. and from the point E. draw the LineE.D.
parallel to C. B. cutting the Line A. B. in D. fo (hall B. D. bear the
fame proportion to D. A. as the Line B. hath to the Line C. this is the
Golden Rule by Lines.

?*

To Divide a Right Line in Tower , according to Any Proportion

given.

( See Fig. 3 7.)

Draw the Line CD. Equal to the two Lines A. & B. then Divide the
raid Line in the point F. in proportion as A. to B. ihen in the middle of
the Line C. D. Defcribe the Semi-circle C.E. D. and on the point at
F. Raife the Perpendicular F. E. cutting the Semi-circle in E. from
that point draw the lines E.C. andE.D. which two Lines together
fhall be equal in power to the given Line, and the power of the Line
E. C. fhall be in fuch proportion to the power of the line E. D. as
A. to B.

Many Men when their Woods are felled, fell their Wood by the
Acre, or half-Acre, or fometimes two or three Acres ; andfometimes
Men Let their Land to Plow by the Acre, and fometimes Men purchafe
part of a Field by the Acre : I will here (hew you how you may cut off
parts of an Acre, or feveral Acres from a Field ; or howfaryoumuft
go in a VVood or Field to make an Acre, more or lefs, of feveral Fi-
gures } which will be Ufeful to be known of moft Men , for feveral
other Occafions.

Suppofe a VVood, or part of it, mould be in a Triangle, as the Fi-
gure following, which mould contain 745 pole -rV0. that is 4 Acres
105 Pole, and near a -*• Of this VVood there is Sold 2 Acres, which
is to be taken off from the Angle C. and to cut the line A. B. having
Meafured your Triangle, and found it as above-faid, and alfo the Bafe-
line to be 84 pole, then by the Rule of Three work it thus :

(See Fig. 3%.)

If 745 42. (the Content of the whole Triangle) have for its Bafe 84

Pole or Rods ; what fhall 3 20 pole have for its Bafe ? ( that is 2 Acres )

See it wrought by Logarith.

-
745-42 Log. 2,87240.

84. Log. 1-92427.

320 Log. .2-50514.

4:42941.

Gives 36*06: 1*55701.

Here you fee that this Log. gives 36 pole and Tov. fo that youmuft
go 36 pole and little more on the Bafe- line A. B. from A. toD. for

your

053)

your 2 Acres; then the Angle A. C. D. is the two Acres, or 520
Pole, and the Angle C. D.B. is 2 Acres 105 pole, and near [ a
pole.

By the fame Rule may you cut off what Number of poles you pleafe,
from the Angle D. to fall upon the Line C. B. or to fall upon the Line
D. B. having but the length of the Lines given you.

But if it be Required to take off a part from a Triangle according to
any proportion given, by a Line drawn parallel t» any of the fides
afligned.

As let A. B. C. be a Triangle containing 5 acres, and it is defired to
cut off 2 acres, by a Line drawn parallel to A. B. firft, on the Line
A. C. draw the Semi circle A. EX. and the Diameter C. A. Divide
into 5 equal parts, and from the point of 3 of thefe parts of that
Line draw the perpendicular £>. 2s. to cut the arch-line in E. then fet
the length of C. E. from C. on the Diameter-line,and it will reach to the
point F. then from that point at F. take the nearcft diftance to the Line
A.B. and fet that diftance off from B. to G. then draw the Line F. G.
exactly parallel to A.B. fo will the Triangle C. G. F. be 3 acres, and
<7. B. A. F. 2 acres, the thing propounded.

(See Fig. 39.)

This Rule initfelf is exact, but in a large Field or Wood it is diffi-
cult to be done, becaufe the Semi-circles and other Lines are very hard
to be drawn exactly.

But if your Field, or part of it, be a fquare, and you are to take off
fome parts of it, you may do it to any Number of Rods defired, eafily
and exactly, thus:

Let the Field be never fo great, Meafure you onely that fide of the
Square whence you are to take off your part, exactly.

( See Fig. 40. )

Exawp. It is Required to cut off 2 acres, or 3 20 Pole from a Field,
or part of one, that is in form of the Square A. B. D. C. with a Line
drawn parallel to the fide A. B. Now, finding the fide of the Square to
be 32 Pole^ Divide 320 ( the parts you are to cutoff) by 32, the
fide of the Square, and the Quotient will be- 10; then fet off 10 Pole
from A. to £.and from B, to F. and the Square A. B.F.E.
is 2 acres, as was Required. ^zo( 1 o

This is very Ufeful for feveral Men, and readily to be fxx
performed; but if thefe fides A. C. or B. D. do not go $
Square from the end A. B. then muft you find the mid- line
of the Square you are to take, and Divide the Summeof Poles you arc

X to

f I54J>
to take off by that; theifirit Example will aflift you to find this mid-
line, and fomcwhathelp you in the working.

This being fuch an ufefuHProb. I fhall (hew you how to perform iff
another way, as in the laft Exawf.- the fide cf the fquare* 3 2 ''Pole, and
you know 160 Pole make one kw. ; then divide 160 by 32 (the fide
of your Square) the Quotient is' 5 ; which tells you, that you nijilmea-
fure5 Rod, or Poles, from the fide of your Square on each End, to
make one Acre, 10 Pole for two Acres, 15 Pole for three Acres, &c.
which you fee agrees with the former Role.

But if it be required to take off the parts of a Square, and to have
thofe parts in a Triangle, then the firft and fecond Figures will cfiii
you how to perform that.

To divide an Irregular Figure into any farts required; that is, to take
what number of Rods you fleafe from fuch a Figure.

As, if A B C D E. be the Figure of a Field or Wood, and it is de-
fired to take off the half of it from the Angle at A. the whole Figure is
705 Pole, then the half is 352-50, and the Triangle A D E. is but
290 Pole, which wants 62 Pole and a half of the half of the Field ;
therefore take 62 '50 from the Triangle A CD. by the Rules deli-
vered in the $%th. Fig. and there will be added the Triangle A D H,
which being added to the Triangle AD E, will divide the Figure into
two equal parts, the thing defired.

{See Fig. 41. )

Thus may you take half from any irregular Figure, or more, or lefs
than half, andfrom what Angle defired, which will affift you well how
to fell your Woods by the Acre,, or to know how far you fhallco into
a Field, to take off any parts; the fourth Rule (which I found by my
Practice J I comment for very good.

One Example I fhall give you more, which fhall be according
my fourth Rule : Itry'd it in a Field near to Cajbiobiiry-Parkjt this I
was ordered to doe by my Lords Steward Mr. Sydenham, to take
off three Acres from a fmall Field asexa&Iyas I could, at one End ap-
pointed by him.

Firft I meafured that End, and found it to be 37 pole and ;, but

obferving the Hedges, I found them tofplay off a little, fo that about

6 Rod and a half, or little more, would be the middle, which

* ( 8 1 fet off at each End, and found that Line to be 3 8 Pole long ;
juSo (4 then I divided 160 (the Poles in one Acre) by 38 ('the Poles

?# . of the End of the Field) the Quotient was 4 and T% which

8 of

055)

8 of 5 81 muft turn into parts of my Chain, that is, into Decimal parts>

thus: As 3 8 is to 8, fo is ioo to zi and i of 3 8, which 21s

not confiderable ; So that if the Chain be divided into 100 1

Links, you mud then goe 4 Pole and 21 Link-: at each End *#(*

for to make one Acre of Ground ; but if your Cham be a sy p (2 r

four pole Chain, divided into 100 Links, then with fuch a 3-88

Chain you mud goe 4 pole 5 links and '+ and a little more, 3

to make one Acre at 38 Pole long: Then for three Acres I

muft goe in breadth 12 Pole, ■£».- to make three (Acres and a little

more, fee it proved.

Here you may fee that 12 Pole-/, \ multiply ed by 38 12.63
Pole, gives 479 Pole and T9A, which being divided by 38

1 60 (the Poles in one Acre) gives in the Quotient 2 and - — — -

159 ; fo then if you adde but 6 of 100, to the 94, it is 10 104
jtsll three Acres \ for whereas I take, in the Decimal parts, 3789

but TVo, I fhould take the 21 Links, and the 22^ part """Tj

of one of thefe Links, which nicenefs may be difpenfed 479' 94
with. r ,

From what hath been faid, you may meafure any itand- %f
ing Wood, or part thereof, efpecially if thefe parts be #5g s,
near to a Square or Triangle, ifnot,youmay Reduce them )^Q
to one of thefe.

Thus having fpoke fomething how fuperficial Figures are to be
meafured, I (hall give an Example or two of the Chain, and it (hall
be of the Four-pole Chain, divided into 100 parts ; as fuppofe the Fi-
gure A B C D.

(See Fig. 42.)
This Figure may be meafured feveral waves; asfirft it may be put
into two Triangles, and fo meafured, orelfeyou may meafure both
the Ends, and half them, and fo meafure the Length in the middle 4
you may meafure alfo both the fides and half them, and then meafure
the breadth in the middle. But for Example : Firft I meafure the fide
AB. and find it to be 15 Chains and 80 Links of the Four- pole Chain,
the End BC. is 6 Chains 74 Links, the other fide CD. is 12 Chains
50 Links, and the other End DA. is 6 Chains.
Then adde the two fides together, of which take J5' 80: one fide.
the half, that half is the mean Length : both fides I2' 50: one fide.

added together, make 28 Chains 30 links; half of ~i

which is 14 Chain? 1$ links; then adde the Ends 28' 3°
together, viz.. 6 Chains, 5nd 6 Chains 74 links, the TTrT"
total of both is 12 chains 74 links,- then half of the * 5

X z Ends

Ends added, together, is 6 chafos 37 links: Then- multiply themeair
Length by the mean Breadth, and cut off 5 Figures to the Right hand,
and whatfoever Figures Remain to the Left hand, are Acres; andthofc
5 Figures cut off are parts of an Acre.

Thus may you know the Content of a Field without
*4- x 5 Divifion ; as in the laft Exan.p. 14* 15, multiplycd by
6* ? 7 6' 3 7, gives 90 1 3 5 5 , then if you take off five figures,
as the fractional parts, there remains 9, which is nine
^9°* Acres two Pole and above 4 of a Pole. But you may
4245 eafily know the fractional part of any Decimal fracti-
on thus: This belongs to 1 00000: for if the Decimal
"~ . 0 j , - - fraction have 5 Figures, the Integer is 6, the fraction 4,
then the Integer 5. &c.
Then work it by the Rule ot Three, or by your Line of Numbers,
thus : As 1 00000 is to 1 3 5 5, fo is 160 ( the ftjuare Poles in one Acre)
to 2 Poles and neer ', but that you may be the better fatisficd in this-
mod: ufeful Rule, if 1 00000 be Equal to one Acre, or 1 60 Pole,
Then- 50000. to j an Acre, or 80 Pole;

25000. t©' "- of anAcrc, or 40 Pole, which is a Rood.
1250c'. to 's of an Acre, or 20 Pole.
6250^0 .^ of an Acre,er 10 Pole.
5-1 25 . to v2 °f m Acre, or 5 Pole ^
1250. to 2 Pole Equal':
And. 62 5. Equal to one Pole.

So that when any Fraction- is, repair but to thefe Rules, and you
may fee what Number of poles is equal to it: you may proportion it
jo half-poles, &c. for,

3124 is equal to half a Pore.
156!, is equal to a quarter of a Pole.
78 \ is equal to one eighth part of a Pole, &c.
Hot onely to prove this, but affo to (hew you how much readier
«his way is, than the 100 Links, to bring it into Rods or Poles, then
divide it by 160, to bring the aforefaid Meafure to the one Pole Chain
and ica; multiply 14* 15 by 4, it gives 56-60-, and 6" symulti-
plyed by 4 gives 25-48, which being multiplyed one by the other, gives

1.4.4,2 JiiS: Iwilt nested the Fraction as being not \ of a Pole, and
" 10000 ° ,

divide 1442 ( the Poles in that Meafure) by the fq. Poles. in one Acre
Mo Pole > and the Quotient is. 9 and 2 over, that is> 9- Acres 2 Pole

* and

OS7)
and a little more, as before. But how much the other way is. readier
than this, I leave the Reader to judge.

56*60

25*48

45280
2264a
2S300
11320

1442* 1680

r6*a

Example the Second.
Jftir to meafute a Triangle with the Four-pole Chain, and. mwr
nfe Divifion.

As in the Triangle ABC. the Bafe A C. is 40 Pole, and the pricked
Perpendicular Line is 20, the half is 10 Pole ', Now when you have
even Poles fas in this Examp. ) youmuft adde two Cyphers to the
length, and two to the breadth ; or elfe you cannot take off the 5 Fi-
gures, or 5 Cyphers, as is before (hewed; then taking
the 5 Cyphers off after Multiplication, there remains 40 :
which fheweth you that fuch a Triangle, that hath fuch
a Bafe, and fuch a Perpendicular, contained! four Acres
of Ground : And if you work it the common way,, you
will find it to be true.

CSee Fig, 45.)

40* 00

io# 00

4P" 000 co

But to aflift you yet further to turn
Poles into Acres, obferve this Table :
The Denominations of the feveral
Numbers are known by the Marks
under which they are fet, as all under
j4c. are Acres, tinder Ro. are Roods,
under Po. are fo many Pole; and lb
the rlrll: Column under M. anfwereth-
toThoufands, that under C. to Hun-
dreds, that under X. to Tensy and the
odde Pole ( if any be ) are fee down
under Pole : As i. g. 1442 Pole : To

M.
uc.ro. p
6. 1.
12.2.
18.3.

ac.ro. p. ro.
OO. 2.200.
o, 1. 00.
-I-. 3.200.

X.

7 ,43 3. o
8 50.0. 0J5
9,56,1. 05

1.201.

O. <X2k

2.20j2^

po,
10

20
50-

30'

o>

Ci58)
know how many Acres by this Table : firft for the One thoufand m
the Table under M. is 6 Acres one Rood, fet that down as you fee in
the preceding Page; then four Hundred under C. and againit 4 is 2
Acres 2 Roods, fet chat down; then in the Ta-
ble under X. and againft 4, is one Rood, fet

1. o. that down; then the odde Poles fet down al-

2. o. wayes under the Poles, as 2 nr.der Poles ; then
1. 0. fumme them up, and you fhall find it is 9
o. 2. Acres 2 Pole, as before : This Table being fo

plain, there needs no more Examples.

ac. r.

.1000 gives 6.

400 gives 2.

40 gives o.

2 gives o.

9. o. 2.

A Table offnperficial long Meafure, from an Inch to a Mile, ac-
cording to the Standard of England.

Inch. J

1 2 1 Afoot.

36

3

A yard.

45

3 i

Ik

Ell.

198

16 i

$'

44

Pole.

7920

660

220

176

40

Furlong.

63360

5280

1760

1408

320

8

d

Mile. \

A Table of fynare Meafnre.

\ Acres.

4

160 |

484O

435&0

Rood.

40

1210

I

10890

Vole.

'3o;-. |

272 J

| rards.

9

Feet.

M

C»59)

An Example of the Table of long Meafure.

Suppofe you were to find out how many Inches were in a Pole long ;
louk under Inches, and againfl: Pole, there is 198 ; and fo many Inches
are in a Pole long, and 16 '- Foot, 5 ' Yards :

And in the Table of Square Meafure, to* know how many fquare
Yards is in a Pole, look againfl: Pole, and above Yards there is 50 ',
the fquare yards in a Pole.

There be fcveral other forts of fuperficial Meafures, as Pavings,
Plaifterings, -Wainfcotings and Painting ; which are to be meafured*by
the Yard fquare, and may be meafurcd by fome of the Rules before
Ihewed ; your readied way is by the Yard divided into ten parts, fo
will your odde Meafure come into Decimal Fractions, which are as
eafily caft up as whole Numbers : Or if you meafure by the Foot Rule,
have it divided into 10 parts, and when you have found the Content
in feet, divide it by 9, the Quotient will mew you how many yards ;
and if any remain, they be feet.

Some forts of Work are meafured by the fquare of 10 foot the fide,
fo that fuch a Square is 100 foot ; for ten times Ten is a Hundred : By
this Meafure is your Carpenters Work meafured, as Floors, Partiti-
ons, Roofs of Houfes; So alfo is Tiling and Slatting meafured; this is
very ready to meafure and to cail up : for if you multiply the Breadth
by the Length, fo many hundreds as you find, fo many Squares are
there ; and what remains are parts of a Square.

Board and Glafs, &c. are meafured by the foot, which may be divi-
ded into ten parts, which will be much eafier to count up.

But ifyou would be more fully fatisfied in the Rules of Surveying,
Tee the work of Mt.Leyborn, Mr. Wing, Mr. Rathborn, &e.

Having t he Length of a Field, to know what Breadth will make one Acre
of Ground, by the Four-pie Chain and Line of Numbers.
Ex. The Length is 1 2 Chains 50 Links, to find the Breadth to make
that Length juit one Acre,do thus : Fxtend your CompafTes from 12-50
( the Length) to 10, that Extent will reach from one to
80, which is the Breadth in Links to make one Acre ; for 12*50

ifyou multiply 12*50 by 80, it yields iooooo:, from **o

which if you take off five Cyphers, there remains one, "777" ~
which is one Acre, &c. iooooo

CHAP,

(i6o)

CHAP. XLL

Of Meafurwg Holes and Borders that be under a Pole broad,
by which you may the better leit or take them to doc by the

Fole-jquare,fkc. with fever al Tables of Meafures*

HOIes for to fet Trees in are feldome made under one foot Diame-
ter, or above eight foot Diameter j the Depth may be redu-
ced to a foot deep.

The Rules to meafure any Circle by, are the fame, which is thus:
To take the Semi-circumference and the Semi-diameter, and multiply
thefe Halfs, the one by the other, fheweth the fuperficial Content or
Area of that Circle.

This you may work either by the Pen, or Line of Numbers : As
by the line of Numbers thus : The Diameter being four foot, extend
the Compares from i. to 4. ( the Diameter;) keep your CompafTes
fixed, and alwaycs on the Number 7854 fet one point, and turn twice
to the Right hand : ( but if they fall off at the End at the fecond turn,
then muft you fet them on the firft part of the Line when you have
turned them once, &c.

Having taken the diftance ofi to 4. and fet one poynton the (land-
ing Number 7854: the other poynt goes to 31 and neer !, thence
if you turn another turn it will go off from the Line, therefore you muft
find the poynt 3 1 and near ' on the firft part of the Line, and fet one
poynt there, the other will reach to 12 and about , I ?, which tells you,
that in a Circle of 4 foot Diameter there are 12 fuperficial fquare feet
and a half, and better.

Now to work it according to the Rule above, by the Line, if you
multiply the Semi-diameter by the Semi-circumference, it giveth the
Content, the fame way I (hall do it with my Pen :

Example.

Firft, having the Diameter I muft find the Circumference; Extend
the CompafTes from 7 to 22. the fame will reach from 4 to 12* 58
(the Circumference ) then j of 12* 58. is 6 -,-'-?, the (Semi circumfe-
rence) which multiply by 2 the Semi diameter : Extend the Compafles

from

from J to 2, the fame Extent will reach from 6. 29 to 12* 58, as be-
fore, that is, twelve foot and a half and-, -Vo ' You here may fee how
eafily and readily the Golden Ride and Multiplication may be per-
formed by the Line of Numbers \ which I ufe the oftener, that you
might take the more notice of the Eafinefs of it to work any of the
Rules of Arithmetick by : Being once perfect in this, you will foon
undcrftand the Sector, with its excellent ufes in the Mathematicks,
performed by Lines and Compares ; but according to the lail Rule, fee
the fame Queftion wrote with the Pen, that you may fee the Agree-
ment that is between Geometry and Arithmetick.

Example. 144
To find the Circumference, as 7 to 22 fo 144 the Barly-corns
in four foot the Diameter to 452' 6. fe. the Circumference in Barly-
corns 45 2 6

■ 288 314

Half circumf. 226.3 288 31.6.80 (452/$

Half-diameter 72 > 7-7-77

3168

4526
15841

16293*6 the Bariy-corns in four foot Diameter fere.

To know how many foot this is, divide it by the Barly-corns in one

foot, which are ■ 1296

Barly-corns in I a foot 648 1. 74

Barly-corns in \ of a foot 324 3.9.-5.

4-3-3.I

1.6.2.9. 3. (12 foot 741 parts j
1.2.9.6.6.
1.2.9.
Which 741 Barly-corns is above half a foot, as was (hewed before •,
but in finding the Circumference I adde a Cypher to 4, which makes
it 40, from that I take 6 times 7, which is 42, and mould be but4o,
then becaufe I took too much, I neglect 6 when I divide it by the
Barly Corns in a Foot Square, fo that I do not fay it is exact, neither
doth the Fraction ,-JJJ bear the like proportion as— f°r ^ you ex-
tend your Com paffes from 100 to 5 8, that Extent will re^ch from 1296.
to 750; and if you will be more exact work it by Logarithmes, 'tis
1 2 foot 82 Inches.

- Y A

A Table from one Foot Diameter, to 8 foot [uf> er fie ial Content*

One foot Diam. is in Inches.
Two foot Di: is 3 foot 20 Inches.
Three foot Di : is 7 foot 10 Inches.
Four foot Di : is 12. foot 82 Inches.
Five foot Di : is 19 foot 93 Inches,'
Six foot Di : is 28 foot 41 Inches.
Seven foot Di: is 38 foot 72 Inches.
Eight footDi: is 50 foot 43 Inches.

Now knowing the Content of any of thefe Circles, you may the
better know how to let or take them to doe, and reduce them into
fquare Poles, or let them to doe by the Pole fquare, &c. for,

foor.
- One fuperficial Pole fquare is 272755 or \ 16'$

Half of a fquare Pole is 13&755S -

A Quarter of a fquare Pole is 68 ~^r0 * *

One Eight of a fquare Pole is 3+i"SS^9 l6S

272*25
For if you 'divide 272 ~ll by 8, you will have in the Quotient:
34i°ooooo»whichis one eighth part of a pole j to reduce the Inches in-
£0 feet, may be eafily done :

For 144 Inches is a fuperficial foot fquare.
72 half of a fquare foot.
36 Inches is \ of a fquare foot.
18 Inches is 4 of a fquare foot, &c. for 8 times 18 is 144.

Hovp to meafure your Borders, if you let them to doe by the Rood.

Any under-meafure is beft to meafure by the Decimal Chain, if
by the one Pole Chain, and divided into 100 Links : If it be the
Pour pole Chain divided into iod links, then every one of thefe Links
is fcu-r link of the oiher ; fo that every fquare Rod is ioqoo links fu-

p One

One link broad, ioooo in length, makes a Pole.
Two links broad, 5000 long, a Pole.
Two and a half broad, 4000 in length, a Pole.
Three links broad, 334, neer a Pole.

A Table of the reft in Links from one Linkjo (t hundred.

Bredth. \ Leng. J Bred. J Leng. j Bred.

I

IOOOO

26

585

5i

2

5 ©00

27

37i

52

3

334°

28

357

53

4

2500

29

344

54

5

2000

3o

333

55

6

1667

3i

323

5^

7

1429

32

312

57

8

1250

33

303

58

9

IIU

34

294

59

10

ICCO

35

285

60

11

909

3*

278

61

12

833

37

270

62

13

77°

38

263

63

14

7H

39

256

64

15

667

40

250

65

16

625

4i

244

66

tf\

588

42

237

67

18

556

43

232 j

68

*9

527

4.4

227

69

20

500

45

222

70

21

475

4^

217J

71

22

454

47

213 |

72

23

435

48

208!

73

24

417

49

204

74 1

25

400

50.

200!

75

Leng. I 5rf^. 1 Leng.

196
I92
188
185
182
178

175

172

170

167

164
l6l
158
156

154

I49

147

H5

H3
141

139
137

135

133

76
77
78

79

80

81
82

83
84

85
86

S7
88
89

90

152 _ 91

92

93
94

95

9*

97
98

99
100

32

30
28

27

25

24
22

21

l9
18

17
15

14

13
11

10

09

08

07

05
04

^5
02

01

00

This Table is fo eafie to underftand, that it needs no Example ; for
look but the Breadth, and againft it is the Number of Links that you

Y 2 mud

mu/t have in Lengsh to make a Pole fquare fuperficial. This Table
is of other excellent ufes, which is left to your Practice ; though it is
not exact, yet it is as- neer as can be in whole Links ; and the fractio-
nal parts are fofmall, they be not worth minding; but you may pro-
portion them if you pleafe. The laft Tables of Holes, and this for
Borders, I made to arfilt me to lettmy Lords Work at Cajluobitry.

Brick-work is meafured by the Pole of 16 ! feet long j and let the
Wall be 3, 4, 5,. or 6 Bricks thick, the thicknefs is al way es reduced

to a Brick and half thick : So that one

3 Brick and a half thick is in proportion

4 to 3, 2 Bricks thick to 4, &c.

5 The Rule is this, as 3 is to any Num-

6 ber againft: the Bricks or Bricks and
thick is in 7 half, (according as the Wall is thick,)
proporti- J 8 fo is the Length of Poles to the Con-
on to a 9 tent in Poles,
wall of one 10 Example.

v, Brick and<; n A Wall 7 Bricks and half thick and
half thick f 12 2 Pole long, is 10 Pole of Wall redu-
as three is 13 ced to a Brick and a half thick, the
to any of 14 number anfwering againft 7 Bricks and
thefe 15 -', is 15, then by the Rule of Three,

Numbers, 16 with your Pen or- Line and CompafTes,

17 work it thus: As 3 is to 1^, fo is 2

18 (the Length of the Wall in Roods or

19 Poles) to 10; fo that a Wall 7 Brick

20 and a half thick, and 2 Pole long, is
equal to 10 Pole of a Wall that is but
one Brick and half thick.

But if you meafure the Wall by a 10 foot Rod divided into 10 or
100 equal parts, you may foon find the fuperficial Content in feet, by
multiplying the Length by the Breadth, and fo turn them into fquare
Poles by the Table following.

Example.
272 Suppofea Wall 272 foot long, and 12 foot high, that
12 is 3264 fuperficial fquare feet; which if you divide by

■ 272 and \- ( the fuperficial feet in one Rod fquare) the

544 Quotient will be 1 1 and 269 T : I , that is, 1 1 Pole, 269
272 foot and -£, which wants but three foot of twelve Pole

■ or Rod : For if youtake 269* 25, from the fquare. feet

5264 in, a Pole, viz^ zjz' 25 , there will remain bus throe

foot.

1 Brick I

2 Bricks
2,& !

3 Bricks

3 & :

4 Bricks
4& I

5 Bricks
& 4
Bricks

& T

Bricks

8 Bricks

8 & i-

9 Bricks

9 & 4
jo Bricks

2692

06s)

foot, as you may fee it, and the Divifion here wrought
with the Pen.

Where note in Divifion, that if the Divifor or
the Dividend, or either of them hath a Decimal
Fraction belonging to it, adde two Cyphers to the
other, as you fee here is done ; and alfo in Divifion
of Fractions, fo many times as you can take whole
Numbers from whole Numbers, fo- many whole
Numbers have you in your Quotient ; but when your
whole Numbers come under your Fractions , what
comes then in the Quotient is Fractions ; an J you mUil
alwayes make a (top between the whole Number and
the Fractions, in all places; ani fo in Multiplication, fo many Fractions
as there are in the Multiplicand and Multip'icator, fo many Figures
mull you cut off from the Product.

And note, that if this 272 had been but 272 and ', then had there
been juft 12 Pole; for every foot high had then been one Tuperficial
Pole fquare. The ufe of this

Table is to turn Feet into a fu-
perncial Pole fquare : if your
fumme be 10000, then take the
Number anfwering your ten
Thoufands under X. M; if a
Thoufand under M, a Hundred
under C> and Tens uader X.

4

X. M.

p. q. f.
16.1.61

73.1.58
1 ic.o. 53

M.. \ C. I X.]

3.2.41J0.1.31
7.1.26.0.2.62

146.3.55

5J183.2.40
6220.1.35

1 1.0.05 r-°'2°

7J257.0.43
8,293. 3.41129.1

9330.2. 25'33.o.i5

3000

200

64

101
20[

30

40,

50
60.

I.C2;

I.I2|
1.22

An Example will make it
plain; having meafured your
fide of a wall, and found it to
be ( as in the laft Example^ )
3264 feet, look under M. and
againft 3. there is p. 1 1. o.f. 5 ;
then look under C, and againft. 2., there is
o. 2. 62 ; then under X. and againfr. 6 is 60 ;
and then the four odde foot fet down as you
fee here, makeneer 12 Pole, as before.

272* 25 is one Pole, fquare feet, fuperficial
Meafure, and 1 36* 125 is half a fquare Pole,
and 68' 062 '- is one quarter of a Pole fquare, but if your fumme
Be Ten or Tens of Thoufands, then you mull; take that from: under
X.M.

II.

0,

OS

0.

2

62

0.

0*

64

II.

3-

63

(166)

■As for Example Tn 36542 fquare feet, how many poles, quarters,
and feet are there ? You will find, if you take them out of the Table
as is before (hewed , and alfo

fumthemup, that there will be pole. qu. feet.

1 34 pole and 57 foot. So you For 30000 an. no. o. 53.
fee this Table will turn your feet For 6000 an. 22. o. 10.
into poles fquare, and the other For —5 00 an. 1.3.20.
will reduce them into one brick For the 40 an. 0.0.40.
and half thick, which is foon And for the 2 an. o. o. 02.
performed, and will be of Ex-
cellentufe. n. TH' °" S7- .

Thefe Tables will alfo aflift you well in Levelling of Ground, that Js,
if you let your Ground to be done by the pole fquare of t6 foot and a
i, which is called a Floor, vik. 272-25; but in fome places the Floor
is 18 foot fquare, and one foot deep, which is 324folid feet; and in
fome places Ground is Let to dig and to carry away by the yard folid,
that is, 27 folid foot ; for 3 times 3 is 9, and 3 times 9 »s 27, which is
near a Cart load of Earth ; fo that in a Floor of Earth of 1 6 foot and a
-\ fquare, and a foot deep ( according to this Rule ) there is about 10
Loads of Earth, as you fee it is 10 Loads-,:! and|
or folid yards. The Floor of 1 8 foot fquare, or ^(9

3 24 folid feet, is 12 folid yards, or 12 Loads of *i*'xf(io'G%

Earth. f '*1'f1t

Now all Banks that arc made, taking down of .**.*
Hills in Walks, or filling up of low places, or ma-
king Mounts, or Mount- walks, are mod: common- i
ly Let by the Rod fquare, to do ; and Reduced to ff
one foot deep. , £*#( r 2

The price for Removing Earth is according to xfif
the Ground, for fome Ground is much worfe to .*
dig than others : but that you may not be altoge-
ther unfatisfied, 1 have obferved it thus:

The worft fort of Earth or Gravel (fo it be not a Rock of ftone;
mav be removed, where Men work for 12 d. the day, at thefe prices,
the' Workmen finding thcmfclvcs Barrows or Carts, and all fort of
Working tools.

For every Rod fquare at 16 foot \ the pole, and one toot deep, to
carry it from one Rod to to Rod, and to lay the Earth they carry, le-
vel : 2 s. for one pole or floor from 10 pole to 20, 2 s. 6 d. from 20
pole to 30, ? s. from 30 pole to 50, to carry it in Carts, $3.6 d: from
5opole"to70,4J, tff. Bu£

But if it be Loom, Brick, Earth, or Clay that will dig well, that
they can fpeet with a Spade, and fill without the ufe of Pit- axe or Mat-
tock, then one fourth part may be abated, &c. This Rule u fufficient
confidering but this, that neer London where Men have more wages
than \zd. the day, there they will look for more a Floor \ and where
men work for lefs, it may be proportioned accordingly. Thus may
you compute the Charge of making Mounts, taking down Hills, making
of Ponds, &c.

But to affift you yet further,obferve thefe few plain Rulcs,though they
may not alwayes be exacl: : having found the mean Length and Breadth
of your Ground, or Length of vour Bafeand Perpendicular, & youdefire
to go but a quarter of a Rod in length or breadth, which will content many
in ordinary ufes ; as if a man hath digged a piece of Ground by the Pole
fquare,thatis 10 Pole and a half broad, and 21 Pole and a half long, you
may count up this, or any the like Numbers thus, ten times 2 1 is 2 10,
then ten halfs is 5 whole ones, and 2 1 halfs is 10 whole ones
and a half ^ and a half of a half is a quarter, which you may len. 21.5
keep in your Memory, or bred. 10.5

Ten times 21 is 210

10 halfs is 005 ' ]07S

21 halfs is oio ' 2150

And a half of a half is co

fet them down : fo you fee
here they make both by the
Decimal way, and this, 225
Pole and 3 Quarters.

22575

See here an Example or two more, firft demonftrated by Decimals, •
fend then wrought the ordinary way.

Whether is 2 Rod and 4 fquan^er 2 Rod and a \ one VfC.y, 'and-
2 Rod and \ another way, more t

Example 1 the work in Decimals, 2* 50

250

12500
500

6. 2500 : 6 Rod and *.

Forif you work by a Decimal Chain, that is, a Rod Divided into
a 100 Links or parts, Multiply that in its felf, it makes 10000; the
half of that is 5000, which is half a Rod ; a Quarter of a Rod, is
2500 ; and one eight part of a Rod or half a Quarter, is 1250 ; one

fixteenth

fixteehth part Is 625 fquare Links ; and three Quarters 7500 ; fo that
two Rod and a half is fix Rod and a quarter of Ground.

Ex amp. 2 Rod and 3 quarters 2*75
And 2 Rod and a quarter Z'2$

*37S
550
550

6*1875 which is 6 Rod &

t S 7 ,

1'» 6 '3 '<

So that it appears by this, that two Rod and a half fquare is more
than 2 Rod and \ one way, and 2 Rod and a \ another way,by one fif-
teenth part of a Rod; for if you add 1875, and 625 (the fifteenth
part of a Rod) together, they will make 2500.

But if you work by the four-pole Chain, one Link of it
is four of this. 1 875

625

The Demon fir ation of the free 'ceding Examples. ,_

2500
(5^1^.44,45.)
Seethefetwo fquares counted up the ordinary way; and firft, two
Pole and a half by two pole and a half is 6 pole and a
quarter; for mind this, if the Number of poles be 2 times 2 is 4.
even Numbers, with half a pole to each of thefe 2 halfs is 1.
Numbers, that is both to length and breadth, fo that and 2 halfs is t
fuch a Figure comes always off with a Quarter. & half of a half-

But if one of the Numbers be odd poles, and the

other even, with both Iengthand breadth ending in half 6 pole ~

a pole, as in the firit Example, then always fuch a Figure ends in i'of
a pole, as that doth.

But if a Figure be two pole and ; one way, and two pole and *-
the other, as the laft was, it ends always in fuch a Decimal as this, 1 875,
that is half a quarter, and half half a quarter, that is | and rJ parts
of a pole fquare.

This way mayyoucaftup the Content of a Ground very fpeedily,
, and Exa<ft, if the middle Length and middle Breadth fall out in ', !,
or i- of a Pole; and this way you may fumme up a Field before you
do it decimally : And then one will be good proof to the other, which
with little Pradice will make you fo perfect, that in fmall Fields you
will readily tell the Content without Pen or Rule, only by Memory.

Thefc

Thefe Rules may alfo be done by two turns of your Compares on
the Line of Numbers j and there is no way fo ready, if once you come
but to underftand that moft ufefull Line well.

For, as the diftance of one of the Numbers to be multiplyed, is from
one at the End of your Line, the fame diftance is the product from the
other Number.

Example of the Second Figure.

As One is to Two and a half, the fame Extent of your CompaiTes
will reach from 2 and a half to 6 \ the Product.

A Table of Board- Meafure, by having the breadth of the Board in
Inches, againft which is ftetved the Quantity of one foot thereof in

Length.

The ufe of this Table :

Having taken the Breadth of
theBoard-in Inches, fee what
Number anfwereth it in this
Table , and what Number
you find againft the Breadth
in Inches, multiply by the
Length of the Board or Glafs,
and cut off the three laft Fi-
gures to the Right hand:
thereby you fhall have the
Number in feet, and the parts
cut off are parts of a foot.

Example :

A Board ten Inches broad,
and ten foot long -7 againft 10
you fee is 0*833,
which multiplyed C833
by 10, gives83 30j 10

then taking off 3 —

Figures, there re- 8.330
mains 8, that is 8 foot and -M : But if you would meafure this Board
by the Line of Numbers, then fet one point of your Compafles on r2,
extend the other to the breadth in Inches, the fame Extent will reach

2 from

1

0*085

'

fipts.

I

l9

1*583

2

0-167

20

1*667

3

0*250

21

1750

4

0-333

t
<•>

22

1-833

5

0.417

23

1-917

^

A

6

0*500

24

2-QOO

7

0*583

,25

2-083

8

0-667

-•3

*-

26

2-167

<3

9
10

0.750
0*833

27
28

2-250

2*333

£
^

^

11

0*9171-

29

2-417

^

1 ^

12
13

I'OOOj ^

1-083 j:§

30
•31

2-500
2-583

1 "-^
PQ

14

1*167 *

/ 1 Co

32

2*667/

<5-<

15

1*250

33

2-750

e

16

1-333

34!

2*833

17 1-417

35j

2*917

1

18I

1*500

j

36I

3-000

from the length in feet;to the Content. For as 1 2 (the fide of a fuperficial
foot fquare) is to the' breadth in Inches, which here is 10 ; fo is the
length in feet (which in this Example is 10,) to the Content in feet and
parts, which is 8 foot -Al • Note this for a general Rule, that if
the Breadth be lefs than 12 Inches, then mull you turn the Compares
to the left hand on your Rule; and if more than 12, then turn your
GompafTes from the Length in feet to the Right hand.

Learn but to read your Line well, and this Rule, then may you
meafure any Board or Pain of Glafs as eafily as to tell ten, &c.

CHAP. XLII.

Of meafuring Timber and other folid Bodies^ with fever al Ta-
bles ufefull thereunto , 6k c.

JN Board, Glafs, Land, &c. we onely took notice of the Length and
Breadth, which was fufficient to find the fuperficial Content ; but
to meafure folid Bodies we muft take notice of the Length, Breadth
and Depth. Moft of folid Figures are meafured by finding firft the
fuperficial Content of the Bafe, or one End, and multiplying that by
the Length, if both Ends alike ; but if tapering, then by j of the
Length; and as fuperficial Meafure hath 144 fquare Inches in one foot,
and 72 fquare Inches in half afoot, and 36 fquare Inches in a Quar»
£er: So

In folid Meafure 1728 fquare Inches make one foot,
And 8. 64 fquare Inches make half a foot,
And 432 fquare Inches make a quarter of a foot.
For every Inch fquare is like a Die, and fo is a foot of folid Meafure
fuppofed to be ; for what it wants either in Breadth or in Thicknefs,
it muft have in Length ; fo that in what form foever your folid Body
is, that you meafure, there muft be 1728 folid Inches to make afoot;
for 12 (the fide of a foot) multiplyed by 12 gives 144 for one fide;
and 144 multiplyed by 12 ( another fide) gives 1728, the Cube-fquare
Inches in a Cube-fquare foot.

Now to find the folid Content of any piece of Timber or Stone that
hah the fides equal, firft find the fuperficial Content of the End, in ■

Inches

Ci70
Inches and parts; and multiply that by the Length in Inches, the Pro-
dud is the Content in folid Inches : Then divide thatfumme by 1728
(the Inches in a foot,) the Quotient fheweth you the Content in folid
feet, and what remain are Inches. If you would work this by the
Line of Numbers, the Rule is thus :

Extend the Compares from one to the Breadth in Inches ;

The fame Extent will reach from the Depth to the Content of the
End:

Then extend the CompafTes from one to this Content of the End ;

Keep your CompafTes fixed, and that Extent will reach from the
Length to the Content in folid Inches.

But if your folid Figure hath both Ends alike, and in form of a Re-
gular Polgone ; that is, a piece of Timber hewed into 5,6,7 or 8
equal fides, &c. which is called by fome A prifme : then take the Semi-
circumference, and multiply that by the Radim or Semi- diameter that
producl by the Length giveth the Content.

But if your folid Figure be a Cylinder, that is, a round piece
of Timber or Stone; having both Ends equal Diameter, as a Rol-
ler, &c. here take the Semi-circumference, multiply it by the Semi-
diameter, and the Area of that by the Length giveth the folid Con-
tent.

Now many of the Bodies of our Timber-trees will be near this form
of a Cylinder, but Cuftom hath got fuch footing (though veryfalfe )
that men will not meafure their Timber the true way, but will fti'll
keep their Error, which is, to gird the middle of the Tree about with
a Line, and take the fourth part thereof for the true fquare, and fo
meafure it as a four-fquare piece of Timber 5 but how falfe that is. may
appear by the enfuing Tables. Whoever is pleafed to trye, will' find,
that there may be four Slabs taken off, to bring that to a Square, and
that fquared piece then will be near equal to the Meafure they firjt
meafured the piece of Timber by ; fo that when they have brought
their piece fquare by hewing or fawing, they then have the Meafure
that it was meafured for when it was P^ound.

But feveral men have demonftrated this falfe Rule to be falfe near ',
as Mr. Wing, Mr. Philips, and others ; Yet Cuftom doth and will keep
its Road. *

I have already (hewed how to meafure Timber by the Ortomarv
way, by the Line of Numbers, in Chap. 35, and, 36. before-go-
ing, and for further fatisfaclion I refcrre you to thefe Tables fol-
lowing.

2 2 yf

A Table ft ewing the f olid Content of one foot Length, of any piece of
Timber according to the Juperficial Content taken at the End there-

~*3

U4-.
-S3

•3

i

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9
io

20

3°

4°

5o
60

70
80

9°
100

f. f?f j. ! In-End \ f. pts_.

1-389
2*083
2-778
3*472
4-167

.4-8.51

5*55*

6-250

6-944
13-888
20-833
27-778
34-722
41-666
48-711

55'555

62* 500

69-444
138-888

0*007
0.014
0-021
0-028
0-035
0*042
0*049
0*056
0-062
0*069
0-139

Q*2o8

0*278
0*347

0-4I7
0*486
0*556
0*625

0*694

200

300

4OO

5OO

60O

700

80O

9OO

IOOO

2000

3000

4000

5000

6O00

7000

80OO

9000

I OOOO

2O00O

1.389

5

Finding the fupsr-
ficial Gontent at the
End of your Timber-
flick or Stone, &e.
let it be Round or
Square, fo it hath but
the fame Compafs
from one end to the
other , againft. that
Number is the feet
and parts of one foot
Length; and by mul-
tiplying, that by the
Length of your Stick,
fheweth the Content
in fquare feet.

Example:

The fuperficial Con-
tent at the End being
200 Inches and 5 foot
long, againft 200 is
1 foot 389 parts,
which multiplyed by 5 (the Length,) yieideth 6 foot and
945 parts, that is near 7 foot of Timber : But if the Num-
ber that is at the End be not in the Table, then adde two
Numbers together, and then take the Number which an-
fwereth them, and adde them together, and multiply the

6*945

Length by thatfumme, as before, &c.

A

('73 )

A Table fiewing the true Quantity of one foot length, in any true
fquared piece of Timber? for Inches and half Inches? from half an
Inch fyitare to 36 Inches fqaare.

I.

fo.pt s

1.

fo.pts

I.

fo.ptsi

/. fo.pt s I.

fo. pts

/.

fo.pts.

0'002

0*203

1*085

2*377'

4*1-5-5

5*460

I

0*007

7

0*340

13

1*174

19

2*507

25

4*340

3*

5*573

o'oi5

0*390

1266

2*541

4'5i3

5*890

2

0*028

8

0*444

*4

1*361

20

2-778

26

4*694

32 7*111

0*043

0*502

I*4^c

2*918

4-877

7*333

3

0*C62

9 ! 0*562

15

1562

21

V062

27

5*063

3? 7'5M

0x85

0*627

f668

?*2IO

.

i\$o

j 7 *7 8 ^

-1

0*1 II

IC

0 694

16

1-778

22

I' $6 1

28

5445

34 8028

0*140

o*7«55

1891

V$i6

5*670

,8263

5

0*174

II

0*840

l7

2*007

2?

3*673

29

5'84o

35 8*507!

0*2Io|

0*919-

2*127

3-835 ! 15*043

1 \8l$ol
1 ^6(9*000

5 0*250/

12

1 *ooo I

18 '2*250

24 1 4'fooo1 301 6-250

If you would enlarge this Table further, the Rule is this *,
As the fquare of 12 Inches (which is 144,) is to 1000,
So is the fquare of another Number to another.

Example.
As in 36} the Square of it is 1296 *, then as 1441*3 to 1000,
So is 1296 to 9 foot, &c. as is in the Table.

The Vfe of the Table. 3 <•>

The Square of a piece of Timber being found in Inches, 216

and the Length thereof in Feet, to know the Content, take 108

the Number anfwering to the Square of Inches, out of the

Table, and multiply it by the Length in feet. 1 29S

Example.
A piece of Timber 18 Inches fquare, and 25 foot long;

the Number anfwering to 18 Inches fquare, is , J* 2.250

Which multiplyed by 25 (the Length ) 25 •

Which is 56 foot and one quarter. 11250

4500

A piece 18 Inches fquare at the End, and one foot long,

is 2 foot and 4. 56'25°

A*

( 174)

A Table fhewing by the Compafs of RcundTimbcYy what is contained
in a Foot length thereof.

tCo.

fo.pa.

Co-

/«./»«.

Co

fo.pa. Co

fo.pa.

Co fo.pa.

,o

0*055

28

0-433

4<5

1*169 64

2*264

82*3-715

II

0*066

29

0*465

47

1*220 65

2-335

83 3-807

12

0*079

30

0-497

48

1-273

66

2*406

84 3-866

n

0*093

31

0-531

49

1327

67

2*480

85

3*990

! M

0*108

32

o's^d

50

1 381

63

2'555

86

4-084

15

C124

33

0*602

5i

i'437

69

2*631

87

4-183

\i6

0*141

34

0-639

52

1*496

70

2-707

88

4*279

17

1

0-159

35

0*677

53

1-552

71

2*785

89

4'377

18

0-179

3$

0*716

54

1-612

72

2-864

90

4*475

19 O*200

37

0*756

55

1*671

73

2-945

9i

4*576

20

0'22l

38

0*798

5^

1-732

74

3-026

92

4-677

21

0*243

39

0*840

57

1-795

.75

3*io8

93

4*780

22

0*267

40

0-884

58

I '86c'

76

3-191

94

4'832

23 'o'292

41

0*929

59

1923

77

3*276

95

4*987

[ 24 jc'3i8

42

9"974

60

1-988

78

3-362

96

5-093

'25 0*343
J26|o*374

43

1*021

6]

2*056

79

3*449

97

5*200

44

I'070

62

1 2*124

80

3*537

98

5-307

0*403

45

1*119

63

J 2*193

8i'

3-625

99

15-410

The Vfe of this Table is m followeth:

Look for the Compafs of the Tree in Inches, and in the Column
annexed you have the Quantity of Timber in one Foot length • which
multiply by the Number of feet that the Tree is in Length, and the
Product is the Content thereof.

1*220
12

2440

1220

1.4' 640

Example.

The Circumference or Compafs of a Tree 47 Inches, and
12 foot long; the Number againft 47 Inches is, 1*220:
So there is fo much in one foot Length,
Which multiplycdby 12 gives the Content,
That is, 14 foot and above half a foot.

This

075)

This Table Jhervs how many Inches in Length make one Foot of Tim-
ber-, according to the Compafs of the piece of Timber^ from 10 Inches
Contpap, to ioo Inches Compafs,

Co. In. pts

Co.

' 2h. />rr .

Co.

Ia.pts,

\Co.

io

217-1$

28

27*697

46

10-262

64

H

179-46

29

25*820

47

9*830

65

12

150*80

30

24-127

48

9*425

66

*3

128*49

31

22*596

49

9*o44 i

61

*4

110*79

32

21*206

£

8*686

68

15

94*312

33

19-936

51 8*349

~69

i6

84*822

34

18784

52 8*030

70

»7

T>ln

35

17736

53 7-730

71

18

67 '020

36

16755

54 7*447

72

19

60*151

11 J

15*862

55 7^78

73

20

$4'286

38

15-038

56

6*924

74

21

49*228

39

14-276

57

6*084

75

22

44-865

40

13-572

58

6*455

76

23

4°'9-4

4i

12*916

59

6*238

— — — - !

77

24

97*690

42

12-310

63

6*030

78

25

34743

43

11744

61

5*836

79

26

32*122

44

11*211

62

5*649

80

27

\ 29-787

45/

IO*723

*3

5'47l!

81

In.pt s

5-301
5*140

4*985
4*837

4-696

4*561 1

4*4 3 2'!
4'3^8
4*198 ]
4*075

Co.

82

83
84

85
86

87

3-965 j 92
3'86i 93
3'76o 94
2/663 95

3*569

3*479

3:393
3*310 I

96

97
98
99

ICO

In. pts
3*230
3-152

3-078
S*co6
2*936

2-869
2*804
2742
2*68 1
2*622

2-566
2*511

2*458

2*406

2*356
2*307
2-261
2-216
U-l7I

The Vfe of this Table.

Having taken the Circumference of the Tree in Inches, look that
Compafs in the Table, and againft it you may fee how many Inches
or parts of an Inch make one Foot of Timber *, then with a Ruler or-
a pair of CompafTes (which are better,) meafure how many times you
can find that in the Length of the piece of Timber, and fo many Foot
js in that piece of Timber : This is a mofl ufefull Table to meafure your
Timber- trees by.

Example.

The Compafs of a Tree being 84 Inches about, then three Inches
and-?7* make one Foot*, take with your CompafTes three Inches
078 from off a Scale, and fo many times as there is that Length in your
T"€e, fomany foot of Timber arc there, &c,

It

If any Tree be above ioo Inches Circumference, then take half that
Circumference, and find the Number belonging thereto in the Table,
then take one fourth part of it, and that makes one foot of Timber :
Suppofe a Tree to be 146 Inchesabour, the half of it is 73, againft
this in the Table is 4 Inches 075 parts ; one quarter thereof, (.w.
one Inch 019 parts) makes one foot of Timber at that Circumfe-
rence. •

Thefc Tables, with what hath been before faid, will befufBcient to
mcafure any Cylinder by, and how to mieafure a Cone I have mewed
already. A Cone is fucha Figure as the Spire of a Church, having a
Circular Bafe, and ending in a fharp point. It is meafured by the fu-
perficial Content of the Bafe, multiplyedby one third part of the Al-
titude or Length. A Pyramid, or Pyramis, is fuch a Figure as hath
an angular Bafe, and ends in a (harp point, which is meafured as the
Cone is. A Sphear or Globe, is a folid Figure, every where equally
diftant from the Centre ; it is meafured by cubing the Diameter, and
multiplying that by 1 1, and dividing that product by 2 1, the Quotient
fheweth the folid Content of the Sphere.

There be feveral other forts of folid Figures, as feveral parts of the
Sphcir, but they all depend on the proportion of a Circle, and its Dia-
meter.

Alfo the Hcxaedron, which hath 6 Bafes:, Ottaedron 8 Bafes ; Do-
decaedron 1-2 Bafes ; and feveral other ; which to name I fhall for-
bear.'

CHAP. XLIIL

Of the Ova!, "how to tfftkg it, and how to meafurc it., mth
other Gbfcr vat ions thereon..

H

Aving the Length and Breadth of the Oval given you, you may
» take the whole Length and half the Breadth, as is (hewed .before
in bringing three Pricks into a Circle, and from the Centre of thefc
three poynts draw half the Oval, and fo likewife the other half, as you
fee the Oval in the Figure drawn •, for the poynt F. is the Centre of the
Arch ABC, and the Arch A G C is made by the fame Rule, and

where

(177)
where the Line F H. crofTeth the Line A E C, as at K, there is tbe
Centre of the breadth B G, and the End A, from the Centre A" may
you make the Ends of your Oval Round as you pleafe; fo that from
four Centres you may make the Ends of your Oval round as you
pleafe ; but if they be made from two Centres," as that is, then will
the Ends be more Acute.

Or you may make your Oval thus : Having refolved on the breadth,
draw the fides from Centres in the Mid-line of the breadth, as before ;
then fet up two fticks exactly in the Mid-line of the Length, at equal
diftance from each End, then hold the Line at one, and turn the Line
to the fide of the Oval, and then on the other fide the ftick, with the
fame length, fomay youmake the Ends of your Oval as Round as you
pleafe ; for the nearer you place thefe fticks in the Centre of the length
and breadth of the Oval, the nearer Round your Oval is made, even
till you come to a Circle : This way your Ingenious Work- men make
their Ovals in fmall works, as your Plaifterers, Joyners, &c. and it
is a good way, and fo common that I need not fay more to teach how
to make an Oval of any bignefs ; but here 1 fhall take occafion to mew
the Figure of one at C/jhiohtry now made.

(See Fig. 46.)

To meafure this Oval, which is 28 Rod long, and 19 Rod broad,
as 'tis now ftaked out at Caflriobury, intended for a Kitchen-Garden :
This Oval being made of 2 Segments of a Circle whofe Semi-diameter
is 15 Rod, as tis found by making the Ovalj it being the Centre-
poynt of each Arch-line of this Oval, as the lines FA. F B. and
FC.

Now, to find the length of one of thefe Arch-lines, is mewed be-
fore ; which I find to be 18 Rod. the half length of one,which is fhew-
ed by the line D D. fo the whole length of one Arch is 36, and both
Arches round the Oval is 72. Rod.

Now, take the I of one of the Arch lines, which is 1 8, and the Se-
mi-diameter of that Arch, which is 1 5 Rod ; Multiply the one by the
other, and it is 270 Rod, which is the Figure A. B. C. F.
that is half of the Oval ; and the Triangle°A.P. C which 18
muft be fubftracl:ed out of the 270, then the Gemi-Oval 1 5
will be 192 Rod. ~ ■

For the Bafe A. C. is 28 Rod, which is the length of 90
the Oval ; and the Perpendicular of the Angle, which is ] 8
EF. is 5.57. ' — -"

Now, half the Bafe (which is 14) Multiplied by "/0

A a trie

the whole Perpendicular 5 T ! J gives 77 -r,9?} which is 78 Rod ferex

this taken from 270 ( the Area of the Figure A. B. C. F. ) there then

remains 1 92 Rod, which is half

~-*y of the Oval \ that doubled is 2^0

j^ 384 Rod, which being Divided yg

by 160, (he weth that the Con-

2228 tent of this Oval will be 2 Acres 192

557 and 64 Rod. 192

But if your Oval be round at

779% the end, as your Ovals are that 38+

be made with 4 Centres, then
they be more difficult to be Meafured 5 however 16 (64

thefe Rules are fuflkient. 3'8*4(,2

An Oval is no ill Figure for a Garden.; for if the r<5o
Garden-wall be an Oval, and the lengch of the Oval
point North and South, as the afore- mentioned Oval doth ( A. being
the South point, C. theNcrth) then may fuch a Wall be Planted with
Trees, both in-fide and out-fide, and have never a Tree ftand to the
North Afpetft ; for if you make your going in at the Couth end of your
Oval, then will thofe 2 Trees or Tree that ftood on the in-fide, or were
to ftand there, be removed from the North afpecl: to the North-Kafir,
and North- Weft, according to the largenefs of your Gate} fo will
every 2 Trees on the in-fide of your Wall tend nearer the South-point,
till they come to the point C. which is South; and then the Trees on
the out-fide, every 2 Trees will fall nearer the North-point at C. till
•you leave that point of the Oval between 2 Trees, fo will not one Tree
ftand to the North afped:, and but few near the North afpec! ', the like
whereof no other Figure can do, that I can think of.

An Oval with the ends pointing Eaft and Weft is no ill Figure for a
Garden ; for the walls in this, as in the other, are not fo fubject to
oppofe the winds as ftraight wails be, therefore notfoblafting,asyou
may well conceive.

2. Ovals on each fide the Front of your Houfe , would be no ill
Profpccl, but in many things very cor.venient ; thefe being at equal
diftance from the middle of your Froat , and poynting upon your
Lawn, &c.

CHAP.

079)

CHAP. XLIV.

Suppofe you have a Flat to draw on one or many sheets of
Paper, and you would draw it as large as the Taper will
bear 3 to know what Scale you fiall draw it by.

IF it be a meet of Dutch Paper, about 21 Inches long, and the
length of the Draft you would draw is 402 foot long, and you
would draw it as large as you can on this fheet, that your work may
(hew it felf the better, and yet not to go off of the Paper ; now to
know of what Scale of fo many parts in one Inch to draw your Draft
by, do thus : Divide the Length of your Draft by the length of your
Paper, and the Quotient (hews how many parts that Inch mufl be di-
vided into, to draw this Draft by ; as,

Example.
402 divided by 2 1, gives in the Quotient 19 and 3 over; fo then,
you may draw this Draft on this Paper, which is 2 1 Inches, by a Scale
of one Inch divided into 19 parts.
** (3

#j*.* (19. The Inch into 19 parts
x/i & vr over.

But if it be a meet of ordinary, Paper, of 16 Inches long, and you
would draw the fame Draft on it., though in a lefs Form, then di-
vide 402 by 16.

1 (2

*tx (25 : The Inch into 25 parts will fuit
*■*# beft with this Paper.

1
So that for a fheet of 16 Inches long, a Scale of one Inch divided into
25 parts, will ferve to draw your Draft by on fuch a Paper.

But if it be required to draw the Draft of a Garden, or the like,
on a quarter of a fheet of Paper, then obferve the enfuing Directions.

A a 2 As

Ci8q)
1 As fuppofe I were to draw the Draft which is now the Garden at
Cajhiobury, the Length of the Garden is 402 foot, and this quarter of
a fn:et of Paper is 7 Inches long; 1 divide 402 by 7, and the Quotient
is 57 and almoil a half, viz. 57 and I :

5 (l

77
V,\zt finding this Scale to befo fmall, andalf-> a Number (via. 57.)
whereof J cannot take the half; I likewife finding that mv Pap.r will
hear 7 Inches and a half in length, I divide 402 the length of the
Garden by 7 and ';, the length of this Paper, and find trie Quotient
to be 53 and a half, and better.

.4

*& (45

fit

#t?r ft* (53: Tis 53 and il wrought

f'ffSft Decimally.

it
This Scale being yet fo fmall, I take the half of 54, which is 17, re-

membring that every one of thefe 27 parts in the Inch, is two foot

on my Paper.

( See Fig. 47. )

The pricked Lines (hew. the top of every Slope.

The two Mounts A A. are to be fet with Trees, fo are the tops
of all the Slopes where the pricked Lines be, but being not yet feta
I (hall not (hew them.

The Walks marked with O. are to be Gravel.

The Circle B. is intended for a Fountain.

The Letter C. (heweth where the Orange houfe is.

The Letters gg. (hew one Front of the Dwelling-houfe.

The reft Grafs.

This is only as it is intended to be, &c.

CHAP.

(ISO

CHAP. XLV.

To fin-l what Sc>iU a ?! is drawn fy9 the Cwfcnt

of the Ground ben

(^Uppofe a piece of Ground or FieldtO be to Acres, and I meafjbre
i3 this Plot by a Scale of jo in the Inch, and by rhit*Scale it nuk-:s
but 17 Acres and 3 Roods, or 17 .Aces and » ; now the Quezon is,
What Scale was it drawn by ? The work is fofftewrrat difBcult by na-
tural Arkhmetick, but by Artificial, and the Line of Numbers more
eafie.

Example, by that excellent Tdble the Table of Logorithmes.

Firft find out the mean proportional Number between the true quan-
tity of Acres (viz. 30. ) and the Quantity of Acres found by the fup-
pofed Scale (W£. t 7 L ) which you may do thus : Adde the Logarithmes
of thefe two Numbers together, the half of that fumme is the Log. of
the mean Proportional required ; as thus :

The Log. of :o is 1*47712
The Log. of 17 }+ is r 24919

The 2 fummes added together 2' 7263 1

The half of the Log : 1*36315

The Number anfwering to

this Logarithme is 23*-°!:

This Number is the mean proportional Number of 30 and 17 \ 1

Having thus found the mean proportional Number to be 23-08, the
Rule in the Second place is thus :

As the Log. of this 17 Acres 1, found by the fuppofed Scale, is to
theLog.of the mean Proportional (23-08) of the true Quantity of Acres,
and the fuppofed Quantity, fo is 10 (the fuppofed Scale) to the true

Scale; as thus: _.

' The

(i8o)

The Logarithme of 17 »• is 1*24919
The Log. of 23" v°?- is r 36315
The Log. of 10 is I'oooco

i" 11396

The Number anfwering this Logarithme is 13 ; which tells me thar
the true Scale that this Plat was drawn by, is a Scale of one Inch put
or divided into 1 3 parts.

The way to work the Golden Rule, or Rule of Three by Log. is,
to acfde the Log. of the third Number andfecond Number together,
and to fubHra<ft the Log. of the firft Number, and then the Number
anfwering the Log. that remains after Subftraclion, is the fourth Num-
ber.

But here I have made no Addition, but fubftracTed the firft. Number
ont of the fecond and third, which is all one in Operation.

How to work the fame Quefiion on the Lint of Number s.

Having found the Poyntonyour Line, which is 30, and the Poynt
rcprefenting 17 *, find out the poynt which isthemidfl between thefe
two; and that very poynt is the Mean Proportional between thefe
two Numbers; which nereis 2 3 and better; for if you fet one poynt
of your Compares on 23 -x 0° o% that Extent from thence to 30 will alfo
reach from that to 17 \.

Then fas before is fhewed) fay, as 17 \ : is to* 23 tv'j

So is 10 to 13 (the true Scale fought:)

Therefore extend your CompafTes from 17*75 : to 23 tvJj that
Extent will reach from 10 to 13.

Thus you may fee how readily this Queftion is wrought by Log.
without Multiplication orDivifion, and alfo by the Line of Numbers,
with two turns of your CompafTes.

Example Second.

If a piece of Ground, or the fide of a Houfe be too Acres, Rods,
or the like, and you meafure it by a Scale of 12, and find it to be but
56 -f ; *, if you would know what Scale, in proportion to this, the
Draft or Plot was drawn by, then work by the aforefaid Rules

tius :

Find the Vcan proportional Number of 100 and 56^22 thus, by ta-
king the half of them 2 Log. and the Number anlwering that, is the

Mean proportional Number, as thus :

Loga-

. C|80

Logarithme of 10©. is 2* ooooo

Log. of 56* 22* is r 74989

74 ,A? the mean Proportional r 87494
Log. of 1 a is 1*07918

Added x 95412

The Number anfwering this Leg. r 2042 3

Now the neareft in whole Numbers is 16, whfch is the Scale by
which the Draft or Plot was drawn.

This alfoyou may work by GuntersLine, as is before fhewed ; for
if you take the middle poynt between ico and 56*22, you will find
it to be neer 75 \ for if youfet one poynt on or near 75, and extend
the other to 100, that Extent will reach from 75 alfo to 56*22 • fo
that 75 is the mean Proportional Number between them two.

Then if you extend your CompafTes from $6'zz, to 75, that Ex-
tent will reach from 12 ( the fuppofed Scale) to 16, the true Scale :
thus having (hewed you feveral hints of this Line of Numbers, I will
here fhew a few more.

CHAP. XLVI.

The nefcription of the Line of Number 7, or Gnnters Line.

THis Line commonly on your two foot Rule is in two parts, and
each of thefe two parts divided into 9 unequal parts, which be
called Primes, or Integers, or whole Numbers, and are diftinguifhed
by thefe Figures ; the firft part to the left hand hath 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
8,9, and 10: Now this Middle one, which I call 10, is alfo but one^
as the line maybe read : and then the fecond part to the Right hand
is alfo 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6,7,8, 9, 10 : Now this I a ft part I (hat] fordi-
ftinclion call the Second Part, and then each of thofe Integers from
the firft one to the middle, is fubdivided into 10 unequal parts, and
from the middle one to 10 at the end of the Second part, between eve-

ty two Figures, according to the fame order that the other were di-
vided into 10 parts j and eachofthefe 10 parts fhould be divided into
10 parts more, if the Rule were long enough to bear them :, but on
every two-foot Rule that hath this line well made on it, they be from
the Middle one, to two in the Second part, firit divided into 10 parts,
and then each of thefe into to other parts; and were the Rule long
enough: thefe mould be divided into 10 other parts ; but to read a
fumme of a Thoufand, you mull: eflimate or ghefs at the Unite, fo that
you may read any fumme under a thoufand, exprcficly, from the firft
one to 10; in the Second Part you may read 199 exprefTely, the middle
one being ico, then 9 tenths is 90, and 9 tenths of tl em tenths is 9,
that is, 199; which is the Divifion next to 2 inthefecond part of your

By this you may obferve, that the longer your Rule is, the more
exatlly you may number or read a great fumme, efpccially if you
underftand Arithmetick j as may be feen more fully in t'he Rules of
Arithmetick following.

CHAP. XLVII.

Numeration on the Line% or to read a fumme on the Line of

Numbers.

Ou mayobferve, that the Figures on this line, as in the preceding
L Chapter, are, 1,2,3 4,5,6,7,8,9? and 1, 2, 3,45, 6, 7, 8, 9>
io- Now the fame poynt or Divifion on the Rule, which hath 1,2,
■3,4, $,&c. may bcread'io, 20, 30,4o>50;- £. or they may be called
100,200,300,400,500: t

Bv this you mav pcrecive, that the larger Numbers you have to
number, any of thofe Figures will admit of a larger Denomination; fo
that if you be to read any fumme from one to 10, you have it in the
Second part, for then the rTrft one is one tenth, the middle one is one,
the End one is 10 ; but if you be to read a Number of three Figures,
(as any -is under iocoJ then trie Erft one is io? the middle one ico,
She End one icoo.

Example.

.(i85)

Example.

To find 144, T take the middle one for the 100, then 4 of the great
Divifions forward for 40, then 4 Divifions ('forward ftillto the Right
hand) for 4, and that poynt is 144, which may alfo be called fourteen
and ,4, , or 1450, or 14500; then muft the middle one be ioooo,and
4 tenths forward, 4000 ; and 5 tenths forward, 500 ; this poynt wants
but five ftnall Divifions of the long poynt, which is 1 5, or 1 50, or
1 500; or may be 1 5000, according as your fumme is in greatnefs.

Example.

To find the poynt T2 ; firft I read the middle one 10, then 2 tenths
forward for 2, that is the poynt 12, where (in many Rules) there is
a Brafs Pin, becaufe it is a Poynt muchufed, as you will find hereaf-
ter ; now this poynt 12, is alfo 120, or 1200 -0 for the firft one being
one, then the middle one is 10, and two tenths forward is the poynt
12, &c. but if you read this poynt 120, then the firft one is 10, the
middle one 100, and two tenths forward 20, which is 120; and if it
be read 1200, then the middle one is 1000, and two tenths forward
2oo, which is 1200, &c.

Example.

To find the Number 1728, being the Cube- Inches in a foot of Tim-
ber ; the middle one is 1000, then 7 tenths forward is 700, and two
tenths of them forward is 20 : Now the Divifions on the Rule do not
(hew the 8 that remains, therefore you muft eftimatc the place for 8,
which is almoft one tenth more ; fo having found that place, 'tis the
poynt which is for 1728; fo, in many great fummes, you muft efti-
mate or ghefs at the Unite, but Decimal fummes do (hew thcmfelves
more plainly, as you may well perceive hereafter, efpecially when they
end with a Cypher or Cyphers.

I hope you now plainly fee the ufe in Reading, or numbering any
fumme, under 10000 ; and that you fee alfo, that this is a Decimal Line,
and is taken from that excellent Rule of Decimals, the Canon of Lo-
garithmesj and that you may read any Decimal Fraction, as one
tenth, one of 100, or one of 1 coo, or -~, -l5,, -&\ or-,-V' , "r&vriV, &c.
that isy if the Integer be in 10 parts, you may find out any of thefe
parts ; or if in 100 parts, you may find out any part from one to 100
readily.

Ex. If the Integer be 10, that is if 10 make one foot, yard, pound, or
the like, I would know the poynt of one and -,V, or one and 4; take
either the middle one, or the firft one, extend the Compafs poynt to
5, which is thelongeft Divifion between 1 and 2, that is, the poynt
of one and $ tenths* or one and a half.

B b Ex.

(i86)

Example.

If it were required to find the point of ioo^-, or ioo and half,
'tis the fame point, or it is i ooo and a half.

Example.

If it be to find the point of 60 of 100, thenthe middle one is the ioo>
and the figure 6 in the firft part is the figure that is 60 of a 1 00, or, tL.
or as decimal fractions commonly are writ eo, the prick before,
(hewing it to be a decimal fraction.

Example.

To find 1560, take the middle one for 1000, and five tenths for 500,
and 6 tenths of them tenths for 60, which is the point 1 500 &c. Alfo if
it be defired to find the fraction 1560, of 10000, that is the fame point,
and may thus be writ x»iii \ or il ,s the point that reprefents the fra-
&ion ttK &c- Be perfect to read the Line well, then will the other
Rules be eafie.

CHAP. XLVIII.

Addition on the Line of Numbers.

THe Rule is, firft find one of your numbers, then count fo many as
the number or numbers are forward, that is to the right hand, and
that is the Sum. Take notice that your fum or fums muit (if they be
fractions,) be Decimal fractions.

Example, In whole numbers, 55 and 15, firft find 55, then count 15
forward, and the point is 70 j for adde 5 to 5 $ it maks 6o, and count 1 o
forward, the poynt is 70.

Example, In 3 whole numbers 60, 57 & 35 ; firft find 60, then 5
tens forward is 1 1 o, and 7 of a tenth, tis then 117, then from that point
count 35, and the point or Divifionfheweth 'tis 152.

Example, A whole number and a Decimal, as 6 and f 0 find 16 on
either part of your Rule : then count 9 of the 10 Divifions,thati$ be-
tween 6 & 7, which is one Divifion fhort of 7, and that is the point,
which is 6 and 9 tenths, or thus 6 IO% or 6' 9 \ it alfo may be read
6 ,-l-Z for tis the point of that alfo.

Example, 2 whole numbers and 2 fractions, as 60, 80, and 70*50 j
I take 60, and count 7 tenths forward, which is at the point 130;

Note

Kote here the middle one being read ico, then 3 tenths forward are for
30; then for the 80 and 50, which is 130,1 count one tenth more,which
then is 1 3 1, and being the Divifions on the Line fall fo clofe, you mull
eftimate orghefsthe r9s° or 'tis but adding the 2 laft figures together,
and keep the unite in your minde, to add to your other fum, and fo you
may be exact ; add 50 and 80 together, it makes 1 30, keep 30 in mind
as in this Example, I neglect the 2 Cyphers and add 8 and 5 together,
which is 13, or add 80 and 50 make 130; now them 2 Cyphers ad-
ded together make but oneCypher added to 13, is 130; that is, one
Integer, and 30 of another ; but if the 80 and 53 had been only 8 and 5,
then 10 had been the Integer, and the 3 had been -,}0 of one ; and note
this, that if the Integer, or whole fum that the fraction belongs to, in
Decimal fractions, I fay, if the Integer be 10, then from one to 10 is
the Decimal fraction of that; and if the Integer be a 100 then from
one toa 100 is the Decimal of that; if a 1000, then from one to a
iooo,the Decimal of a 1000 may be; and fo of greater fums : fothat
in Decimals there is no improper fraction, as is in your vulgar fractions,
for there you may find the denominator more than the numerator if
the fraction be a proper fraction, but if an improper fraction, then the
Denominator lefs than the Numerator ; as may be feen at large in moil:
books that treat of fractions ; fee Mr. Wingates Arithtr.et: ^natural : fo
that decimal fractions may be exprefTed without the denominator by fix-
ing before the decimal or broken number propounded,as 12 tU is thus,
12*3 5 ; and 2 t -? I thus, 2*98 &c. or 2 T*, or 2 * may thus be writ, and
is in Decimals writ 2* 5, that is 2 and a half; for in this Example the In-
teger is 1 o, and then 5 being half 1 o, fo 'tis 2 and a half.
I have been large on this Rule, becaufe I would write to thofe that do
not know any thing of thefe Rules, as well as to fnofe that be well ver-
fed in them ; my defire is to learn the one, and to (hew the other that
which I could never fee yet in any Book, viz.. new Examples.

CHAP. XLIX.

Sabftratfion on the Line of Numbers,

THe Rule is, firft find the point which the great Numbers make, then
count the leaft number from that point, towards the left hand, the
Remainder is the other Number.

B b 2 Ex(impk>

Ci83)

Example of two Numbers, as 12. from 144, firfl: I find 144, tbere I
fet one point of my compafs, and count to the left hand 12 j then read-
ing the point that remains , I find it to be 132.

Example, of 3 Numbers; fuppofe you were to fubftracT 8 and ro
from 800, add 8 and 19 together, which is 27, then find the point 800,
then count 2 tenthes and 7 of ten from the point 800, to the left hand,
this (he weth the point 77 3 , which is the Queftion : This rule is feldom
ufed on the Line, therefore I Hull fay no more of it, but come to the
molt ufeful rules on the Line, viz.. Multiplication, Divifion., the Rule
of 3 &c.

CHAP. L.

Multiplication on the Line of Numbers.

'T'His Rule is thus ; Extend the Compares from 1 to one of the num-
bers to be Multiplyed, the fame Extent wilJ reach from the other
number to the content.

Example, If you be to multiply 6 by 8 ; extend the CompafTes from
one to 6, keep the CompafTes fixed, and that fame Extent will reach
from 8 to 48, the Content} or if you fet one point of your CompafTes on
j, and extend the other to 8 at that exent, if you fet one point of your
CompafTes on 6, theǤther point will reach to 48, the content} as was
before defcribed.

Note that your Rule muftbe divided into 10 equal parts, andthefe
10 parts each of them into 10 other equal parts; thus will your foot be
divided into a 100 equal parts, and thusmuft your yard, pole, &c. be
divided ; then will thefe parts anfwer the Line of Numbers which is a
a decimal line.

Example id. If a ftone or board be 14 Inches broad, and 30 Inches
long, how many Inches are there in that (tone, board, &c? Extend the
CompafTes from 1 to 14, the fame extent will reach from 30 (the
length) to 4 20, the content in fuperficial Inches.

But if you would know how much of this bredth will make a foot
fquare of board, glafs,or ftone, the rule is this; as the breadth in
Inches is to 144 the fuperficial Inches in one foot, that Extent will reach

from

fromonetothejengthof one foot in Inch-meafure.

Example ^6. Set one point of your Compares on 14 (the breadth,)
extend the other to 144 ; that extent will reach from one to jo and
near ,'., and fo much makes a foot long, at 14 Inches broad, fuperfi-
cial Meafure: To prove this, if you multiply. 14 by 10 £30, the pro-
dud will be 144 T" \ fo it is but 2 of 10, or one fifth part more.

But the moil; cuftomary way to meafure Board, Glafs, Stone, or
any thing that is meafured by fuperficial Foot-meafure, is, by Inch-mea-
fure and Foot- meafure together. And the Rule is this : Asi2(thefide
of a foot fquare) is to the breadth in Inches, fo is the Length in Feet or
Parrs, to the Content in Feet or Parts.

Example 4. Shall be in the aforefaid Example, to make the Rule
more plain: Set one poynt of your Compafs alwayes on 12, extend
the other to the breadth in Inches, which is 14, that Extent will reach
from two foot and a half (which is 30 Inches) to near 3 foot, viz.. to two
foot -t9a and better, as before.

But note, if the Breadth in Inches be more than 12, as in thelaft
Example, then muft you turn your CompaiTes from the Length in
feet and parts to the Right hand; but if the breadth be lefs than 12
Inches, then mull you turn your CompaiTes from the length in feet to-
the Left hand : And becaufe this Rule is the molt ufed, fee another
Example, for this way molt men do meafure by.

Example 5. A Board ten Inches broad, and 6 foot long, how many
foot are there in that Board? Extend your CompaiTes from 12 (the
Handing number) to io(the breadth in Inches,) that Extent will reach
from 6 the length in feet (to the left hand J to 5 the Content, in feet ;
for as 1 2 is to 1 o, fo is 6 to 5 .

Thus having fhewed fome Examples in fuperficial meafure in Mul-
tiplication, here I (hall (hew a few Examples in folid Meafures ; and
firir. know, that you muft take the fuperficial Content of the Bafe or
End of the piece of Timber or Stone, &c. whether it be Round,
Square or Triangle, which you may do by Multiplication, as is before
fhewed ; then multiply the Content of the Bafe by the Length of the
piece, and the product giveth the folid Content of the piece.

Example Sixth. A piece of Timber 14 Inches Broad, and jo Inches
deep, and 30 Inches long, how many fquare Inches in that piece of
Timber ?

Set one poynt of your CompaiTes on one, extend the other to 10
(the depth ; ) that Extent will reach from 14 (the breadth) to 1404
the Content of the Bafe.

Then fet one poynt of your CompaiTes on one, and extend the other

to

(ipo)

to 30 (the Length,) that fame Extent will reach from 140 (the Content
of the Bafe,) to 4200 the folid Content of the piece in Inches.

But if you would find the Content of this piece of Timber, or any-
other, in feet and parts, you may do it thus : Find the Content of the
Bafe, as before; then as the fquare Inches in afoot (viz.. 1728,) is to
the Content of the Bafe, fo is the length in Inches, to the Content in
feet and parts.

Example 7. How many feet and parts are there in the piece of the
laft Example, which was 14 Inches broad, and 10 Inches deep, and
30 Inches long; having found the Bafe, as before, to be 140, then
extend the CompaiTesfrom 140 to 728, that fame Extent will reach
from 30 (the Length in Inches) to two foot and neer a half, viz.. to two
foot, 744 Inches ; you mult turn your CompalTes from 30, towards
the left hand.

But if you defire to know how much in length makes a foot, then
the Rule is thus: As the Content of the Bafe is to 1728 (the Inches
in a foot fquare ) that fame Extent will reach from 1 to the Number of
Inches or parts which will make a foot at fuch a Length.

Example 8. Of the fame piece of Timber mentioned in the laft. Ex-
ample ; the Bafe you may find (as before) to be 140, then extend the
CompafTes from 140 (the Bafe) to 1728, (thelnchesin a foot fquare)
that fame Extent will reach from 1 to 12, and little more than -"'-.V;
for if you multiply i2-?J-a by 140, the product will be 1729, which
is but one more than the Inches in a foot. And here you may note the
Error that many men commit in adding the Breadth and Depth toge-
ther, and take the half of that fumme for the true fquare ; and the
more the fides differ, the mote they be miftaken.

The fame Error is daily committed by thofe which meafure Timber ;
for they take the Circumference in the middle of the piece of Round
Timber, and one fourth part of that they take for the true fquare of
the piece, which is altogether falfe, (as I faid before) though Cuflom
doth ftrongly uphold that error againft Reafon. But if it be a true
fquared piece of Timber, then you may meafure it this way, very
Readily ; as,

Example 9. A piece of Timber 10 Inches fquare, and 16 foot
long.

The Rule is this: A! waves fetone poynt of your CompafTes on 12,
extend the other to the fide of the fquare in Inches or parts, that Ex-
tent will reach from the Length in feet or parts, to a fourth Number,
And from that Number to the Content in feet and parts; that is, it

Will

f'90
will reach from the Length of the piece of Timber in feet and parts,
to the Content in feet and parts.

As thus, in this Example: Extend your Compares from 12 to 10
(the fide of the fquare in Inches) that diftance will reach from 16 (the
Length in feet ) at two turns of your Compares, to 1 1 foot, and a
little above. /,, viz.. 1 1 foot and -,1*1. Be fure alwayes to remem-
ber, that if your piece of Timber be left than 1 2 Inches fquare, then vou
mull turn twice from the Length of the piece, to the Left hand • but if
more than 1 2 Inches, then to the Right hand twice.

Now this being the way in ufe, I will mew one Example more: of
a Tree 30 foot long, having the Circumference 60 Inches; now the
fourth part of 60 is 1 5, which I take for the fide of a fquare equal to that
Circle, as is ufually done, though not with truth alwayes.

Example 10. Then I extend my Compaffes from 12 to 15 (the fide
of the Square in Inches) and that Extent will reach from 30 (the
Length in feet) to near 47 feet, the Content; this is the cultomary
way, but if you look into the Table, pag. 174, you may there fee,
that 60 Inches Circumference, one foot length gives 1 ■ 988, which mul*
tiplyed by 30, gives 59 foot and 640; here alfoyoufee the error of
the cuftomary way; but of this I have faid enough already, and there-
fore mall give no more Examples now j but note this, that what is
here faid of Foot-meafure, may alfo be applyed to Pole, Yard or
the like. ' }

Having the Root given, by two turns of your Compares, you may
fave two Multiplications, and find the fquare of that Root, and the
Cube, &c. and fo may you find as many Numbers as you pleafe in
a continual Proportion.

Examphii. The Root being given, extend your Compares from
one to 12, that Extent will reach from 12 to 144., the fame Extent
will reach from 144 to 1728 ; fothen, if 12 be the Root, 144 is the
fquare of that Root, and 1728 the Cube of that Root, &c. but note,
that when you extend your Compares frem 1 to 12, the next turn
will go off the Line ; therefore you mud: feek 12 at the beginning of
the Line, to the left hand, and then turn from that iz; note this in all
Cafes wherein your CompafTes go off the Line.

Thus having (hewed you (the Root being given) readily to find the
Cube, I will now (hew you (the, Cube being given) how to find the
Root ; and though this, and fome other Examples before, be not done
by Multiplication, yet becaufe they depend one upon another, I do here
fliewthem.

To extraa the Cube-Root, the Rale is } divide the fpace between

the-

C*$2 )

the Cube given, and I, into 3 equal parts, and the diftance of one of
thcfe 3 parts from 1, is the Root.

Example. 11. The Cube 64 being given, what is the Root? divide
the Diftance from 64 to one into 3 equal parts, one third part of that
diftance will reach from one to 4, the Root •, for the firft third part
will reach from 64 to 16 the fquare, the 2d third part from 16 to 4 the
Root, the third part from 4 to one, for 4 times 4 is 16, and 4 times
16 is 64 ; the fame Rule obferve for any other number.

Thus may you find the fquare of any Circle, or the end of a tree,
the fquare equal to that Circumference, and fomeafure it as is before
fhcw'd.

Example 12. Having the Circumference of a Tree, you would know
the fide of a Square equal to that Circumference, as, in the 10th.
Example the Circumference was 60 Inches, now to find the Content in
fuperficial Inches of fuch a Circle, the Rule is as is before fhewd, as 22
is to 7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter; now if you Extend
your Compaffes from 22 to 7, that Extent will reach from 60 to 19.
and T-Jj the Diameter, this Fraction may be turned into a Decimal
Fraction, and fo wrought, but being fo fmall it is not worth minding in
fuch operations as this : then if you take half the Diameter and '
the Circumference, and multiply one by the other, or if you Extend
your Compaffes from one to 9 and ', that Extent will reach from 30
to 285 the fuperficial content in Inches, then to find the fquare by the
Line of Numbers, that is, to finde a Number which if Multiply'd in
its felf, makes this Summe; the Rule is. Extend your Compafles from
285toone, and the middle between thefe 2 Numbers is 16 -—very
near, as here you may fee; but firft note, that if your Rule have but
the Lines on it that moft of your ordinary Rules have, that is, but 2
Lines on it as 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.89; and 1.2.3.4.5. 6.7.8 9. jo ; then this
Question may be fome trouble to work on fuch a Rule; but if your
Rule hath 4 parts or 6 parts, as a 6 foot Rule may have,then this Quefti-
on may be performed veryiftadilyj as you may hereafter better per-
ceive ; for if you take 2 85 in the fecond part of the Rule, them's the
middle figure one, aioo; and the figure one at the end is 10; and the
Rule is, that you mull take the middle between 1 and 285 { which
here you carmot ; for if you count the fir ft one, one, the middle one
ist'en ro. and the end one is 100, i~o then 285 is off from the Line;
whereas if vour Rule had another part added -to it, then might you
work, and read it very readily.

But to work it by this Rule, you muft take the diftance from 100 to
2£*> that is from the middle one to 2 85, then take half of this diftance

and

and add it to half the length of the- Line, and the Compares will reach
from 10 in the middle to near 17 (the fide of a fquare equal to z$$)
as you may fee it here proved by the pen.

Here you may fee that 1 6 ,414 Multiplyed 16-882

bY l6 tH-o» §ives 2^5 : and ~l^±±, which i6'88'2

Fraction being fo fmall is not confidera-
ble. ■ 33764

Many other waves there be to meafure a ti$o$6

Cyllinder, but this, after you have found I35°56"

the fide of a fquare equal to the Circumfe- 10 1292

i-ence, Multiplyed by the length is furfici- 16882

ent, &c. " — —

285*00 1924

CHAP. LI.

Divifion on the Line.

'J'He Rule is, as one is to the Divifor, fo is the Dividend to the Quoti-
ent 5 or as the Divifor is to the dividend, fo is to 1 to the Quotient.

Example.
280 being to be divided by 5, fet one foot of the Compares on ?,
and Extend the other to one, that Extent will reach from 280 to < 6
the Quotient. * J

Or thus, Extend the Compares from 5 to 280, that diftancewiU
reach from 1 to 56, the Quotient.

Example. 2.

26c divided by 5 -A ; Extend the Compares from 5 £ to 260, that
Extent will reach from 1 to 50 the Quotient.

By thefe Rules may you work any other Queiiion in Divifioikfor Di-
vifion is eafier than Multiplication, for in this (having the Sums given)

feek [or1re°ateer "* ™ Mul£ipHca£i°n the Sums beinS W you ma/

Co CHAP.

(m)

CHAP. LII.

The Rule of Three on the Line.

'T'HisRuIe, which by moft is called the Golden Rule for its Excel-
lentufes, is performed with much eafe; only by 2 turns of your
CompafTes, and in working differs little from Divifion.

The Rules are, if 4 Numbers are proportional, their order may be
fo tranfpofed that each of thofe terms may be the laft in proportion*
in this manner.

,1. As the firft is to the fecond, fo is the third to the fourth.

2. As the third is to the fourth, fo is the firft to the fecond.

3 . As the fecond is to the firil, fo is the fourth to the third.

4. As the fourth is to the third, fo is the fecond to the firft. See
Mr. Oitghtreds Circles of proportion yag. 77.

So that four proportional Numbers being defired to be known, if
any three be given you may find the fourth.

Asif 2, 8,6, and 24, be the Numbers given, thefe Numbers may
befo varyed(as-isaforefaid) that if any three be given, you may find
She fourth; Note,

Firit, If 2 cofts, gives, or requires 8, then 6 cods, gives, &c. 24.

Secondly, If 6 gives 24, then 2 will give 8.

Thirdly, If 8 require 2, then 24 will require 6.

Fourthly, As 24 is to 6, fois 8 to 2.

Fiftly, Or thus it may be, as 2 to 6, fo is 8 to 24.
Here are five wayes that will teach you, if you have three Numbers
given, to find out the fourth proportionable to them, but the firft and
lait are moft ufeful, and are many times good proofs one of the other.

Example.

If 2 of any thing coft 8 -Jh. then 6 will coft 24 /. for if you Extend
your Compaffes from 2 to 8, that fame diftance will reach from 6 to
24, the Queftion; or if you Extend your CompafTes from the firfl
Number to the third Number, that fame Extent will reach from the fe-
cond number to the fourth, which was the thing fought.

Extend your CompafTes from 2 to 6, that fame Extent will reach,
from 8 to 24, the Queftion as before, &c. .

095)

Example. 2.

If you fell your timber by the Load, that is, 50 foot to the Load'
at any price to know what it is a foot j as if you fell for 25 fhilliags the
Load, what is that a foot? Firft, know how many pence is in 2j
(hillings, becaufe your foot will coft pence and not a (hilling ; 25 (hil-
lings is 300 pence, then the Rule orders it felf thus, as 50 to 300, fo
is one to 6; therefore Extend your Compares from 50 to 30c, that
diftancewill reach from 1 to 6 3 fo then one foot colts 6 pence, the
Queftion.

If you would know the price of 2 Foot, then fet one poynt of your
CompafiTes on 2, the other will reach to 12, and fo many Pence two
Foot will coft: 3 and fo of any other fumme.

Example 3.

IfaLoadof Timber, or 50 foot of Timber, &c. be fold for 37 /.
6 d. that is, 450 pence, what is that for one Foot ? Set one poynt
of your CompafTes on 50, extend the other to 450, that fame Extent
will reach from 1 to 9, andfo many pence wiljone Foot coft, at 37/,
6 d. the Load. And if you would know what 6 Foot will coft, the
fame diftance of your CompafTes will reach from 6 to 54, and fo many
pence 6 foot will coft, at the aforefaid price.

But now having the price of one Foot given you, and you would
know what that is a Load; as if a Foot coft: 9 d. the Rule is thus:
Extend your CompafTes from 1 to 9, that Extent will reach from 50
(which is a Load) to 450, the Pence that a Loadcofts; and if you
Would know what this is in Shillings, extend your CompafTes from
1 2 to one, being 1 2 d. makes one Shilling , that Extent will reach
from 45' o to 37 and a half, that is, 37 Shillings and 6 pence, for l 3
Shilling is6d.

Example 4.

By this Line and CompafTes you may foon find the Decimal Fracti-
on of any fumme, the Integer being but given : If it be required to
know the Decimal Fraction of 1 5 s. the Pound or 20 Shillings may be
1 0000 or iogo or more; for the larger you make this fumme, the
better will the Fraction appear. But becaufe great fummes cannot
be fo well wrought on the Line, I will take thelntegeror 20 Shillings
to be put into 100 parts; and then if you extend your CompafTes
from 20 to 100, that Extent will reach from 15 to 75, the Decimal
of 15.

Thus if you would know the Decimal Fraction of thirteen Shilling?,
if you keep the Extent of your CompafTes fixed, which you took
from 20 to 100, that Extent will reach from 1 3 to 65 ; So then 65 is

Cci the

the Decimal of thirteen Shillings. If you would know the Decimal
of 5 Shillings, the fame Extent will reach from 5 to 25, the Decimal
of 5 Shillings. The Decimal of 2 Shillings is 10, the Decimal of one
Shilling is 05, that is 5 of 100; for if that Cypher were not prefixed
before it, then were it but 5 of 10. Thus bythcfe Rules may you
know any other Decimal Fraction.

Example 5.

If 1 00 /.gain 120 Shillings in one Year, or 6 /. what will 30/. gain
in the fame time ?

Extend the Compares from ico to 120, that fame will reach from
30 to 36, fo that 30 /. will gain 36 (hillings in one year, twelve months
or 365 dayes.

Example 6.

If one year, or 365 dayes yield for the Intereft of 20 pounds, 24/.
or 288 pence, what will 60 dayes yield for 20 / ?

Fxtend your CompafTes from 365, the dayes in one Year, to 288,
the Pence in 24 Shillings, that fame Extent will reach from 60 to 47,
and neer a [, fo that 2 o will yield in 60 dayes 47 Pence \ and bet-
ter.

Thefe few Rules of many will fhew you the manner how to work
the Golden Rule direft on the Line of Numbers : There is alfo the Gol-
den Rale reverfe, or backward Rule of Three, and though it is not fo
ufefull as the direct Rule, yet it is worthy to be known, for its excel-
lent ufes : The Rule of Three dirett you fee, the Number that is
fought, ought to proceed from the fecond term, as the third did from
the firft in the fame proportion: Therefore if you multiply the Second
Number by the third Number, or the third by the fecond, their Pro-
duel divided by the firft, giveth the fourth.

CHAP. LIII.

The Golden Rule Reverfe by the Line of Uumbers.

THE Rule of Three Inverfe h when the Number fought proceeds
from the fecond term in the fame proportion as the firft, proceeds
from the third,

An

And if the third Number be greater than the firft, then will the fourth
Number belefs than thefecond : But if the third be lefs than thefirft,
then the fourth will be greater than thefecond.

In this Rule if you multiply the firft term by the fecond, and divide
the Product by the third, the Quotient fheweth the fourth.

The firft Number and the third muft be of one Kind, and the fecondA
Number or middle Number of the three given, mud be of the fame/
kind with the fourth. \

Examfle i.

If 24 Men do any piece of work in 16 dayes, how many men are
required to do fuch another piece of work in four dayes. According
to the Rules before named, though 24 be here propounded firft, yet
it muft be in the Second place, and then the Queiiion will order it felf
thus:

As 4 is to 24, fois 16 to 96:

Or thus, As 4 is to 16, fo is 24 to 96.

Therefore, extend your Compares from 4 to 24, that fame Extent
will reach from 16 1096.

Or the Extent of 4 to 16 will reach from to 2,4 to 96,

So that if 24 do a piece of work in 16 dayes, 96 will do as much
iti 4 dayes.

Example 2.

If 9 Bufhels of Provender ferve 8 Horfes 12 dayes, how many
dayes will that ferve 16 Horfes ?

The Queftion will order it felf thus : As 16 is to 8, fo is 12 to 6.

Or as 16 is to 12, fo is 8 to 6*

Extend your CompafTes from 16 to 12, that Extent will reach from
8 to 6: So that if 9 ferve 8 Horfes 12 dayes, it will ferve 16 but
6 dayes.

If this Queftion had been in the Rule of Three dire tt, then it would
have ordered it felf thus: If 8 had coft 12, then 16 would have
coft 24.

But in this Inverfe Rule, you mull begin with 16, which is the third
Number, and fo work backward, as is before (hewed at large.

Example 3 .

If fuch a Quantity of Bisket will ferve roo men eight weeks, how
many men will it ferve ten weeks ?

In this Example, as in the other, you muft begin with the third
fumme firft, and fo work back, as before ; for here the third fumme
is 10, which you muft begin withall, and the Queftion will order it
felf thus,

As

As 10 is to 8, fo is ioo to 8o j therefore to work it by the Line,
extend your CompafTes from 10 to 8, that fame Extent win reach
from i co to 8o : So it will ferve 8o men i o weeks.

There be many other Rules which may be wrought on the Line of
Numbers : But if you would be further fatisfied, fee the works of
Mr. Gunter, Mr. Wingat^ &c. And 1 fhall conclude with Holy Davidy
Pfal. 115. laft Ferje, as I hope you will with me; But rve will fraifs
the Lord, from henceforth and for ever, Praife ye the Lord.

CHAP. LIV.

Of Levelling any Ground^ and to nukz Slops or Batteries^
&c.

TO level any piece of Ground that you can fee from fide to fide,
or from the Middle to any fide, goe into the middle, and there
fet up your Inftrument, be it Water-level, or Ground- level with fights,
and when you have pLced it fo high as you may fee over the higheft
part of the Ground, as half a foot, or a foot, then fet a ftake in the
middle, the top cxac/tly level with the fights ; and one on the higheft
fide, the top level with the middle ftake \ then turn the Level or Lood
back fight, and fet one Level with thefe two on the lowed: ground :
So have you three ftakes in a Line level : Keep your Level true to
ycur Middle-ftake, and turn your Level till it makes Right-angles
with thefc three ftakes, and fet up two ftakes at each fide one Level
\v;th thofe three : So have you five ftakes fet true Level in two Lines ;
and if your Ground be large, you may fet up two Rosvesmore by
the Level, but in fmall Grounds 5 ftakes is enow : Then may you lay
by your Level, and looking over the head of one to the head of ano-
ther, caufe your Afliftantto put down ftakes between two and two, till
ycu have fet as many ftakes level in your Ground as you think con-
venient: Or you iray have a Rule, and look over the edge of that, it
being level with the head of the ftake, to the head of the other, and
pet ftakes down between you and the other ftake, what Number you
plcafe.

Thus having ftaked out your Ground with all the ftakes heads level,
and half a foot higher than the higheft part of your Ground , in fome

Ground

(*99)
Ground the middle-flake and the flakes in the Crofs-Iine will be the
Level- line the Ground muft be brought to; that is, abating the hill,
and filling up the low fide to the Level of the Mid-line; but if your
Ground be very uneven, then you muft meafure over all the flakes,
and take them middle-high, for their mean Level, and by the Rule of
Three proportion your Ground to that.

Suppofe a Valley be i o Pole long, and two foot deep from the
ftraight Line, and there is a hill 5 Pole long, how many foot deep
muft I goe in that 5 Pole of the Hill, to fill up this Valley ? This may
be anfwered by the Rule of Three Inverfe, or back Rule of Three :
The Rule orders it felf thus. As 5 is to 2, fo is 10 to 4 : So if you"
work it by the Line of Numbers, extend your Compares from 5 to
2, that fame Extent will reach from 10 to 4, fo then you muft goe
4 foot deep in fuch a Hill, to make good fuch a Valley as is before
faid.

Suppofe you are to abutt the top of a Hill four foot deep and 1. 2
Pole from the top of that Hill,that 4 foot is to come out : this is eafily
performed, ( though a Leveller to the beft man in the Land did not
underftand it ) fet up a ftake on the top of the Hill two foot or three
foot long, above ground, and another at the fame height where your
depth comes out ; three Rod from that fet a ftake down, till the head !
comes to be in a Line with thefe 2, and at that ftake you muft be one :
foot deep : At 6 Pole another as before, there you muft be two foot s
deep; another at 9 Pole, there you muft fink three foot. You may
fet more ftakes at equal diftances, which will direct you- that you- 1
cannot goe amifs.

To make any Sloop, flrft line out your top and foot true, then if ?
your Sloop be not very long, you may have a Frame of Wood made
according to your Sloop , which will be as a Mould to trye your, r
work by. Two foot Rife, in 6 foot Level is a good Proportion fo*
a Sloop.:

CH&P^

( 200 )

CHAP. LV.
For making Syder obferve thefe Rules*

WHatfoever Apples you make your Syder of, let them hang
on the Trees untill they be through Ripe, which you may
know by thefe few infallible Rules: Firft, if you find the Kernels
Brown, or the Seed rattle in the Apple, as in forae they will ; or if
you fee them begin to fall much in ftill weather } or if you find them
to handle like a drye piece of wood, founding in your hand if you tofs
them up j then you may go to gathering as faft as you pleafe, fo
your Fruit be drye 5 obferve that the greener your Fruit is, the
fourer will your Syder be- therefore be not too forward in ga-
thering^

For gathering your Apples, obferve thefe Directions: Take care
they be not too much bruifed; for your bruifed Fruit, if they be a
little kept , will rott, and give your Syder an ill tafte, and a high
brown Colour, and not yield fo well j for your bruifed place of the
Apple, if it doth not immediately rott, the Juice of that place will va-
pour forth, and be a dry Red, yielding little Tafte or Liquor, but fome-
times a bad tafte.

But to the making of one Hogfhead of Syder, there is required a
great many Apples ; as if they be good yielding Fruit, and not too
long kept, fome 18 or 20 Buftiel will make aHogfhead; if not, as
aforefaid, then 24 Buftiels, or more, to one Hogfhead : Therefore,
though I would not have your Apple too much Bruifed, yet I would
not advife you to pick them by hand : But you may lay a Trufs or
two of Barly Straw under your Tree when you goe to gather them,
end on that lay fome Blankets (or the like) according to the Bignefs of
your Trees ; thereon with Difcretion make your Fruit, letting not
too many lie on at one time, but carry them to the Place where you
intend they mall lie till you grind or beat them: Thus you may re-
move your Straw and Blankets from Tree to Tree , as your plea-
furc is.

Now

(201)

now for keeping them after you have gathered them, let it be in fome
houfe.f you can with convenience, and on Come dry boards or boaX
flowers, but if it be an Earth-flower you muff lav them on firft covert
wthgood dry (lraw,and fo lay then/on that,for if you ^ them on the
earth they will decay falter, and turn mu/ly before thevh^e don-
fweatmg; for '(is obferved that which is bert to preffilams is 2

aPnrp,rlV:!lfklndnanf0WethraUftfoftd^' ^ Lake rooaohVe

Thusitmay be with fruit lying on the ground, where thefecrctva
pours of the earth tend much to the death or di fToLfonof th fleftv
parto the fruit, that the feed might the fooner 7ub° tv!t >™
duce its ike .n i its feveral kinds; for Nature, or the fecre providing

PTm/ 'he A'm;Ehty' is at a" tim"< »n° « all S.KS
and ^ft,ng every fpecies to produce its kind ; for any whoTath bu ob
ferved the Walnut or Cheflnut, though one hath go^ his Fu Gown &
the other h,s Noh-me tangere Cloke.as to too of thl fenfes vet notwuh
fending, when they be able toftift for themfelves, (as 1 mly ?av) en

nTS ' for tod"3"' ?!& ''I th'0Wn ^ t0 ™»"C

Wsfeef, Wi„V°r " " ?'? the'r Parcms did for *«n. but of
this fee lurther in the Chapters before; andfince we are now fceakins
of one particular fruit, ^. Appks, of thc time of t^Z&7.
fore you make them into Syder : a fet time I cannot deliver, for ?our

■ ST" "I Wl" rC reauy t0 beat fccfore y°»< Winter Fru but as
foonas you have feen them fweat, which/will be in ten daves or a
fortnight, then to beating or grinding of them as fail as may be keep n»
your Fruit feveral .f you have enough to fill a veffel of W kfod if
%£E£Xt* « ^ "- ^ together, iTyd^f
But let your winter fruit lye three weeks or a month before vou beat
orgnndthem. the g your fruit is when gathered, le them lve

the longer before you beat them : Thus when you have beaten or
grinded your Apples : et them lye a night or 24 hours if you pleafc

clZ J Pa'Z l^r" WiS make V°u' Syd" hive more ffl
Colour, and hinder it from Fermenting too much ; and if your fruit be
ripe to eat or mellow, then put to every twenty Bufhels of7ampin«
fome fix gallons of ckarwater, Fut,haton the topof theftampZfs
foonas you have beaten them; if your fruit be loft and mX™
may put more, if not, the left : this alfo will keep your Syde from

muchS?™ Th "f *& y°Ur Syd" ^ weaker yitwm be
much pleafanter : Therefore if your Apples be mellow before you

C*202_)

beatthem, there willgo fo much of the flefhy fubfhnce of the Apple
through the ftrainer or bag, with the Liquor that it will be hard to get
this Lee feparated from the Syder, before it begins tofer-nent, for the
Li 'uor will endeavour to free itfelf of thefe little particles which when
once feparated from the united body, turneth to an earthy fublhnce,
and then the Liquor working hard to free it felf of thefe then ufelefs
and decaying parts, and having no place to turn them out at, but at the
bunp, and it being contrary for thefe earthy parts to afcend upwards,
eaufeth by its much fermenting, not only the ftrong, but alfo the pleafant
spirits to take their fight, and go into the great world to be ready to af-
fili at another new generation,and fo leave the Liquor both dead and of a
foure talk, which when thefe higher Spirits are fled, then fourenefs doth
matter the tafte in the Syder, which it receives from the grofs Lees in
the veflel , therefore if your Syder be made of mellow fruit, let it fet-
tle 24 hours in fom Fatt or large vefTel, that the grofs Lees may fettle
to the bottom before you put it into your vefTel, and then draw it off,
leaving as much of this thick grofs Lee behind as you can (which grofs
Lee you may put among your preffings for water-Syder) and if you
think the Syder is yet fo thick that it will work much, then draw it in-
to another tub by a tap two or three inches from the bottom ; and in
this laft tub let it fettle folong as you think it is neer ready to work in
your tub : for if it work in your tubbs then will you get but little of
the grofs Lees from it : you muft keep it covered all the time it is in
your tubs} for note the finer you put it up into your VefTel the lefs it wilt
work or ferment, and the lefs it fermenteth the better will your Syder
be } but if you fhould have child the Syder, as fometimes it may {o
happen in cold weather, that it doth not work at all, when you have
put it into your barrel, or hogfhead, but is thick, in fuch a cafe put to
a hogfhead a pint of the juice of Alehoof, with half the quantity of
Ifi oglafi , and it will make it clear and fine ;but if it do it not prefently, do
notdefpair, for it will ferment poffibly in the fpringor when the fruit
blolTbms that it was made on, the Spring after it was made.

Having obferved thefe few Rules, then put it into your barrel or
hogfhead, and as foon as it hath done working, bung it up, there keep
it till it is fit to bottle, which let it bewhen it is fine ; for if you bottle it
while it is thick, or not well fettled, it will endanger your bottles,
and not be fo wholfom : but fome do love to have their Syder cutting,
counting it then the better ; this may be performed if your Syder be
finely putting a little bit of Loaf-Sugar,in every bottle,when you bottle
it, and thus more wholfom.

I aiifcof the fame opinion with Sir Paul AW, that the oftner Syder

fcy

by any accidental caufe doth ferment, the worfe it is ; if* twice it will be
harder or fourer than if it had fermented but once : and if it ferment
thrice it is dill worfe ; therefore keep it if you can from fermenting or
working toomuch,and alfo too often.

As for the forts of Fruit the Redftrakesand GennetMoyle., are the bed
counted-, yet there be many forts of fruit which if the Syder be well or-
dered will be little inferior if not better : The Golden Pippin makes ex-
cellent Syder j the Kerton Pippin, the RufTet Harvy,Kenti(h Codlings;,
makes good, or indeed any Apple that is not a Crab ; for there be
many forts of Wildings that have a fine Winy Liquor, and the flefh of
a hard, and not of a foft fubftance; for that Fruit, (let it be Pear or
Apple) that hath the flefh foft,and is loon Mellow is not good for Perry
or Syder jfor fuch very foft Fruit doth break into fo many fmall particles,
that they fpoil your Syder before they can be feparatcd, but that Fruit
that hath its flefh hard, that when you beat and prefs it, will flat down
like a fponge, fooner then it will feparate into little particles; and if it
be kept beyond its natural time of being ripe, will grow tough but not
Mellow, is the only Fruit for Syder and Perry, for by Sir Pauls leave
it is not alwayes the befl eating Apple or Pear that makes the beft Sy-
der or Perry, but fuch as aforefaid, no more than the befl eating Pear is
the beft. baked; and of this dayly experience fheweth the contrary.

Much more I could fay concerning Syder, but if there were a whole
Volume writ of it, yet the feveral feafonsof years, the feveral forts
of Fruit and other accidents that happen, no man can advifeyou of be-
fore, therefore let your reafon teach you with what hath been faid be-
fore; but if you would fee feveral mens opinions ofthe ordering of Sy-
der, fee Efquire Evelins Book, joyned to his Difcourfe of Foreft- Trees.

To make your water Syder ; take the ftampings when you prefs
them from your firft Syder, and put them into tubs, and when you
have a tub full, put to thefe ftampings half as much water as you had
Syder: if your Fruit be good and very ripe you may put more, if the
contrary lefs ; let the tubs be covered, and fland thus with the water
and ftampings together four or five dayes and nights : if it be cold wea-
ther let them ftand a week,then you may prefs the ftampings ,and asfoon
as you have got as much as you think will fill a veffcl, put it on the fire
and fcum it well, and when you find the fcum begins not to rife very
fait, then take it off from the fire and put it into Tubs or Coolers, to
cool, and when it is cold then Tun it up, and when it hath done work-
ing then bung it up, and in a months time it will be fit to drink ; you
may if you pleafe boyl a little Ginger in it, or a little Cloves, Juniper
berries, or other things which you fancy to pleafe the pallet, or againit

D d 2, fome

C204)
fome diftempers you fear ; for fmall things taken in time may prevent
dangers very great ; Syrupe of Rasburies gives a very pleafing tafte
in Syder.

Perry may be made and Ordered after the fame manner, only take
care your Pears be not too ripe, for if they be, you will be troubled to
get your Liquor fine : thofe Pears be beft for Perry that have a hard
flefh, and ftony at the core; the juice eafily feparating from the flefh,
the Fruit yielding a good plenty of juice, the Pears commonly of a
harfhtaite.

But thofe Pears that have a foft flefh, as many of our beft eating
Pears have, are not good for Perry ; as the Burry, Borgatmotes,
Green-feilds, Green- chefels, and feveral others of like nature.

We have a Pear at Cafluobury^ and it is at other places near Watford^
it is a little harfh juicy Pear, but makes excellent Liquor, as my Ho-
nourable Lord can teftifie, and feveral others ; its only inconvenience
is, it is but a fmall Fruit, but the quantity it yields is good ; I take it to
be a kind of wild Pear never grafted ; but for its excellency aforefaid,
the kind deferves to be preferved by the curious, I know no name it
hath as yet.

Captain wingate near Welling hath an excellent Pear for Perry; I have
tafled of the Liquor, and have feen the fruit, but whether it is a good
bearer or no I know not : which fhould be a property in Perry Pear-
trees

There is a Pear called by my ingenious Friend Mr. Pritcbet Gard-
ner to my Lord of Salisbury, Rutins Pear, which makes excellent Per-
ry, and is a good bearer, as f have oft been informed by him ; by the
tafte of the fruit it is very good for Perry : Indeed mod: forts of baking
Pears make good Perry, or any that is Qualified as is beforefaid, and
that bears well, and yields great ftore of Liquor.

Mind your VefTels be fwcet you put your Syder or Perry in ; for a
little tang in the VefTel will fpoil all, a Sack VefTel is very good (though
difcommended by fome) fo is your White-wine or Garret- wine casks*
or a VefTel where Syder hath been before, &c

F I N IS.

Ectephce the Figures.

The Contents of each particular Chapter.

i

Chap. I . S~*\F the feveral wayes of Raifing Trees: The be ft for For-

vy r eft-trees is by their Seeds, Keys, or Nms, &C. pag. r .

Chap. 2. How to obferve and know the nature of Seeds, fo as the better

tor aife them p ,

Chap. 3. The ftape of Seeds and their Weight do Inform yon how to
fet them p J

Chap. 4. Obfervations of all forts of Keyes and Seeds, p.£.

Chap. 5. Of the fever alwayes to raife Forreft trees,. or others-, and
how to perform the fame by Laying, p g.

Chap. 6. Of thofe forts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings, and how
to perform the fame, p I2>

Chap. 7. Of fitch forts of Trees as may be Raifed by the Roots of
another Tr e e ; and how to Raife them, P. 13.

Chap. 8. What Soy I, or Dung is be ft for Trees, or their Seeds, p. 14.'
Chap. 9. Of Water for Trees, and Seeds andwateringthem, p.20.
Chap. lO.OfOakj Raifing and Improving p 34.

Chap. 11. Of Raifing and Ordering the Elm, p.?a

Chap. 12. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Afi, V-%1-

Chap. 13. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Beeeh, p. 57.

Chap. 14. Of Raifing an A Ordering the Walnut, PS 8*

Chap. 15. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Che ftnut p.63.'

Chap. 16. Of Raifing, and Ordering the Sar vice-tree P<H.

Chap. 17. Of Raifing and Ordering the Cherry-tree P»6£.

Chap. 18. Of Raifing and Ordering the Line-tree P67.

Chap. 19. Of Raifing and Ordering the Maple p.72.

Chap. 20. Of Raifing and Ordering the Sycamore ibid.

Chap. 2 j. Of Raifing and Ordering the Hornbeam P-73-

Chap. 22. Of Raifing the Quicl^beam- P-75.

Chap. Zi.Of Raifing the Birch ibicL

Chap*.

The Contents.

Chap. 24. Of Raifing the Hafel p. 77,

Chap. 25. Of Raifing the fever al forts of Poplars ibid.

Chap. 26. Of Raifing the Alder p.8 r.

Chap. 27 .Of Raifing the Withy , Willow shallow, Osiers p. 82.

Chap. 2%. Of the Pine,Firre, Pmafter, &c. p. 84.

Chap. 29. Of Raifwg the Tew, Holly, Box, Juniper, Bayes, &c. p. 86.

Chap. 30. General Rules for planting Forrcfl-treei in Avenues, Walks,
or Orchards, as in a natural ground p$8.

Chap. 3 1 . Of planting Forreft-trees to make Woods, or to fill up Naked
places in Woods, where they want p. 89.

Chap. 32. Of Planting Toung Hedges, and how to improve and keep old
Hedges V-95*

Chap. 3 3 .Of Planting fever al forts of Forreft-trees,in order to making
the be ft advantage of Ground, as Orchards, or the like p. 104.

Chap. 34. Of Pruning Trees, fome general Obfervations p. 112.

Chap. 35. Of the Difeafes of Trees p. t t ,7.

Chap. 36. Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices p. 1 1J9.

Chap. 37. How to take the height of a Tree fever al wayes, the better to
judge the worth of them,&CC. p. 126.

Chap. 3 8. Of making FFalkj, Avenues, or Lawns p. 1 3 5 .

Chap. 39. Of fever al fuperficial Figures , and how they are to be
me a fired p. 148.

Chap. 40. To Divide a Right Line given, according to any Proportion
Required', and how to Divide Land or VVoods, with fome
ufesof the four-pole Chain p. 151.

Chap. 41 . Of Meafuring Holes and Borders }that be under a pole broad,

by which you may the better let or take them to doe by the Pole-

fquare, & c. with fever al Tables of Meafures p. 1 60.

Chap. 42. Of Meafuring Timber and other folid Bodies, with fever al
Tables life ful there unto p.170.

Chap. 43. Of she Oval a how to make it, and how to Meafure it, with
other Obfervations thereon p 1 76.

Chap. 44. Suppofeyou have a Plot to draw on one or many fleets of Pa-
per, and you would draw it at as large as the Paper will bear ;
to know what Scale you flail Draw it by p. 179.

Chap. 45. To finde what Sale a Plate or Draft is drawn by, the con-
tent of the Ground being given p,i8r.

Chap. 46. The Defcription of the Line of Numbers, or Gamers Line.

p.i8r.

Chap. 47. Numeration on the Line, or to read a Samme on the Line of

Numbers P- 1 84.

Chap.

The Contents,

Chip. 48. Addition on the Line of Numbers p# j gg.

Chap. 49. Subftraftion on the Line of Numbers p# 1 Sy,

Chap. 50. Multiplication on the Line of Mumbers p.* 1 8 8*.

Chap. 5 1 . Divifion on the Line p# Tp ,

Chap. 5 2. The Rule of Three on the Line p.* 194*

Chap. 5 3 . The Golden Rule Reverfe by the Line of Numbers p. 196.'
Chap. 54. Of Levelling any Ground , and to m.ikf Slepes or Batte-

riesy&cc. p,I9g#

Chap. 55 . Rules for making ofSyder p.200.

A

A Catalogue .of Books of Husbandry-) Sold by Peter Parker
at the Leg and Star in Cornhil.

THe Englijlj Gardner, or a fure guide to young Planters and Gard-
ners, in three Parts, i. Shewing the way and order of Planting
and Raifing all forts of frocks, Fruit-trees and (hrubs, with the divers
wayes and manners of Ingrafting and Inoculating in their feveral fea-
fons. 2. How to order the Kitchin Garden, for all forts of Herbs,
Roots and Sallads. 3. The ordering the Garden of pleafure, how to
Raife all forts of flowers, and their feafons ; with directions touching
Arbors and Hedges in Gardens \ likewifc feveral other things fit to be
known to all that delight in Orchards and Gardens. By Leonard
Af caver above thirty years Practitioner in the Art of Gardening.

The Countrey-mans Recreation, or the Art of Planting, Grafting,
and Gardening in three Books, 1. Declaring divers wayes of Plant-
ing and Graffing. 2. Treateth of the Hop-garden, with Inftruclions
for making, and the maintenance thereof. ?. The expert Gardener,
containing divers necefTary and rare fecrets belonging to that Art, with
Directions to know the time and feafon to Sow and Plant all manner of
Seeds ; alfo how to deitrov Snails , Canker-worms, Moles, and all
other Vermin which ufually breed in Gardens : Whereunto alfo is
added the Art of Angling.

The manner of ordering Fruit- trees, by the Sieure Le Gendre Cu ■
rate of Henonville ; where in treated of Nurferies, Wall fruits, hedg-
es of Fruit trees, Dwarf-trees, high (landers, &c. Written in French^
and traniLted faithfully into Enghflo at the requeft of feveral perfons of
Honour. A Piece fo h'ghly approved of in France, that it hath been
divers times Printed there.

m The Government of Cattle, divided into three Books, 1. Treating
of Oxen, Kine.. and Calves, and how to ufe Bulls and other Cattle to
the Yoake or fell. 2. Difcourfing of the Government of Horfes,
with approved medicines againft molt Difeafes 3. Of the ordering
Sheep and Goates, Hogs and Dogs, with true remedies to help the in-
firmities that befall any of them; Alfo inductions for taking Moles,
and husbanding of Grounds ; compofed by Leonard Mafcal.

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