LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

GIF"T OF"

Class

School and College Edition.

M A. 1ST TJ A.

BOTANY

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

REVISED EDITION-;

INCLUDING

VIRGINIA. KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI;

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

BY ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY. IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

ILLUSTRATED ?THE ^ENEK.A J)^ FEKNS, ETC.

NEW YORK:

IVIS01S & PHINNEY, 48 & 50 WALKER ST.
CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 39 & 41 LAKE ST.

CINCINNATI : MOORE, WIL8TACH, KEYS A CO. ST. LOUIS : KKITJI k WOOD*.

PHILADELPHIA; SOWKR, BARNKS & co. BUFFALO: PHINNKY k oo.

NKWBURG : T. 6. QUAOKBNBUSU.

1859.

?K//7

?' /** *A
/ O ^ /

•Baa/

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by

GKORGE P. PUTNAM & CO.,

In the Clerk's .Office of the District Court of tho United States fur tlu> Southern District
of New York.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE complete edition of the MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OP
THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES includes the two great Cryp-
togamous Families of Mosses and Liverworts (from p. 607 to p.
704), written by Mr. Sullivant, and illustrated with eight copper-
plates, crowded with admirable figures. Important as this part is
to the Botanist and the advanced student, it is much too difficult
for the beginner, and for common instruction in Botany in schools
and academies, which will begin with the Phsenogamous or Flower-
ing Plants, and will rarely extend into the Flowerless Plants beyond
the Ferns and Club-Mosses. As it adds considerably to the size and
expense of the book, the part here mentioned is omitted in this
Abridged Impression, which is intended especially for the use of
classes, and is afforded by the publishers at a price so reduced as
to bring the work within the reach of all students.

The six plates which illustrate the Ferns and their allies (and
which are numbered from IX to XIV) are also given ; so that
this edition is illustrated like the other, so far as it goes, and
nothing is omitted which ordinary students will require, at least
until they have become expert Botanists. It will be seen by the
paging, that the omitted matter immediately precedes and follows
the Index.

Some additions and corrections are given on the following pages.

1 57724

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 39, line 14. After " Maine," add : Nuttall. Echo Lake, Franconia, New
Hampshire, Tuckerman.

Page 71, line 23. Linum Boottii; add syn. : L. sulcatum, Ridddl (an older
name which has been overlooked).

Page 78. To Vitis vulpina, add : Bark close, not separating in shreds, as in
the other species.

Page 118. To Potentilla frigida, add habitat: Alpine region of the White
Mountains (Robbins) and of Mount Lafayette ( Tuckerman), New Hampshire.

Page 132. To Jussiaea, add : —

2. J. re peilS, L. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem creeping, or floating
and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering below into a slender petiole ; flowers
large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod
cylindrical, with a tapering base. 2J. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward.

Page 136. Opuntia vulgaris, var. *? Rafinesquii, now distinguished by Dr.
Engelmann as a species, under the name of O. Rafinesquii, grows from
Wisconsin to Kentucky and southwestward.

Page 143. To Saxifraga, add :

9. S. StellariS, L. var. comdsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped,
more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted pan-
icle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves,
the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate,
white, with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a dis-
tinct claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake.

Page 169, after line 13 from bottom, add :

9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla and single style very short. Pod many-seeded, locu-
licidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow.

Page 174, add:

9. POLYPREMUM, L. POLYPREMUM.

Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scari-
ous-rnargined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-
shaped, bearded in the throat ; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. V

4, very short : anthers globular. Style 1, very short : stigma ovoid, entire.
Pod ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, loculicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. — A smooth, diffusely spreading and much-branched small
annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at their base
across the stem by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and
sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla inconspicuous,
white. (Name altered from iroXvirpffjivos, many-stemmed.)

1. P. procumbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia
and southward. June - Sept.

Page 205, after Solidago nemoralis, add :

27a. S. Radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves
rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre
oblong, rigid; rays 3-6 : otherwise much as in No. 27. — Dry hills, W.
Illinois and southwestward.

Page 213. XANTHIUM spiN6suM should have been printed in small capitals
(as here), being an introduced species.

Page 226, line 24 ; after " hemispherical " add : (merely convex in No. 1).

Page 231, at the end of Senecio, add :

* * * Rays present : root annual : heads in a crowded corymb.
5. S. lob at us, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Glabrous, or loosely woolly
. at first; leaves rather fleshy, lyrate or pinnately divided; the divisions
crcnate or cut-lobed, variable. — Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi,
Illinois, and southward.

Page 231, line 2 from bottom, add : Lake Superior, Prof. Whitney.
Page 234, line 11, add : W. Illinois and westward ; common.

Page 268, lines 9, 10 from bottom, in place of " or terete," insert : flat or flattish
and channelled above.

Page 281, line 23, for " Lake Huron," read : Lake Michigan.

Page 288, line 18, read : from Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia and
southward, chiefly near the coast.

Page 291, line 26, for " 12-20-seeded," read : 1 -2-seeded.

Page 310, line 22, for "River-banks and plains," read: Oak-openings and woods.
Line 23, for " July," read : May, June.

Page 352, line 2. Asclepias Sullivantii has scarcely sessile leaves ; and the horns
of the hoods of the corolla are flat, broadly scythe-shaped, and abruptly acute.

Page 352, after line 7, add :

2a. A. Meadii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale; stem simple (1°
high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long) ; leaves all
opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped,
obtuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy) margins and the numerous rather
slender pedicels downy when young ; divisions of the greenish-white corolla
oblong-ovate (4" long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly

VI ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

stipitate crown fleshy below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the
thickish incurved horn, furnished with a small sharp tooth at the inner mar-
gin on each side towards the summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves
about 4 pairs. l£' — 2^' long. Fruit not seen; so that it is uncertain
whether the species should stand next to A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia.

6. A. Nuttalliana. This will probably take the name of A. Vaseyi,
Carey, ined., Engelm. mss., as it now seems probable that Nuttall's A. lanu-
ginosa is the same as Lapham's Acerates monocephala.

Page 354, to Acerates add :

la. A. monocephala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6' -12' high),
rather stout, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2' long and ^'
wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered ; di-
visions of the greenish corolla oblong (2£" long), more than twice the length
of the calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown
sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect,
with the obtuse apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies
of Wisconsin, Lapham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several re-
spects between A. viridiflora and A. longifolia ; having the sessile crown of
the former, and flowers not larger than those of the latter. Hoods more
cucullate than those of A. viridiflora ; the two small appendages within
each, and the still smaller pairs of appendages alternate with the hoods,
more conspicuous than in the last-named species ; otherwise very similar.
Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A. longifolia is well dis-
tinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much shorter than the
anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should Dr. Engel-
mann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear the
name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne.

Page 369, line 21. Euxolus deflexus; the plant here so named, from Albany,
is not so, but apparently is Amarantus polygonoides, L., or Amblogyna
polygonoides, Raf. ; the latter genus not distinct enough from Euxolus.

Page 369, line 25. Euxolus pumilus is prostrate, fleshy, its leaves mostly long-
petioled, obovate, and notched at the end.

Page 388, line 15, &c. Euphorbia obtusata here includes two species ; viz. the
indigenous E. obtusata (Virginia to Illinois and southward) ; and the intro-
duced E. platyphylla, L., Vermont to Niagara, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

Page 405, line 4. The Rock Chestnut-Oak (var. monticola) should rather be
placed under No. 5, Q. Castanea.

Page 465, line 2, under Medeola : for " base/' read " middle," and add " ex-
trorse ! " For " Styles 3," &c., read : Style none ; stigmas 3, recurved-
di verging, long and thread-form.

Page 598, line 24, for " Sept." read : July -Sept.

PREFACE.

THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the .Northern portion
of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the
use of students and of practical botanists.

The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its
plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the
work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly
owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended
southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the
Mississippi River.

This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical
line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm-
temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically
Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of
Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it
includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants
peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders
in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United
States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants
of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep
peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume.

The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants
which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another
place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which
each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner :
1 . When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south-
ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if
within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun-
daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species

Vlll PREFACE.

in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus
Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar-
ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminata,
"W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward"; &c. While in
species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as, Nuphar
Kalmiana, p. 23, " New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine
pratensis, p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &c. And so of
Western plants; e.g. Isopyrum biternatum, p. 11, " Ohio, Kentucky, and
westward " ; Psoralea aryophylla, p. 94, " Wisconsin and westward " ;
Amorplia canescens, p. 95, " Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward."
2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be
diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When
the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special
habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38; Sullivantia
Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally
demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate
and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for
which there is no room in a manual like this.

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range of
those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or
beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of
our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those
species which are indigenous to both.

Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu-
merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our
flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be-
ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus
ACEIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face
letter (e. g. R. repeiis). Moreover, the country from which they were
introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni-
zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle,
I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the
thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species
which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating
themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec-
ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or
which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in
manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob
ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with
the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants culti/ated with-
out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe
are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from

PREFACE. IX

Eu.)": those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the
phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c.

Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are
distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap-
parent distinctness : — 1 . Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to
be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold
sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi-
tals; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPIDUM, p. 30; Vitis cordifolia,
var. RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the
most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many
most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter,
on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting
forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those
of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaririit us,
p. 7 ; Act83a spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu-
ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph.

Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates,
fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six
Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The
eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv-
erworts are furnished by my generous friend, MR. SULLIVANT, the author
of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates^ devoted to the
Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by MR.
ISAAC SPRAGUE.

MR. SULLIVANT has included in this edition all the species of Musci
and Hepaticce known to him as natives of any part of the United States east
of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only
laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology,
but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two
beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been
afforded in a book of this kind, f

* The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at
the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of
them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have
before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim-
per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and
the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which ras always made.

t The reference u Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an
almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepaticce east of the Mississippi, the
types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by
Messrs Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter.

The materials from which these sets have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own
very extensive collections, the result of his numerous jourenys made during the last six or
seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghuny Mountains. To these have
been added Mr. Sullivant's ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented

X PREFACE.

Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially
of the labors and investigations of PROF. TWKERMAN upon our Lichenes.
of the KEY. DR. CURTIS upon our Fungi, and of PROF. HARVEY upon
our Algce, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LESQUEREUX upon our
Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the
student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com-
prising the Phsenogamous or Flowering Plants.

J have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and
the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more
extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially
intended for beginners (First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when
desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use
the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these,
all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus-
trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned
botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by
discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting
the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice
of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is
distinguished.

Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of
synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to
the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while
the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to
more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding
them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, I
have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names,
and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the
characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I
conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva-
tion of the generic names.

The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds,
in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the
highest class and ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and
far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those
orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve-

Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas. The
title of the work is " Musci Boreali- American!, sive Specimina Exsiccata Muscorum in Ameri-
C8e Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiis W. S. SULLIVANT et L. LESQUEREUX,
1856." Mr. Sullivant's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal
responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec-
tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprises
nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at & 20 for each set, and will doubtless
be eagerly sought after by Bryological students.

PREFACE. XI

lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of
separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those
orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and
separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most
combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (perlgynous
and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono-
petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of
a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The
class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit-
ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most
combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined,
and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem
in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat-
ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be
available to the ordinary student.

I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let
them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu-
ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical
Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very
readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is
entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of
easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional
instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the
attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him
unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci-
mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis-
tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and
printed in italics in the first sentence of the description.

Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I
have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com-
prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters,
and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the
case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex-
tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals),
subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (-«-, ++, &c.) ; and whenever
there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of
the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanicd),
so that they may at once catch the student's eye.

To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., I

* No Linnsean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key
to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over
a well-devised Analytical Key : which the learner will find equally certain, and much mere
satisfactory in its results.

XI] PREFACE.

hav« not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed London's
mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the
grave (s), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark ('). In respect
to this, my friend, MR. FOLSOM, has obligingly rendered most important
assistance throughout the pages of this volume.

The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has
debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu-
merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con-
tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata-
logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the
comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my
excellent friend and correspondent, M. GODET of Neuchatel, author of
the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that
district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon
many of our own identical or related species.

As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to
the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have
again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, JOHN CAREY,
ESQ., now of London, for various emendations in the genus Carex, formerly
elaborated by him for this work ; and DR. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for
full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser-
vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus-
cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece. The renewed and
still more extensive contributions of MR. SULLIVANT have already been
referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of
American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per-
sonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science
in this country.'

I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish
information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary,
so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
June 30tft, 1856.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Adans.. =

Adanson.

Hartm. =

Hartmann.

Ait,

Alton.

Hedw.

Hedwig.

Andr.

Andrews.

Hoffm.

Hoffmann.

Arn.

Arnott.

Hook.

Hooker.

AM.

Aublet.

Hook.f. (filius)

J. D. Hooker

Bait.

Barton.

Hornsch.

Hornschucli.

Bartl

Battling.

Huds.

Hudson.

Beauv.

Palisot de Beauvois.

Hub.

Hiibener.

Benth.

Bcntham.

Jacq.

Jacquin.

Bcrnk.

Bernhardi.

Juss.

JUSSIEU.

BiA.

Bieberstein

L. or Linn.

LlNN^EUB.

Bigd.

Bigelow.

Lag.

Lagasca.

Br. $• Sch.

Bruch and ( W. P.) Schimpcr.

Lam.

Lamarck.

Brid.

Bridel.

Lamb.

Lambert.

Bronyn.

Brongniart.

Ledeb.

Ledebour.

Cast.

Cassini.

L'Her.

L'Heritier.

COM.

Cavanilles.

Lehm.

Lelunann.

Cham.

Chamisso.

Lesqx.

Lesquereux.

Cfiav.

Chavannes.

Lestib.

Lestibudois.

DC.

De Candolle.

Lindenb.

Lindenberg.

A. DC.

Alphonse De Candolle.

Lindl.

Lindley.

Desf.

Desfontaines.

Mich.

Micheli.

Dew.

Dewey.

Michx.

Michaux (the elder).

Dill.

Dillenius.

Michx. f.

F. A. Michaux (the

Dumort.

Dumortier.

Mill.

Miller. [younger).

Ehrh.

Ehrhart.

Mitch.

Mitchell.

Ell.

Elliott.

Mont.

Montagne.

Endl.

Endlicher.

Muhl

Muhlenberg.

Engdm.

Engelmann.

Mull.

C. Muller.

Gcertn.

Gairtner.

Nees.

Nees von Esenbeck

G.L.frN.

Gottsche,Lindenberg, & Nees.

Nutt.

Nuttall.

Gmel.

Gmelin.

Pav.

Pavon.

Good.

Goodenough.

Pers.

Persoon.

Grev.

Greville.

Pluk.

Plukenet.

Griseb.

Grisebach.

Plum.

Plumier.

Gronov.

Gronovius.

Pair.

Poiret

6

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS 'AND SIGNS.

R. Br. =

ROBERT BROWN.

Steud. =

Steudel.

Raf.

Rafinesque.

Sulliv.

Sullivant.

Rich.

Richard.

Tayl.

J. Taylor.

Richards.

Richardson.

Torr.

Torrey.

Rcem.

Rcemer.

Ton: $• Gr.

Torrey and Gray.

Salisb.

Salisbury.

Tourn.

Tournefort.

Schimp.

W. P. Schimper.

Trin.

Trinius.

Sclik.

Schkuhr.

Tuckerm.

Tuckerman.

ScMecht.

Schlechtendal.

Vaill

Vaillant.

Schrad.

Schrader.

Vent.

Ventenat.

Schreb.

Schreber.

Vill.

Villars.

Schult.

Schultes.

Wahl.

Wahlenberg.

Schw. or Schivein.

Schweinitz.

Walt.

Walter.

Schwcegr.

Schwsegrichen.

Web.

Weber.

Scop.

Scopoli.

Willd.

Willdenow.

Soland.

Solander.

Wils.

Wilson.

Spreng.

Sprengel.

Wulf.

Wulfen.

H. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

(D An annual plant.
® A biennial plant.
1J. A perennial plant.
? A mark of doubt.

! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min-
utes ( ) for inches; of seconds (") for lines, — the (English) line being the
twelfth part of an inch.

The dash - between two figures, as 5 - 10, means from 5 to 10, &c.

DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

THE Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments
of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First
Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea-
tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The
former is much the simplest, and* was expressly prepared for the beginner's use,
To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise
ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic-
tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that
in the Lessons on Botany.

To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of
ascertaining the name,' and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants,
we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common
Spidcrwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our
country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long.

With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti-
ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant
belongs to the great series of Phcenoyamous or Flowering Plants. To which of
its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare
the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc-
tions— of Class I. given on p. xvii., and of Class II. on p. xxi. Without the
seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill
than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly
ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the
other characters are abundantly sufiicient, and easy to verify. Take first the
stem ; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan ? A slice across it
plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass,
that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody
tissue between these two : but the woody part of the. stem is here represented by
separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in tho
form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk
of Indian Corn, a (rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing
no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The
simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement
of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six
(twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to
have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II* Monocotyledonous or
Endogenous Plants.

We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily
done oy fc llowiiig the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first

XVI DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Of these B. alone has
"flowers with true floral envelopes," and therefore includes our plant. The
subdivision of B. is into "1. Flowers densely crowded on a spadix," and "2.
Flowers not on a spadix." Our plant falls under the latter. This is subdivided
into " * Perianth adherent to the ovary," and " * # Perianth free from the ovary"
Our plant accords with the latter. This is subdivided into four groups, with this
mark (•«- ), characterized by the nature of the perianth ; and it is evident that our
plant, having 3 green sepals, and 3 colored petals, and no glumaceous or husky
bracts, falls into the third group, •»-•*-•*-. Under this there are four alterna-
tives, based on differences in the pistil. The numerous distinct pistils exclude
the first ; the many or several seeds in each cell exclude the second ; the one-
celled ovary, &c. exclude the fourth ; while the third, having a single pistil with
a 2 -3-celled ovary, and only one or two ovules' or seeds in each cell, agrees with
our plant ; which we are thus brought to conclude must belong to the order
Comme/ynacece. The number, 485, affixed to this name, refers to the page in the
body of the work where this order is characterized.

After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por-
tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de-
termine the Genus. "We have only two genera in this order, viz. : 1 . Commelyna,
which lias irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens
of two sorts, only three of them bearing perfect anthers, — all of which is very
different from the plant we are studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 486), with the
characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord.

Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de-
scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( * ), our
plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two species, a
comparison with the characters of each fixes our plant as belonging to the first,
viz. T. Virginica.

The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the
species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species ; — in this instance Lin-
naeus, whose name is indicated by the abbreviation L.

Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like
that of Ranunculaceoz, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter-
mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to the
name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in
the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper
Tribes, or Suborders, &c. ; and the student will first determine the Tribe, or
other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the
Genus under that tribe, &c.

Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub-
genera, which are designated by the mark § followed by a name. For example,
Cimicifuga, p. 14, has two subgenera, § 1. Macrotys, and § 2. Cimicifuga proper,
each with its own characters ; and the genus Rhus, p. 76, has three subgenera,
viz. § 1. Sumac, § 2. Toxicodendron, and § 3. Lobadium. These names, how-
ever, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its
generic and its specific name only ; as. Cimicifuga racemosa, the Black Snake
root ; Rhus ylabra, the Smooth Sumac, &c.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS

OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK, FOUNDED ON SOME OP
THE EASIEST CHARACTERS, CHIEFLY THOSE FURNISHED BY THE FLOWER.

SERIES I. PELENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS-

those producing real flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer be-
tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to
year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark.
Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in
Subclass II. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in
fours or fives.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERflLE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
which contains the ovules and the seeds.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present ; the^
latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than tioice as many as the 4 - 9 petals.

1. Calyx entirely free and separate from tht pistil or pistils.
* Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous. Page

Pistils numerous, but cohering over each other on a long receptacle. MAGNOLIACK/E, 15
Pistils several, immersed in the upper surface of a top-shaped receptacle. NELUMBIACEjE, 21
Pistils more than one, wholly separate and distinct.

Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther. Trees. ANONACE^E, 17

Filaments longer than the anther.

Anthers 4-celled, 4-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACE.E, 18
Anthers 2-celled. Flowers mostly perfect. Herbs.

Petals and mostly the sepals also deciduous. RANUNCULACEJE, 2

Petals and sepals persistent after flowering. CABOMBACE^E, 22

Pistils only one, or 2 - several more or less completely united into one.
Ovary simple, 1-celled with one parietal placenta.

Filaments shorter than the anthers : petals large. Podophyllum in BERBERIDACRS:, 19

Filaments slender. Petals smaller than the sepals. RANUNCULACEJE, 2

Ovary compound, 8- 90-celled: ovules borne on the partitions. NYMPHJEACE2E, 22

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. PORTULACACE^, 63

b*

XV111 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Ovary compound, 1 - 5-celled, when 1-celled the 2 - several placentae parietal.
Sepals persistent, 4 - 7 in number.

Leaves punctate with transparent or dark dots, all opposite. HYPERIC A.C EM, 48

Leaves not punctate, all or some of them alternate.

Ovary and pod not lobed, 1-celled or partly so : ovules orthotropous. CISTACEJE, 45

Ovary and pod 3 - 7-horned or lobed, 1-celled, opening early. RESEDACEJS, 41

Ovary and pod 5-celled. Style umbrella-shaped. SARRACENIACE^E, 23

Sepals caducous, only 2 or 3. Juice milky or colored. PAP AVERAGES, 24

Sepals deciduous, 5 in number, valvate in the bud. TILIACEJE, 69

* * Stamens united with the base of the (hypogynous) petals.

Calyx valvate in the bud. Stamens monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. MALVACILS!, 65

Calyx imbricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled. Trees or shrubs. CAMELLIACEJ2, 70

* * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx (perigynous).

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pistils 1 - few-seeded. ROSACES, 110

Leaves opposite, no stipules. Calyx-tube enclosing the ovaries. CALYCANTHACE^i, 126

2. Calyx more or kss coherent with the surface of the ovary ; i. e. ovary inferior or partly so.
Leaves with stipules, alternate. Pomese in ROSACES, 110

Leaves without stipules. (In Cactaceae there are no proper leaves.)
Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae.

Fleshy and leafless plants : sepals and petals many, and much alike. CACTACE^i, 136
Rough-leaved plants : calyx-lobes 6 : petals 5 or 10. LOASACEJS, 135

Ovary 1 - 5-celled more than half free from the calyx, with a many -seeded placenta in the

axis : pod circumcissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. PORTDLACACEJ3, 63
Ovary 2-celled, half free : styles 2 : pod 2-beaked, 2-seeded. HAMAMELACE2E, 147

Ovary 3 - 4-celled (style 1) with 1-4 ovules in the axis of each cell. STYRACACEai, 265
Ovary 3 -5-celled (styles separate at the top) : ovules and seeds very numerous on pla-
centae projecting from the axis. Philadelphus in SAXIFRAGACK3E, 141
Ovary and berry-like pod 10 - 30-celled, many-seeded on the partitions. N YMPELEACEJB, 22

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite them.

Pistils 3 -6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACE.ZE, 18

Pistil only one : ovary 1-celled.

Style or stigma 1, simple : anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACILE, 19

Stylo and stigma 1 : anthers opening lengthwise. PRIMULACE.E, 270

Styles 5. Calyx funnel-form, dry. Ovule and seed solitary. PLUMBAGINACK3E, 270

Style 3-cleft at the apex. Calyx 2-leaved. Seeds few. PORTULACACE^E, 63

Pistil only one : ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx very short, 4 - 5-toothed, or the limb obsolete. Petals valvate. TITACILaE, 77

Calyx 4 -5-cleft, valvate in the bud Petals involute. RHAMNACEJE, 78

C. Stamens when of the same number as the petals alternate with them, sometimes twice at

many, sometimes fewer.
1. Calyx free from the ovary.

* Leaves punctate with transparent (or sometimes blackish) dots.

Flowers perfect. Leaves entire and simple, opposite. HYPERICACEJE, 48

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Leaves compound or divided. KUTACE^E, 74

* * Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

•t- Pistils one or more, simple, i. e. of one carpel.

Stamens inserted on the receptacle {hypogynous). Stipules none.

Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Woody climbers. MENISPERMACUffi, 18

Flowers mostly perfect. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants. RANUNCULACEJ3, 2
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the calyx (perigynous).

Flower mostly papilionaceous or otherwise irregular. Pistil only one. LEGUMINOSJ3, 88
Flower regular. Pistils 1 - several.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

XIX

Leaves with stipules. Seeds single or few, destitute of albumen. ROSACES, 110

Leaves destitute of stipules. Seeds with albumen.

Pistils 2, fewer than the (5, or rarely 4) petals. SAXIFRAGACE2E, 142

Pistils 3 - 5, of th« same number as the petals. CRASSULACE^, 139

Stamens connected with the stigma, which unites the tops of 2 pistils. ASCLEPIADACEE, 350

•*- •«- Pistil one, compound ; the ovary 1-celled.

Corolla irregular, of 4 petals. Stamens 6, collected in two sets. FUMARIACE^!, 26

Corolla irregular, of 5 petals. Stamens 5 ; their broad anthers united. VIOLACE^, 41

Corolla regular : ovule solitary from the base. Leaves alternate. ANARCARDIACEJB, 76
Corolla regular : ovules from the base or axis. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE2E, 53
Corolla regular : ovules few or many on 2 - several parietal placentas.

Stamens monadelphous, their tube sheathing the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLOR ACE^E, 138
Stamens separate, inserted on the calyx. SAXIFRAGACE^), 141

Stamens separate, inserted on the receptacle.

Sepals 2, caducous. Juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACE.E, 24

Sepals 4, deciduous. Style 1. Juice not milky. CAPPARIDACEJE, 40

Sepals 5, or sometimes 3, persistent.

A cluster of sterile filaments placed before each petal. PARNASSIACEJ3, 48

Sterile filaments or appendages none.

Styles 6 or 10, double the number of the placentae. DROSERACE^E, 47

Style 1 or none : stigmas 1 - 3 : placentae 3. CISTACEJE, 45

t- •*- +- Pistil one, compound ; the ovary 2 - IQ-cetted.

•H- Flowers irregular.

Btamens 6 or 8 in two sets, connected with the petals : anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACIL3E, 85
Stamens 10, distinct, free from the petals : anthers 2-celled. Rhodora in ERICACEAE, 245

Stamens 6-8, distinct, free from the petals : anthers 2-celled.
Stamens 5 : anthers conniving over the stigma, 2-celled.

++ T* Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens (mostly 2) fewer than the 4 petals.
Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many.
Of equal length. Corolla not cruciform.

Two stamens shorter than the 4 others. Corolla (of 4 petals) cruciform,
gtamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs. Flowers monoecious. Styles fewer than the sepals.
Herbs. Styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals.
Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3. Stamens 6.
Sepals and petals 5. Ovary and pod 10-celled.
Sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary 5. Stamens 10 or 6.
Shrubs or trees.

Fruit a fleshy colored pod. Seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril.
Fruit 2-winged. Leaves opposite. Aril none.
Fruit a 4 - 8-seeded drupe. Leaves alternate.
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves.
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves.
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base.
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.
Style 1, undivided.
Styles 2-5, separate
Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.

Style 1. Pod enclosed in the calyx becoming 1-celled. LYTHRACE^E, 127

Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACE2E, 141

SAPINDACE^:, 82
BALSAMINACEJE, 78

OLEACEJ3, 356

ACERINE.&, 84
CRUCIFER^B, 28

EUPHORB1ACEJB, 385

LIMNANTHACE^, 74

LINAGES, 70

GERANIACEJ3, 72

CELASTRACE^E, 81

ACERINEffi, 84

AQUIFOLIACE^E, 268

ELATINACE3!, 52
STAPHYLEACEJE, 82

GALACINE^B, 262
OXALIDACEJE, 71

ERICACJLffi, 245
CARYOPHYLLACEJ3, 52

XX ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Stamens nnre or less united together. Tendril-bearing herbs. CUCURBITAC EJE, 188

Stamens distinct. Not tendril bearing.
Orules and seeds more than one in each cell.

Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. PORTULACACEJB, 63

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal few - many-seeded placentae. Some SAXIFRAGACE,£, 141

Ovary 2 - 5-celled. [and GROSSULACE^G, 136

Anthers opening by pores at the apex. Style 1. MELASTOMACE2E, 127

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Style 1. Petals 4, rarely 2. ONAGRACE^, 129

Styles 2, rarely 3, or one and 3 - 5-deft. SAXIFRAGACE.&, 141

Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

Stamens (in perfect flowers) inserted on the tube of the calyx.

Stipules deciduous. Pod 2-beaked. HAMAMELACEJE, 147

Stipules present or deciduous. Fruit globular, fleshy. POMEJS, 123

Stipules none. ONAGRACEJE, 129

Stamens inserted on a disk which crowns the top of the ovary.

Styles 2. Herbs. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry UMBELLIFER^I, 148

Styles 2 -5. Flowers umbelled. Fruit fleshy. ARALIACE^., 159

Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Flowers clustered. CORNACEJfi, 161

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS : calyx and corolla both present ; the
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.
* Ovary compound, 3 - many-celled, or \-celled with the ovules rising from the base.

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. ERICACEAE, 245
Stamens borne on or adherent to the base of the tube of the corolla.

Filaments wholly distinct. Calyx wholly free from the ovary. EBENACE^, 266
Filaments 1 - 6-adelphous below : anthers 2-celled.

Calyx adherent to the base or to the whole surface of the ovary. STYRACACEJE, 265

Calyx wholly free from the ovary. CAMELLIACE.&, 70

Filaments monadelphous in a column : anthers 1-celled. MALVACEjE, 66

* * Ovary compound, \-celled, with 2 parietal placenta. FTJMARIACE^, 26

* * * Ovary simple, with 1 parietal (sutural) placenta. LEGUMINOS2E, 38

15. Stamens (i. e. fertile stamens) as many as the lobes of the corolla, and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled. Corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACE.33, 267

Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1-seeded. Styles 5. PLUMBAGINACE^, 270

Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded. Style 1. PRIMULACILE, 270

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.

* Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).
Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.

Flowers collected in a head which is furnished with an involucre. COMPOSITE, 177

Flowers separate, perfect, irregular. Corolla cleft down one side. LOBELIACE^, 241

Flowers separate, monoecious or dioecious, regular. CUCURBITACEJE, 138

Stamens separate.

Leaves alternate, without stipules. Juice milky. Pod 2 - 5-celled. CAMPANULACEJE, 243
Leaves opposite with intervening stipules, or whorled without them. RUBIACILE, 168

Leaves opposite without stipules.

Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 4 or 5. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed. CAPRIFOLIACEJE, 163
Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 2 or 3. Corolla 5-lobed. YALERIANACFJE, 174

Flowers in an involucrate head. Stamens and corolla-lobes 4. DIPSACB^E, 176

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXJ

* * Ovary free from the calyx (superior).

t~ Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens almost always less than 6.
Orules and mostly the seeds numerous, or sometimes only 2, in each cell.
Pod 1 -celled, with a free central placenta Stamens 2. LENTIBULACE2E, 275

Pod 1-celled with 2-4 parietal placentae. Stamens 4. Leafless plants. OROBANCHACILE, 279
Pod falsely 2 - 5-celled : placentae parietal. Seeds without albumen. BIGNONIAC&ffi, 277
Pod 2-celled with the placentae in the axis.

Seeds numerous, sometimes few, with copious albumen. SCROPHULARIACELE, 281

Seeds few in each cell, flat, entirely destitute of albumen. ACANTHACE^), 296

Ovules and seeds (4, rarely 1) one in each cell. /

Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 300

Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. TERBENACE^E, 298

••- •«- Flowers regular ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla or calyx.
Ovary deeply divided around the single style into 4 one-ovuled lobes. BORRAGINACE^, 319
Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules or placentae parietal.

Leaves toothed or cut, often rough-hairy, petioled. HYDROPHYLLACEJE, 326

Leaves entire, sessile and opposite, glabrous. ,

Leaves petioled, alternate, entire or with 3 entire leaflets, j
Ovary2-10-celled.

Style none. Corolla deeply 4 - 6-parted. Shrubs or trees. AQUIFOLIACHS:, 268

Style present. Plants with green herbage.

Stamens 4. Pod circumcissile, and the partition loose. PLANTAGINACEJE, 268

Stamens 6, nearly or quite free from the corolla. ERICACEAE, 245

Stamens 6, borne on the corolla.

Stipules present between the bases of opposite leaves. LOGANIE^E, 174

Stipules none.

Leaves opposite. Pod 2-celled, with several winged seeds. GELSEMINE-2E, 283

Leaves opposite or alternate. Pod 3-celled, few-seeded. POLEMONIACKaa, 329

Leaves alternate Pod or berry many -seeded. SOLANACEJ2, 338

Leaves alternate. Pod 2 - 6-seeded. .

St3le present. Plants destitute of green foliage. [ CONVOLVULACKS!, 332

Ovaries 2, separate ; their styles and stigmas also separate. *
Ovaries 2, separate, but united at the top by a common stigma.

Filaments distinct : pollen powdery, in ordinary anthers. APOC YNACE^E, 349

Filaments mostly monadelphous : pollen cohering in masses. ASCLEPIADAGE^, 35(?

•t- -i- H- Flowers regular: stamens fewer than t/ie lobes of the corolla.

Low herbs. Pod circumcissile, 4 - many-seeded : partition separating. PLANTAGINACEJE, 268
Shrubs. Drupe or berry 1 -2-seeded. OLEACEJE, 356

DIVISION III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting

A. Flowers not in catkins.
* Ovary or cells of the ovary containing many ovules.

Ovary and pod 6-celled, inferior (calyx-tube adherent). ARISTOLOCHIACEJE, 359

Ovary and pod 4-celled, inferior. Ludwigia in ONAGRACE^, 129

Ovary and pod 3 -5-celled, superior (calyx free).

Pod 5-beakedvop«nmg across the beaks. Penthorum hi CRASSTJLACEJ2, 139

Pod beakless, circumcissile. Leaves fleshy. Sesuvium in PORTULACACEJE, 63

Pod beakless, 3-valved. Leaves whorled. MOLLUGINEJS, 64

Ovary 2-celled, superior. Flowers perfect, separate.

Calyx enclosing the thin (at length often 1-celled) pod. Ammannia in LYTHRACEZE, 127
Calyx none. Pod many-ribbed. Aquatic herbs. PODOSTEMACE.E, 384

Ovary 2-celled. Flowers imperfect, capitate. Liquidambar in HAMAMELACEJE, 148

Ovaries one or more, simple, one-celled. EANUNCULACE^E, 2

Ovary 1, compound, but only one-celled.
Placentae 2, p--<otaL Chrysosplenium in SAXEFRAGACEuE, 141

XX11 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Placenta in the axis or the base of the cell.

Stamens 6, alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux In PRIMULA CEJB, 270

Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACEffi, 52

* * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 3) ovules.

•»- Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. ROSACES, 110

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. Ovaries stalked. Zanthoxylum in RUTACE^E, 74
Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACILE, 2

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, but perfect, spiked. SAURURACE.3E, 383

•t- -i- Pistil one, compound : ovary 2 - IQ-ceUed.

Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube (inferior), 3 - 4-celled. / HALORAGKE, 129

Ovary free. (Calyx sometimes wanting.)

Herbs, aquatic. Fruit 4-celled, indehiscent, nut-like : styles 2. CALLITRICHACE^l, 384
Herbs. Fruit splitting into 2 or 3 two-valved pods. EUPHORBIACE.E, 386

Herbs. Fruit a 10-celled and 10-seeded berry. PHYTOLACCACE2E, 361

Heath-like undershrubs. Drupe 3 - 9-celled. EMPETRAC1LE, 393

Shrubs or trees. Fruit a berry -like drupe or a samara.

Ovule solitary in each cell, erect. Stamens alternate with the sepals. RHAMNACEJE, 78
Ovule solitary in each cell, suspended. ULMACE3E, 394

Ovules a pair in each cell : these

Horizontal or ascending. Fruit a double samara. ACERINE2E, 82

Suspended or pendulous. Fruit a single samara or a drupe. OLEACEJ3, 356

•i- •»- •»- Pistil one (simple or compound), 1-celled, I-seeded.
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube.

Stigma extending down the whole length of one side of the style.

Stamen 1. Aquatic herbs. Seed suspended. Hippuris in HALORAGEJE, 129

Stamens 6-10. Trees. Seed suspended. Nyssa in CORNACE2E, 160

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.

Anthers 3-4, sessile. Woody parasites on trees. LORANTHACEJ5, 382

Anthers 5, on filaments. SANTALACE3E, 381

Ovary free, sometimes enclosed in the calyx-tube, but not adherent to it.
Stipules forming closed sheaths at the joints.

Calyx conspicuous, often colored or petal-like. Herbs. POLYGONACE3E, 371

Calyx none. Trees: flowers in heads. PLATANACEJS, 400

Stipules not sheathing, often none.

Stamens 8-24, more numerous than the lobes of the calyx.

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Leaves pellucid-dotted. LAURACEE, 378

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Shrubs, with dotless and silvery-scurfy leaves. EL^AGNACE^I, 380

Shrubs, with entire and dotless leaves. THYMELACE^E, 380

Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected leaves. CERATOPHYLLACEZE, 383

Stamens 1-6, equalling or fewer than the calyx-lobes.
Embryo coiled around the outside of the albumen.

Flowers scarious-bracted. AMARANTACE2E, 367

Flowers not scarious-bracted.

Calyx colored, imitating a monopetalous corolla. NYCTAGINACEJE, 360

Calyx herbaceous or scarious. CHENOPODIACE^E, 361

Embryo coiled or bent, without albumen, j

Embryo straight in the axis of albumen. [ TJRTICACE33, 394

Radicle superior. Style and stigma 1. *

Radicle inferior. Stigmas 3, two-cleft. EUPHORBIACEJE, 385

Embryo straight : albumen none.

Flowers polygamous. Ptanera, &c. in URTICACE^!, 394

Flowers perfect Stamens on the calyx. ROSACES, 110

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. XX1U

B. Flowers (monacious or diozdous) one or both sorts in catkins.

* Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

fertile flowers forming a short catkin or strobile in fruit. Humulus in URTICACE2E, 394

Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins.

Nut in an involucre or cup. Leaves simple. CUPULIFER.33, 403

Dry drupe naked, with no involucre. Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACHE, 401

* * Both the sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads.

Fruit a thin dehiscent pod. Seeds numerous, downy-tufted. SALICACE^l, 413
Fruit a woody pod. Seeds naked. Liquidambar in HAMAMELACHaE, 148

Fruit a berried drupe or drupe-like. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. 4

Parasitic : leaves opposite, thick. LORANTHACE.33, 382

Not parasitic : leaves alternate, fragrant. MYRICACE^, 409
Fruit, i. e. the pericarp itself, a nutlet or achenium.

Nutlets winged or oblong, under dry or woody scales. BETULACEJ3, 410

Nutlets club-shaped, naked, plumose-hairy below. PLATANACE2E, 400

Achenia thin, surrounded by an herbaceous or often juicy calyx. URTICACILE, 394.

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERM^. Pistil an open scale or altered
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or upper surface, or in Taxus
entirely wanting.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Stems branched. Leaves simple. CONIFER2E, 420

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis-
tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. Leaves mostly paral-
lel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the first leaves alternate.
Parts of the flower generally in threes.

A. Flowers destitute of any proper floral envelopes (either calyx or corolla), and also of glumes
like those of Grasses and Sedges, mostly aggregated on a spadix.

1. Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves.

Fruit a 1 -lew-seeded berry. Spathe conspicuous. ARACEJE, 426

Fruit a dry nutlet. Flowers densely spiked or capitate. Marsh herbs. TYPHACEJ3, 429

Fruit a nutlet, drupe, or utricle. Immersed aquatics. NAIADACEJS, 431

2. Floating free : no distinction of stem and foliage.

Flowers bursting from the edge of a floating frond. LEMNACEJ3, 430

B. Flowers with true floral envelopes (perianth) representing the calyx or calyx and corolla.
L Flowers densely crowded on a spadix. Certain ARACHE, 426, and NAIADAGEJE, 431

2. Flowers solitary, clustered, or variously disposed, but not collected on a spadix.

* Perianth adherent to the ovary or to its base.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular.

Aquatics. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. HYDROCHARIDACE^E, 440

Climbers, veiny-leaved. Pod 3-winged. DIOSCOREACE^E, 460

Flowers perfect. (Pod several - many-seeded )

Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Pod 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. ORCHIDACE^, 442
Stamens 8, before the outer divisions of the perianth : anthers extrorse. IBID ACEJB, 459.
Stamens 3, before the inner divisions of the perianrh: anthers introrse.
Filaments very short, included. f BUBMANNIACEJ3, 442.

Filaments elongated, exserted. \

,. _ . .. ' (.

Stamens to. Perianth free, except at the base, J

XXIV ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS.

Stamens 6. Perianth adherent to the whole ovary. AMARYLLIDACILS;, 466

* * Perianth free from the ovary:

H- Its 6 or rarely 4 divisions similar, not glumaceous, nor furnished with glumaceous bracts.
Anthers turned inwards.

Stamens 3, or when more unlike or sterile. Style 1. PONTEDERIACEJ3, 488

Stamens 6, rarely 6 or 7. Styles 2 - 3, separate. Flowers dioecious. SMILACE.ffi, 461

Stamens 6, rarely 4. Styles united into one. LILIACEJS, 465

Anthers turned outwards (except Tofieldia).

Seeds with albumen. Leaves grass-like or with a proper blade MELANTHACEJE, 472

Seeds without albumen. Leaves rush-like, without a blade. JUNCAGINE^E, 436

•»- -i- Its 6 divisions similar and glumaceous (except Narthecium). JUNCACE^l, 479

+- *~ -i- Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 3 herbaceous or membranaceeus sepals and 3 colored

petals ; not furnished with glumaceous bracts.

Pistils numerous, distinct. Stamens from 6 to many. ALISMACE^I, 436

Pistil (ovary) one, 3-celled, many - several-seeded.

Styles 1. Thick or scurfy-leaved epiphytes. BROMELIACEJS, 458

Styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled. TRILLIACHSl, 461

Pistil (ovary) one, 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. COMMELYNACE^, 485

Pistil 1 : ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae. XYRIDACE^l, 487

•«- i- •»- H- Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting; the outer (calyx)

mostly glumaceous or chaffy ; the flowers also furnished with glumaceous or chaffy bracts.

Rush-like herbs : flowers in dense heads.

Pod 1-celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal placentae. XYRIDACILE, 487

Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. ERIOCAULONACE^E, 488

C. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but cov-
ered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale-like bracts.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower hi its axil. CYPERACE^S, 490

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. GR AMINES, -686

SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS

PLANTS: those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification
producing spores instead of seeds.

CLASS HI. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.

Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the foliage
when there is any (in the form of veins).

Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins. FILICES, 68T
Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked
scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth at each
joint of the stem. EQUISETACILE, 586

Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACE^!, 602
Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. Aquatics. HYDROPTERIDES, 605

CLASS IV. ANOPHYTES. (MOSSES.)

Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct,
or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond).

Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. MUSCI, 607

gpore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves distinct or confluent itito a frond. UEPATIOJE, 688

BOTANY

OP THB

NORTHERN UNITED STATES,

SERIES I.

PH^NOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an
embryo.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGE-
NOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form-
ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the
stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition
of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-
ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fives or fours.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSP^RM^E.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains tie ovules and
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.

2 RANUNGULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

DIVISION I. POLYP^TALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co-
rolla ; the petals not united with each other.*

ORDER 1. RANUNCULiACE^B. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apeta-
lous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals,
numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and
unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-
15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short Fruits
either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules
none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large
family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

TRIBE I. CL.EM ATIDE.3E. Sepals valmte in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards.
Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or
hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vinos : leaves all opposite.

1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens-

2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.

TRIBE II. ANEMONE.33. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small
a.nd stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op-
posite or whorled, forming an involucre.

* Seed suspended.

3. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens.

4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re-

mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves.

5. HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves,

and resembling a calyx.

6. THALICTRUM. Ackenia 4 - 10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like.

* * Seed erect.

7. TRAUTYETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none

TRIBE HI. RANUNCULEJH. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, orten
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary.

8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect.

9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended.

TRIBE IV. HEI.I.EBORINEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely
persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or
2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — Leaves
all alternate.

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs.

10. ISOPYRTJM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound.

11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped.

* Tn many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous orders
are destitute of petals , as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyn 01, and Pther plants of the Crow-
foot Family.

RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3

12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8-15,

sessile. Leaves divided.

13. C'OPTIS. Petals 5-8, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid-

uous. Leaves divided.

14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepala 6,

persistent, turning green with age.

15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5.

* * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded.

16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long

spurs, enclosed hi the spur of the calyx.

17. ACONITUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals.

* * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby.

18. ZANTHORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens few. Flowers in droop

ing compound racemes, polygamous.

TRIBE V. CIMICIPUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals
small and flat, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry.
Leaves all alternate.

19. HYDRASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries hi fruit, 2-

seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none.

20. ACT^EA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.

Leaves 2-3-ternately compound. Petals manifest.

21. CLMICIFUGA. Flowers hi long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 - 8, in fruit forming dry several-

seeded pods. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound.

1. ATRAOENE, L. ATRAGENE.

Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud.
Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens.
Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long
plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks; stems a little
woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1-flowered. (A
name of obscure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.)

1. A. Amcricfiim, Sims. (AMERICAN ATRAGENE.) Leaflets stalked,
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem-
atis verticillaris, DC.} — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to
"Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — From
each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked
leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across.

2. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals
none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked,
hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing
by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KX^/iarts, a name of Di
oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)

# Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery: anthers linear.
•*- Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside.

1. €)• ociiroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile,
silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above ; tails of the fruit very plu-

4 KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

mose. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York; Pennsylvania and Virginia: rare.
May. — A foot high. Calyx yellowish within.
•*- •*- Stems climbing : leaves pinnate : calyx (and foliage] glabrous or puberulent .

2. C. Vidnia, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length
bell-shaped ; the purplish sqials very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped
with short recurved points ; the long tails of the fruit very plumose; leaflets 3-7,
ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or entire; uppermost
leaves often simple. — Kich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May -Aug.

3. C. Pftcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish
sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform
and barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed,
much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi,
and southward. June.

4. C. cylindrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin
margins; tails of the fruit silky; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward.
May -Aug.

* * Flowers in panicled clusters : sepals thin : anthers oblong.

5. C. Virgiiiiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth ; leaves
oearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c., common; climbing
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioecious;
the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit.

3. PUl,SATi:LL,A, Tourn. PASQUE-FLOWER.

Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens.
Achenia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone ; from which the
genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name
was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.)

1. P. IVutta.llia.na. Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, devel-
oped before the leaves ; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part-
ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft
into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the involucre like those of the
leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup ; sepals 5-7, purplish, spread-
ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, frc. not of L. A. Nuttalliana,
DC. A. Ludovi'ciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward.
April. — A span high. Sepals l'-l£' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More
like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe.

4U ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia ehort-beaked or blunt. Seed
suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to-

RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5

gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower.
(Name from avcpos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when
the wind blows.)

# Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit :
sepals downy or silky underneath.

1. A. parviflora, Michx. (SMALL ANEMONE.) Somewhat pubescent ;
stem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions
wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval,
whitish; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant
2' -12' high.

2. A. nmltifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy; prin-
cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Bocks, Western
Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant
6' -12' high : sepals £' long.

3. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.) Slender,
clothed with silky hairs ; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-
stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish-white ;
head of fruit cylindrical (I1 long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun-
cles 7' -12' long, all appearing together, from the same involucre, and naked
throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4.

4. A. Virginmna, L. (TALL ANEMONE.) Hairy; principal involucre
3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute,
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods
and meadows ; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high ; the upright pe-
duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf-
less ; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which
are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar
peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer.

* * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent.

5. A. Peimsylvanica, L. (PENNSTLVANIAN ANEMONE.) Hairy,
involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked
peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre
at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-
cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5 - 7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ;
head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England
to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hairy, 6' high when it be-
gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked
peduncle, through the summer ; flowers l£' broad, handsome.

6 RANUKCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

6. A. nemordsa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD ANEMONE.) Low,
smooth ; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of the
involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions often
(var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single; sepals 4-7, oval, white,
sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a
hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal
species ; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.)

5. HEP A TIC A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a
calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a
section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent
through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers
single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the
shape of the leaves.)

1. H. trilolm, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods;
common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head,
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or
rounded. (Eu.)

2. H. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or
acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale
purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1.

6. THAL,iCTRin!I, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped
by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend-
ed.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the
leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva-
tion obscure.)

* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone : root tuberous-

thickened and clustered : flowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved.
1. T, sinemoiioi«ies, Michx. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Low; root-leaves
twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo-
lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone
thalictroides, L., Bigd.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant,
more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves
at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole,
so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 7-10,
half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink.
Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma.

* * Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root flbrous: flowers dioxious or

RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7

polygamous : sepals 4 — 5, falling away early : fruits sessile, tipped with long stig
mas, ribbed-angled.

2. X. dioicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW -RuE.) Leaves all with general
petioles ; leaflets rounded and 5 - 7-lobed ; flowers in compound panicles, green-
ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot
or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, arid slender yellowish anthers on
capillary filaments.

3, T. CorilWti, L. (MEADOW-RuE.) Stem-leaves without general peti-
oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound
large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem
3° - 4° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish or downy beneath. Filaments slightly
club-shaped ; anthers oblong.

1. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANE.

Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia
numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed
erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym
bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.)

1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.)
Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar
ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5-9-lobed; the
lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high.

8. RAWIJNCIJI/IJS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Aehe-
nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals
or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yelloAV, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little
frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where
those animals abound.)
§ 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or naked pit at the base, tvhite,

the claw yellow: achenia turgid, transversely wrinkled: aquatic perennials, with

the immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes.

1. R. aquatilis, L., var. divaricatiis. (WHITE WATER-CROW
FOOT.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compoundly dissected into
many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori-
zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than
the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus.
Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June- Aug. (Eu.)

§ 2. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow in all our species).

* Achenia smooth.
y* •*- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves filiformly dissected.

2. R. PiirslBii, Richards. (YELLOW WATUB -CROWFOOT.) Stem
floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary tlivis

8 BANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped
or round and variously lobed or cleft ; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx ;
carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh,
Bigel. R. lacustris, Beck.) — Stagnant water ; most common northward. May -
July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as
large as in the common Buttercup.
•*- •»- Terrestrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes

annual.
- *+ leaves all undivided : plants glabrous.

3. R. alismaefolius, Geyer, Benth. (WATER-PLANTAIN SPEAR-
WORT.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting |from the lower joints; leaves
lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined
petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base ; petals 5-7,
much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels flattened, pointed with a long
and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flammula &
R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places ; common northward.
June - Aug. Stems 1 ° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flower 5" - 6", in Ore-
gon and California 7" -9", broad. Carpels much larger than in the next.

4. R. Flamiiiiila, L. (SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending,
rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire or nearly so, mostly petioled ; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx,
bright yellow; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually curved blunt
point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ;
thence northward. June- Aug. Corolla 4" - 6" broad. (Eu.)

Var. IV p tails. (CREEPING SPEARWORT.) Much smaller and slenderer ;
the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. fili-
formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and
Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' - 6' long. (Eu.)

5. R. pnSfillus, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round-
ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem-
leaves similar; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed,
scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the calyx, yellowish ;
stamens few (5-10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet
places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. —
Stems 5' -12' high.

6. R. Cynibalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Stem sending
off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; leaves
all roundish, mostly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed, rather fleshy,
on long petioles ; flower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 - 7-flowered ; petals 5-8, bright
yellow ; carpels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the
sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York.
June - Aug. — Scapes 3' - 6' high.

•»-*• -w- Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base.

7. R. rllOHllxmlCllS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaver roundish, or
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem -leaves similar
or 3-5-lobed; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpels

RANUXCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9

orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx.
(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin.
April, May. — Stems 3' -6' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves.
Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 12.

8. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT.) Glabrous and
very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenatc,
the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches
3-5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curvea
beak ; petals shorter than the refiexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks,
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above,
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion.

Var. micr&iitliiis* Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped,
some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (B. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa-
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward.

9. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED CROWFOOT.) Smooth and glabrous ;
root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut
and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near-
ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ;
petals scarcely^ exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced.
June - Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1 ° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid
and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

10. R. rccurvatus, Poir. (HOOKED CROWFOOT.) Hirsute; leaves
of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad-
ly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob-
ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked
styles; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.
— Stem l°-2°high.

•M. *+ +•«• Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia fiat.
a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx.

11. R. Peimsylv&niciis, L. (BRISTLY CROWFOOT.) Hirsute with
rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked,
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels
pointed \vith a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — A
coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers.

b. Head of carpels globular : petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx.

12. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY CROWFOOT.) Low, pubescent
with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical
leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses-
sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or
linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread-
ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather
curved beak. — Eocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel-
low flower 1' broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the
icale.

10 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

13. R. repens, L. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.) Low, hairy or nearly
glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners ; leaves 3-divid-
ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped
or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ;
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c.,
May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large
as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.)

14. B. BULB6sus, L. (BULBOUS CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy;
stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions ses-
sile, tlie terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun-
cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the
reflexed calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas-
tures; very abundant only in E. New England; seldom found in the interior.
May- July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or
7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. B* ACRIS, L. (TALL CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem
erect ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg-
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed;
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields.
June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but
not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their
very acrid juice, :which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when
these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Achenia beset v»th rough points or smatt prickles : annuals.

16. B* MURIOATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni-
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ;
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia
and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. B. PARVIFL6RUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse; lower leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not
longer than the calyx ; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar-
gined.— Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. MYOStTBUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
ler claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20.
A.chcnia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from fius, a mouse, and oi>pa, a tail) ,
ihe seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-
leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and
"Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.)

KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11

1O. ISOP^RUM, L. (ENEMION, Kaf.)

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3 - 6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately
compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name from tcros, equal, and irvpos, wheat; of no obvious application.)

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com
monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds even. 1J. — Moist shady pla
ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum
anemonoides.

11. C ALT II A, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Jfeme from
*aXa$os, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)

1. C. palustris, L. {MARSH MARIGOLD.) Stem hollow, furrowed;
leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals about 6,
broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north-
ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring,
when coming into flower, under the name of COWSLIPS ; but the Cowslip is a
totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear
with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.)

12. TROLLIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun-
culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from
the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)

1. T. laxns, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5-6,
spreading ; petals 1 5 - 25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. —
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name
is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the
blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow.

13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at
the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent,
membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-sceded. — Low smooth perennials,
with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on soapes. (Name
from KOTrro), to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.)

12 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. C. ti'ifolia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.^ Leaflets 8,
obovate- wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape I -flowered. —
Bogs, abundant northward; extending south to Maryland along the mountains.
May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining.
Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.)

14. HE1,:LEBORUS, L. HELLEBORE

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu-
lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — •
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelv, to injure, and
/3opa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.)

1. H. vfRiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ;
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv.
from Eu.)

15. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils, 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren-
nials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)

1. A. CanadensiS, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs inflated, sud-
denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer
than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long,
scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be-
comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the

A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, from the Old World,
which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

16. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR.

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx ; the lower pair with short claws :
rarely all four are united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in
fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un-
like the classical figures of the dolphin.)
\

1. I>. exalt fitnm, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3--5-

cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute;
racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered; spur straight; pods 3, erect. T\. —
Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2° - 5° hi^h. Low.
er leaves 4' - 5 ' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy.

BANUNCULACE^l. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 15

2 D. tricdrne, Michx. (DWARF LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 5-part
9<i, their divisions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few
flowered, loose ; spur straightish, ascending ; pods strongly diverging. 1J. — W.
Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem
simple, 6' - 1 2' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white.

3. D. azureum, Michx. (AZURE LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-
parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme
strict ; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect. 1J. — Wiscon-
sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often
softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish.

4. I>. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD LARKSPUR.) Leaves dissected into nar-
row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the
bracts; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. (I) — Penn. (Mer-
cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from gram-fields : and sparingly along
road-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. ACON1TUM, Tourn. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet-
shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very
minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies
raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev-
eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately
cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an-
cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.)

1. A. nncimttiliii, L. (WILD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slen-
der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobed, petioled ; the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical,
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams,
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June -Aug.

2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous;
stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu-
lar in outline ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobed ; flowers white,
in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight
beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies.
Aug. — Lower leayes 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous.

18. ZAIVTHORHIZA, Marshall. - SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT.

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 or 10.
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the
short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark
and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple,
in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves,
from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of gavtifo, yellow,
and pi'£a, root.)

14 jiANUNCUl ACE.<£. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1 . Z. a.piifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of
Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Douglass. Stems
clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also
of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

19. HYDRASTIS, L. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils
12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head
»f crimson 1 - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf,
and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by
a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from v8o>p, water, and Spaoo,
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and
southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide.

2O. ACTjfcA, L. BANEBERRT. COHOSH.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
apatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with
ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from
a/crjj, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.)

1. A. spicata, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. A. brachypfetala, DC.)
Called HERB CHRISTOPHER in Europe.

Var. rubra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRT.) Petals about half the length
of the stamens ; pedicels slender ; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. rubra, Willd.,
Bigel, Sfc. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward.
April, May. Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

Var. filial, Michx. (WHITE BANEBERRT or COHOSH.) Petals rather
longer and narrower; pedicels thickened both in flower and fruit; beiries milk-
white, short-oval or globular. (A. alba, Bigel. A. pachypoda, EU.) — Rich
woods, more common southward,, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. —
Plant 2° - 3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle.
Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (Dr. Knies-
kern) ; while in some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi-
cels ( Mr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Nor does the length of the
petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one species.

91. CIMICIFUGA, L. BUGBANE.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as

MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15

in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, &n&fugo, to drive away;
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)

$ 1. MACR6TYS, Raf. — Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened and
packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actsea : stigma broad and flat.

1. C. I'liceniosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long;
pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south-
ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes
in fruit becoming l°-2° long.

$2. CIMICIFUGA, L. — Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped:
stigma minute.

2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Racemes slen-
der, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8-
seeded. — Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle-
ghanies. Aug. — Plant 2° -4° high, more slender than No. 1.

ADONIS AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found
growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es-
caped from gardens.

NIGELLA DAHASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark-
able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as
to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.

P^EONIA, the P^EONY, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy
disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils.

ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACE^G. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, loith the leaf-buds slieatlied by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, hypogy nous, poly androus, poly gy nous ; the calyx and corolla colored
alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals
and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep-
tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering
the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a
sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu-
men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with
minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark
aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and
Liriodendron.

1. Itf AON 6 L, I A, L. MAGNOLIA.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers
opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a
mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each car

16 MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

pel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang
by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat
bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules,
each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap-
plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named
after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.)
* Leaves all scattered along the branches : buds silky.

1. !?!• glttiica, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.)
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; petals white, rounded-obovate ; cone
of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south-
ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June-
Aug. — Shrub 4° - 20° high, Avith thickish leaves, Avhich farther south are ever
green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2' - 3' broad.

2. M. acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves oblong, pointed,
green and a little pubescent beneath ; petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow,
oblong; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York, Penn.,
Ohio, and southward. May, June. — Tree 60 - 90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5' -
10' long. Flower 3' broad. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling
a small cucumber, whence the common name.

3. M. macropbylla, Michx. ( GREAT-LEA YED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves
obovate-oblong , cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; petals
white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Rock-
castle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted farther
north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2|°-3° long. Flower
8' -10' broad when outspread.

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle : buds glabrous.

4. Ifl. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolatc,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong. (M. tripetala, L.)
— Mountains of Penn. (and W. New York?) to Virginia and Kentucky along
the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1°- 2° long. Flowers white,
7' -8' broad. Fruit rose-color, 4' -5' long, ovoid-oblong.

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves ob-
loncj-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate,
with narrow claws. (M. auricula ta, Lam.) — Virginia and Kentucky along the
Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree,30°-50° high. Leaves 8'-
12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding.

M. CORDATA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, and
M. GRANDiFLdRA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant flowers, and thick
evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-cojored be-
neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy
as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos-
soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a s nail fize in New
England, where M. macrophylla is precarious.

ANONACEJE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17

2. :HRIODtN3>RON, L. TULIP-TREE.

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An-
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow,
imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole,
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined
at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex
points to the base of the bud. (Name from \Lpiov, lily or tulip, and SeVSpoj/,
tree.)

1. JL. Tulipifera, L. — Bich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140°
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly
POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes* near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla
2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange.

ORDER 3. ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

'* Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and
a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, liypogynous, polyandrous.
— Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : filaments very
short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or
pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and
a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter-
nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary.' Bark, &c. acrid-
aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United
States, viz. :

1. A SIM IN A, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid
flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo-
nists.)

1. A. trflolm, Dunal. ( COMMON** PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
times as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Torr. $ Gray.) — Banks of
streams in rich soil, W. New York and Penn. to Ohio and southward. April,
May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed
with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, l£' wide.
Fruits 2' - 3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn.

A. PARVIFL6RA, a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably
does not grow so :ar north as Virginia.
2*

18 MENISPERMACE^. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

ORDJCR 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hypo-
gynous, dioecious, 3 - G-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long
curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several.
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family : there are
only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States.

Synopsis.

1 COCCULUS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled.

2. MENISPERMUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled.

3. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; in the fertile flowers 6, abor

tire. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled.

1. COCCUJLUS, DC. Coccus,

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils
3 - 6 in the fertile flowers : style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseect
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.
\ An old name, from coccum, a berry.)

1. C. Carolines, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath,
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish
the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Eiver-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and
southward. July.

2. MEJVISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED.

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as
long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised
on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovaiy in its growth after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embiyo
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary
panicles. (Name from prjvr), moon, and <r7rep/*a, seed.}

_. M. Caiaadeiise, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near
the edge, 3 - 7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July.
Drapes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

3. CAL.YCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED.

Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short : anthers
2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma.
Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup

BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19

on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of /caAv£, a cup, and Kapiros, fruit,
from the shape of the shell.)

1. C. JLyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Kich soil, S. Ken-
tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply
3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long,
globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.

ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2
or more rows of 2 - 4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals
and opposite them:, anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top.
(Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeflersonia as respects the sepals in one
row.) P'istil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a ber-
ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves
alternate.

Synopsis. /

TEIBE I. HERBERIDE.7E. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries acid
and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.)

1. BEEBKRIS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base.

TEIBB II. STANDEE EJE. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Roots and foliage some-
times drastic or poisonous.)

* Anthers opening by uplifted valves.

2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked
8. DIPHYLLEIA. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded.
4. JEFFERSONIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid.

* * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves,
i. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals 6-9. Stamens 6 - 18 ! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded.

1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir-
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 -few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous
integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in
drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived
from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

1. B. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the
fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re-
duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed
rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop-
ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and
waste grounds, in E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : else-
where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves re-
pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-jfloivered ; petals

20 BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker
deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Alleghanies of Virginia and south-
ward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub 1° - 3° high.

B. (MAH6NIA) AQUIF6LIDM, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging
to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber-
ries> — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub.

2. CAUL,OPHYL,L,UM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers
Oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds,
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look-
ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of
horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up
in early spring. a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani-
cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately
compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from KctvAor,
stem, and (£vXAoi>, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf).
Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2-3-lobed.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPPOOSE-ROOT.) Leoo-
tice thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods. April, May. — Stems 1°-2|° high.
Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biternate leaf often
at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, also the seeds,
which are of the size of large peas.

3. DIPHYI^EIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF.

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 :
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5
or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded.
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal
rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed,
rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near
one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of
dls, twice, and $v\\ov, leaf.)

1. I>. cymosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia
and southward. May. — Boot-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5 - 7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue.

4. JEFFERS6N1A, Barton TWIN-LEAP

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part

NELUMBIACE^:. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.)

1. J. diptiylla, Pcrs. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places.

5. PODOPHY1.L,UM, L. MAT-APPLE. MANDRAKE.

Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga-
cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima-
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers lineai-oblong, not opening by up-
lifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a
large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows,
sach seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of
the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from TTOUS, a foot, and <£vXAoi/, a leaf, from
a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-footed
animal.)

1. P. peltatnm, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes
oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich
woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7-9-
lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2
one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge ; the nodding white
flower from the fork, nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in July,
slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and
poisonous !

ORDER 6. NELUMBIACE^E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.)

Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, forming acorn-
shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-shaped
receptacle. Seeds solitary, fitted with the large and highly developed embryo :
albumen none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy-
nous, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular,
centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus

1. BTELiinJIBIUM, Juss. NELDMBO. SACRED BEAN.

Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Ce y-
lonese name of the East Indian species.)

1. IV. lutcum, Willd. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHINQUEPIN.)
Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa-
ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : introduced
into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the
Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced by the aborigines. June, July

22 NYMPH^EACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

— Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5' -8' in diameter. Tubers farinaceous.
Seeds also eatable. Embryo like tbat of Nymphsea on a large scale. Cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves,
enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

ORDER 7. CABOMBACE^E. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the hypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in
threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct
and separate. Seeds very few. — Really no more than a simple state of
Nymphaeaceae : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow-
ing genus.

1. BRASEWIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 : filaments fili-
form : anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent
pods. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture! Embryo enclosed in a
peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum. — Rootstock creeping.
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water.
Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and
slow streams. June -Aug. — Stalks coated with clear jelly. Leaves entire,
2' -3' across. (Also a native of Australia and Eastern India !)

ORDER 8. NYMPHJEACE^E. -(WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy
flowers from a prostrate rootstock ; the partly colored sepals and numerous
petals and stamens imbricated in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined
into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag
at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en-
closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persistent, hypogy-
nous or perigynous ; the latter passing into stamens : anthers adnate,
opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned
with the radiate stigmas, 14-30-celled ; the many anatropous seeds at-
tached to the sides and back of the cells. — Rootstocks imitating the endo-
genous structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous).

1. NYUIPHJEA, Touru. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILT.

Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower
and gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of
the ovary. Stamens inserted on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal-
like filaments. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed
petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white rose-color, or blue,
very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs. }

SARRACENIACE.ZE. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 23

1. N. odorata, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILT.) Leave* orbic
nlar, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole,
the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant ; petals obtuse ; anthers blunt. — Va-
ries occasionally with the flowers rose-color. — Ponds, common ; the trunks im-
bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man's arm. June - Sept.

— Flower closing in the afternoon.

2. IVilPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.

Sepals 5 or 6, partly colored, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu-
lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under tho
ovary, shorter than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit
ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate-cor-
date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.)

1. N. ad vena, Ait. Leaves floating, or offcener emersed and erect, on
stout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly
oblong, very thick and fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens
and shorter than they; anthers much longer than the jilaments ; stigma 12-24-
rayed; the margin entire or repand ; fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun-
cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. — In still or stagnant water; com-
mon. May -Sept. — Leaves 8' -12' long, thick, rounded or oblong-ovate in
outline. Flower 2' broad.

2. N. Kalmiana, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti-
oles ; sepals 5 ; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ;
anthers shorted than the Jilaments ; stigma 8-14-rayed, the margin crenate ; fruit
not furrowed, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled
beak. (N. lutca, var. Kalmiana, Torr. $• Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium,
Ledeb. ?) — Ponds, &c., New England, New York, and northward. July, Aug.

— Leaves l^'-4' long, roundish, the veins beneath much fewer and more
branched than in the last. Flower 1' - 1| broad. (Eu. ?)

N. LtiTEA, Smith, I have not seen anywhere in the United States.

ORDER 9. SARRACENIACEJE. (PITCHER-PLANTS.)

Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trum-
pet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, an-
other (Darlingtonia, Torr.~) in those of California, and the following genus
in the Atlantic United States

1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae

24 PAPAVEKACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.)

in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex.
Scape naked, 1-flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor
of Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical
account of it, to Europe.)

1. S. purpurea, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT.

HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged,
the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish-
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla,
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward
east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled
with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff
bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high :
it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but
it is not very unlike a pillion.

2. S. flava, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (l°-3°) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and -drooping. — Bogs,
Virginia and southward. April.

ORDER 10. PAP AVERAGES. (POPPY FAMILY.)

.Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in tivos or
fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with 2 or
more parietal placentae. — Sepals 2, sometimes 3, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous.
Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im-
perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatro-
pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flow-
ered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

Synopsis.

* Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud.
•»- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placentae, not valved.

1. PAP AVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none.

*- ••- P6d strictly 1-celled, 2-6-valved ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread-
like placentae, which remain as a framewdrk.

2. ARGEMONE. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.

3. STYLOPHORUM. Stigmas and placentae 3-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly

4. CHELIDONIUM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4.

•t- H- H- Pod 2-celled by a spongy partition between the placentae, 2-valved.
6. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4.

* * Petals not crumpled in the bud.
6 SANGUINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved.

PAPAVERACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25

1. PA PAVER, L. POPPY.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentas projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs
with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz.

1. P. SOMNIFERTTM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) ® Smooth, glaucous ; leaves
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur-
ple.— Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. P. DtrBiUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) (5) Pinnatifid leaves
and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. —
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY.

Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. .Pod
oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs,
with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with
prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name
from, dpye'/xa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. MEXICANA, L. (MEXICAN PRICKLY POPPY.) (D (D Flowers so'
itary (pale yellow or white); calyx prickly. — Waste places; not common.*
July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

3. STY I, OP HO RUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed.
Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. —
Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the
uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the
buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from orvXoj,
a style, and <^>ep<a, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.)

1. S. dipliyllami, Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, D C.) —Woods, W.
Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Divisions of the leaves 5-7, sinu-
ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad.

4. CMELIBONHJM, L. CELANDINE.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none : stigma 2-lobed.
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up
wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers. (Name from xeXtft&i', the Swallow, because, according to Dios-
corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.)

1. C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters. —
Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
3

26 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

I

5. GliAtrCIUXII, Tourn. HoRN-PorrY.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2-
horned. Pod veiy long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false par
tition, in which the crestless seeds are partly immersed. — Annuals or biennials,
with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The
Greek name, yXavKiov, from the glaucous foliage.)

1. €r. LtiTEUM, Scop. Glaucous ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin-
uate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6' -10' long). — Waste
places, Maryland and Virginia ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short : stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2-
valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root-
stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a
rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand-
some. (Name from the color of the juice.)

1. S. CanadensiS, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May.

ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNIA, and E. DOUGLASII, now common orna-
mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor-
nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid.

ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu-
lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods
and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread-
ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner
pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma.
Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy-
nous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled,
the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary.
Pod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa-
rietal placentse. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slighily
bitter, innocent plants.)

Synopsis.

* Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae,

1. ADLUMIA. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals united. Seeds crestless.

2. DICENTBA. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
8. CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. .

* * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.
4. FUMARIA. Corolla 1-spnrred at the base Seed creBtless.

FTJMARIACEjE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27

1. A I> LIT MI A, Kaf. CLIMBING FUMITOBT.

Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be*
coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not
crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine,
with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of
drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.)

1. A. cirrliosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods; com-
mon westward. July- Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale
flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high
bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places.

2. I>ICENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu-
ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly
united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem-
less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose
nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Si's, twice, and Kevrpov, a
spur.)

1. I>. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Granulate-bulbous;
lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla urith 2 divergent
spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es-
pecially westward. April, May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early
spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form
of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter
bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2. D. Canadcnsis, DC. (SQUIRREL-CORN.) Subterranean shoots
tuberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the
spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — •
Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April,
May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian
Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the
fragrance of Hyacinths.

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of
the leaves broadly oblong; raceme compound, clustered; corolla oblong, 2-saccate
at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare
( Thomas, Sartwell) , and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant
than the others. Flowers reddish-purple.

3. CORITDALIS, Vent. CORYDALIS.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist-
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species
are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.)

1. C. aurea, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDALIS.) Stems low, spreading ; ra-
cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest. —

28 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Rocks by streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April - July. — Glau-
cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods
1' long, uneven.

2. C. glauca, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Stem upright} racemes
panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a
small entire crest. — Rocky places; common. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
shaded with yellow and reddish.

4. FUMlRIA, L. FUMITORY.

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, 1 -seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected
compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from
fumus, smoke.)

1. F. OFFiciNlLis, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell-
ings. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 12. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers:
fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, reg-
ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a
cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod
2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placentae,
from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad
(a silique}, or short (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like
(nucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous).
Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled Ipy the large embryo, which
is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz.
their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of
the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle-
don applied to the radicle, thus o(J). In these cases the cotyledons are
plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where they
are conduplicate, thus o^>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or
corymbs: pedicels not bracted. — A large and very natural family, of
pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the
pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)

Synopsis.

I. SILIQUOS.33. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves.

TUBE I. ARABIDE.flE. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seeds flattered. Go
tyledons accumbent, plane.

CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29

* Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless.

1 N A.STURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly in tw*
rows in each cell, small.

2. IODANTHUS. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell.

* Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds hi one row hi each cell.

3. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical.

4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved.

6. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalk*.

Stems leafy below.
* * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved hi the middle, or veiny.

6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple.

7. TURRITIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows hi eaeh celL

8. BARBAREA.. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds hi one row in each cell. Flowers yellow-

TEIBE H. SISYMBRIE JB. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent,
narrow, plane.

9. ERYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow.

10. SISYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 - 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow.

TRIBE III. BRASSICEJE. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent
and conduplicate, folded round the radicle.

11. SINAPIS. Pod terete ; the valves 3 -5-nerved. Calyx spreading.

II. SILICULOS^E. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves.

TRIBE IT. ALYSSINEJE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.

12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved.

13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several-seeded : valves nerveless.
1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless.

TRIBE V. C AMELINE^. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane.

14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender.

TRIBE VI. iLEPIDIXEJE. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to
the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane.

15. LEPIDIUM. Pod two-seeded.

16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular.

TRIBE Til. SUBUL ARIEJE. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the
broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and
incumbent.

17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped.

TRIBE "vTU. SENEBIERE.aE. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti-
tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut-
lets. Cotyledons as hi Tribe 7.

18. SENEBIERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated.

HI. LOMENTACEJE. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two
or more closed joints.

TRIBE IX. C AKILIIVE JE. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as hi Tribe 1.

19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded.

TRIBE X. RAPHANK IE. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as hi Tribe &

20. EAPHANTJS. Pod elongated several-seeded, transversely intercepted.

30 CRUCIPEKJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. NASTURTIUM, K. Br. WATER-CRESS.

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete
or nearly so, often curved upwards : valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid,
marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquat-
ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid
leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding
to the effect of its pungent qualities.)

§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx : pods linear : leaves pinnate.

1. N. OFFICINALE, E. Br. (WATER-CRESS.) Stems spreading and root-
ing; leaflets 3 -11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) on
slender widely spreading pedicels. 1|. — Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped
from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong,
ovoid, or globular: leaves mostly pinnatifid.

# Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: Jlowers rather large, bright yellow.

2. N. SYLVESTRE. K. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; leaves
pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods linear
(4»_6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila-
delphia ; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. N. Simiatum, 'Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4" -6" long), on
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.

# * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with simpk fibrous roots : Jlowers small

or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate.

4. W. sessiliflonim, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon-
gated-oblong (5" -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south-
ward. April - June.

5. HT« obtHsum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading;
leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or
repand ; Jlowers minute, short-pedicetted ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying
from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4.

6. TV. palustre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect ; leaves pinnately
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels
about as long as the small Jlowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or
ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. June
-Sept. — Flowers only l"-l£" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute
stems and leaves are common. Var. HISP!DTJM (N. hispidum, DC.) is this,
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

$ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi-
vided, or the lower ones pinnatifid. (Armoracia.)

7. N. lacustre, Gray, Gen. HI. 1, p. 132. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic;
immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ;
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ;

«RUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31

pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. }\. (N. natans, ed. 1 . N. natans,
var. Americanum, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Am,} — Lakes and rivers,
N. New Fork to Illinois and Kentucky. July.

8. N. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob-
long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. 1J. (Cochlearia
Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long; — a well-known condiment. Escaped
from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. IODAWTHUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE ROCKET.

Pod linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in
each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in
panicled racemes. (Name from uoSqs, violet-colored, and avdos, /lower.)

1. I. hespeiidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx.) —
Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high.
Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to'nearly 2' long, somewhat curved upwards.

3. L.EAVENWORTH1A, Torr. LEAVENWORTHIA.

Pod linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate-
veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em-
bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if
continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or
hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one -
few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer
of one species.)

1. It. IVIicliaitxii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish,
yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.} — On flat rocks,
Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends
it with purple flowers). March, April.

2. It. aiirea, Torr. Scapes 1 -8-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the
other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward.

4. I>ENTAItIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and
flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed
rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3
petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme
of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)

1. D. diphylla, L. RootstocJc long and continuous, toothed; stem-leaves 2,
similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed
leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' - 1 0' long,
crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white.

o2 CRTJCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of toothed
tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse> coarsely
toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. <?., Torr. $- Gr.) — W.
New York, and Penn., Nuttall ! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe ! May. —
Stem 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. 1,
purple. Joints of the rootstock l'-2' long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are
intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3.

3. I>. laciiliata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain
of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the
leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the
lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Eich soil along streams, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high: raceme scarcely longer than
the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected.

4. I>. lieteropliylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ;
stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire,
root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. — West-
ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — A span high, slender:
stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple.

5. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing-
less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple.
(From Kapdapov, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on
the one hand, into Arabis on the other. ,

* Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate.

1. C. liiomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright, tuberifer-
ous at the base ; stems simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower
stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan-
ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point-
ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. —
Wet meadows and springs; common. Flowers large, white. April- June.

Var. purpurea, Torr. ' Lower (4' -6' high) and slightly pubescent;
leaves rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich
soil, W. New York to Wisconsin.

2. C. rotimdifolia, Michx. (AMERICAN WATER-CRESS.) Stem*
branching, weak or decumbent, with creeping runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much
alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the
lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets ; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with
the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool,
shaded springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June. —
Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summer
l°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1.

3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, en
tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear ; styl*

CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 83»

nearly none. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July.
— Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1 -nerved: so
that the plant might as well be an Arabis ! (Eu.)

* # Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy.

4. C. prateiisis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7-
13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or
linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the
length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont
to Wisconsin northward ; rare. May. (Eu.)

* * * Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : Jlowers small.

5. C. liirsutii, L. (COMMON BITTER CRESS.) Mostly smooth in the
United States, sometimes hairy ; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate-
pinnatifid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper
oblong or linear, often entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx (white) ; the
narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod.
(C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety,
with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. VIRGINICA, Michx. (not of
Hb.Linn.) May -July. (Eu.)

6. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, or
longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or
winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Elowers white or rose-color. (Name from
the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.)

* Leaves all pinnately parted: root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.)
1. A» lAicloviciaiia, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched

from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous,
oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small ; pods erect-spread-
ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ;
seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) —
Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

* * Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials.

•»— Seeds wingless or slightly margined.

•2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4' -10' high), glabrous ex-
cept the lyrate-pinnatiftd radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering
to the base, the upper entire ; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods
spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April - June. —
Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety ? from Upper Michigan and northward,
(Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol-
ly incumbent.

3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched
(l°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those
of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering
into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread-
ing, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin-

84 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

ia and Kentucky. May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1' long, almost fib-
form ; the valves obscurely nerved.

4. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2° high) ;
item-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half-
clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the
calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped
with a distinct style. — Kocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Suttivant. (Also Ten-
nessee.) May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods l£' -2' long.

5. A. liirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely
any. — Kocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high,
simple or branched from the base. Boot-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near-
ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.)

••- •«- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition : petals narrow, whitish.

6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stem
l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also
A. heterophylla, Nutt.)

7. A. CanadensiS, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above ;
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods drooping, fiat ,
scythe-sJiaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high.
Pods 3' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like
a scymitar.

7. TURRITIS, Dill. TOWER MUSTAED.

Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal
rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color
(Name from turris, a tower.)

1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glau-
cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base; the yellowish white petals
little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3' long) straight
pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.)

2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or
linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice
the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up-
right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York.
Lake Superior, and noithward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white,
tinged with purple. Ripa pods 2^' - 4' long, 1 " wide.

3. T. l>racltyc«ir j>a, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 35

and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan.—
Boot-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple.

§. BARBARA A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.

— Mostly biennials : flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar-
bara.)

1. B. vialsfaris, R. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCK-
ET.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves
obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much
thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ; — or, in the var.
STRATA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. prsecox,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading ped-
icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized
from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe-
rior northward and westward. (Eu.)

B. PRJECOX, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad
in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass, — is becoming spon-
taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods,
scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of
the stem-leaves.

9. ERYSIMUM, L. TREACLE MUSTARD.

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single
row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.
Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping.
(Name from epvo>, to draw blisters.)

1. E. clieirantlioides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely
roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ;
pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north-
ward: apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.)

2. E. Arkansaiium, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely
roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly
erect on very short pedicels, elongated ' (3' - 4' long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed.

— Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. —
Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as
those of the Wall-flower,

1O. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD.

Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong,
marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family. )

36 CRUCIFEB^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. S. OFFICIN\LE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves runcinate;

ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl shaped, scarcely
stalked. ® — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed,
2° -3° high. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. THALIANUM, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or &long,
entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer
than the slender spreading pedicels. @ — Old fields and rocks, New York
to Kentucky, &c. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the
base. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. 8. canescens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the
divisions small and toothed ; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in
long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi-
cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. (4) — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon-
sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent.

11. SIN APIS, Tourn. MUSTARD.

Pod nearly terete, with a short beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded) ; the
valves 3-5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum-
bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel-
low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name StVaTrt,
which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.)

1. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading
pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid. —
(Cult, and adv. from Eu.)

2. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK.) Pods smooth, knot-
ty, about thrice the length of the conical Z-edged usually empty beak ; upper leaves
merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon-
sin. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. NIGRA, L. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth, 4-cornered (the valves
l-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ;
leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places.
The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex,
1 - 3-nerved : partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each
cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not^toothed.
— Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu-
bescence mostly stellate. (Name from Spa/3;/, acrid, in allusion to the pungency
of the leaves.)

§ 1. DRAB A, DC. — Petals undivided.
# Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed: flowers white : pods twisted when ripe.

1. I>. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched (5'-Sr high),
pubescent ; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolatt ; ra-

(MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37

cemes corymbose-branched ; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" - 5" long),
on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural
Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward.' April, May.

2. D. ardbisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6' -10
high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu-
late, sparingly toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong-
lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style.
— Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north-
ward. May, June. — Petals large.

* * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : /lowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)

3. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent,
stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly
oblong or the lowest ovate (2^" -4" long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ;
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending
pedicels. — Dry lulls, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

4. D. iiemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more
or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4' - 8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ;
pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent
(D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.}. — Fort Gratiot, Michigan,
and northward. (Eu.)

5. D. cimeifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal-
ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods
oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places,
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April.

6. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (l'-4" high) ; leaves obovate, most-
ly entire; peduncles scape-like; petals twice the length of the calyx; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit (£' — 1' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer
than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and
southward . March - June .

7. D. micrantlia, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute;
raceme sometimes elongated; otherwise as in No. 6. — From Wisconsin south-
westward.

$ 2. ER6PHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.)

8. 1>. Vi'.i'fiia, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes l'-3'high) ; leaves
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of
Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced.
(Eu.)

13. VJESICARIA, Lam. BLADDER-POD.

Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbiculai
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or ser«

38 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

eral, fla>. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes-
cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica,
a bladder, from the inflated pods.)

1. V. Sh6rtii, Torn & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat
hoary ; leaves oblong, entire or repand ; raceme loose ; style filiform, longer than
the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod; seeds not margined, 1 -2 in each
cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short.

2. V. I Lesciirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely
ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those
of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many-flowered ;
pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the his-
pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each
cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow-
ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species
should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky.

14. CAMEL, tN A, Crantz. FALSE FLAX.

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad
partition : valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xa^a'^ dwarf, and XiW,
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.)

1. C. SATIVA, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined,
large. ® — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. L.EPIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually
notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell,
pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small,
white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from Xerrt'&oi', a little scale, alluding
to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials.

1. It. VirginiClim, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Pods orbicular, wing-
less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ;
the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A
weed which has immigrated from farther South.

2. L,. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear
or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1. — From Michigan northward and
eouthwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx.

3. Li. RUDERA.LE, L. Pods oval and smaller ; cotyledons incumbent ; petals
none; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road-
sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. L<. CAMPESTRE, L. Pods ovate, winged, rough with minute scales, notched ;
leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy ; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa-
chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.)

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39

16. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PUBSE.

Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum-
bent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsida, a pod.)

1. C« BURSA-PASTORIS, Mcench. Boot-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of
weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT.

Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds
several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e.
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L. — Margin of lakes in Maine. v June, July. (Eu.)

18. SE1VEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent,
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin
kled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last, -r- Low and diffuse or
prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only
2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)

1. S. didyma, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the
apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste
places, at ports, &c., Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South.

2. S. CoRON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not
notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Robbins. (Adv.
from Eu.)

19. C A KILE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the
apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1 -celled, 1 -seeded; the lower
sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint.
Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals.
Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obo
vate, sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the
upper ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the
Great Lakes. July - Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; the
upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

20. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH.

Pods linear or obleng, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed
less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds,

40 CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)

with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An-
nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and (f)aiva>, to
appear, alluding to the rapid germination. )

1. R. RAPHANf STRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods

necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England
and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already
mentioned, are

CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, the well-known WALL-FLOWER.

MATTHIOLA ANNUA, and other sorts of STOCK.

HESPERIS MATRONALIS, the ROCKET, which begins to escape from gardens.

BRASSICA OLERACEA, of which the CABBAGE, KOHL-RABI, CAULIFLOWER,
and BROCCOLI are forms : B. CAMPESTRIS, which furnishes the SWEDISH TUR-
NIP or RUTABAGA : and B. RA.PA, the COMMON TURNIP. The latter becomes
spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised.

RAPHANUS SATIVUS, the RADISH ; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous.

LUNARIA REDIVIVA, the MOONWORT or HONESTY, with its broad flat pods.

IBERIS UMBELLATA, the CANDY-TUFT, and ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, the
SWEET ALYSSUM.

I/EpfDiUM SATIVUM, the cultivated PEPPERGRASS.

ISATIS TINCT6RIA, the WoAD, of the division Nucumentacece, having inde-
hiscent 1 -celled fruit.

ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more
not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentce, and kid-
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferse, but with no partition, often
stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves
alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent
qualities of Cruciferse (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa-
ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our
limits only by the following plant.

1. POI.ANISIA, Raf. POLANISIA.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, une-
qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary.
Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seede'd. —
Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes.
(Name from iro\vs, many, and cw<ros, unequal, points in whi< li the genus differs
in its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. gfraveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about
11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly

viOLACE.fi. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41

banks from Lake Champlain and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Kentucky.
June -Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-

white.

ORDER 14. RESEDACE^E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) ,

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one-
sided Jiypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing
the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - Globed, 3 - 6-horned, 1-
cetted with 3-6 parietal placentce, opening at the top before the seeds (which
are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter-
minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old
World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's
Weed.

1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S KOCKET.

Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 10-40, turned to one side. (De-
riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

1. R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; ca-
lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. © — Road-sides in W
New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 15. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Herbs,, with « somewhat irregular l-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 Jiypogy-
nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1-
celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentce. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con-
tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style
usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol-
low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentae on their
middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large
and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat. —
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight-
ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States.

1. SOL.EA, Ging., DC. GREEN VIOLET.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, hut the low-
er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others
at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and
bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A
homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish-
white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named hi honor of W
author of an essay on the British Mints.)
4*

42 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. S. C6ncolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.) — Woods, New
York to Illinois and southward. June. — Plant 1°- 2° high. Leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long : after opening, each valve as it driei
folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider-
able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets.

2. VtOLiA, L. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE.

Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other ; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into
the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)
* Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren-
nial. ( Commonly producing apetahus flowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles
concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely than
the ordinary blossoms.)

•*- Flowers light yellow (small; spur very short).

1. T. rotkmdiiolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves
round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked
with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Alle-
ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish : leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to
3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above.

•«— •»— Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short,

2. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves
lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless.
— Damp soil, Maine to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the
coast. May.

3. V. primulae folia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth or
a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base ; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta,
Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4.

4. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE VIOLET.) Leaves round-heart-
shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places,
Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly
sweet-scented.

•«- •«- H- Flowers violet or blue.

5. T. palustris, L. (MARSH VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-
shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate ; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple
streaks, nearly beardless ; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire; June. (Eu.)

6. V. Selkirk!!, Goldie. (GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET.) Leaves round-
heart-shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy above, lying flat on the ground ;
spur nearly as long as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very

long. Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York,

thence northward. May, — A rare and delicate species, 2' high; the flowers
large in proportion.

VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) , 43

7. V. Clicullata, Ait. (COMMON BLUB VIOLET.) Leaves all long-
petioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and
dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled
inwards when young, obtusely serrate ; lateral, and often the lower petals bearded-,
spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless. — Low grounds,
common everywhere. April -June. — Very variable in size, &c. and in the
color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue
or purple, sometimes nearly white, of variegated with white. Scapes 3' -10'
high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into

Var. palmafa. (HAND-LEAP VIOLET.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleft or
parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.) —
Common, especially southward.

8. V. villosa, Walt., Nutt. (HAIRY VIOLET.) Leaves mostly short-
petioled and lying flat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow
or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish; lateral and
mostly the lower petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. (V.
cordifolia, Schwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, &c., scarcely of Willd.} — Dry hills
and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller
than the last, 2' -4' high: "corolla reddish-blue." Probably only a round
leaved variety of the next.

9. V, sagittata, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smoothish or
hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles,
varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion-
ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked.
(V. ovata, Nutt., & V. emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.)
— Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. April,
May. — Flowers rather large.

10. V. delplunifdlia, Nutt. (LARKSPUR VIOLET.) Leaves all pal-
mately or pedately 5 - 7 '-parted, the divisions 2 - 3-cleft ; lobes linear ; lateral petals
bearded; stigma short-beaked. — Rich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April.
— Much resembles the next.

11. V. pedata, L. (BIRD-FOOT VIOLET.) Nearly smooth; leaves
3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all
linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 - 3-toothed or cut at the apex ; petals
beardless; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to
Dlmois and southward. May. — Flower large and handsome, 1' broad, pale or
deep lilac-purple or blue ; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel-
vety like a Pansy.

* # Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial rootstocks.

-t- Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching • flowers not yellow, sometimes
produced all summer long.

12. T. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED VIOLET.) Stems ascending
(3' -6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules
lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless
petals; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill-

44 VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky ; rare. June, July. — Spur £' long. An-
ther-spurs also very long.

13. V. Miiltlenbergii, Torr. (AMERICAN DOG VIOLET.) Stems
ascending (3' -7' long), at length with creeping branches; leaves round-heart-
shaped, 'or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed;
stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the
pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet
places ; common. May, June.

14. V. striata, Ait. (PALE VIOLET.) Stems angular, ascending,
branching ( 6' -10' high) ; leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti-
pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter
than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with
purplish lines ; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward.
April -Oct.

15. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA VIOLET.) Upright (1°- 2° high);
leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white
or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ;
spur very short; stigma beakless, hairy on each side. — Rich woods; common
northward and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug.

«- •»- Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2 - 4-leaved above : stipules nearly
entire : flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side.

16. V. piibescens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET.) Softly pubes-
cent (6' - 12' high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ;
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; spur extremely short ; lower petals
veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May - Aug.

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2° high; pods wool-
ly. (V. eriocarpa, Schwein.} — Common westward.

Var. scabriuscula, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly
pubescent; stems often decumbent (4' -10' high). — Khode Island to Ohio and
Kentucky.

17. V. Imstata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED VIOLET.) Nearly gla
brous, slender (4' -10' high); stem-leaves halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute;
stipules ovate, small; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south-
ward. June.

# *= * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 upper petals ascending.

18. T. TRICOLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and
branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre-
nate or entire ; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals vari-
able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var.
ARTENSIS shorter or rather longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New
York to Kentucky and southward : doubtless only a small state of the Garden
Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. ODORATA, the SWEET VIOLET of Europe, which far excels all the Amer
ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings.

CISTACE2E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 45

ORDER 16. CISTACE-ZE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3-5-valvedpod with as many
parietal placenta; borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albu-
minous seech. — Sepals 5 ; the two external small, like bracts, or sometimes
wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu-
ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the
bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none.
Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em-
bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and
the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the Medi-
terranean region.)

Synopsis. %

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu-

merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none.

2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly

1-celled, 2- 6-eeeded.

8. LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the
imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.

1. HEI.IANTHEMUM, Tourn. KOCK-ROSE.

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none : stigma 3-
lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or
ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary,
or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-
seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus-
ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded
pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by
the next day. (Name from fj\ios, the sun, and av6€p.ov, flower.}

1. H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) Petal-bearing flowers soli-
tary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ;
calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent; of the small ones hoary, like the stem
and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and
with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or
gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle-
ghanies. June -Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1'
wide, producing pods 3" long : pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a
pin's head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the
root, whence the popular name.

2. H. COrynafoosilHl, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx
woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.

46 CISTACEJS. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

2. HUDSdNIA, L. HUDSONIA.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx Stamens
9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the
calyx, strictly 1 -celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-
like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heatk-
like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl-
shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but
showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches
(Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin-
naeus.)

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose;
flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir-
ginia : extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May.

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or oblong,
close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to
Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June.
— Flowers 5" broad.

3. JLECHEA, L. PINWEED.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-persist-
ent. Stamens 3 - 12. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular,
appearing partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentas borne on imperfect
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species,
the placentae curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers.
(Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

1. !L. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender
prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate
and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters ;
pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood-
lands ; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. —
Plant l°-2° high, stout.

2. "L. thyillifolia, Pursh. Hoary with oppressed hairs, especially the
decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending,
loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the shoots ellip'
tical, whorled, crowded ; floicers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels
as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south-
ward. July - Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than
in No. 1.

3. It, minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse;
leafy shoots densely tufted at the base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on
the slender branchlets ; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry
open soil; common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slender, running into
numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure, Pods small«
er than in No. 2.

DROSERACE.&. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47

ORDER 17. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular Jiypogynous flowers, pen-
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers
fxed by their middle and turned outwards, and a l-celled pod with twice as
many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx im-
bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short
and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the
bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam-
ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews
impart a purple stain to'paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus
within our limits, viz.

1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender; stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob-
long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid-
dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with i eddish
gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape
bearing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un-
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine)
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit-
tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from 8poo-fp6s, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped,
the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. —
Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. longifolici, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather
erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white.
(D. intermedia, Hayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June- Aug.
— Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse,
the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect. petioles about the same
length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. —
Shore of Lake Superior. July.

4. D. filiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long
and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk ; seeds
spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (£' broad). — Wet sand,
near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, Delaware, and south-
ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long.

DION^JA MuscfpuLA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP, — so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev-
eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15,
the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod

48 HYPERICACEuE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

ORDER 18. PARNASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.)

Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like
Hypericaceae, but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly
perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragaceae, — the 4 sessile
stigmas situated directly over the parietal placentae !

1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at
length deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-
tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with
the petals : filaments persistent : anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with
4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae.
Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu-
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo
straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves
chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems.
Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus :
called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1. P. palustliS, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few-
veined; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior,
Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' -10' high. Leaves all
heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1' broad. (Eu.)

2. P. Cm'Oiiilifiiia, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length
of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to
the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping
Stalk 1 ° - 2° high. Flower 1 ' - 1 £' broad.

3. P. asarifdlia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the
base ; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in
No. 2. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 19. HYPERICACEAE. (Si. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular
hypogynous flowers, the, petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles.
Pod 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placentae, and as many styles, or 3- 5-celled
by the union of the placentae in the centre : dehiscence septicidal. — Sepals 4
or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly
deciduous. Pod 2-5- (rarely 6 - 7-) lobed, with as many persistent
styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small,
anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very

HYPERICACE^:. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 49

short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities),
dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses-
sile. Flowers solitary or cymose.

Synopsis*

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow.

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow.

3. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3.

1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Pet-
als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the
filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-cellcd, 2-4-valved. —
Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary
pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and anvpos, roughness, being very
smooth plants.)

1. A. stitns, Michx. (ST. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem simple or branched
above, 2-edged, l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick-
ish ; petals obovate ; styles 3-4. — Pine' barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and
southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round-
heart-shaped.

2. A. Crnx-Andreae, L. (Si. ANDREW'S CROSS.) Low, much
branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base,
thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New1
Jersey to Kentucky, and southward. July -Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St.
Andrew's cross.

2. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens
numerous or few, united or clustered in 3 - 5 parcels : no interposed glands.
Pod 1- or 3-5-cclled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs o'r shrubs, with
cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin. )

4 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6-7-) celled, with the pia-
centce turned far back into the cells: herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large.
1. H. pyraifiidatiim, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches
2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not
deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W,
New England to ."Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° - 5° high. Leaves
2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod f long, conical.

§ 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentce, which are

seed-bearing on the outer face.

* Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5 ; calyx
leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered.

50 HYPERICACE.E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

2. II, Kalmifanum, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches 4-angled :
branchlets 2^edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate ; flowers few in a
cluster ; pods ovate 5-celled. — Wet rocks, Niagara Ealls and Northern lakes.
Aug. — Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1 ' wide.

3. H. prolificum, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branchlets 2-
edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, nan-owed at the base ; flowers
numerous, in simple or compound clusters; pods oblong, 3-celled. — New Jersey
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with
long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and £' or more wide, and flowers |' - 1
in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &c.

Var. densifldrum. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ; flowers smaller (£' - f ' iji
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. '(H. densiflorum,
& H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western
Maryland, Kentucky, and southward.

* * Perennial herbs : styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3 : petals and anthers
/ - with black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters.

4. H. PERFORATUM, L. (COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Stem much
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ;
leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow)
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy
cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June - Sept. — Too well known s every-
where as a pernicious weed, which it is diflicult to extirpate. Its juices are very
acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. H. coryinbosiim, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black
and pellucid dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat
clasping ; flowers crowded '( small ); petals pale yellow, much longer than the
oblong sepals. — Damp places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and
flowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2" -3" long, marked with black
lines as well as dots.

$ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod 1-cetted, or incompletely 3-celled,
the 3 placentce sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre :
perennial herbs or low shrubs.
* Sepals foliaceous and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one.

6. II. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure-
ly 4-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked,
rather few-flowered; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1 -celled.—
Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward
July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long.

7. H. adpreSSimi, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly wood}
at the base (l°-2°high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged abo-ve; leave*
ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base,
few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, incompletely 3 -^-celled. —
Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southwest-
ward. July, Aug. — Leaves l£' long. Petfels bright yel^w, 3 - 5" long.

HTPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 51

8. H. dolalmforme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent
base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread-
ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about
the length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed,
strictly l-celled, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Midix.) — Dry
hills and rocks, ban-ens of Kentucky and westward. June -Aug.

9. H. Spliaerocarpon, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her-
baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, oblong-lineat
or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many-
flowered, flat, naked; sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular, strictly \-ceUed, rather
thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals
about 3" long.

10. H. imdiflomm, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base,
sharply 4-angled or almost winged above (l°-4° high); leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered,
naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds,
Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long.

* * Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate.

11. H. angnldsum, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-
angled, herbaceous (10-20 high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute (£'-!' long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound,
naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme-
like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid l-celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey
and southward. July- Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4" - 5" long, much longer
than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side.

§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) l-celled, with 3
strictly parietal placentce : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small : sepals
narrow, erect : slender annuals, with 4-angular branches.

12. H. ill 8H il II ill, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching^ (6' -10' high);
leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate-
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl.) — Low grounds,
everywhere. — Elowers 2" broad.

13. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches
erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cymes naked ; pods conical-
oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil: common. June-
Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded.

14- H. I>riiiiiiii6ndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect (10'-18' high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
l-nerved (3" -9" long) ; /lowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. ( Sarothra Drum-
mondii, Gfrev. fr Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct.
— Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals.

15. H. Saroflira, Michx. (ORANGE-GKASS. PINE-WEED.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
oppressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;

52 ELATIN1CEJE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides,
L.) — Sandy fields ; common. June - Oct.

H. GRAVEOLENS, BucHey, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large
flowers, & H. BTJCKLETI, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers,
both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir-
ginia.

3. EL. ODE A, Pursh. MAESH ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by
as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles
distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small
close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum-
mit of the stem. (Name from cAto&js, growing in marshes.)

1. E» Virginica,, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base,
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum
Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug.

2. E. pctiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong : fila-
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west-
ward.

ORDER 20. ELATTNACEJE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

Little marsh annuals, with opposite dotless leaves and membranaceous stip-
ules, minute axillary flowers like duckweeds, but the pod 2 - 5-celled, and
the seeds as in St. John's-wort. — The principal genus is

1. EL, A TINE, L. WATER-WORT.

Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-5. Pod
2-5-celled, several -many -seeded, 2-5-valved; the partitions left attached to
the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek
name for some obscure herb.)

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (!' high), creeping, rooting in the
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate ; flowers sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig-
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer-
icana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c., N. Hampshire,
to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion,
straightish.

ORDER 21. CARYOPHYL.L.ACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 - 5-merous flowers, with or
without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the
sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5; seeds attached to the

CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 53

base or the centred column of the 1-cetted (rarely B-5-cetted) pod, with a
slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen. —
Bland herbs ; the stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves
rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated in
the bud, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro-
pous or eampylotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first
three are the principal.

Synopsis.
SUBORDER I. SILENEJE. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.

Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the
stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the
dbalyx-tube, mostly convolute in aestivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipules
none. Flowers mostly showy.

* Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened : embryo nearly straight.
1 DIANTHUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.

* * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled.

2. SAPONABIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2.

3. VACCARIA. Calyx 6-angled and in fruit 6-winged. Styles 2.

4. SILENB. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 8, rarely 4.

6. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 5 narrow leafy lobe*. Styles 5.

SUBORDER IT. ALSINE2E. THE CHICKWEED FAMILY.

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none),
mostly imbricated in aestivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base
of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the
base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few — many-seeded. Stamens
opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs.
Stipules n/me.

* Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.

I- Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 3), and entire.

6 HONKEN YA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu-
lar 10-lobed disk.

7. ALSINE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked.

•«- •»- Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as there are styles.
•H- Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves.

8. ARENARIA. Petals 6, entire. Styles 8. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft,

making 6. Seeds rough, naked.

9. MfflHRINGIA. Petals 4-5, entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8-valved. Seeds smooth and

shining, appendaged at the hiltun.

10. STELLA1UA. Petals 4 -6, mostly 2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2 - 5) most-

ly 3. Pods splitting into twice as many valves. Seeds not appendaged.
«> *+ Pod opening only at the top by teeth.

11. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the end. Stamens and styles mostly 3.

12. CERASTIUM. Petals 4 -5, usually 2-cleft. Styles as many as the petals.

* * Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many.
18. SAGINA. Petals 4 -6, undivided, or none. Styles 4 -6. Pod4-5-valved.

5*

1

54 CARTOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.)

SUBOB>ER m. ILLECEBRE^E. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY.

Character same as of the Chickweed Family, but with dry scale-like
stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some-
times 1-seeded.

# Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3-5. Petals visually conspicuous.
14. SPERGULARIA. Styles 3 -6. Leaves opposite.

16. SPERGULA. Styles 6. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.
* * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamen*
plainly inserted on the base of the calyx.

16. ANYCHIA. Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed.

17. PA110NYCHIA, Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned.

SUBORDER IV. SCLER ANTHER. THE KNAWEL FAMILY.

Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united
below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted
at the throat.

18. SCLERANTIIUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10.

SUBORDER V. MOLLUGINE2E. INDIAN-CHICKWEED FAMILY.

Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer
alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary : — otherwise as in Suborders
2 and 3.

19. MOLLUGO. Petals none. Stamens 8 -6. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded.

SUBORDER L SHjfcNEJE. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.

1. I> I A NT HITS, L. PINK. CARNATION.

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated
brackets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1-celled, 4-vaIved at the
apex. Seeds flattish : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well-
known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name
from Aios, of Jupiter, and avQos, flower, i. e. Jove's own flower.)

1. D. ARM±RIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Flowers in close clusters; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-fonn, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves
linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crenate. (D
— Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.)

D. CARYOPHYLLUS, L., is the original of the CLOVE-PINK or CARNATION,
Ac. of the gardens, D. BARBATUS is the SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK.

2. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWORT.

Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at
the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Nam*

CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) 55

from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lathei
with water. )

i. S. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Clus
ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap-
pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. 1|. — Road-sides, &c,
July - Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com
monly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. VAC C ARIA, Medik. COW-HEEB.

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-tqothed, enlarged and
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in-
completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers
in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacc'a, a cow.)

1. V. VULGARI s, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens
; and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SIL.EIVE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4.
Pod 1 -celled, or partly 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex.
Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly
crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from criaAoi/, saliva,
in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many.. species.
The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

* Calyx bladdery-inflated : perennial : flowers panided, white.

1. S. Stellata, Ait. (STARRY CAMPIOW.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. —
Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July.
— Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle.
Corolla I' broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L.)

2. S. nivca, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca-
lyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-ckft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl-
vania, to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. — Stem l°-2° high, almost smooth,
Flowers few, larger than in No. 1.

3. S. INFLATA, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.) Glaucous; leaves opposite,
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft,
nearly crowuless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July. — Afoot
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flower*
cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the -calyx :
petals crowned, red or rose-color.

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4' -8
high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti
oles; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; calyx
club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, purvle rose-

56 CAKTOPHTLLACE^:. (PINK FAMILY.)

color. — Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsylvania, Ken-
tucky, and southward. April- June.

5. S. Virginica* L. (FIRE PINK. CATCHFLY.) Stems slender (1°-
2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose-
ly cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2-
cleft, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sartwett) to
Illinois and southward. June -Aug.

6. S. regia, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3° - 4°
high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and
southward. July.

7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-
hairy; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly
pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon-
gated ; petals 2-clefl and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and
in Kentucky. June -Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may
pass into No. 5.

# * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annual : flowers rose, flesh-
color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. S).
•»- Glabrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous.
8« S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; leaves
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered ; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as
the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped
from gardens to waste places ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. S. aiitirrliiiia, L. (SLEEPY CATCHFLY.) Stem slender (8' -30'
high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals
obovate, minutely crowned, inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil ;
common in waste places. June - Sept.

t- -H- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night.

10. S. NOCTURNA, L. (NIGHT-CATCHFLY.) Leaves short, the lower spatu-
late, the upper linear ; flowers small, alternate in a strict l-sided spike ; petals 2-
parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Adv.
from Eu.)

11. S. NOCTIFL6RA, L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy,
tall (l°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; flowers solitary in the forks, peduncled ; calyx cylindrical with
long awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. nocturna,
Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

* =K= * * Dwarf, tufted, smooth : perennial, 1-flowered.

12. S. acsiillis, L. (Moss CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (l'-2; high) ,
leaves linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems ; flowers almost sessile ;
calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely heart-shaped,
crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July
(Eu.)

CARYOPHYLLACE.S. (PINK FAMILY.) 57

5. A OHO STEM MA, L. CORN-COCKLE.

Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous
te jth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not
crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of
their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1-celled, opening at
the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching,
pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles.
(Name dypov ore/i/xa, crown ofihefidd, being a handsome corn-weed.)

1. A. GiTHloo, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.} Wheat-fields; too common;
the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv.
from Eu.)

LYCHNIS, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in
our gardens by L. CORONARIA, the MULLEIN PINK ; L. CHALCEDONICA, the
SCARLET LYCHNIS ; and L. FLOS-ctcuLi, the BAGGED KOBIN.

SUBORDER II. ALiSINEJE. THE CHICKWEED FAMILY.

6. HONKENYA, Ehrhart. SEA-SANDWORT.

Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular,
10-notched. Petals 5, obovate- wedge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta-
mens 10, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3 - 5,'short, opposite as many
of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3 - 5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many
valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the
naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong
leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dioecious. Petals
white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.)

1. H. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.) — Sea-beach,
Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6' - 10'
high. Leaves f long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.)

7. A L, SI WE, (Tourn.) Wahl. GROVE SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in-
serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved
to the base ; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough,
naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white
flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from oXaos, a
grove.) — This and No. 9 are- comprised in Arenaria by many botanists.
* leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. (PINE-BARREN SANDWORT.) Densely tuft-
ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl'
shaped, short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-
flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. U (Arenaria squarrosa,
Michx.) — In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the
coast. May -July. ,

58 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)

2. A. Micliaiixii, Fenzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a
small root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many
others clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed,
3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. 1|. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and
dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July.

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched.

3. A. patula. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems filiform
(6' -10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, Michx.)
— Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. —
Smoothish : leaves £'- 1' long.

4. A. GruiiilsiiHlica, Fenzl. (MOUNTAIN SANDWORT.) Densely
tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow-
ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless ; petals obovate, somewhat notched. 1J.
(Stellaria Groenlandi ca, Retz. Arenaria Grcenlandica, Spreng.) — Summit of
the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all
the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or suhalpine.
At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. — Leaves and pedun-
cles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion.

A. GLABRA, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia.

8. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2
or 4. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves as
there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hilum.
(Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species love to grow.)

1. A. SERPYLLIF6LIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely

branched, roughish (2' -6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate,
pointed, 3 - 5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothed pod. (£) —
Sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat.4from Eu.)
A. DiFFdSA, Ell., will probably be found in Southern Virginia.

9. MCEHRiNGIA, L. MOSHRINGIA.

Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth.
Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. — Flaccid herbs; the
parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for Moehring, a German botanist. }

1. 1U. laterifldra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent;
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming
lateral ; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals, y. (Arenaria lateri-
flora, L.) — Shady gravelly banks along streams, New England to Wisconsin,
northward. May, June. — Leaves £' to 1' long : corolla £' broad, white. (Eu.)

1C. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10,
or fewer. Styles 3-4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. Ovary 1-celled. Pod

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 59

ovoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several- man y-seeded. Seeds
naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of
the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella, a star, in allusion to the
star -shaped flowers.)

* Stamens usually fewer than 10 : leaves broad.

1. S. MEDIA, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marked
with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals
2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. ® ® — Fields and around
dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S» ]>ubcra, Michx. (GREAT CHICKWEED.)" Stems spreading,
marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2' long) ;
petals deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx. 1J. — Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky,
and southward. May.

* * Stamens mostly 10 : manifestly perigynous : perennial : leaves narrow, sessile :

plants glabrous throughout.
t- Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.

3. S. longifdlia, Muhl. (STITCHWORT.) Stem branching above;
weak, often with rough angles (8' -18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen-
der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth.
— Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

4. S. 16ngipes, Goldie. (LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT.) Shining or
somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long
pedicels strictly erect; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. — Maine to
Wisconsin, rare : common farther north. (Eu.)

5. S. llligiildsa, Murr. (SWAMP STITCHWORT.) Stems weak, de-
cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile
cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the
calyx; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, frc.) — Swamps and rills, Phila-
delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania (Darlington, &c.) ; and northward in
British America. (Eu.)

t- -i- Leafy-bracted, the flowers in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches, even
the latest with foliaceous bracts ; petals 2-parted, small, or often none ; styles 3 -4 ;
pod longer than the calyx.

6. S. crassifdlia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or
wanting; seeds rugose-roughened. — An apetalous 4-6-androus state is Sagina
fontinalis, Short fr Peter. Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, form-
ing broad mats in springy places, Short. April,. May. — Also in British Amer-
ica. (Eu.)

7. S. borealis, Bigelow. (NORTHERN STITCHWORT.) Stems erect or
spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme ;
leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than
ike calyx, or oftener none ; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seeth smooth. — Shaded

60 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)

swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Wisconsin northward, and north to the arctic r&-
gions . June - Aug. ( Eu. )

11. HOr,6STEUM, L. JAGGED CHICK WEED.

Sepajs 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-
5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top
by 6 teeth. Seeds rough. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers
in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of 6Aos, att,
and otrrfov, bone, by-antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)

1. H. UMBELLATUM, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the
stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals, and opposite
them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by
twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — Flow-
ers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Ke'pas, a horn, alluding to the shape
of the pods in many species.)

§ 1. Petals 2-cleft or obc.ordate : parts of the flower in Jives : pods (except in No. 5)

longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved.

# Petals not longer than the calyx, but often shorter, sometimes altogether wanting :
stamens occasionally only 5.

1. C. VULGATUM, L, (MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Very hairy and rather
clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or obovate; bracts herbaceous;
flowers (small) in very close clusters at first ; pedicels even in fruit not longer
thap the acute sepals. (J) @ — Grassy banks. May - July. — The names of this
and the next were transposed by Linnaeus himself, and have consequently been
differently applied by different authors ever since. This is the C. vulgatum of
English botanists, and of the Linnaean herbarium : but the next is so called in
Sweden and on the Continent generally. (Nat. from Eu.)

2 C. visc6suM, L. (LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Stems clam-
my hairy, spreading (6' - 15' long) ; leaves oblong, greener ; upper bracts scarious-
margined ; flowers at first clustered ; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the
earlier ones in fruit much longer. (2) 1J. — Grassy fields and copses. May - July.
— A larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Petals longer than the calyx.

8. C. iiilfsiiis, Baf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved,
diffusely branched (6' -20' high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals
longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length
of the calyx. © © — Moist places, Vermont to Kentucky and southward
May -July.

CAKYOPHTLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 61

4. C. Oblongrifolillin, Torr. Stems ascending, villous (6 -12' high),
maiy-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammj -hairy ; pet-
als (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. U~ Rocky places,
New York and Pennsylvania ; rare. May. — Stouter and larger-flowered than
die following species.

5. C. arvense, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.) Stems ascending or erect;
tufted, downy, slender (4' -8'- high), naked and few-flowered at the summit;
leaves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods
scarcely longer than the calyx. Ij. — Dry or rocky places, Northeastern States,
and northward, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.)

§ 2. MCENCHTA, Ehrhart. — Petals entire or merely retuse: parts of the flower
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx.

6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple, erect
(2' -4' high), 1 -2-flowered; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the
calyx; stamens 4. (£) (Sagina erecta, L. Mrenchia quaternella, Ehrhart
M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. SAGINA, L. PEARLWORT.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as
many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals
and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves opposite
the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped
leaves, and small flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli-
cation to these minute Aveeds.)

# Parts of the Jlower all in fours, or sometimes in Jives.

1. S. procuBllbens, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar-
rowly linear; peduncles ascending in fruit; stamens 4-5 ; petals shorter than the
broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania.
May -Aug. (Eu.)

2. S. APETALA, L. Annual, erect ; leaves almost bristle-form ; stamens 4 ; pet-
als obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to Penn. ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Sepals, pet,als, styles, and valves 5 : stamens 10.

3. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3' -5' high),
branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute
ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear knotty ; petals much
longer than the calyx. (Spergula nodosa, L.} — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals,
N. Hampshire (Oakes Sf Robbins), shore of Lake Superior, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

S. ELLIOTTII, Fenzl (Spergula ddfcumbens, Ell.} may occur in S. Virginia.

SUBORDER III. ILLECEBRH^E. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY.

14. SPEKGUL.ARIA, Pers. SPURREY-SANDWORT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Stvlcs and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals ! Embryo not

62 CARTOPHTLLACE^:. (PINK FAMILY.)

coiled inx) a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with
fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils : stipules
scaly-membranaceous. (Name altered from Spergula.)

1. S. riil>ra, Pers. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis-
cid-pubescent; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-rose-color;
seeds marginless. © (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re-
mote from salt water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June - Sept. — Leaves
mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.)

Var. marina. Larger ; the leaves longer ajid more fleshy ; flowers 2-4
times larger ; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds marginless (Arena-
ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, L.). Q) 1J.1? — Sea-
coast; common. (Eu.)

15. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 ralves of the pod opposite the sepals.
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia.
(Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)

1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURRET.) Leaves numerous in the whorls,
linear-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked
panicled cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. (D — Grain-fields,
&c. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. A NIT CHI A, Michx. FORKED CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded,
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked
annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation
as the next genus.)

1. A. elicliotoaifia, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much; in woods or rich
soil being veiy smooth, erect (6' -10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the
leaves broader and thinner (5" -10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A,
capillacea, Nutt., & Queria Canadensis,Z.) : in sterile or parched soil it is some-
what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow-
ers nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). — Common through-
out. June - Aug.

17. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form,
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1-
seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a
plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. afgryrdcoina, Nutt. (SILVER CHICKWEED.) Densely matted,
much branched, spreading ; leaves linear ; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded

PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 63

by conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mere teeth
between the stamens. 1J. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and bare summits above : a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun-
tains from Virginia southward. July.

2. P. dicliotoiiia, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6' -12' high) ascend-
ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped; cymes open, many-
times forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. 1|. —
Kocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July -Sept.

SUBORDER IV. SCL.ERATVTHE./E. THE KNAWEL FAMILY.

18. SCL,ERANTHUS, L. KNAWEL.

' Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1 -seeded utricle.
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name
from <rK\r)p6s, hard, and avBos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

1. S. ANNUUS, L. Much branched and spreading (3' -5' high); flowers ses-
sile in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined, (i) — Sandy waste places.
(Nat. fromEu.)

V

SUBORDER V. MOL.L.ITGINE.S!. INDIAN-CHICKWEED FAMILY.

19. MOLiLitrOO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3.
Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete.
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

1. M. verticillata, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches ;
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul-
tivated grounds. June- Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

ORDER 22. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.;

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz.,
sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals when of
the same number, but often indefinite : otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. —
Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly
5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside.
Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender
stalks from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around
mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate
entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, irostly ephemeral, then
shrivelling.

64 PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

f * Sepals 5. Petals none. Pod 3 - 6-celled, opening by a lid.
L SESUVIUM. Stamens 6 -60, inserted on the free calyx.

* * Sepals 2. Petals 5. Po'd 1-celled.

2. PORTULACA. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid.
8. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded
4. CLAYTONIA. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod
> 3-6-seeded. ;

4ft. SEStrVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5-
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seed-
ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid. —
Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil-
lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)

1. S. Portlllac;iStnim, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flattish; flow-
ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. 1J. — Coast of New Jersey and
southward. July - Sept.

2. PORTUL.ACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6,
with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3 -8-
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with scattered leaves. (An old Latin name; of unknown meaning.)

1. P. OLERlCEA, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth;
leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn-
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6-
parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

P. RETUSA, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi-
genous west of the Mississippi.

P. GILLIESII, P. GRANDIFL6RA, &c. are species, or varieties, with terete
leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for
ornament.

3. TAL.INUM, Adans. TALINUM.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10-
30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, longitu-
dinally 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation
of the name obscure.)

1. T. teretifolilim, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base;
leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of
purple flowers (§' broad) ; stamens 15-20. 1J. — Serpentine rocks, Westchester,
Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug
— Peduncles 3' -6' long.

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 65

4. CJLAYTONIA, L. SPKING-BEAUTT.

Sepals 2, ovate, fi je, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short
claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-
seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early
spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose
raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening
for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot-
anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora
Virginica.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long).
— Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward.

2. C, Carolinian a, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo-
late (l'-2' long). — Vermont to Ohio, and southward along the Alleghanies.

ORDER 23. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers the
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens wona-
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets outside, form-
ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, o'pening
along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming
a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved,
the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants,
with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint,
axillary.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. MAIiVEJE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods
(carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they
separate after ripening.
* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.

1. ALTHAEA. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.

2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.

3. CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

4. NAPJ5A. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few.

* * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away.
6. SID A. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. , «

6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded.

7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition

between the seeds.

TRIBB II. HIBISCEJE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leav-
ing scarcely any axis hi the centre after opening.

8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.

0. HIBISCUS Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded-
6*

66 MALVACE^. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

1. ALTHAEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW.

Calyx sumunded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malm. (Name
from. oX$a>, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON MAESH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe-
duncles axillary, many -flowered. 1J. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Root thick, abounding in
mucilage, the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. KOSEA, and A. FiciF6LiA, are the well-known garden HOLLYHOCKS.

2. MAI.VA, L. MALLOW.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An
old Latin name, from /xaXa^, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.)

1. M. ROTUNDIF6LIA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems short, simple, de-
cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on
very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed; petals twice the length of the calyx,
whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com-
mon. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HiGH MALLOW.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3°
high) ; leaves rather sharply 5 -7 '-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx,
large, purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. 1J. — Way-sides. (Adv.
from Eu.)

M. CRfspA, the CURLED MALLOW, and M. MOSCHATA, the MUSK MALLOW,
are occasionally spontaneous around gardens.

3. CALJLIRKHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded
cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing
downwards. — Flowers perfect.

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest
rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers
panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short-
pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr, fr
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July.

2. C. alcaBOides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ;
lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate,
the u| permost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender p&-

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67

(fancies (rose-color or white) , invducd none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and
strongly wrinkled on the back. 1J. (Sida alcaeoides, Michx.) — Barren oak-lands,
S. Kentucky and Tennessee.

4. NAPJEA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious ; the stamumte flowers
entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column
of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8 - 10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit
depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded
beakflss and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing
downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9-11-parted
lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow-
ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vairrj, a wooded
valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place
where he discovered the plant.)

1. Jf. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July.

5. SIDA, L. SIDA.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, which remain
closed, or commonly become 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the
axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi-
nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Nap&a, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5-
deft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white] umbellate-corymbed,
large; carpels 10, pointed. 1|. (Napasa Isevis & hermaphrodita, L.} — Eocky
river-banks, Penn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown.
(Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves
linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short; flowers (yel-
low) rather large ; carpels 9 - 10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed
fruit. 1|. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May- Aug.

3. S. 8PIN6SA, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10' -20' high), much
branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun-
cles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow) small ; carpels
5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu-
bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name,
but it cannot be called a spine. ® — Waste places, common southward and
eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.)

6. A BIT TIL, ON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW.

Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Kadicle ascending or pointing in-
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

68 MALVACE^. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

1. A, AVICENN-E, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall (4° high) ; leases round-
ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks ;
corolla yellow ; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. (£) — Waste places, escaped from
gardens. (Adv. from India.)

71. MODI 01, A, Moench. MODIOLA.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig-
mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved
at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed
in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut
leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus,
the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro-
man measure of that name.)

1. M. milltifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; sta-
mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

8. KOSTEL.ETZK.YA, Presl. KOSTELETZKYA.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus.
(Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Eoughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal-
berd-shaped and heart-shaped; the lower 3-lobed. 1|. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.)
— Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug.—
Corolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender.

9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, persistent, 5-
cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles
united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which
bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each
cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek
and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. MosclieittOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate,
pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down ;
the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in-
flated; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and
banks of large rivers. Salt springs, Salina, New York. Aug., Sept. — Plant
stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim-
son eye, showy.

2. H. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED MALLOW.) Smooth through-
out ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form,
the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-
pointed: peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. U — River-
banks, Penn., Ohio, and southward. Aug. — More slender and smaller-flow-
ered than the last : corolla pale rose-color.

(LINDEN TAMILS'.) 69

3. H. TRi6NUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Somewhat hairy ; upper leaves
deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ;
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly ribs, 5-uringed at the summit ;
seeds rough. ® — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla
pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Flower-of-an~
hour. (Adv. from Eu.)

H. SYRIACUS, the SHRUBBY ALTHAEA of the old gardeners, is cultivated
about houses.

ABELMOSCHUS ESCCTLENTUS, the OKRA, and A. MANIHOT (the genus
characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous),
are common in gardens southward.

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM, the COTTON-PLANT, is the most important plant of
this family.

ORDER 24. TILIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous lark, and
valvate calyx, fyc. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous,, petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers
^-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus

1. TIL, I A, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-
toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 -
2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart-
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often
truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on
an axillary peduncle which is uiiited to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color,
honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.)

1. T. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso-
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage.

Var. pubescens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T.
pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward
and westward.

2. T. heteropliylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD,) Leaves smooth
and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath. (T.
alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leave?
larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad.

T. EuROP.asA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and near OUT
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by

70 CAMELLIACEJG. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin)
gave the family name to Linnceus.

ORDER 25. CAMELLJACEJE. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules,
the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each
other (monadelphous or 3- 5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. —
Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 - 5-celled loculicidal pod
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle-
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known
Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country
by the two following genera.

1. STTJARTIA, Catesby. STUARTIA.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell,
crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the
albumen : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous
deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-
peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, the well-
known Lord Bute.)

1. S. Tirginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (!' long) ; sepals ovate ; style 1 ;
stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden-
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward.

S. PENTAGYNA, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia.

2. GORDON I A, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1 . Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle-
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his " old master, Dr. James Gordon
of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. G» L.*isi:aiitlms, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and
persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia
and southward . May - July. — Petals 1 £' long.

ORDER 26. LJNACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.;

Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, 4-5-meroMs
throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens

OXALIDACEJE. (WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY.) 71

monadelphous at the base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, having twice as many
cells (complete or incomplete') as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the
genus

1. I.INUM, L. FYAX.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled,
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly o/ com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

1. L.. Virginianum, L. (WILD FLAX.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the
upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or panicled branches, on
very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals
distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. If. — Stem l°-2° high.

Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces.

2. L,. Boottii, Planchon.ij ([LARGER ^LLOw 'FLAX/)" 'Leaves linear,
pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose branches ; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer
than- the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals sulphur yellow; styles united
for J - £ their length. (J) (L. rigidum, Tan. $- Gray, in part. ) — Dry soil, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June -Aug. —
Stem slender, l°-2° high. Flowers larger than in No. 1.

L. Rf GIDUM, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin.

L. usiTATfssiMUM, L., the COMMON FLAX, is occasionally spontaneous in
cultivated grounds.

ORDER 27. OXALJDACE2E. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)

Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo-
gynous, 5-merous, 10-androus, somewhat monadelphous flowers, the calyx im-
bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a 5-celled
several-seeded pod. — The principal genus is

1. OXAL.IS, L. WOOD-SORREL.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10,
monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5-
lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu-
lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo
large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or
radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at
nightfall. (Name from o£vs, sour.)

72 GERANIACE.E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

* Stemless: leaves and scapes from a rootstock or bulb: cells few-seeded.

1. O. Acetosella, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) Rootstock creeping
and scaly-toothed ; scape \-flowered; petals white with reddish veins, often
notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward :
also southward in the Alleghanies. . June. — Plant 2' -5' high, sparsely hairy:
the flower I' broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate. (Eu.)

2. O. Violacea, L. (VIOLET WOOD-SORREL.) Bulb scaly ; scapes urn-
bellately several-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals violet. — Rocky places :
most common southward. May, June. — Nearly smooth, 5' -9' high. Leaves
very broadly obcordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1' broad.

# # Stems leafy : peduncles axillary : cells several-seeded.

3. O. Stricta, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Annual or perennial?
by running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; peduncles 2 -
6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit.
— Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May -Sept. —
Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to season
and situation. O. comiculata, L. is probably the same species. (Eu. ?)

ORDER 28. GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Plants with mostly regular and symmetrical Jiypogynous 5-merous flowers,
imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monadelphous at
the base, the alternate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher-
ing to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by the
curling back of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small l-seeded
pods. — Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous,
usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5
shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open
on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles.
Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together and bent down on the
short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have
somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate
stimulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots.

1. OERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL.

Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base
(alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from
the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. (An old
Greek name, from yepavos, a crane ; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to re-
semble the bill of that bird. )

* Root perennial.

1. O. maculatum, L. (WILD CRANESBILL.) Stem erect, hairy;
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at 'the end;
sepals slender-pointed; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' long).

BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 73

— Ooen woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with
whitish as they grow old.

* * Root biennial or annual.

2. G. Carolinianum, L. (CAROLINA CRANESBILL.) Stems dif-
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the
emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; seeds very minutely reticulated (under a lens),

— Barren soil and waste places. May -July. — Flowers small : the peduncles
and pedicels short. — A state with more notched petals and more reticulated
seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L.

3. G. PUsfLLUM, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CRANESBILL.) Stems procum-
bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the
divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals awnless, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur-
ple) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. G. Robertifaimni, L. (HERB EGBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse ;
leaves 3-divided, the divisions Z-pinnatifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (purple)
petals ; pods wrinkled; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines. June-
Oct. — Plant strongly odorous. (Eu.)

2. EROBIITUI, L'Her. STORKSBILL.

The 5 shorter stamens sterile. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded in-
side. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epcoStos', a heron.)

1. E. cicuxlRiUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; leaves
pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — Shore
of Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskern. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 29. BALSAMINACILE. (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Annuals, with succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice, and very
irregular hypogynous flowers, the 5 stamens somewhat united, and the pod
bursting elastically. — Characters as in the principal genus,

1. OIPATIE1VS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in the bud. . Se-
pals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably
consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short : filaments
appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled : stigma
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting th)3
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules. Flowers axillary or panicled ; often of two sons, via,
7

74 LIMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.)

the larger ones, as described above, which seldom ripen seeds, and very smaU
ones, which are fertilized early in the bud, when the floral envelopes never ex-
pand, nor grow to their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and car-
ried upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when
touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.)

1. I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers pale yellow, spar-
ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich
soil ; most common northwestward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than
the next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed.

2. I. fulva., Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers orange-col<r,
thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper-
ing into a strongly inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places ; common,
especially southward. June - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high : the flowers loosely
panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nod-
ding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopias-shaped sepal upward. A variety
is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere
of Europe chiefly in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals.

I. BALSAMINA, L., is the BALSAM or Ladies' slipper of the garden.
TROP.ZEOLUM MAJUS, the familiar NASTURTIUM of gardens, is the type of a
group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next.

ORDER 30. LJMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.)

Annual low herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg-
ular 3 - 5-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud : stamens twice as many
as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, but their styles united.
— Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand-
some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, and the insignificant

1. FLCERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy-
pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style
rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia.
Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy
cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers
on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)

1 . JF. proserpiliacoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New
England to "Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo-
late, sometimes 2 - 3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent.

ORDER 31. RUTACE^E. (RuE FAMILY.)

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands, abound-
ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, hypogynous regular
&- 5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals; the

RUTACEJE. (RUE FAMILY.) 75

8-5 pisttts separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells,
raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. —
Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com-
monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu-
ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large
family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the Proper
Rutacece, represented in gardens by the Rue (Euta graveolens, Z.), are
mostly herbs ; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what
has been called the order Zanihoxylacece, but are not distinct from the

1. ZANTHOXYI.UM, Golden. PRICKLY ASH.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united.
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved when ripe, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous,
black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs
or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from t-avdos, yellow, and £vAov,
wood.)

1. Z. Americanum, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-
ACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an
odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5,
with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Kocky woods and river-banks ; com-
mon northward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers
appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic.

2. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH.) Glabrous;
leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining
above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals
5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south-
ward. June. — A small tree, with very sharp prickles.

2. PTEL.EA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled
and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes.
(The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.)

1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. —
Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit
bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not
*o much so as those of the

AILANTHUS GLANDUL6sus, or TREE-OF-HJGAVEN, — a cultivated tree allied
to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of any-

76 ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

thing but " airs from heaven," offer a serious objection to the planting of thia
ornamental tree near dwellings.

ORDER 32. AJVACARDIACEJ3. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular pentandrous Jlowers, with a 1-
celled and l-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated
in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the
cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented
only by the genus

' '/. 1. It II IIS, L. SUMACH.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in K. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens)
usually compound. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish. (The old Greek and
Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. StlMAC, DC. — Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit
globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : leaves odd-pinnate.
(Not poisonous.)

1. R. typlllna, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate.
— Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with orange-colored wood.

2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH SUMACH.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous;
leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky
or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high.

3. R. COpallina, L. (DWARF SUMACH.) Branches and stalks downy ;
petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets,
which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky
hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en-
tire or sparingly toothed.

§ 2. TOXICODF^NDRON, Tourn. — Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender
axillary panicles: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone striate:
leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch : even the effluvium
in sunshine affecting some persons.)

4. R. venenata, DC. (POISON SUMACH or DOGWOOD.) Smooth,
or nearly so ; leaflets 7 - 13, obovate-oblong, entire. (R. Vernix, L., partly.) —

., Swamps. June. — Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species. Also
called, inappropriately, Poison Elder and Poison Dogwood.

5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climb-
ing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate,
mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, or
entire — When climbing trees, it is R. radlcans, L. — Thickets, &c. June.

VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) 77

§3. LOBADIUM, Eaf. — Flowers polygdmo-dicecious, in clustered scaly-bracted
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large: fruit as in § 1, but
Jlattish : leaves 3-foliolate. (Not poisonous. )

6. B. aroimitica, Ait. (FRAGRANT SUMACH.) Leaves pubescent
when young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed,
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky
soil, Vermont to Michigan, Kentucky, and westward. April. — A low Strag-
gling bush, the crushed leaves sweet-scented.

ORDER 33. VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.)

Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
flowers, a minute truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as
many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled, usually 4-
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila-
ments slender: anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a
slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules
from the base of each. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of
the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous.
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera.

1. VtTIS, Tourn. GRAPE.

Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled
with a fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com-
pound thyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin
name of the Vine.)

§ 1. VITIS proper. — Petals 5, cohering at the top while they separate at the base,
and so the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lobes of the
disk alternating with the stamens, between them and the base of the ovary : flowers
dioecious-polygamous in all the American species, exhaling a fragrance like that of
Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, often variously and variably
lobed.

* Leaves woolly beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses.

1. T. Labnisca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and young
leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ;
berries large (£'-| in diameter). — Moist thickets, common. June. — Berries
ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved
by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &c.

2. V. BBStivaliS, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Young leaves downy with
loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com-
pound, long and slender : berries small (\> or £' in diameter), black with a bloom.
— Thickets, common; climbing high. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in
Oct.

7*

78 RHAMNACE.E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

# # Leaves smooth or nearly so and green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veint
• beneath, either incisely lobed or undivided.

3. V. cordifolia, Michx. (WINTER or FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin,
not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob-
scurely 3-lobed ; panicles compound, large and loose; berries small (\> broad), blue
or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RIPARIA : with
the leaves broader and somewhat incisely toothed and cut-lobed. (V. riparia,
Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks; common. May, June. — Flowers very
sweet-scented.

4. V. vulpina, L. (MUSCADINE or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leave*
shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles small, densely flowered;
berries large (£'-|' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, ripe early in
autumn. — Kiver-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. —
Branchlets minutely warty. Fruit with a thick and tough skin. A variety
yields the Scuppemong Grape, &c. - ^^ J^aid

$ 2. CfSSUS, L. — Petals 4 or 5, usually expanding before or when they fall: disk
thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed, often somewhat perigynous : flowers commonly
perfect.

5. T. iiulivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; tendrils few and small ; leaves
heart-shaped or truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate,
not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender ; ber-
ries small (of the size of a pea), 1 - 3-seeded. — River-banks, "W. Virginia,
banks of the Ohio, and southward. June.

6. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather
upright ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; tendrils none ;
panicle small, cymose ; petals and stamens 5 ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick,
adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovate when young. ( Ampelopsis bipin-
nata, Michx.) — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

2. AUIPEL.OPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Flower-clusters
cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips.
(Name from a/iTreXos, a vine, and ctyris, appearance.)

1. A, quiiiqucfolia, Michx. — A common woody vine, growing in
low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small
blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy. Leaves turning bright
crimson in autumn.

ORDER 34. RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some-
times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvatc
lepals and alternate with them, and accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe

RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 79

or pod with only one seed in each cell, not drilled — Petals folded inwards
in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the
edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and often
unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary,
anatropous, erect. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons,
in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous. Leaves mostly
alternate: stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly
bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nau-
seous or drastic.)

Synopsis.

* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.

1. BERCHEMIA. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe 'with thin flesh and a

2-celled bony putamen.

2. RHAMNUS. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the

2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute.
8. ERANGULA. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back : cotyledons
plane, fleshy.

* * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary.
4. CEANOTHUS. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1. BE SIC II EMI A, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK.

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody twining and climbing vines, with the pinnate
veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in
small panicles. (Name unexplained.)

1. B. volubilis, DC. Glabrous; 'leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate ; style short, 2-toothed at the apex. — Damp soils, Virginia, and
southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence
the popular name.

2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals sniall,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes
none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 sep-
arate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which arc grooved on the back,
as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs
or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or
dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the nu-
merous branchlets.)

* Lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4.

1. K. CATHARTICUS, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely
serrate; fruit 3 - 1-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated fcr hedges; spon-
taneous on the Hudson River, New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

80 RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

2. R. lajiceolatlis, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on
flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy
beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn.
(Mercersburg, Prof. Green) to Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub tall,
not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers occurring under two forms, both com-
monly perfect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with long
styles ; the other, and more fruitful, with the pedicels oftener solitary, and the
style very short.

* * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting.

3. II. uliiif oli us, L'Her. Leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight-
veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin, northward.
June. — Shrub 1 ° - 4° high.

3. FRANCUL.A, Toura. ALDER-BUCKTHORN.

Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane,
large and thick. FloAvers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens
almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight and parallel veins. Otherwise as
in Rhamnus. (Name from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the
stems.)

1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. Thornless; leaves (3' -4' long) oblong,
obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; peduncle of the small umbel of
flowers very short; drupe spherical, 3-seeded. — River-banks, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. June. — A tall shrub.

4. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hood-
form, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elon-
gated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in
Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are
crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches :
calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (A name of Theophrastus, of un-
known meaning and application.)

1. C. Aincricfenus, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base ;
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — An undershrub, 1° -
3° high from a dark red root, varying exceedingly : branches downy. Flowers
in pretty white clusters. — The leaves were used as a substitute for tea during
the American Revolution.

2. C. ov falls, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate,
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pe-
duncles.— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. Ma;y. — A
handsome low shrub, with the white flowers larger than in No. 1 , more
corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves, mostly acute at both ends. It also
Taries greatly.

CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 81

ORDER 35. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the
petals loth imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which Jills the bottom of
the calyx. Seeds arilled. — Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with one or few anatropous
(erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Fruit 2 -
5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons
broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Rep-
resented in the Northern States by two genera.

1. CEL,ASTRTJS,L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

Flowers polygamo-clicecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the tube of the calyx. Pod glo-
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2
in each cell, erect, enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flow-
ers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An
ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)

1. C. sea 11 dens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.)

"Woody, sarmentose and twining ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. —
Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, dis
playing the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the
edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or
none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, en-
closed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite sen-ate leaves,
and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from ev, good
and oyoiia, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.)

1. E. atropiirpiirciis, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub
tall (6° -14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of
the (dark purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New
York to Wisconsin and southward : also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.

2. E. Americanus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright
or straggling (2° -5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe, the aril
scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, W. New York to Illinois and southward. June.

Var. obovatlis, Ton-. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower-
ing stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus,
Nutt.) — Low or wet places.

82 SAPINDACEwE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

ORDER 36. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly un-
symmetrical and often irregular flowers, the 4-5 sepals and petals both im-
bricated in aestivation, the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or
hypogynous") disk, a 2- 3-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more)
ovules in each cell, and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute,
without albumen. — A large order, the true Sapindaceae principally tropi-
cal, none of them indigenous in the Northern States, except the Buckeyes :
— to it may be appended the Bladder-nut and Maple Families.

SUBORDER I. STAPHYLEACE^. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY
Flowers (perfect) regular ; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. —
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, stipulate and stipellate.

1. STAPHYLEA. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled

bladdery-inflated pod.

SUBORDER II. SAPINDACE-ZE proper (including HIPPOCASTANEJE).
Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular ; the
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight: cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound.

2. ^SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod.

Leaves opposite, digitate.

SUBORDER III. ACERINEJE. THE MAPLE FAMILY.

Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) regular, but usually unsymmetrical.
Petals sometimes wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of
ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Embryo
coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple
or compound.

3. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound

4. NEGUNDO. Flowers dioscious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets.

SUBORDER I. STAPHYL.EACE JE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.

1. STAPHir:LEA, L. BLADDER-NUT.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate,
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the
calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels,
united in the axis, their long styles cohering at first. Pod large, merabrana
ceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the cells
containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight,
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-

SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILT.) 83

like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name
from <rra(f>v\fi, a cluster.}

1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish
striped branches.

SUBORDER II. SAPINDACEJE PROPER.

2. ^SCUI^US, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4,
sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens
7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms
a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round
pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous
faces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule
2-leaved : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaf-
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus
or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils
and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely
bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast
bearing tree.)

§ 1. JESCULUS PROPER. — Fruit covered with prickles when young.

1. JE. HlPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla

spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ;
leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)

2. JE. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved,
much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit prickly when
young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan and
Kentucky. June. — A small tree ; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as
in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy.

$ 2. PAVIA, Boerh. — Fruit smooth : petals 4, erect and conniving ; the 2 upper
smaller and longer than the others, consisting of a small and rounded blade on a
very long claw.

3. JE. flsYva, Ait. ( SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow
corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and
southward. May. A large tree, or a shrub.

Var. piirpurascciis. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with
flesh-color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (JEi. discolor.
Pursh, Sf-c.} — From W. Virginia southward and westward.

4. JE. Fa via, L. (BED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the
corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or
soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, an'l southward.
Mav. — A shrub or small tree.

84 SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

SUBORDER HI. ACERINEJE. THE MAPLE FAMILY.

3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. Pet-
als either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which, is either perigynous or
hypogynous. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each:
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From
the back of each ovaiy grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at
length separable, closed samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo
variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or some-
times shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedi
eels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)
* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves : stamens 6-8.

1. A. Peniisylvauiciim, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobed
at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed,
and also serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg-
ing wings. (A. striatum, Lam.} — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers
and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood, and Moose- Wood.

2. A. spicatuin, Lam. -(MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves downy under-
neath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes
upright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range
as-No. 1. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps.

* % Flowers umbellate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.)
Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed
lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or
a little downy along the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and
lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the
apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Rich woods,
especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A
large, handsome tree. • .

Var. nigrum. (BLACK SUGAR-MAPLE.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath,
but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed.
(A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form.

# % * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leafless buds, preceding the
leaves: stamens 3-6.

4. A. (lasycarpiiin, Ehrhart. (WHITE or SILVER MAPLE.) Leaves
very deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery- white (and when young
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with
large divergent wings. — River-banks, most common southwaid and westward.
March, April. — A fine ornamental tree.

POLYGALACE.fi. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 85

5. A. rub rum, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3-5lobedvnth

the sinuses acute, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched,
acute , the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short
pedicels (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) ; but the fruit smooth, on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods ; everywhere. March,
April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape,
turning bright crimson in early autumn.

A. f SEUDO-PLATANUS, L., the FALSE SYCAMORE, and A. PLATANoh>E8,
L., called NORWAY MAPLE, are two European species occasionally planted.

4. IVECIJNDO, Mcench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4- 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 -5.

— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping ra-
cemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name un-
meaning. The genus, apparently of only a single species, is too near Acer
itself.)

1. IV. aceroides, Moench. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather
incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April.

— A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate droop-
ing clusters of small greenish flowers, rather preceding the leaves.

ORDER 37. POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Plants with irregular, as if papilionaceous, liypogynous flowers, 4-8 dta-
delphous or monadelplwus stamens, their l-celled anthers opening at the top
by a pore or chink ; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Represented
by the typical genus

1. POL.YCAL.A, Tourn. MILKWORT.

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above : anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole 01
broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a
small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or vari-
ously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs
in temperate regions), with simple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules :
sometimes bearing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old
8

86 FOLYGALACE2E. (MILK WORT FAMILY.)

nam 3, :rom TroXvs, much, and yaXa, milk, from a fancied property of its iiv
creating this secretion.)

* Biennial (6' - 12' high) : flowers yellow : crest of the Tceel small.

1. P. liltca, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads, terminating the
stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow}] leaves (l'-2'long) obovate or
spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New
Jersey and southward, near the coast. June - Sept. — Stems at first simple.
Head of flowers |' in diameter, showy.

2. P. r;tiii6$:i, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear,
the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of
the caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt.) — Damp
pine-barrens, New Jersey ? Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green
in drying. (The allied P. CYM6sA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P.
attenuata, Nutt., P. acutifolia, Torr. fr Gray, — known by its simpler cymes,
stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle,—
probably occurs in S. Virginia.)

* # Annual : flowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean blossoms : crest of

the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10.
•»- Leaves all alternate or scattered : flowers purple or flesh-color.

3. P. iiicarmita, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly
branched (1° high) ; leaves small, linear-awl-shaped; spike oblong or cylindri-
cal ; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals
united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk
of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward.
July.

4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem branched at the top (& - 10' high) ; leaves
oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse ; wings broadly ovate,
obtuse; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea, Nutt.) — Sandy and
moist ground; common. July -Sept. — Spikes £' thick, reddish-purple: the
axis, as in Nos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after
the flowers have fallen.

5. P. fa.Stigia.ta., Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above ,
leaves linear ; spikes short ; wings ovate-oblong, tapering at the base into distinct
claws ; caruncle as long as, and nearly enveloping, the stalk-like base of the minutely
hairy seed. {P. sanguinea, Torr. $• Gr., excl. syn. ; not of Nutt., nor L.) —
Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) to Kentucky and southward. — Spikes
looser, and the rose-purple flowers much smaller, than in No. 4, brighter-colored
than in the next, which it most resembles.

6. P. Nuttallii, Ton-. & Gr. (Fl. 1, p. 670, excl. syn., & descr.) Stem
branched above (4' -9' high); leaves linear; spikes oblong, dense; wings ellip-
tical, on very short claws ; caruncle small and applied to one side of the stalk-like base
of the very hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk.,
t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. $• Gr., FL, not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of
Massachusetts to Penn. and southward. Aug. — Spikes ^' in diameter ; the
flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored than in the last, with thicker

POLTGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 87

wings on shorter claws ; and the narrow caruncle not longer than the stalk-like
base of the pear-shaped seed.

•»- •»- Leaves, at least the lower ones, in whorls.
•w Flowers middle-sized, in thick spikes, rose-color or greenish-purple.

7. P. eruciala, L. Low, with spreading opposite branches; leaves
nearly all in fours (rarely fives), linear and somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate ;
spikes sessile or nearly so, dense, oblong becoming cylindrical ; bracts persistent ;
wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south*
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. Aug. - Sept. — Stems 3' - 1(X
high, with almost winged angles. Spikes fully £' in diameter.

8. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves in fours,
or scattered on the branches, narrowly spatulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled, ob-
long, rather loose ; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mueronate. — Margin
of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey and southward. Sept, —
Closely allied to the last, probably only a marked variety of it.

** ++ Flowers small, in slender elongated spikes, greenish-white, rarely tinged
purple : the crest rather large in proportion.

9. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; sfow,-
kaves in fours or Jives, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes pe
cled, dense, acute; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed.
2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. June-Ot

10. P. ambiglia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest
leaves in fours, the rest scattered, narrowly linear ; 'spikes long-peduncled, very&f
der, the flowers often scattered; wings oval ; caruncle shorter; otherwise nr-fc<:
as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from >""•
York southward.

* * * Perennial : flowers white, spiked ; no subterranean blossoms.

11. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from a
thick and hard knotty root, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate; spike cylindrical, the flowers on
extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England
to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. May, June.

Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller (9' -16' high), sometimes branched;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2' -4' long), tapering to each end.
Kentucky, Short.
* # * * Biennial or perennial: flowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing

whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean

branches.

12.' P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root,
mostly simple, ascending, veiy leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
alternate ; terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than
the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath
the ground; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than -he seed. (P,
rubella, Muhl.) — Dry sandy soil ; common. — July.

88 LEGUMINOSuE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

13. P. pailCifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3' -4
high), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and slender prostrate or
subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile flowers; lower leaves
small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, petioled, crowded ; flowers
1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously
fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than
the seed. — Woods in light soil; not rare northward, extending southward
along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand-
some flowers, f long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called
Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA.

ORDER 38. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) .

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5, and
sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
ngle simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds without
men. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the
sqpals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e
next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from
cms qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and
6th«j* northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub-
ordeps it comprises.

x^M)RDER I. PAPILIONACE^E. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.

Cailyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe-
IGUS (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very
;elj£,fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous,
?,. with the upper or odd- petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger
the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or
xling ; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior to
the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less
coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel,
from* its' resemblance to the keel or prow of- a boat, arid which usually en-
closes the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the
corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a
tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth
or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes
2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-celled
by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitropous, very rare-
ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle almost always
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germi-
nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en-
tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or pan-
icles.

LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILT.) 89

Synopsis.

TB13E I LOTEJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous
and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in
germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in
its climbing stems.)

Subtribe 1. GENISTE.E. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or

palmately compound.

1. LUPINTJS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod flattish. Leaves palmate.
2 CROTALARIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated.
8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple.

Subtribe 2 TRIFOLIE.S. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves pa

or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cot . ,:o».<>
alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants.

4. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded.

6. HELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 - 2-seeded.

6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled.

Subtribe 3. PSORALE.E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded ani inde-
hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dota
or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite.

7. PSORALEA. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, iialf of

the anthers often im perfect. ,

8. DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; tl>

tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.

9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadel
. the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.

10. AMORPHA. Corolla consisting of only one petal ! the standard. Stamens 10, mnr.art*J-

phous at the base.

Subtribe 4. GALEGE^E. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valtw
1-celled. Leaves pinnate.

11. ROBINIA. Wings^of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined *»

edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate.

12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody t*

leaflets not stipellate.
18. TEPHROSIA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs.

Subtribe 6. ASTRA GALE.E. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the.intto--.
flexion of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned
inward. Leaves pinnate.

14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants.

TRIBE II. HEDYSARE.2E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod (loment)
transversely 2 - several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or some-
tunes reduced to one such joint.

* Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets.

15. JSSCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. . Pod several-

jointed.

16. HEDYSARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyi 5-cleft. Pod several-

jointed.

* * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

17. DBSMODIUM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lippod

Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate
8*

APIOS. ]

90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

18. LESPEDEZA Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow-

ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

19. 8TYLOSANTHES. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow-

ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

TaiBE HI. VICIE.3E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-celled. Coty-
ledons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining under
ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk
produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary.

'20. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals
ZI. "UATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard.

BK IV. PHASEOIjE.^. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin-
uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited
between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface,
but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. —
Twining or trailing plants, with pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly
stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes.

* Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination.
'HASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolatc, stipellate.

Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 6 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate.

* * Keel straight. Cotyledons not BO thick.

•i- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow.
34. REYNCHOSIA. Calyx 4-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded.

•i- H- Ovary several-ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow.
tALACTIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracts

deciduous.
JV1PHICARP.EA. Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.

Bracts persistent.

JLITORIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 5-cleft. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.
OENTROSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short, 5-cleft. Peduncles few-flowered. Standard
with a spur at its base.

#MBE V. SOPHORE^E and PODAI.YRIE.aE. Stamens 10, distinct.
v'ipfcAPTISIA. Calyx4-5-lobed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pai-
• mately 3-foliolate or simple.

ILADRASTIS. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod very flat. Tree, with pin-
nate leaves.

SUBORDER II. C^ESALPINIE^. THE BRASILETTO FAMILY.

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu-
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by
the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight.

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect.

31 CERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.
* * Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect.

82. CASSIA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate.

* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect.

83. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 5, regular, inserted on the summit of the

tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate.

84. QLEDITSCHIA. Floorers polygamous. Petals, divisions of the open calyx, and

3-5. Leaves 1-2 -pinnate.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 91

SUBORDER III MIMOSE^E. THE MIMOSA FAMILJT.

Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4-5-lobed cup, hypogy-
nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, legular. Embryo straight.
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate.

86. DESMANTHUS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5-10. Pod smooth.

86. SCHRANKIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod coyered with
small prickles or rough projections.

SUBORDER I. PAPIL.IONACEJE. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.

1. I^UPtNUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the ^monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter-
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric-
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately
1 -15-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name
from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of
the soil.)

1. Li. perennis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect
(l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long and loose raceme,
pods very hairy. 1|. — Sandy soil, common. June. — Flowers showy, purplish-
blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines in gardens, and o*JlPI*a
from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus.

2. CROTALARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel sertHcy
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of ita
anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — BJ6*t#
with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name from KporaXov, a r
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittitlis, L. Annual, hairy (3'-6' high) ; leaves oval or obloag-
lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and south-
ward. July.

3. GENISTA, L. WOAD-WAXEN. WHIN.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading: keel oblong, straight,
scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath
entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants,
with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

1. G. TINCT6KIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with
Btriate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. —

92 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is thoroughly established
on sterile hills in Essex County. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. TBIFOL.IUM, L. CLOVER. TREFOIL.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist-
ent : standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and
united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the
corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 - 6-seeded,
indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves
mostly palmately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the
petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and
folium, a leaf.)

# Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away after
flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other.

•»- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla.
1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER. STONE CLOVER.) Silky,
branching (5' -10' high) ; leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky
and grayish, oblong or cylindrical, (j) — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
«- •*- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose*

red or purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scented.)
. T..PRATENSE, L. (RED CLOVER.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ;
^ets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side
i a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovate, sessile. @ 1J. — Fields
;d meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

t. T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG CLOVER.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets
t'jUg, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger :
fe nvise like the last. 1J. — Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv.

k 'EU.)

.^Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short
^cels reflexed when old: corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turn-

iwnish in Jading ; the tubular portion short.

X. reflexum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Stems ascending, downy;
lea/lets obovate-oblong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth hairy ;
pods 3-5-seeded. ® (2) — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south-
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and
keel whitish.

5. T» stoloiiiferum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-CLOVER.) Smooth;
stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely
toothed; heads loose; pods 2-seeded. 1J. — Open woodlands and prairies,
Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple,
as large as No. 4, which tnis too closely resembles.

6. T. repens, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; the slender stems
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long; heads small and loose; pods about 4-seeded. 1J. — Pastures, waste

LEGUMINOS-&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93

places, and even in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant ; but mani-
festly indigenous northward. (Eu.)

* * # Flowers short-pedicelled in dose heads, reflexed when old: corolla yellow,
persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood-
shaped.

7. T. AGRA.RIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-CLOVER.) Smoothish, somewhat
upright (6' -12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the samo point (pal-
mate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than
half its length. (J) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. T. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low HOP-CLOVER.) Stems spreading or as-
cending, pubescent (3' - 6' high) ; leajlets wedge-obovate, notched at the end ; the
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short.
Qp — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. MINUS
(T. minus, Relh.), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age.
With the other, and Kentucky, in cultivated grounds^ (Nat. from Eu.)

5. MEL.H.6TUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER

Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous,
the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying,
with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from /neXi, honey, and
Awros, some leguminous plant.)

1. OT. OFFICINALIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4°
high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of
length. (2) — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE MELILOT.) Leaflets truncate; corolla
the standard longer than the other petals. © (M. leucantha, Koch.) — Ir
lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. MEDICAGO, L. MEDICK.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped,
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut.
(Deriv. from Mr/SiKi), the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks
from Media.)

1. M. SAT!VA, L. (LUCERNE.) Upright, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong,
toothed ; Jlowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 1J. — Cultivated for
green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. LuruLhfA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu-
bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; Jlowers in short spikes
(yellow); pods kidney-form, 1 -seeded. (5) — Waste places; spar'ngly. (Adv.
from Eu.)

3. M. MACOLATA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum-
bent, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely

94 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

toothed ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3
turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of
curved prickles. (I) — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places.
(Adv. from Eu.)

4. M. DENTICULATA, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in-
troduced into New England, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. PSORAJLEA, L. PSORALEA.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom
longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial
herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.)
with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Stipules cohering
with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish.
Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from i//-o>paAeos, scurfy, from
the glands or dots.)

* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

1. P. Oiiobrycllis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect

(3° -5° high) ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts

awl-shaped ; racemes axillary, elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ;

poda roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio and southwestward. July.

lowers very small.

P. Stipulate, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif-
. • leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on axil-
•; rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls
& Ohio, Kentucky. June.

f. P. mclilotoicles, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan-

stems erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong;

spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate,

tapei'-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, EU. )

— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June.

* * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate.

4 P. floribunda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy
(2C -4° high), minutely hoary.-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from linear
to obovate-oblong (|'-l£' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panided; lobes of
the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and
southwestward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long.

5. P. argopliylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, Falls of St. Anthony, Wis-
consin ? and westward. June. — Flowers 4"- 5" long.

P. ESCULENT A, Pursh., of the same region as the last, — the INDIAN TUR-
NIP, POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE, used as food by the aborigi
nes, — may possibly occur on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95

8. DALEA, L. DALEA.

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which
is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-seeded,
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted
with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads.
(Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) /

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except
the dense and cylindrical silky- villous spike ; leaves pinnate, of many linear-
oblong leaflets; corolla small, whitish. (D — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south-
ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.)

9. PETALOSTI^MON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen,
alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violaceum, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear,
heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer
than the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, 'Wis-
consin, and southward. July.

2. P. can dictum, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-
oblong; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the
neaiiy glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward.
July.

1O. AM OR P HA, L. FALSE INDIGO. - „

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the
other petals entirely wanting ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base,
otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened,
tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with
minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. (Name, a/iop^q, wanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.)

1. A. fruticdsa, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothish;
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered ; pods 2-seeded. — Biver-banks, S. Penn. to
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable.

2. A. canescens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened
with hoary down; leaflets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the upper

96 LEGUMINOS^:. (PULSE FAMILY.)

surface smoothish with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks,
Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate
the presence of lead-ore.

11. BOB INI A, L. LOCUST-TREE.

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded,
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

1. B. Pseudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST, or FALSE ACACIA.)
Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. —
S. Penn. and southward along the mountains : commonly cultivated as an orna-
mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June.

2. B. VlSCOSa, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Branchlets and leafstalks
clammy ; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor-
ous ; pod glandular-hispid. — S. "W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like
the last, a smaller tree. June.

3. B. liispida, L. (BRISTLY or ROSE ACACIA.) Branchlets and stalks
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. —
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers,
&c. — Mountains of S. Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May,
June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high.

12. WISTABIA, Nutt. WISTARIA.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many-
seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby
j)lant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not
stipellate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi-
cated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia. )

1. W. frutescens, DC. — Rich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and
southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May.

IS. TEPHBOSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA.

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside,
turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens
monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valvcd. —
Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed
flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from re(/>p6s, ash-colored or hoary.)

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97

1. T. Virgiiiiaiia, Pers. (GOAT'S KUE. CATGUT.) Silky -vittmis with
whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (l°-2° higfh), leafy to the top;
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi-
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry
sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost
as large as a pea-blossom.

2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-ltaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate or
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; Jlowers few, in a loose inter-
rupted spike raised on a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and
south ward. July.

3. T. Eiispidula, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only
minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' — 24' long), divergently
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped
and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2-4 flowered; flowers reddish-
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

1 •

14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK- VETCH.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflcxed or spreading.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one
or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de-
gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient
Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec-
tion between the two is past all guess.)

^ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, ^.-celled, inde-
hiscent, or tardily separable through the partition into 2 closed portions.

1. A. caryocferpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely
appressed-pubeseent ; stems low, decumbent ; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob-
long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous,
ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about f ' in diameter, ty — Dry soil, on the
Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south-
ward. May.

2. A. Mexicaiius, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger ; stems usually ascending ; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong ; flowers
larger (10"- 12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the
tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 1' or more in diameter: otherwise
like the last : — the unripe fruits of both are edible, and are eaten, raw or cooked,
by travellers. (A. trich»calyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois
opposite St. Louis westward and southward.

^ 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, partly or completely 2-cetted by the turning inward of the
> « dorsal suture.

3. A. CanadensiS, L. Tall and erect (1° -4° high), somewhat pubes-
cent; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in

9

98 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

long and close spikes (4'- 9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, completely 2-
celled. 1J. — Elver-banks, common from N. New York westward July -Aug.

4. A. dist6l*t«S, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the
base, smoothish ; leaflets 1 1 - 23, oblong or obovate ; flowers purplish or violet,
10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob-
long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-cellcd. ty — Mason
Cov Illinois, Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.)

4 3, Pod dry and dehiscent, l-celled, or incompletely ^-celled by the projection of the
ventral (seed-bearing) suture. (Phaca, L., DC.)

5. A. Codpeii. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob-
long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; peduncles about
the length of the leaves ; flowers white ; pods not stalked in the calyx, globose-ovoid,
inflated, thinnish (%' long), pointed, grooved at the two sutures, which are both turned
inwards, but especially the inner. Ij. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Grav-
elly banks of rivers, &c., "W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. — Plant
l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than A. Canadensis, with pure white flowers
in shorter and more open spikes : calyx shorter. (Named for William Cooper,
Esq., the discoverer: there being an A. neglectus.)

6. A. Robbinsii. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets
7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leaves; raceme
loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit ; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hanging, stalked in
the calyx, oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, the seed-bearing suture convex, the other
nearly straight. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oalces.) — Rocky ledges of the Onion River,
near Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829). Willoughby Mountain, Mr.
Blake. June. — Pods 6" -7" long, l-celled, papery and veiny, smooth, the
outer suture often slightly turned inwards.

15. JESCHYJVOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH.

Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-clcft. Standard roundish : keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several square easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev-
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from alo"xyvopevri, being ashamed).

1. JE. llispida, "VVilld. Erect, rough-bristly; leaflets 37-51, linear;
racemes 3-5-flowered; pod stalked, 6-10-jointed. (i) — Along rivers, S.
Penn., Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally.

16. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. HEDYSARUM.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the*wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 9 & 1 . Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round-
ish joints connected in the middle. — Leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of
T)8vs, sweet, and apa>p.a, smell.) ^

1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly
glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole, raceme of many dcflcxed

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99

purple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. 1|. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Wood. (Alle-
ghany Mountains, Michaux.) Also northward.

17. DESMODIUM, DC. TICK-TBBFOIL.

Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple
.or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like,
often striate. (Name from Seoyzos, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of
the pods.)

$ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx
and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on
the lower ; the 1—4 joints mostly half-obovate, concave on the back : stamens mona-
delphous below : plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending : raceme terminal,
vanicled : stipules bristle-form, deciduous.

1. D. nudifldrum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the sterile
stems ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated, on a
prolonged ascending leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods ;
common. Aug.

2. D. ar si ail iiiulmii, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem,
from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle ; leaflets round-ovate, taper-
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' - 5' long). — Rich woods. July.

3. D. puiicifloriini, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8'- 15' high)
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south-
westward. Aug.

§2. Pod short-stalked, of 3-5 joints: calyx-teeth longer than the tube: stipules
ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal,
small, scarcely panicled.

4. I>. lutiHifusiiiil, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipules
ovate-lanceolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely
triangular. — Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re-
sembles the next.

5. D. rot mid Hoi in in, DC. Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular, or the
odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug.

f ? Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx ; the teeth of the latter longer than the
tube : racemes panicled.

100 LEGUMINOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

* Stems tall and erect; the persistent stipules ami (deciduous) bracts large and con-
spicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed : pods of 4 - 7 unequal-sided rhom-
bic joints, which are considerably longer tfian broad, about %' long. (Flowet*
rather large.)

6. D. canescens, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath,
both sides roughish with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very
adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rather
glutinous hairs.

7. I>. CliSpidaLtlim, Torr. &. Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than
the petiole (3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smootbish. — Thickets.
July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules f long.

* * Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small
and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided
rhomboida.1 joints, which are longer than broad, %' or less in length. (Flowers mid-
dle-sized. )

8. I>. l«r\ ijjfftiUBi, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough-
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward.

9. D. viridifloriBlll, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit;
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down
underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. Aug.

10. D» Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3'
long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug.

11. D. paniculatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narroidy lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3'- 5*
long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. July.

12. D. strictum, DC. Smooth ; stem very straight and slender, simple;
leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish (l'-2'long, 4' wide) ; panicle
wand-like; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long).
— Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug.

* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish vr

obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1^" to 2£;/ long.
H- Stems erect : bracts before flowering conspicuous: racemes densely flowered.

13. D. CanadftJnse, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, or ovate-lanSeolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much
longer than the petiole ( l£;- 3' long) ; flowers showy, larger than in any other
species (£' - J' long). — Dry, rich woods, common, especially northward. Aug.

14. D. sessilifoliiun, Ton-. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high);
leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy, beneath; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. —
Copses, Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug.

LEGUMIXOSyE. (TULSE FAMILY.) 101

*-+- Stems ascending (l°-3° high) : bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated
and loosely flowered : flowers small.

15. I>. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than
the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug.
— Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10.

16. 1>. ciliiire, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded,
on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy
on the margins and underneath (£'-!' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields;
common, especially southward. Aug.

. 17. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender;
lea/lets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the
slender petiole: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common
July - Sept.

-<-•«-•<- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered.
18. D. lineatinn, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets
orbicular, smoothish (£'-!' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not
stalked. — Virginia and southward.

18. LESPEDL^ZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) :
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts
jninute. Flowers often polygamous. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish
governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.)
* Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, paniclea

or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed,

or in subsessile little clusters.

1. Li. procumfoeilS, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of
the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet-
alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.

2. Li. repens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (£'
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil,
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last.

3. It. violsYcea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched; leaflets
varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed
pubescence ; peduncles or clusters few-flowered; pods ovate^ — The principal vari-
eties are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled
flowers ; this runs into, 2. SESSiLiFL6KA, with the flowers principally on pe-
duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form
is, 3. ANGCSTIF6LIA, with closely clustered flowers on straight branches,

9*

102 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — t
Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers.

4. Li. Stflvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some-
times above) ; clusters many -flowered, crowded ; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills,
and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear-
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.

# # Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads: corolla whitish or cream-
color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stems
upright, wand-like (2° -4° high).

5. Li. liirta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender ; leaflets
roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept.

6. It. capitata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical
or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes
or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of
all in var. ANGUSTIFOLIA : slender ; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elon-
gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and
southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid.

19. STYL.OSANTHES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLO WEB.

Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort complete but un-
fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlets. —
Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit ; upper lip 2-, the
lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate
ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 - 2-jointed ;
the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low
perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; the stipules
united with the petiole. (Name composed of oruXos, a column, and av6os, a
fiower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry ; leaflets lanceo-
late, strongly straight-veined; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine
barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. July - Oct. — Flowers small,
yellow.

2O. ViCIA, Toura. VETCH. TAKE.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style thread-
shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod
2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1. Seeds globular.
Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing
shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules
usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name. )

# Annual : flowers 1 - 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.
1. V. SATIVA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent;
simple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying' from obovate-oblong to linear, notched

LEGUAIINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103

and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and
waste places ; both the common form and the var. ANcmsxiFdiLiA, with longer
and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)

# * Annual : peduncles elongated : flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.)

2. V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles I-2-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pair
linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narrowly oblong, 4-seeded, smooth,
— Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high,
with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. HiRstiTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun-
cate ; calyx-teeth equal ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) —
Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish-
blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * # Perennial : peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth very unequal : pod several-seeded.

4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July.
— Flowers blue, turning purple, £' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.)

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob-
tuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowered ; calyx-teeth very short. —
Kiver-banks, &c. May. — Flowers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the
keel tipped with blue. - , ,

6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered. — Moist thickets,
New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish-blue, |
long.

21. L.ATHYRUS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA.

Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta-
men). Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Adtfupos, a leguminous plant of Theo-
phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants.

1. JL. maritiinus, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high) ;
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped,
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6- 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June - Aug. — FloAvers large,
purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.)

2. L.. veilOSUS, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high) ; leaflets 5 - 7 pairs,
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen-
der, half arrow-shaped; peduncles many-flowered; corolla purple. — Shady banks,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June.

3. L,. ochroleucns, Hook. Stem slender (1°- 3° high); leaflets 3-4
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half
as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 -10-flowered; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill-
sides, W. Vermont to Penn., and westward and northward. July.

4. L,. palustris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem slender (l°-2°
high), often wing-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear or narrowly

104 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

oblong, mucronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, s'uarp-
pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purple. — Moist
places, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.)

Var myrtifolillS. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° high ; leaves oblong or
ovate-elliptical; upper stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius,
Muhl.) — W. New England to Penn., and northward.

L. LATiF6Lius (EVERLASTING PEA) and L. ODORATUS (SWEET PEA)
are commonly cultivated species.

PISUM SAiivuM, the PEA ; F\BA VULGARIS, the HORSE-BEAN ; and CiCEB
ARIETINUM, the CHICK-PEA, are other cultivated representatives of the same
tribe.

22. PHASEOI.US, L. KIDNEY BEAN.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the
corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved
into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several
many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick
and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin-
Jig or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers
often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the
Kidney Bean.)

* Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled.

1. P. pereimis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high; leaflets
roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4 - 5-seeded. H.

— Copses, Connecticut to Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple,
handsome, but small.

* * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short clustered ra-

ceme like a head. (Strophostyles, Ell.}

2. P. diver si folilis, Pers. Annual ; stem prostrate, spreading, rough-
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong-
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy
fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol-
la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish.

3. P. lielvolus, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets
ovate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves.

— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender
than the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar.

* * Pods straight and linear, flat: peduncles 1 -few-flowered at the summit : flowers

small : keel slightly twisted.

4. P. paiicifldrilS, Benth. Annual; stems diffuse, but twining, slen-
der, pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear.
'P. leiospermus, Torr. $• Gr.) — Kiver-banks, Illinois (Mead) and southwest
ward. July -Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent.

P. VULGARIS is the common KIDNEY BEAN or HARICOT.
P. LUNATUS is the LIMA BEAN of our gardens.

LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105

23. A PI OS, Boerh. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN.

Calyx somswhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower
one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel
at length twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved,
linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible
tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets
5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branch-
ing racemes, clustered. * (Name from aniov, a pear, from the shape of the
tubers.)

1. A. tllberosa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.)— Moist thickets, com-
mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant.

24. KIIYNCIIOSIA, Lour., DC. RHYNCHOSIA.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4 - 5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, not
twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat,
2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or
with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered.
(Name from pvi/^oy, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1. B. tomeiitosa, Torn & Gray. More or less downy; leaflets round-
ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted,
the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable.

5^ir. monopliyllit, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' - 6' higrh) ;
leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south-
ward, in dry sandy soil.

Var. A 08 ll bilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy; leaf-
lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia
and southward.

Var. erecta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets
3, oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward.

25. GAL.ACTIA, P.Browne. MILK PEA.

Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in-
curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of
them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low,
mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate.
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from
•ydXa, -a/cros, milk ; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un
likely.)

1. G. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ;
pods somewhat haiiy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia
near the coast, and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers large for the genus,
rose-purple.

2. G. Iil611is, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and

106 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pod»
very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July.

26. AMPHICARP JSA, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT.

Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but
seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches imperfect,
with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx
about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed, with no bractlets*. Keel and wing-petals
similar, nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia-
delphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped,
3-4-seeded; of the lower, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but
one large seed, commonly subterranean, or concealed by decaying leaves. —
Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small,
in clustered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly
clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. . (Name from a/x<£i, at both ends, and
Kapiros, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of fruit, one at the summit, the other
at the base of the plant.)

1. A. iiEOiioicu, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood-
lands. Aug., Sept. — A delicate vine.

27. C LI TORI A, L. BUTTERFLY PEA. •

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower,
rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than
the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty,
several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect
or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and
very large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : bractlets opposite, striate. (Deri
vation obscure.)

1. C. Ma ri film, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ;
stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short ; 1 - 3-flowered. — Dry banks,
Long Island to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ;
the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long.

28. CENTROSI^MA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA.

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the standard with
a spur-shaped projection on the back. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked
with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3-
foliolate stipellate leaves and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bract-
lets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from Kcvrpov, a spur, and
, the standard. )

1. C. Virgin! tina, Bonth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets

LEGUMINOS-&. (PULSE FAMILY) 107

varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ;
peduncles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-yhaped. — Sandy dry woods,
Virginia and southward. July. — Corolla 1' long, violet. Pods straight, nar-
row, 4(-5' long.

29. BAPTIS1A, Vent. FALSE INDIGO.

Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed :
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.
Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves,
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from /3a7rri£a>,
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a sort of indigo.)

1. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender
(2° -3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded wedge-
obovate (f long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered,
terminating the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the
calyx. — Sandy dry soil, common. June - Aug. — Corolla yellow, £' long.

2. 15. an st rails, R. Brown. (BLUB FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall
and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong- wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as
long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (l°-2°) and many-flowered^
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx4

— Alluvial soil, from Penn. westward and southward : often cultivated. June.
— Flowers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -3' long.

3. B. leiicantlia., Ton-. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as
in No. 2 ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the
length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south westward. July

— Flowers white ; the standard short. Pods 2' long.

4. B. alba, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and
widely spreading ; petioles slender ; stipuks and bracts minute and deciduous ; leaf-
lets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods
linear-oblong (!'-!£' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward.
May, June. — Flowers white, £'-§' long.

5. B. leiicoph&a, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches,
leaves almost sessile; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipuks and
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ;
pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. —
Raceme often 1° long : pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length

30. CJLADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed : the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct : filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth,
with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes
of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obso-

108 LEGUMINOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year.
Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.)

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx. /.) Rich hill-sides, E.
Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10' -20' long. Flowers 1' long

SUBORDER II. C^ESAtPINIE^E. THP BRASILETTO FAMILY.

31. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TKEE. -

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded,
the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with
rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers
in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid
to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C. Canad£nsis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly
Sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms
smaller than in the European species.

32. CASSIA, L. SENNA.

Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading.
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)

* Leaflets large : stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect :

flowers crowded in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled.
JL. C. Marilandica, L. (WiLD SENNA.) Leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; pods linear,
slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4'). 1|. — Alluvial soil, common. July.
— Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna.

2. C. OCCIDENTALS, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute or point-
ed ; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole ; pods elongated-linear (5' long)
with a tumid border, glabrous. (D U ^ — Virginia and southward. Aug.
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

* * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persistent : a cup-
sJiaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all perfect : flowers in
small clusters above the axils : pods flat.

3. C. Chamsecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10- 15 pairs,
linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels ; anthers 10,
elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) ; style slender. ® —
Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1°
long : 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spct at the base.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109

4. C. 11 i< titans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20
pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very smatt) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly
equal; style very short. ® — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to
Virginia and southward. Aug.

33. GYMNOCL.ADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.

Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong,
equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short,
inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-
seoded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets,
not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in
axillary racemes. (Name from yvpvos, naked, and /cAdfios, a branch, alluding
to the stout branches destitute of spray.)

1. G. Canadciisis, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod
6' - 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over £ across.

34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3-5 spreading sepals, united at the base.
Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united
Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.
Pod flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or
twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes
Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem
porary with Linnaeus.)

1. O. triac&iithos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LO-
CUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some-
what serrate; pods linear, elongated (1°-1^° long), often twisted, filled with
sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest-
ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges.

2. O. monosperma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender;
mostly simple; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps,
Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree.

SUBORDER III. MIMOSE^E. THE MIMOSA FAMILY.

35. DESMAN THUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5,
distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous,
several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer-
ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules,
and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish- white flowern. (Name
composed of Seoyza, a bond, and av0os, flower.)
10

110 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

1. 1>. foraehylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high),
partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods oblong or
lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2 - 6-seeded. 1J. (Darlingtonia brachyloba
& glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward.

36. SCHItlNKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-
form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the
base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the
two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren-
nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi-
tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads
of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, & German botanist.)

1. S. imcinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs;
leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia,
Illinois 1 and southward. June -Aug.

2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined;
pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the pre-
ceding.

ORDER 39. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert-
ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear
tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few
in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty-
ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8
sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bracelets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This
important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. AMYGDALE^. THE ALMOND FAMILY.

Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal
Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark
exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor
of prussic acid. Stipules free.
1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges.

SUBORDER IE. ROSACEJE PROPER.

Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube.
Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with
the petiole.

KOSACEJE. (R0SE FAMILY.) Ill

TRIBE I. SPIRJEE^E. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in fruit : styles terminal.
2. SPIRAEA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud.
& OILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud.

TRIBE II. DRYADE^E. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia ot
little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate In the bud.

Subtribe I. SANGUISORBE^E. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting.

Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1 - 4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx.
4. AG^IMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2 : etyte terminal.
6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal.

6. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral.

Subtribe 2. CHAM.ERHODRB. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 -10: styles lateral. Fruit dry.

7. BIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals.

Subtribe 3. EUDRTADILS. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit of dry
achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.)

8. DRYAS. Calyx8-9-parted. Petals 8 -9. Styles persistent, plumose.

9. GEUM. Calyx 6-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent.

10. WALDSTEINIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few : styles deciduous from the base

Subtribe 4. FRAGARIK&. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer-
ous : styles often lateral, deciduous. Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend*
ing, inserted next the bane of the style. (Radicle always superior.)

11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, flat, convex, or oblong.

12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible.

Subtribe 5. DALIBARDEJE. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistil*
numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes,
Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior).

13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx.

14. RUBUS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a coni-

cal or elongated receptacle.

TRIBE III. ROSE^E. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep-
tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated.

15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole.

SUBORDER III. POME^B. THE PEAR FAMILY.

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co-
hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free.

16. CRAT^lGOS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded.

17. PYRUS. Carpels papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded.

18. AMELANCHIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : cells 1-

eeeded.

SUBORDER I. AUI1 GDALEJE. THE ALMOND FAMILY.
1. PRtTNUS, L. PLUM & CHEERY.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen-
dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or
shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the
Plum.)

112 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

§ 1. PRtlNUS, Tourn. (PLUM.) — Drupe usually with a bloom; the stone flat-
tened, or at least under than thick: leaves convolute in the bud,Jlcwers more or lest
preceding the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel-
like clusters.

1. P. Americana, Marsh. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Leaves
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low, orange, or red, £' - §' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute
on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, having a flat-
tened stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb
skin). — River-banks, common. May. — Tree or bush thorny, 8° - 20° high.

2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (2°-
5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (£'-!' in diameter),
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.} — Varies, when at sonic distance from the coast,
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmstea,
Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir-
ginia. April, May.

3. P. CMcasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny
( 8° -15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny j
fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter); the ovoid
stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely
grooved. — Kentucky (where probably it is not indigenous) and southwestward :
naturalized in some places. April.

4. P. 8PIN6SA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; leaves
obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels gla-
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on
one edge. — Var. INSIT^TIA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels
and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Road-sides and
waste places, E. New "England, Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

§2. CERASUS, Tourn. (CHERRY.)— Drupe destitute of bloom; the stow
globular and marginless ; leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud: infiorescence as
in § 1.

5. P. pumila, L. (DWABF CHERRY») Smooth, depressed and trail-
ing (6'- 18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed
near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red. —
Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and south to
Virginia along the mountains. May.

6. P, Peimsylvanica, L. (WiLD RED CHERRY.) Learns oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ;
flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky
woods; common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20° -30° high, with
light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh

ROSACE.E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 113

§ 3. PADTJS, Mill. (CHERRY.) — Drupe, frc. as in §2: Jlowers in racemes
terminating the branches, developed after the leaves.

7. P. Vilginiana, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves aval, oblong, or obo-
vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly] serrate with slender teeth, thin ;
racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson. —
River-banks; common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a
tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe.
(P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.)

8. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thick ish,
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. —
Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing
valuable timber to the cabinet-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant
vinous flavor.

P. DOMESTICA, L., the CULTIVATED PLUM, is now deemed by the best
botanists to have sprung from the Sloe.

P. ARMEN*ACA, L., the APRICOT, represents another subgenus of Prunus.
The PEACH belongs to a very closely related genus.

P. AVIUM and P. CERASUS, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated
Cherries.

SUBORDER II. ItOSACEJE PROPER. THE TRUE ROSE FAMILY.

2. SIMR.ZE A, L. MEADOW-SWEET.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2 -15-) seeded. — Flowers
white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5.
(Name probably from o-Tretpao), to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to
be formed into garlands.)

$ 1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simpk palmately-lobed leaves and
umbd-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - 4-seeded.

1. S. opulifolia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3-
lobed and heart-shaped; pods 3-5. — Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub
4° -10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem-
branaceous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in thin layers.

$2. SPIRAEA PROPER. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, the stipules obsolete: pod»
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded.

2. S. corymbosa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2°high); leaves oval or
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, fiat, several times compound.
— Alleghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — Flowers white.

3. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly si tooth
(2° -3° high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; Jlowers in a'
crowded panicle ; pods smooth. — Wet grounds : also cultivated. July, —
Flowers white or flesh-color. (Eu.)

10*

114 ROSACEJE. (ROBE FAMILY.)

4. S. tomentosa, L. (HARDBACK. STEEPLE-BU^H.) Stems and lower
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. — Low grounds ; commonest in New
England. July. — Flowers rose-color.

$ 3. ULMARIA, Mcench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panided
cymose flowers : calyx reflexed : pods 5 - 8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded.

5. S. lobata, Murr. (QUEEN OP THE PKAIKIE.) Glabrous (2° -8°
high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted,
the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form; panicle compound-clus-
tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan,
Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome,
the petals and sepals often in fours !

§4. ARtlNCTJS, Seringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in
slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice-pinnate; the
stipules obsolete : pods 3-5, several-seeded: pedicels reflexed in fruit.

6. S. Ar Aliens, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall ; leaflets thin,
lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply
cut and serrate. — Kich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west-
ward. June. (Eu.)

S. FILIPENDULA, the DROPWORT ; S. ULMARIA, the MEADOW-SWEET of
Europe ; S. HTpERiciF6LiA (ITALIAN MAY) ; and S. SORBIF6LIA, are com-
mon in gardens.

3. GII^LENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIO.

Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5,
somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-seeded. —
Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly
serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or
white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)

1. O. trifoliata, Moench. (BOWMAN'S BOOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from
"W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July.

2. G. Stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From "W. Penn-
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June.

4. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles
above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering.
Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.—
Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender
spiked racemes : bricts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri-
vation as Argemone.)

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115

1. A. Eupatoria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi-
nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of
the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July - Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parvifldra, Ait. Leaflets crowded, 11-19, with smatter ones inter-
mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ;
petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July.

5. SANGU1S6RBA, L. GREAT BURNKT.

Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread-
ing. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis-
tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium
included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with
unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close
spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants
having been esteemed as vulneraries.)

1. S. Canadeiisis, L. (CANADIAN BURNET.) Stamens much longer
than the calyx; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit; leaflets numerous,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ;
stipules serrate, ty — Bogs and wet meadows ; chiefly northward. Aug. -Oct.
—A tall herb : flowers white, sometimes purple.

POT^BIUM SANGuis6RBA, the COMMON BURNET of the gardens, has mo-
noecious polyandrous flowers.

6. A 1C HE MI HA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-parted, with as
many alternate brackets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1 -4 ; the slen-
der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the
persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name.)

1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Stems (3' -8' high) leafy; leaves
3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the
axils, d) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. ALphf A, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains,
New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it.

7. SIBBAJLDIA, L. SIBBALDIA.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and
depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh
at the close of the 17th century.)

1. S. procumbeiis, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the
apex ; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and northward. (Eu.)

116 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

8. DRYAS, L. DRTAS.

Calyx flattnh, 8-9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum $ Sie-
rersia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves,
and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, tho
foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.)

1. I>. integrifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped,
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white.—
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not
since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.)

9. Gl^UM, L. AVENS.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from -yevo), to give an agreeable flavor, the roots
being rather aromatic.)

$ 1. GEUM PROPER. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion
smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deftexed and mostly hairy
upper joint fatts away : head of fruit sessile : calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers some-
what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.)

1. O. all) 11 ill, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender
(2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute
leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed ;
stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, futty as long as the
calyx ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy.
Borders of woods, common. May -Aug. — Near the European G. urbanum.

2. O. Yiriniiiaimiii, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem;
lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or
divided, incised ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx ; re-
ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — "Woods and low grounds ; common northward.
Clearly different from the last.

3. O. iiiacro]»liylliim, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high);
root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large
and round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter-
minal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; petals yellow, obovate,
longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly above. —
Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also Lake Superior
and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. O» strict ii ill, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5,
rhorrbic-ovate or oblong, acute ; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep-
tacle downy; achenia bristly above. — Moist meadows; common, especially
northward. July. (Eu.)

ROSACES. (BO SB FAMILY.) 117

§ 2. STYLIPUS, Kaf. — Styles smooth : head of fruit conspicuou&ly sialked in the
calyx : bractlets of the calyx none : otherwise as § 1 .

5. O. verimm, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending,
few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of
them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ;
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April -June

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the
upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect w spreading : petals erect.

6. G. rivale, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple,
several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the
feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.)

$4. SIEVEHSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight: head
of fruit sessile : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simpk,
and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)

7. O, trifldnim, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply
cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the
purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2'), strongly
plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to
Wisconsin ; rare. April -June.

8. O. radiatlim, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves
rounded-kidney -shaped, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-
toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long
petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round-
obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (£' long), spreading ;
styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.)

Var. Pecicii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves
sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire. July - Sept.

10. WAI.DSTEINIA, Willd. (CoMAR6psis, DC.)

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achenia 2-6, minutely haiiy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5-
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named
in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaf-
lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer
than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx. ) — Wooded hill-sides, common
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies.

H8 ROSACE M. (ROSE FAMILY.)

11. POTENTil^JLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear-
ing 10-cleft. Petals 4 - 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle: styles
lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves,
and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, pow
erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which' in fact these plants
possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.)

§ 1. Style terminal, or attached above ike middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous.

* Annuals or biennials: petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle

globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit.

*• !*• Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above ; leaves palmately 3-
foliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields: common, especially
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.)

2. P. parad6xa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent,
branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi.

# # Perennial herbs : petals yellow, longer than the calyx.
•*- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets.

3. P. Irijsnda, Vill. Dwarf (l'-3' high), tufted, villous when young,
stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Kobbinsikna, Oakes.) — Less villous with
age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it
than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species.
It also occurs in Greenland. (Eu.)

4. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.)
Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and -ascending, producing runners; peduncles axil-
lary, elongated, l-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed
towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.) — Var. 1. PDMILA is a dwarf, early-
flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. SIMPLEX is a taller and greener state,
with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Abounds among grass
in dry fields, &c. April - Oct.

5. P. argentea, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending,
cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al-
most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above
white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.)

H— -»— Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3 — 9 leaflets.

6. P. Pennsylvania, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at
the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky- wool-
ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded;
petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania ? New Hampshire (Isle of
Shoals, Robbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), and northward. July.

$ 2. Style deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yeUem
or white, deciduous.

ROBACBJB. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119

* Achenia glabrous : style thickened above : receptacle conical in fruit.

7. P. argn&ta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish
hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets,
downy underneath; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish; disk
thick and glandular. — Rocky hills ; common northward. July.

* * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle vittous.

8. P. Aliserina, L. (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen-
der rooting runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs
interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery-
white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft ; flowers solitary (yellow), on
long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (En.)

9. P. fruticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby
(2° -4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd-
ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ;
flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same
range as the last. June - Sept. (Eu.)

10. P. tridentata, Ait. (MOUNTAIN CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems low
(4' -6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-
flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely
3-toothed at the apex ; petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks,
on mountains ; and in Maine near the level of the sea ; shore of Lake Superior
and northward. June.

4 3. Styles moderately lateral : petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy: achenia glabrous: recepta-
cle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.)

11. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending
from a creeping base (l°-2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong
crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose ; calyx (!'
broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. U (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs,
N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

12. F RAO ARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical: leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-
form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which
with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) —
The two species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virgliiijina, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep-
tacle. — Fields anl rocky places ; common. April - June. — Scapes commonly
shorter than the haves, which are of a rather coriaceous or lirm texture. Fruit
roundish-ovoid.

120 ROSACES. (KOSE FAMILY.)

2. F. vesca, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or hemispherical fruittng
receptacle (not sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common : indigenous, especial-
ly northward. — Leaves thin; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.)

13. DAL.IBABDA, L. DALIBABDA.

Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes : styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on
slender petioles. Flowers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in
honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.)

1. I>. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging
and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug.
— Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet.

14. KIT BUS, L. BRAMBLE.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming
small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the
Celtic rub, red.)

§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when

ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (KASPBERRY.)
* Leaves simple : flowers large : prickles none : fruit and receptacle Jlattish.
1. R. odoratus, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-BASPBERRY.) Stem shrub-
by (3° -5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs ;
leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap-
pendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains.
— Kocky banks, common northward. June - Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad.

2. B. Nutksiiius, Mo<?ino. (WHITE FLOWERING-KASPBERRY.)
Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed;
peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (K. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper
Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller.

3. B. CliamaemoiTiS, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, dioecious;
stem simple, 2-3-leaved, \-flowered; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-
lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fruit of
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of
trees : also Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaflets (pinnately) 3-5 : petals small, erect, white.
•«- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains.

4. B. trifldrus, Eichardson. (DWARF KASPBERRY.) Stems ascending
(6' -12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth ; peduncle

ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121

1-3-flowered. — Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7.

+-•*-' Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong : fruit hemispherical.

5. R. Strigosus, Michx. (WILD BED RASPBERRY.) Stems upright,
and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming
weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-
5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ses-
sile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common,
especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, but
more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idceus),
which it too closely resembles.

6. R. occidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.)

Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles,
not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the
sepals ; fruit purple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has
been burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant. (Some curious
forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last.)

^ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovate
or oblong, blackish. (BLACKBERRY.)

7. R. villdsus, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby
(l°-6°high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles;
branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3
(or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate ; the terminal one somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts sbort;
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. —
Var. 1 . FROND6sus : smoother and much less glandular ; flowers more corym-
bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. HDMiFtisus : trailing, small-
er; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c., common. May, June,
the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size,
aspect, and shape of the fruit.

8. R. CanadensiS, L. (Low BLACKBERRY* DEWBERRY.) Shrubby,
extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra-
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, BigeL, Sfc. ; not of Michx.) —
Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit
earlier than No. 7.

9. R. hispid us, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender,
somewhat shrubby, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely
serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ;
flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michx. R. sempervirens and R. setosus, Bigelow.)
— Low woods, common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend-
ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur-
ple, sour.

11

122 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

10. R. cimeifolius, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (l°-3°
high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of
the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above ;
peduncles 2-4-flowered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia
and southward. May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August.

11. R. tlivialis, Michx. (Low BUSH-BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby, procum-
bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow-
ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May.

15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.

Calyx-tube nra-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils
over its inner surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — Shrub-
by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole •
stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.)
* Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. SCtigera, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climb-
ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute,
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers
corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit (hip)
globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward.
July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots
growing 10° -20° in a season.

* * Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color.

2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed
with stout hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull
above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in cory m bs ; calyx and
peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages ; fruit (hip)
depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June - Sept.

3. R. lucida, EhrhVrt. (DWARF WILD-ROSE.) Stems (l°-2° high),
armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per-
sistent ones nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
shining above, sharply serrate ; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, and with
the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May -
July. — R. nitida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form.

4. R. blcilitla, Ait. (EARLY WILD-ROSE.) Nearly unarmed, or with
scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong,
obtuse, pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate ; stipules
large ; flowers 1-3, the peduncles and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo-
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivcnt entire calyx -lobes. —
Rocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May,
June. — Petals light rose-color.

ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123

5. R. RUBIGIN&SA, L. (TRUE SWEET-BRIER.) Climbing high; prickles
numerous, the larger ones strong and hooked, and the smaller awl-shaped; leaflets
doubly serrate, rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet
glands beneath ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes
— Eoad-sides and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. R. MICRANTHA, Smith. (SMALLER-FL. SWEET-BRIER.) Prickles uni-
form and hooked; fruit elliptical and ovate; calyx-lobes deciduous; flowers smaller :
otherwise as No. 5. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.)

SUBORDER HI. P6]WE^E. THE PEAR FAMILY.
16. CRAT-3EOUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube) fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony
1 -seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed
leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength,
on account of the hardness of the wood.)

•*- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red: flowers small:
calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous andglandless throughout.

1. C» spntlnilfttfl, Michx. Leaves thickish and shining, spatulateor oblan-
ceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. —
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high.

2. C. cordata, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly ovate or
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a dender petiole,
variously 3 - 5-cleft or cut, and serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
June. — Trunk 15° - 25° high.

•«- +- Fruit small (£'- J' long), ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3.

3. C. OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth ; leaves obovate,
cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. —
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. C. apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brous ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pin-
nately 5 - 7-cleft, with the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ;
petioles slender ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and south-
ward. March, April.

«-•*- •*- Fruit large (£'-§' long), red; flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4-5 (when
the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, Sj-c. often beset with glands.

5. C. coccinea, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Glabrous through-
out ; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed,
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy
tinge (§' broad); fruit bright scarlet-red, ovoid (£' broad), scarcely edible. —
Thickets and rocky banks ; common. May. — A low tree.

124 ROSA.CEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)

6. C. tomentosa, L. (BLACK or FEAR THORN.) Downy or
pubescent, at least when young, on the peduncles, calyx, smd lower side of the
leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the up-
per surface more or less furrowed along the veins ; flowers large (often 1' broad),
white ; fruit crimson or orange-red, usually large (i'-f broad), globular or some-
what pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets ; common. May, June. — A tall shrub or
low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked.

Var. pyrifolia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon
glabrous, smooth and shining above, often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright-
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.)

Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a
longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous
pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more
strongly impressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath ; fruit glo-
bose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.)

Var. moiiis. Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and
cut; fruit often downy. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var. ? mollis,
Torr. 8f Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and south westward.

7. C. CrilS-galli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Glabrous; leaves thick,
shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole,
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (J' broad). — Thickets.
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark green leaves very shining
above, and slender sharp thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges.

# Corymbs simple few- (1 — 6-) flowered: calyx, bracts, frc. glandular.

8. C. flava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ;
leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed at the base into a glandular
petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth,
&c. glandular ; styles 4 - 5 ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or
reddish (£'-§' broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May; — Tree
15° - 20° high, with rather large flowers, 2 - 6 in a corymb.

Var. pllb€sceilS. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves
thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glan-
du!6sa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd. ) — Virginia and southward.

9. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Downy ; leaves thick, obovate-
spatulate, crenate-toothed (£'- 1£' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length
shining ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together, on very sliort peduncles ; calyx-lobes as
long as the petals ; styles 5 ; fruit globular or pear-shaped, greenish-yellow. —
Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high.

17. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta-
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or beny-like; the 2-5 car-
pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-trete.)

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 125

{ 1. MALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit jfteshy,
globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. ( APPLE.)

1. P. coronaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves ovate, often
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at
the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree
20° high, with few, but very large, rose-colored fragrant blossoms, and translu-
cent, fragrant, greenish fruit.

2. P. angpnstifolia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves
oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles dis-
tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April.

P. MALUS, the APPLE-TREE, is often found in deserted fields and copses.
P. COMMUNIS, the PEAR-TREE, represents the typical section of the genus.

§ 2. ADENORACHIS, DC. — Leaves simple, the midrib beset with glands along
the upper side: cymes compound: styles united at the base: fruit berry -like, small.

3. P. arbutifolia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate,
finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHRO-
CARPA has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var.
2. MELANOCARPA is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common.
May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple.

§3. S6RBUS, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate:
fruit berry-like, small.

4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets
13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ;
cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon-
sin northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender shrub
or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen-
tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter.

P. AUCUPARIA, Gaertn., the cultivated EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH or ROW-
AN-TREE, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit.

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles
5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di-
vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back ; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small
trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra-
cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.)
Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripo
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May.
— Varies exceedingly; the leading forms are, —

Var. Botryapium ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous;
leaves ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped at the. base, pointed, very sharply
serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length
of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Wittd.)
11*

126 CALYCANTHACE^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.).

Var. oblongifolia, ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like
the branchlefcs, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter.

Var. rot u ml ilolia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the
first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered.

Var. alnifolia. ; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both
ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly
in the Western States, and westward.

Var. OligOCcirpa ; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves,
2-4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx.
— Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward.

CYD6NIA VULGARIS, the QUINCE, and C. JAP6NICA, the LOQUAT, or JAPAN
QUINCE, differ from the order generally in their many-seeded carpels.

ORDER 40. CALYCANTHACE^G. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE

FAMILY.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute :
— otherwise like Kosaceae. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-
SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Rose. Fruit like a rose-hip, but dry when ripe, and larger, en-
closing the large achenia. — Shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and large lurid-
purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the
crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name
composed of *aXv£, a cup or calyx, and av6os, flower, from the closed cup which
contains the pistils.)

1. C. florid US, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath. — Virginia? and
southward, on hill-sides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug.

2. C. Isevi S:\tttS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper
pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale be-
neath; flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Porter),
and southward along the Alleghanies. May- Aug.

3. CJ» glaficus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspic-
uously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, larger than
in the others (4' - 7' long) ; the flowers also larger. — Virginia ? near the moun-
tains and southward. May - Aug.

MELASTOMAC^EE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 127

ORDER 41. MEL.ASTOMACEJE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

Myrtle-like plants, with opposite ribbed leaves, and anthers opening by
pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose Family. —
All tropical, except the genus

1. RHEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1 -celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentas projecting from the
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large
showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early. (Name from prj&s, o, rupture.
applied to fhis genus for no obvious reason.)

# Anthers linear , curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of th«
filament above its base : flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts along
the coast, to Virginia, Ohio, and southward. July.

2. R« ItfcirifilAcl, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed
below ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey, Kentucky, and southward.

* # Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur : flowers few, sessile.

3. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate,
ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward.

ORDER 42. LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing,
but free from, the 1 — ^-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat; the latter
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary
or whorled, rarely irregular. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-
celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentae in the
axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

Synopsis.

* Flowers regular, or very nearly so.

1. AMMANNIA Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4.

2. LYTHRUM. Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 4 -7. Stamens 5-14.

8. NES^A. Calyx short-campanulate. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted, mostly unequal.

* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal.
4. CUPHEA. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12.

128 LTTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

1. AJUMANNIA, Houston. AMMANNIA.

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, with a little horn-shaped
appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 4, short. Pod globular, 4-celled. — Low and inconspicuous
smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their
axils. (Named after Ammann, a Russian botanist anterior to Linnaus.)

1. A* hiimilis, Michx. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, tapering into a
slight petiole, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped ; flowers solitary or 3 together
in the axils of the leaves, sessile; style veiy short. © — Low and wet places,
from Connecticut and Michigan southward. July - Sept.

2. A. latifolia, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3'. long), with a broad
auricled sessile base ; style mostly slender. © — Ohio, Illinois, and southward.

2. L^THRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in-
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled.
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple
(rarely white) flowers. (Name from \v6pov, blood; perhaps from the crimson
blossoms of some species.)

* Stamens and petals 5-7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils oj
the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the interme-
diate processes : plants smooth.

1. JL. HTSSOPIF6LIA, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers ; petals (pale purple) 5-6. © —
Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, &c. (Nat. from Eu. ?)

2. L. altltuni, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with margined
angles ; leaves varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the
flowers; petals (deep purple) 6. 1J. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward.

3. li. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy, at the top, two of the
angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute
and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate ; petals (whitish) 6.
ty — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high.

* # Stamens 12-14, twice the number of the petals, half of them sometimes much

short,er : flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted wand-like spike.

4. Li. Salicaria, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) Leaves lanceolate,
heart-shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern
New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant
mope or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.)

• 3. NESJEA, Commerson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth and
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5.
Stamens 10-14, exserted. Pod globose, 3-5-celled. — Perennial herbs of
glightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers.

ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 129

1. N. verticill:\ta, H. B. K. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2°-
8° long), 4-6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge-
lanceolate, rose-purple (£' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon
verticillatum, Gmdin.) — Swampy grounds, common. July - Sept.

4. C tJF HE A, Jacq. CUPHEA.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi-
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong,
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary, stalked. (Name
from KV</>OS, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.)

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very vis-
cid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple.
— Dry fields, New York to Penn., Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Seeds
flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod.

ORDER 43. OJVAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with ^-merous (sometimes 2 - 3-merous) flowers ; the tube of the
calyx cohering with the 2 - ^-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso-
lete, the petals convolute in the bud, and the stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals or calyx -lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE.3E PROPER.

Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want-,
ing) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connected by cob-
webby threads. Style single, slender : stigma 2 - 4-lobed or capitate. Pod
loculicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiscent : placentas in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, no albumen.

1. EPILOBITJM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex.

2. (ENOTHERA Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous.

3. GAURA. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1 - 4-seeded, indehiscent.

4. JUSSLEA. Stamens 8 -12. Petals 4 -6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many-seeded.
5 LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Calyx and pod as in No. 4.

6. CIRCJEA. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1 -2-celled, 1 - 2- seeded

SUBORDER II. HALORAGE^E.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete.
Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 4-celled, with a
solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants,
with very small axillary sessile flowers, often monoecious or dioecious.

7. PROSERPINACA Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect.

8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 4 - 8. Fruit 4-angled, 4-c«lled. Flowers monoecious.

9. HIPPUHIS. Stamen 1. Fruit 1-celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect.

130 ONAttRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER I. ONAGRACEJE PROPER.

1. EPlLiOBIUUI, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals
4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of
long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple,
or white flowers. (Name composed of eVi Xo/3ou <W, viz. a violet on apod.)

* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws : sta

mens and style turned to one side : stigma with 4 long lobes : leaves scattered.

1. E. angustifolium, L. GREAT WILLOW-HERB.) Stem simple,
tall (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared
land ; common northward. July. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.)

* * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled: petals, stamens, and style erect: stigma

club-shaped: lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate.

2. E. alpillllili, L. Low (2' -6' high); nearly glabrous; stems ascending
from a stoloniferous base, simple; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ;
petals purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.)

Var. lie ;i jus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed ;
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill E. origanifoli-
um, Lam.) — With the typical form. (Eu.)

3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare. Erect and slender (l°-2°high),
branched above, minutely hoary-pubescent ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly-lanceo-
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or
white ; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Muhl. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs,.N. Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. There is also a small and simple
1 -few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter
leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of
New Hampshire and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, Fries,
but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.)

4. E. lit 6 He, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (l°-2£° high), at
length branching ; leaves crowded ; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti-
oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and Penn
to Michigan, and northward. Sept.

5. E. COl or a. turn, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, not
angled, much branched (l°-3° high), many-flowered; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually purple-
veined ; flower-buds erect.; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l£" - 2" long).

— Wet places ; common. July - Sept.

2. CENOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed.
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod 4-valvcd, many-seeded,

ONAGRACE2E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 131

Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from olvos, wine, and Qfjpa, a chase .
the application uncertain.)

$ 1. Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous, withering the next day : pods
cylindrical, closely sessile.

1. CE. biennis, L. (COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal
rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped
(light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as
Var. 1. MURICATA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFIX!>RA, with larger and more showy petals.
Var. 3. PARVIFL6RA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4.
CRUCIA.TA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than
the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June - Sept.

2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube
very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and
narrow-leaved state of No. 1. — Wisconsin (Dr. Parry) and southwestward.

3. CE. simifita, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ;
flowers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-
color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and
southward, principally a dwarf state. June.

§ 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods
club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs.

4. CE. glauca, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate; pods obo void-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. 1J. — Mountains of
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May - July. — Leaves broader and flow-
ers larger than in the next.

5. CE. fmticosa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate,
longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-dub-shaped, ^-winged, longer
than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward.
June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 3° high, with several varieties. Corolla l£' broad.

6. CE. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon-
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen
der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged. ® — Elver-banks and swamps ; Quaker Bridge,
New Jersey, to Virginia and southward.

7. CE. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves
linear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ,
pods obovate, hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel.
— Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1°
high, bushy-branched : flowers 1 ' wide.

8. CE. clirysantlia, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves Ian
eeolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched
at the end (orange-yellow), longer than the stamens ; pods all pedicelled, oblong-club-

132 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

shaped, scarcely wing-angled. @1 — Banks, Oswcgo, New York, to Michigan
and northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9,
from which it may not be distinct.

9. CE. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate,
mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate
(pale, yellow) scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club-
shaped, strongly wing-angled. (2) or 1|. ? — Dry fields, common northward,
and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' -12'

high : the corolla £' broad.

i

3. GAtlltA, L. GAURA.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as also the long style. Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit
hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually be-
coming 1-celled and l-4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile.
Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes
or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that the name, from yaupos, superb,
docs not appear very appropriate).

1. O. bienniS, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lance-
olate, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed. © — Dry
banks, from New York westward and southward ; common. Aug.

2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; haves
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen-
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender-pedicelled.

— Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug.

4. JUSSIVE A, L. JUSSI^A.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6,
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens tw^jce as many as the petals.
Pod 4-6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds veiy numerous.

— Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers.
(Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany
as further developed by his illustrious nephew.)

1. J. decurrens, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching,
winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ;
stamens 8 ; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia,
Illinois, and southward. June -Aug.

5. liUD'WoIA, -k. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per-
sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri-
cal, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axillary
(rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botan-? at
Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.)

ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133

* leaves alternate, sessile : flowers pedunded : petals yellow, about equalling the calyx.

1. Li. allcrni folia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded
at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps; common southward and near the coast.
Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after
wards splitting in pieces.

2. Li. hirtella, Kaf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high);
leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in
the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia,
and southward. June - Sept.

* * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none.

3. Li. sphacrocarpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base ; flowers solitary, without
bractlets ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very
small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbury, Greene), New York (Peeks
kill, R. L Browne), New' Jersey y and thence southward.

4. Li. |»olyc;ir|>a, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers oflen clustered in the axils, with-
out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 4-sided top-shaped pod, which is longer than
the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan, Indiana, and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem
l°-3° high, sometimes with runners.

5. L<. liiicaris, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with
narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ;
flowers solitary, usually with (greenish-yellow) petals ; bractlets minute ; pods don*
gated top-shaped, 4-sidcd, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey and southward. Aug.

* * * Leaves opposite, petioled: flowers sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.)

6. L.. paliistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth, low ; stems pro-
cumbent, rooting or floating ; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti-
ole ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base.
(Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July -Oct. — Petals rarely pres-
ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.)

* •* * * Leaves opposite, sessile : flowers long -pedunded : petals exceeding the calyx.

7. L.. arcii:\ta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceo-
latc ; flowers solitary, yellow (£' broad); peduncles £'-!' long; pods oblong-
club-shaped somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south-
ward. May.

6. CIKCJEA, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous;
lobes 2, rcflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate,
1 -2-celled, bristly with hooked vhairs : cells 1 -seeded. — Low and inconspicuous
perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish
flowers in racemes. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.)
12

134 ONA GRACED. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

1. C. jLutetiana, L. Stem mostly pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves ovate,
pointed slightly toothed ; bracts none ; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly.
— Moisc woodlands. July. (Eu.)

2. C. iilpiim, L. Low (3' -8' high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong l-celled
fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.)

SUBORDER II. HALORAGEJE. THE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

7. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas
3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren-
nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo,
to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary
or 3 - 4 together.

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pecti-
nate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June - Aug.

2. P. pectmacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast.

8. MYRIOPHYI^UM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of
the fertile 4-toothcd. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above
water ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from /xupios, a thousand, and (f>v\\ov.
a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.)

* Stamens 8 : petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled in threes.

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts; these are ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than
the flowers, which thus appear to form an interrupted leafless spike. — Deep
water, common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. HI. vci'ticillatlliil, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec-
tinate-pinnatifld : otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.)

* * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - Z-ridged and roughened on the
back : leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lotver with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophylliim, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate and
lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely
roughened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward.

4. ]H. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnately
parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate-
toothed or cut-serrate : carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — ShaJ
low ponds, from Rhode Island and Ohio southward.

LOASACE^:. (LOASA FAMILY.) 135

* * * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels even on the back : leaves chiefly

scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

6. M. :imt>i£Tiiiui, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about
10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral
linear and sparingly toothed or entire ; floioers mostly perfect ; fruit (minute)
smooth. — Var. 1. NA.TANS : stems floating, prolonged. Var. 2. CAPILLA-
CEUM : stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capil-
lary. Var. 3. Liai6suM : small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised,
toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penn.,
and southward, near the coast. July - Sept.

6. M» teiicllum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like,
(3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts
small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N.
New York, New England, and northward. July.

9. HIPP IT 11 IS, L. MARE'S-TAIL.

Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx.
Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove be-
tween the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — Peren-
nial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in
the axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from ITTTTOS, a horse, and ovpa, a tail.)

1. II. VlilgAris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Ponds
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward : rare. Stems simple, 1°-
9° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.)

ORDER 44. LOASACE^E. (LOASA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, Hie calyx-tube ad-
herent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentae : — represented only
by the genus

1. MENTZEL.IA, Plum. (BAET6NIA, Nutt.)

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry
and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or
cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

1. M. Oligosperma, Nutt, Rough and adhesive (l°-3°high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled ; flowers yellow (7''- 10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge-
oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform : pod small, about 9-
seeded. CD 1| — Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward.

1315 CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

ORDER 45. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular,
or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles,
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev-
eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a
1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal
placentas. Albumen little or none. — Represented east of the Mississippi
only by

1. OPIJNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner
roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds with albumen. Cotyledons7 large, folia-
ceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped
and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed
bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers yellow, opening in sun-
shine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging
to some different plant.)

1. O. VlllgariS, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate-spreading,
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and
appressed ; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines ; flowers sulphur-
yellow ; bony nearly smooth, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from Nan-
tucket, Mass, southward, usually near the coast. June.

Var. ? Rafinesqilii. Larger, dark green, mostly spiny, with spreading
and awl-shaped leaves. O. Rafinesquii, Engdm. — Illinois and southward, and
probably in Virginia.

ORDER 46. GROSSTJL.ACEJE. (CURRANT FAMILY.)

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves,
a 5-lobed calyx cohering with the l-celled ovary, and bearing 5 stamens alter-
'nating with as many small petals. Fruit a l-celled berry, with 2 parietal
placenta?, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Seeds numer-
ous, anatropous, with a gelatinous outer coat, and a minute embryo at the
base of hard albumen. Styles 2, distinct or united. — Leaves mostly
plaited in the bud, often clustered in the axils, the small flowers from the
same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. — Comprises only the genus

1. RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.
Character same as of the order. (Name of Arabic origin.)

| 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GOOSEBERRY.) — Stems m»stly bearing thorns
at the base of the leafstalks or dusters of leaves, and often uith scattered brislly
prickles : berries prickly or smooth.

GROSSULACE^E. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 137

* Peduncles 1 -3-Jlowered: leaves roundish-heart-sfiapcd, 3 -5-lobed.

1. B. Cynoslmti, L. (WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Loaves pubescent; pe-
duncles slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad
calyx. — Kocky woods ; common, especially northward. May. — Spines strong.
Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.

2. B. liirtt'Iliini, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves
somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexed ; sta-
mens and 2-cle/l style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped (purplish) calyx ; fruit
smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, N. England to Wisconsin, com-
mon. May. — Stems either smooth ^or prickly, and with very short thorns, or
none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c.,
and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name belongs to the next.

3. B. rot ti n<B ifol mm, Michx. . (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.)
Leaves nearly smooth ; peduncles slender, 1 - 3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted
style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. —
Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to
Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt lobes.

* * Racemes 5 - 9-Jlowered, loose, slender, nodding.

4. B. Icicustrc, Poir. (SWAMP GOOSEBERRY.) Young stems clothed
with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted,
with the lobes deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer
than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. June.

§ 2. RIBESIA, Berl. (CURRANT.) — Stems neither prickly nor thorny: flowers
(greenish) in racemes: berries never prickly.

5. B. prostratum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined;
leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly
serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit
glandular-bristly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn.
northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.

6. B. floridum, L. (WiLD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled vnih
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 — 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped,
smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods ; common. May. — Much
like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smell and
flavor. Flowers large.

7. B. rub rum, L. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined;
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when
young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat
(green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold damp woods and bogs
New Hampshire to Wisconsin and northward. Same as the Red Currant of the
gardens. (Eu.)

R. AUREUM, Pursh, the BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, remarkable for
the spicy fragrance of its early yellow blossoms, is cultivated for ornament. Its
leaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud.
12*

138 PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.)

ORDER 47. PASSIFLORACEJE. (PASSION-FLOWER FAM.)

Fines, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamens,
and a stalked ^-celled ovary free from the calyx , with 3 or 4 parietal placer*
tee, and as many club-shaped styles ; — represented by the typical genus

1. PASSIFL.ORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the hase, imbricated in the bud, the throat crowned
with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx.
Stamens 5 : filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary,
separate above : anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-
seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-
coat brittle grooved. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, generally with stip-
ules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. (Name, from passio, passion, and^Zos, a
flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these flowers, in
which they fancied a representation of the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. Ifltea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless ; flowers greenish-yellow (!' broad). 1|. — Damp
thickets, Ohio, Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — Fruit £' in diameter.

2. P. incarnata, L. Nearly smooth; leaves 3-deft ; the lobes serrate;
petiole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple pur-
ple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward. May - July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval.

ORDER 48. CUCURBITACEJE. (GOURD FAMILY.)

Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious
(often monopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the l-3-cetted
jvary, and the 3.- 5 stamens commonly more or less united by their often tor-
tuous anthers as well as by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) Jleshy, or sometimes
membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less com-
bined. Stigmas 2-3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albu-
men. Cotyledons leaf-like. L'eaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.
(Mostly tropical or subtropical.)

Synopsis.

1. SICYOS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-lobed. Fruit prickly, inde-

hiscent, 1-celled, 1 seeded.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Pod prickly,

2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

8. MELOTHRIA. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulate, 6-cleft. Berry
smooth, many-seeded.

I

1. SICYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER.

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united I alow into a bell-shaped or flattish
corolla. Stamens 5, all cohering, OvarJ 1 -celled, with a single suspended

CUCURBITACEA (GOUKD FAMILY.) 139

ovule: style slender: stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.

— Climbing annuals, with small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-
peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. ailgrillatus, L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped and 5-angled or
lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant beset with clammy hairs. — Eiver-banks. July -
Sept.

2. ECHINOCirSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.

Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled, with 2
erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit large, ovoid, fleshy, at length
dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the
inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-oblong. — An annual, rank, and
tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth, with deeply and sharply 5-lobed thin leaves,
and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound ra-
cemes often 1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same
axils. (Name composed of e^Ti/os, a hedgehog, and KIHTTIS, a bladder, from the
prickly covering of the at length bladdery fruit.)

1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gr. (Sicyos, Michx. Momordica echinata, MM.)

— Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July-
Oct. — Fruit 2' long.

3. MEJLOTHRIA, L. MELOTHRIA.

Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-
lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campan-
ulate. Anthers 3 or 5, more or less united. Berry fleshy, filled with many flat
and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from
Mrj\a>6pov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. pendllla, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and
heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ;
the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval (^'-1' long), green, ty

— Copses, Virginia and southward. June - Aug.

CUCUMIS SATIVDS, the CUCUMBER; C. MELO, the MUSKMELON, C. Ci-
TRULLUS, the WATERMELON; CUCURBITA PEPO, the PUMPKIN, C. MELO-
PEPO, the ROUND SQUASH ; C. VERRUC6SA, the LONG SQUASH ; C. AURAN-
TIA, the ORANGE GOURD ; and LAGENARIA VULGARIS, the BOTTLE GOURD,
are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family.

ORDER 49. CRASSTJlACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz. the petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or
double their number. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at the base.

14.0 CRASSULACE2E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct
stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united below in Pen-
thorum), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli-
cles) which open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight
embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cymose, small.
Leaves chiefly sessile.

Synopsis.

* Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulaceae.)

1. TILTJRA Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct.

2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5, distinct. Stamens 10-8.

* * Pistils united below into a 5-celled many-seeded pod.

3. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 6-beaked.

1. TILLjfaA, L. TlLLSJA.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 -many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Titti, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear-
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantucket to E.
Perm. July -Sept.

2. SEDUM, L. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded; a little
scale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs,
with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to tbo
manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)
* Fbwers one-sided on the spreading branches of the cyme, forming a sort of spike,

mostly with 4 petals, Sfc. and 8 stamens, while the central flower commonly has 5

petals, Sfc. and 10 stamens.

1. S. plllchelllim, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin-
ear, nearly terete, scattered; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals
rose-purple, lanceolate. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

2. S» temalum* (THREE-LEAVED STONE-CROP.) Stems spreading
(S'-fi high); leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper
scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals white, linear-lanceolate. Rocky
woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also hi gardens.

# * Flowers in close cymes, uniformly 10-androus: leaves flat.

3. S. telepliioides, Michx. (WILD ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVER.)
Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval,
entire or sparingly toothed, scattered ; cyme small ; patals flesh-color, ovate-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed ; pods tapering into a slender style. — Dry rocks, Alleghany
Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey ? W. New
York 1 and Indiana. June.

SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 141

4. S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVBR.) Stems
erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, serrate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound;
petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed with a short style. — Rocks
and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some places. (Adv.
from Eu.)

5. ACRE, L., the MOSSY STONE-CROP or WALL-PEPPER, of Europe, — cul-
tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston.

S. RnoDioLA, a dioecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and
northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine.

3. PtlNTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming
a 5-angled, 5-homed, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TreWe,
Jive, and opos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Wet places,
everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely.

SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM, L., is the cultivated HOUSE-LEEK.

ORDER 50. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of
the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top) ;
and the petals with the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which is
either free or more or less adherent to 'he 1 - 4-celled ovary. — Calyx with-
ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely
numerous. Pods several -many-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, with a
slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have
three of the suborders.

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. THE TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx
free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole.

* Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3-4-celled aud beaked, or pods 2 or 3.
•»- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals, 10, rarely 8.

1. ASTTLBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat. Leaves decompound

2. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many-seeded Seed-coat close.

->- •«- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely 5.

3. BO YK INI A. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough

4. SULLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. Seeds wing-margined

* * Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae,
-i- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5.

5. HEUCHERA Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entirv

142 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

«- 1- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10.

6. MITELLA. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifld.

7. TIARELLA. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire.

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none.

SUBORDER IT. ESCALLONIE^E. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY.

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually
valvate in the bud.

9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5.

SUBORDER ILL HYDRANGIE^. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY.

Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves and no stipules.

10. HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary.

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging.

11. PHILADELPHUS Calyx 4 - 5-parted ; the tube adhering to the 3 - 5-celled ovary. Pet-

als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles united below.

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGACEJE. TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

1. ASTILBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD.

Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4 -5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-cclled, almost
free, many ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles,
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately compound ample leaves, cut-lobed
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d privative and
<rriA/3»7, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. dectimlra, Don. Somewhat pubescent ; leaflets mostly heart-
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich
woods, Alleghanies of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating
Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high.

2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted
Petals 5, entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked,
2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate
follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with
the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from
saxum, a rock, tmdfrango, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)
* Stems prostrate, leafy : leaves opposite : calyx free from the pod.

1. S. opposHifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves thick
and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2"
long) ; flowers solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the
5-cleft free calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood], and north-
ward. (Eu.j

bAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143

# # Stems ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with the pod.

2. S. rivularis, L. (ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE.) Small ; sterna
weak, ,3 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the
upper lanceolate ; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, Oakes, Very rare. (Eu.)

3. S. aizoitles, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Low (3' -5

high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, fleshy, more or less ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Wil-
loughby Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Michigan ;
and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. S. tricuspidata, Rotz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid pointed teeth at the sum-
mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaves clustered at the root : scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.

5. S. Aizdon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi-
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often^
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Wil-
loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5' - 10' high. (Eu.)

6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Low (4' -9
high) ; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-
toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose-
ly panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong
obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. —
Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April - June.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SWAMP SAXIFRAGE.) Large (l°-2°
high); leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base
into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus-
tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo-
late (•greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped: pods at length divergent. —
Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species.

8. S. erosa, Pursh. (LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo"
late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape
slender (l°-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender-
calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments
club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn
riylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies soutn-
ward. June. ^ oAttftw ?(# $ / }/

S. LEUCANTHEMIF6HA, Michx., S. CAREYANA, Gray, and S. CAROLIHI-
ANA, Gray, of the mountains of Carolina, may occur in those of Virginia.

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. BOYKINIA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate pahnately 5 - 7-lobed or cut petiolcd leaves, and white
flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boy/cm of Georgia )

144 SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

1. B. aconitiiolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -20' high); leaves deep-
ly 5 - 7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July.

A. SUL.L.IVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SULLIVANTIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet-
als. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe-
rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on
slender petioles, arai snail white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle,
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx
glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist
who discovered the only species.

1. S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray,ChlorisBor.-Am.,pL6.) -Limestone
cliffs, Highland County, Ohio. June.

5. HE tlC HER A, L. ALUM-ROOT.

Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet-
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of Heucher, an early German botanist.)

# Flowers small, loosely panicled : stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular.

1. H. villosa, Michx. Scapes (l°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the
acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous •with, rusty hairs; calyx l£" long; petals
spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland,
Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug.

2. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high)
&c. glandular arid more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals
not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward. June.

* * Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short : panicle
very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed.

3. H. llispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc-
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exserted, longer than
the spatulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May - July. — Scapes 2° - 4° high.

4. H. pllbescens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high), &c. granular-pubescent
or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous, as are usually the rounded
leaves ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. —
Mountains of Penn. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July.

SAXIFRAGACK-E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145

6. MIT^LLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked,
1 -celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ;
those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme
or spike. (Name a diminutive from fw'rpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form
of the young pod.)

1. M. dipliylla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5
lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill-
sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. —
Flowers white, in a raceme 6' - 8' long.

, 2. M. nilda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply
and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4' -6' high).
(M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods with mosses,
Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant,
shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish.

7. TIAREL.1LA, L. FALSK MITRE-WORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1
celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal
placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowery white. (Name a diminutive
from ridpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which
is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)

1. X. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners
heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ;
scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple ; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods ;
common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun-
tains. April, May.

8. CHRYSOSPJLfclVIUM, Toum. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within.
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.
Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1 -celled,
with 2 parietal placenta, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small
smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed
flowers. (Name compounded of ^pvcros, golden, and (nr\r)V, the spleen, probably
from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, diffusely spreading,
forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob-
scurely crenate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish
tinged with yellow or purple). 1|.— Cold wet places ; common, especially north-
ward. April, May.

13 ,

146 SAXIFRAGACE^!. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER H ESCAtL-ONIEjE. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY.

9. ITEA, L. ITEA.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than
the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled,
tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded.
— A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves,
without stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes. (The Greek name
of the Willow.)

1. I. Virginica, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the
coast. June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high.

SUBORDER HI. HYDRANGI^JE. THE HYDRANGEA FAMIIY.

1C. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb
4 - 5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules,
and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually
sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from vScap, water, and ayyot, a vase.)

1. H. arborescens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly
so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, sen-ate, green both sides ; cymes
flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn., Ohio, and southward, chiefly along the moun-
tains. July. — Flowers often, all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden
Hydrangea.

11. PHH.ADEL.PHUS, L. MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread-
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 20 - 40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top.
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many
pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentse projecting from the axis, pen-
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs,
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered
showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Linnaeus to this genus for
no particular reason.)

1. P. inodorus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of tho
diverging branches, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer tfcan the tube.
— Mountains of Virginia and southward.

Var. graiidiflorilS. Somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger ; calyx-lobes
Jonger and taper-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains

HAMAMELACEJE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 147

May- July. — A tall shrub, with recurved branches : often cultivated. Leavei
tasting like cucumbers.

P. CORONARIUS, L., the common MOCK ORANGE or STRING A of the gar-
dens, has cream-colored, odorous flowers in full clusters.

ORDER 51. HAMAMELACE^E. ( WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers
in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx cohering with
the base ,of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a
^-leaked ^-celled woody pod opening at the summit, with a single bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted
on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all.
Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed
into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight,
in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat. — We have a single repre-
sentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous.

Synopsis.

TEIBE I. HAM AMEliEJE. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single

ovule suspended from the summit of each celL
1 HAMAMELIS. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

TRIBE H. FOTHERGILLiEJK. Flowers with a manifest calyx and no corolla. Fruit

and seed as in Tribe I.
2. FOTHERGILLA. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked.

TEIBE III. BALSAMIFLU^E. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and

no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Oyules several or many in each cell.
8. LIQUIDAMBAR. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli-
dated by their bases hi a dense head.

1. IIAMAMEJLIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-liko
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet-
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From apa,
like to, and pjXi's, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or
some other tree resembling the Appb, which the Witch-Hazel does not.)

1. H. Virginiea, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young. — Damp woods : blossoming late in autumn, when the
leaves are failing, and maturing its seeds the next summer.

148 UMBEL LIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. f. FOTHERGILLA.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base
of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the
summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothergill.)

1. F. aliiif61i:t, L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April.

3. L.IQUIDAMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TEEE.

Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher-
ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods open-
ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side.
Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-
coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous
involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, am-
ber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L.. Styraciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded,
deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Moist woods, Connecticut to Virginia, and southward. April. — A large and
beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the
branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn.
The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

ORDER 52. UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with the flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering to the ovary,
the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and sur-
rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels.
Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly
with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mericarps) cohering by
their inner face (the commissure'), when ripe separating from each other
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the
axis (carpophore) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs,
and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the interstices or inter-
vals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittce), which are
longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil.
(These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary and
suspended from the summit of each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149

in hard, horn-like albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate,
mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um-
bels usually compound; when the secondary ones are termed umbeUets:
each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucek}. —
A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all,
— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which like-
wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a
difficult one for the young student

Synopsis.

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out;.

4 Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another
- L HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded.
2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow.

* * Umbels or umbellets capitate, imperfect : i. e. the flowers sessile in heads.
8. SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous.
4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect.

* * * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets.

•t- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat.

6. DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.
«- «- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the juno
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure).

6. POLYT.33NIA. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the

fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back.

7. HERACLEUM. Fruit broadly whig-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back :

lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant.

8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the

marginal ones perfect, not radiant.

9. ARCHEMORA. Fruit broadly winged : the 6 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral

ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.
10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as hi No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical,

hollow, with some cross partitions.
*- «- ••- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge,

each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back.
JL ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval.

Seed not loose. " ,

12. ARCHANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil-

tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed.

13. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins.
•*- +- •»-•(- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic-
ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs.

14. JETHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil

tubes in the intervals.

15. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with

several oil-tubes in each interval.

16. THASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5- winged or 6-ribbed, and with single oil-

tubes hi each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple.

•i- •»-•«-•«- 1- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless.
17 Z1ZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 6-ribbed : oil-
tubes 3 hi each interval. Leaves compound.
13*

150 UMBELLIFERwE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

18. BUPLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit oroid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed,

Leaves all simple.

19. DISCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky

margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions.

20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 6-

ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate.

21. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply

pinnate.

22. CRYPTOT.2ENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular.

H. Inner face of the seed hollowed ont lengthwise, or the margins involute,
so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.)

23. CH2EROPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex : ribs broad.

24. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly.

25. CONIUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy.

26. EULOPHUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs.

III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, br curved inwards at
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar.

27. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered.

1. HYI>ROC6TYi,E, Tourn. MARSH PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped ;
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened
margin: oil-tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender
stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form
leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either
single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vdeop, water, and
jcoriXj;, a fat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-
shaped.)

* Stems procumbent and branching : flowers 3 - 5 in a sessile duster.

1. II. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate,
somewhat lobed, short-petioled ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com-
mon northward.

* * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled leaves, from
the joints of creeping and rooting stems.

2. II. ranimcilloicles, L. Leaves round-reniform, 3 - 5-ckft, the lobes
crenate ; peduncles much shorter than the petioles ; umbel 5 - 10-flowered ; ped
icels very tehort ; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward.

3. II. interrupta, Muhl. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular ere
nate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and sessile
Jfawers interruptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the
base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast.

4. H. llHlbellata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched
at the base, doubly crenate; peduncle elongated (3' -9' high), bearing a many-
flowered umbel (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender,
fruit notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and southward near the
coast.

UMBELLIFEKJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151

2. CRArVTZIA, Nutt. CRANTZIA.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube
in each interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro-
cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place cl
leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers
white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. liiieata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Leaves somewhat
club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form-
ing a corky margin, y. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward
along the coast. July.

3. SANICULiA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
"spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-
tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the
root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.)

1. S. Canadensfs, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile
flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the
prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin
leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet.

2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers numerous,
on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous,
recurved. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° - 3° high ; the leaves more
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet.

4. ERl^NOIURf, Tourn. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides,
of uncertain origin.)

1. E. yucca; fulfil in, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON
SNAKEROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly-
fringed; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J.
(E. aquaticum, L. in part; but it never grows in water.) — Dry or damp pine-
barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. E. Vf rgf manum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked
or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-tcothed,
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads. © — Swamps, Now Jersey
and southward near the coast. July.

152 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

5. DAiJCUS, Tourn. CARKOT.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpela
scarcely flattened' on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of them
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones,
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo-
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. D. CAR6TA, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Stem bristly; involucre pinnati
fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain places.
July -Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet
abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a
bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. POL-YT^NIA, DC. POLYTJENIA.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each inter-
val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip,
with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres,
bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from no\vs, many, and
rat via, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttullii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest-
ward. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

7. HERACLEUM, L. COW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely
heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing
2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels.
Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. laiiatuin, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved ; leaves 1 - 2-ternately
compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist
rich ground ; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented
plant, 4° - 8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterw&rt.

8. PASTINACA, Tourn. PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the
carpels minutely 5-ribbed ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral
ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter-
val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none
of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin-
nately-compound leaves. Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin
name, from pastus, food.)

1. P. SATlvA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Stem grooved, smooth; leaflets
ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c.
July. (Adv. from Eu.)

UMBELLIFEILE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 153

9. ARCHEMORA, DC. COWBANB.

Calyx 5-tootlied. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex
back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4 - 6 on the inner face. — Smooth
perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 - 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo-
lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white.
(Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to
Archenwrus, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.)

1. A. rlgiila, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMufGUA,
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 5° high.

- 1O. TIEDEftlASTNIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DROPWORT.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof.
Tiedemann, of Heidelberg. )

1 . T, teretifolia, DC. — Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug.

11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro-
matic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or 'ternately divided
leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty
or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish.
Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial and
medicinal properties. )

1. A» Clirtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous ; leaves twice ternate or the
divisions quinatc ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut
and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad.
1J. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug.

12. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. ARCHANGELICA.

Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer-
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which
the species have been separated.

1. A. llirstlta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high),
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish.

154 UMBELLIFER2E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the umbellets; pedun
Cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, Nutt.) — Dry
open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white.

2. A. atropurpurea, Hoffm. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth; stem
dark purple, very stout (4° -6° high), hollow; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound ;
the leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much
inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged, ty (Angelica triquinata,
Michx.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward.
June. — Flowers greenish- white. Plant strong-scented ; a popular aromatic.

3. A. peregrina, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (1°- 3°
high) ; leaves 2 - 3-ternately divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate,
glabrous ; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblong with 5 thick
and corky wing-like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the
others. y. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. —
Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally
ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum. Perhaps it
is the Angelica lucida, L.

13. CONIOSELtftUM, Fischer. HEMLOCK PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes
in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on the
inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves,
inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of the
involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and
Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.)

1. C. C/aiiadeiise, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than
the pedicels. 1J. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward
in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock.

14. JET Hl^S A, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose; the carpels each with 5 thick
sharply-keeled ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous
herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin-
nate, and white flowers. (Name from ai$o>, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

1. JE. CYN\PIUM, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucre
none ; involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New
England, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison
Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted
item. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. L,IG1JSTICIJM, L. LOVAGE.

Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or
slightly flattened on the sides ; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or
aarrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren*

UMBELLIFERJE. (PABSLET FAMILY.) 155

nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the
gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.)

1. It. Scdticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth; stem (2°
high) nearly simple; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed
or cut; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear; calyx-teeth distinct;
fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug
Boot acrid but aromatic. (Eu.)

2. JL. actseifolium, Michx. (NONDO. ANGELICO.) Smooth; stem
(3° -6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked
somewhat ivhorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted; calyx-teeth
minute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St.
Lawrence," is probably a mistake.)

16. TIf ASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings,
the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs,
with 1 - 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of
Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently
the same species has the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name
of Zizia for Z. intcgerrima, DC.

# Stems loosely branched, 2° - 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints : calyx short but
manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound.

1. T. barbindde, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance-
ovate and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often
2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2'long) ; fruit oblong,
B-lO-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete.—
River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. T. piniialifidlllll. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ;
leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifld, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong,
narrowly 8-lQ-winged (!£' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin-
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens
of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains.

* # Stems somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : calyx-teeth obscure.

3. T. aiircum, Nutt. Leaves all 1 -2-ternately divided or parted (or rarely
some of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, very sharply cut-serrate, with a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep
yellow ; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. Moist rivei -banks, &c., not
rare. June. — Leaves of a rather-firm texture.

156 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Var. aptcrmn. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wingr
(Smyrnium aureum, L. Zizia aurea, Koch.} — With the winged form.

4. T. triibliiYtum. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ;
stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ovate-lancer
date or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed;
flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, with 10 winged ridges. Rocky thickets,
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare eastward. June.

Var. atropurpureum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap-
sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Wait. Thaspium atropurpureum, Nutt.)
— From New York westward and southward.

Var. apteruni. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form.

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (ZiziA § T^NfDiA, Torr. & Gr.)

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of *he
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular :
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen-
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Nam^d
for L B. Ziz, a Ehenish botanist.)

1. Z. integerrima, DC. — Rocky hill-sides ; not rare. May, June.

18. BUPL.EtrRUM:, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewhat
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from $ot)y, an ox, and TrXevpoi/, a rib ; it is
uncertain why so called.)

.1. 13. ROTUNDIF6LIUM, L. Leaves broadly ovate, perfoliate ; involucre
none; involucels of 5 large ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York, Penn., and Vir-
ginia; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

19. IVISCOP LElTItA, DC. MOCK BISHOP-WEED.

Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : inter-
vals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from Sioxos, a disk, and TrAevpoi/, a rib.)

1. JD. capillsicca, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaflets of the involucre
3 - 5-cleft ; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. —
Brackish swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July - Oct.

2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre
mostly ^jitire and shorter; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and south-
ward.

UMBELLIFEILffl. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 15?

20. CICIITA, L. WATER HEMLOCK.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Emit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides,
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. —
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in
the notches. Involucre few-leaved: involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.
(The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. maciilata, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH-ROOT. BEA
VER-PoisoN.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug. — Plant
3° - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison.

2. C. billl>ifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper
dxils bearing clusters of bulblets. — Swamps ; common northward : seldom ripen
ing fruit.

21. S1TJM, L. WATER PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted
at the sides ; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs : intervals with 1 - several
oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with grooved
stems, simply pinnate leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed
ones cut into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white.
(Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their habitation.)
# Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal.

1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
tapering gradually to a sharp point, closely and very sharply serrate ; calyx-
teeth scarcely any; fruit globular, with corky and very salie&t ribs, or rather
wings ; oil-tubes 1 - 3 in each interval. — Swamps and brooks ; common. July

- Sept.

S. LATIFOLIUM, L., of Europe, I have never seen in this region.

# Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil-tubes : ribs not strong, the lateral not

quite marginal. (Berala, Koch.)

2. S. aiigUStifolilim, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft ; fruit somewhat twin. — Michigan
and westward. (Eu.)

22. CRYPTO'lVTINIA, DC. HONENVORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; the carpels
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very
unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name
composed of KpuTrros, hidden, and raii/ta, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.)

1 . C. Canadensis, DC. — Rich woods, common. June - Sept. — Plant
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed.
14

158 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

23. CHJEROPHYJLL.17M, L. CHERVIL.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not beaked, con-
tracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed : inner face of the seed deeply furrowed
lengthwise: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Leaves ternately decompound;
the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels ma.ny-leaved.
Flowers chiefly white. (Name from xa>iP°>i to gladden, and <£u\Xoi/, a leaf,
alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little
hairy ; lobes of the^pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile
or peduncled) ; fruit narrowly oblong, with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June.

24. OSMORRHtZA, Eaf. SWEET CICELY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep
longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick very aromatic
roots, and large 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid-
toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from
o<r/u.q, a scent, and pifa, a root, in allusion to the anise-like flavor of the latter.)

1. O. longistylis, DC. (SMOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Styles slender,
nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short-
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods, commonest north-
ward. Mar, June. — Plant 3° high, branching.

2. O. brevistylis, DC. (HAIRY SWEET CICELY.) Styles conical, not
longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf-
lets downy-hairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-cut. — More common than the last.

25. CONtlJOT, L. POISON HEMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar-
row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3-5-leaved, the latter 1-sided. Flowers
white. (K&vfiov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and
philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

1. C. MACULXTUM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati-
fid; involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A large
branching herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised.
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. EtrLiOPHUS, Nutt. EULOPHUS.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin >
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A

ARALIACE<E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 159

slender and smooth tall perennial, with the leaves 2-ternately divided into nar-
row linear leaflets or lobes. Involucre scarcely any : involuccls short and bristle-
form. Flowers white. (Name from cv, well, and \6(j>os, a cr(tt, not well
applied to a plant which has no crest at all.)

1. E. Americanus, Nutt. — Darby Plains, near Columbus, Ohio (Sul-
livant), and southwestward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers.

27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ;
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hol-
lowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing
from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy bracted compound umbel. Flowers
few, white. (Name from rjpiyevrjs, born in the spring.)

1. E. bnlbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn., to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' - 9' high.

The cultivated representatives of this family are chiefly the PARSLEY (Apium
Petrosellnum), CELERY (A. graveolens), DILL (Anethum graveolens), FENNEL (-4.
Fceniculum), CARAWAY (Carum Cdrui), and CORIANDER (Coridndrum satwum).

ORDER 53. ARALIACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but
with usually more than 2 styles, and- the fruit a 3- several-celled drupe.
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals flat.) — Represented only by the genus

1. A KALI A, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the
petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short
and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from
the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as.
cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic.
(Derivation obscure. )

$ 1. ARALIA, L. — Flowers monoeciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually
in corymbs or panicles: styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : stems
herbaceous or woody : ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.

# Umbels very numerous in a large compound panide : leaves very large, quinately 01

pinnately decompound.
1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB ) Shrub, of

a low tree ; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale

160 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

beneath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : conmon in
cultivation. July, August.

2. A. racemosa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched ;
leaflets Jieart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose-
panicled; styles united below. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its
spicy-aromatic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of
the leafstalks.

* # Umbels 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. liispida, Michx. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.)
Stem (l°-2° high] bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several um-
bels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky
places ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. June.

4. A. imdicaulis, L. (WiLD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising
out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape,
with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of
the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June.
— The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as
a substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalks 1° high.

§2. GlNSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.) — Flowers diceciously po-
lygamous : styles and cells oftJie (red or reddish] fruit 2 or 3 : stem herbaceous, low,
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmate! y 3 - 7 -folio/ ate leaves (or per-
haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a slen-
der naked peduncle.

5. A. qililiqiiefolia* (GINSENG.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often
forked (4' - 9' long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large

and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. (Panax
quinquefolium, L.) — Rich mountain woods ; becoming rare. July.

6. A. trifolia. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tubet- glob-
ular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4-8' high ;
leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles
usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, common northward, April, May.

HEDERA HELIX, the European IVY, is almost the only other representative
of this family in the northern temperate zone.

ORDER 54. CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.;

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - ^-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petah
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy-
nous disk in the perfect Jlowers ; style one; a single anatropous ovule hang-
ing from the top of the cell ; the fruit a I- 2-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly
the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. T — A small
family, represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa,
(Bark bitter and tonic.)

CORNACE^J. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 161

]. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-
seedcd stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small,
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)

§ 1. Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a
large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red.

1. C. Canadensis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Steins
low and simple ( 5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather
woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded
into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the
involucre ovate : fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June.

2. C. iloridii, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (!£'
long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June. —
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

$ 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes : involucre none : fruit spherical.
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs.

3. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.)

Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under'
neath (4' -5' broad) ; cymes flat; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June.

— Shrub 6° - 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species.

4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Branches pur-
plish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical
pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-
teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places ; common. June. — Shrub 3°
10° high. Flowers yellowish-white.

5. C. StOlOIlifcra, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Branches, espe-
cially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at
the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on
both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly
smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. — Wet banks of streams ; common, especially
northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large
dense clumps, 3° - 6° high. June.

6. C. aspcrifolia, Michx. (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD.) Branches
brownish ; the branchlets, Sj-c. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx-
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June.

7. C» Stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) Branches brownish or reddish,
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous,
of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flatfish ; anthers and fruit pale blue,

— Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high.

14*

162 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

&. ۥ paniculata, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Branches gray,
ftnooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but
not downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit white, depressed-globose. —
Thickets and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° -8° high, very much branched,
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms.

# * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches.

9. C. alternifolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL.) Branches
greenish streaked with white, alternate ; leaves ovate or oval* long-pointed, acute at
the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue. — Hill-
sides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° - 20° high, generally throwing
its branches to one side in a flattish top, and with broad, very open cymes.

2* NYSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERJDGE. SOUR GUM-TREE.

Flowers diosciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stain. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted
on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil.
Pist. FL solitary or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam-
inate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed
limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 -
10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic
down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and
grooved or striate 1 -celled and 1 -seeded stone. — Trees, with entire or some-
times angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end
of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name
of a Nymph : " so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.")

1. N. nitaltiflora, Wang. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR
GUM.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes-
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old
(2' -5' long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit
ovoid, bluish-black (about £' long). (N. aquatica, L., at least in part; but the
tree is not aquatic. N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, WiUd, &c., &c.) — Rich
soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April,
May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray,
like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwedgeable, on account
of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves
turning bright crimson in autumn.

2. N. imiflora, Walt. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves oblong or ovate,
sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed,
pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' - 12' long) ; fertile
flower solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (!' or more in length).

(N. denticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa and angulisans, Michx. N. grandidentata,
Michx. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward-
April. — Wood soft : that of the roots very light and spongy, used for corks

CAPRIFOLIACEJC. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 163

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.*

ORDER 55. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the
calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as
(or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and
inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ICONIC EREJE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style
Blender: stigma capitate.

1. LINN-SA. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but

only 1 -seeded.

2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular

corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded.
8. LONICERA. Stamens 5. as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular

corolla. Berry several-seeded.
4. DIBRVILLA. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved,

many-seeded.
6. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-6-celled bony drupe.

TEIBK II. S AMBTJCE^E. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed.
Stigmas 1-3, rarely 6, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes.

6. SAMBUCUS. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

7. VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded flattish drupe, with a thin pulp Leaves simple.

1. LiINNJEA, Gronov. LINILEA. TWIN-FLOWER.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrcrw bell-shaped, , almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod^ 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of
the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some-
what hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base
into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at
the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple
and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnceus, who first point-

* In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quito
eeparate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales,
or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The
etudent might look for these hi the first or the third division. But the artifUial analysis pre-
fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the student to the order
where they belong

164 CAPRTFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

ed out its characters, and with whom this humble but charming plant was au
especial favorite.)

1. L-. borealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and
along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.)

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-
lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celIed, only
2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded.
Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled
leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the
young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or
clusters. (Name composed of <ru/^>ope«, to bear together, and Kapnos, fruit ;
from the clustered benies.)

1. S. occidentalis, R. Brown. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in dense
terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style
protruded; berries white. — Northern Michigan to Wisconsin and westward. —
Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next,
which it too closely resembles.

2. S. racemosus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Flowers in a loose and
somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded in-
side; berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, from W. Vermont to Penn-
sylvania and Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June - Sept. Berries re-
maining until winter.

3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers
in small close dusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Perm, to
Illinois, and southward : also cultivated. July.

3. 1,0 NIC ERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled.
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.)

4 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. — Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled
dusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, and forming interrupted
terminal spikes : calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularly and equally 5-lobed.
1. JL. sempervirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in
somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the upper-
most pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to Vir-
ginia, and southward : common also in cultivation. May - Oct. — Leavea
deciduous at .the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, scarlet or deep red

CAPKIFOLIACE.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 165

outside, yellowish within : a cultivated and less showy variety has pale yellow
blossoms.

* # Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and Globed.

2. L. grata, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the axils of
the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (whitish with a
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood-
lands, New York, Penn., and westward : also cultivated. May.

3. L*. Havu, Sims. (YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, very pak
and glaucous both sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into
a round cup-like disk; flowers in closely approximate whorls; tube of the
smooth (light yellow) corolla slender, slightly or not at all gibbous ; filaments
smooth. — Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a
variety with rather short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany Moun-
tains. June.

4. \j. parvitlora, Lam. (SMALL HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, ob-
long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ;
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib-
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple), short (f
long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. May,
June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high.

Var. Doiiy lasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when
young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to
Wisconsin northward.

5. L, liirsiita, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves not glaucous,
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull,
broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap-
proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward.
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species.

§ 2. XYL6STEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs : leaves all distinct at the base :
peduncles axillary, single, 2-b)-acted and 2-flowered at the summit ; the two berries
sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent.

6. L. ciliata, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3° -
5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath ;
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at
the base (greenish-yellow, f ' long), the lobes almost equal ; berries separate
(red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north-
ward. May.

7. Ij. caerulea, L. (MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Low (l°— 2°
high) ; branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short;
bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the two flowers, which are united into onts
(blue) ben*y. (Xylosteum villosum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mas-
sachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward ; also Wisconsin. Ma^
— Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.)

166 CAFRiFOLiACE.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

8. It. obloiigri folia, Muhl. (SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches
upright ; leaves oblong, downy when young, smooth when old ; peduncles long and
slender ; bracts almost none ; corolla deeply Z-lipped ; berries (purple) formed by the
union of the two ovaries. — Bogs, N. New York to Wisconsin. June. — Shrub
2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla |' long, yellowish-white.

L. TATARICA, the TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE ; L. CAPRIFOLIUM, the
COMMON HONEYSUCKLE ; and L. PERICLY'MENUM, the true WOODBINE, are
the commonly cultivated species.

4. DIERVILX.A, Toura. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong,
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, with
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered pedun-
cles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. Dierville,
who sent it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled;
peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muhl.)—'
Eocks ; common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers honey-color,
not showy.

D. SESSILIF6LIA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may occur
in those of S. W. Virginia.

5. TRIOST-EUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing a3
many angled and ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs,
leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but
connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in
the axils. (Name from rpets, three, and 6<rreov, a bone, alluding to three bony
seeds, or rather nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatlllll, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly
narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers dull brownish-purple, mostly clustered.
— Rich woodlands ; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, |-' long.

2. T. angllStifoliUMl, L. Smaller ; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate,
tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. —
S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May.

6. SAMB1JCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spread-
ing 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con-
taining 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when
bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and wbito .

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 167

flowers in compound cymes. (Name from o-a/ijSu/oj, an ancient musical instru-
ment, supposed to have been made of Elder- wood.)

1. S. CanadensiS, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody
(5° -10° high); leaflets 7-11, oblong, smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cyme*
flat ; fruit black-purple, — Eich soil, in open places. June.

2. S. pubeus, Michx. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2°-
18° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5 — 7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes
panicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods;
chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening
in June.

7. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded drupe, with thin pulp and a crustaceous flat-
tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound
cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Leaf-buds
naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.)
* Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed.

1. V. Minium, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or
lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and cymes, with small brotmish scales,
smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or wavy-crenate ; cyme short-peduncled ;
fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. CLATT6NI has the leaves nearly entire, the veins
somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts
near the coast to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. CASSINO!DES (V. pyrifo-
lium, Pursh, $*c.) has more opaque and often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high.

2. V. prunifolium, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse
at both ends, finely and sharply serrate, shining above, smooth ; petioles naked ;
cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-oblong. — Dry copses, S. New York to Ohio, and
southward. May. — A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage.

3. V. Lciita^ro, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves
ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate, smooth, the long margined
petioles with the midrib and branches' of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty
glands when young; fruit oval. — Copses, common. May, June. — Tree
15° -20° high, handsome; the fruit £' long, turning from red to blue-black,
and edible in autumn.

4. V. Obovatlim, Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla-
brous, thickish, small (!'-!£' long), shining; cymes sessile, small. — River-banks,
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high.

5. V. dentatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate,
coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe-
duncled; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June.—
Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark; the pale leaves often with hairy tufts
in the axils of the strong veins.

1G8 RUBiACE.*:. (MADDER FAMILY.)

6. V. pubescens, Pursh. (DOWNY ARROW-WOOD.) Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined,
the lower surface and the very short petioles velvety-downy ; cymes peduncled ; fruit
ovoid. — Rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June. — Shrub
straggling, 2° -4° high. (V. molle, Michx. is probably a form of this.)

* * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed.

7. V. acerifolium, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD. DOCK
MACK IE.) Leaves 3-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at tJie base, downy under-
neath, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long-
peduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval ; Jilaments long. — Rocky woods, common.
May, June. — Shrub 3° - 5° high.

8. V» pauciflorum, Pylaie. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves mostly trun-
cate and 5-ribbed at the base, with 3 short lobes at the summit, unequally serrate
throughout ; cymes small and simple, peduncled ; Jilaments shorter than the corolla. —
Cold woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north-
ward. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiitum, Oakes.) — A low straggling shrub, with
larger leaves than No. 6, serrate all round, and less deeply lobed than in No. 8.

§2. 6PULUS, Tourn. — Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and
pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of
ray, as in Hydrangea.

9. V» Op til us, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright; leaves
strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked
glands at the base; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and V.
edule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5° -10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used
as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, &c.
— The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state,
with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.)

10. V. lantanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFAR-
ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely
serrate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks
and branchlets, very scurfy with rusty-colored tufts of minute down ; cymes sessile,
very broad and flat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods,
New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May.
— A straggling shrub ; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Flow-
ers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across.

ORDER 56. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or rarely in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2 - 4
celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (3 - 5),
and inserted on its tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitro-
pous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very
large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as

RUBIACEJB. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169

the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders.
To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants
which are exactly JBubiacese except that the calyx is free from the ovary.

SUBORDER I. STELLATJ2. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY.

Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent
with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs.

1. OALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separating

into 2 indehiscent carpels.

SUBORDER II. CINCHONEJB. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.

Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them.
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free.

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
•<- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe

into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open.

3. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and in dehiscent carpels.

••- ••- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.

4. CEPHALANTHUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2 - 4-seeded.

•«- +- •>- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry.

6 JUTCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb.

* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod.
6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal.

SUBORDER III. LOGANIE^E. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca-
lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud.

7 MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short styles

separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many.
8. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded.

3 $ trb/^ft^.f/pv^ '/?••- ~ v? - ^'-^-^-v^ P,}*"
SUBORDER I. STELL,AT^E. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY.

1. O A LIU HE, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta-
mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat-
ing when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1 -seeded carpels. — Slender
herbs, with small cymose flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots
often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from -yaXa, B«7fc, which some
species are used to curdle.)

* Annual : leaves about S in a whorl : peduncles 1 - 2-ftowerect, axillary.

1. O. Aparine, L. (CLEAVERS. Gaos»-G»ASS.) Stem weak and
reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long) ;
15

170 RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.)

flowers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubt
fal if truly indigenous in our district. (Eu.)

* # Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a whorl.
•*- Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers white or greenish.

2. G. asprellum, Michx. (Rouon BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak, much
branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5°
high) ; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, pointed, with
almost prickly margins and midrib ; peduncles many, short, 2-3 times forked ;
fruit usually smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets
covered with numerous but very small white flowers.

3. G. concimilllll, Torr. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely
roughened angles ; leaves att in whorls of 6, linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the
margins upwardly roughened ; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat
panicled at the summit ; pedicels short ; fruit smooth. — Dry soil, Michigan to
Kentucky. June. — Plant 6' -12' high, slender, but rather rigid, not turning
blackish in drying, like the rest.

4. G. ti'ifiduiii, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending
(5' -20' high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in whorls
of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; peduncles
\ -3-flowered; pedicels slender ; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3 ; fruit smooth.
— Var. 1. TINCT6RIUM : stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts
of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. LATir6LiuM (G. obtusum, Bigel. ) :
stem smooth, widely branched ; leaves oblong, quite rough on the midrib and
margins. — Swamps ; common, and very variable. June - Aug. (Eu.)

5. G» trifloruiii, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak,
reclining or prostrate (l°-3° long), bristly -roughened backwards on the angles,
shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly
roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-flowered,thG flowers all pedicelled;
fruit bristly with hooked hairs. — Rich woodlands, common. July. — Lobes of
the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.)

•*- •*- Peduncles several-flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rarely cream-color) :
petals mucronate or bristle-pointed : fruit densely hooked-bristly.

6. G. pilosmil, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in
fours, oval, dotted, hairy (!' long), scarcely 3-nei~ved ; peduncles twice or thrice
2 - 3-forked, the floivers all pedicelled. — Dry copses, Rhode Island and Vermont
to Illinois and southward. June -Aug. — Var. PUNCTicuL6suM is a nearly
smooth form (G. puncticulosum, Michx.) : Virginia and southward.

7. G. circ&zans, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy,
erect or ascending (1° high) ; haves in fours, oval, varying to ovate-oblong,
mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate (l'-l£' long); peduncles usually once forked, the
branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers
on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit ; lobes of the corolla hairy outside
above the middle. — Rich woods; common. June -Aug.— The var. MONTA-
KUM is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods.

8. G. laJlCCOlatUHl? Torr. (WiLD LIQUORICE) leaves in fourst

RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171

(anceolate 01 ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2' long) ; corolla glabrous:
otherwise like the last. — Woodlands ; common northward.
•»-•*-•»- Peduncles many-flowered : flowers in open cymes, duU purple : fruit smooth.
9. O. 1 a ti folium, Michx. Stems erect (l°-2°high), smooth; leaves
in fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough ;
flowers all on long and slender spreading pedicels ; corolla-lobes bristle-pointed.
— Dry woodlands, Allegheny Mountains from Maryland southward. July.
•*-•«-•*-•»- Peduncles many-flowered, in dose terminal panicles.

10. O. bore file, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright (l°-2°
high), smooth; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved; panicle elongated;
flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks of
streams ; common, especially northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

11. Gr. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright, slender ; leave*
in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow, crowded; fruit
smooth. — Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

RfjBiA TINCT6RIA, L., the cultivated MADDER, — from which the order is
named, — has a berry-like fruit ; the parts of the flower 5.

SUBORDER H. CIUTCHONEJE. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.*

2. SPERMAC6CE, L. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft.
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one
of them carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on
the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a
bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary
whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of orrep/xa,
seed, and UKOXT}, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glfibra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9' -20' long); leaves
oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding the
calyx, bearded hi the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and style
hardly any. y. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug

3. DIODIA, L. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in
Spermacoce. (Name from 8to8os, a thoroughfare ; the species often growing by
the way-side.)

* In several genera, such as Mitchella, Oldenlandia, &c., the flowers, although perfect, are of
twc sorts in different individuals ; — one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throve of
the corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low down in
the corolla, and long, usually exserted styles. Such we call diceciously dimorphous.

172 RUBIACE^:. (MADDER FAMILY.)

1. D. Virginica, L. Either smooth or hairy; stems spreading (I7-*
long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1 - 3 in each axil ;
corolla white (£' long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style
2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-
teeth, ty — Kivcr-banks, Virginia and southward. May -Oct.

2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent ; stem spreading (3'- 9>
long), nearly terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; flowers 1-3
in each axil; corotta funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not
exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turbi-
nate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. © — Sandy fields, from
New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug.

4. CEPHAL,ANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2 - 4-celled,
separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs,
with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers
white. (Name composed of Ke^oX^, a head, and cu/#os, a flower.}

1. C» occidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate-
oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.
— Wet places ; common. July - Aug.

5. MIT €11 EL, LA, L. PAKTRIDGE-BEKKY.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and
seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with
round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers
often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries,
which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or
sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early cor-
respondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. repens, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com-
mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines.

6. OL.DENL.ANDIA, Plum., L. BLUETS.

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or
nearly wheel-shaped; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or
obcordate, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded,
opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. —
Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or
blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician

RUBIACEJS. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173

and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. HOUSTONIA, made
a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English
botanist of the days of Linnaeus who, collected in Central America.)

$ 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or funnel-form), shorter or
scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes : anthers short : pod wholly enclosed in and co-
herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers
lateral or terminal.)

1. O. glomerata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish; stems branched
and spreading (2' -12' high); leaves oblong (£'-§' long); flowers in sessile
clusters in the axils ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than
the calyx. © (O. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ett.) — Wet places, S.
New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward.

$ 2. HOUSTONIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer
than the calyx-lobes: anthers linear: upper half or the summit of the pod free and
projecting beyond the tube of the calyx: the teeth of the latter distant: seeds rather
few (4 - 20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge down the middle of the hol-
lowed inner Jace. (Flowers of two forms, dioxiously dimorphous; p. 171, note.)

* Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: Jlowert
mostly in terminal small cymes or loose clusters, purplish. (Connects Houstonia
and Oldenlandia.) ,

2. O. purpitrca. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying
from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free
globular pod. 1|. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. rarians, Michx.) — Woodlands,
W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May-Jiuy. — Varying wonderfully,
into: —

Var. lougifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar-
rowed at the base, 1-ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5;-
12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Wittd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward.
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is H. tenuifolia, Nutt.

Var. ciliolata. More tufted stems 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes,
thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata,
Ton.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin.

3. O. angnstifdlia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root
(6' -20' high) ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled;
flowers crowded, short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ;
pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first
across the top, at length splitting through the partition, y. (Houstonia angus-
tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophylla, Tver, fr Gray.) —Plains and banks, from
Illinois southward. June - Aug.

* * Corolla salver-form, mostly blue : pod fiattish laterally and notched at the broad

summit, or somewhat twin : plants commonly small and sknder.

4. O. minima. Glabrous, at length branched and spreading (£'-3'
high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spatulate leaves ; pod barely J free ; seeda
smoothish. ® © (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — River-banks, Illinois and
southward. March - May.

15*

174 VALEEIANACE.fi. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

5. O. crcriilea. (BLUETS.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly
branched (3' -5' high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3" -4" long) ; peduncles fili-
form, V-2%1 long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. (f) (Housto-
nia caerulea, L. Hedyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places ; common. May-
Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue
flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye.

0. 8ERPYLLIF6LIA (Houstonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found
in the high mountains of Virginia; and 0. ROTUNDIF6LIA in the southeastern
part of the same State.

SUBORDER HI. L.OGANIJ2JE. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.

7. TO I T II i: 01, A, L. MITRE-WORT.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx,
except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the
stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or
mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small
white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme.
(Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti-
oled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high.

8. SPIOELrIA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form,
5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style
slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat-
tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici-
dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of
the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof.
Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.)

1. S. TOarilsiiidica, L. Stems upright, simple (6' -15' high); leaves
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; spike 3 - 8-flowered ; tube of the corolla 4 times
the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. 1|. —
Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla
1^'long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthel
mintic. and a showy plant.

^ ^

ORDER fe?. VALERIANACE^. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile l-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones;
the stamens distinct, 2-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-

VALERIANACEJE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175

lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1-8 Fruit
indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing),
or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. VALERIAN A, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) wmch are rolled
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly
regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots,
and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioacious,
or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal
qualities.)

* Root fibrous : leaves thin. (Stems 1° - 3° high. )

1. V, i>:ui«' ill o rn, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves
pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme few-
flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (£' long). — Woodlands,
Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, &c. June.

2. V. sylviltica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11
oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-
flowered; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color). — Cedar swamps, W.
Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June.

* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6' - 12' long) : leaves thickish.

3. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately
parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow in-
terrupted panicle, nearly dioscious ; corolla whitish, obconical (2" long). (V.
ciliata, Torr. fr Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward.
June. — Root with the strong smell and taste of Valerian : it is cooked and
eaten by the Oregon Indians.

2. FEI>IA, Gffirtn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all hayo

176 DIPSACEJE. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

a rather short tube to the corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular,
and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus)
VALERIANELLA.

1. F. OLIT6RIA, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than
long, with a" corky or spongy mass at the back of the- fertile cell nearly as large as the
(often confluent) empty cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia: rare.
(Adv. from Eu.)

2. F. Fatf opyruin, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved
between the (ft length confluent) empty cdk, which form the anterior angle, and are
much smaller than the broad and flat fertile, one ; flowers white. — Low grounds,
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant
l°-2° high.

3. F. ra.dia.ta, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and
unequally somewhat \-anqled; the empty celh parallel and contiguous, but with a
deep groove between them, rather narrower than the Jlattish fertile cell. — Low
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' - 15' high.

4. F. limbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the Jlattish fertile one, contiguous, and
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili-
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, SuUivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.)

5. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk-
like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely diver-
gent, much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it
when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high,
resembling the last, but with a very different fruit.

ORDER 58. DIPSACE^E. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in
dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but
the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented
by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus

1. DIPSACUS, Tonrn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts
among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in-
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular,
4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 8t\^ao»,
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some
species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WiLD TEASEL.) Prickly ; lea^ es lance-oblong ;
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177

into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Road-sides : rather rare. (Nat
from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

D. FuLLdNDM, the cultivated FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter invo-
lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap
upon woollen cloth.

ORDER 59. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon
a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 {rarely 4) stamens
inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). — Calyx-
tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or
else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter
chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the
lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium), dry, con-
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense
family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect,
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-
shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlowers : the head which
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The
tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is
said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex-
ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re-
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting,
the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phaenogamous plants,
divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre-
sented in the Northern United States.

SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOK^E.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are
either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder TvIniliflorcR,
taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out. and will
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The
numbers are those of the genera.)

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none : corollas all tubular.
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

H- Pappus composed of bristles.

Pappus double ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. 1.
Pappus eiuipl ) ; the bristles all of the same sort.

178 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . No. 2.
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle ( when the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy 67,68,70.

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. . 69.

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purpta 4.

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. 5.

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . . . . 6, 7, 8, 20.

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. •>"••.«*• .VO . . . • 62,63.

•«- -i- Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . ; " , . ' • . . . 8.

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . •- . .'• . . . '.-, "."•.' . " . 45.

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers. . *% > . ... - . *.- • . 49

t~ t- t~ Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . . v .. 41, 42.

•*- ••- ••- «- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . . 55

* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. • • •.. 65, 66.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. . • . .. .60

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23,58,59.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61.

Pappus obsolete or none.
Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre. . . .... 11.

Achenia not exceeding the involucre. . . . "i ' ' . ~ . '. 29,56,57.

* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate.
Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary. . . * , 24,59.
Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 30, 81.

§ 2. Rays present; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.'
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows, 9, 10, 14

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow. ^ " 12 - 15.

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.
Pappus double, the outer short and minute. . . ... . . 21.

Pappus simple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63.

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite ; ' 64.

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate. .

* * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44.
* * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.
Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy. . . '". . . ' '. . . .50.

Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked .18.

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. . .48

Heads many-flowered. Keceptacle naked. 46, 47.

* * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

•i- Receptacle naked.
Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ... 16.

Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. 17.

Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish. . . 'S* . 64,

Achenia: angled Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. '".' 55

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179

f- «- Receptacle chaffy.

BayB neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 51

Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all. . .86-40.

Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42,

Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned . . 43.

Acheuia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53.

Acheuia 3 - 4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 52.

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. 82.

Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 35.

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 33, 34.

Bays pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 25-28.

Systematic Synopsis.

TBIBB I. VERNONI ACE.E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-
hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. VERNONIA. Heads several -many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-

pus of many capillary bristles.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of

8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

TEIBE II. EUP ATORIACE.^. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the
stigmatic lines indistinct.

Subtribe 1. EUPATORIE.B. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow.

* Pappus a row of hard scales.

8. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

* * Pappus of slender bristles.

4. LIATRIS. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corol-

las red-purple, 5-lobed.

5. KUHNIA. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas

whitish, 5-toothed.

6. EUPATORIUM. Acheuia 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo-

lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat.

7. MIKANIA. Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4.

8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical.

Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGINEJE. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dioecious,

at least of 2 sorts in the same head.
* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless.

9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary.

10. TUSSILAGO. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillarv.

* * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy.

11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none.

TJUBE III. A STEROIDE jE. Heads discoid, with the fiowers all alike and tubular ; or
radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Branches of the style in the peBtect flow

180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

ers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi-
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage
which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (des-
titute of chaff) in all our species.

Bubtribc 1. ASTERINRS. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal ones
ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base.

* Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
i- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat.

12. SERICOCARPUS. Heads 12 - 15-flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped,

imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky.

13. ASTER. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish.

Pappus simple.

14. ERIGERON. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in

one row. Achenia flattened. Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales.

15. DIPLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double ; the

outer obscure, of minute stiff bristles.
«- +- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical.

16. BOLTONIA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short.

17. BELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.

* * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

18. BRACHYCIL3ETA. Heads 8 - 10-flowered, clustered : rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute

bristles shorter than the achenium.

19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1 - 16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen-

der and equal capillary bristles.

20. BIGELOVIA. Heads 3 - 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple,

a single row of capillary bristles.

21. CHRYSOPSIS. Heads many-flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double ; the outer of

very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles.

Subtribe 2. INULRE. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Sub tribe 1. '

22. INULA. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary.

Subtribe 3. BACCHARIDE.S & TARCHONANTHEJB. Flowers of the head all tubular, either
dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different
heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a
very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit.

23. PLUCHEA. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary.

24. BACCHARIS. Heads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants.

Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

TRIBE IV. SEBfECIONIDE^E. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the
apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued
beyond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate.

Subtribe 1. MELAMPODINE.E. Flowers none of them perfect, but either staminate or pistil
late ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. Pappus,
if any, never of bristles.

* Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray-flowers pistillate, the central and
tubular staminate flowers having a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy.

25. POLYMNIA. Achenia thick and turgid, roundish. Pappus none.

26. CHRYSOGONUM. Achenia flattened. Pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed chaffy crown.

27. SILPHIUM. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows : rays deciduous.

28. PARTHENIUM. Achenia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chaffy scales and

the very short persistent ray -corolla.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181

* * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular corolla.
29 1VA. Pistillate flowers 1-6 in the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none.
» » * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on

the same plant ; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an achenium or

a bur ; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre.

80. AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled.

81. XANTHIUM. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered.

Subtribe 2. HELIANTHE.E. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the rays ligulate, the disk-
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus
none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several
uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite.

* Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3-4-sided, slightly if at all flattened
•»- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup.

82. TETRAGONOTHECA. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none.

•*- •»- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

83. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none.

34. BORRICHIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown.

35. HELIOPSIS. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border.

* * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none ;
achenia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, th«
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge.

•«- Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown.

86. ECHINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided.

87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

88. LEPACHYS Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined.

•«- •*- Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned.

89. HELIANTHUS Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid-

uous chaffy scales

40. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing

2 persistent awns

» * * Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcompressed, i. e flattened parallel with the scales of the
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat

41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown.
42 BIDENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns.

* * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned.
43. VERBESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Achenia sometimes winged.

Sabtribe 3. TAGETINE.B. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk -flowers all
perfect and fertile Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup.
Pappus various — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted
with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil.

44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles

Subtribe 4 HELENIEJE. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect.
Pappis of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless

* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed).

45 HYME5 OPAPPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored

46. HELENIUM Rays pistillate, 3 - 6-clef t. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, refl/^ed

47. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46

* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb.

48. BALDW1NIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated.

16

182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* # * Receptacle chaffy.

49. MARSHALLIA. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales.

50. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 6 ovate chaffy scales.

Sub tribe 5. ANTHEMIDEJE. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes infer
tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other
wise nearly as Subtribe 4.

* Receptacle chaffy, at least hi part : rays ligulate

61. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none.

62. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none.

53. ACHILLEA. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined.

* * Receptacle naked.

54. LEUCANTHEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate or

ribbed. Pappus none.

56. MATRICARIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conical.
Pappus crown-like or none.

56. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top.

Pappus a short crown.

57. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at

the top. Pappus none.

Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINEA Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas ; those of the fertile
flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc-
culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate.

68. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate

flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender.

69. ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the

staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit.

60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil-

lary, of the outer often none.

Subtribe 7. SENECIONEA Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthers
tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly in a
single row.)
* Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas.

61. ERECHTHITES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish.

* * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only.
•»- Leaves alternate.

62. CACALIA. Heads 6 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color.

63. SENECIO. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft.

•*- •*- Leaves opposite.

64. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles.

TRIBE V. CYNARE^B. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or
some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate Style
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without
any appendage, often united below. (Heads large. )

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose.

65. CENTAUREA. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral

flowers commonly enlarged.

66. CNICTJS. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter

rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous.

* * Flowers all alike hi the ovoid or globular head.

67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with

long and soft bristles.
68 CARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No 67.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183

60. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plrmoee. Recep-
tacle honeycombed.

70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep-

tacle bristly.

SUBORDER H. LIGULIFLOR-E.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

* Pappus none.

71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered.

* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

72. CICHORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double.

73. KRIGIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 6 bristles.

74. CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of

numerous long capillary bristles.

* * * Pappus plumose.
76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base.

* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
•*- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked.

76. HIERACrUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of tt.e

involucre unequal.

77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scale*

of the involucre equal.

•*- •«- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium.

78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris-

tles, some of them rigid.
79 TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white.

80. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny.

81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white.

82. MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue.
88. SONCHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo-
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales.
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the outer
of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor
of Mr. Vemon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

1. V. NoveboracensiS, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a
kmg bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties
merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia ; and river-
banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall
coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves.

2. V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest)
rounded and obtuse, without appendage. — Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads
mostly crowded. Very -variable, and passing into No. 1.

184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. EJLEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.

Heads 3 - 5-flowered, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo-
lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappua
of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves
and purplish flowers. (Name composed of cAe^crr, elephant, and TTOUS, foot.}

1. E. Carol illin mis, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy;
leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania and southward.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. SCLEROLEPIS.

Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal,
in 1-2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple
stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and
terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from cncXi/pos, hard, and
Xewi's, a scale, alluding to the pappus.)

1. S» verticillata, Cass. — Pine' barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Aug.

4. LI AT HIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.

Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender,
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles,
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often
resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose-
purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymosc, appearing late in summer
or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

$ 1. Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish corm or tuber
(which is impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy: leaves narrow or grass-like,
l-5-nerved: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the
corolla long and slender.

* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate

spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white] tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. l*» elegclllS, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves
short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Ban-en soil, Vir-
ginia and southward.

# # Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri-

cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like : corolla hairy within.

2. I* squarrdsa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, &c.) Often hairy (l°-3°
high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (!' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly
with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois
and southward.

3. Lu cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6' -18' high) ; leaves
linear ; heads few (£' - f ' long) ; scales of the involucre all with short and rounded
appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185

# * # Pappus not plumose to the naked eye: corolla smooth inside.

4. L.. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high), pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or
obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole ; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ;
scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry
and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to
Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species: heads 1' or less in
diameter.

5. Lr. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of the
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata ; but the flowers themselves
as large as in No. 4.

6. Li. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy
(2°- 5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3 - 5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered ( J' -
£' long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre
oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish.

— Moist grounds, common from S. New York southward and westward. —
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth.

7. It. graminifdlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high)
glender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7-12-flowered; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
gpatulate or oblong, obtuse or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenia hairy. —
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

8. I,, pycnostacliya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish : stem stout (3° -5°
high), very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear ; spike
very thick and dense (6' - 20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (£' long) ; scales of the
cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. —
Prairies, from Illinois southward and westward.

$ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan-
icled, 4-lQ-jlowered: involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: pappus
not plumose.

9. £,. odoratissima, Willd. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed.

— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of
Vanilla when bruised.

10. !L. panicillata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir-
ginia and southward.

CARPH^PHOKUS, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff among th»
flowers ; and 0. TOMJSNT6sus perhaps grows in S. Virginia.
16*

186 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

5. KITIINIA, L. KUHNIA.

Heads 10 • 25-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and
loosely imbri( ated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia cylindrical,
many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren-
nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu-
late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of
Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnasus.)

1. K.. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Sept.

6. EUPAT6RIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-
Bhaped. Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a
single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often
sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white
bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to
Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

* Heads cylindrical, 5 - \Q-flowered ; the, purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated
in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly
whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. piirpiireiim, L. (JOE-PYB WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems
tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointr
ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in size (2° -12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted
stems, &c., — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common.

* * Heads 3 - 20-Jlowered : involucre of 8 - 15 more or less imbricated and unequal

scales, the outer ones shorter: flowers white.
•»- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panicled, very smatt, 3 - ^-flowered.

2. E. faeniculaceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately
much-branched (3° -10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward.

•<- •»- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile : heads 5 - S-flowered, corymbed.

3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high); leave*
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 - 3-nerved, entire, or the lower
sparingly toothed, often crowded hi the axils or whorled, acute at the base ; scales
of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky
and southward.

4. E. leucdlepiS, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough both
sides ; corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. —
Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward.

5. E. parviflorum, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2°-
3°Idgh); leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above th«

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187

middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short invo-
lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate.) — Damp
soil, Virginia and southward.

6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (c°-7° high), downy; leaves
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the
middle, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre obtuse,
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. —
Leaves 3' - 4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

7. E. :ilblim, L. Eoughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarse-
ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer
than the flowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.

8. E. teucrifdlium, Willd. Eoughish-pubescent (2° -3° high) ; leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches
of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
at length shorter than thefiowers. (E. verbensefolium, Michx.) — Low grounds,
Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes
cut into a few very deep teeth.

9. E. rotimdifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves round-
ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-
toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (l/-2'long); corymb large and dense;
Kales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil,
Bhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward.

10. E. pubescens, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny ; scales of the
7 - 8-flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger.

11. E. sessilifolium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4° -6°
high), smooth, branching; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' - 6' long) ; corymb
very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5 -12-?) flowered involucre oval
and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Ohio, and southward
along the mountains.

+-•»-•«- Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long and widely spreading •
heads 10 — 15-flowered : corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. resinosnm, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the
point, slightly veiny beneath (4'- 6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.
— Wet pine barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules
of the leaves.

13. E. pcrfoluituin, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout
(2° -4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy

188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

beneath (5'- 8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear- lanceolate. — Low grounds ;
common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30-40-flowered.
•*- i- +- i- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, long-petioled : heads 12-15-Jfowered,
in compound corymbs.

14. E. sertitiniim, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3° - 6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Illinois and southward.

# # * Heads 8 - 30-Jlowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one
row : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted :
flowers white.

15. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled,
thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Rich woods and copses; common,
especially northward.

16. E. aromatic 11 m, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly
simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.
— Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower
and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads.

7. MIKANIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and
achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com-
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored
flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. HE* scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian-
gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along
streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July- Sept.

8. CONOCL-INIUM, DC. MIST-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal linear-awl-
shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical! Otherwise as in
Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-
purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of K&VOS ,
a cone, and <cXiw;, a bed, from the conical receptacle.)

1. C. coelestiinim, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves
triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich
soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

9. NARDOSMIA, Cass. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single
row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat

COM >SITJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189

Achenia terete. Papj is o? soft capillary bristles, longer and copious in the
fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock,
the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitisk
fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from vapdos, spikenard, and 007177, odor.)

1. N. palmata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white-
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.
(Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigd.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to
Michigan and northward : rare. May. — Full-grown leaves 6' - KX broad.

1O. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in
many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong.
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori-
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring,
bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed
leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from
tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

1. T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New
England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. ADENOCAtlLiON, Hook. ADENOCATTLON.

Heads 5-10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre
equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name,
from d8r)V, a gland, and KavXosj a stem).

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-
lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior,
and northwestward.

12. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
tomewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py-
ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and
small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb Disk-flowers
pale yellow. (Name from o^pt/cos, silky, and Kaprros. fruit.)

1. S. SOlidagrineilS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, ob-
tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3'r long),

190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

in dose clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to
Virginia, near the coast. July.

2. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather
loosely corymbed, obconical (4" - 6" long) ; pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ;
common. July.

3. S. tortifolillS, Nees. Hoary-pubescent ; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu-
late, short (£'-!' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless; heads
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woods,
Virginia and southward. Aug.

GALAT^LLA HYSSOPiF6LiA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found
in our district, and probably is not an American plant.

13. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with
corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Kays white, purple, or blue : the disk
yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dorqp, a star, from the appearance
of the radiate heads of flowers.)

$ 1. BlOTIA, DC. — Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated
in several rows, oppressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 (white or
nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely ser-
rate : heads in open corymbs.

1. A. COrymbosilS, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on
slender naked petioles; rays 6-9. — Woodlands; common, especially north-
ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs,
rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the
next ; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

2. A. macropliyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high); leaves
thickish, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4' -10'
long, 3' -6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles ; heads in ample rigid corymbs ; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). —
Moist woods ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug.,
Sept. — Involucre £' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the
innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several
rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12-30, violet: achenia nar-
row (smoothish) : pappus of rigid bristles of unequal thickness : stem-leaves all
sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped: heads few, large and showy. (Allied to
§ 1, and to Sericocarpus.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191

3. A* R:!<lnla, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth,
many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in th«
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, oppressed, with very short and
slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds,
Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Kays light violet.
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.

4. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems slender (£°- 1° high), from long and
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping subterranean shoots or suck-
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre
obconical or bell-shaped (£'-£' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short
herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Var. GK\CI-
LIS (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo-
lucre successively shoVter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips,
resembling a Sericocarpus. •/- Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and
southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £' long. — Perhaps runs into the
next.

5. A. spectdbilis, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan-
dular-pubescent at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed,
tapering to the base ; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-
oblong, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ;
achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near
the coast, and southward. Sept. - Nov. — One of , the handsomest of the genus,
though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly
1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre £' long and wide.

$ 3. ASTER PROPER. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with
herbaceous or kaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numerous:
pappus soft, and nearly unifonn : achenia ^flattened. (All flowering late in sum-
mer or in autumn.)

* Leaves silvery-silky both sides, aU sessile and entire, mucronulate : involucre imbri-
cated in 3 to several rows : rays showy, purple-violet.

6. A» sericeilS, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchlets ; scales of
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous
base, silvery ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin
to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species ; the large heads with
20 - 30 rays of £' or more in length.

7. A. c6ncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded, ob
long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or
compound wand-like raceme ; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in
several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate achenia silky. — Dry sandy
soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3*
high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the same
hue both sides. Rays bright violet-purple.

192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* # Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by
a heart-shaped or auricled base : heads showy: scales of the inversely conical or bell-
shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively shorter,
oppressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips : rays large, purple or blue.

8. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent,- stem loosely panicled above (1°- 3°
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-shaped base, rough, especially
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre
with spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. pHLOGirdLius is a form
which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin
scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above,
mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially
southward. Heads £' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays;

9. A. l&vis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in & close panicle ; leavcb
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi
spherical involucre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. A
variable species, of which the two best-marked forms are : —

Var. laevigatUS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob
long ; involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar
row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. laevis, L. A.
Isevigatus, Willd.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common.

Var. cy aneus. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the
upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; invo
lucre narrowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Hqffm., frc.) — Border of woodlands ; common,
especially northward.— - A very elegant species, with showy flowers.

10. A. turbine I 111*, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculatelj
branched ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in
volucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (£' long) ; the scales linear, with
very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenia nearly smooth. — Kiv-
er-banks, Illinois and southwestward.

* * # Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, the upper sessile or petioled: invv
lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous,
racemose or panicled.

H- Leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized : rays bright-blue.

11. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-lance
date or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses
and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species ; the in-
volucre much as in No. 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent ; the rays
bright blue.

12. A. Sliortii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pube^ent

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193

underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti-
oles ; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward.— A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3 '-5' long.

13. A. itmlulfitiis, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close i ubescence ;
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under-
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the l>ase, or direct-
ly sessile by a heart-shaped base ; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, Michx.)
— Dry copses, common.

•<- -»- Leaves conspicuously serrate : heads small : rays pale blue or nearly white.

14. A» cordifolilis, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or
diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads ; lower leaves all heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni-
cal involucre all oppressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. —
Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth,
roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion,
but quite small.

15. A. sagittifdlillS, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches
bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear,
pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped
slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and
Kentucky. — Usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger
than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., which probably
grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved
variety of this.

* * * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid,
entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales oppressed and
whitish at the base, with abrupt, and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads
small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays white.

16. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1°-!^° high); the
simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others
linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. viLL6sus is a
hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward.

17. A. flit tl Hi II 01 us, Ait. Pale, or hoary with minute close pubescence (1°
high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar-
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base ; scales of the invo-
lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil ; common.

17

194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

***** Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of tJie stem tapering at the base,
sessile; involucre imbricated ; the scales of unequal length, with short and narrow
oppressed or rather loose greenish tips : heads small or middle-sized : rays white or
pale bluish-purple.

+- Heads small. (Involucre \' - %' long.)

18. A. dumosilS, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the
scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ;
scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4 - 6 rows. —
Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high,
loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con-
ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the suc-
ceeding. Kays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Kuns into several
peculiar forms.

19. A. Ti'JUlesc.aBlti, L. Smooth or smoothish; the numerous heads closely
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely sen-ate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated
in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. FR!GILIS has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the
lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, &c., very common. —
Stems 2° - 4° high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last.
Rays white or nearly so.

20. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the branches
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle;
scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. —
Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger
than in either of the preceding (2' - 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them,
as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white.

-»- H- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre 4'-$' long.)

21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much
branched; the branches and scattei-ed heads somewhat corymbose at the summit;
leaves lanceolate, poihted, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped,
loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Rays pale.
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.

22. A» tenuifdlillS, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (2° -3°
high) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves narrowly lanceolate,
tapering into a long slender point (2' -6' long), with rough margins, the lower some-
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemisphei'icaL involucre linear-awl-shaped,
very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish.

23. A, c&rneilS, Noes. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent ;
leaves lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping;
heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of ihe obovate invo-
lucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated. — Moist soil ; common. Leaves
firm in texture, smooth, or i jugh above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195

violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older
names will be found and verified for this and No. 21, which here cover a mul-
titude of forms. A. mutabilis, L., is probably one of them.
* * * * # * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the hem-
ispherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herbaceous
tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized or large : rays blue
or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.)

24. A» liCSlivus, Ait. Stem slender, rough, bushy-branched; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads
corymbose, loose; scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently light
blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. L^JTIFL6RU8 has very slender branches
and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. —
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as large
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves
4' -7' long, y to £' wide.

25. A. Novi-lJi'lgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, pale, or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ;
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips ;
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state.
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 23 and No. 26. — Heads
smaller and less showy than in the next.

26. A» loiii; ilolius, Lam. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched, corym-
bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lance-
olate, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above; scales
of the involucre imbricated in 3 — 5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading or
recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist
places, along streams, &c., common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform
varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hqffm., A. laxus, Wittd. (a form with more
leafy involucres), A. praealtus, Poir., A. elodes, Torr. fr Gr., &c.

27. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines,
usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri-
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressed teeth, rough above, nearly
smooth underneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose,
equal, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, in
open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs.

Var. vim incus (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through-
out ; growing in shade.

28. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3° high), corymbose-
panicled, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering
below in a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auricled'
heart-shaped clasping base ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-
spreading tips ; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York and
Penn. to Wisconsin.

196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

******* Leaves entire, those of the stem sessile, the base <.fien clasping: head*
solitary terminating ike branches or somewhat corymbed, large or middle-sized, showy ;
scales of the involucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly
foliaceous tips, usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, fro
•*- Involucre imbricated, t/te scales in several or many ranks.

29. A. grandifldrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender
loosely much-branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (£'-!' long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid ; the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
squarrose many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet (!' long) ; achenia hairy. —
Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy.

30. A. OblongifolillS, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1°- 2° high) ; leaves narrowly ob-
long or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2'long by
2" - 5" wide) ; scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base ;
rays violet-purple; achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn. (Hunting-
don County, Porter!) and Virginia to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers not
half as large as those of the next.

A. AMETHYSTINUS, Nutt., of Eastern Massachusetts, is a still wholly obscure
species.

•«- •*- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appealing like a single row.

31. A. Novae-Angliae, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbed
at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-dasping,
clothed with minute pubescence : scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loose, glan-
dular-viscid, as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple
(A. roseus, Desf), very numerous ; achenia hairy. — Moist grounds ; common.
— Heads large, corymbed.

******** Head and imbricated involucre with leafy tips as in the preceding
group ; but the foliage as in * * *.

32. A. siiiomaliis, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent ; stems slender
(2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lance-
olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper
small and almost sessile ; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in
several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achenia smooth. —
Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Missouri), Engelmann. — Heads as large as
those of No. 30 : rays violet-purple.

$4. ORITR6PHIUM, Kunth. — Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous : pappus of soft and uniform capil-
lary bristles : mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads.

33. A. graminifolillS, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6' -12
high) ; leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender
naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads ; rays rose-purple or whitish. —
New Hampshire, about the White Mountains (Mr. Eddy in herb. Tuckerman),
L. Superior, and northward.

§ 5. ORTH6MERIS, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre reguJ.arly imbricated,
unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely Destitute of herbaceous
tips : pappus of soft and unequal capillary bristles.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 197

34. A. aciimiiiatiis, Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and en-
tire at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan-
ceolate, pointed, thin (3' -5' long); heads few or several; rays 12-18, white,
or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods, common northward and southward along
the Alleghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the
White Mountains of New Hampshire.

85. A, nemoraJis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (!'-
l£' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins,' scales of the
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into
awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of
New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept.

36. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish -}/ stems clus-
tered (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering
to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in aflat
corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white
(2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes,
and northward. Aug.

$ 6. OXYTRIP6LIUM, DC. — Scales of the involucre imbricated, without herba-
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft
and capillary: achenia striate.

37. A. flexnosus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' -20' high); the
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ;
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with
awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes, on the
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept.

38. A. liiiifdlius, L. Stem much branched (6' -24' high), the branches
bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed,
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-
shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk,
more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Michx.) — Salt
marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia.

14. KKIOERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Achenia flattened, usually
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow: ray white or purple. (Name from $pt
17*

198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

tprinj, ani yepw, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of
the vernal species.)

$ 1. CJEN6TUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer titan
the pappus: disk-corollas 4-toothed : pappus simpk : annuals and biennials: heads
very small, cylindrical.

1. E. Canadense, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-
hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those
from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panided. — Waste places ; a com-
mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July - Oct. — Ligules much
shorter than their tube, white.

2. E. di varic jituin, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' - 6' high) ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1.
— Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.

§ 2. EUERfGERON, Torr. & Gr. — Bays elongated, crowded in one or more
rows : pappus simple. (Erect perennials : heads somewhat corymbed.)

3. E. bellidifolium, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing
offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly
toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ;
rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist
banks; conrmon. May.

4. E. Pliiladelpliicum, L. (FLEABANE.) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor-
ymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ;
the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest
spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.
(E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground ; common. June - Aug.

43. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and
minute, or rather chaffy : otherwise as § 2.

5. E. glabclluiil, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix
River, Wisconsin, and northward. June.

$ 4. PHALACROL6MA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row,
conspicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chaffy-bristle-form
scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely want-
ing in the ray : annuals and biennials.

6. E. annuiim, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem
Stout (3° -5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and
sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly hrv olucre. (E. hetero-
phyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigd.) — Fields and waste places; a very
common weed. (Nat. in Europe.) June -Aug.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199

7. E. strigfosuni, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym-
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost
smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifolium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. ; com-
mon. June - Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller
heads but longer rays.

§ 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr.— Rays about 30, in a single row, rather
broad: pappus simple: achenia mostly ^nerved: not perennial.

8. E. verimm, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May.

15. DIPL.OPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1 -nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel-
low ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of SwrAoos, double, and TraTTTroy,
pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)

$ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated,
achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike.

1. I>. linariifolius, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the
same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear,
strongly 1 -nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common.
Sept., Oct.

$ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated
in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of
them thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire.

2. D. umbellatUS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3 '-6'
long) ; heads veiy numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre
rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north
ward. Aug.

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu-
cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south-
ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, roughei , and with broader and
shorter leaves.

4. D. COrnifdlillS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point-
ed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa-
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July - Sept.

200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

16. BOLTNIA, L'Hei. BOLTONIA

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numeious, pistillate. Scales of tho
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in '2 rows, appressed, with narrow
membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache-
nia flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in
the ray 3-wingod, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre-
quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs,
pale green, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. Heads
loosely corymbose or panicled : disk yellow : rays white or purplish. (Dedi-
cated to /. Bolton, an English botanist.)

1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly oval;
pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams,,
Pennsylvania (Bartram) and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. —
Plant usually 6° high.

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turned
edgewise by a twist ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short
bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich moist soil,
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high.

17. B ELLIS, Tourn. DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked.
Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs
(all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true
Daisy, B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin name,
from bdlus, pretty.)

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Diffusely branched
and spreading (4' -9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower
spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. ® ®
— Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March - June.

18. BRACHYCH^ETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com-
posed of Ppaxvs, short, and X0*1"7/' bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills,
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less
pubescent.

19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-KOD.

Heads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of
the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1).
Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-iibbed, nearly terete. Pappus

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201

simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like
stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed
or clustered : flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name
from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali-
ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct.

$ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in-
volucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate ra-
cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole,
serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills,
Maine and W. Vermont to Penn., and the mountains of Virginia.

5 2. VIRGAtlREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips :
rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pedicelled.

* Heads in dose clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined

leaves. (Rays 3 -6.)

2. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small,
cream-color or nearly white. — Var. c6NCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses
and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward.

3. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or
paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and
sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long); heads in
very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the
branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil ; common northward, and along
the mountains.

4. S. CcCSia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled
on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than
in the lasL

* * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and

panicled, not one-sided : leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.)
•»— Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost.

5. S. vil'gata, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple^
wand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceo-
late-oblong leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the
lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow
compound spicate receme; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.

6. S. pllberilla, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and
panicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base,
smooth ish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very uu-

202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

merous, crowded in compact erect-spreading short racemes, forming ti prolonged and
dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of tlie involucre linear-awl-shaped, ap-
pressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near
the coast.

7. S. Stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti-
oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ;
racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the
involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis-
consin and northward. Root-leaves 6' -10' long. It flowers earlier than its
allies, beginning in July.

H- •*- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant.

8. S. Speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish,
smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform pan-
icle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUST!TA is a dwarf form, with
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound
epike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand-
some species ; the lower leaves 4' - 6' long and 2' - 4' wide in the larger forms.

9. S. Virga-afirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6' - 18'
high) and simple ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or elliptical-
obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes
thyrsoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ;
rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north-
ern regions. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large
heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves
thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ;
rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire,
and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior.

Var. Iifmeilis. Low (6' -12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu-
merous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are
mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 6-8, short ;
leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and
serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Ton. $• Gr.) — Eocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes
Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi-
nutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and
the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally
almost white.

10. S. thyrsoldea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), wand-like, pu-
bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser-
rate with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long and margined petioles heads large (5" -6" long), many-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203

flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle
(2' -18' long) ; scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper
pointed; rays 8-10, elongated; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S.
leiocarpa, DC.) — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south
to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward.

* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, showy : leaves thick-
ish, mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib.

11. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence;
stem stout (3° - 5° high), very leafy ; the short compact clusters densely cor-
ymbed at the summit ; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad
base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; heads large,
about 34-flowered; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward.

12. S. Ohiocnsis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, closely
sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex
somewhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a
flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 16-20-flowered; the rays
6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. —
Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the
rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the
size of those of No. 11.

13. S. Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli-
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre-
gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowered ; the rays
7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger
than in the last, 2" - 3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the
base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

14. S. Ilouglrtonii, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth ; stem rather low and
slender (l°-l£° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, fiat, entire,
tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti-
oles ; heads several, crowded in a small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ;
the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan
State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3' -5
long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely
pubescent. Heads large, nearly £' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi-
nutely ciliate.

# * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves

veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.
*- Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large

15. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves
fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate-oblong, obscurely
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in icss

204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.;

brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tupering
to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays* 8-10.
•*- •»- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple-
nerved; heads middle-sized.

16. S. Clliptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very leafy;
leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly
serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense
spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and
achenia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, New
Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the
rays 8 -12.

17. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high);
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; tlie upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute
and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering
into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon-
gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. —
Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the
racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided.

18. S. patilla, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves
(4' -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on
the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common.

19. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth throughout (1°- 4° high); radical and lower
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed,
tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, naked, at
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and Jlat corymb-like panicle; rays
8-12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCEA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or
all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABRELLA is somewhat roughish -pubescent
(Wisconsin, &c.). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. —
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed
rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as
even the root-leaves are seldom very sharply toothed.

20. S. Mllhlenbergii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large
and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser-
rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent,
spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large. — Copses and
moist woods, N. Hapshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than
in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender.

21. S. lilioides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' -20' high);
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the
lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; raceme*
short, crowded in one or 3-4 small me-sided panicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small
and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi-
dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205

•»-•»- -H LCC.V&I broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate,
copiously Jaither-veined ; veinlets conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short.

22. S. altcssima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high) ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes parii-
cled, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6 - 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7.
— Borders of fields and copses ; very common, presenting a great variety of
forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the
lowest of the common Golden-rods.

23. S. ii S in i To I ia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin,
ellipticaJ -ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be-
set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too
near the last ; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. I>riiimii6ii<lii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur-
face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubes-
cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the
involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and
gouthwestward.

«- •«- •»-•*- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure.

25. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread-
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy
beneath, at least. on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram-
idal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

26. S. odor a, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so through
out; stem slender (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin
ing, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3 -4,
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to
Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor.
•«- •»- -*- H— -i— Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, featker-veined and slightly triple-
nerved, obscurely serrate or entire ; heads middle-sized.

27. S. nemoraliS) Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary
(soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (^°-2^°
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crcnatC'
toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed;
rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields; very common. In the "West occur less hoary
and rougher forms. ^ &d J * //., f> V

•} •% * %. # %: Hea Is in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample.

panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed.

*- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat green~
ish tips or midrib : leaves riqid, smooth and shining.

28. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-3° high), minute-
ly roughish-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrato

18

206 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded
panicle; achenia silky-pubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. — A
handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow.

29. S. MiSSOlirieilSiS, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very
rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded racemes
nearly as in No. 19 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south-
ward and westward. — Heads l£" - 2" long.

•*— •»- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous : racemes mostly elon-
gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample panicle. (These all present inter-
mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.)

30. S. rupestriS, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ;
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken-
tucky and Indiana.

31. S. CanadensiS, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3° -6° high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less
pubescent beneath and rough above ; heads small ; rays very slwrt. — Borders of thick-
ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of
the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate ;
— in var. PR6CERA, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in rar. scABRA also very
rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

32. S. Serotina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high),
often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except
the veins underneath, which are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low
grounds; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and
rays, between the last and the next.

33. S. giganfea, Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex-
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather
long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, but with
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall.

$ 4. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. — Corymbosely much branched: heads small, sessile in
little clusters which are crowded in Jlat-topped corymbs ; tJie closely oppressed scales
of the involucre somewhat glutinous : receptacle fimbrittate : rays 6 -20, short, moiv.
numerous than the disk-flowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded.

34. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-nerved, the nerves,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c. in
moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long.

35 S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender ; leaves very nairowly linear,
mostly I -nerved, dotted; heads obo void-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or
3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to
Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207

2O. BIGEL.6VIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD

I

Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo-
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of
capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (1°- 2° high)
simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear-
ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered,
oblanceolate or linear, 1-3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob
Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical
Botany.)

1. B. liudata, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Sept.

21. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tho
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, haiiy. Pappus of all the flowers double,
the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated
capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather
large often corymbose heads terminating the brandies. Disk and ray-flowers
yellow. (Name composed of xpwos, gold, and o^is, aspect, from the golden

%• Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear : achenia linear.

1. C. gramini folia, Nutt. Silvery-silky with long close-pressed hairs;
stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or
linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to
Virginia, and southward. July - Oct.

2. C. falcata, Ell. Stems (4' -10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or
smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug.

* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not
nerved; achenia obovate, flattened.

3. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves oblong, obtuse,
(l'-2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and
southward. Aug. - Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old
emoothish ; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles. — Dry bar-
rens, from New York southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct.

5. C. Villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves nar-
rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristiy-ciliate
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west-
ward. July -Sept.

208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

22. INUliA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth-
erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. I. HELENIUM, L. (COMMON ELECAMPANE.) Stout (3°-5° high);
leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the
others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1J. — Road-sides, escaped from
cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2S. PttJ CHE A, Cass. MARSH FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular,
emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close com-
pound corymbs. Flowers purplish, (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.)

1. P. campliorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Minutdy vis-
cid, pale (l°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, tlrick-
ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat ; involucre viscid-downy. ® ( Cony-
za campliorata, Bigel. C. MaryMndica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massachusetts
to Virginia and southward. Aug.

2. P. fcetida, DC. Almost smooth (2° -4° high); leaves distinctly petioled,
veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled ; invo-
lucre smooth. 3J. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

24. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and
staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri-
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu-
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi-
cated to Bacchus.)

1. 15. tialimifolia, L. (SEA GROUNDSEL-TREE.) Smooth and some-
what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely
toothed, or the upper entire ; heads scattered or in leafy panicles ; scales of the
involucre acutish. — Sea-beach, Connecticut to Virginia, and southward. Sept. -
Oct. — Shrub 6° - 12° high ; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very
long and white pappus.

2. B. glomerillifldra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads larger,
sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader
and very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, Virginia near the
coast, and southward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209

25. POl-iririNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several, pistillate and fertile; the
disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous,
partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, with a
membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren-
nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo-
site, dr the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules
at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi-
cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse
and inelegant.)

1. P. CanadcnsiS, L. Clammy-hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid,
the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; rays few,
obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded
ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains.
July -Sept.

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4° -10° high) ; leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil,
W. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug.

26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. CHRYSOGONUM.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave
scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all
in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the
short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap-
pus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low
(2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the
flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crenate,
long-petioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com-
posed of xpv(ros, golden, and yow, knee.)

1. C. Virginianum, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg,
Porttr) and Illinois southward. May -Aug. — Rays ^' long.

27. SIL.PHIUM, L. ROSIN-PLANT.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and
with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and resem-
ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed,
surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with
2 teeth confluent with the winged margin : achenia of the disk sterile and stalk
18*

210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice,
and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2iX<£toi/, the ancient
name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafoetida?), was transferred
by Linnaeus to this American genus.)

* Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick).

1. S. laciniatinn, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Very rough-
bristly throughout ; stem stout (3° -6° high) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but
dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-
lobedor pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l'-2' broad), somewhat racemed ;
scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ; achenia
broadly winged and deeply notched. —Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence
southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12' - 30' long, ovate in outline ;
on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south,
and hence called Compass-Plant.

2. S. terebintlunaceum, L. (PEAIEIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slen-
der (4° -10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads,
leafless except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-
shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (l°-2° long, and on
slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenia nar-
rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. FINNAT* FIDUM has the
leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies
and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept.

# * Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large).

3. S. trifoliatimi, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° -6°
high), branched above, stenWeaues lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely
panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.

4. S. AsteriSdlS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the
hwer in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed,
rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; ache-
nia obovate, winged and 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

5. S. 1 II tegri folium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high),
rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire,
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-sJtaped and partly clasping base,
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' - 5' long) ; heads in a close forking
corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var.
L^EVE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

# # # Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6' -15' long).

6. S. perfoliatum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched
above (4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged
petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; achenia winged
and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and
southward ; common. July.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211

28. PARTHENIUM, L. PARTHENITJ M.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil-
late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo-
lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle
conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen-
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from TrapOevos, virgin.)

1. P. iiitegri folium, L- Bough-pubescent (l°-3°high); leaves ob-
long or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed below the
middle ; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. 1|. — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis-
consin, and southward.

29. IV A, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB.

Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminato
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a
small tubular corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Scales
of 'the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among
the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or
shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small
greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or
of bracts. (Derivation unknown.)

1. I. fmtescens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high);
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming
leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt
marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

2. I. Ciliata, Willd. Annual (2° -8° high), rough and hairy ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender dilate petioles ; heads in dense
panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales
of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois south-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

3O. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped,
composed of 7 - 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stami-
nate flowers ; with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit)
oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns
near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil
only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus
none. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dis

212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

sected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. ('A/x/Spotria, th
food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless and coarse weeds.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre
with the truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded,
recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 1-angled.

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (l°-3° high), very leafy; leaves al-
ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth
on each side near the base. ® — Prairies of Illinois and southward. Aug.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only lobed: sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem square, stout (4° -12°
high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo-
late and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 6-ribbed and tubercled. (J)
— Var. INTEGRIF6LIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of
them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks ; common. Aug.

* # Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatiftd.

3. A. artemisiae folia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BIT-
TER-WEED.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ;
leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo-
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. ® — Waste
places everywhere. July -Sept. — An extremely variable weed, with finely
cut leaves, embracing several nominal species.

4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough
and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the
lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber-
cles or with very small ones, pubescent. Q) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. Sf Gr.) -
Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward. Aug.

31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile
involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo-
lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to
form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a
slender thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat ; destitute of pappus. —
Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and
alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £dv6os, yettow, in allu
sion to the color the plants are said to yield.)

1. X. Strumaritim, L. (COMMON COCKLEBUR.) Rough; stems un-
armed; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles,
toothed and cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (£'-§' long), pubes-
cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong
and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu ) — •
Varies into forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (§'-!' long),

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213

which is either glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer, and
the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mitt., &c.) —River-banks, &c., com-
mon westward ; apparently indigenous. And this passes into

Var. CClliliatUHl. (X. echinatum, Murr., &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long),
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in-
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an
immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world.

2. X. spiiiosmn, L. (THORNY CLOTBDR.) Hoary-pubescent; stems
slender, with srendeFyellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often
2-3-lobed or cut ; fruit (£' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places
on the sea-board. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)

32. TETRAOONOTH^CA, Dill. TETRAGONOTHECA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; tho
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins
into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or
conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb,
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale
yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of rerpaywi/of,
four-angled, and OrjKTj, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. heliantllOldes, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June.

33. ECL.IPTA, L. ECLIPTA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per
feet, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan-
ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers.
Achenia short, 3 - 4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the
sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. —
Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or
oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name
from efcXetVo), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. procumfbeilS, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems
procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each
end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. —
Var. BRACHYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of tho
heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June - Oct.

34. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per-
sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 -4-angled. Pappus a short

214 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.^

4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutcscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence
(6 '-12' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the
base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward.

35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; \he outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus.
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite,
petioled, triple-ribed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of qXios,
the sun, and o\^is, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.-)

1. H. let'vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1° -4° high); leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong-ovate. — Var. SC!BKA has roughish foliage, and the involucre
somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses; common. Aug.

36. ECIIINACEA, Mcench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the
disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border.
— Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter-
minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays
rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^Ti/os, the
Hedgehog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpurea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest
ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri-
cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough-
bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio
southward and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish),
1 ' - 2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med-
icine under the name of Black Sampson.

2. E. angustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender sin: pie stem,
In-istlij-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri-
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis-
consin south westward. June - Aug.

37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnai , the short
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215

top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the
rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors
Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)

* Disk columnar in fruit, dutt greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper
leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper-
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ;
rays linear (l'-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets; common. July- Sept.

* * Disk globular, pah brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented.

2. R, subtomeiltosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high),
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ;
heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward.

# * * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : haves undivided, except No. 3.

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches
slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower
3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted
or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff" of the black-purple disk smooth,
awned. (2) — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small,
but numerous and showy.

4. R. Speciosa, Wender. Koughish-hairy (l°-2°high), branched; the
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ;
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - 5-nerved, coarsely
and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon-
gated (I'-l^') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil,
W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads ; haves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved,
the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ;
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to
Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1° - 3° high : the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. liirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single
large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the
involucre ; chaff" of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, W.
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Also in S. New York (White Plains)
and various parts of N. England, but probably of recent introduction. Aug. —
Coarser and less showy than the preceding, variable in the size of the rays.

38. LEPACIIYS, Kaf. (OBELISCARIA, DC.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre
few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate,

216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.}

thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined
achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate
leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single
showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray-
ish. (Name from \eiris, a scale, and iraxvs, thick, referring to the thickened tips
of the chaff.)

1. lu pin until, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen-
der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). —
Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sartwell), to Wisconsin and
southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised.
Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

39. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the
4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar-
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal
angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse
and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and
yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from rj\ios, the sun, and avBos,
a flower.) — All our wild species are perennial.

* Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper alternate.
•*- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading herbaceous tips.

1. H. angllStifolillS, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leaves long and
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1-nerved, pale beneath ; heads
(small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to
Kentucky and southward.

•«- •*- Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, ovate or broadly
lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate ^destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opposite.)

2. H. atrdrilbcilS, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth,
and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped
(3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; heads small,
corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. /

3. H. rigid US, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly
branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate,
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ;
heads nearly solitary, pretty large ; rays 20 - 25 ; pappus of 2 large and often
several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward.

* * Disk convex, yellow : scales of tJie involucre regularly imbricated and appressed^
with somewhat spreading and acute (but not foliaceous) tips : leaves chiefly opposite.

4. H. IsetifldrilS, Pers. Stout and rough (3° - 4° high), branching above ;
leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper-
pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217

ou naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate -lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. —
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as
in No. 3. Rays showy, l'-2' long.

5. II. occidentals, Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple,
naked above (l°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5
small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved,
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy peti-
oles; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire; scales of the involucre
oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky,
and southward.

6. H. cmereus, var. Sulliviiiitii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close
roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a
narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles
slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sutti-
vant. Stem 2° - 3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next.

7. H. lit 61 1 is, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to
th^ top (2° -4° high); leaves ovate, unth a broad heart-shaped and clasping base,
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under-
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio
to Illinois, and westward.

* # * Heads small: scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, irregu-
larly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays
5 - 8 : leaves all but the uppermost opposite.

8. H. microce plialus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° - 8° high), with
numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some-
what serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath; pedun-
cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate.
— Thickets, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Heads J' broad, the rays
nearly 1' long.

9. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly
serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm
Springs of Virginia, and southward.

* # # # Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated,

loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer.
•«- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed.

10. H. griganteilS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath,
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long,
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. AMBf GUUS has most
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No.
13. — Low thickets and swamps ;. common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the
pale yellow rays 15-20.

11. H. grosse-serratllS, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least
below (5° -10° high); leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-

19

218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petio]ed, rough
above, hoary and downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slight-
ly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs
into the last.

12. H. tomeiltdsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'- 12
long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath ; scales of the in-
volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chaff and tips of the disk-
flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16, 1' long.) — Rich woods, Illi-
nois ? Virginia and southward along the mountains.

•*- -»- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed.

13. H. Strumosus, L. Stem rather simple (3° -4° high), smooth be-
low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small oppressed
teeth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and
naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate
with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. M6LLIS has the
leaves softly downy underneath. — Eiver-banks and low copses ; common, espe-
cially westward.

14. H. divaricatllS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at tho
top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-
nervedfrom the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point
(3' - 6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides ; scales of the involucre lanceolate
from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and bar-
rens; common. — Disk £' wide; rays 1' long.

1 5. H. hirsutllS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout ( 1 ° - 2° high),
bristly-hairy / leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about
12. — Dry plains, &e., Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last.

16. H. traclieliifolius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate,
smoothish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed-
ing the disk ; rays 12-15. — Copses, Penn. ? Ohio to Illinois, and southward. —
Probably runs into the next.

17. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth be-
low; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate,
pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ;
rays about 10. — Var. FROND6SU8 has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or
changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams ; common, especially
northward. (H. multiflorus, L., is probably «, cultivated stale of this.)

18. H. doronicoides, Lam. Stem stout (5° -9° high), branching,
rough-hairy above ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, strongly triple'
veined, rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

and on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed,
scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and
southward. — A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves
(the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most
probably the original of

H. TUBER6sus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital-
ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem),
which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into
fence-rows in some places.

H. ANNUTJS, L., the COMMON SUNFLOWER, which sometimes sows itself
around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat
heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North
America.

4O. ACTIIVOUIEKIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In-
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical,
chaffy; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed)
and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch-
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name
from OKTIV, a ray, and /iepi's, a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of
the rays.)

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8°
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point-
ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in
2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad-
ly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwett) to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

2. A. heliantlioides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged
by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-
nairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading ; rays 8-15,
regular, narrow; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly
awns; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south-
ward. July.

41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some-
what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia
flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not
beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the
summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite
leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from
a bug, and o^fis, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.)

220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

4 1. Cforotta of the ray and disk ydlow : branches of the style tipped with a pointed

or acute appendage.

* Achenia wingless, wedge-oblong, fiat, 2-awned or 2-toothed: scales of the outer invo-
lucre leafy, rejlexed: leaves opposite, petiolea, generally pinnately or ternately com-
pound, the leajlets serrate : biennials ? (Plants with the aspect of Bidens, but
the awns barbed upwardly.)

+-Rays wanting.

1. C. diSCOidea, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves ter-
nately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads panicu-
late-corymbed ; outer involucre of 3 - 5 foliaceous bracts usually much longer than
the heads ; achenia hairy ; the awns or teeth as long as the corolla, barbed upward.
— Wet places, Ohio and southward. July - Sept. — Plant 1 ° - 2° high.

2. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; awns slender, upwardly
barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly young achenium. — Near Phil-
adelphia, Nuttall. — A very obscure species.

••- •*- Rays conspicuous (golden-yellow and showy).

B. C. trichosperma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth,
branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly-ciliate above, crowned with 2
triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near
the coast. Sept.

4. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately

5 - 7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani-
cled-corymbose ; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia oblong-obovate,
obscurely margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2-4 long and slender diverging awns (in
one variety awnless). — Swamps, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

* * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing
minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than
the inner, all united at the base : rays obtuse, entire : leaves opposite, petioled, 3 -
5-divided: perennial.

5. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4°-
0° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostem-
ma, Less.) — Eich soil, Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Heads
exhaling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish.

* * # Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the sum-
mit : scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all united at
the base : rays mostly entire and acute : leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided,
therefore appearing as if whorled: perennial (l°-3° high).

6. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceo-
late entire leajlets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-
pubescent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July.

Var. Stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; the leaves narrower. (C. ftellata,
Nutt.) Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221

7. C. delplunifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided in-
to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - ^-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1" - 3" broad),
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July.

8. C. verticil lata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets
which are 1 - 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July - Sept.

9. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-
lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward. July.

# * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a cottons
tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticu-
late teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5-
toothed: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate : heads on long naked peduncles.

10. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems l°-4°high,
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3 - 5-lobed or
divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. 1J. — Bich
woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept.

11. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (l°-2°high); stems short,
tufted, branched only at the base ; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest
oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles ; scales of the outer involucre
ovate-lanceolate. JJ. — Rich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy: rays 1' long.

§ 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color : disk yellow.

12. C. rosea, Nutt. ( ROSE-FLOWERED COREOPSIS.) Stem branching,
leafy, smooth (6' -20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; heads small, some-
what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ;
achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. 1|. — Sandy
and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward :
rare. Aug.

C. TINCT6RIA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with,
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere
common in gardens.

42. B I DENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou-
ble, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff
deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo-
lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns
which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite vari
ous leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin bidens, two-toothed.)
* Achenia fiat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals'1.)

\. B. fronddsa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth or rather
hairy, tall (2° -6° high) and branching; leaves 3-5-divided; the leaflets lancoo
19*

222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer
than the head, ciliate below ; rays none ; achenia wedge-obovate, 2-aumed, the mar-
gins dilate with upward bristles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places, a
common coarse weed, very troublesome ; the achenia, as in the other species,
adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani-
mals. July -Sept. — In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with
one or two small rays !

2. B. connata, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (10-20
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering
into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3-
divided; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of
the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays
none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) owned, and with downwardly barbed
margins. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petio-
lata, Nutt. — Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward.

3. B. cemua, L. (BUB-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5' -10' high);
leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads nodding,
with or without (light yellow) rays ; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache-
nia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places,
New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Kays, when present, smaller than
in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf-
like. (Eu.)

4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth,
erect or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously
radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (!' long) rays;
achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns
2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Probably runs into No. 3.

* # Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit.

5. B. Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, smooth; stems
long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into fine
capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ;
heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden-yel-
low) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (£' long), bearing 4-6 stout diver-
gent awns which are 1' long, barbed only towards the apex. 1J. — Ponds and
slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin.

6. B. bipiimata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth, branched (1°-
4° high) ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly
wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of
linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender,
4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 - 4-awned. (D — Dry soil, Connecticut
to Illinois, and southward.

43. V E R B E S i N A , . L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none.
Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223

rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent
on the stem. ("Name altered from Verbena.")

1. V. Siegesbcckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate,
triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and
thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; ache-
nia wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois', and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather- veined alternate leaves;
heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia narrowly
winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania ? Illinois, and southward. Aug.

44. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep-
tacle flat, not chafly, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4-
angled. Pappus a row of chafly scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.
— Herbs, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads
terminating the branches : flowers yellow. (Name SucrcoSia, an ill smell, which
the plants possess.)

1. I>. chrysantliemoldes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched
(6' -18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-
toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. ® — Alluvial
banks of rivers, from Illinois southward. Aug. - Oct.

TAGETES PATULA, L., the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, belongs to
the same group as the foregoing.

45. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. HYMENOPAPPUS.

Heads many -flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white).
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top-
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vprjv, membrane,
and iraTnrvs, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis-
sected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

1. H. scabios&lis, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young
(l°-3° high) ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and
southward. May, June.

46. HELENIUM, L. FALSE SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 -
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-
shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed
Pappus of 5 - 8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle

224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled
stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely
purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules.
(Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.)

1. H. ailtumnale, L. (SNEEZE-WEED.) Nearly smooth ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. 1J. — Alluvial river-bants ;
common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the
corymbed heads showy.

47. L.EPT6PODA, Nutt. LEPTOPODA.

Kays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium. — In the true species (of
which L. puberula and L. brevifdia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are
simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head (whence
the name, from Af TITOS, slender, and TTOVS, foot) ; but the following is leafy to the
top, and branched.

1. It. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem corymbed at the summit (1°
-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular,
brownish; rays pretty large (£'-§' long), yellow, or in one variety brownish-
purple, sometimes with an imperfect style. 1|. — Damp soil, from Illinois south-
ward. June -Aug.

48. BALDWINIA, Nutt. BALDWINIA.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or > oblong silky- villous achenia.
Pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish,
with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Eays yellow
(!' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr.
William Baldwin.)

1. IS. uniflora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward.
Aug.

49. JHAltSIIALLIA, Schreb. MARSHALLIA.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of th&
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal.
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flowers.
Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap-
pus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re-
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem
or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry
Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on \\Q trees and
shrubs of this country.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LANCEOLATA and M. AN-
GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.)

5O. C* A L, I N S 6 G A , Ruiz & Fav. GALINSOGA.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; tho rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate.
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff
among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved
thin leaves, and small heads : disk-flowers yellow : rays whitish. (Named for
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. PARVIFL6RA, Cav. Smoothish (l°high); leaves ovate, acute, some-
what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places ; Cambridge, Mass.,
New York, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

51. MA RUT A, Cass. MAY-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neut ' Involucre of many small
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth.
Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon
reflexed; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.)

1. ]JI. COTTJLA, DC. (COMMON MAY-WEED.) Scales of the involucre
with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

52. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri-
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic or
Btrong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single
heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. (*A.v6fp.is, the ancient name, given in
allusion to the profusion of the flowers.)

1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORX CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent ; leaflets or divisions
linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit ; chaff
lanceolate, pointed, membranaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some-
what toothed margin ; those of the ray sometimes sterile. ® — Fields, N. Eng-
land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May-weed.
(Adv. from Eu.)

A. N6BILI8, L., the officinal CHAMOMILE, is said to be somewhat natural-
ized in Delaware.

53. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated.
Beceptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achittes.)

226 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. A. Millefdlium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems
simple ; leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ;
corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4-5, short, white (some-
times rose-color). — Fields and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply
serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8 -12, much longer than the
involucre; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

54. L.EUCANTHEMUM, Toura. OX-EYE DAISY

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of tho
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flattish,
naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim-
ilar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatifid
leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays white ;
disk yellow. (Name composed of \CVKOS, white, and (iv6ep,ov, a flower, from
the white rays.)

1. li» VULGARE, Lam. (Ox-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the
others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with
rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) — Fields and
meadows; too abundant. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and
showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with short rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. FEVERFEW.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the invo-
^ucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical,
naked. Disk-flowers flattened or terete. Achenia angular, wingless. Pappus
a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs,
with divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white : disk yellow.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

1. HI. PARTHENIUM, L. (FEVERFEW.) Leaves twice-pinnately divided;
the divisions ovate, cut; heads cort/mb?d, with rays. y. (Pyrethrum Parthenium,
Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. III. diSCOldea, DC. Low (6' -9' high); leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted
into short linear lobes ; heads rayless ; scales of the involucre oval, with broad
margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete. (J) (2). — Illi-
nois, opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon1? (Eu. ?)

56. TANACETUM, L. TANSY.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly
pistillate and 3 - 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recepta-
cle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a
short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 - 2-pinnately dis-
sected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers yellow. (Name said
to be a corruption of aCavavia, undying, from its durable flowers.)

COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227

1. T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem erect, smooth; leaves
twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed ; cor-
ymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. cui SPUM has the
leaves more cut and crisped. 1J. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. T. Huron ense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-3°
high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong; heads large (£'-f
wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3 - 5-cleft ; pappus toothed.
1|. — Shores of L. Huron, Superior, and northwestward.

57. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.

Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect- Scales of the involucre
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na-
ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes.
Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile.

1. A. borealis, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly
smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cleft at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted,
the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or
racemed. 1J. — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.)

2. A. Canadcnsis, Michx. (CANADA WORMWOOD.) Smooth, or
hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the
upper 3-7-divided; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani-
cled racemes. 1J. — Shore of all the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

3. A. caudata, Michx. (SLENDER WORMWOOD.) Smooth (2° -5°
high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 - 3-pinnately divided ; the divisions
thread- form, spreading ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. —
Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey ; and in Illinois.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

4. A. Lilldoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened-wool~
ly throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut-
toothed or pinnatifid, the upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming
naked and smooth with age; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow
leafy panicles. 1J. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward;
especially the var. GNAPHALODES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves
very woolly both sides.

5. A. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) Branches and lower sur-
face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifld, with the lobes variously cut
or entire, linear-lanceolate; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles,, 1J. — Waste places,
near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. A. biennis, Willd. (BIENNIAL WORMWOOD.) Smooth, simple (1°
-3° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifld; lobes linear,
acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, whith are

228 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY/*

crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. © — River-banks, Ohio tt
Illinois, and northward. Aug.

§ 3. Receptacle, hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

7. A. ABSINTHIUM. L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Bather shrubby, silky-
hoary ; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted ; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panicled, nod-
ding. — Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. ABROTANUM, L. (SOUTHERN-WOOD), is found in some gardens.

58. GNAPHAL.IUM, L. CUDWEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves,
and clustered or corymbed heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from
yva.d)a\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.)

* Achenia nearly terete : pistillate Jlowers occupying several rows.

1. O. decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem stout, erect (2° high),
branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing
numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping,
decurrent; scales of the (yellowish- white) involucre oval, acutish. 1J. — Hill-
sides, New Jersey and Penn. ? to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept.

2. O. polyceptialum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose
branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales of the (whitish)
involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. (D — Old fields
and woods; common. — Plant fragrant, l°-2° high.

3. O. llligrinosillll, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, woolly
all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small)
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob-
long. (T) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side, everywhere. (Eu.)

4. O. purpiireuiii, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Stem simple, or
branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, mostly obtuse^ not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un-
derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the
wand-like summit of the stem ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white,
the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to
Virginia, and southward.

* * Achenia flattish : pistillate Jlowers in a single marginal row.

5. O. supimim, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted ;
leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple
flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acute. 1|. — Alpine
summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229

59. ANTENNARIA, Gsertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil*
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col-
ored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row
of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened
and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs,
with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish.
(So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antenna of many
insects.)

1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect (l°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves
linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect
staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or
rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug.

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.)
Spreading by offsets and runners, low ( 4' -10' high) ; leaves silky -woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape-
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample. 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower
in the fertile plant. — Var. MONOCEPHALA has a single larger head. (Phila-
delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May.

6O. FIL.AGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the
involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the
proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the
central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch-
ing woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name
fromjilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

1. F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head,
and so on : — hence the oommon name applied to it by the old botanists, as if
the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry
fields, New York to Virginia. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. ERECHTHITES, Raf. FIREWEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis

till ate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single

row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.

• Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white

20

230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with alternate simplo
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erecktheus.)

1. E. hieracifolia, Kaf. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy ; stem grooved ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile ; the upper often with an
auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) — Moist woods ; common,
especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned
over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. — Plant 1° - 5° high, with some-
what the aspect of a Sow-thistle.

62. C AC A 1. 1 A, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled
leaves, and rather large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An
ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

* Involucre 25 - 30-flowered, with several bracts at its base : receptacle flat.

1. C. Sliaveolens, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular-
lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept.

* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a
more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. reiiiioriilis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4°-
9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the loiv-
est kidney-form (1°- 2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti-
oled; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Penn. to Illinois,
and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem terete
(3° -6° high), and with the palmately veined and angulat.e-ldbed leaves glaucous;
lower leaves triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom-
boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. Aug.

4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem angled
and grooved (2° - 6° high), from a thick or tuberous root ; leaves green both sides,
thick, strongly 5-T-nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering
into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed
at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

63. SETVI3CIO, L. GROUNDSEL.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with the
marginal ones radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single
row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231

with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.
fName from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many
species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

* Hays none : root annual.

1. S. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Nearly smocith (6'- 12'
high); leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping; heads loosely corymbed. —
Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed.

2. S. aiii'cus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or
Jloccose-wootty when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar-
ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-
sJiaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1.
OBOVATUS, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places).—
Var. 2. BALSAMIT^E, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate,
sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Kocky places. — Var. 3. LAN-
CEOLATE, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un-
equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the
upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Rob-
bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June.

3. S. JElli61tii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish,
narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly-
rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward
along the mountains. May.

4. S. tomentdsus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarce-
ly deciduous hoary wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed,
on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12- 15.—
Mountains of Penn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May.

5. CANUS, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs
within our Northwestern borders.

64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate.
Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly
roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and
cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large
heads arid opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption
of Ptarmica.)

1. A. inollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of
the involucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c., White
Mountains of N. Hampshire and mountains of N. New York ; thence northwest'
ward. July. , /•< Ln. - ( '

282 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. A. nildicaillis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (l°-3°high);
leaves thievish, 3 - 5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire ; those of the
naked stem small and only 1 or 2 pairs ; heads several, corymbed, showy. —
Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May.

65. CENT A UREA, L. STAR-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely
radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales
margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few
bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the
Centaur, Chiron.}

1. C» CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre
fringe-margined ; fake rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or
toothed at the base. (J) — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen-
daged, and with a stiff black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough. U — Waste places, E. New Eng-
land. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. CALCfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched ;
leaves pinnately lol>ed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the
ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple, (f) — Norfolk, Virginia.
(Adv. from Eu.)

C. AMERICANA, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the
only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens.

66. C NIC US, Vaill. BLESSED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the
rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous,
appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re-
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate,
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. — An
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large
bracted heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from KVI£O>, to prick.)

1. C. BENEDfCTUS, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from Eu.)

67". CIRSIUM, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely
imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with
soft bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numer-
ous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous —

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233

Herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large,
terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from Kipo'^s, a swelled
vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.)

* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

1. C. LANCEOiATUM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decuirent on
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above,
woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. @ — Pas-
tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Scales of the involucre oppressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy.

-«- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above : outer scales of the involucre

successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pitclieri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout,
very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis-
ions, with revolute margins ; flowers cream-color. 1). — Sandy shores of Lakes
Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. ondulatum, Spreng. White-wootty throughout, low and stout,
leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with prickly
lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. @ — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ;
thence westward. July.

4. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy ; leave$
att deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with close wool be-
neath ; the diverging lobes 2 - 3-deft, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale
purple, d) — Meadows and copses; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6°
high : heads 1' or more in width.

5. C. altissiiniBiii, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads :
leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those
from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, tftong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purpl •»
1J.1 — Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug.
Plant 3°- 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last.

C. C, Virgiiiifimim, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above
whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly
8inuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio,
and southward. July. — Plant 1°- 3° high; the heads seldom more than half
as large as in the last.

Var. filipendullim. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched
above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en-
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and south westward.
+- +- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly-pointed.

7. C. muticum, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° -8° high),
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and
bearing single or few rather large naked heads; leaves somewhat hairy above.
20*

234 COMPOSITE. "COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

whitened with Icose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions
lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous mw>-
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. }J. —
Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug.

8. C. pumiliim, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout
(l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1 -3 very large heads (!£' broad), which are some-
what leqfy-braeted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green,
somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short ana cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer
scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or
rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (2) — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the
coast. July.

9. C. liorridulum, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (l°-4°
high), webby-haired when young ; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish
prickles ; heads large (!' - 1£' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl
of leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple in fading. —
Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
June -Aug.

* # # Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: filaments nearly

smooth: heads imperfectly dioecious.

10 C. ARVENSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Low, branched ; roots ex-
tensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly
beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; heads small and numerous ; flow-
ers rose-purple. 1J. — Cultivated fields and pastures; common at the North: a
most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

68. C AUDIT US, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. NtiTANS, L. (MusK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny;
heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. (2) — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn.,
Prof Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

69. ONOP^RDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous,
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Keceptacle deeply honeycombed.
Achenia 4-anj^led, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching
herbs, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed
somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple.

1. O. ACANTHIUM, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales
linear-awl-shaped. © — Road-sides. New England. (Adv. from Eu.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235

7O. L.APPA, Tourn. BURDOCK.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular ;
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt
and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very
large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat
woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered : flowers purple, rarely white.
(Name from Xa$eii>, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds
tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece or°>nimals.)

1. Li. MAJOR, Gaertn. (COMMON f IJRDOCK.) Upper leaves ovate, the
lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — Waste
places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L.
tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, is occasionally seen. (Nat.
from Eu.)

SUBORDER H LIGUL.IFL.6mE. (CICHORACE.E.)

71. I, AM PS AN A, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.

Heads 8 - 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch-
ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads :
flowers yellow. (Name from \drrra>, to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, aa
written by Linnaeus.)

1. !L. COMMAS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-
shaped. (J) — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

72. CICHORIUItt, Tourn. SUCCORY or CICHORY.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading
scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very
small chafly scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright
blue, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

1. €!. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ;
common near the coast, especially in Mass. July- Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. KRIOIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.

Heads 15- 20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows.
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5
broad and rounded chafly scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris-
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly
radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani-
cal collector in this country.)

236 COMPOSITE, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

<

I. K. Virs?inica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, forking during the
season (!'- 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often
pinnatifid. — Var. DICHOTOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New
England to Virginia and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug.

74. C if NT HI A, Don. CYNTHIA.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows.
Achenia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous very small
chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe-
rennial herbs, nearly smooth and gl/ ,,ous, with scattered or radical leaves;
the scapes or naked peduncles (often istly at the apex) bearing rather showy
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Pr Gably named after Mount Cynthus.)

1. C» Virginica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance-
olate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti-
oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York
to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more.

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -15*
high) ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-
lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July.

75. L.EONTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. FALL DANDELION.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from XeW, a lion, and dSovy, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus
OpOKfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

1. Li. AUTUMNALE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves more or less pin-
natifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with
small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides ; common hi E. New England
Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from Eu. )

76. IIIERACITJM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong
or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capil-
lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan-
icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from fe'pa£, a hawk.)

# Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated: achenia tapering towards the base.
1. H. Canadense, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple,
leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the
uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and
northward. Aug.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 287

# * Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

2. II. scab ruin, Michx. (ROUGH HAWKWEED.) Stem rather stout
(l°-3° high), leafy, rough-hairy; the stiff flexuous panicle at first racemose,
at length rather corymbose ; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40 - 50-flow-
ered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not
tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open
woods ; common, especially northward. Aug.

3. H. loiigipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-
like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and
bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob-
long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright
bristles ; peduncles with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; achenia
spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west-
ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles
straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long !

4. H. Groiiovii, L. (HAIRY HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-like, mostly
simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow
panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles
and the 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-
shaped, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil ; common, especially south-
ward. Aug. — Varies from l°-4° high; with small heads and almost beaked
fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest
naked-stemmed states from the next.

5. II. venosuin, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape naked or
with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ;
root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale,
purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with
purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not
tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the stem more or less leafy next
the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high.

6. H. paniculatum, L. (PANICLED HAWKWEED.) Stem slender,
leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute at
both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen-
der diverging peduncles, \2-2Q-jlowered; achenia short, not tapering at the sum-
mit. — Open woods ; rather common.

77. NABALdUS, Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri-
ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or
brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems
arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and
racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or cream-
color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from vo/3Xa, a harp, in allu-
sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of
Prenanthes, L.

238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 12-flowered.

1. HT. ;ilbus, Hook. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)
Smooth and glaucous (2° -4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit:
leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the
uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12-
flowered; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deep-
ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich
soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than
the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads £' long.

2. N. altissimus, Hook. (TALL WHITE LETTUCE.) Smooth; stein
tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose
clusters forming a long and uxmd-like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all
petioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with
naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or
again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 - b-flowered ; pappus dirty
white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward.
Aug., Sept.

3. N. Fraseri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del-
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur-
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 -12-flowered; pappus dull
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. INTEGRIF6LIU8 has the thick-
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New
England to Virginia and southward. Sept.

4. N. 11 ail US, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5' -10' high.); tne
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle ; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre
(livid) 10 - 13-Jlowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones,
which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New
York. Aug. - Oct.

5. HT. Bodttii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5' -6' high), pubescent at the
summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering
into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10 - 1 8-fiowered, of 10-15 very obtuse
proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of the
former ; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug.

6. N. virgatus, DC. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth,
slightly glaucous; stem very simple (2° -4° high) ; produced above into a naked
and slender spiked raceme (l£°-2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat-
eral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the
lower tbothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8- 12-Jloivered ;
pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward Sept.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 289

# # Involucre 12 - 40-Jiowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles.

7. N. raceindsus, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth,
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about
12-flowered; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and northward.
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. Sept. — Flowers flesh-color.

8. N. Stsper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough-
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads
in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme ;
involucre 12-14-jlowered; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio
to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.

9. IV. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled
branches ; leaves large (6' - 12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-formt
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - 40-Jlowered ;
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Involucre
blackish ; flowers cream-color.

78. TKOXIMOJV, Nutt. TKOXIMON.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo-
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 1 or 3 rows. Aclienia smooth, 10-ribbed,
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, wi' ">f ^ious and unequal
rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards
the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim-
ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from Tpo>£ofiat,
to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.)

1. T. cuspidftium, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to
a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. April, May.

TO. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough-
ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear-
ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs,
producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked
hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from
Tapao-0-w, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.)

1. T. Dens-lednis, Desf. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at
first pubescent ; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere :
probably indigenous in the North. April- Sept. — After blossoming, the inner
involucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the
fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the
naked fruits, with the paopus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.l

240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§O. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION.

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum ; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color,
and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, often branching and leafy-stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi-
nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow.
(Name composed of irvppos, flame-colored, and iraniros, pappus.)

1. P. Carol ill i;mus, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high),
leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly
clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April -July.

81. liACTtlCA, Tourn. LETTUCE.

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo-
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed
herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name
of the Lettuce, L. saliva; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)

1. lt» elongata, Muhl. (WILD LETTUCE.) Stem tall and stout (2°-
9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate
and entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow naked
panicle ; achenia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ;
the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. INTEGRI-
F6LIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel-
low or bluish (L. integrifolia, Bigel.) : — the var. SANGU^NEA is smaller, mostly
hairy, and with runcinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san-
guinea, Bigel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July- Sept.

82. MULGEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally
compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak
or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which
bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed
or panicled ; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.)
# Pappus bright white : flowers blue.

1 Iff. acuminatum, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3° -6° high);
stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, merely tooilied, sometimes hairy on
the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole ; the lowest
often sinuate ; heads loosely panicled. @ — Borders of thickets, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next.

2. Iff. Florid a 11 ll ill, DC. Nearly smooth (3° -6° high); leaves allly-
rate or runcinate, the divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan-
icle. @ — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &c. —
Rich soil, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

LOBELIACEJ3. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241

# * Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish.
3. M". leucoph&lim, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high),
very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed,
the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle
@ — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1° long.

M. PULCHELLUM, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in
Wisconsin.

83. SON CHITS, L. SOW-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate
heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.)

* Annual : flowers pale yellow.

1. S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; acke-
nia striate, wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves mostly
undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round-
ed ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last,
and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial: flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.)

3. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SOW-THISTLE.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse ; peduncles
and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex
County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey: rare. Sept. (Adv
from Eu.)

ORDER 60. LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular
monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side : the 5 stamens
free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and
always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod.
Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo,
in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only
by the genus

1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on
the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the
lower spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the
21

242 LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary of
chiefly in bracted racemes. (Dedicated to Label, an early Flemish herbalist.)
# Flowers deep red, large : stem simple.

1. Li. cardinajis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2° -4° high),
smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather
1 -sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds;
common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in-
tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert),
or even to white !

* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

•*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate:
sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles : Jlowers crowded in a long
spike or dense raceme.

2. li. syptlilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin,
acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi-
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical, y. — Low grounds; common. Aug.,
Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L*. pnbemla, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'-
2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate
bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped, ty — Moist grounds,
New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, £' long.

4. l<« leptopstacliys, A. DO. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme
spike-like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the
auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.
U — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" - 4" long.
••- H- Stems leafy, mostly simpk (l°-2£° Ugh) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late: calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : Jlowers pretty large
($'-!' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: anthers sometimes beard-
ed on the back.

5. !L. glandllldsa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts,
and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely
hispid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. U — Moist places, Virginia and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.

6. Jit. amoena, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves
and bracts scarcely glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. 1J. — Shady
moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept.

1 — -H- *- Stems leafy : calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, no auricles or ap-
pendages at the sinuses: Jlowers small (&'-%' long), racemed.
** Paniculately much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial.

7. L.. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Somewhat pubescent (9'-18'
high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; lobes of the calyx equalling
the corolla (2" -3" long), the tube and the inflated pod ovoid. — D*y open soil ;
common. July - Sept. — A virulent poison and quack medicine.

CAMPANULACEJC. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243

** «-i Simple or sparingly panicled, slender : leaves entire or nearly so, the upper
reduced to linear or awl-shaped bracts : root perennial or biennial.

8. li» spicala, Lam. Minutely pubescent; stem wand-like, simple (1°-
3° high) ; stem-leaves obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; raceme long and spike-like, com-
monly dense. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis-
consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue.

9. L,. Nllttallii, Kcem. & Sch. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), minute-
ly roughened, mostly simple ; root-leaves obovate ; those of the stem oblong-linear ;
flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme ; the thread-form pedicels
longer than the bract, shorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets near the
base ; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New
Jersey, and southward. July - Sept. Much resembles the next.

10. It. Itfiliuii, L. Stem slender, branching (4' -18' high), smooth; root-
leaves oblong-spatulate ; those of the stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; pedi-
cels shorter than the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract-
lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to
Wisconsin along the Great Lakes. July - Sept.

4- t- •«- •*- Stem simple and nearly leafless, except at or near the base : flowers in a
simple loose raceme : leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at the base ; auricles none.

11. JL« paludlosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2^° high);
leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, den-
ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the
middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers £' long, light blue.

12. JL. I>ortmaima, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape
thickish (5' - 12' high) , few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow,
with a partition lengthwise,, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly
hairy. 1|. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July
- Sept. — Flowers £' - §' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.)

ORDER 61. CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the
bud; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be-
set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled,
many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy
albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented
in America, in the Northern States by only two genera.

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate,
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or
holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the Italian
campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

244 CAMPANULACE.fi. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

# Flowers panided (or rarely solitary), long-peduncled : pods nodding.

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5'-12-
high), 1 -10-flowerecl; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or
crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves- numerous, linear or nar-
rowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from £ to § the
length of the bright-blue corolla, 1J. — Rocky shaded banks; common north-
ward, and along the mountains. July. — A delicate and pretty, but variable
species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely
conspicuous. Corolla £' - f long. (Eu.)

Var. liiiifolia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla §'-!' long. (C. linifo-
lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple
and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough back-
wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lance-
olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the
length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. IJ.1? (C. erinoides, Muhl.) —
Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the
habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely $' long.

3. €5. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°-
3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed;
flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl-
shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small (^') corolla; style protruded.
1J. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
July - Sept.

* #= Fiowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike:
corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed : pods erect.

4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Stem mostly simple
(3° -6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^' -6' long); the slender style
protruded and curved. 1J. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. July. — Spike l°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1' broad.

C. MEDIUM, L., the CANTERBURY BELLS, and some other species, are com-
mon in gardens. C. GLOMERATA, L., has escaped from gardens at Danvers,
Mass.

2. SPECUL.ARIA, Heist. VENUS'S LOOKING-GXASS.

Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sep-
arate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas
3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 6 small lateral
valves. — Low annuals ; the lower flowers in the American species (§ TRIODAL-
LUS, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their imperfect
corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Euro-
pean spepies.)

ERICACEJS. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245

2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy ; leaves roundish or ovate,
clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 to-
gether in the axils ; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding
(purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry hills
or open fields ; common. May - Aug.

ORDER 62. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the stan*ent
as many or twice as many as the 4 — 5-lobed or 4^ — 5-petalled corolla, free
from but inserted with it: anthers 2-celled, commonly apper«*aged or open-
ing by terminal chinks or pores : style 1 : ovary 3 - 10-celled. Seeds small,
anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A
large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-
marked suborders, as follows : —

SUBORDER I. VACCINIEJS. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen
compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with
scaly buds.

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried

drupe with 8-10 small nutlets.

2. YACCINIUM. Berry 4 - 6-celled (or imperfectly 8 -10-celled by false partitions), many-

seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

8. CHIOGENES. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged
into a tube, but each 2-pointed.

SUBORDER II. ERICINE^E. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or
quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen of 4 united grains. — Shrubs or
email trees.

TRIBE I. ARBTJTE^E. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 - 10-seeded.
TEIBE II. AJVDROMEDE^E. Fruit a pod opening loculicidally. Corolla deciduous.

* Anthers upright in the bud, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped.
6. EPIGJBA. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged.
* * Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob-
ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical.
*- Calyx enlarged and berry-like hi fruit.

6. GAULTIIEIUA. Calyx 5-cleft, hi fruit enclosing the small many -seeded pod. Anthers 4-

awned at the top.

«- «- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

7. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated hi the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 6-toothed. Pod de-

pressed, 6-lobed, the valves entire.

8. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cyliadraceous, 6-toothed. Pod splitting when

ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.
21*

246 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

9. CASSIOPE. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Pod
globular-ovoid, 4 - 6-valved, the valves Z-cleft.

10. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Beeds

mostly hanging.

11. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal.

Seeds all ascending.

• * * Anthers turned over outwardly hi the bud, afterwards upright ; the cells opening only
by a hole at the top. Corolla of 5 separate petals.

12. QLETHRA. Sepals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved.

TRIBE HI. RHODOREJE. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous

* Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top.

1- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.
18. PHYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.
14. KALMIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves broad.

«- «- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.
16. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 6. Leaves deciduous.

17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 10.

Leaves evergreen.

18. RHODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the rest

Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous.

19. LEDUM. Corolla regular, of 6 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen.

* * Anther -cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen.

20. LOISELEURIA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

21. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla of 6 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

SUBORDER HI. PYROLE^. THE PYROLA FAMILY.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c.
as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov-
ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen
foliage.

22. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthen

scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges.

28. MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid*
die : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigmas 6, radiate.
Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.

24. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments
dilated in the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or-
bicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPE^. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but the plants herbaceous and
entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beechdrops.
Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple.

* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-cellod.

26. PTEROSPORA. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, withering-persistent. Anthers 2-horned on the
back, opening lengthwise.

26. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top.

* * Corolla of 4 or 6 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like.

27. MONOTROPA. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across th» top.

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 247

SUBORDER I. VACCIWI^J^E. THE WHORTLEBERKY FAMILY.

1. GAYtUSSACIA, H. B. K. HDCKLEBEBHT.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an-
thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets.
— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with
resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)
* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted.

1. O. bracliyccra, Gray. (BOX-LEAVED HUCKLEBEBBY.) Very
smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly
sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per-
ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia.
May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box.

# # Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. O. duuidsa, Torr. & Gr. (DWABP HUCKLEBEBBY.) Somewhat hairy
and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-ob-
iong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or
glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIBTELLA has the
young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hair}'. — Sandy low soil, Maine
to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June.

3. G. frondosa, Ton-. & Gr. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBEBBY.)
Smooth (3° -6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong,
blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid-
uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit
dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New
England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBEBEY.) Much branched,
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length
of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous; corolla ovoid-
conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps ; common. May, June. — The common
Huckleberry of the North. It is said sometimes to occur with white fruit.

2. VACCIHTIUM, L. CBANBEBBY. BLUEBEBBY. BILBEBBY.

Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4 -5-cleft, revolute.
Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate
and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled,
many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretchirg from the
back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, >r racemed
flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, of obscure
derivation.)

248 EKICACE^. (HEATH FAMILY.)

t 1. OXYC6CCUS, Tourn. — Ovary 4-celied: corolla 4-parted, the long and war
row divisions revolute : anthers 8, aumless, tapering upwards into very Lang tube*

* Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever-
green : pedicels erect, with the pale, rose-colored flower nodding on their summit :
corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid.

1. V. Oxy coccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Steins very slendei
(4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, unth strongly revolute margins (2" -3" long);
pedicels 1-4, terminal; filaments more than half the length of the anthers.
(Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis-
consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel-
dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.)

2. T. iimcrocftrpon, Ait. (COMMON AMERICAN CRANBERRY.)
Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending; haves oblong,
obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, be-
coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma-
crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north-
ward. June. — Berry £' - 1 ' long.

* * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary

and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft : berries turning purple, insipid.

3. T. eryttirociirpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°-
4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July.

§ 2. VTTIS-nX&A, Tourn. — Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed:
anthers 8-10, awnless : fllaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding ra-
cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple.

4. V. VitiS-Id&a, L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6' -10' high); branches
erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark
green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under-
neath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also
on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and 'north ward.
June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.)

$ 3. BATODENDRON. — Ovary more or less completely W-celled by false parti-
tions : corolla spreading-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers 2-awned on the back : flla-
ments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli-
tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy
racemes.

5. V. stamineimi, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.)

Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval,
pale, whitish underneath, deciduous; tubes of the anthers much longer than the
corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. — Dry woods,
Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June.

(V. ARB6REUM, Michx., the FARKLE-BERRY, a tall species of this section,
with evergreen leaves, probably extends northward into Vrginia.)

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 249

$ 4. EUVACCf NIUM. — Ovary 4 - 5-cdled, with no trace of false partition* : co-
rolla urn-shaped or globular, 4-5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back' filaments
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together : berries blue or black : northern
alpine plants, with deciduous leaves.

6. T. ceespitosum, Michx. (DWARF BILBERRY.) Dwarf (3' -5'

high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth
and shining, serrate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly
urn -shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire ; and high northward.

7. V. iiligiitosuiii, L. (Boo BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (*' -8
high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, p^le and slightly pubes-
cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost
sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the high
mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 5. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less completely IQ-celled by false parti-
tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10,
awnless : filaments hairy : berries bine or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in
dusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding
the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the
Northern species or proper Blueberries.)

8. V. Peinisylvanicuni, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf
(6' -15' high), smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-
pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib
underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM is
a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves.
(V. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north-
ward.— Branches green, angled, warty. , Berries abundant, large and sweet,
ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleben-y in the market.

9. V. Canadeiisc, Kalm. (CANADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the
crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or ,moist
woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward.

10. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (1°- 2£° high),
glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute-
ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous,
the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil,
common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow-
ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8.

11. T. corymbosum, L. (COMMON SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall
(5° -10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying
from turgid-ovate and ^ylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps
and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or
blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves
entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets.
The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men

250 ERICA CE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.)

tioncd is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to be
regarded as a species

Var. glabrillll. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout ; leaves entire.

Var. ailioenum. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides,
beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.)

Var. pallid urn. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe-
cially underneath, serrulate with bristly tee,th. (V. pallidum, Ait.)

Var. atrococcum* Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even
when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V.
fuscitum, Ait. ? fr Ed. 1.)

3. CIIIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the lirnb 4-parted.
Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted oh an 8-
toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate-
oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at
the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob-
ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A
trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems,
and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute
margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid
rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe-
duncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xi^v^ snow> and
yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. hispidllla, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Gaultheria
serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muh'l.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain
woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in
the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win-
tergreen, or Birch. Leaves £' long. Berries # broad, bright white.

SUBORDER II. ERICINE^E. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY.

4. ARCTOSTAPHYL.OS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens
JO, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with
alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or
clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of apKros^a bear, and oro^vXq,
a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; leaves thick and
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.)
— Rocks and bare hills ; New Jersey to Wisconsin, and northward. May. (Eu.)
• 2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) ' Dwarf, tufted and de-
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ;
fruit black. — Alpine region of the White ^Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount
Katalid in,. Maine, and high northward. (Eu.)

ERICACEJC. (HEATH FAMILY.) 251

, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.

Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila-
ments : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Pod depressed-glol alar,
5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant,
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped
alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axil-
lary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of «ri, upon, and 77), the earth,
from the trailing growth.)

1. E. re pens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines, common in many places. — Flowers appearing in early
spring, and exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called MAT-
FLO WER.

6. GAUL,TH:ERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEX.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded : anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red
kerry i — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec; Linn. Amcen. Acad. 3, p. 15 ; very likely
the same person as the M. Gautier who contributed a paper on the Sugar-Maple
to the Memoirs of the French Academy ; but it is too late to alter the original
orthography of the genus.)

1. O. procunibens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches as-
cending, leafy at the summit (3' - 5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely
serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods,
mostly in the shade of evergreens : common northward, and southward along
the Alleghanies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the
foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the
interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. East-
ward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchell*,
tiie latter especially so), and Boxberry.

7. I^EUC^THOE, Don. LEUCOTHOE.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : «u.
thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a poro
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick-
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short^
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs, with petioled and serrulate leaves, and
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in uxillary or terminal spiked racemei
(A mythological name.)

252 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

§ 1. LEUCOTHOE PBOPEK. — Anthers awnless; the cells sometimes obscurely 2-
pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced at
the time of flowering from scaly buds in ike, axils of the coriaceous and shining per-
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlett
at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wing-like.)

1. IA» axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or
acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate..
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low coun-
try, and southward. Feb. -April. — Shrub 2° -4° high.

2. L<. C«ltesl>iei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with cili-
ate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3' - 6' long) ; sepals ovate-
oblong, often acute. (Andr. Catesbaei, Walt. A. axillaris, Michx. A. spinu-
losa, Pursh. L. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the
mountains, and southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading
or recurved branches.

$ 2. EtlBOTRYS, Nutt. — Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the
calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: placentce
merely spreading : flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes, which
mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the flower-buds
not completing their growth and expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-
shaped, deciduous : leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midnb and

3. JL. reciirva. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves lanceo-
late or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate; anther-cells l-awned ; pod 5-lobed; seeds
flat and cellular-winged. (Andr. recurva, Buckley.) — Dry hills, Alleghanies of
Virginia and southward. April. - - Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L<. ra.cein.dsa* Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or
oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not
lobed; seeds angled and wingless. (Andr. racemosa & A. paniculata, L.) — Moist
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June.
— Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical.

8. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens 10 : anther-cells tapering into, a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the
apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers,
the outer 5-valved, and later the cartilaginous inner layer 10-valved. Seeds
flattened, wingless. — Low and much-branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen
and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white,
in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy racemes ; the
.flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early tho next spring. ( Cas-
sandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyculata. Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (.Andromeda
calyculata, L.) — Bogs, common northward. (Eu.)

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 258

9. CASSlOPE, Don. CASSIOPE.

Calj 2S without bractlets, of 4 or £ nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the bud Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 :
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5-
celled, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placentae many-seeded, pendulous from
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary,
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the
mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypiioides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (I'- 4'
high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft; style short and coni-
cal. (Andromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Moun-
tains, New York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Mount
Katahdin, Maine (Mr. Young), and high northward. (Eu.)

1O. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part. ) (Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia,
Nutt., & Pieris, Don.)

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in tho
early bud, but very early separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 :
anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob-
ular, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit or
middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbcllcd, clustered, or panicled and
racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnajus for A. poli-
folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

§ 1. ANDR6MEDA PROPER. — Corolla globular -urn-shaped : filaments bearded,
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending
awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat : flow-
ers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts :
leaves evergreen.

1. A. polifolia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6' -18' high) ; leaves thick,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly rcvolute margins, white beneath. —
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.)

§2. PORTION A, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and ^-angled: filaments not
apj)endaged: anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long reflexed awn near the in-
sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : flowers in axillary
and terminal racemes, which are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the
following spring : pedicels l-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets: leaves thick
and evergreen.

2. A. florilmnda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young ; leaves lance-
oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes
dense, crowded in panicles. — ; Moist hills, in the Alleghanics from Virginia
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° -10° high, bearing abundance of
handsome flowei-s.

22

251 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

$ 3* PlfeRIS, Don. — Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : filaments slender and
aid-shaped, appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below
the apex: anthers oblong, awnless : sutures of the 5-angular pod with a more or less
thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the pod opens : seeds
turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticulated coat : fiowers
in umbel-like clusters variously arranged.

3. A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid-
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding,
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of
the preceding year ; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. —
Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward.
May, June. — Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

(A. NlriDA, Bartram, the FETTERBUSH, belongs to this group, and may
grow in S. Virginia.)

§ 4. LY6NIA, Nutt. — Calyx 5-deft: corolla globular, pubescent: filaments and
anthers destitute of awns or appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the
ribs at length separating or separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and
thin cellular coat : Jlowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-panicled :
bracts minute and deciduous : leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath.

4. A. ligTiStrilia, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on

/-i branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along
the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high.

11. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corol-
la ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, linear,
awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong-
pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae at the base of the cells.
Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate
and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petiojes, and white flowers
in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the
branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sou?
to the taste (whence the name, from o£vsj sour, and devdpov, tree).

1. O. arfooreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, from
Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree
40° - 60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach.

12. CLETHRA, L. WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong
petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted
and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender,
3-cleft.at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.
Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in termi

(HEATH FAMILY.) 255

nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KAqtfpa, the ancient Greek name of the
Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. a 1 ill folia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply sen-ate, entire towards
the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes uprigld,
panicled; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath.

2. C. acuillinata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely
serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than
the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia
and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree.

13. PIIYLiLODOCE, Salisb. PHYLLODOCK.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless,
shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-cellcd, septici-
dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath-
like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves.
Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the
branches. ("A mythological name.")

1. P. taxi folia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth;
style included. (Menziesia ca^rulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (Young). July
Shrub 4' - 6' high, tufted. (Eu. )

14* HLALrflttlA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until
they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-cellcd,
many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bracted. Flower-buds
naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus who travelled in this
country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbel-like corymbs: cal.yx smaller than the pod-,
persistent : leaves glabrous.

1. K. latifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-
WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti-
cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, rather
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° - 8° high ; but in the
mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like
(10° - 20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep
rose-color, clammy.

2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves -Mm-
monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly

256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

t

oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the ftranches of the
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth.—
Hill-sides, common. May -July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: the flowers
more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) BrancMets 2-edaed ; leaves oppo-
site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs
terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROS-
MARINIF6LIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and
mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high.
Flowers £' broad, lilac-purple.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy,
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter-
nate and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. liirsiita, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4"
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May -Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-
urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included :
anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled,
4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A IOAV shrub, with
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like
those of A/alea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Mcnzies, who in Vancouver's
voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.)

. 1. M. ferrilginea, Smith: var. glob ilia 1'iS. Corolla rather shorter
and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant. — Allegheny Mountains, S.
Pennsylvania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland.

16. AZALEA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, slightly irregu-
lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually
declined, as well as the similar style: anthers short, opening by terminal pores,
pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-vaived, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright
shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire,
ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri-
cated terminal buds. (Name from a£aXeos, and, — most inappropriate as ap-
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.)

* Flowers appearing afler the leaves.

1. A. arfoorescens, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchkts smooth;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the
margins bristly -ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy ;

(HEATH FAMILY.) 257

stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra-
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3.

2. A. viscosa, L. (CLAMMY AZALEA. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUC-
KLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo-
vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much
longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted. —
Var. GLAOCA has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both
sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. N^TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves
green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast.
June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers,
white or tinged with rose-color.

* # Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. A» micliflora, L. (PURPLE AZALEA. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branch-
lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ;
tribe of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens
and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia,
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° - 6° high, with very showy flowers
varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties,
some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens.

4. A* calendulacea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branch-
lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ;
tube of the corolla shoi-ter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted.
— Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. —
Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of
large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

17. RHODODENDRON, L. KOSE-BAY.

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel-
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com-
monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal
corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. ('PoSoSei/Spoi/, rose-tree; the
ancient name.)

1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or
lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo-
lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng-
land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the
mountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Leaves
4' - 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green-
ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.

2. R. CataTVfoiense, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple;
pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south-
ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high.

3. R. JL.ai>p6ntcuiii, Wahl. (LAPLAND ROSE-BAY.) Dwarf, pros-

22*

258 EEICACE^E. (HEATH FAMILY.)

trate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, defied both sides (like the branches) with rusty scales ;
umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine
summits of the high mountaini of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York.
July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves # long. Corolla
violet-purple. (Eu.)

18. KIIODORA, Duham. RHODOBA.

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip usu-
ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals.
Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea.
(Name from podov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.)

1. R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub,
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier
than the leaves.

19. L.EDUUI, L. LABRADOR TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placenta borne on the summit
of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves
clothed with rusty wool underneath, the margins revolute : slightly fragrant
when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from
large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (Aq&w, the ancient Greek name of the Cis-
tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.)

1. JL. latifolium, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes
6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin', and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. —
(L. pALtJSTRK, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in the
United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens,
and oval pads. ) (Eu. )

2O. LOISELEIJRIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft
regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening length-
wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2- 3-celled, many-seeded, 2- 3-valved; the valves
2-cleft from the apex: placentas borne on the middle of the columella. — A
dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth,
with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revo-
lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2 - 5 in a cluster, from a ter-
minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for Loiseleur
Delongchamps, a French botanist.)

1. l<. prociilllbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.} — Alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.)

(HEATH FAMILY.) 259

21. LEIOPH^LLUM, Pers. SAND MYHTLE.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta-
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter-
nate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(Name from Xelos, smooth, and <^vXXoi/, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and
shining leaves.)

1. It. 1> ii \i folium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and
mountain-tops in Virginia 1 and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high, with
the oval or oblong leaves £'-£' long.

SUBORDER III. PYR6L.EJE. THE PYROLA FAMILY.

22. P^ROL-A, L. FALSE WINTERGREEN.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers turned out-
wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely
(if at all) 2-horned apex, more or less 4-celled. Style long and generally turned
to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar
which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-cclled, 5-valved from
the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi-
nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bracted scape. (Name a dimin-
utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage,
which is not obvious.)

* Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals •
stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring : haves denticulate or entire.

1. P. rot iimli folia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many-
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread-
ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate nearly spreading
(chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy
woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high,
many-bracted : flowers $' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var.
INCARNATA, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. —
Var. A8ARIF6LIA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate
calyx-lobes of about J the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari-
folia, Michx.) Common northward. — Var. ULIGIN6SA, with roundish-oval or
somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-l£' wide), and ovate acute calyx-
lobes | the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or
several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. fr Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon-
sin, and northward. (Eu.)

260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
obovate-oi>al, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green-
ish-white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods,
New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward; common. June.
— Scape and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1.

3. P. Chloral Htlia, Swartz. (SMALL PYROLA.) Leaves smatt (I1 long),
roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, naked (5' - 8' high),
calyx-kibes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-
white); anther-cells pointed; style strongly deflexed, scarcely exserted. (P.
asarifolia, Bigel., ^c.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north-
ward. June. (Eu.)

# * Stamens and style, straight: stigmas thick, united unth the expanded ring: ». e.
stigma peltate, 5-rayed.

4. P. secunda, L. (ONE-SIDED PYROLA.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer
than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like, with the
numerous small (greenish- white) flowers att turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate,
very much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and exserted. —
Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 6'
high. (Eu.)

5. P. minor, L. (LESSER PYROLA.) Leaves roundish, slightly crenu-
late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx-
lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style
short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, white or
rose-color. (Eu.)

23. MONESES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped,
naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned at the apex, 2-celled.
Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod
naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny serrate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra-
nean shoots ; the 1 - 2-bracted scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of
the flower sometimes in fours. (Name fiwoy, single, and rj<ris, desire, probably
in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.)

1. M. imifldra. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl-
vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high,
smooth; the corolla $ broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.)

24. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en-
larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-celled, some-
what 2-horned at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed
in the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular,

ERICACE.B. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261

disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining
leaves somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems: the
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe-
duncle. (Name from xe*/*a> winter, and <£tXeo>, to love, in allusion to one of the
popular names, viz. Wintergreen.)

1. C. unibellata, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves
wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7-
flowered. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals
flesh-color: anthers violet. (Eu.)

2. C. mac ill uta, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with
white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle
States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high.

SUBORDER IV. MOMOTROPE^. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

25. FTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens
10 : anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short :
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes-
cent herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with
scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding
(white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name
from irrfpov, a wing, and <nropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by
the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic on the roots
apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn-
sylvania northward and westward : rare.

26. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP.

Calyx of 5 oblong-Ian ceolatetncute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base.
Stamens 10: anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit
awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A
low and smooth brownish plant, 3' - 4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
ecaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color,
exhaling the fragrance of violets.' (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the ro-»te of herbs, Maryland
and southward : rare. April.

262 GALACiNE.fi. (GALAX FAMILY.;

27. MONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5
separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl-
shaped: anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, opening across the top.
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-grooved, 4-5-
celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a
Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets,
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 - several-flowered ; the flow-
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of pWis, one,
and Tpvrros, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

$ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt.— Plant inodorous, with a singk 5-petalled and 10-
androus flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: ant/ters
transverse, opening by 2 chinks; style short and thick.

1. IH. imiflora, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blackish in drying, 3' -8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich
woods : common. June- Aug. (Also in the Himalayas !)

§ 2. HYP6PITYS, Dill. — Plant commonly fragrant : flowers several in a scaly
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and IQ-androus, while the rest are 4-
petalled and 8-androus; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals: anthers
opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and ap
pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Hypopitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Some-
what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'- 12' high) ; pod globu-
lar-ovoid or oval ; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M
lanugiriosa, Michx. — Oak and pine woods ; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

ORDER 63. GALACIJVE^E. (GALAX FAMILY.)

Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of which is
still unknown.

1. GALAX, L. , GALAX.

Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo-
vate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united
in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round-
ish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short :
stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved: columella none.
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight
in fleshy albumen, more than half its length. — A smooth herb, with a thick
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset witli fibrous red roots, sending up

AQUIFOLIACE2E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263

loand-hcart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like
spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from
yaXa, milk, — of no application to this plant.)

1 . G. ;i|»li y I In, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June.

ORDER 64. AQUIFOL.IACEJE. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 - 6-merous flowers, a minute calyx
free from the 4 - Q-celled ovary and the 4 - 6-seeded berry-like drupe, the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - Q-petalled corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated
ih the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-6, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate.
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two
genera, since we include Prinos under Ilex.

1. ILEX, L. (Ilex & Prinos, L.) HOLLY.

Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous, but many of them perfect.
Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing
4 - 8 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary,
and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin
name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.)

$ 1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes
in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-
grooved on the back : leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen.
* Leaves armed with spiny teeth : trees.

1. I. opskca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to Penn. near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward.
June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not
so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly.

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs.

2. I. Cassine, L. (CASSENA. YAUPON.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate (I'-l^' long); flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse.
— Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea, as
they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians.

3. I. myrtifdlia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly
and sharply serrate or entire (V long) ; peduncles slender and 3-9-flowered, or
the more fertile shorter and 1 -flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of
Virginia and southward. May.

264 AQUIFOLIACEJE. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

4. I. ]>:ilioon, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves obJanceolate or oblong,
entire, or sharply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long),
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia
and southward. June.

$ 2. PRINOlDES.— Parts of the (polygamous] flowers in fours or fives (rarely in
sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (the dorsal ribs nearly simj^le] :
leaves membranaceous and deciduous : shrubs.

5. I. dcciclim, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the
petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and southward. May.

6. I. iiioiiticolcl. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), smooth,
sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua,
Torr. I. montana, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.] — Damp woods, Taconic
and Catskill Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward.

$ 3. PRLNOS, L. — Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the
fertile /lowers commonly in sixes (rarely in Jives, sevens, or eights] : nutlets smooth
and even: shrubs.

# Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile clusters or solitary : fruit scarlet.

7. I. verticillata. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) Leaves obo-
vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the
veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low
grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June.

8. I. leevigata. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanoeolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be-
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos laevigatus, Pursh.)
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger
than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn.

# * Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fruit
black. ( Winterlia, Mcench. )

9. I. glabra. (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar-
ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (£' long) of the sterile
flowers 3 - 6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri-
nos glaber, L.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high.

2. WEMOPANTHES, Kaf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de-
ciduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, widely
spreading, distinct. Stamens 4 - 5 : filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony
nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and
oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth.
Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered.
(Name said by the author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform pedun-

STTRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) 265

cle," therefore probably composed of vrjfM, a thread, irovs, a foot, and avQos,
a flower.)

1. W. Canadensis, DC. (Hex Canadensis, Michx.)— Damp cold
woods, from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north-
ward. May.

ORDER 65. STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ova-
ry ; the corolla of 4 - 8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ; the
stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous f monadelphous or poly-
adelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells
commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons.
Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm
countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes.

TRIBE I. STYRACEJE. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2 - 4 times as many as
the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend-
ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1 STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 6-

parted. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded.
2. HALESIA Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 - 4-celled ovary, which is 2 - 4-

winged and 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

TRIBE II. SYMPI4OCINE.E. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an-
thers short, innate Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.
8. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8-
parted), large ; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twico
as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short
tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per-
sistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular,
erect, with a hard %coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous
leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping
peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (rj 2rvpo£, the ancient Greek name
of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-lomen-
tose beneath (3' -6' long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla (J' long)
convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April.

2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovato (about 1' long),
above sparingly puberulent, and scurjy-tomentose beneath ; flowers (£' long) 1 -3 to-

23

266 EBENACE.E. (EBONY FAMILY.)

gelher in the axils and at the tips of the branches. — Low pine barrens, Virginia
(Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high.

3. S» Americana., Lara. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1-3
long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3-4-flowered
racemes (%' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. laeve, Ell.) —
Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.

2. HAL<ESIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4-
oelled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : fila-
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base
of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and
dry, 2 -4- winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin-
drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves,
and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate.
(Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetraptcra, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks
of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short),
and southward. Fruit 1^' long.

3. SYMPL.OCOS, Jacq. § H6PEA, L. SWEET-LEAF.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu-
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen •
der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded.
— Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and
furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name trvpirXoKos, connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedi-
cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.)

1. S. tilictdi'ia, L'Her. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves elongated-ob-
long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent
and pale beneath (3' -5' long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters,
odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet,
greedily eaten by cattle.

ORDER 66. EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow-
ers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their
anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2,
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropcus, mostly single in
each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous inte^amer.t; the embryo

SAPOTACEJE. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 267

shorter lhan the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat -cotyledons.
Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. No
milky juice. — A small family, chiefly subtropical, represented here by

1. DIOSPYROS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON.

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4 - 8-celled,
4 - 8-seeded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atos, of Jove, and irvpos, grain.)

1. I>. Virginiana, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla between
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. —
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward.
June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla,
and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when
green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

ORDER 67. SAPOTACE^. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually
in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com-
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4 - 12-celled, with
a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ;
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. —
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and
some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus

1. BUM ELI A, Swartz. BUMELIA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem-
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish
scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves.
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard.
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioides, Gaertn. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10°-
25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long) ; clusters, densely many-
flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Kentucky and southward. May, June,

2. B. lailllginosa, Pcrs. Spiny (10°-40° high) ; leaves oblong-obovate
orwedge-obcvate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (l£'-3' long) ; clusters 6 - 1 2-flowered ;

268 PLANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo-
site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty
beneath (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July.

ORDER 68. PL.ANTAGINACE-3E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopelalous
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus

1. PL.ANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. RIBGRASS.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaceous margins.
Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or
rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fuga-
cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules
in each cell. Pod 2-cclled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse
line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the
peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed.
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape.
(The Latin name of the Plantain.)

$ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike: corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading :
stamens 4, with long capillary filaments : pod ^-celled, 2 - 1 8-seeded : seeds not hol-
lowed out on the inner face : perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves.

1. P. MAJOR, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or hairy; leaves ovate,
oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan-
nelled petiole; spike cylindrical ; pod T-16-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially
near dwellings. June- Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. "P. corclata, Lam. Very glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate
(3' -8' long), long-petioled, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose-
ly flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; pod 2 - ^-seeded. — Along rivulets, New
York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June.

§ 2. Flowers all perfect and alike : corolla pubescent bdow : stamens 4, mth long
filaments: pods 2-celled and 2-seeded, or incompletely 3 -^-celled and 3 - 4-seeded :
seeds not hollowed on the face : perennials, with linear thick and fleshy leaves.

3. P. maritima, L. (SEASIDE PLANTAIN.) Leaves flat or flattish
channelled, entire or rarely few-toothed, glabrous ; spikes cylindrical or oblong;
bracts ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovate or oval scavious se-
pals, which have a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crested. — Var. JUN-
COIDES is usually more slender, the flowers often sparser, and the keel crestless.
Salt marshes on the coast from New Jersey northward ; the var. only north-
ward. (Eu.)

§ 3. Flowers all perfect and alike; the, 2 anterior scarious sepals generally united into
one: corolla, stamens, £c. as in the first group: seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on
the face : leaves fiat, lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed.

PLANTAGINACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 269

4. P» IANCEOLATA, L. (RlBGRASS. RlPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLAN-
TAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much
longer than the leaves; spike short and thick, ty — Dry fields, mostly east-
ward. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 4. Flowers all perfect and commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, some
with small anthers on short filaments, others with large anthers on long-exserted fila-
ments : corolla glabrous, the broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in
each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hollowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow
woolly or hairy leaves.

5. P. Patagdnica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves
1-3-nerved; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, scarious,
with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.)

Var. gnaphalioides. White with silky wool; leaves varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (i1 -4' long), woolly; bracts not
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry
plains, W. Wisconsin "? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and
var. nuda into

Var. aristata. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts
awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., &c.) — Illinois
and southward.

$ 5. Flowers diceciousl.y polygamous, or of 2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones with the usual
large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the corotta refiexed or
spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and the
corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak : stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds I
or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly fiat on the face : annuals or biennials, with rathe*
obscurely and few-ribbed leaves.

6. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves
oblong, varying to pbovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or
coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ;
sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds,
Rhode Island to Kentucky and southward. May- Sept.

$ 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in § 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly
fertile not so much closed: pod 2-cetted: seeds 2-19 in each cell, not hollowed
on tlieface: small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and
obscurely l-ribbed leaves.

7. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire;
flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, ^-seeded, little exceeding the calyx
and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April - Aug.

8. P. heterophflla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den-
ticulate, or some of them below 2 -4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' -8' high, in-
cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-conoidal,
lO-28-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla,
Decaisne, in DC.)— Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward. April -
June.

23*

270 PLUMBA JINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

ORDER 69. PLUMB AGIN ACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited
calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla,
and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord
which rises from the base of the cell. — The STATIC^JS or MARSH-ROSE-
MARY TRIBE alone is represented in our region by the genus

1. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1 -sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and memhranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases.
Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1-seeded, in
the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren-
nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched
into panicles. (STart/cq, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on
account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limoiiium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate,
1 -ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled ; scape much-branched,
corymbose-panicled (l°-2° high); spikelets 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx-tube hairy
on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. —
Boot thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniana (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North-
ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered
flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending
northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

ARMERIA VULGARIS, the THRIFT of the gardens, is a native of Northern
Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper.

ORDER 70. PRIMIILACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers,
the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous)
corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a l-celled ovary with a
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. —
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none
in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Seeds
with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the
middle, except in Tribe 4.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. PRIMUI^E-flE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth.
« Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root.

1. PRIMULA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included

2. ANDROSACE. Corolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included

PRIMULACE2E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271

8. DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted ; filamen te un!*ed.
* * Stems leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or hi Glaux none).

4. TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit.

5. LYS1MACHIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy.

6. NAUMBUUGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth.

7. GLAUX. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like.

TBIBE II. AN AGAI^IjIDE^J. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a trans-
verse line, the top falling off like a lid.

8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

9. CENTUNCDLUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

TRIBE III. SAMOLE^B. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves.

10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses.

TEIBB IV. HOTTONIEJE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves.
Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.

11. iHOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected.

1. PUIMUL.A, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped.
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus,
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farindsa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Leaves elliptical or
obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3 - 20-flowered involucre, fyc. covered
tuith a white mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes
St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3' - 10' high. (Eu.)

2. P. Rttstassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin
and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked
Lake (Sartwell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and
Vasey), Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, frc.), and northward. May. —
A pretty species, 2' - 6' high. (Eu.)

P. VERIS and P. VULGARIS are the COWSLIP and PRIMROSE of Europe,
from which various cultivated varieties are derived.

2. AN DUOS ACE, Tourn. ANDROSACE.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An old name, composed of
avbposi of man, and (TOKOS, a shield : unmeaning. )

1. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2' -4' high),
many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile ;
calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. ® —
Banks of the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward.

272 PRIMULACEJE. (PRIMROSE .FAMILY.)

3. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb ; the divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and
linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu-
crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding
on slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name
fancifully assumed from dd>8e/ea, twelve, and foot, gods.)

1. I>. Itleatlin, L. — Rich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and
south westward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the West
called SHOOTING-STAB.

4. TRIEIVTAI^IS, L. CHICK WEED- WINTERGREEN.

Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded.

— Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny
leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate
white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot,
alluding to the size of the plant.)

1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods;
common northward, and southward in the mountains. May.

5. EYSIMACHIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted
limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose,
5 - 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes. )

— Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemed flowers : corolla
mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from \IHTIS, a release

from, pdx>li strife.)

§ 1. TRIDYNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and
(/olden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal, plainly
monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5-
valved, ripening only 2 — 5 seeds. ,

1. It. Stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves oppo-
site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at .each end ; flowers on slender pedi
eels in-a long raceme (5'- 12'), which is leafy at the base ; or, in var. PKODUCTA,
leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ;
common. June -Aug. — Stems l°-2° high, often bearing oblong bulblets in
the axils. i

PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 273

2. JL. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2°high);
leaves ivhorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flowers
on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil; common. June. — A variety has the
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to
bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.)

§ 2. STEIRONiSMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at
the base : floivers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves :
corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with
undulate or denticulate margins, scarcely exceeding the sepals : JUaments nearly
equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the
base in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod
5- IQ-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 - 20-seeded.

3. Li. Ciliata, L. Stem erect (2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6'
long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long
and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets ;
common. July.

4. Li. radical IS, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch-
es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on
slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks,
W. Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half
smaller than in the last.

5. L.. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate,
varying to oblonc/ and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering
base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. HYBRIDA is the
broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUST1F6HA (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute
at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug.

6. Li. longifolia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high),
often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long,
2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little
revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (§'-|'
broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoldta,
Nutt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept.

6. NAUMBtlROIA, Moench. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the
base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between
each. Filaments exserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim-
ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which are dotted, like the yellow
flower, &c., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked
spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S.
N'mmburg, an early German botanist.)

1. N. thyrsiflora, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L, capitata,
Pursh.) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.)

274 PBIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

7. OL,AtlX, L. SEA-MI LKWORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobe's. Pod 5-valved, few-
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses-
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils.
(An ancient Greek name, from -yXavKos, sea-green. )

1. O. inarftima, L. — Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod
northward. June. (Eu.)

8. A NAG ALL IS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer
than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem-
branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many -seeded, — Low,
spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli-
tary flowers on axillary peduncles.

1 A, ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short-
er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth. ®
— Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some-
times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ;
whence the popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CENTtrNCUL,US, L. CHAFFWEED.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5: filaments beardless. — Very
small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in
their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C, minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' -5' long); leaves ovate, obo-
vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C.
lanceolatus, Michx. ) — Low grounds, Elinois and southward. (Eu. )

1O. SAMOJLUS, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens
5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many-
seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, arid small white flowers in
racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as
slanlus in Celtic, the healing-herb.")

1. S. Valer&iidi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate;
bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx-
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.)

Var. Amcric films. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra-
cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, and
pods smaller. (S. floribundus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June - Sept

LENTIBULACEJi. (fiLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275

11. HOTTONIA, L. FBATHEHFOIL. WATER VIOLET.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaptsd, with a short
tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved ;
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base,
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate; and the
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hottan, a
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.)

1. H. iiififita., Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe-
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an-
thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and
southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as
one's finger.

ORDER 71. LEJVTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers,
and a, one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro-
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary
free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger
and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular-
ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A small family, consisting mostly of the
two following genera : —

1. UTRICUL.ARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate
on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im-
mersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled
with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and
sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. (Name
from utriculus, a little bladder.) „

* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large
bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing
little bladders : rootlets few or none.

1. IT. inflata, Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free;
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex,
bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the appressed
spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
and southward, near the coast. Aug.

* * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), front immersed branching stems,
whicli commonly sioim free, and bear capillary dissected leaies furnished with small

276 LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial,
propagated from year to year by a sort of buds. )

•«- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme : pedicds nodding in fruit.

2. U. vulgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems
(l°-3° long) crowded with 2 — 3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing
many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6' - 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, the
sides reflexed ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it.
— Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug. — Corolla £'-§' broad;
the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Eu.)

3. U» minor, L. (SMALLER BLADDERWORT.) Leaves scattered on the
thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow-
ered (3' -7' high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed pal-
ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New
York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu.)

•»- •»- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend-
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy
stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and
never expanding.

4. U. claiidestliia, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen-
der (3' -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader
and 3-lobcd, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. —
Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey
July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7.

-i- •«- H- Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit.
-t-+ Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels filiform.

5. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems,
2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep-
arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; spur
conical-oblong, acute, appressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow
pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : rarte. June, July. —
Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - 7' high. Flowers £' broad. (Eu.)

6. U, si rife ta, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im-
merse'd stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing ; flowers 2 - 5, on long
pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu-
late, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching
and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island,
New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8' - 1 2' high. Flowers £' broad.

7. V. gibba, L. Scape (l'-3' high), 1 -2-jlowered, at the base furnished
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like
leaves, with scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly
equal ; the lower with the sides reflexed (4" - 5" long), exceeding the approximate
thick and blunt gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, and
southward along the mountains. June - Aug.

BIGNONIACE^. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277

•*-*• •*-»• Corolla violet-purple.

8 U. ptirpurea, Walt. (PUBPLE BLADDERWORT.) Leaves whorled
along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary,
bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (£' wide) ; spur appressed to the lower
3-lobed 2-saccatc lip of the corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to
Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3'- 6' high, not scaly below.
* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in
the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water,
commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none.
•*- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

9. U. resilpiliata, Greene. Scape (2' -8' high) 2-bracted above ; leaves
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" -5" long) deeply 2-parted ;
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.
— Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Khode
Island. Aug.

-i- -H- Flowers 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rarely seen.

10. U. Sllbulata, L. (TiNr BLADDERWORT.) Stem capillary (3'-
5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of tlie corolla fiat or with its margins re-
curved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute,
straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy
swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co-
rolla 3" -4" broad.

11. U. eoi'iiilta, Michx. (HORNED BLADDERWORT.) Stem strict
(^° - 1° high), 2 - 10-flowered ; pedicels not longer tha.n the calyx ; lower lip of the
corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the
sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped,
turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or
sandy swamps ; common. June -Aug. — Flowers close together, large.

2. PINOUICUJLA, L. BUTTERWORT.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate. — Small and stemlcss perennials, growing on damp rocks,
with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root,
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form, spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward
July. v"(Eu.)

ORDER 72. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants , monopetalous, didynamous or dian-

drouSj with the ovary commonly 2-cetted by the meeting of the two placenta? or

of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a jlat embryo

and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or

24

278 BIGNONIACE^. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

bell-sl.aped, 5- obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous ; the low
er lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one,
and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2
diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.
— Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large
and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within
our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : —

SUBORDER I. BIGNONIEJE. THE TRUE BIGNONIA FAMILY.

Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating
from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ;
the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends.

1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound.

2. TECOMA Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition Leaves compound.
8. CATALPA. Pod as hi No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2.

SUBORDER U. SESAMES. THE SESAMUM FAMILY.

Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4-5-celled. Seeds attached by one
end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire.
4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked.

1. BIONONIA, Toura. BIGNONIA.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod
long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing by
tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.)

I. 15. capreolata, -L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets
and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem-
bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia,
Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans-
verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6'
long. Seeds with the wing l£' long.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves.
/Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. rsulictins, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Climbing by rootlets ;
leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; sta-
mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi-
eans, L. ) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward ; but cultivated
farther north. July. — Corolla 2' - 3' long, orange and scarlet, show}.

OROBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 279

3. C A T A L< P A , Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly
cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged
on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. BiGNONiolDES, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath ;
flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern States : a well-
known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which arc white,
slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat,
opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv
froaiS. W. States?)

4. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
Bomewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, and with the
inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into
2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled,
owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla-
centa, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the
walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a
thick and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal-
ing a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed,
large. (Dedicated to Prof. Martyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of
the last century.)

1. HI, PKOBOScfDEA, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu-
late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned.
— Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted
with yellow and purplish. (Adv. from S. W. States.)

ORDER 73. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna-
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae ; pod very many-
seeded: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx per-
sistent, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped,
ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low-
er 3"-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla :
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style
•which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1-colled, 2-valved ; the
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar-
ent albumen. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of lea\es,
lurid yellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

280 OROBANCHACE.fi. (BROOM-KAPE FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

* Flowers of two sorts.

1. EJ IPHEGUS. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with tho

corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.
* * Flowers all alike and perfect.

2. CONOPHOLTS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamens

protruded. Corolla 2-lipped.

8. PHELIP.EA. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 6-cleft. Co
rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla al-
most regular. Stamens included.

1. EPIPH13GUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with
a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a
very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the
growth of the pod ; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma
capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched,
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of «ri, upon,
and <pr)jos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. America n us, Nutt..} — Common under the
shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. -Oct. — Corolla of the
upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6* -8" long, curved, 4-toothed.

2. CONOPHOL.IS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg-
ularly 4 - 5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu-
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the
summit ; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma
depressed. Pod with 4 placenta?, approximate in pairs on the middle of each
valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each
other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from
K£>VOS, a cone, and <j>o\is, a scale).

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana, Z.) — Oak woods;
not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb,
3-6' long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard.

3. PHEL.IPJEA, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pah
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placentae, two on the
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for /,. $ J. Phdi-
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort. )

SCROPHULA.RJACE2E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281

1. P. Liuloviciaiia, Bon. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3' -12
high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the
length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois
(Mr. E. Hall) and westward. Oct.

4. APHtfL-LOUT, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor-
der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with
4 equidistant placentas, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi-
nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (frvXXov, foliage, allud-
ing to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipaea.

1. A. iiiiifloriim, Torr.&Gr. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3' -5' high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl-
shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods;
rather common. April, May. — Corolla 1 ' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in
the throat, the lobes obovate.

2. A. fasciciilatuiii, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3' -4'
out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Huron (Engelmann), and north-
ward. May.

•' /

ORDER 74. SCROPHUL.ARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with didynamous or diandrous (or very rarely 5 perfect) sta-
mens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the
lobes of which are imbricated in the bud : fruit a 2-celled and usually many-
seeded pod with the placentas in the axis : seeds anatropous with a small em-
bryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves
and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine rep-
resentatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, some of them nar-
cotic-poisonous plants, represented by two great groups (which are not differ-
ent enough to be classed as suborders*) ; — to which an anomalous genus
(Gelsemium) is appended, since no better place has yet been found for it.
: 1

* The technical distinction between the so-called suborders is principally in the aestivation
of the corolla, which is not likely to be entirely constant. Some years ago, my former pupil,
Mr. Henry James Clark, showed me that in Mimulus one or both of the lateral lobes of the
lower lip are occasionally exterior in the bud, and I hare since noticed a similar exception in
anomalous Pentstemon.

The plants of Tribes 8, 9, and 10 (which incline to turn blackish in drying), are most, if not all,
of them partial root-parasites. This has been for some time known in Tribe 10 ; and has lately
been shown to b» the case in Qerardia also, by Mr. Jacob Stauffer, of Moun^Toy, Pennsylvania-
24*

282 SCKOPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

I. ANTIKRHINIDE^. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in

the bud (\vith occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually
septicidal.

TEIBE I. VERIJASCE.33. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or
raceme. Leaves all alternate.

1. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded filaments.

TRIBE II. ANTIRRHINE^E. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below,
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers hi simple
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled.

2. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.

8. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate at the base ; the palate closing the throat.

TRIBE HI. CHE1.OIVE7E. Corolla tubular, or deeply 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate

below. Pod 2 - 4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence compound ; the flowers hi

small clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the clusters spiked or

racemed. (Stamens 4, and the rudiment of the fifth.)

4. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with 4 short erect lobes and one

spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale.

6. COLLINSIA. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. CHELONE. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others

Seeds winged.

7. PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.

TRICK IV. CiRA TIOLiEjE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved.
Inflorescence simple ; the flowers single hi the axil of the bracts or leaves, the peduncles
bractless. Leaves all or the lower opposite.

* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
9 CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.
* * Anther-bearing stamens 2 : sometimes also a pair of sterile filaments.

11 GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none.

12 ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded.
13. HEMIANTHUS. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile filaments none. Corolla irregular.

II. RHINANTHIDE.3E. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla

covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal.

TRIBE V. SIBTHORPIEJE. Corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped. Leaves alternate,

or (with the axillary flowers) fascicled in clusters.
14 LIMOSELLA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 4. Leaves fleshy.

TRIBE VI. DIGlTALE-flE I Corolla tubular or somewhat bell-shaped. Leaves alter
nate. Flowers in a spike or raceme.

15. SYNTHYRIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, rarely 4.

TRIBE VII. VKIIONICE^E. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped. Stamens not ap»
preaching each other. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers hi racemes.

16. VERONIC 1. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla somewhat irregular. Stamens 2.

TRIBE VIII. BUCHNERE.33. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in
pairs : anthers 1-celled. Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike

SCROPHULARIACEjE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 283

17. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the salver-shaped elongated corolla 5-

cleft.

TRIBE IX. CiERAROIE^E. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightlj
unequal 5 -lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves op-
posite, or the uppermost alternate.

18. SEYMERIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.

Stamens nearly equal.

19. GERARDIA. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens strongly unequal.

TRIBE X. ETJPHRASIE-flE. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, erect or
arched, enclosing the 4 strongly didynamous stamens. Flowers spiked.

* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded.

20. CASTILLEIA. Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.

* * Anther-cells equal. Pod many - several-seeded.

21. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.

22. EUPHRASIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong.

23. RHINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged.

24. PEDICULARIS. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless.

* * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1-4-seeded.

25. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique.

*** GELSEMLNE^).

26. QELSEMIUM. Corolla equally 6-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2, two-parted.

1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 ; all the filaments, or the 3
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. —
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem
sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral. (The
ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

1. V. THAPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) Densely woolly throughout ; stem
tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ;
Jlowers (yellow) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ; lower stamens
usually beardless. — Fields, &c. ; common. (A white-flowered variety was gath-
ered at Montrose, Penn., Mr. Riley.) (Nat. from Eu.)

2. V. BLATTARIA, L. (MOTH MULLEIN.) Green and smoothish, slender;
lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly -serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper
partly clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Road-
sides ; rather common. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. LYCHN*TIS, L. (WHITE MULLEIN.) Clothed with a thin powdery
woolliness ; stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent,
greenish above; Jlowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments
with whitish wool. — Road-sides, Penn., rare, and sandy fields at the head of
OnMda Lake, New York ; — where it hybridizes freely with the common Mullein
(Alv. from Eu.)

284 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

2. 1,1 TV A II I A, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly
closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks, toothed. Seeds
many. — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate. (Name from
Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)
# Leaves sessile, narrow.

1. L,. CanadensiS, Spreng. (WILD TOAD-FLAX.) Smooth; stem slen-
der, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue (very small), in
a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting).
® @ — Sandy soil ; common, especially southward. June - Aug.

2. L. VULGARIS, Mill. (TOAD-FLAX. BUTTER-AND-EGGS. KAMSTED.)
Smooth and pale, erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lance
olate, acutish; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, yellow, pretty large (!' long) ;
spur awl-shaped ; seeds flattened and margined. 1|. — Old fields and road-sides ;
common eastward : a showy but pernicious weed. Aug. — The Peloria state,
with a regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, J> spurs, and 5 stamens, has been ob-
served in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. L. GENISTIF6LIA, Mill. Very smooth and glaucous, paniculate-branched ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller
than in No. 2) ; seeds angled and wrinkled, ty — Road-sides, New York, near
the city (H. J. Clark, Lesquereux). (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Leaves petioled, broad, veiny.

4. L. ELATINE, Mill. Hairy, branched, procumbent ; leaves alternate, ovate
and halberd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers
small, yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. (J) — Fields and
banks, E. Massachusetts to Virginia; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. SNAPDRAGON.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly
showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from
airt, in comparison with, and pti/, a snout).

1. A. ORONTIUM, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high) ; leaves lance-linear; spikes
loosely few-flowered ; sepals longer than the purplish corolla. (|) — Fields,
Virginia, &c. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. MAJUS, L., is the common cultivated SNAPDRAGON.

4. SCROPHUJLARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one ; the
vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at .he summit of the tube

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285

of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves,
and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal
narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nod osa, L. Smooth (3° -4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves ovate,
oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base.
1|. (S. Marilandica, //., and S. lanceolata, Pursh.) — Damp copses and banks.
July. (Eu.)

5. COLIuiNSIA, Nutt. COLLINSIA.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly
folded backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclos-
ing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. Pod
many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome
party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of
the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an
accurate botanist.)

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6' -20' high); leaves ovate; the lower peti-
oled ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ;
whorls about ^-flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the
length of the calyx. — Rich shady places, W. New York to Wisconsin and Ken-
tucky. May, June.

2. C. pa rvi flora, Dougl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded, peti-
oled; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2 -^-flowered; flowers
short-peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — South
shore of Lake Superior (Pitcher) ; thence westward.

C. BGCOLOR, Benth., a showy Californian species, has become common in
cultivation.

6. CHEL.ONE, Tourn. TUETLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the
mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle,
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op-
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts
and bractlets. (Name from ^tXww;, a tortoise, the corolla reseml ling in shape

the head of a reptile.)
/

1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate o. lance-oblong,
pointed, variable in width, &c. : the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. Also
C. obliqua, L., &c. — Wet places ; common. July - Sept. — Called also SHELL-
FLOWER, BALMONY, &c.

286 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMU ?.)

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. PENTSTEMON,

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, either decidedly
or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile filament usually as
long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless. — Pe-
rennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper
sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers showy, thyrsoid-panicled. (Name from
7revre,five, and OT^/IO>J/, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicu-
ous, although sterile.)

* Sterile filament bearded down one side : flowers' in a loose panicle, somewhat clam-
my, white or whitish ; peduncles slender.

1. P. pubescens, Solander. More or less pubescent (l°-3°high);
stem-leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla
2-lipped, gradually widened upwards, flattened and one-ridged on the upper side,
and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; lower lip longer
than the upper. — Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous,
when it is P. Isevigatus, Soland., &c. — Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin,
and southward. June - Sept.

2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high) ; stem-leaves ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla slightly Z-Upped,
abruptly inflated and almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless. — Moist
ground, Kentucky and southward. — Flowers larger than in the last, showy.

* * Sterile filament nearly smooth : flowers purple, racemose.

3. P. gTandiflorus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous ; stems sim-
ple (l°-3° high) ; leaves thick, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping; flowers
(showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than
panicle ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular. — Prairies, W. Wisconsin ?
(Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham. Dubuque, Iowa, Dr. Hor.)

8. IfllHIUIjUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. —
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary
peduncles. (Name from ^i/xo>, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.)
# Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple.

1 . M. rill geilS, L. Stem square (1° - 2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than tho
flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed. 1J. — Wet places; common. July -Sept.
— Flower !'-!£' long.

"2. M. alatUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles ; leaves Mong-
ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very
short and abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Con-
necticut to Illinois, and southward.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (PIGWORT FAMILY.) 287

# # Diffusdy spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow.

3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Smooth ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves
round or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate,
inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw,
Wisconsin, and westward. — Flower small.

M. LtiTEDS, with its varieties, and M. MOSCHATUS, the MUSK-PLANT, from
Oregon, are common in cultivation.

9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (CAPRARIA, Mkhx.)

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and
small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1 . C. multifida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely
pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear- wedge-shaped ;
corolla (greenish- white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (I) — Sandy river-
banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept.

1O. IfCRPESTIS, Gasrtn. HERPESTIS.

Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.
Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from
fpjrrjarTrjs, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

# Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved.

1. H. rotund if olia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-
obovate, half clasping (£' - 1' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx,
the upper sepal ovate. 1J. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug.

2. 11. amplcxicaiilis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base;
leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper sepal heart-shaped.
1J. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward. Aug. — Aromatic when bruised.
* # Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleft, the upper lip being 2-parted: stamens

almost equal : leaves nearly nerveless.

3. H. Monniera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obo-
vate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. 1J. — •
River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast.

11. GRATIOL.A, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the
corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste-
rior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped
at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennial, with
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract-
lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of
its supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

288 SCROPHULARIACEJS. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

$ 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusely

branched, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth.
* Sterile filaments minute or none : corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virgfiniana, L. Stem rather clammy -pubescent above, loosely
branched (4' -6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly
toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves (£'-!' long) ; pod ovoid (2" long).
— Wet places ; very common. June -Aug.

2. G. SphaBrocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'- 10' high); leaves
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the
large (3") globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia 7 Kentucky, and southward.

* Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (£'-!' long).

3. G. VlSCOSa, Schweinitz. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems
4' - 10' high from a rooting base, as in the next.

4. G. aiirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear,
entire, equalling the peduncles ; corolla golden yellow (£' long). — Sandy swamps,
Vermont ? and Mass, to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June - Sept.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective ; the cells vertical : hairy plants, with erect rigid
stems: sterile filaments tipped with a bead.

5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile
(£' - 1' long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx

— Low ground, Maryland and southward.

12. IL.YSANTHES, Kaf. (LINDERNIA, Muhl.)

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth-
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the
upper racemed. (Name from tXvs, mud or mire, and avtios, fiower.)

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched,
diffusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; pod ovoid-oblong. ® (Capraria
gratioloides, L. Lindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl.)— Low grounds,
and along rivulets ; common. June- Sept.

13. HEIWIANTHITS, Nutt. HEMIANTHUS.

Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip very short, entire ;
the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe elongated and spreading. Stamens 2,
anterior, with a scale at the base of the filaments : sterile filaments none. Style
short. Pod globular, membranaceous, the thin partition vanishing. Seeds
rather numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root-

SCROPHULARIACEJE. (PIGWOBT FAMILY.) 289

ing on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round leaves, and
minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. (Name from jjyxt, half, *nd av6ost
flower, in reference to the unequally divided corolla.)

1. IB. micranttiemoides, Nutt. —Low banks of the Delaware below
Philadelphia. (Perhaps only Micranthemum.)

14. L.OIOSEL.L.A, L. MUDWOBT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confidently 1-celled. Style short, club-
shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; tho partition thin and vanishing. — Small
annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run-
ners, without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around
the simple 1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a
diminutive of limus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.)

1. Li. aqudtica, L. : var. teimifolia, HofFm. Leaves (with no
blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt.
L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug.—
Plant 1'- 2' high. (Eu.)

15. S\ JVTIIYRIS, Benth. SYNTHTRIS.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 -4-lobed or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther-
cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened,
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled),
many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the columella. —
Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract-
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in
a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of ovv, together, and
Ovpis, a little door; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. HoughtOiiiaiia, Benth. Hairy ;v root-leaves round-ovate, heart-
shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5'- 12') ; corolla not longer than the calyx, usu-
ally 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham.
Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the
most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched
or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others.

16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted
(rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted:
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattened,
usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few -many-seeded. — Chiefly
25

290 SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; the flowers blue, flesh-cofor,
or white. (Name of doubtful derivation ; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§1. Tatt perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, det\se, spiked:
bracts very small: tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much knof.r than the
calyx. (Leptandra, Nutt.)

1. V. Virgiuica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth
or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled;
stamens much exserted. — Kich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward
often cultivated. July. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not
notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.

4 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary opposite ra-
cemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded.

2. V. Anagiillis, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped
base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' -3 long); pedicels spreading;
pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward; not so com-
mon as the next. June - Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu. )

3. T. Americana, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth,
decumbent at the base, then erect (8' -15' high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or
oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ;
the slender pedicels spreading ; pod turgid. (V. Beccab6nga, Amer. authors.)
— Brooks and ditches; common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers as in the
last ; the leaves shorter and broader.

§ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves
opposite: racemes axillary, from alternate axils : corolla wheel-shaped: pod strongly
flattened, several-seeded.

4. T. Sdltellata, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and
weak (6' — 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or
2, very slender and zigzag ; floujers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or
reflexed pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends.
— Bogs ; common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

5. V. officinaliS, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem pros-
trate, rooting at the base ; leaves shm-t-petiokd, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob-
tuse, serrate; racemes densely many-Jlowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; pod
obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods ; certainly in-
digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.)

§ 4. Leaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling tht

stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded.

* Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. T. alpiiia, L. (ALPINE SPEEDWELL.) Stem branched from the
base, erect, simple (2' -6' high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire
or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-fiowered, crowded; pod obovate,
notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. (Eu.)

BCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291

7. V. scrpy Hi folia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. PAUL'S

BETONY.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches as-
cending and simple (2' -4' high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the
lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme
loose; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and
fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.)

* # Annuals : Jloral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear axillary
and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Near-
ly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed,
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many-
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds ; common : appearing like an intro-
duced weed. April - June.

9. V. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched
(3' -8' high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped,
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite (all petioled), the
upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel-
shaped : pod flat : seeds cup-shaped.

10. V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre-
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun-
cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu-
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields ; rare. (Adv. from Eu. )

11. V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed (§'-!' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly |' wide,
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; pod obcordate-triangular,
broadly notched, 16 -24-seeded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia : rare. Milton,
Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. V. HEDER^EF6LiA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded
or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 -toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some-
what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded
places, Long Island to Pennsylvania ; scarce. April- June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BfJCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb ; the lobes oblong or
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one-
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the
flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in
honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

292 SOROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY )

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high);
lower leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly
and coarsely toothed, veiny ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in-
terrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple
pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Virginia, Kentucky, and
southward . June - Aug.

18. SEYIttERIA, Pursh. SEYMERIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens
4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the leaves
mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-
like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named by Pursh af-
ter Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macropliylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Bather pubes-
cent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly
lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised ; the upper lanceolate ; tube of the
corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ;
style short, dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-
banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and southwestward. July.

19. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-funnel-form, or
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells par-
allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened
at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed^ many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (clan-
destine root-parasites), with the stfcm-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate,
the uppermost reduced to bracts- and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which
often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated
to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.)

§ 1. GERARDIA PROPER. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purple or rose-color: an-
thers all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branch-
ing annuals.)
* Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect.

1. G. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (8' -20' high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined ;
flowers large (!' long), bright purple, often downy); calyx-teeth sharp-pointed,
shorter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the
coast. July, Aug.

2. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE GERARDIA.) Low (4' -12' high),
with shorter branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx-teeth ,
corolla £' long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug.

SCKOPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293

3. G. itspcra, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2°high); leaves long
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which
has lanceolate acute teeth as long as the tube ; corolla larger than in No. 1, glabrous.
— Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug.

# * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely
branched, slender (8' -20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" -7" long.

4. G. teimifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER GERARDIA.) Leaves narrowly lin-
ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ;
pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods ; common. Aug.

5. O. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the
lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous
teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and southward. Aug.

$ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf.— Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow;
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all of
them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. ( Perennial. )

6. G. flava, L. partly. ( DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a
fine close down ; stem (3° - 4° high) mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; peduncles very
short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods ;
common, especially in the Middle States. Aug. — Corolla l£' long.

7. O. quercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and
glaucous (3° - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance-
linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich
woods ; common, especially southward. Aug. — Corolla 2' long.

8. O. integnrifolia. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (l°-2° high) mostly
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles
shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) —
Woods and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains.
Aug. — Corolla 1' long.

9. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°-
3° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed;
pedicels longer than the hairy calyx. — Dry copses ; common. Aug. — Corolla 1'
or more in length.

$ 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes unequal : corolla pur-
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens:
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. (Annual?)

10. G. auriClllata, Michx. Bough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple
(9' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ;
the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers
nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and
southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1' long.

25*

294 scROPiiULARiACE^s. (FIG WORT FAMILY.)

2O. € AS TIL 1,4)1 A, Mutis. - PAINTED-CUP.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on
the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in-
cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower short, 3-lobed. Anther-
cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous.
Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut-
lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the
pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castittejo, a Spanish
botanist.)

1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy; stem
simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the
floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit ; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the
lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla. (1) (2)
(Euchroma coccinea, Nutt. ) — Low grounds ; not uncommon. May- July. —
A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet.

2. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. (MOUNTAIN PAINTED-CUP.) Smooth
or sparingly hairy ; leaves lanceolate, often incised ; the floral oblong or obo-
vate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinged with purple ; calyx cleft more deeply
in front, the divisions 2-cleft, the ovate-oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whit-
ish corolla; lower lip of the corolla very short. 1J. (Bartsia pallida, Bigel,) —
Alpine region of the "White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green Mountains,
Vermont ; also northward. August. (Eu.)

3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Hairy, low (6' •*• 9' high) ; leaves mostly 3-
cleft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader and scarcely colored: spike
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions 2-cleft, shorter
than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the
lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies,
Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. — Corolla 2' long.

21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed: the posterior tooth much
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the
corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an-
ther-ceils equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many-
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu-
bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of
rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved,
entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi-
cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe,
an obscure Dutch botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts,
and New Jersey, southward, near the coast : rare. May - July. — Plant 1° - 2°
high.

SCROPHULARIACE-ffi. (FIGWORT FAMILY) 295

22. K I' P UK ASIA, Tourn. EYEBRISHT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched,
2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, tho lobes
obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed
at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching
stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name
cv(j)pa<ria, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinalis, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the
lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish,
yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched, (i) — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf
variety, l'-5' high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, TOSS.) (Eu.)

23. Bill NAN THUS, L. YELLOW-BATTLE.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur-
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the
cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds -many, orbicular, winged.
— Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves ; the lower oblong or linear; the
upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ;
the. solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one-
sided spike. (Name composed of piV, a snout, and av6os-, a Jlower, from the
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. B. Grista-galli, L. (COMMON YELLOW-BATTLE.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated
calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass,
(introduced'?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.)

24. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2 - 5-toothed, and more or less cleft
in front. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; the
lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip : anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate
or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly
pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike.
(Name from pedicidus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONT.)
Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5' -12' high) ; leaves scattered; the lowest pin*
nately parted; the others half -pinnatifid ; spike short and dense; calyx split in
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; podjlat, some-
what sioord-shaped. — Copses and banks ; common. May - July.

296 ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

2. P. lanceolate!, Michx. Stem upright (l°-3° high), nearly simple,
mostly smooth ; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ; spike
crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla
incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida,
Pursh.) ---Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept.

25. MEL, AM PIT HUM, Toura. COW-WHEAT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol-
la cylindrical, enlarging above ; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front ;
the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the
upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells
minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat-
tened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves,
the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the
base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our
species. (Name composed of p.e\as, black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. A niericsi.il mil, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, tho
lower entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few
bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender
tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratense, var. Americanum,
Benth.) — Open woods ; common. Aug. — Plant 6' - 12' high. Corolla 4" - 5"
long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple.

261 GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat oblique ; the
lobes almost equal, the1 posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong
sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the di-
visions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled,
septicidally 2-valved, the valves keeled : cells each ripening 5 or 6 large flat and
winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons
much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant,
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves,
on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5
together in the axils. ( Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. O. sempervirens, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Rich moist soil
along the coast, Virginia and southward. March.

ORDER 75. ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens,
inserted on the tube of the more or less %-lipped corolla, the lobes of which
are convolute in the bud; fruit a 2-celled, ±-12-seededpod; seeds anatro-
pous, without albumen, usually, flat, supported ly hooked projections of th*

ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 297

placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form :
stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the
valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and
slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in
the Northern States only by two genera.

I

1. DlANTHlSRA, Gronov. WATER- WILLOW.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one
lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into
a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water, with narrow and
entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name
from Si's, double, and dvdrjpd, antJier ; the separated cells giving the appearance
of two anthers on each filament.)

1. I>. Americana., L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob-
long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia pedunculosa, Michx.) — Borders of
streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward.
July -Sept,

2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. ( RUELLI A partly, L.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost
equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the
somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat-
tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat-
ing. — Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves,
and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils,
with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from StWepos, two-winged, and
amavBos, the Acanthus}.

1. D. CilidsilS, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3°high);
leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (li'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost
sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (!'- 1£' long) fully twice the length of the
setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. E. hybridus,
Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and
southward. June -Sept.

2. 1>. StrepeilS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high);
leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - 5'
long) ; tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion,
slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Flowers 1 - 5 in each axil,
rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely
crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding
(when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. $• Gr.). — Kich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis-
consin, and southward. July - Sept.

DiCLfj'TERA BRAcmATA, Spreng. (Justicia brachiata, Pursh), probably
grows in the southern part of Virginia.

298 VERBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

ORDER 76. VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular
corotta, and didynamous stamens, the 2 - ^-celled fruit dry or drupaceous
usually splitting when ripe into as many l-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ-
ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there-
fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. —
Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radicle of the straight embryo point-
ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so ; represented
here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may
still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single
species), because its ovary and fruit are 1-celled and l-seeded, and the
radicle points to the apex of the fruit.

1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co-
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft.
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender :
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in
single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb :
derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1 . Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes.
* Leaves undivided : root perennial.

1. V. angusti folia, Michx. Low (6'- 1 8' high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed;
spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry
soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept.

2. V. ha§tata, L. (BLUB VERVAIN.) Tall (4' - 6' high) ; leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed
or panicled. (V. paniculata, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and
waste grounds, common. July -Sept.

3. V. lirticilolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE VERVAIN.) Bather
tall ; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes very slender, at
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white.
— Old fields and road-sides.

4. V» Stricta, Vent. (HOARY VERVAIN.) Downy with soft whitish hairs ;
stem nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes
thick and very densely Jlowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers blue, pretty large.

* # Leaves cleft or pinnatifld, narrowed at the base : root perennial?

5. V. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON VERVAIN.) Erect, loosely branched
(l°-3° high) ; leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above,
the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes p micled, very slender ; bracts small, much

VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 299

shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides;
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. V. l>i'«ictcos:i, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-deft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
flowers. — River-banks, Wisconsin to Kentucky. Aug.

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped tvitk a glandular appendage.

7. V. Alible tia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending ; leaves obo-
vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes
peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy,
light purple. © — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July.

2. LIP PI A, L. (ZAPANIA, Juss.)

Calyx often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped:
upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stylo
slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to
Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)

1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping,
roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun-
cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white
flowers ; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. (Zapania lanceolata, & Z.
nodiflora, N. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and
southward. July - Sept.

3. CALLICARPA, L. CALLICARPA.

Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted: anthers opening at the apex.
Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs,
with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of
KoXXor, beauty, and Kapnos, fruit.)

1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong
with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ;
fruits small, violet-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May -July. —
Shrub 3° high.

4. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit ob-
long, 1 -celled ffnd 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards:
cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch-
ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small
opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and
bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color.
(Derivation of the name unknown.)

300 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

1. P. Leptostachya, L.— Kich copses, common. July.— Plant 2° -
3° high : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !)

OKDEB 77. LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-
lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, or achenia, surrounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each Jilled with a sin-
gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scu-
tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-
lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al-
lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the
apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre-
gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small
glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro-
ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun-
dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many
of the species are merely introduced plants.)

Synopsis.

TBIBE I. AJIIGOIDE^E. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually
projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed corolla.
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base.
* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted.
1. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed.

3. TEICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique.

* * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included.
8. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-«left, almost equalling the small corolla.

TRIBE II. SATUREIEJE. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant,
straight, diverging, Or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled. Lobes of th«
corolla flat and spreading. Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base.
* Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens erect, distant.

4. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

6. LYGOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.
* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within.
•*- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair

6. CTJNILA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.

•i- •«- Stamens 4, all with anthers.

7. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Stamens

exserted, diverging.

8. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10- 13-nerved, naked in the throat,

equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters.

9. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy ha the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens

diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts.

10. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10 - 13 nerved, 2-lipped.
Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small.

LABIATES. (MINT FAMILY.) 301

11. RA rUREIA. Caly* bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta-

mens somewhat ascending.

12. CALAMINTHA. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of

the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip
18. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flattish on the upper side. Tube of th
corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip
•)-•*-•(- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments.

14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

* * * Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. Sta-
mens 2 or 4, long, diverging.

15. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the corolla

much larger than the other four.

TRIBE in. MONARDE^E. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper
pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets as in Tribe II.

16. SAL VI A. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower.

17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells conflu-

ent into one : connective inconspicuous.

18. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in No. 17.

TBIBK IV. NEPETE JK. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior !
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped : the upper lip concave or arched, the lower
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. Nutlets as in Tribes II. and III.

19. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as-

cending : anther-cells nearly parallel.

20. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length

widely diverging. Calyx curved.

21. DRACOCEPHALUM. Stamens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth

commonly larger.

22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel.

TRIBE V. STACHYDE JE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer)
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33 Anthers usually approximate in pairs.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 6-10 nerved. Nutlets as in
the preceding.

* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell-shaped in fruit.

23. SYNANDRA Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other.

24. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel.

* * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.

25. BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.

26. SCCTELLARIA. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire

* * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed.
•t- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

27. MAR11UBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 6 or 10 awl-shaped teeth

•i- -t- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla.
•H- Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate.

28. GALEOPS1S. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed.

•H- ++ Anthers opening lengthwise.

29. STACHYS. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed-

ding the pollen often turned downward.

80. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading Nut-

lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top.

81. LAMIUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top.

26

302 LABIATE. (MINT FAMII.Y.)

82. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5 - 10-teeth united at the base into a spread-

ing border. , Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

83. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, the 6 short and broad teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the

corolla arched.

1. TEtlCRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canadense, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.)
Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer
than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in
a long and simple wand-like spike, ty— Low grounds; not ra?c. July. —
Corolla pale purple, rarely white.

AJUGA CHAMJEPITHYS, L., the YELLOW BUGLE of Europe, gathered in
Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since. i

2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE CURLS.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla,
curved: anther-cells divergent and at length confluent.1 — Low annuals, some-
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed,
namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur-
ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of 6pi£, hair, and or^/ia, stamen,
from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dicliotoimuii, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Leave* lancer
oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields,
New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. —
The curved stamens £' long.

2. T. lilieiare, Nutt. leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens
of New Jersey, and southward. — Bather taller and less forked than the last
(8* -12' high), the corolla larger.

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. BALSE PENNYROYAL.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than
the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding
the corolla.- — A low, much branched, annual herb, clammy-pubescent, with
nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 303

axillary 1 -3-flowered peduncles. (Name from terop, equal, and avdos, flower,
referring to the almost regular corolla.)

1. I. cseruleus, Michx. — Gravelly banks, Maine to Illinois, and south-
ward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long.

4. IflENTHA, L. MINT.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper
lobe broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant
(either exserted or included in different individuals of the same species). — Odor-
ous herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capi-
tate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes. Corolla pale purple
or whitish. (MtWfy of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to
have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.)

1. M. vfRiDis, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth; leaves almost sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate ; whorls of flowers approximate in loose pani-
cled spikes. 1J. — Wet places ; common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. I?I. PIPER!TA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Smooth leaves petioled, ovate-obloru/,
acute, serrate ; whorls crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base, ty
— Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the last. Aug. — Mul-
tiplying, like the Spearmint, by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ME. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Stem fairy downwards; leaves peti-
oled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; the floral similar and longer than the globose
remote whorls of flowers. 1J. — Fields, Penn. and Ohio : rare. — Odor like
that of decayed cheese. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. M. Canadensis, L. (WILD MINT.) Stems ascending (l°-2°
high), whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, tapering to both ends, the upper-
most lanceolate ; flowers crowded in globular axillary whorls. (Odor like Penny-
royal). Var. GLABRATA, Benth., is smoothish, the leaves usually less tapering
at the base, "the smell pleasanter, more like that of Monarda" (Porter}. (M.
borealis, Michx.) Ij. — Wet banks of brooks, New England to Kentucky, and
northward. July -Sept.

5. LiYCOPUS, L. WATER HOREHODND.

Calyx ,bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened mar-
gins.— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pin-
natifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary
whorls of small mostly white flowers. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and
TTOWS, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

1. L.. Virginicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'-
18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4,

304 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places ; common, especially north-
ward. - Aug. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very
small flowers.

2. L,. Europ&us, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-3°~high), with or
without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinu-
ate-toothed or pinnatifid, more or less petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx-
teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or
-glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.)
— Includes several nominal species, among them in our district is •

Var. si 11 il ;at us. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus £ L. sinuatus, EU.)
Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed
to pinnatifid. — Common in wet grounds. July, Aug.

Var. integrifolillS. Stems more simple, often producing slender run-
ners; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius,
Nutt, &c.), much acuminate at both ends (2' -4' long), sharply serrate. —
Common westward.

6. CUNIL.A, L. DITTANY.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft.
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, Avith
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient
Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Muriuiui, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled; calyx striate. —
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept.

7. HYSSOPUS, L. HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

1. H. OFFICINALIS, L. — Road-sides, Michigan, &c. ; escaped from gardens.
(Adv. from Eu.)

8. PYCNANTHEMUUI, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, .naked in the throat. Corolla short, more
or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched :
the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower
pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a pun-
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral leaves often

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 805

whitened ; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
farming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted
or included in different flowers. (Name composed of TTVKVOS, dense, and avdepov,
a blossom ; from the inflorescence.)

# Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and aim-pointed,
rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads :
leaves rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. a i isl at si ill, Michx. Minutely hpary-puberulent (l°-2° high);
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate
(l'-2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward.

Var. liyssopi foil urn. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly
entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benih.) — Virginia and southward.

* * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which,
with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit :
leaves membranaceous, petioled.

2. P. iiicaiiiim, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened
both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more
or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and
southward. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, the taste intermediate between that of
Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable.

3. P. clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu-
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses around New
York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2.

# * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed: flowers crowded in loose heads or dense
clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts sJiorter
than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile.

4. P. Torreyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly
simple (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug. — Intermediate in
aspect between No. 3 and No. 7.

5. P. pilosum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs,
much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower ovate-
lanceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate,
acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired. — Dry hills and plains, W. Penn.,
Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Alleghanies. July - Sept. — A smoother
form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil-
latum, Michx. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.)

6. P. iniltiriim, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth,
corymbosely much branched (l°-2£° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo*

26*

806 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)

late, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green
when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with
a fine dose down. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug.
—Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed,
the others pointless.

# # # * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasci-
cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts
rigid, closely appressed, shorter than the flowers : lips of the corolla very short :
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils.
1. P. lanceolatlim, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high);

leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short

and triangular. — Dry thickets ; common. July - Sept.

8. P. I i n U oli ii in, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (l°-2° high); leaves
narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-
awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois,
and southward. July - Sept.

*#:*;:**: Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and
globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled
leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded.

9. P. moiit famuli, Michx. Stem (1° -3° high) and ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer-
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and
pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda.

9. ORIGANUM, L. WILD MABJORAM.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and
slightly notched ; the lower longer, ef 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which are imbricated with col-
ored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from opos, a mountain, and
ydvos-, delight.)

1, O. VULGARE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks, sparingly intro-
duced eastward. June - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. TH^MITS, L. THYME.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed,
spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ;
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low pe-
rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitisk

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY. J 807

flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 0uo>, to 6unr
perfume, because it was used for incense.)

1. T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate ; leaves green,
flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. —
Old fields, E. New England and Perm. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

T. VULGARIS, L., is the GARDEN THYME, or STANDING THYME.

11. SATUREIA, L. SAVOBT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves,
often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an-
cient Latin name.)

1. S. HORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent ; clusters few-flow-
ered ; bracts small or none. ® — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. CAL.AMINTHA, Mcench. CALAMINTH.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3-
parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the
anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or
•whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of /caXos, beautiful,
and fiivda, Mint.)

§ 1. CALAMfNTHA PROPER, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at ike
base : clusters of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming
a raeeme at the summit : bracts minute.

1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°-
3° high) ; leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3" long)
about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 2. CALOMELf SSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls few-several-flow-
ered,.sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or
oblong, leaflike.

2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2°
long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base
(§'-1' long, or the largest l£'-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire;
clusters 6 - 10-flowered ; corolla (purplish, 5" - 6" long) fully twice the length
of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi-
cromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and
southward. June.

Var. Nuttallii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high),
with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile
the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" - 5" long. (C. Nut-

308 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.)

tallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.) — Wet limestone
rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant), and southwestward.
July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms, &c.

i 3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous Mow: dusters sessile and

many-flowered, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.

3. C. CLINOP6DIUM, Benth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thickets
and fields. July. (Nat, from Eu.)

13. U1EL.ISSA, L. BALM.

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
Tipper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
/leXio-aa, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

1. WI. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla white
or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. HEDEOMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or
wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters
of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'H^vocr/iov,
an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar ; whorls
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile
filaments tipped with a little head. (J) — Open barren woods and fields ; com-
mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the
true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe.

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, linear,
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than
the ciliate hispid calyx. Q) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward.

15. COI^L-INSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the
throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much
larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes
4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. —

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 309

Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on
slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of
Peter Cottinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus,
and who introduced this plant into England.)

1. C. CanadcnsiS, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth
(l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -9' long); panicle loose,
many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, New England to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. — Corolla §' long, exhaling the odor
of lemons.

16. SAL.VIA, L. SAGE.

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe-
shaped, entire or barely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lohed, the
middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a
linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing a"n im-
perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked,
racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the
reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

1. S. lyrikta, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low (10' -20' high), somewhat
hairy ; stein nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuate-
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller
and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose
and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes-
cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1J. — Woodlands and meadows, New
Jersey to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. June.

2. S. lirticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy
hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-
shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar;
whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the
length of the lower ; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south-
ward. — Corolla $' long ; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched.

S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the well-known GARDEN SAGE. I Several scarlet
species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament.

17. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly
2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, en-
tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral
lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta-
mens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers lin
ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with
entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely
surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish botanist.)

810 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

* Stamens and style exserted beyond the very narrow a-\d acute, upper lip of the carol-
la: root perennial.

1. M. (liclyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves petioled,
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the floral
ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly
naked in the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long), bright red. — Moist
woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the
Alleghanies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July. —
Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers.

2. M. fistillosa, L. (WILD BERGAMOT.) Smoothish or downy; leaves
petioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper-
most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly
curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth
or haiiy . — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south-
ward, principally westward. July - Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2°-
5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last.

3. M. Bracllmriaiia, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round-
ed at the base, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath ; the floral and the
outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above,
very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded
at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish,
the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois,
and westward. July.

* * Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla.

4. M. punctata, L. (HORSE-MINT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high);
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and
rigid, awnless ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur-
ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New
York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent.

18i BLEPHILIA, Raf. BLEPHILIA.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, entire ; tho
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi-
ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Pe-
rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish-
purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls.
(Name from /3Xe<£apis, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and
calyx-teeth. )

1. B. Ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy; leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovafa,
narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, col-
ored, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda ciiiata, L.)— Dry open places.

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 311

Pcnn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant l°-2° high, less branched
than the next, the hairy corolla shorter.

2. 15. liii siita, Benth. Hairy throughout; leaves long-pooled, ovate, pointed,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost
and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe-
toides, Raf. Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches,
and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with
darker purple spots.

19. JLOPHANTHUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4,
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled
serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name
from A6<£o£, a crest, and avdos, a flower.)

1. JL» nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some-
what pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2' -4' long); calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob-
tuse, little shorter than the pale yreenish-ydlow corolla. — Borders of woods, W.
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 4° -6° high,
sharply 4-angled. Spikes 2' - 6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts.

2. Li. SCroplmlariaefolillS, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and
lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or
less pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, short.er than the purplish corolla (spikes
4' - 15 long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range.

3. L.. anisalns, Benth. (ANISE HYSSOP.) Smooth, but the ovate
acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
acute. — Plains, Wisconsin ? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and
smell of anise.

20. WE PET A, L. CAT-MINT.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the low-
er spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate
in pairs ; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to
be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

$ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or

racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

1. TV. CATA.RIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dot-
ted with purple. — Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed
July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

312 LABIATJG. (MINT FAMILY.)

§ 2. GLECH6MA, L. — Leaves all alike : the axillary dusters loosely few-flowered.
2. N. GLECH6MA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL.) Creeping and trailing ;
leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice
the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Shaded, waste
grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anthers with the cells diverging at a
right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.)

91. DRACOCEPHAL.UM, L. DRAGON-HEAD.

Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched^at the
end. Stamens 4, ascending under tho upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An-
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly
spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from
Spd/ooi', a dragon, and Ke(f>a\rj^ head, alluding to the form of the corolla.)

1. I>. parviflomm, Nutt. Stem erect, leafy (8' -20' high); leaves
ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal
head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovat£, nearly equalling the bluish small
slender corolla. & — Rocky places, Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties,
New York ; shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. May - Aug.

22. CEDRONELLA, Mcench. CEDRONELLA.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at
the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed; the lower 3-
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish
flowers. (Name a diminutive of Kedpiov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves
tof the originial species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordata, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few-
flowered, approximate at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy
inside (1^' long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dr^cocephalum corda-
tum, Nutt.) — Low shady banks of streams, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and south-
ward along the mountains. June.

23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. SYNANDRA.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending :
filaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with
each other (whence the name; from crvv, together, and avrjp^ for anther).

1 . S. gfraiidiflora, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. June. — A perennial ? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled,

i

J

V c., ,r^sV^
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 313

broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla 1^ long, yellowish- white.

24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DBAGON-HEAD.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form with a
much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly
entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and
rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approxi-
mate; the cells parallel. — Perennial smooth herbs, with upright wand-liko
stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large
and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim-
ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from <£u<ra, a bladder, and ore-yea,
to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.)

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &c.) —
Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July -Sept. — Varies from l°-4°high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob-
long-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed
to nearly entire; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered; the in-
flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular ; the corolla from.
6" or 7" to 12" long : no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or
more species.

25. BRUNEL.L.A, Tourn. (Prunella, L.) SELF-HEAL.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened
on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend-
ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it,
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft ;
its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower
tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging.
— Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers
sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbri-
cated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune,
a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.)

1. 15. vulgaris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves
ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothisk ; corolla (violet or
flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields ;
common. Aug. (Eu.)

26. SCUTEL.L.ARIA, L. SKULLCAP.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall-
27

314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated it the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral lobea
mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip
spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the
upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the lower
stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe-
rennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flowers ; the
short peduncles chiefly opposite, 1 -flowered, often 1 -sided. (Name from seutdla,
a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)
* Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes ; the floral 'leaves, except the lower ones, being

small, and reduced to bracts.

•*- Lips short, nearly equal in length ; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as
long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles.

1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Sojl hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c.
partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves ovate or round'
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra-
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward.
July. — Corolla |' long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple-
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower
as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller
form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Aikin, Wood.)

2. S. saxatilis, Eiddell. Smoothishor slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6' -18' long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long),*Am, obtuse; upper
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co-
rolla f long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip.

•«- •»- lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or
incurved upper lip, and connected with it : stem erect : leaves moderately petioled,
except in No. 6.

3. S. canescens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves, whitish with fine
soft down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Michigan and
southward. July. — Corolla f ' long.

4. S» serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple
(l°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla
equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last,
which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July.

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly sim-
ple (l°-3° high) ; leaves railier distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to
roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled,
the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315

short, often branched; corolla (£'-§' long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little
shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New
York to Michigan and southward. June -Aug.

6. S. iiltcgrifolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem com-
monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse,
very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (V long) much enlarged above,
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridgewater,
Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug.

* *= Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly

sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones.

+-~ Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly
equal in length, the upper lip concave.

7. S» nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10'-20f
high) ; lower leaves roundish; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
(V long) ; the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; the nerve-like veins promi-
nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois
and Kentucky. June.

8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched
and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (£'-§' long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) —
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

* •*- Corolla (§' - 1' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rather longer than

the somewhat arched upper lip.

9. S. galeiiculata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the
base (l'-2' long). — Wet shady places; comm6n everywhere northward.
Aug. (Eu.)

* * * Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided

racemes ; the lower jloi'al leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like.

10. S. latcriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round-
ed at the base, petioled (2' -3' long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug.
— A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia,
this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap.

27. MARRUBIUM, L. HOREHOTJND.

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter-
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from
the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

1. HI. VULGA.RE, Lr (COMMON HOREHOUND.) Stems ascencing; leaves
rcund-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; caKx with 10 recurved

316 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

teeth, the alternats ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from garden!
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

28. GALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ;
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly-
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches,
and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly
like the lower ones. (Name composed of ya\€T), a weasel, and ctyts, resem-
blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

1. O. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the
joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFL6RA, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. O» LADANUM, L. (RED HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem smooth or pubescent;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat
often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach,
near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

2f>. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; the upper lip
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after
flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. —
Whorls 2 -many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
the name, from ora^us, a spike).

* Root annual : stems decumbent, low.

1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOTJNDWORT.) Hairy ; leaves petioled, ovate, ob-
tuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base; axillary whorls 4— 6-flowered, distant;
corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed , calyx. —
Waste places, E. Massachusetts; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

* # Root perennial : stem erect.

2. S. palustriS, L. Stem 4-angled (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower
short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart-
shaped at the base, do^ny or hairy -pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6- 10-flowered, the up-
per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317

somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet
banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for
the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them
are: —

Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on tho
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish,
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slen-
der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun-
cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwdl) to Michigan and south-
westward.

Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I. c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong,
heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some-
times shorter. — Common westward and southward.

3. S. hyssopifdlia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, or
Inarrowty linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered,
rather distant; corolla (violet-purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangu-
lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. 1J. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to
Michigan, and southward : rather raw. July.

BBT6NICA OFFICINALIS, the WOOD BETONY of Europe, — of a genus hard-
ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton,
Massachusetts.

3O. IiEONtJRUS, L. MOTHERWORT.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla
oblong and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed; its mid-
dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the
valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with
cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Aeow,
a lion, and ovpa, tail., i. e. Lion's-tail.)

1. Li. CARD*ACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall; leaves long-peti-
oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base,
3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1|.
— Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. It. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves
oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth;
the tube naked within ; lower1 lip rather erect. (2) — Road-sides, Pennsylvania :
rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

27*

818 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

31. L.AMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched,
narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex.
— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses-
sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from Xat/xos,
the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

1. L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut,
the upper ones clasping ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted; lateral lobes truncate. ® — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. L. PURPUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, all petioled. — Cult, groundf, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.)

32. BALL OTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND.

Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading
regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co-
rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek
name, of uncertain origin.)

1. B. NiGRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green,
erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long-
er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1J. — Waste places, Massachusetts
and Connecticut: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

33. PIILOMIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE.

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx-
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl-
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther-
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species,
of obscure derivation.)

1. P. TUBER6SA, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-
heart-stiaped, crenate, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped,
hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the
inside. H. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Kochester, Prof. Hadley, Prof. Dewey.
(Adv. from Eu.)

The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the
SWEET BASIL (Ocymum Basilicum) ; the LAVENDER (Lavdndula vera)', and
the SWEEE MARJORAM (Origanum Major&na).

BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 819

ORDER 78. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and
symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except
in fro. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply Globed
ovary (as in Labiatoe), which forms in fruit 4 seed-Like nutlets, each with a
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im-
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one
side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end,
and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci-
laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a
red dye.) A rather large family.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. BOIill A (• E^E. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded
nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.)
» Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets fixed
by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar flat.

1. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded.

« * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate
from the style) ; the scar broad and hollowed out.

2. LYCOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy.

3. SYMPHYTUM Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awLshaped.

* * * Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular. Nutlets

not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar very small and flat.
•i- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud.

4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect.

6. LITHOSPERMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded.

6. MERTENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded.

•i- t- Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud.

7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all of them, or all but the lowest, bract-

less.

* * * * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central

column or the base of the style.

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over.

TEIBE II. HEMOTROPEJE. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the
fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets

10. HELIOTROPIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled.

11. HELIOPHYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled.

1. ECHIUIW, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal
spreading 5-lobed border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta-

* In the descriptions we call these clusters racemes or spikes, for convenience, since they
00 closely Imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of $he bracts when these aw

.

820 BORRAGINACE.3E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

mcns mostly exscrted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened of
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^ts, a viper.)

1. E. VULGARE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly; stem erect (2° high),
mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short
lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple
changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). (2) — Eoad-sides and meadows : rather
rare northward ; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L.YCOPSIS, L. BUGLOSS.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes.
Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base.
— Annuals. (Name from \VKOS, a wdf, and ctyis, face.)

1. !L* ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (1'high);
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes ; calyx as long as the tube of the
small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia : scarce.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ;
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens in-
cluded: anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed
by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi-
nous roots ; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. (Name from crudely,
to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.)

1. S. OFFICINA.LE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a
petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish- white, rarely purplish. — Moist
places; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. ONOSM6l>IU]TI, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL.

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular-
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5
acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much
exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base ; the scar minute, not
hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and
sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length
elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONOSMODIUM
PROPER, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ;
the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re-
semblance to the genus Onosma.)

1. O. Virgillit|llllin, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid oppressed
bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 821

lanceolate (l'-2|; long), the lower narrowed at the base; corolla rather longer
than the calyx (3" long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles
outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (O.
hispidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.!) — Banks and hill-sides,
S. New England to Virginia and southward. June - Aug.

2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Clothed all over with
long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oldong-lancedate, acute ; corotta twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes
deltoid-ovate, obtusish; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (O.
molle, Beck, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Lam.) — Kiver-banks, W. New York,
Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved
than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs.
Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart-
shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. This has been confounded by some
authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles.

3. O. niolle, Michx. Hoary with Jine and close strictly oppressed hairs ;
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, soft-downy underneath; corolla longer than the calyx, the
lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti-
cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathei

-larger than in the last; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle.

5. L.ITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each
lobe ; the spreading limb 5-cleft ; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony,
fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly
red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy-bracted
flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p.
171, &c.). (Name compounded of Xi'tfos, stone, and orrep/ia, seed, from the hard
nutlets.)

$ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the
(nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages.

1. L*. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMAVELL.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems
erect (6' - 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl-
vania and Michigan. May- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally doited with pores:
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct
pubescent scales in the throat. ( Root perennial.)

2. L.. aiiifiisii folium, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish,
much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, \-nerved,
corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ;
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin-
ing. — Kiver-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May.

822 BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

3. I* OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above,
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx: nutlets
very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. L,. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high),
rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones
2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the
root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth
or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods,
Michigan to Kentucky. June.

§ 3. Nutlets smooth and shining : corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange-
yellow, somewhat piil)escent outside : the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the
throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red
dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.)

* Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer
than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe-
cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube], or slightly arched.

5. It. liirtllill, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOOK.) Hispid with bristly hairs
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis-
tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (£' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets.
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Carolinierisis, Gmel. B. Gmclini, Michx.)
— Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest-
ward. April - June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla |' - 1 broad.

6. It, caiiescens, Lehm. (HOARY PUCCOON or ALKANET.) Softly
hairy and more or less hoary (6'-15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the
upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap-
pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx
(3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) —
Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest-
ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than
in the last.

* * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its erose-toothed or
crenulate lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo-
phus, A. DC.)

7. Li. I oil £if lor mil, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple
(6'-18f high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx
(f -l£' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus
longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin
westward. May.

6. UIERTENSIA, Roth. SMOOTH LUNGWORT.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longer than the deeply 5-
cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in
the open throat ; the spreading ^border 5-lobed. Stamens protruding from the

BORRAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323

throat : filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped
anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth
or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the
scar small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves,
and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled
or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender.
(Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.)

§ 1. Corolla perfectly naked in the throat; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5
lobed : filaments slender, much longer than the anthers.

1. M. Virginica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root
(4' -6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding
the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu-
vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
May. — Cultivated for ornament.

§ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply
lobed : filaments shorter and fiat.

2. M. maritima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa-
pillose ; corolla bell-fnnnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets
smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine ? and
northward. (Eu.)

3. M. panicnlata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2°
high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co-
rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (£' long) ;
nutlets rough-wrinkled when dry. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.) — Shore of
Lake Superior, and northward.

7. MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx,
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila-
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. —Low
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and
with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion-
ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened
in fruit. (Name composed of /uvs, mouse, and ovs, O>TOS, ear, in allusion to the
aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is
MOUSE-EAR.)

* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none*of them hooked nor glandular.

1. Itt. palustris, With. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stems ascending
from an obliquely creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ;
leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx moderately
5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine
plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. 1J. — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into

324 BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

gmaller-flowered forms, among which high authorities rank M. csespitosa and
.'with yet more reason) the intermediate

Var. Irixa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers
1 w £ smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward.
May -Aug. (Eu.)

* * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of
them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex.

2. HI, m'Vi'iisis, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as-
cending (6' -15' high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the
iWse and stalked; corolla small, blue (rarely white); pedicels sheading in fruit
i*nd larger than the 5-cleJl equal calyx. (£) (g) (M. intermedia, Link. M. scor-
pioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous?)
May -Aug. (Eu.)

3. M. verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'-
12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes
leafy at the base ; corolla very small and white, with a short limb ; pedicels in
fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward? near the
apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid
calyx. (£) (2) (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, erf. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. fl.
N. Y.) — Dry hills, &c., Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May-
July.

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. STICKSEED.

Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud ;
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed,
the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the
apex, otherwise naked. — Kough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow-
ers in bracted racemes. (Name compounded of e'^Ivos, a hedgehog, and aireppa,
seed, from the prickly nutlets.)

»1. E. LApprjLA, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (l°-2° high); the
short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double
row of prickles at the margins, and tubercled on the back. (J) (g) — Waste
places ; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CYNOGL-OSSUUI, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGTJE.

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; the
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included.
Nutlets depressed or convex, obliqtie, fixed near the apex to the base of the
style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs,
with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly panicled racemes which are naked
above but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petioled. (Name from
KUCOI/J a dog, and yXcoomi, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

1. C. OFFICINA.LE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Clothed icith short
soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a
rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; c trolla reddish-

BORRAGINACEJS. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325

purple (rarely white, Sartwell] ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat
margined. (2) — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome
weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. C. Virginicum, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Roughish with spreading
bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-ob
long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on
a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. 1J.
— Eich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward.
June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next.

3. C. lloi isoiii, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem hairy, very broadly
branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper^)ointed, also tapering
at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani-
cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base ; corolla white or pale blue
(minute) ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed
points, ij (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses; com-
mon. July. — A vile weed.

10. HEL,IOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE.

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the
bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stigma conical.
Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-celled ovary,
but separating when ripe, each 1 -seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the
small flowers in 1-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from rj\ios, the sun, and
rpoiTT], a turn.)

1. H. EUROPIUM, L. Erect (6' -18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval,
long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in
fruit, hairy, (i, — Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places.
(Adv. from Eu.)

H. CuRASsAvicuM, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably
brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis.

H. PERUVIANUM, L., is the well-known SWEET HELIOTROPE in cultivation.

11. HELIOPHYTUM, (Cham.) DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE.

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled
(i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other-
wise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name composed of fj\ios, sun, and (frvrov,
plant.)

1. H. f HIM CUM, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and
somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, splitting into
2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at
length separable again into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets, (£) (Heliotropium
Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward.
(Adv. from India.)

BORRAGO OFFICINA.LIS, L., the cultivated BORAGE, is sometimes sponta-
neous in gardens.

28

826 HYDROPHYLLACE.fi. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

ORDER 79. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAM.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular
5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next
order; but the ovary ovoid and entire, 1-celled, with 2 parietal ±-many-
ovuled placenta. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved,
4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, amphitropous, with a small
embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-
sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young,
and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no
marked properties, s6W of them cultivated for ornament.)

Synopsis.

» Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our

plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp.

••- Corolla-lobes convolute hi the bud.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. NEMOPHILA. Stamens included : anthers ovoid. Calyx with appendages at the sinusefl,

somewhat enlarged hi fruit.

•«- i- Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
8. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less.
4. PHACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of
appendages.

1. HYDROPH^I^UM, L. WATERLEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec-
tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less
bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae
expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the
walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pah- of ovules on the inner
face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petioled am-,
pie leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of
vda>p, water, and 0uXXoi/, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.)
* Calyx naked or occasionally with minute appendages at the sinuses: rootstocks
creeping, thickish, scaly-toothed.

1. II. lliacropliylluill, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate, and
pinnatifid; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very
long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky,
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Boot-leave6
1° long : cyme globular, crowded

2. II. VirgiiiiCUlli, L. Smoothish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnately di-
vided; the divisions 5 - 7 , ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed,

HYDROPHYLLACEjE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327

the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than tht
petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate.
— Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles
forked : clusters rather dense.

3. H. Canadense, L. Nearly smooth (l°high); leaves palmately 5-7-
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles much shorter
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short
pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods,
W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July. —
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' -5' broad.

#= * Calyx with a small reflexed appendage in each sinus : stamens sometimes not ex-
serted (probably two forms of flowers, as in some BorraginacecE, p. 321, $*c.).

4. H. a p pen die ill a. til m, Michx. (HAIRY WATERLEAF.) Hairy;
stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the
lowest pinnate ly divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length
slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods, W. New York to the Alle-
ghanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June.

2. NEMOFHILA, Nutt. NEMOPHILA.

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta-
mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentas (bearing each 2-12
ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum ; the embryo larger. — Dif-
fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed
leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur-
ple. .(Name composed of j/e'/xos, a grove, and <£tXe'o>, to love; from the place of
growth they affect.)

1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading (2' -8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round-
ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter-
nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ;
flowers minute ; coroDa white (1|" long), longer than the calyx ; placentae each
2-ovuled ; pod 1 - 2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens,
Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward.
April - June.

N. iNsfGNis, N. MACULATA, &c. are showy Califoraian species, now com-
mon in gardens.

3. EL LI SI A, L. ELLISIA.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol-
la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes imbricated
In the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included.

828 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum, — Delicate
and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and
small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a
correspondent of Linnaeus.)

1 . E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently
branched (6'- 12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point,
nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom-
ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton,
New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward. May-
July.

4. PHACELIA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.)

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; th«
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style)
exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentas ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often
forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2-
30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple,
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white)
flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from (francos, a fascicle ; the flowers
or racemes being often clustered.)

§ 1. PHACELIA PROPER. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta):
corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire.

1. P. bipiimatificia, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairy
(l°-2°high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions or
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or
pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ;
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded
banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun-
tains. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, ^' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal
folds. Stamens bearded below : these, with the style, are either somewhat in-
cluded (P. brevistylis, Buckley} or exserted in different individuals.

{ 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC.,
in part. ) — Seeds and ovules only 4 : corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully
fringe-toothed : filaments villous-bearded below: leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp-
ing at the base : fiowers long-pediceUed.

2. P, Pfirsllii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending,
branched (8' - 12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ;
raceme many-flowered-, calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla blue (about £' in diameter).'
Q) (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Ndte, $-c.) —
Moist wooded banks, "W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April -Jane.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or
ascending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3-5 Jivic'ed intD roundish

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 329

leaflets; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-lQ-flow-
ered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white OJ'-J'
broad), (l) — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May.

§ 3. EtTTOCA. (Eutoca,~72. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many,
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire.

4. P. ]>:n*Yi(lor:i, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3' - 8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ;
racemes solitary, loosely 5 - 15-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times
longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish or white (£'- $' broad) ; pod
few-seeded. ® — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June.

5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout;
leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are
crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an
oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear : corolla blue ; pod many-seeded. (X) (Eutoca
Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Joy, $-c.); thence north-
ward and westward.

ORDER 80. POLEMOJVIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud,
a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal,few-
many-seeded; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co-
pious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated in the bud. Corolla with a
5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. - (Insipid
and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

TRIBK I. POIjEMONIEJE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla -with the lobes convolute in the
bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel,
opening lengthwise.

1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal.
2 PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally
inserted filaments.

TBIBB II. DIAPENSIEJE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in
the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cells
opening transversely.

3. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line.

4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across.

1. POliEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short
tube of .the open-bell-shaped corolla ; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen-
daged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al«
28*

830 POLEMONIACE^5. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

teraate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or
white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from woXe/iof,
uwr, of doubtful application.)

1. P. rep tans, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched
(6' - 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ;
flowers (blue) nodding ; calyx-lobes acute ; pods about 3-seeded. U. — Shady
river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Smaller and
much fewer-flowered than the P. c^RtLEUM, which is common in gardens.

2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren-
nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate.
Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the
upper axils. ($Xo£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this
North American genus.) x

# Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and

pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entirf.

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the
upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle' ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx-
teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACUMINATA (P. acuminata,
Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem,
which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich
woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar
dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white.

2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely
roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2°high); lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the
broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy
below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple
(sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani-
cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis,
Smith. — Rich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June.

# # Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal
corymbed cymes / the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round
and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate.

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°- 2° high), often from a pros-
trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ;
calyx-teeth acute. — Var. OVATA, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, L). Var.
NfTiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next
— Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July. —
Corolla 1' long ; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple.

POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 331

4. P. glabcrrima, L. Stems slender, erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes
revolutc margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long); cymes few-
flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Ai/dn.) — Prairies and open
woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July.

* * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect] from a spreading or prostrate base,
more or less clammy-pubescent,' as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or
linear leaves : flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduncled : calyx deeply
cleft, the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. .

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (l°-l£° high), usually
hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp
point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer
than the tube ; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata,
Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benih. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves l'-2'
long, l£"- 3" wide.

Var.? Walteii. Stems ascending (£°-l£° high), mostly simple; leave* m
broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (l'-l£' long, on
sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme compact and sessile, leafy-bracted ; calyx-teeth
rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell.,
Benth. in part, not of L.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south-
ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnaean P.
pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux.

6. P. reptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth-
ish and thickish leaves ; flowering stems (4' - 8' high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse leaves (^' long), clammy-pubescent; cyme close, few-flowere*d ; calyx-teeth
awl-shaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur-
ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward :
also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1' long;
limb 1' broad.

7. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9' -18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1^' long),
acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles
slender ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often
entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), $'-%' long, equalling or longer than the tube
with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains o'
Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May.

8. P. bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high); leaves hn-
ear, becoming nearly glabrous (£'-!£' long, l£" wide) ; flowers few, on slen-
der peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the
pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (J' long), equalling the tube, the
divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May.

# * * * Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short flowerinj shoots ascend-

ing, glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled

332 CONVOLVULACE.ZE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

9. P. siibnlata, L. (GROUND or Moss PINK.) Depressed; leaves
awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (£-$' long); cymes few-flowered;
calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker
centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P.
setacea, L.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and
southward. April, May. — Commonly cultivated ; the broad matted tufts very
handsome in blossom.

P. DRUMMONDII, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in
gardens.

3. DIAPENSIA, L. DIAPENSIA.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses,
short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi-
nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat-
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1 -flow-
ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (£' wide). (The an-
cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by
Linnaeus to this plant.)

1. D. L,api>6ilica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.)

4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. PYXIDANTHERA.

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line.
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen,
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from irv£isj
a small box, and dvOrjpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barb ill ata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and
southward. April, May.

ORDER 81. CONVOL.VUL.ACE-3E. (CONVOLVULUS FAM.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate
leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated
sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-
celled (rarely S-ceUed) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of
erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be-
tween the seeds, so becoming A-cetted; the embryo large, curved or coiled in
mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers most-
ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333

ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots : those
of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders,
or rather strongly marked tribes.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. CON VOL VTIIjE JE* Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled
in the seed. Ovary 2 - 3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal. — Leafy plants.

* Style 1, undivided.
•»- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts.

1. QUAMOCLIT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border.

Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded.

2. IPOMQSA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of-

ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod2-3-celled; cells 2-seeded.

8. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2.
•»- •*- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts.

4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded.

* * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3.

5. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate.

TRIBE II. DICHONDRE^. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe 1

6. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded.

TRIBE III. CUSCTJTINEJE. Embryo spiral, slender, destitute of cotyledons. Ovary
2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners.

7. CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group.

1. qiTAMOCL.IT, Tourn. CYPRESS- VINE.

Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small
spreading border. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed.
Pod 4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers.
(An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.)

1. Q. coccfNEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or
angled ; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Ipomoea coccinea,
L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop.
Amer. or Ind.)

Q. VULGARIS, the cultivated CYPRESS-VINE, is becoming spontaneous in
the South.

2. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING-GLORY.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens
included. Stigma capitate, often 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, or in one group 3-
celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from ty, ITTOS, a Bindweed [which it is
not], and o/xoios, like.)

§ 1. PHARBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- (rarely 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded.
1. I. puRpfrREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely
hairy ; leaves heart-sJiaped, '.icuminate, entire ; peduncles long umbellately 3-5-
flowered ; calyx bristly-hai y below ; corolla funnel-form (9- long), purple vary-

334 CONVOLVULACE2E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

ing to white. ® (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis raspida, Choisy ) —
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from T/op. Amer.)

2. I. NIL, Roth. (MORNING-GLOBY.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart'
shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long,
1 - 3-flowered ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale
blue. © (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)

, §2. IPOMQEA, Choisy.— Pod 2-celled, - the cells 2-seeded.

3. I. lacundsa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen-
der ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed, long-petioled ; pedun-
cles short, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-dliate or hairy, half
the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy, (l) (C.
micranthus, Riddell.) — Woods and fields, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug. — Corolla ^' - J' long.

4. 1. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.)
Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly
heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as
to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals smooth,
ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in
the tube. 1|. — Sandy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and
southward. June - Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine.

I. SAGITTA.TA (Conv. sagittifolius, Michx.) is said by Pursh to grow in
Virginia ; but it has not lately been met with so far north. — I. COMMUTAT A,
Ram. Sf Sch. (I. tricocarpa, Ell.}, with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3,
is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky.

BATATAS EDULIS, Choisy (Conv. Batatas, L.), is the cultivated SWEET
POTATO.

3. CONVOI.VITL.US, L. BINDWEED.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens included.
Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. —
Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening
at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

1. C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Stem procumbent or twining, and
low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe-
duncles mostly 1 -flowered; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (f long) white or
tinged with reddish. 1J. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble-
some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. CAL.YSTEGIA, R. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED,

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal.
Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobe4 or entire. Staiaens in-
cluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-celled or 1-
cclled, 4-seedcd. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and

CONVOLVULACE-fi. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 835

axillary 1-flowered peduncles. (Name from «aXv£, calyx, and oreyo), to cover,
alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.)

1. C. sepium, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Smooth; stem twining;
leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the
base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co-
rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Var.
BEPENS (Convolvulus repens, L.) is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged
with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds; common.
June, July. (Eu.)

2. C. spitlianiffcci, Pursh. (Low BINDWEED.) Downy; stem low and
mostly simple, upright or ascending (6' -12' Jong) ; leaves oblong, with a more or
less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex ; peduncles
usually longer than the leaf; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and
plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July.

5. STYL.ISMA, Baf. STTLISMA.

Styles 2 (rarely 3), distinct and simple, or united to above the middle : stig-
mas (small) depressed-capitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus.
— Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat
downy outside. (Name compounded of orvXoy, style, and la pa, foundation ; per-
haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.)

1. S. evolvilloides, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate,
or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (f'-l£'
long), short-petioled ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts awl-shaped, shorter than the
pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. 1|. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri-
chosanthes, Michx. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Ridddl (?),
Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. — Corolla 5" - 8" long.

2. S» Pickeringii. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear,
narrowed at the base, scarcely petioled ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts re-
sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to far above the middle. ty
(Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey (and N.
Carolina). July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3" - 5" long.

6. DICIIONBKA, Forst. DICHONDBA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 - 2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. —
Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves,
and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white.
(Name composed of dis, double, and xovdpos, grain, or roundish mass ; from the
fruit.)

I. D. repens, Forst. : var. Carolinensis, Choisy. Leaves round-
kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx
(1" - 1£" long) . (D. Carolinensis, Michx. ) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor-
folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere.)

336 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

7. C 17 SCUT A, Tourn. DODDER.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-
celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em-
bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of
cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule ?) :
germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish
or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place
of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of
herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of
papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered,
mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.)

The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANN.

\ 1 . Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the base by circumcissile dekis-
cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.)

1. C« EpiLiNUM', Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender ; flowers
sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely
exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the
pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate,
shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very
injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.
(Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly.

* Flowers more or less pedicelled : bracts Jew and distant : calyx 4 - 5-cleft.

•«— Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

2. C. teiniiflora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored ,
flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven-
tricose after flowering) twice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobos of
the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalinthi,
Engelm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus and various tall
herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species.

3. C. umbrosfi, Beyrich. Flowers peduncled in umbel-like cymes ; tube
of the (mostly 4-cleft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate
erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed,
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown,
covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm.) —
Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs
or herbs ; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward.

H- -i- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod,

4. C. arvensiS, Beyrich (in herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, 5-
parted, peduncled in loose umbel-like cymes ; tube of the corolla included in or
little exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 837

spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ;
scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose,
thin, yellowish. ( C. pentagona, Engdm. ) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from
Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri ; on smaller herbs,
and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) :
with a small one, it is var. mierocalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri-
cal one, var. calyclna (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucdsa,
Engdm. (Texas).

5. C. clilorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4
cleft, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube
nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the
lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised ; the thick styles as long as the large
depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygonorum, Engdm.)
— Low grounds onPolygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow-
ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro-
truding from the tube of the corolla*

6. C. Oroiiovii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers mostly
5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped,
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire
spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the
base ; pod globose, urnbonate, brown. (C. Americina, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Terr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places;
everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east-
ward : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs.
Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the
loosely-flowered ones Westward and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers
was collected in Connecticut. C. Saurian, Engdm., is a form with more open
flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley.

7. C. rostrata, Shuttle worth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers
(large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes ; corolla deep bell-shaped, the
tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse
entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles
slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val-
leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs,
rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other
of our species.

# # Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engdm. )

8. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3 - 5) and sepals orbicular,
concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equaling or much shorter than the cy-
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading
lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base.
C. coronata, Beyrich., (C. compacta, Choisy,) is the Eastern and Southern form

29

338 SOLANACEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla; C. (Lepidwiche) adpressa,
Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla.
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl-
vania southward; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in
diameter.

9. C. glomcritUl, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts urith recurved-spreading tips; sepals nearly similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Engelm.) — Moist
prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward : growing mostly on tall Com-
positse. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils
of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems.

ORDER 82. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu-
lar b-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla plaited-
imbricate, plaited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a
2-ceUed (rarely 3 - 5-cetted) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy-
lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy
albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the
corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting
far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic,
often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige-
nous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the
plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

Synopsis.

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 6-parted or cleft ; the lobes valvate with the margins turned inwards

In the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a b«jrry.

1. SOLANUM. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

» * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funnel-form, somewhat 6-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud
Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry.

2. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-ceUed.

8. NICANDRA. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled.

* * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 6-lobed or toothed, plaited In the

bud. Anthers separate Fruit a dry pod.
+- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid.
4. HYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal.

t- ••- Pod openinf lengthwise. Corolla elongated.

6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, more or lees 4-celled, naked.
6. NICOTIANA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed in the calyx,
2-celled.

SOLANACE^. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

1. SOLANUM, L. NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted),
the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes induplicate. Sta-
mens exserted, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers
opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or
shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral
(rameal) one ; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of
unknown derivation.)

* Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.)

1. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing,
nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two
ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet.
— Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. NiGRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched
%nd often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers
(very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries
globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.)

3. S. Carolineiise, L. (HORSE NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high);
stem erect, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ;
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes ; berries globular,
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil; Connecticut to Illinois and southward, June
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.)

S. MAMM6suM, L., is not a native of our district.

S. TUBER6suM, L., is the cultivated POTATO, and S. MELONGENA, L., the
EGG-PLANT.

LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the TOMATO, now separated from
Solanum.

2. PIIYSAI^IS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading-
bell-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5
concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed.
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with
brownish spots in the throat. (Name, <j>vcra\is, a bladder, from the inflated
calyx.)

# Root annual : anthers blue or violet.

1. P. angiilsita, L. Glabrous, erect, much branched (2° -3° high);
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed ; corolla somewhat 5-

340 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

lobed, small (3" -4" long), not spotted; calyx with broadly triangular-subulate
teeth as long as the tube, in fruit conical-ovate and sharply 5-angled (I'-l^
long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced.

Var. ? Philadelphia. Nearly glabrous ; calyx-teeth shorter and broader,
less closed or open at the summit in fruit ; corolla sometimes brownish in the
throat. (P. Philadelphia, Lam., &c.) — New England? to Illinois and south-
ward. July - Sept.

2. P, pubescens, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy, diffusely much branched
or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped (very variable) ; corolla
(4' - 5" long) dark brown in the throat ; calyx with triangular-lanceolate acute
teeth, in fruit ovate-pointed. (P. hirsuta, DunaL P. obscura, Michx. in part,
&c.) — Low grounds ; common southward and westward.

# # Root perennial: anthers yellow. ( Corolla £' - f long.)

3. P. viscosa, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and
widely spreading, or at first erect (^°-2° high) ; leaves ovate or slightly heart-
shaped, sometimes oblong, often roughish-downy underneath, repand-toothed,
obtusely toothed, or entire ; corolla almost entire, brownish in the throat ; teeth
of the clammy-hairy calyx ovate-lanceolate. (P. Pennsylvanica, L., P. hetero-
phylla, Nees, and P. nyctaginea, Dunal, appear to be only states of this.) —
Light or sandy soils, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; very common.
July - Sept. — Corolla |' - 1' broad when expanded.

3. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla
open-bell-shaped, the plaited border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Phy-
salis. — An annual smooth herb (2° -3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or
angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles.
(Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

1. Bf. PHYSALoh>ES, Gffirtn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings. (Adv.
from Peru.)

4. HYOSCYAMUS, Toura. HENBANE.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the
apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with
lurid flowers in the axils of_ angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of
vs, vds, a hog, and Kua/ios, a bean ; the plant said by JElian to be poisonous to
swine.)

1. H. NIGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed
and angled ; lowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; corolla dull yellowish,
strongly reticulated with purple veins. ® — Escaped from gardens to road-
sides. (Adv. from Eu.)

GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 841

£. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit,
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading
5-1 0-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved,
2-celled, with 2 thick placentae projected from the axis into the middle of the
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentas seemingly borne on the middle
of the alternate partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Bank weeds, tfarcotic-
poisonous, with a rank odor, bearing ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large
and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. (Al-
tered from the Arabic name Tatorah.)

1. D. STRAM6NIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM.) Leaves ovate, smooth ;
stem green ; corolla white, with 5 teeth. — Var. TATULA has the stem and
corolla tinged with purple. (D — Waste grounds ; a well-known weed, with
large flowers (3' long). July- Sept. (Adv. from Asia or Trop. Amer.)

6. NICOTIANA, L. TOBACCO.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-
celled, 2 -4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Bank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemed or pani-
cled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the
Tobacco into Europe.)

1. N. RUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Leaves ovate, petioled; tube of
the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx,
the lobes rounded. © — Old fields, from New York westward and southward :
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

N. TABACUM, L., is the cultivated TOBACCO.

ATROPA BELLADSNNA, L. (DEADLY NIGHTSHADE), a plant with pur-
plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places.

LYCIUM BARBARUM, L. (BARBARY BOX-THORN, or MATRIMONY-VINE),
a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet
hardly spontaneous.

CAPSICUM ANNUUM, L., is the CAYENNE, or BED PEPPER of the gardens.

ORDER 83. GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular fencers with the
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im-
bricated, and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary with 2 parietal
placentce ; the fruit mostly a 1-valved (septidddT) many-seeded pod. — Flow-
ers solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly wither! ng-per-
29*

#42 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

flistent; (he stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute
embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri-
carp ! (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Synopsis.

TMBK I. GENTIANE^E. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) in. the
bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), hi Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always
opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous,
wjth a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds
covering the whole face of the pericarp.

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous.

1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 6- 12-parted : anthers curved.

2. ERYTHRJEA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4-5-cleft : anthers spiral.

* * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight.

+- Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe.
8. FRASBEA. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat
4. HALENIA. Corolla 4- 6-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base.

••- •«- Corolla without glands or spurs.
6. GBNTIANA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla mostly with plaited folds at the sinuses.

6. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses.

7. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, th*

lobes imbricated in the bud !

TRIBE II. MEIV YAIVTHE JE. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edge*
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony.

8. MENYANTUES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foJiolate.

9. LIMNANTHEMUM. Corolla smooth above. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CENTATJRY.

Calyx 5 -12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5 -12-parted, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien-
nials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or
rose-purple) flowers. (Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)

* Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 -parted.
** Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying : cymes corymbed, inany-flowered.

1. S. paniClllata, Pursh, Ell. Stem brachiatdy much-branched (l°-2°
high), rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines ; leaves linear or the lower ob-
long, obtuse, l-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes linear-thread-
form, much shorter than the corolla. — Damp pine woods, Virginia and south-
ward. June -Aug.

2. S. lanccolata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simpk (1° - 3° high) bearing a flat-
topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer than in No. 1 ; the flowers lar
ger. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens,
from New Jersey southward. June, July.

«- i- Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly with a yellowish or greenish, eye.
*+ Erect, pyramidally many-flowered : branches opposite, erectish : peduncles short.

3. S. bracllisita, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (l°-2° high) ;
leaves linear and linear-oblonq, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few-

GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 343

flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes £ or J shorter than the corol-
la. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana
( Wood), and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla 1 ' - 1|' broad ; the lobes nar-
rower than in the next.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem somewhat 1-winged-angled, much branched
above (l°-2£° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes £ to £ the length of the corolla.
— Dry river-banks, &c., New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. —
Corolla l£' wide, deep rose-purple; the lobes obovate.

** ++ Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched; the branches alternate or forking (stems
terete or slightly 4-angled) : peduncles elongated and \-flowered.

5. S. ealycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (£°-l° high), pale; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (l£'-2' long); calyx-lobes fdiaceous,
spatulate-lanceolate (f'-l' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes,
coast of Virginia, and southward. June - Sept.

6. S. StellariS, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high);
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear,
varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marsh-
es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — This may run
into the next.

7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched
(l°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the
lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the
rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river-
banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Cooley) to Virginia, and southward.
June -Sept.

# * Corolla 9- 12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.)

8. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely
panicled above ; the peduncles slender, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol-
la.— Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and
southward. July - Sept. — One of our handsomest plants.

2. ERYTHRJBA, Pers. CENTATJRY.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with a slender tube and a 4 - 5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the
pod. Anthers exserted, erect," twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma
capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-
purple or reddish flowers; whence the name, from epvOpos, red. (All our
Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a
few localities.)

1 . E. CENTATJRIUM, Pers. ( CENTAURY. ) Stem upright, corymbosely branched
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cymes clus-
tered, flat-topped, ike flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored)

344 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York, near the
old fort. July. —Plant 6'- 12' high : corolla 3"- 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. E. RAMOSf SSIMAJ Pers., var. PULCHELLA, Griseb. Low (2' - 6' high) ;
stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or
oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn.
plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E.
Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. E. SPICATA, Pers. Stem strictly upright ; the flowers sessile and spiked
along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong,
rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla
scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oakes.) —
Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, Rugel).
— Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers.
(Nat. from Eu. ?)

3. Fit A SERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped,
usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. .Style
persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large
and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John
Eraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the
close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolincnsis, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high); leaves mostly
in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny; panicle pyramidal,
loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the
narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their
middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. 1J. (D "? — Rich dry
soil, S. W.'New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. —
Boot very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked
with brown-purple dots.

4. HAL.EWIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow-
ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. deflexa, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above;
leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong-
lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the
length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) 02) ('Swertia corniculata, I.., partly.)

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 345

— Davnp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north
ward. July, August.

5. GENTIANA, L. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds
either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov-
ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark!) — Flowers solitary
or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe-
cies medicinally.)

$ 1. AMARELLOlDES, Torr. & Gr. — Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked : anthers separate, fixed by the
middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsely reversed after the flower opens : seeds
wingless: annuals.

1. O. qwinquefldra, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.) Stem rath-
er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp-
ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches
racemed or panicied, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft
calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-
pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN-
TAL! s has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half
the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south-
ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the
Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in
the variety proportionally shorter.

§2. CROSSOPETALUM, Froel. — Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between
the bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed
on the margins : anthers as i n § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed
with little scales : annuals or biennials.

2. O. crinita, Frcel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx
unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue
corolla, the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sum-
mit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon-
sin; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward.
Sept. — Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long.

3. €r. dctoiisa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN.) Stem simple
or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ;
leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal,
ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-
oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum-
mit ; Ocary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin
(Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (Eu.)

346 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

§ 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. — Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-ldbed,
with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : anthers erect, tfixed
by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a
ring or tube, stalked: seeds commonly winged: perennials.
• # Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate.

•»- Anthers entirely separate : seeds wingless.

4. G. oclirolcuca, Froel. (YELLOWISH- WHITE GENTIAN.) Stems
ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also
in axillary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse,
the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear,
unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co-
rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes
ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ;
pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir
ginia, and common southward. Sept., Oct.

H- -t— Anthers cohering with each other more or less firmly : seeds winged.

5. G. rtllm, Muhl. Cat. ! (WHITISH GENTIAN.) Stems upright, stout,
very smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus-
ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from
a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calvx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of
the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or
yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly
twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly
winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Griseb.
in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the
Alleghanies, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &c. July - Sept.

6. G. Andre WSii, Griseb. (CLOSED GENTIAN.) Stems upright,
smooth ; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-mar-
gined ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube,
and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the
mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-
toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent
corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Froel., frc., not of L.) — Moist
rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept. — Corolla 1' or more long,
blue fading to purplish, striped inside ; the folds whitish.

7. G. Sapoiiiti'isi, L. (SOAPWORT GENTIAN.) Stem erect or ascend-
ing, smooth ; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax-
ils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, with rough margins, nar-
rowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed-
ing the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue
corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer
than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly
winged. (G. Catesbaei, Walt.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. ? Maryland, to Virginia,
Kentucky, and southward, principally in the Alleghanies. Aug., Sept.

GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMlff .) 347

Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear of
lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumonanthe, Amer. auth. $- ed. 1 : also G. Sapo-
naria var. Froelichii. G. linearis, Frod.) — Mountain vret glades of Maryland
and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord),
and Maine (near Portland). Aug.

8. G. pubcrula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8'- 16' high), most-
ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo
late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2; long); flowers clustered, rarely
solitary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the
bell-funnd-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut-
ish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbaei,
Ett. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the
plant, l£'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls,
as they do in the rest of this division.

* * Flower solitary and terminal, peduncled, mostly bractless.

9. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' -15'
high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun-
nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-
lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ;
the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south-
ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov.

6. BART ONI A, Muhl. (CENTAURSLLA, Michx.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds.
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface
of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl-
shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled.
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches
or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish,
rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary
4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir-
ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri, Griseb., is only a
variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute.

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) 1- few-flowered; lobes of the co
rolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong;
ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers
&t-±it long, larger than in No. 1.

7. OB OL. ARIA, L. OBOLARIA.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblcng, or with ago

348 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla,
short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, the cell
cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very
smooth purplish-green perennial (3'-8' high), with a simple or sparingly
branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile.
(Name from o^SoXos, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this
plant bear no manifest resemblance.)

1. O. Virginica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bar. -Am., t. 3.)— Eich soil, in
woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward : rather rare.
April, May.

8. JttENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward.
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-
leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ;
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from pqv, month, and avOos, a flower,
some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. Id, trifoliata, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

9. I^IMNATVTHElfllJlJI, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per-
sistent. Pod few -many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferoua
stolons. (Name compounded of Xt'fii/?/, a marsh or pool, and avdepov, a blossom,
from the situations where they grow.)

1. Li. lacundsum, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick-
ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel-
lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style
none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Ell.) —
Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New Yprk to Virginia and southward.
June -Sept. — Leaves 1'- 2' broad, entire, on petioles 4' -15' long, according
to the depth of the water.

L, TRACHYSPERMUM of the South has roughened seeds, as its name denotes,
and is entirely distinct.

A-POCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 349

ORDER 84. APOCYNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Plants with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without sti-
pules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers ; the o lobes of the corolla
convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla,
and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which
are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig-
mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large
straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).
— Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our
district by three genera.

Synopsis.

1 AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the
filaments Leaves alternate

2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen-
der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,
broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in-
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta-
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than
the filaments. Ovaiies 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pods v( follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri-
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, witn
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be
named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tafoernaemoiltfiiia, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather
obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A.
latifolia, Michx.) — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia1? and south-
ward. May.

A. CILIATA, with linear leaves, and A. SALiciF6LiA, with lanceolate leaves
may be expected in Virginia.

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adher-
ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong,
with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite
leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English
botanist.)

1. F. «l if form is, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acuminate, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow
30

350 ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

(EchHes difformis, Walt.) — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia and southward
April.

3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cIeft, bearing 5 trian-
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the
very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
which converge around the ovoid obsqurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad-
herent *tfc it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds cpmose with a long tuft of
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of
OTTO, from, and KVWV, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.)

1. A. :m«lios;rimlV>liiiiii, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth,
branched above ; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ;
cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; coi'olla (pale rose-color, $•'
broad ) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed
divisions of -the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor-
ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July. — Pods 3' -4'
long, pendent.

2. A. < :i mi; chin mil, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches up-
right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are
usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish- white) with nearly erect lobes ,
the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABERRI-
MUM, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but
manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var.
PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some-
times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. HY
PERICIF6LIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short
petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) — River-
banks, &C. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° - 3° high, much more upright
than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. These different varieties evi-
dently run into one another.

VfNCA adNOR, the common PERIWINKLE, and NERIUM OLEANDER, tne
OLEANDER, are common cultivated plants of this family.

ORDER 85. ASCLEPIADACE-ffi. (MILKWEED FAMILY.;

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wliorled (rarely scattered) entire
leaves ; the foliicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with the stigma, sensible
properties, fyc.,just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com-
monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the
stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., as
explained under the first and typical genus.

ASCLEPIADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 351

Synopsis.

I. ASCL.EPIADE.flE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy,
fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 6-parted. Ci own of 5 hooded fleshy bod-

ies (nectaries, L.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each.

2. ACERATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but

without a horn inside.

8 ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated
by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

TRIBE II. GONOLiOBE.33. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the
stigma in pairs, horizontal.

4. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring.

TRIBB III. FERIPI<OCEJE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu-
lar, separately applied to the stigma.

5. PERIPLOCA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales hi the throat.

1. ASCLiEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Calyx 5-paned, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply
5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduo.us. Crown of 5
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an
incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united
in a tube (gynostegium) which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma,
each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell
containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous
pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro-
longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the
stigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing
copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles).
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate
or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all
over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished
with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad
foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and
deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear-
ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (The
Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)
* Pods clothed with soft spinous projections.

1. A» Cornuti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.)
Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight
point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety-
downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla
ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi-
cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short
and stout daw-like horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woolly. (A. Sy-
riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich soil, fields, &c. ;
common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale.

352 ASCLEPIADACEJ5. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

2. A. Sullivaiitii, Engelm. Mss. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves
ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped sessile base, erect; hoods of the crown olovate, entire,
obtusely 2-eared at the base on the outside, with a slender but obtuse claw-liko
horn ; pods ovate-lanceolate, with small and scattered warty spines ddefly on the beak.
— Near Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. W. Illinois, Engelmann. July. — Kesem-
bles No. 1 in appearance, in the petals, &c. ; the hoods larger, and exceeding
the anthers by one half.

* # Pods not warty-roughened or prickly.

-*- Leaves all or chiejly opposite, or tJie middle ones sometimes in fours.
•*-*• Stems simple or nearly so (above usually with 2 lines of minute pubescence).

3. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem (3° -5°
high) smooth; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both
ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long) ; pedicels
loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (l'-3' long), equalling the pedun-
cle, many times longer than the ovate-ol>long divisions of tlie (greenish) corolla ; hoods
of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn
ivith a long projecting awl-shaped point ; pods minutely downy. — Moist copses ;
common. June.

4. A. purpurascens, L. (PURPLE MILKWEED.) Stem rather slen-
der (2° -3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the lower mucronate, the upper
taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the
base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle, about
twice the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods of
the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with
a narrow and abruptly inftexed horizontal point; pods smooth. (A. amcena, L.,
Michx.) — Border of woods, &c., N. England to Michigan and Kentucky: com-
mon westward. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 1 : peduncle and pedicels
downy along one side.

5. A. variegata, L. (VARIEGATED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(l°-2°high); leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, mucronate, con-
tracted into short petioles ; pedicels ( numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ;
divisions of the corolla ovate (white) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, the
horn semilunar with a horizontal point ; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L.,
in part. A. hybrida, Michx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. July. — Remarkable for its very compact umbels of nearly white
flowers, often purple in the centre. Leaves 4-5 pairs, the middle ones some-
times whorled ; veins often purple. Peduncles 1-3, usually |' long.

6. A. IV uttal liana, Torr. (excl. char.?) Low (6' -15' high), soft-
downy, especially the lower side of the ovate or lance-oblong acute slightly petioled
leaves; umbels loosely 10- 18-Jlowered, either sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen-
der (£'-!' long) ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small
horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white divisions of the corolla (which
are tinged with purple outside). (A. lanuginosa, Nutt.) — Prairies and Oak-
openings, N. Illinois, Vasey, Wisconsin, Lapham, anr westward. June. —
Leaves l£'-3' long, §'-!$' wide, smoothish above, thf upper sometimes scat-
tered. Flowers about as large as in the next.

ASCLEPIADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 363

7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(10'- 18' high), slender ; leaves ovate, or sometimes oiute-lanceolate, petioled, usually
tape\-pointed, the middle ones in whorls of four ; pedicels capillary ; divisions of the
(paU pink) corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved
horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills;
rather common. June. — Leaves 2' -4' long, variable on the s.ame plant, some-
times all opposite, rarely with two whorls. Umbels 2-5; peduncles I'-l^'
long : the flowers rather small (corolla-lobes 2£" long), but handsome.

8. A. parviflora, Pursh. (SMALL-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Nearly
smooth; the stems (l°-2° high) persistent, or slightly woody towards the base,
Blender ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled, all opposite ; umbels
somewhat panicled, pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; flowers white
tinged with purplish (the buds 1" long) ; divisions of the corolla ovate ; the
slender incurved horn longer than the hood. — Barrens, Green River, Kentucky
(Short), and southward. July.

9. A. obtHSifolia, Michx. (WAVY-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Smooth and
glaucous ; stem simple (2° -3° high), bearing a single terminal umbel on a long naked
peduncle (3'- 12' long) ; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse but mucronate
(2-5' long), sessile and partly clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins wavy ;
pedicels very numerous, elongated ; divisions of the (greenish-purple) corolla ob-
long ; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter
than the slender awl-pointed horn ; pods smoothish. — Sandy woods and fields :
not rare. July. — Flowers large (petals 4" - 5" long) .

10. A» I'iitira, L. (RED-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Smooth, slender (1°-
2° high), bearing 1-3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem (on a
peduncle 2' -3' long) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, tapering to a very sharp
point, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, very short-petioled ; divisions of the
corolla (reddish-purple) lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown oblong, acutish (pur-
ple tinged with orange), with an awl-shaped and slightly incurved short horn ;
pods smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Low grounds,
pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. — Leaves 2' -4
long, rough-ciliate.

11. A. paupercilla, 'Michx. Very smooth; stem wand-like, slender (2°-
3° high), bearing 1 - several few-flowered umbels at the summit of a naked and usu-
ally elongated terminal peduncle (rarely with one or two lateral ones) ; leaves
linear, much elongated, slightly petioled ; divisions of the (purple) corolla linear-
oblong, half the length of the pedicels ; hoods of the crown (orange-yellow) spat-
nlate-oblong, much longer than the awl-shaped incurved horn. — Wet pine bar-
rens, New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July, Aug. —
Leaves 5' -10' long, l"-6" broad; the flowers large and showy.

** ++ Stem paniculately branching.

12. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so,
the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles
(2° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse at
the base, distinctly petioled; umbels many-flowered, somewhat panicled, on
peduncles half the length of the leaves ; divisions of the corolla ovate, reddish-

30*

354 ASCI EPIADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

purple ; hcods of the crown (flesh-color) ovate, about the length of the ascend-
ing or scjthe-form awl-shaped horns; pods veiny, smooth. — Varies with the
leaves a little heart-shaped at the base, and, in var. PULCHRA, with broader and
shorter^petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A.
pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward;
the hairy variety more so southward. July, Aug. — Milky juice scanty.
•*- •«- Leaves alternate-scattered, or the lowest opposite : milky juice little or none.

13. A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Rough-
ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong
(greenish-orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely
longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A.
decumbens, L.) — Dry hills and fields ; common, especially southward. July-
Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and
corymbed short-peduncled umbels of very showy flowers, which are rather
smaller than in No. 1 .

•»-•»-•»- Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, crowded.

14. A. verticillata, L. (WHORLED MILKWEED.) Smoothish ; stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoary in lines, very leafy to the
summit; leaves very narrowly linear, with revolute margins (2' -3' long, 1"
wide), 3 - 6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral, and terminal ; divisions of the co-
rolla ovate (greenish- white) ; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the
length of the incurved claw-shaped horns; pods very smooth. — Dry hills;
common, especially southward. July - Sept. — Flowers small.

2. A CURATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

Nearly as in Asclepias; but the pollen-masses more slender, with longer
stalks, and the concave upright hoods of the crown destitute of a horn (whence
the name, from a privative and Ke'pas, -aros, a horn).

1. A. Viridiflora, Ell. Downy-hoary; stems low and stout, ascending;
leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate or almost linear, slightly peti-
oled, mucronate-acute or obtuse, thick, at length smoothish ; umbels nearly sessile,
densely many-flowered, globose; lateral ; divisions of the corolla oblong ; hoods of
the crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, short-
er than the anthers ; pods nearly smooth. (Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh. A.
lanceolata, Ives. A. obovata, Ell.) — Dry hills and sandy fields; common, es-
pecially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers greenish; when expanded, about
the length of the pedicel. Leaves singularly variable in form.

2. A. loilgifolia, Ell. Minutely hoary or rough-hairy ; stem slender } up-
right (l°-2£° high) ; leaves elongated-linear (3' -7' long, £'-£' wide) ; umbels
peduncled, open, many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong, several
times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown short and rounded, raised on
the tube offil&ments; pods smooth. — Moist places, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-

\ ward. June, July. — Flowers half as large as in the last, tinged with yellowish
and p irplish.

ASCLEPIADACE./E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 355

3. ENSL.fcNIA, Nutt. ENSLENIA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An-
thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb,
smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi-
cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)

1. E. :i Iliitla, Nutt. — Kiver-banks, Ohio to Illinois, W. Virginia, and
southwestward ; common. July -Sept. — Climbing 8° -12° high: leaves 3'-
5' wide.

4. GONriL,OBUS, Michx. GONOLOBUS.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat-
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods
turgid, more or less ribbed, or armed with soft warty projections. Seeds with
a silky tuft. — Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish yellow or dingy purple
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of
y£>vo$, an angle, and XojSot, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of one
species.)

1. O. macrophyllus, Michx. Stems and petioles somewhat pubes-
cent and hairy ; leaves round-cordate, large, very abruptly pointed ; lobes of the
coroUa narrow ; pods ribbed-angled. — Kiver-banks, Penn. ? to Kentucky, and
southward. (The limits between this and G. tilisefolius, Decaime, appear un-
satisfactory.)

2. G. liirsiitus, Michx. Stems and petioles bristly-hairy ; leaves round-
cordate or ovate-cordate, more or less hairy ; lobes of the corolla oblong ; pod*
armed ivith soft prickles. — Eiver-banks, Penn.? to Kentucky, and southward.
July.

5. PERIPLOCA, L. PERIPLOCA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the
throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma,
bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely di-
vergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth oppo-
site leaves, and panicled-cymose flowers. (Name from TrepwrXoAcq, a coiling
round, in allusion to the twining stems.)

1. P. GB^CA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the Icose-

356 OLEACE^S. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

ly-flowered cymes; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very
hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c., New York. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 86. OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a ±-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4^-petalous corol-
la which is valvate in the bud, sometimes apetalou's ; the stamens 2-4, mostly
2, and fewer than the lobes of the corolla; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 sus-
pended ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight em-
bryo in hard fleshy albumen. — A small family of which the OLIVE is the
type, also repres'ented by the LILAC (Syringa vulghris, S. Pirsica, &c.),
and by the ASH, which is usually apetalous.

Synopsis.

TMBK I. OLEINE^E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with
both calyx and corolla. Leaves simple, mostly entire.

1. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft.

2. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted

8. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear.

TBIBB EL FRAXINEJE. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioecious or polyg-
amous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes without a calyx. Leaves odd-pinnate.

4. FRAXINUS. The only genus of the Tribe.

TEIBE HI. FORESTIERE.3S. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect,
apetalous. Leaves simple.

5. FORESTIERA. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2-4.

1. L,IOIJSTRTJ]», Tourn. PRIVET.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma
2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2 - 1 -seeded. — Shrubs with entire leaves on
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The
classical name.)

1. Li. VULGARE, L. (COMMON PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves elliptical-Ian,
ceolate, smooth, thickish, deciduous; berries black. — Used for low hedges:
naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and New York.
May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. OLEA, Tourn. OLIVE.

Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tube
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Fruit a drupe, with a bony stone,
2-1-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire
leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious, small whita
flowers in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the European Olive, 0.
Europcea.)

OLBACE2E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 857

1. O. Americana, L. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
smooth and shining (S'-G'long); fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S.
Virginia, and southward. May. Tree 15° -20° high.

3. CHIONANTHUS, L. FEINGE-TREE.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very
base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, be-
coming 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire
petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles.
(Name from xl<*v' S1WW> an<i avQos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-
white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, smooth-
ish or rather downy, veiny ; flowers on slender pedicels ; drupe purple, with a
bloom, ovoid (£'- f ' long). — River-banks, S. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south-
ward : very ornamental in cultivation. June. — Petals about 1' long, narrowly
linear, acute, rarely 5 - 6 in number.

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base,
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2,
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit a 1 - 2-celled samara, or key-fruit flattened, winged at the apex, 1 - 2-seeded.
Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with petioled pin-
nate leaves of 3 - 15 either toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers in crowd-
ed panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin
name, thought to be derived from <£pa£is, a separation, from the facility with
which the wood splits.)

# Fruit winged from the apex only, barely margined or terete towards the base : calyx
minute, persistent : corolla none : leaflets stalked.

1. F. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) BrancUets and petioles glabrous ;
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubes-
cent underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless 'below,
above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing. (F. acuminata,
and F. juglandifolia, Lam. F. epiptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods ; com-
mon. April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth
greenish-gray branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in
Michaux's Sylva is misplaced, it apparently having been interchanged with
that of the Green Ash.)

2. F. pllfoescens, Lam. (RED ASH.) BrancUets and petioles velvety-
pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire,
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the base, fiattish and 2-edged,
the edges gradually dilated into the long (l£'-2') oblanceolate <vr linear-lanceolate

358 OLEACE^. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.) — With the preceding: rare west of the Alle-
ghanies. — A smaller tree, furnishing less valuable timber.

3. F« viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets
5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate
above, bright green both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edged or margined,
gradually dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No.
2. (F. concolor, Muhl. F. juglandifolia, Willd., DC., and ed. 1, but not of
Lam.) — Near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; most com-
mon westward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given
in Michaux's Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.)

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion.
•«- Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile Jlowers, which are entirely naked I

4. F. sambucifolia, Lam. (BLACK ASH. WATER ASH.) Branch-
lets and petioles glabrous; kajlets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to
a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides,
when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or nar-
rowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. — Swamps and along streams, Penn. to
Kentucky, and everywhere northward. April, May. — Tree rather small, its
tough wood easily separable into thin layers, used for coarse basket-work, &c.
Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder.

•*- •*- Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit.

5. F. qiiadrailglllata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branchlets square, at
least on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt,
and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched
at the apex (!£' long, % - J' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio and Mich-
igan to Illinois and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1.

6. F. platycarpa, Michx. (CAROLINA WATER- ASH.) Branchlets
terete, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends,
short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (f ' wide), with a
tapering base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March.

5. FORESTIERA, Poir. (ADELIA, Michx.)

Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous,
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2 - 4 : anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed.
Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci-
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered
(Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. ligllStrina, Poir. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both
ends, entire. — Wet banks, W. Illinois and southward. April.

AEISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 359

DIVISION m. APETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), of
sometimes wanting altogether.

ORDER 87. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. (BIRTHWORT FAM.)

Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid
calyx (valvate in the bud) coherent below with the Q-celled ovary, which forms
a many-seeded Q-celledpod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less
united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly-
heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy raphe, and
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen.

1. As ABU HI, Tourn. ASABABACCA. WILD GINGEB.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point.
Fruit fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. — Stemless herbs with aromatic-
pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2-3 kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves
on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the ground. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation.)

{ 1. AS ARUM PROPER, — Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary : filaments
slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the short anthers :
styles united into one, which is barely 6-lobed at the summit, and with 6 radiating
thick stigmas : leaves membranaceous, unspotted, on flowering stems mostly a single
pair, with the peduncle between them.

1. A. Canadeiise, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves kidney-shaped, more or
less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, with the upper
part of the acute lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside ;
stamens awn-tipped. — Hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially northward,
and along the Alleghanies. April, May.

i 2. HETEE6TROPA. — Calyx-tube somewhat inflated below and contracted at
the throat, only its base coherent with the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleft,
short : JUaments very short or none: anthers oblong-linear: styles 6, fleshy, diverging,
2-cleft, each bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the deft : leaves thickish, per*
gistent, the upper surface often whitish-mottled, alternate on the rootstock : peduncle
very short.

2. A. Airbill if II in, L. Leaves round-heart-shaped (l£'-2' wide) ; calyx
ventricose-bell-shaped ; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and southward, in and near
the mountains. May.

3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2' -4' long),
calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short"
pointed. — Virginia, and southward. May.

360 NYCTAGINACELE. (POUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

Calyx tubulai-, the tube extended, variously inflated above the ovary, mostly
contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the
back of the short and fleshy 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved.
Seeds flat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs,
with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers.
(Named from its reputed medicinal properties.)

^ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely
3-lobed : anthers in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the 3 truncate
lobes of the stigma) : low herbs.

1. A. Serpentaria, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8'- 15'
high) branched at the base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-
shaped base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the
root, short-peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittfita, MuhL, A. hir-
suta, Nutt., &c. — Rich woods, Connecticut, to Indiana and southward; not
common except near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-
stimulant root is well known in medicine.

^ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short
limb obscurely 3-lobed : antliers in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of
the stigma : twining shrubs : flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory
axillary buds.

2. A. Sipho, L'Her. (PIPE- VINE. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Glabrous;
leaves round-kidney-shaped, slightly downy underneath ; peduncles with a clasp-
ing bract; calyx (!£' long) with a brown-purple, abrupt flat border. — Rich
woods, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems
sometimes 2' in diameter, climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad.

3. A. tOIUC'lltOSa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped,
very veiny (3' - 5' long) ; calyx greenish-yellow, with an oblique dark purple closed
•orifice and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, from Southern Illinois south-
ward. June.

ORDER 88. NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees'), tvith mostly opposite and en-
ire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx
ohich is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled
^-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stamens
1- several, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the outside of
mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons. — Represented in our gar-
dens by the common FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MARVEL OF PERU (Mirabilis
Jalapa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla because
the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitates a calyx ; — and by a
single

PHYTOLACCACE.fi. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 361

1. OXYBAPIIUS, Vahl. OXYBAPHU*

Flowers 1 - 5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceons broad and open involucre,
which enlarges, and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short
tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, which is plaited in
the bud. Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium-
like, several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial
loots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name o£vj3a<£ov,
a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked
(1° - 3° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped ;
involucres 3 - 5-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois south-
ward and westward. June - Aug.

ORDER 89. PHYTOLACCACE-flE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, with nearly the
characters of Chenopodiacese, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of
as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — represent-
ed only by the typical genus

1. PHYTOL.ACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a
depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs,
with large petioled leaves, and flowers in racemes which become lateral and op-
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of </Woi>, plant, and the French lac, lake,
in allusion to the coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries
yield.)

1. P. dec&ndra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCORE. GARGET. PIGEON-
BERRY.) Stamens 10 : styles 10. — Borders of woods and moist ground ; com-
mon. July - Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very
large poisonous root often 4' - 6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (in early
spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), which are at length 6°-
9° high. Calyx white : ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries
filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn.

ORDER 90. CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with chiefly alter-
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers,
with the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
rarely fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the l-celled ovary
becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium in fruit. Embryc
31

362 GHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

coiled into a ring (around the albumen, when there is any) or spiral. — Calyx
persistent, enclosing the fruit. Styles 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or
innocent plants.)

Synopsis.

I. CYCLOLOBEJE. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen.

TRIBE I. CIIENOPODIE^E. Flowers usually all alike and perfect, or merely polyg.
amous by the want of stamens in some of them. Stem not jointed. Leaves flat
Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles. (Fruit enclosed in the calyx.)

1. CYCLOLOMA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal membranaceous wing.

Seed horizontal.

2. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 -5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or, merely keeled in fruit.

Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2 - 3-cleft).
8. KOUBIEVA. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming closed and pod-like in fruit. Utricle glandular

dotted. Seed vertical
4. BLITUM. Calyx of 3 - 5 sepals, dry or juicy hi fruit. Utricle membranaceous. Seed

vertical.

TRIBE H. SPINACIE.33. Flowers monoscious or dioecious, and of two distinct sorter

otherwise as in Tribe I.

6. ATRIPLEX. Pair of bracts including the otherwise naked ovary and fruit flat and dilated,
often united below. Radicle inferior or lateral.

6. OBIONE. Fruit-bearing bracts united. Radicle superior.

TRIBE IH. SA!LICOR]VIE.flE. Flowers all alike and perfect, spiked or in catkins
Stem jointed. Leaves awl-shaped, scale-like, or none.

7. SALICORNIA. Flowers sunk in excavations of the axis. Calyx utricular.

II. SPIROLOBEvE. Embryo coiled in a spiral : albumen none or little.

TRIBE IV. SU JEDE.3E. Embryo in a flat spiral. Leaves terete and fleshy.

8. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, wingless and hornless. Seed horizontal.

TRIBE V. SALSOIjE-ZE. Embryo conical-spiral. Leaves fleshy or spinescent.

9. SALSOLA. Calyx of 5 sepals, hi fruit horizontally 5- winged. Seed horizontal.

1. CYCL.OL-OMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly
keeled, including the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal,
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small panicled
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KvxXw, round about, and Xco/za,
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.)

1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla, Michx.) — Illi-
nois, on the alluvial banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward.

2. CIIENOPODIUItt, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarefr 2-4-cleft or parted, with
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming st ccule-gt, more

CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 363

or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform.
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 7 and 9), len-
ticular: embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds,
usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters
collected in spiked panicles. (Name from x*lv* a goose, and TTOVS, foot, in allu-
sion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (except No. 91),
flowering through the summer, growing around dwellings, in manured soil,
cultivated grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. CHENOPODIUM PROPER. — Smooth or mealy, never pubescent or glandular
nor sweet-scented : embryo a complete ring.

* Leaves entire: herbage green, sometimes turning purplish, no mealiness: calyx-

lobes not keeled nor wholly enclosing the fruit.

1. C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Stems slender, ascending; leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into a slender petiole. — A scarce garden-
weed, about Boston, C. J. Sprague. Woods, near Mercersburg and Reading,
Penn., Porter: the var. SPICATUM (C. acutifolium, Smith). (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Leaves strongly and sharply toothed, green throughout (mealiness obscure or none),
on slender petioles : calyx-lobes slightly or not at all keeled, not completely enclosing
the ripe fruit (least enclosing in No. 2, most so in No. 4).

2. C. HYBRIDUM, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green ; stem
widely much branched (2° -4° high) ; leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat trian-
gular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into a
few large and pointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; the
smooth calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely
to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. C. tfRBicuM, L. Bather pale or dull green, with erect branches (l°-3°
high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a
long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded mar-
gins.— Var. RHOMBIF6LIUM, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, MuhL), is a form
with the leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base, and with longer and
sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. MURALE, L. Ascending, loosely branched (1°-1|-0 high); leaves
rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green ;
spikes or racemes diverging and somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ;
seed sharp-edged. — Boston, New York, &c. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

* # # Leaves toothed, repand-angled, or sometimes nearly entire, more or less white-
mealy, as well as the flowers : calyx-lobes distinctly keeled, usually (but not always)
perfectly enclosing the fruit.

5. C. OPULIF6LIUM, Schrad. Leaves round-rhombic, spreading, long-petioled,
very obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed, toothed, the upper oblong-lanceolate ; racemes
panicled, rather loose, ; seed with rather obtuse margins. — Seen from U. S. by
Moquin : probably it has been confounded with the next ; perhaps justly. (Adv.
from Eu.)

6. C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTEBS. PIGWEED.) Leaves ascending,
varying from rhombic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper linear-lanceolate, or""1

364 CHENOPODIAOE2E. (GOOSEFOOT FA.MILT.)

sparingly or slightly toothed; racemes spiked-panicled, mostly dense; seed
sharp-edged. — Varies exceedingly in different situations, more or less white-
mealy : a narrow and green-leaved variety, with slender racemes, is C. viride,
L. — Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * * * Leaves sinuate- or pinnatifid-toothed, white-mealy underneath : calyx-lobes

not keeled, not perfectly enclosing the fruit, sometimes only 4-2, and then the seed

commonly vertical.

7. C. GLAUCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Stems ascending or
prostrate, much branched (6' -12' high); leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth and
pale green above; racemes spiked and simple, dense; seed sharp-edged. —
Philadelphia, Dr. Bromfield. Lancaster, Penn., Porter. Roxbury, Mass., D.
Murray. (I have seen no specimens.) (Adv. from Eu.)

$ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (AMBRINA, Moquin, in part.)— Not mealy, but
more or less viscid-glandular and pleasant-aromatic : seed sometimes vertical when
the calyx is only 2-3-cleft; embryo forming only § or | of a ring.

8. C. B6TRYS, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glan-
dular-pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate
pinnatifid ; racemes cymose-diverging , loose, leajless ; fruit not perfectly enclosed ;
seed obtusely margined. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. C. AMBROSIOIDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly
petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper-
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx ; seeds obtuse on the margin. — Waste places ;
common, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into

Var. ANTHELM^NTICUM. (WoRMSEED.) Eoot perennial (1) ; leaves more
strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly
leajless. (C. anthelminticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

3. ROUBIEVA, Moquin. ROUBIEVA.

Calyx oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, in fruit enclosing the glandular-dotted
utricle like a small pod. Filaments short and flat. Seed vertical. Otherwise
like Chenopodium, §2. — A diffusely much-branched perennial, with small 1-2-
pinnatifid leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. (Named for G. J. Boubieu, a
French botanical writer.)

1. R. MULTLFIDA, Moquin. (Chenopodium multifidum, L.) — Waste
places, New York, in and around the city, J. Carey. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

4. BLITUM, Tourn. ELITE.

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, either unchanged or becom-
ing juicy and berry-like in fruit, not appendaged. Stamens 1 - 5 : filaments
filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, compressed-globular ; the embryo
coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — Herbs, with petioled triangular
or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed leaves. (The ancient Greek and
T<atin name of some insipid pot-herb.)

CHENOPODTACEJE. (GOOSEPOOT FAMILY.) 365

4 1. MOROCAKPUS, Moench. — Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : flown
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked : calyx in fruit commonly becoming
fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle.

1. 15. ma rili in ii in, Nutt. ( COAST ELITE.) Stem angled, much
branched ; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-
shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the
upper linear-lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4,
rather fleshy ; stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New
Jersey to Massachusetts ; rare. Aug.

2. B. capital u m, L. (STRAWBERRY ELITE.) Stem ascending,
branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed;
clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1-5;
calyx berry-like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow mar-
gin.— Dry rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and
northward. June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the
large clusters look like Strawberries. (Eu.)

i 2. AGATH6PHYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy: root perennial : flowers
in dusters crowded in a terminal spike : calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half-naked
fruit.

3. B. BoNTJS-HsNRlcus, Reichenb. (GOOD-KING-HENRY.) Leaves tri-
angular-halberd-form; stamens 5. (Chenopodium, L.) — Around dwellings*
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. .4 Tit I FLEX, Tourn. ORACHB.

Flowers monoecious or dio3cious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo-
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile flowers consisting only
of a pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate or halberd-
shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and distinct, or united only at the
base. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring ; the radicle inferior and more
or less ascending. In one section, to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are
also fertile flowers with a calyx, like those of Chenopodium but without sta-
mens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like
scales, with triangular or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered
flowers. (The ancient Lathi name, of obscure meaning.)

1. A. hastata, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, much branched, more or
less scurfy ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petioled, triangular and halberd
form, commonly somewhat toothed, the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; fruit-
ing bracts triangular or ovate-triangular, acute", entire, or 1 - 2-toothed below,
often somewhat contracted at the base, so becoming rather rhomboidal, the flat
faces either smooth and even, or sparingly muricate. ® (A. hastata & lacini-
ata, Pursh. A. Purshiana, Moquin. A. pdtula, ed. 1. &c.) — Salt marshes,
brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine. The plant on the shore is more
scurfy and hoary ; more inland it is greener and thinner-leaved. (Eu.)

A. HORTENSIS, L., the GARDEN ORACHE, is said by Pursh to be sponta-
neous in fields and about gardens. I have never seen it growing wild : it is
rarely cultivated as a pot-herb.
31*

366 CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

6. OB I ONE, Gsertn. OBIONE.

Flowers nearly as in Atriplex, but the more or less united bracts investing the
fruit often inflexed or indurated and pod-like ; the radicle superior and project-
ing. Herbaceous or shrubby. (Origin of the name unknown, unless from the
river Obi, in Siberia, whence the original species came.)

1. O. arenaria, Moquin. (SAND ORACHE.) Silvery-mealy, diffusely
spreading ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile ; bracts of the
fruit broadly wedge-shaped, flat, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with
a few prickly points on the sides. © — Sea-beach, Massachusetts to Virginia,
and southward. August.

•7. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, 3 together, sessile and immersed in hollows of the thickened
upper joints, forming spikes ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened fruit. Stamens 1-2: styles 2, partly
united. Seed vertical, with the embryo coiled or bent into a ring. — Herbaceous
or somewhat shrubby low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems,
and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name
tomposed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn; saline plants with horn-like branches.)

1. S. herbacea, L. Annual, erect or ascending (G'-12' high), muck
branched; the joints somewhat thickened at their summit, and with two short and
blunt or notched teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering bu$ rather obtuse at the apex. — Salt
marshes of the coast, and at Salina, New York, and other interior salt springs.
Aug. (Eu.)

2. S. miicronata, Lag. ? Bigelow. Annual, erect, sparingly branched
(4' -8' high) ; the joints 4-angledat the base, and with 2 ear-like ovate and painted
teeth at their summit; spikes short and thick, obtuse. (S. Virginica, Nutt., not of
L.) — Salt marshes, Maine to New York. Sept. — Plant turning deep crimson
in autumn. (Eu. ?)

3. S. ambigua, Michx. Perennial, herbaceous, or a little woody, pro
cumbent or creeping, lead-colored, with flexuous ascending branches (3'-6; high) ;
the joints truncate, dilated up ward, flattish, slightly and obtusely 2-toothed. — Sea-
beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Sept.

8. CHENOPODtNA, Moquin. SEA GOOSEFOOT.

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-
parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed horizontal, with a flat-spiral
embryo, divding the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants,
with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (Name altered from Chenopodium.)

1. C. maritima, Moquin. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched;
leaves slender (!' long), acute ; calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged. (Cheno-
podium maritimum, L. Suseda, Moquin, formerly. ) — Salt marshes along the
oca-shore. Aug. (Eu.)

AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 367

I

9. SAL SOL. A, L. SALTWORT.

9

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is
coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching
plants, of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, often
spiny-tipped, and sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt ; in allusion to
the alkaline salts these plants copiously contain.)

1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching,
rough or smoothish ; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed ; flowers sin-
gle ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the
large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy sea
shore; common. August. — A very prickly bush-like plant. (Eu.)

BETA VULGARIS, the BEET, with its varieties, the Scarcity and Mangel Wurt-
zd, — and SPINACIA OLERA.CEA, the SPINACH, — well-known esculent plants,
also belong to this family.

ORDER 91. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family ', but the flowers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts, often colored, comr
nwnly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary many-ovuled in one tribe. (The
greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way north-
ward as weeds.)

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ACHYRANTHE JE. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Utricle 1-seeded.

* Flowers monoecious or sometimes perfect
J. AMARANTUS Calyx of 5 or 3 sepals, and 3-bracted Fruit opening transversely (cir-

cumcissile) ; the upper part falling away.
2. EUXOLUS. Calyx mostly of 3 sepals Fruit in dehiscent or bursting irregularly.

* * Flowers dioecious : calyx none in the fertile flowers.
8. MONTELIA. Fruit a thin and even utricle, opening transversely, as in No. 1. Stigmas

long, plumose-hairy.
4. ACNIDA. Fruit 3 - 6-angled and fleshy, indehiscent.

TEIBE H. GOMPHRENE JE. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary and fruit as in Tribe I
6. IRESINE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens united below into a cup.
6. FRCELICHIA. Calyx 6-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube.

1. AMARANTUS, Toura. AMARANTH.

Flowers monceciously polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or rarely 3, equal
erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 3, separate : anthers 2-celled. Stig-
mas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded membranaceous utricle, 2-3-beaked at
the anex, mostlv longer than the calyx, opening transversely all round, the

368 4 AMAEANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

upper part falling away as a lid. Embryo coilei into a ring around the albu-
men.— Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire pejioled leaves,
and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters.
(Name compounded of a privative, fiaptuVo), to fade, and avOos, flower, because
the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote
Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranihus.) — No
species is really indigenous in the Northern United States.

$ 1. Flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or mostly panicled spikes :

(l°-6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5.

* Flowers, much-branched panicles, Sfc., crimson or purple-tinged : the leaves (4'
10' long) mostly partaking of the same color : stem unarmed.

1. A. HYPOGHONDRJtACus, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.') Smooth or smooth-
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowd-
ed, the terminal one elongated ; bracts long-aimed ; fruit 2 - 3-deft at the apex,
longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ;
but doubtless adv. from Trop. Amer.)

2. A. PANICULATUS, L. (FRINGE'S FEATHER. RED AMARANTH, &C.)

Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes acutish,
erect or spreading, rather dense, the terminal one not much larger ; bracts awn-
pointed ; fruit 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers green,
tinged with red, or sometimes deep red or purple. (A. sanguineus, L.) — In
gardens, &c. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

# * Flowers, fyc. green : stem unarmed.

3. A. HYBRIDUS, L. (GREEN AMARANTH. FIGWEED.) Leaves ovate-
oblong or ovate, acute, smooth, bright green, spikes erect, obtuse, in loosely
branched panicles, the. terminal one longer; bracts awned, sometimes tinged
reddish ; fruit 2 - 3-cleft at the apex, nearly smooth, not exceeding the calyx. Waste
places and gardens ; common. (Virginia, L. ; but nat. from Trop. Amer.)

4. A» CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Leaves bright deep green, long-petioled, ovate
or rhombic-ovate ; spikes ascending, acute, crowded in an open panicle, the ter-
minal one long and often nodding ; bracts awn-pointed, rather longer than the calyx,
which is shorter than the 2-3-toothcd rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, southward.
Perhaps (with the preceding) no more than a variety of the next. (Adv. from
Trop. Amer.)

5. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. (FIGWEED.) Roughish and pubescent; leaves
pale or dull green, or rather glaucous, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, un-
dulate ; spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or less spreading, green,
the terminal one shortish and erect ; bracts pointed, twice the length of the calyx,
which is longer than the rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, in manured soils.
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

# * * Flowers, fyc. greenish : stem armed with 2 spines in the axils of the leaves.

6. A. SPIN6SU8, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched;
stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green; terminal
spike elongated ; calyx about equalling the bracts and the fruit. — Waste places
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer ?)

AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 369

| 2. Flowers croivdcd in close and small axillary clusters : stems spreading or ascend-
ing : stamens and sepals 3, or the farmer only 2.

7. A. ALBUS, L. Smooth, pale green (£'-2' high); stems whitish, mostly
spreading next the ground ; leaves long-petioled, obovate and spatulate-oblong,
very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the
rugose fruit, much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste
grounds, near towns, and road-sides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)

A. MELANCHOLICUS, L., cultivated under the fanciful name of LOVE-LIES-
BLEEDING, is not spontaneous.

2. EIJXOL.TJS, Raf. FALSE AMARANTH.

Flowers monoacious, or rarely perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 3 - 5 erect gla-
brous sepals. Stamens 2-5, mostly 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit an ovate and often
rather fleshy 1 -seeded utricle, which does riot open or bursts irregularly. Other-
wise much as in Amarantus. (Name said by the author to mean "well shut,"
probably formed illegitimately of ey, very, and oAos, whole or entire.)

1. JE. LIVIDUS, L. Smooth, livid-purple ; stem thick, much branched ; leaves
ovate or oval, long-petioled ; axillary spikes or heads dense, much shorter than
the petioles, the terminal elongated ; sepals 3, much longer than the bracts, rather
shorter than the rugose fruit. (J) (Amarantus lividus, L.) — Coast of Virginia
(according to Linnaeus), and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)

2. E. DEFLEXUS, Raf. Minutely pubescent; stems decumbent, or ascending
with deflexed branches (1° high); leaves rhombic-lanceolate; spikes oblong- £
cylindrical ; sepals mostly 3, shorter than the smooth acutish fruit. (Amarantus
deflexus, L.) — Waste places, Albany, New York, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. E. pumiliis, Raf. (DWARF AMARANTH.) Low, very smooth, rather
fleshy ; leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly petioled, often purple- veined, mostly crowded

at the end of the spreading branches ; flowers greenish and purple, in small ax- C\ .
illary clusters ; bracts short, pointless ; stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the
length of the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed thickish fruit (which is not circumcissile, as
figured in Fl. N. Y.) (Amarantus pumilus, Raf., Natt.) — Sandy sea-shore,
Long Island to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

3. MONTE£,IA, Moquin (under ACNIDA).

Flowers dio3cious, 2 - 3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and
mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with ob-
long anthers ; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flow-
ers without any calyx, the lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovuled
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-hispid. Fruit a
thin and tnembranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transverse
ly around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the
annular embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall and erect, with
lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters
ot greenish flowers, mostly crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted •
spikes. (Probably a personal name.)

370 AMARANTACE2E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

1. M. tamarfscina. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nutt., & &L 1. A.

altissimus & Miamensis, Riddett. Acnida altissima, Michx. herb. A. rusocarpa,
Moquin, &c.) — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. CONCATE-
NATA is a form with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish dis-
tant heads (£'-£' in diameter) in the axils of the leaves ; the stems often low
and spreading or decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height
(l°-6° high), the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of
the same length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the
fruit (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The
sterile plant is Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's
collection, but not the fertile ; for the fruit of the present plant is neither obtuse-
angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. Besides, that name is unmeaning. In estab-
lishing this genus, therefore, as Moquin clearly would have done had he exam
ined the npe fruit, I adopt Nuttall's specific name.

4. AC N ID A, L. WATER-HEMP.

Fruit a fleshy and iudehiscent utricle, 3 - 5-angled, the angles often rugose or
tubercled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shaped.
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the last genus. (Name
formed of a privative and Ki/t'S?;, a nettle.)

1. A. caaiembiiui, L. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-petioled ; fruit globular (l|"-2" long), much exceeding the pointless
bracts, (t) — Salt-marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia and south-
ward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 3° - 6° high. — Probably the only species ; for A.
rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia tamaris-
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Moquin, is likely to be one or the other.

5. IKE SINE, P. Browne. IBESINE.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta
mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious white flowers crowded into clusters or
spiked and branching panicles, the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence
the name, from etpe<rio>i»7, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in pro-
cessions at festivals.)

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, slender (2° -4° high);
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles narrow, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white,
the latter woolly at the base. (J) — Dry banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. Sept.

6. FRCELICHIA, Moench. (OPLOTHECA, Nvtt.)

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5-
crested lengthwise or tubercled and indurated in fruit, and enclosing the closed
-thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly b*rbs, with

POLYGONACEJE. (BUCK^'HEAT FAMILY) 371

opposite sessile leaves, and spiked gcarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A.
Frdlich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridaiia, Moquin. Stem leafless above (l°-2° high); leaves
lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike ;
calyx very woolly. (L) — Illinois, in Mason and Cass Counties, Mead . Aug. —
Perhaps of recent and casual introduction : for elsewhere it is only found much
farther south.

GOMPHRENA GLOB68A, L., is the common GLOBE AMARANTH of the gar-
dens.

ORDER 92. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate leaves, furnished with stipules in the form of sheaths
(ochreae) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect,
with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-cetted ovary bearing 2-3 styles or
stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo curved or straight-
isli, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre ; the radicle
pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like fruit. Sta-
mens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 - 6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually
entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in
Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — Our few genera
all belong to the POLYGONE^E PROPER.

Synopsis.

* Sepals mostly 5, somewhat equal, all erect in fruit.

1. POLYGONUM. Embryo narrow, curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledons

slender or flat.

2. FAGOPYRUM. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

* * Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging.
8. OXYRIA. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, samara-like.

i. RUMEX. Sepals 6. Styles *8. Fruit 3-angled, wingless, enclosed in the enlarged inner
sepals

1. POL,YOONtJM[, L. KNOTWEED.

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, wither-
ing or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta-
mens 4 -9. Styles or stigmas 2-3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside
of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the coty-
ledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. (Name composed of iro\v, many, and yow,
knee, from the numerous joints.)

§ 1. BIST6RTA, Tourn. —Calyx petal-like, deeply s-deft : stamens 8 or 9 : styles
3, slender: achenium 3-sided: stems low and simple from a woody creeping root-
stock : Jlowers in a spike-like raceme.
1. P. viviparum, L. (ALPINE BISTORT.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8'

high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets

372 POLYGONACE2E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

in their place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. AMBLY6GONON, Meisn.— Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 7 : style 2-
deft : stigmas capitate : achenium lenticular (cotyledons incumbent, linear : albumen
floury) : annuals : flowers crowded in linear-cylindrical terminal spikes.

2. P. ORIENTALS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall, branching, rather
hairy ; leaves ovate, pointed, petioled ; upper sheaths salver-form ; spikes nu-
merous, nodding ; the large bright rose-colored flowers open. — Sparingly
escaped from cultivation into waste grounds. Aug., Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

$3. PERSICARIA, Toura. — Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 4-8: styles
2-3 or 2-3-cleft: stigmas capitate, often small: achenium lenticular, or (when
there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided (cotyledons accumbent, narrow: albumen hard and
horny) : roots fibrous: sheaths cylindrical, 'truncate : flowers crowded in spikes or
spike-like racemes.

* Sheaths naked : styles 2, or 2-cleft : achenium flat or lenticular.
•*- Stamens 5 : spike mostly solitary, very dense : flowers rose-red : root perennial.

3. P. ampllibilim, L. (WATER PERSICARIA.) Leaves elliptical-
lanceolate or oblong, pointed or obtusish, either narrowed or rather heart-shaped
at the base. — Var. 1. AQUATICUM, L., is floating or procumbent in soft mud,
rooting, and nearly smooth, as well as the long-petioled often obtuse floating
leaves. (P. coccineum, Bigel. P. fluitans, Eaton.) — Var. 2. TERRESTRE is
more or less hairy or bristly, with an upright or ascending stem, growing in
marshy or muddy places ; the leaves acute or pointed, upper very short-petioled.
— Ponds or their low borders; common, especially northward. July, Aug. —
Very variable in foliage, &c. : spike oblong, l'-3' long, J'-f thick. (Eu,)

•*- •»- Stamens 6 or 8 : spikes somewhat panickd, oblong or linear, densely flowered:
flowers rose or flesh-color : root annual.

4. P. iiodosiim, Pers., var. im :trii;itmn. Stem upright (2° -4°
high), smooth below, the branches above, peduncles, $*c. roughened with scattered
sessile glands; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate
(4' -10' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the base to a
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (1^' — 3' long); stamens
6; style 2-parted, both included ; achenium with concave sides. (P. incarnatum,
EU. P. lapathifolium, Amer. auth.) — Moist places, Michigan to Kentucky,
and common southward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths rather long, perfectly smooth
and naked on the margin. — This is not P. lapathifolium, but falls under P. no-
dosum as the species are lately distinguished by Meisner : our plant is appar-
ently indigenous, and so different from the European that it should perhaps be
admitted as a species under Elliott's name.

5. P. Pennsylvaniciiin, L. Stem upright (l°-3° high), smooth
below, the branches above, and especially the peduncles, beset with bristly-stalked
glands ; leaves lanceolate, a little rough on the midrib and margins ( 1^' - 5' long) ;
spikes oblong, obtuse (l'-2' long), erect, thick; stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserte\l;
style 2-cle/l ; achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places ; com-
mon. July - Oct.

POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 373

* * Sheaths dilate or fringed with bristles.
•*- Rjot annual: stamens 6-8 : styles most commonly 2 : achenium mostly flat.

6. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem much branched, upright (3° -5° high), glan-
dular-bristly ; leaves lanceolate, bristly on the midrib and margins ; spikes elon-
gated, cylindrical, drooping, on long bristly -glandular peduncles, rather dense (l'-4;
long) ; stamens 6 - 8 ; style 2-parted ; fruit lenticular, tumid, very smooth and
shining. — Shaded swamps, Vermont to Mass, and Rhode Island, and doubtless
westward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves 4' -10' long, roughish. Flowers rose-purple,
somewhat tinged with green.

7. P. PERSICARIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Stem smooth (12' -18' high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar
spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not
glandular) peduncles (!' long); stamens mostly 6; styles half 2 - 3-cleft ; fruit
gibbous-flattened or rarely triangular, smooth and shining, (l) — Waste and
damp places; very common. July, Aug. — Flowers greenish-purple. Plant
not acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. P. HYDROP!PER, L. (SMART-WEED.) Smooth (l°-2° high), very
acrid; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes slender, but short, loosely flowered,
greenish, drooping; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; stamens mostly 6 ; styles
2 - 3-parted ; fruit minutely striate, dull or little shining, flat or flattish, or ob-
tusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds, mostly in waste places. Aug., Sept.
(Nat. from Eu.)

•*- •*- Root perennial (or mostly so] : stamens 8 : styles 3 : achenium sharply triangu
lar, smooth and shining. (Stems often decumbent or creeping at the base and rooting
from the joints : spikes few or single.)

9. P. acre, H. B.JL (WILD SMART-WEED.) Smooth, or nearly so (1°
-3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes very slender, erect, interrupted
below, whitish or flesh-color ; calyx dotted with pellucid glands ; style 3-parted.
(P. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet places; common, es
pecially southward.

10. P. liydropiperoides, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) Stem
smooth (l°-3° high), the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with rather long bris-
tles ; leaves roughish or oppressed-pubescent, not acrid, narrowly lanceolate, tapering
to both ends; spikes rather slender, erect (l'-2£' long), rose-color; calyx not glan-
dular-dotted; style half 3-cleft. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places,
and in shallow water ; common, especially southward. Aug.

§ 4. AVICULARIA, Meisn. — Calyx more or less petal-like, 5-parted: stamens 8,
sometimes 3 - 6 ; the filaments awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base : stigmas
3, globose, nearly sessile : achenium 3-sided (cotyledons incumbent : albumen homy) :
commonly annuals, smooth and axillary, with small leaves : flowers sometimes crowd-
ed in interrupted spikes along the leafless summit of the branches.

* Flowers truly axillary, 2-3 together, or rarely solitary : sheaths usually 2 - 3-parted
and cut-fringed or torn.

11. P. uviculare, L. (KNOTGRASS. GOOSE-GRASS. DOOR-WEED.)
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; flowers apparently

32

374 POl YGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

sessile 'greenish- white, sometimes tinged with purple;; sheaths much shorter
than Ik.* lower leaves j stamens 5 or 8 ; fruit enclosed in the calyx, dull, minutely
twrinkled-striate or granular under a lens, (i) — Waste places and gravelly banks ,
everywhere the commonest weed. (Eu.)

Var. erect UNI, Roth. Stems upright or ascending ; leaves broader (ob-
long or oval) and larger; stamens commonly 5. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer
soil or more shaded places ; common.

Var. littorale, Link. Prostrate, very short-jointed ; leaves elliptical-lan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, thickened, glaucous ; the sheaths larger in propor-
tion ; fruit longer than the calyx, smooth, (f) (P. maritimum, Ray, &c. P.
glaucum, Nutt. P. Roberti, Lois.) — Sandy sea-beach, Rhode Island to Vir
ginia. Probably a mere state of P. aviculare altered by salt water. (Eu.)

12. P, ramosissimum, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much
branched (2° -4° high), rigid, many-striate ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering
into a petiole ; sheaths mostly short; flowers greenish- white (yellowish in drying);
stamens commonly 6 ; fruit smooth and shining, partly protruded from the calyx.
(1) — Sandy shores and banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois ^and southward.
Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. Aug. - Oct. — Larger leaves 2' long.

13. P. tenue, Michx. (SLENDER KNOTGRASS.) Stem slender, upright,
sparingly branched (6r-12' high), sharp-angled; leaves sessile, narrowly linear,
very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit smooth and
shining. i — Dry soil, and rocky hills ; rather common. July - Sept.

* # Flowers solitary from the amis of closely approximated or imbricated truncate
bracts, forming many-jointed terminal spikes : sheaths cylindrical, naked, entire.

14. P. articulatum, L. (JOINT-WEED.) Stem upright, paniculately
branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous; flow-
ers crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on recurved pedicels
twice the length of the joint-like bracts (bright rose-color) ; fruit smooth and
shining. — Dry, sandy soil ; common along the coast, along all the Great
Lakes, and in intermediate places in New York. Aug. — Singular for its many-
jointed spikes or racemes, which are l'-3' long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed
on one side. — Not a Polygonella !

$ 5. TOVARIA, Adans. — Calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted :
stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achenium
(cotyledons oblong, accumbent) : perennial : flowers loosely disposed in a naked long
and slender spike.

15. P. VirgiNiaimui, L. Almost smooth ; stem angled, upright
(2° - 4° high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, round-
ed at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3' - 6' long) ; sheaths cylindrical,
truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-2 from each bract, somewhat curved,
the styles in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets
in rich soil ; common. Aug.

$ 6. TINlARIA, Meisn. — Calyx 5-parted (rarely 4-parted) : stamens mostly 8 :
styles or capitate stigmas 3, and achenium 3-sided, or, in No. 1 6, styles 2 and ache-

rOLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 375

mum lenticular: annuals, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped petiokd leaves:
sheaths semicylindrical.

* Stems flaccid, not twining, but somewhat climbing or supported on other plants by
the reflexed prickles whicli beset the angles of the stem and petioles : divisions of the
(pale rose-colored or white) calyx not keeled: bracts chaff-like.

16. P. arifdlium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat ra-
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ,
styles 2, very short; fruit lenticular (large). — Low grounds. Aug.

17. P. sagittatum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem 4-
angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth;
stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; fruit sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds ; com-
mon. July- Sept. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib
beneath : these are armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles,
which cut the hand drawn against them.

* * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx (greenish tinged with white or rose-color) with
the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes :

18. P. CONV6LVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Stems twining or pro-
cumbent (l°-2° long), roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped,
pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled}
fruit smoothish. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. July, Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)

19. P. Clliliode, Michx. Minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the base
with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper-
pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; fruit very smooth and
shining. — Copses and rocky hills ; New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, and
northward. July - Sept. — Stems climbing 3° - 9° high.

20. P» cUimetoruni, L. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Smooth;
sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes
interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged, the
wings often broad, sometimes very narrow ; fruit smooth and shining. (P. scan-
dens, L.)— Moist thickets; common. Aug. — Stems twining 8° -12° high
over bushes. (Eu.)

2. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit.
Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen which it divides into 2 parts,
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-
color. (Name <pr)yos, the beech, and irvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain
being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name #wcfcwheat, from
the German SSucfte, beech.)

376 POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

1. F. ESCULENTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute
and entire. (Polygonum Eagopyrum, L.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed
where the plant has been cultivated, and escaping into copses. June -Sept.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the twc
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses-
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur-
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender.
— Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chief-
ly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered
in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o|uy, sour, in allusion to
the acid flavor of the leaves, similar to that of Sorrel.)

1. O. digyiui, Campd. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched
at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire, Oakes, &c., and high northward. (Eu.)

4. RIJMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit; the 3 inner (called valves) larger, somewhat colored, increas-
ing after flowering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often
bearing a grain-like tubercle on the outer surface. Stamens 6. Styles 3 : stig-
mas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen,
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles some-
what sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants; of un-
known etymology.)

§ 1. LAPATHUM, Tourn. — Flowers perfect, or monceciously polygamous: styles

free : herbage bitter.

* Leaves all lanceolate and acute at both ends, flat, smooth : valves of the fruiting
calyx entire, or nearly so, not awn-bearing : root perennial. •

1. R. verticillfitus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Racemes nearly leafless,
elongated, the flowers in crowded whorls ; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, dub-
shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-
rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very
large grain, from $ to £ the width of the valve. — Wet swamps and ditches ;
common. June, July. — Stem 2° - 4° high, branched above, with pale green,
willow-like, thickish, wholly entire leaves. — R. Britannica, L., I now suspect
to be founded upon this same species.

2. R. altissimilS, Wood. (TALL DOCK.) Racemes spike-like and
panicled, nearly leafless (3° - 6° high) ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding, rather
shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-heart-shaped, obtuse, thin, 1 - 3 of

POLTGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 377

them unequally grain-bearing. (R. Britannica, ed. 1.) — Banks of streams, &c.,
New England ? New York (Peekskill, Mead) to Illinois and westward. June,
July. — Leaves 3' - 5' long mostly oblong-lanceolate, much like the last; the
valves fully twice as large, two of the grains small or abortive, or sometimes all
three wanting.

3. R. salicifolius, Weinmann, Hook. ( WILLOW DOCK.) Racemes
spiked, somewhat leafy below ; the whorls much crowded ; pedicels shorter than
the fruiting calyx ; the valves ovate, obtusish, rugose-reticulated, (1-2 or) all of
them nearly covered with a large and thick grain. (R. pallidus, Bigelow.) — Low
grounds, coast of Massachusetts, and northward and northwestward. June. —
Stems l°-3° high, ascending. Leaves thinner than in the two preceding, their
margins a little wavy. Fruiting calyx smaller than in No. 1, so short-pedicelled
and crowded as to appear sessile.

4. R. Hydrolapatlmm, Hudson, var. ? America num. (GREAT
WATER-DOCK.) Racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leaf-
less ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the
fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or roundish, obtuse (large), all grain-bear-
ing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, with minutely crenulate-wavy margins. (R.
Britannica, Purshl Bigel., &c. R. aquaticus, Smith, Pursh.) — Wet places,
New England to Penn. and Michigan. July. — Stem 5° high, stout. Lower
leaves 1° or more long and 3' -5' wide, the stout midrib produced into a
flat petiole. Valves thin, £ long, rather denticulate, much more rounded in
our specimens than in European. — Probably a distinct species, allied to R.
Patientia.

# * Leaves more or less wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base : whorls in
panided racemes or spikes : valves entire or short-toothed: perennials : all introduced.

5. R. OBTUSIF6LID8, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish ; lowest leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-
halberd-shaped, sharply denticulate at the base, strongly reticulated, one of them
principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &c. ; a rather common weed. July. (Nat.
from Eu.)

6. R. CRfspus, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy-
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or rather heart-shaped at the
base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above ; valves round-
heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, one or all of them grain-bearing. — A
very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° -4° high, from
a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. R. CONGLOMERATE, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Leaves
oblong, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ;
whorls distant, leafy ; pedicels very short ; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next
the base ; obtuse, entire, each bearing a single (reddish) grain. (R. acutus, Smith,
&c.) — Moist places ; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. R* SANGufNEUS, L. (BLOODY-VEINED DOCK.) Leaves lanceolate,
wavy-margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and
dendea leafless interrupted spikes; pedicels very short; valves narrowly oblong,

32*

878 LAURACEJE. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

broadest cuwve their middle, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the
leaf red, or, in var. vfRiDis, green. — Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat.
from Eu. )

* * * Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy-margined; the lower ones auricled or somewhat
heart-shaped at the base : valves awn-toothed : low annuals,

9. R. marifiiniis, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, dif-
fusely branched ; wh(/rls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted
spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like
bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.)
— Sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior. Aug.,
Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-
colored fruiting calyx, beset with bristles which are usually longer than the
width of the valves. (Eu.)

§ 2. ACETO SELL/A, Tourn. — Flowers dioecious: styles adherent to the angles of
the ovary : herbage acid.

10. B. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low; leaves lance-
halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless,
in slender panicled racemes ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, not grain-
bearing, y. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields.
May. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu.)

RHEUM RiiAp6NTicuM is the PIE RHUBARB, so commonly cultivated for
the sake of its fleshy and acid esculent leaf-stalks.

ORDER 93. LAURACE^. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Aromatis trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, andjlowers with a regular calyx 0/4 - 6 colored sepals,
which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from
the l-cetted and 1-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens : anthers
opening by 2-4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit
a 1 -seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen,
filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very nu-
merous in the tropics, represented in our district by only five species.

Synopsis.

* Flowers perfect : stamens 12, three of them sterile.

1. PERSEA. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of 3 stamens turned outward.

* * Flowers dioecious or dioeciously polygamous : stamens 9

2. SASSAFRAS Flowers destitute of any involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

8. BENZOIN. Flowers developed from a 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.
4. TETRANTITERA. Flowers from a 2 - 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 4-celled, 4r-valyed.

1. PERSEA, Gaertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry-
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and ro-

LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 379

cfuced to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two
proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted
valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees,
with persistent entire leaves and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of
Borne Oriental tree.)

1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. (RED BAT.) Hoary at least when young
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, L.) —
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree.

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS.

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the fertile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy (reddish) pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; the latter decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves. Buds scaly. (The popular name,
of Spanish origin.)

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed,
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods; common, especially
eastward. April. — Tree 15° - 50° high, with yellowish-green twigs.

3. BENZOIN, Nees. WILD ALLSPICE. FEYER-BUSH.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner ones 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the
base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved: fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of
stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not
thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow-flowers in
almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters appearing before the leaves ; the clus-
ters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and surround-
ed by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. (Named from the aroma, which has
been likened to that of benzoin.)

1. 15. odoriferum, Nees. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly
smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) — Damp
woods ; rather common. March, April.

2. 15. melissaefolium, Nees. Young branches and buds pubescent;
leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few.
(Laurus melissaefolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Michx.) — Low grounds, Vir
ginia and southward. April.

4. TETRANTHfcRA, Jacq. TETRANTHERA.

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile ones with 9
Stamens hi 3 rows ; the anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers

380 THYMELEACE2E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. — Drupe globular.
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name composed of rrrpa, four, and dvQrjpd, anther.)

1. T. geniculata, Nees. (POND SPICE.) Mowers (yellow) appear-
ing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ;
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 - 4-leaved,
2 -4-flowered ; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and
southward. April.

ORDER 94 THYMELEACEJE. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the l-celled and l-ovuled ovary, which
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed.
Embryo large and almond-like : albumen little or none. — A small family,
represented in North America only by a single species, of the genus

1. I>IRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscure-
ly about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above
the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma
capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branch-
lets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short
petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 in a cluster from a bud of 3 dark-hairy scales,
forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Aiptaj,
the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North Ameri-
can genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows
near mountain rivulets.)

1. D^ palustris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps; New Eng-
land to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° - 5°
high ; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably
tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In N. New
England also called Wicopy.

ORDER 95. EI^AGNACEJE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or smatt trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dioecious flow-
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the ascending
albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit,
enclosing the achenium ; and from the following by the calyx-tube not co-
hering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented east of the Missis-
sippi solely by one species of

SANTALACEJE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 381

1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHERDIA.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8
stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender : stigma 1-sided.
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

1. S. CanadensiS, Nutt. (CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA.) Leaves ellipti-
cal or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red. — Rocky or gravelly banks, W. Vermont
to Wisconsin and northward. May. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the
branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales.
Fruit insipid.

S. ARGENTEA, Nutt., the BUFFALO-BERRT of Upper Missouri, which has
narrower leaves, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit, is somewhat
cultivated for ornament.

ELJBAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILVER-BERRY, may perhaps be found
within our northwestern limits.

ORDER 96. SANTALACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the 4-5-cleft calyx valvate in
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from
the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des-
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al-
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the
edge of the fleshy disk at *heir base. Style 1. A small order, the greater
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the
ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted
on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the
middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of threads. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a
rather woody base or root, alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish-
white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-1 ke clusters. (Name from
/cop?, hair, and avbpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs attached to the anthers.)

382 LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

1. C. llinbellata, Nutt. Peduncles several and con/? ibose-dustered of
the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued be-
yond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes ob-
long; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground; common. May, June. — Stems
8' - 10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of
trees (as shown by Mr. Stauffer). Leaves obovate-oblong, about 1' long.

2. C. livida, Richards. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-Jlowered, shorter than the
oval flaccid leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ;
style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Shore of Lake Superior, and north-
ward.— Leaves larger than in the last.

2. PYItUl.ARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with 5
stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow-
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent calyx, naked at the flat
summit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened.
Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped, the globose endocarp thin. Embryo
small: albumen very oily. — A low straggling shrub, with alternate short-peti-
oled and veiny deciduous leaves ; the small greenish flowers sessile in very short
and simple terminal spikes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit,
which looks like a small pear.)

1. P. Oleifera. (P. pubera, Michx. Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl.) — Rich
wooded banks, mountains of Penn. and southward throughout and near the
Alleghanies. May. — Leaves obovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, a little
downy, or at length smooth, somewhat1 succulent, oily, acrid to the taste. Spikes
ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 ' long.

ORDER 97. LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near
allies; which are distinguished from the p eceding family more by their
parasitic growth and habit, and by their more reduced flowers, than by
essential characters : represented by

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE.

Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several
under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globu-
lar, 3- (rarely 2 - 4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on
the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore
or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma ses-
sile, obtuse. Berry 1 -seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the
summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the
branches of trees, with jointed much branched stems, thick and firm persistent
leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers

GERATOPHYLLACEJE. (HORNWOBT FAMILY.) 383

(Name composed of <£o>p, a thief \ and Sej/Spoi/, tree; because these plants steal
their food from the trees they grow upon.)

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovato
or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ;
berries white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and south-
ward, preferring Elms and Hickories. April.

ORDER 98. SAURURACE^E. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.)

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect
flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and 3-5 more or
less united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped,
minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — A kind of
offshoot of the Pepper Family (tropical), and represented only by

1. SAURtJRUS, L. LIZABD'S-TAIL.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. Fruit
somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3 - 4 pistils united at the base, with recurved
stigmas. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — A perennial marsh herb, with
heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small
bract, crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike (its
appearance giving rise to the name, from travpos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail).

1. S. ceriums, L. — Margins of ponds, &c. ; common. June. — Spike
3' - 6' long, drooping at the end.

ORDER 99. CERATOPHYLLACEjE. (HORNWORT FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and
sessile monoecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with an 8 — 12-
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a
suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled oy a highly developed embryo with
4 cotyledons ! and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYL.L.UM, L. HOENWOKT.

Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, hi
ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-
like rather rigid divisions. (Name from Kcpas, a horn, and cpvXXov, leaf.)

1. C. demersiim, L. — Var. COMMUNE has a smooth marginless fruit
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the
base on each side. — Var. ECHINATUM (C. echinatum, Gray) has the fruit
mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged
margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds ; common, but rare in fruit
Probably there is only one species. (Ea.)

384 PODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

ORDER 100. CALLITRICHACE^E. (WATER-STARWORTS.)

Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary polyga-
mous flowers in their axils, without any proper Jloral envelopes, and with a 4-
lobed and ^-celled ^-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus

1. CALL IT 111 CUE, L. WATER-STARWORT.

Stamen solitary, in the sterile flowers between a pair of bracts ; in the fertile,
placed between the pistil and the stem, and rarely also one on the outer side :
filament thread-like : anther heart-shaped, by confluence becoming 1 -celled.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-celled ; but the styles only 2, awl-
shaped and distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, filling each cell, anatropous :
embryo slender, in the axis and nearly the length of the albumen. Foliage
very variable according to circumstances, as in most water-plants. (Name from
KaXos, beautiful, and 6pl£, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted
stems.)

1. C« V^rilSl, L. Fruit sessile or nearly so, with a pair of bracts at its
base ; lobes of the fruit keeled or slightly winged on the back ; floating leaves
obovate or spatulate and narrowed into a petiole, the immersed ones linear,
rarely all linear or all spatulate-obovate. — Shallow water ; very common.
April -Aug. (Eu.)

Var. plalycarpa, (C. platycarpa, Kiltzing), has the fruit twice as large
and more wing-margined. (Var. TERRESTRIS is a state growing along the
margin of pools or brooks, procumbent, tufted, and small -leaved.) (Eu.)

2. C. pedunculate!.} DC. Fruit raised on a (sometimes short) mostly
long and slender peduncle, without bracts ; fruit regularly 4-lobed, the lobes bluntly
keeled. — Rare: only observed southwestward. (Eu.)

3. C. a lit H ill u ill is, L. Fruit nearly sessile, without bracts; lobes of the
fruit (often irregular) sharply keeled on the back; leaves linear or spatulate. —
Not common. (Eu.)

Var. liaioai'is (C. linearis, Pursh) has the leaves all or chiefly narrowly
linear, and the lobes of the fruit noi keeled. — Common northward.

ORDER 101. PODOSTEMACK^K. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, with much the aspect of Sea-
weeds or Mosses ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like invo-
lucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-celled many-seeded ribbed pod; —
represented in North America by the genus

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. KIVER-WEED.

Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.

EUPHORBIACE-E. {SPURGE FAMILY.) 385

Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name
from irovs, foot, and orfifjuav, stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratophyllinn, Michx. Leaves rigid, dilated into a stipule-
like sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not
uncommon in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. A small olive-green
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose
stones, in the manner of a Fucus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

ORDER 102. EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and various, usually monoecious or
dioecious flowers ; the fruit of 2 - 3 or several 1 - 2-seeded pods united around
a central axis, separating when ripe (rarely of a single pod). Seed suspend-
ed, anatropous. Embryo with flat cotyledons nearly as long as the albu-
men. Stigmas 2 - 3 or more, often forked. Calyx usually valvate in the
bud, occasionally wanting. Petals sometimes present. — A large family in
the warmer parts of the world (£he acrid juice poisonous) ; most numer-
ously represented in Northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which
has very remarkable reduced flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates
a calyx ; and sparingly by a few other genera : the tribes not yet well set-
tled. The proper place for the order is in the Polypetalous division.

Synopsis.

* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell.
— Staminate and pistillate flowers, both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in

the same cup-shaped involucre, which resembles a calyx.
1 EUPHORBIA. Staminate flowers many (each merely of a single stamen) enclosed in the

involucre, the single pistillate flower projecting from it on its stalk. Pod 3-lobed.
•i- •»- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a calyx, but no petals, not in an involucre.
2. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx corolla-like, hi the staminate flowers salver

shaped, 5-cleft Stamens 10 - 15.
8. ACALYPHA. Flowers spiked and glomerate. Stamens 8 - 16 : filaments monadelphous at

the base. Styles capillary-dissected.

4. TRAGIA. Flowers in racemes. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 3-cleft. Stigmas 3, simple.
6. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Stamens 2. Stigmas 3, simple.
4- -t- -»- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a regular calyx, and at least the staminate

with petals also, not hi an involucre.

6. CROTON. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-) celled.
7 CROTONOPSIS. Flowers scattered on the branchlets, axillary. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.
* * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. (Calyx present, but no petals.)

8. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphoxw.

9. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate.

1. i:i*PIIORBIA, L. SPURGE.

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 - 5-lobed involucre (flower of
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, usually bearing large and thick
33

386 EUPHORBIACE2E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the invo-
lucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single sta-
men jointed on a pedicel like the filament : anther-cells globular, separate.
Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long
pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere ves-
tige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3
one-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled.
— Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice, the uppermost
leaves often in whorls or pairs. Peduncles lateral or terminal, often umbellate-
clustered. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba. )
For the following elaboration of the genus I am indebted to DR. ENGELMANN.

$ 1 . Leaves (all opposite and similar, small) furnished with awl-shaped or scaly stip-
ules: stems much branched: involucres solitary in the forks or axils, sometimes
crowded or clustered on the brancJtlets : root annual in all our species: plants flower-
ing all the summer and autumn. (Stipulatae.)

# Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant,
and pale or slightly glaucous.

1. E. polygoilifdlia, L. (SHORE SPURGE.) Prostrate-spreading;
leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at the oblique
base (4" - 8" long) ; peduncles equalling the short petioles ; glands of the invo-
lucre minute, not appendaged; pod obtusely angled; seeds ovate (1" long, the
largest of this section). — Sandy shore of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.

2. E* Geyeri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at the
apex and the oblique base ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; appendages of the
involucre petal-like (white), orbicular ; pod acutely angled ; seeds obtusely tri-
angular (^" long). — Sandy soil, Beardstown, Illinois (Geyer), and southwest-
ward. — This is a small-seeded form (var. microsperma) : other forms in Mis-
souri and Texas have larger petal-like appendages and larger seeds.

3. E. lieriliarioides, Nutt. Prostrate; leaves round-ovate, obtuse at
the base (only £"-2^" long) ; peduncles much longer than the petioles, lateral, sin-
gle or clustered ; appendages of the involucre minute and crenulate, or none ; pod
acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (|" long). — Banks of the Mississippi
and lower Ohio, in rich alluvial soil, and south west ward.

* * Seeds minutely roughened, ash-colored : leaves serrulate, hairy.

4. E. luiniistrata, Engelm. mss. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy;
leaves elliptical with an oblique obtuse base, serrulate towards the apex, sparse-
ly hairy underneath (£'-!' long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; pedun-
cles rather shorter than the petioles, crowded in lateral clusters ; involucre cleft
on the back, its appendages orbicular or truncate and nearly entire ; pod acute-
ly angled, puberulent; seeds ovate, 4-angled (f" long). — With the last.
— Branches 6' -20' long. Distinguished from the next by its broader leaves,
slit involucre, and rounder, granulated (not transversely grooved) seed.

* * * Seeds transversely wrinkled-pitted: leaves serrate, often hairy and falcate.

5. E. maculata, L. (SPOTTED SPURGE.) Prostrate; leaves very
oblique at the base, oblong-linear (4" -6" long), serrulate towards the apex

EUPHORB1ACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 387

mostly with a brows-purple spot in the centre ; peduncles equalling the petioles,
crowded in lateral dusters; glands of the involucre minute, with a petal-like
somewhat crenate margin ; pod acutely angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, ash-colored
(§'' long), sharply 4-angled, and with about 4 grooves across each of the con-
cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh. E. depressa, Torr.) — Gravelly open places,
everywhere.

6. E. hypericifolia, L. (LARGER SPOTTED SPURGE.) Ascending or
erect (1° -2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, serrate (£'-!£' long), often with a red spot or red
mai-gins ; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the sum-
mit of the branches ; appendages of the involucre small, round, and entire ; pod
glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (£" long
or nearly), blackish. — Rich soil in open places ; very common.

$ 2. Leaves destitute of stipules, all opposite: involucres solitary and pedunded, in the
forks of the stem : root perennial. (Oppositifoliae.)

7. E. Ipecacuanhae, L. (WILD IPECAC.) Stems many from a very
long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'- 10' long), forking from
near the base ; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, entire,
almost sessile, glabrous ; peduncles elongated ($'-!' long) ; glands of the invo-
lucre 5, equal, not appendaged; pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly
smooth; seeds ovate, flattened, white, marked with impressed dots. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia, and southward. May - July.

§ 3. 'Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite : involucres all crowded in a
terminal cluster, bearing a few cup-shaped glands : root annual. (Cyathophorae.)

8. E. dealt fitsi, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (l°high); leaves al-
ternate or opposite, ovate, lanceolate or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2;
long) ; involucres almost sessile, with 5 ovate laciniate lobes and a stalked gland,
and sometimes with 2 or 3 ; seeds globular, tubercled. — Rich soil, Ohio to
Illinois and southward. July, Aug.

9. E* cyatliopliom, Jacq. Ascending or erect (l°-3°high), gla-
brous ; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceo-
late, or linear and entire ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate
incised lobes and a single sessile gland ; seeds globular, tubercled. — W. Illi-
nois and southward. July. — Upper leaves mostly with red margins or base.

§ 4. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or scattered up to where the flowering begins,
the floral ones opposite or whorled, all commonly sessile : stem erect : /lowering
branches umbellately forked : involucres in the forks and terminal. (Unibellataj.)
* Glands of the involucre 5, entire, with (ivhite) petal-like appendages : perennial.

10. E. corollata, L. (FLOWERING SPURGE.) Glabrous or sometimes
sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse ;
umbel 5- (3 - 7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (rarely 5-) forked ; involucres
long-peduncled ; pods slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds globular, slightly tuber-
cled.— Rich or sandy soil, W. New York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and
southward. June -Aug. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the invo-
lucre, which appear like 5 white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved.

388 EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

* # Glands yf the imxducre entire, not appendaged : involucres

+- Seeds rugose or reticulated : leaves serrulate : annuals.

11. E. HELiosc6piA, L. (SuN SPURGE.) Leaves all obovate and very
rounded (or retuse) at the end, finely serrate, those of the stem wedge-shaped;
umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbic-
ular, stalked; pod smooth and even. — Waste places, east of the Alleghanies :
rather scarce. July -Sept. — Rather stout, branched from the root, 6' -12'
high, smooth or a little hairy. (Nat. from Eu.)

12. E. Arkansaiia, Engelm. & Gr. Slender, very smooth throughout;
stem-leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, those of the flowering branches roundish-ovate
or slightly heart-shaped, very obtuse ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-
forked; glands oval, almost sessile ; pod warty; seeds reticulated. — Lexington,
Kentucky (Short), and southwestward.

-•- •*- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rough.

13. E. Obtusata, Pursh. (WARTED SPURGE.) Leaves all obtuse, mi-
nutely serrulate, smooth ; those of the stem oblong-spatulate, the uppermost and
bracts dilated-ovate and barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into
3-5 rays, then into 2 ; glands oval ; styles 2-cleft to the middle, scarcely longer
than the ovary, which is warty with cylindrical projections. (E. platyphylla,
Amer. auth. Sf ed. 1.) © (2) ? — Shady fertile woods, &c., Vermont to Virginia,
and common westward. July - Sept. — The representative of the European E.
platyphylla, which has the upper leaves acute, the upper bracts cuspidate, the
styles 2-lobed at the apex only, and much longer than the ovary, which is warty
with hemispherical glands. [The difference in the styles appears to be not
altogether constant.]

14. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Tall (2° -4° high); leaves entire, minutely
downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong, the lower floral ones oval,
very obtuse, the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5-8-
rayed, afterwards simply forked ; glands obliquely oval, sessile ; pod obscurely-
warty. }|- (E. nemoralis, DarL, not of Kit.) — Copses, &c., Penn. and south-
ward along the mountains.

* * # Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped or Z-horned, naked. (Stems erect :

leaves entire: plant glabrous.)
•H- Seeds smooth, blackish or dull : perennials, with running rootstocks.

15. E* ESULA, L. Stems clustered (l°high); leaves lanceolate or linear-,
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking ; also with scattered flowering branches below ; glands short-
horned (brown) ; pods smoothish. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes: likely
to become a troublesome weed. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. E. CypARfssiAS, L. (CYPRESS SPURGE.) Stems densely clustered
(£'-!' high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel
many-rayed, and with some scattered flowering branches below ; glands crescent-
shaped ; pods granulai . — Escaped from gardens to road-sides, in a few places
in New England. (Adv. from Eu.)

•*- •*- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: root biennial or annual.

EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 389

•«• Leaves scattered, thin and membranaceous : pod smooth.

17. E. PEPLUS, L. (PETTY SPURGE.) Erect or ascending (5' -10' high);
leaves petioled, round-obovate ; the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then
forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod ^-wing-crested on the back j
seeds ^-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back. Q) — Waste places in the
Eastern States ; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. E, commute t:i, Engelm. mss. Stems branched from a commonly
decumbent base (6' -12' high) ; haves obovate, the upper all sessile, the upper
floral roundish-dilated, broader than long; pod obtusely angled, crestless; seeds
ovate, pitted all over. (|) (i) 1J. ? — Along water-courses, from Virginia toward
the mountains to Ohio and westward. — Leaves often persistent over the winter
on sterile shoots, turning red, like those of the European E. amygdaloides
Seeds 1" long, larger than those of E. Peplus; with which this has been con
founded ; but the character of the pods and seeds readily distinguish it.

•»-*• •«-*• Leaves all opposite or nearly so, thickish : pod smooth.

19. E. LATHYRIS, L. (CAPER SPURGE.) Stem stout (2°-3° high);
leaves linear-oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel
3 -4-rayed^then forking; glands short-horned. (f) — Sparingly escaped from
gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. CNIDOSCOL.US, Pohl. SPURGE-NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usu-
ally in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like (white) ; in the staminate flowers
salver-shaped, 5-lqbed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Corolla
none. Hypogynous glands 5, small. Ster. Fl. Stamens 10, monadelphous
below, the inner ones longer. Pert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, short, some-
what united, many-cleft. Pod 3-celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, separating into
3 two-valved carpels. — Perennials, beset with stinging bristles (whence appar-
ently the name, from Kvidrj, a nettle, and ovceoAos, a prickle).

1. C. s tim ill os;i. (TREAD-SOFTLY.) Herbaceous, from a long peren-
nial root, branching (6' -18' high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed
(Jatropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

3. ACALiYPIIA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-parted ; of the fertile, 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens
8-16 : filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anther-cells separate, long,
hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, cut-fringed (red). Pod sep-
arating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one car-
pel. — Annual herbs (in N. America), with the appearance of Nettles or Ama-
ranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers
with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed
persistent bract. ('A/coX^i/, an ancient name of the Nettle.)
33*

890 EUPHORBIACEJE. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent.

1. A* Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely ser-
rate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the deeply
palnntely-deft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places ; common. July - Sept.
—A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning pur-
plish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the small and
short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts very large and leaf-like, unequally cut into
5-9 lanceolate lobes.

2. A» gracilens* Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, obscurely
serrate, short-petioled, mostly obtuse ; sterile spike long and slender, much longer than
the cut-toothed bract. — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois, and common
southward. — A somewhat downy plant, 6' - 12' high ; the heart-ovate fruiting
bract sharply cut-toothed, or barely cleft at the sides ; the sterile spike frequently
1' long and half the length of the leaves. — Perhaps runs into the last. — Var.
MONOCOCCA, Engelm., is a narrow and nearly entire-leaved form, with only one
cell to the fruit, and the seed larger. Western Illinois.

# # Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections.

3. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short ; the fer-
tile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear
lobes. (A. ostryaefolia, Riddett.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Tarrey), Ohio, and
southward,

4. TRAGIA, Plunder. TRAGIA.

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-parted. Sta-
mens 2 or 3 : filaments short, distinct. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5-8- (mostly 6-)
parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft : stigmas 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed,
bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. — Erect or climbing
plants (perennial herbs in TJ. S.), pubescent or hispid, with mostly alternate
leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves (rarely axil-
lary) ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.
(Named for the early herbalist Tragus.)

1. T. ureiis, L. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent (1°
high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to lance-linear, acute at the base, ob-
tusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile.
— Dry ground, Virginia and southward. May -Aug. (A bad name for the
species ; for the hairs are not at all stinging nor sharp. Walter's name, T. in-
nocua, should supersede it.)

2. T. lirticifolia, Michx. Erect or reclining, hirsute ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at
the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-petioled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common
southward.

3. T. imicrocsirpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply
cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long-petioled (pod
£' br>ad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kent ucky (Michaux), and southward.

EUPHOBBIACEJE. (SPURCJE FAMILY.) 391

•5. STILLiiNGIA, Garden. STILLINGIA.

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike, apetaloua. Ster. FL
Calyx a 2-cleft or crenulate little cup. Stamens 2 : filaments elongated, united
at the base : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Pert. FL Calyx 3-toothed or
cleft. Style thick : stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seed-
ed. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at
the base ; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely
separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for
Dr. B. StULingfleet.)

1. S. sy I viatica, L. Herbaceous (2° -3° high); leaves almost sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and
dry soil, Virginia and southward. June.

6. CR6TON, L. CBOTON.

Flowers monoecious, spiked or glomerate. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted, rarely
4-parted, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the divisions of the calyx,
mostly small, hypogynous. Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers turned inwards.
Glands or lobes of the central disk as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite
them. Fert. FL Calyx 5- (rarely 8-) cleft or parted. Petals often none or
minute. Glands or disk as in the sterile, or none. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-
celled, with as many styles, which are from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- (rarely
2-) celled and lobed, separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. — Stel-
late-downy, or scurfy, or. hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ;
the sterile flowers above ; the fertile below, usually at the base of the same spike
or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite. (Kporwy, the
Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) — The following have been
made into as many genera by Klotzsch, apparently without sufficient reason.

* 1. PILIN6PHYTUM, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with the calyx 5-parted, 5
glands alternate with the petals, and 10-12 stamens on the hairy receptacle : fertile
flowers with an unequally 8-cleft calyx and no petals ; the 3 styles twice or thrice
2-cleft.

1. C. capita turn, Michx. Soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1°
2° high), branched; leaves very long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong,
rounded at the base, entire ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base
of the short terminal sterile spike. (£) — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern ! July- Sept.

$ 2. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with a ^-parted calyx, 4 ovate-
lanceolate petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowers with a 5-parted
calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cleft.

2. C. glanduldsum, L. Kough-hairy and glandular (l°-2° high),
somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely
toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capi'
tate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal
(j) — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept

392 EUPHOKBIACEJE. (s PURGE FAMILY.)

{ 3. GYNAMBL6SIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) — Sterile flowers with
a 5- (sometimes 3-4-) parted calyx, and as many petals and scale-like glands oppo*
site the latter, the stamens varying from 5 to 10 : fertile flowers with a 5-parted
calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-celled ovary, crowned with 2 sessile 2-parted
stigmas; the fruit 2-seeded, or often by abortion l-seeded. (This may perhaps
rank as a genus.)

3. C. inoiiaiitliogyiniin, Michx. Kepeatedly 3-2-forked into di-
verging branches, stellately pubescent; leaves silvery-woolly beneath, ovate-
elliptical or oblong, often a little heart-shaped at the base, entire, on slender
petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short erect pe-
duncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved pedun-
cles. ® (C. ellipticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalliana, Klotzsch. Gynam-
blosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, from Illinois and
Kentucky southward and westward. June - Sept.

7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. CKOTONOPSIS.

Mowers monoecious, axillary along the branches, and terminal, the lower fer-
tile. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted. Petals and stamens 5 : filaments distinct,
enlarged at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like
scales 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled: stigmas 3, each 2-
lobed. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, l-seeded. — A slender low annual,
with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or lanceolate leaves, which are
green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with
brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded
of Kporcoi/, and tn/rts, appearance, for a plant with the aspect of Croton.)

1. C. till c:\ris, Michx. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Knieskem) to Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers sessile, small.

8. PHYL.I.ANTHUS, L. PHYLLANTHUS.

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl.
Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5 - 6 glands or a 5 - 6-
lobed glandular disk. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3,
each 2-cleft : stigmas 6. Pod depressed, separating into 3 carpels, which split
into 2 valves. — Leaves alternate, with small stipules. (Name composed of
<£uAXov, leaf, and avdos, blossom, because the flowers in some species [not in
ours] are borne upon what appear like leaves.)

1. P. Carolincnsis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves
2-ranked, obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil,
almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile. — Gravelly banks ; W. Penn. to
Illinois and southward. July -Sept.

9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. PACHYSANDRA.

Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. Ster.
Fl. Stamens 4, separate, surrounding the rudiment of an ovary : filaments
long-exserted, thick and flat : anthers oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled :

EMPETRACE^E. (CROWBERRT FAMILY.) 398

styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside
Pod globular, 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded
carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted
creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves,
narrowed at the base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 -3-bracted, the upper ones
staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish :
filaments white (the size and thickness of the latter giving the name, from
naxvs, thick, and avdpa, used for stamen).

1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap-
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.
— Woods ; mountains of Kentucky, W. Virginia, and southward. March, April.

KiciNus coMMtNis, the CASTOR-OIL PLANT, and Btixus SEMPERYIRENS,
the Box, are cultivated representatives of this order.

MERCURIALIS AKNUA, of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously
in Boston, and in Charleston, S. Carolina.

ORDER 103. EMPETRACE^E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the stigmas, &c. of
Euphorbiaceae : — probably an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious de-
generate form of Ericacese, — comprising three genera, two of which occur
within the limits of this work, and the third in Georgia, &c.

1. EMPETRUUI, Tourn. CROWBERRT.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon-
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry -like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets ; each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and verv
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from ev, upon, and Trerpos, a rock.)

1. E. nigruiit, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and trailing;
leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the moun-
tains of New England and N. New York ; L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. CORE MA, Don. (BROOM-CROWBERRT.)

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil
of a scaly bract,, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (4 -5-)
cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nut-
lets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with
scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear leaves. (Name Kopypa, a feroom,
from the bushy aspect. )

394 UKTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

1. C. Coiinidii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe
very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr. Tuckermania,
Klotzsch. Oakesia, Tuck.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New
Jersey, Long Island ; Plymouth, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of Penob-
scot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high: the
sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and
brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am. t. 1.)

ORDER 104. URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Plants with stipules, and monoecious, diozcious, or sometimes (in the Elm
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the l-celled
(rarely 2~celled) ovary which forms a \-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albu-
men when this is present ; the radicle pointing upwards ; the stamens as many
as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons
usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater
part tropical), comprising four well-marked suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. ULMACE.33. THE ELM FAMILY.

Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous. Filaments straight or
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara or
drupe. Seed suspended. — Trees, with a watery juice (no active or nox-
ious properties), and alternate leaves.

* Fruit dry winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse.

1. ULMUS. Flowers mostly perfect. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit l-celled, winged all

round. Embryo straight.

2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Fruit wingless, many-crested.

* * Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse.
8. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary l-celled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled.

SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPE.3E. THE BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAM.

Flowers monoecious or direcious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads ;
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-)
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous)
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens inflexed in the
bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe MORE^E.

4. MORTIS. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Stamens 4. Calyx berry-like in
fruit.

SUBORDER III. URTICE.ZE. THE NETTLE FAMILY.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkle** and
inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower
opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always 1-ceiled, with an erect or-
thotropous ovule, forming an aehenium in fruit. Embryo straight in the

URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 395

axis of albumen. — Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a
watery (innocuous) juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate
leaves : many are armed with stinging hairs.

• Calyx of the fertile flowers of 2 - 4 separate or nearly separate sepals.

•«- Plant beset with stinging bristles.

b. UBTICA. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en
closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

6. LAPORTEA. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two

exterior minute and obscure. Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked
Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate.

•*- ••- Plant wholly destitute of stinging hairs.

7. PILEA. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers all or all but one small. Achenium

partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Leaves opposite.
* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium.

8. BQ5HMERIA. Flowers monoecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate. Stylo

long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side.

9. PARIETARIA. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted

SUBORDER IV. CANNABINE^B. THE HEMP FAMILY.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled,
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular achenium in fruit.
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs with a watery
juice and mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, a fibrous inner bark, &c.
(yielding bitter and narcotic products).

10. CANNABIS. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 -7-divided.

11. HUMULUS. Fertile flowers hi a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit

Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed.

SUBORDER I. UL.MACEJS. THE ELM FAMILY

1. lLiOTEUS, L. ELM.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary flat, 2-celled, with a" single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit
of each cell : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic all along the inner edge.
Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, winged
all arouad. Albumen none : embryo straight; the cotyledons large. — Flowers
perfect or polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu-
cous. (The classical Latin name.)
# Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not dilate : leaves very rough above.

1. 17. fulva, Mich. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-sceuted in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly

396 . UKTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

rough downwards ; branchlets downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens 7 - 9 ; fruit
(|'-|' wide) with the cell pubescent. — Along streams, common from W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. March, April. — A small or middle-
sized tree, with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.
# # Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the
middle : fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth and glabrous above, or

2. IT. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (AMERICAN or WHITK
ELM.) Buds and branchlets glabrous ; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong
or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-
pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous ; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9
roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (£' long), its sharp points in-
curved and closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich
soil ; common. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, with spread-
ing branches and drooping branchlets.

3. U. racemdsa, Thomas. (CORKY WHITE ELM.) Bud-scales downy-
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with
corky ridges; leaves nearly as in the last; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the
last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. New England, New York, and Mich-
igan. April. — Wood tougher and finer-grained than in the last.

4. U. alata, Michx. (WINGED ELM. WHAHOO.) Bud-scales and
branchlets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (l'-2^; long), seldom
oblique ; calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. —
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable.

U. CAMPESTRIS, L., the ENGLISH ELM, was early introduced near Boston,
&c.

2. PL. AN ERA, Gmel. PLANER-TREE.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 -5. Ovary
ovoid, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are -stigmatose
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged.
Albumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms,
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J.
Planer, a German botanist.)

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small;
fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks,
Kentucky (Michx.) and southward. April.

3. CELT IS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
!?etioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the 'fertile solitary or

UKTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 397

in pairs, ped uncled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season.
(An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree
is supposed to have been the food of the Lotaphagi,)

1. C. occidentalis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves retic-
ulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually con-
spicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply
serrate, sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ;
fruit on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yel-
lowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length
of the petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks,
S. New England to Wisconsin and southwai'd. April, May. — A small or
middle-sized tree, with the aspect of an Elm, with sweet and edible fruits as
•arge as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var.
PUMILA. Low and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and
smooth, slightly acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh.) River-banks, on rocks, from
Maryland southward. — Var. CRASSirftLiA. A tall or low tree ; leaves thick-
er, usually serrate all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale
beneath. (C. crassifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. — All
plainly of one species.

2. C. MiSSiSSippiensiS, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed,
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small. ( C. inte-
grifolia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky (and Illinois?) and southwestward. — Even this
probably runs into the last.

SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPE^E. BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAMILY

4. MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary catkin-
like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastically
expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles
2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, cov-
ered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a
thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice
and rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mope'a, the ancient name.)

1. HI. I'll bra, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough
above, doimy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often variously lobed) ; flow-
ers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple, — Rich woods, New England to Illi-
nois and southward. May. — A small tree, ripening its sweetish blackberry-
like fruit in July.

2. Itt. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) • Leaves obliquely heart-ovate,
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous
near houses : introduced for feeding silk- worms. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. N!GRA, L., the BLACK MULBERRY of Europe, is also occasionally cul
tivated.

34

898 URTiCACE.fi. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

BROUSSOSTETIA PAPYRfFERA, Vent., the PAPER MULBERRY of Japan, i»
often cultivated as a shade tree.

MACLtjRA AURANTiACA, Nutt., the OSAGE ORANGE, Or BOW-WOOD of

ArkanBas, is sparingly cultivated for hedges.

SUBORDER HE. URTICEJE. THE TRUE NETTLE FAMILY

5. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, 01
close clusters. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped
rudiment of a pistil. Pert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer much smaller,
somewhat keeled, spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membrana-
ceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achenium. Stigma
sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers greenish. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.)
*= Flowers in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious.

1. U. grdcilis, Ait. (TALL WILD NETTLE.) Sparingly bristly, slender
(2° -6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the
rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated petioles spar-
ingly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. 1|. (U. procera, Willd.) —
Fence-rows and moist ground ; common, especially northward. July. — Total-
ly distinct from the next, with slenderer and longer-petioled leaves, smaller flow-
ers, and scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the
principal veins.

2. U. DioicA, L. (GREAT STINGING-NETTLE.) Very bristly and stinging
(2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy under-
neath as well as the upper part of the stem; spikes much branched. 1| — Waste
places, and road-sides, chiefly eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * Flowers in simple capitate dusters, on peduncles shorter^ than the slender petioles.

3. 17. fjRENS, L. (SMALL STINGING-NETTLE.) Leaves elliptical or ovate,
rery coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; flower-dusters 2 in each
axil, small and loose. ® — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward : scarce.
Plant 8' - 12' high, sparsely beset with stinging bristles. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. U. plirplirsiSceilS, Nutt. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-dusters globular, 1 - 2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. ® ? — Alluvial soil, in shade ; Kentucky
and southward. — Stem slender, £° - 3° high, beset with scattered stinging bris-
tles, as are the petioles, &c.

6. L.APORTEA, Gaudich. WOOD NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. FL
Sepals and stamens 5, with a hemispherical rudiment of an ovary. Pert. FL
Calyx of 4 sepals, tiie two outer or one of them minute; the two inner much

TTRTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 399

larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side. Adienium ovate,
flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margired pedicel, nearly
naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs and large alternate serrate leaves.
(Named for M. Laporte. )

1. JL» Caiiadensis, Gaudich. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent. (U. Canadensis
and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods ; common. — Stem 2°- 5° high.

"7. PIL<EA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered in axillary cymes. Ster. Fl. Se-
pals and stamens 3 -4. Pert. Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal:
a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale.
Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight and erect,
partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with oppo-
site somewhat 3-nerved leaves and united stipules; the staminate flowers on
jointed pedicels, often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the
larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, like the pileus, or felt
cap, of the Romans, which partly covers the achenium. In our species the
three sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded.)

1. P. piimila. (RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3'- 18' high);
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ;
clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate,
scarcely unequal. QL) (Dubrueilia, Gaud. Adice, Raf.) — Cool and moist
shaded places ; common. July- Sept.

8. BCEIOIERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile
with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary.
Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and hairy down one side. Achenium
elliptical, closely invested by the dry or somewhat fleshy persistent compressed
calyx. — Hairs not stinging. (Named after G. R. Bdhmer, Prof, at Witten-
berg in the last century. )

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Smoothish ; stem (l°-3° high) simple;
leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-
nerved, long-petioled ; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small
clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile
interrupted, the fertile often continuous. 1J. — A state with alternate leaves is
B. lateriflora, Muhl.< — Moist thickets, &c. ; common. July -Sept.

*

9. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORT.

Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in-
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary i clusters , the sterile
much as in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved
calyx, woolly inside, and enclosing the ovary and adherent to the ovoid ache-

400 PLATANACE^E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

nium. Stigma pencil-tufted. — Small homely herbs, chiefly with alternate
leaves ; not stinging. (Name from paries, a wall ; from the places where the
European species often grow.)

1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. (AMERICAN PELLITOKY.) Low, an-
nual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
very thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of
the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin
and southward. June - Aug.

SUBORDER IV. CANNABINE^E. THE HEMP FAMILY.

10. CANNABIS, Tourn. HEMP.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted :
the calyx of a single sepal swollen at the base and folded round the ovary.
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of
very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.)

1. €5. SATIVA, L. — Waste places, escaped from cultivation. (Adv. from
En.)

11. HtlMUL-US, L. HOP.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins :
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of membra-
naceous strobile. Calyx of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Achcnia invested
with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — A-rough
perennial twining herb, with mostly opposite heart-shaped and 3 - 5-lobed leaves,
and persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. Calyx-scales in fruit covered
with orange-colored resinous grains, in which the peculiar bitterness and aroma
of the hop reside. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth,
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.)

1. H. l,,U|»iilu$, L. — Banks of streams; not rare, especially westward.
July. (Eu.)

ORDER 105. PLATANACEJE. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.;

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules,
and moncBcious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of
calyx or corolla; the fruit club-shaped l-seeded nutlets, furnished with* bristly
down along the base : consists only of the genus

1. PL, AT AN US, L. PLANE-TREE. BUTTONWOOD.

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed .
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely

JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 401

pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped, or
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a
single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.
(The ancient name, from nXarus, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of it*
foliage.)

1. P. occidental!*, L. (AMERICAN PLANE or SYCAMORE.) Leaves
angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads
solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. — Alluvial river-banks; very common,
especially westward. May. — A very large and well-known tree, with a white
bark separating early in thin brittle plates.

ORDER 106. JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules; the sterile flowers in
catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx ; the fertile solitary or in small clus-
ters, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 - ^-celled
but only l-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp
(nut-shell), containing a large k-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none.
Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Pet-
als sometimes present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important
trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera.

1. jiJOJLAIVS, L. WALNUT.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins ; the calyx adherent to the
entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6-cleft. Stamens 8-40: filaments very
short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of
the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses.
Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with
a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed
endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark,
&c., nearly naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the
axil), and odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name
contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. cinerea, L. (BUTTERNUT.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and branchlets
downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured
and rough with ragged ridges. — Rich woods; common. May: fruit ripe in
Sept. — Tree 30° - 50° high, with gray bark and widely spreading branches;
wood lighter-colored than in the next.

2. J. nigra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower
surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut
corrugatfrl. — Rich woods; rare in the Eastern, very common in the Western
States. May : fruit ripe in Oct. — A large and handsome tree, with brown bark,
and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. Seed sweet, more

34*

402 JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

pleasant-listed and less oily than the butternut, but greatly inferior to the Euro*
pean walnut (J. REGIA).

x

2. CARYA, Nutt. HICKORY.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins which are mostly in threes on a com-
mon peduncle : calyx naked, unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3 - 8 : filaments
nearly wanting. Fertile flowers 2-3 together at the end of the branches, with
a 4-toothed calyx : petals none. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, with a
rather fleshy and at length leathery epicarp or husk, which splits into 4 valves,
and falls away when ripe from the smooth and slightly 4 - 6-angled incompletely
4-celled endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with hard and very tough wood, and
odd-pinnate leaves of 5 - 9 leaflets ; the two sorts of flowers from the same scaly
buds with these, the sterile aments borne below the leaves. Pith continuous.
(Kapuct, an ancient name of the Walnut.) All flower in May, and shed their
nuts in October.

* Seed edible and delicious : husk of the fruit completely 1-valved (fatting away in 4

separate pieces at maturity).
t- Fruit and nut elongated-oblong; the husk thin : bark of the trunk not shaggy.

1. C. oliv;rf oniiis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Nearly smooth ; leaflets
13-15, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, somewhat falcate; nut olive-shaped, with a
thin shell. — River-banks, from Illinois southward. — A slender tree; its de-
licious nuts well-known.

-t- -»- Fruit globular, its husk very thick : bark of old trunk shaggy, exfoliating in
strips or plates : buds large and very scaly.

2. C. :ill»:i, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5,
minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-lanceolate, the
lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ; fruit depressed-
globular ; nut somewhat flattened, nearly pointless, with a rather thin whitish shell
and a large kernel. — Rich moist woods ; common. A tall and handsome tree,
the old trunks very rough-barked : wood most valuable as timber, and for fuel ;
while the fruit furnishes the principal hickory-nuts of the market.

3.' C. Slllcata, Nutt. (THICK SHELL-BARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9,
obovate-lanceolate, sharply sen-ate, downy underneath ; fruit oval, ^-ribbed above
the middle with intervening furrows ; nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with a
thick yellowish shell. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and Kentucky. — Nuts
nearly as sweet as in the last.

# * Seed sweetish, but small : valves of the husk not separating to the base : nut hard-

shelled : bark not shaggy.

4. C. tomeiitdsa, Nutt. (MOCKER-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.)
Leaflets 7-9, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish-downy un-
derneath as well as the petiole ; catkins hairy ; fruit globular or ovoid, with a thick
and hard husk, which splits almost to the base ; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell
very thick and hard (light brown). Rich woods ; common, especially southward
and westward. — A tall tree with resinous-scented foliage, and cracked bark on
the larger trunks ; the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel. The small

CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) 403

kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut. • r-A var. MAXIMA,
Nutt., bears fruit "as large as an apple," with an exceedingly thick husk.

a. C. microciirpa, Nutt. (SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-
7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath (not downy) ; catkins smooth ;
fruit roundish-ovoid, with a thin husk ; nut slightly 4-angled, the shell rather thin.
— Moist woodlands, Penn. (N. England1?) and southwestward. — Fruit only |'
in diameter, shaped like that of the last ; the foliage much as in the next.

6. C. glabra, Ton-. (PIG-NUT or BSOOM HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-7,
ovate-lanceolate, sen-ate, smooth or nearly so ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate,
thin, splitting about half-way down into 4 coriaceous valves; nut hard and
tough, with a sweetish or bitterish small kernel. (C. porcina, Nutt.) — Wood-
lands; common. — A large tree, with a close bark, very tough and, valuable
wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts (used as hickory withes) : the fruit and nuts
of variable form.

* * * Seed intensely bitter : husk thin and soft : bark smooth : buds little scaly.

7. C» a mar a, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP HICKORY.) Leaflets
7-11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; fruit globular, with ridged or promi-
nent seams opening half-way down ; nut inversely heart-shaped, its shell thin
and fragile. — Wet woods ; common. — A graceful tree ; the timber inferior to
the other Hickories. Nut-shell so fragile that it may be crushed with the hand;
the bitter kernel remarkably corrugated.

ORDER 107. CUPULJFEILflE. (OAK FAMILY.)

Trees o<~ shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in catkins (aments) (or capitate-
clustered in tlie Beech) ; the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an
involucre which forms a cup or covering to the l-celled l-seeded nut. Ovary
2 - 7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all
the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent
to the ovary, the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed with no albu-
men, filled with the embryo: cotyledons very thick and fleshy: radicle
short, superior.

Synopsis.

* Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster.

1. QUERCUS. Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming a cup around

the base of the hard and rounded nut.

2. CASTANEA. Involucre 2-3-flowered, forming a prickly bur enclosing 1-3 coriaceous

nuts, opening at length by 4 valves.

8. FAGTJS Involucre 2-flowered, rather prickly, 4-valved, enclosing 2 sharply triangular
nuts. Sterile flowers in capitate clusters. •

4. CORYLUS. Involucre 1 - 2-flowered, formed of 2 - 3 confluent scales, which become leafy-
coriaceous, much enlarged and cut or torn at the apex, enclosing a bony nut.
* * Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ameiit.

6. CARPINUS. Involucre a separate open .leaf, 2-flowered. Fruit a small ovoid nut.

6. OSTRYA. Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, enclosing the seed-like nut.

404 cuptTLiFEiLffi. (OAK FAMILY.)

1. QUERCUS, L. OAK.

Steril e flowers clustered in slender and naked drooping catkins, without bracts
calyx 6 - 8-parted : stamens 6-12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered
or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-
lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated
cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remain-
ing underground in germination. — Flowers greenish or yellowish, the fertile
ones inconspicuous. Aments several from the same scaly bud. (The classical
Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October.
§ 1. Fruit ripening the first year, mostly peduncled : leaves not bristly-toothed or pointed.

# Leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatiftd, all pale, whitish, or grayish-downy underneath. —

WHITE OAKS.

1. <fc. macrocarpa, Michx. (BUR-OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP
WHITE-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-
lotted, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed,
or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, conspicuously imbricated, of hard and thick
pointed scales, the upper ones aumed, so as to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn
ovoid (!'- 1£' long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Dry woods,
along rivers, &c., W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwest-
ward. — A handsome, middle-sized tree. Cup very variable, especially in size,
from I' to 2' across.

Var. olivirloi mis (Q. olivaefonnis, Michx.) is plainly a mere state of
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups : growing with the ordi-
nary form.

2. <fc. obtusiloba, Michx. (POST-OAK. ROUGH or Box WHITE-
OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately
cut into 5-7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often
1 -3-notched ; cup saucer-shaped, naked, about one third the length of the ovoid acorn.
(Q. stellata, WiUd.) — Sandy or sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts
and from Wisconsin southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood.
Acorns £' to §' long, nearly sessile.

3. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely and moderately or deeply
cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical-
saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or
oblong acorn. — Eich woods ; common. — A well-known and invaluable large tree.
Lobes of the leaves short and broad 3 - 5, or 5 - 9 and narrow. Acorn about
1' long ; the kernel sweet and edible.

# * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed, whitish and more or less downy be-

neath : cup hoary : acorns sweet-tasted. — CHESTNUT-OAKS.

4. Q. Priims, L. (SWAMP CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong-
obovate, coarsely and somewhat uniformly dentate with rounded teeth, downy
beneath, glabrous above ; cup hemispherical (either abrupt or with a small top-
shaped base), thick, tubercled when old, nearly half or one third llie length ot

CUPULIFEIUE. (OAK FAMILY.) 405

the ovoid large acorn. — Low, alluvial grounds, &c. ; common from Pena
southward. — A fine tree; its wood inferior to the White Oak. — Aeon: fully
1' long; the cup of nearly the same diameter.

Var. iiioiiticola, Michx. (ROCK CHESTNUT-OAK.) Acorn ovoid-ob-
long, !£' long. (Q. montana, Willd.) — Apparently only a form of the Swamp
Chestnut-Oak, growing in rocky or hilly woodlands ; W. New England to Ohio
and southward, especially along the Alleghanies. From the different soil, the
timber is more valuable. '?fa&£s/&*s&~/^ ^ y)

Var. discolor, Michx. (SWAMP WHITE-OAK.) Leaves unequally and
more deeply sinuate-toothed, often almost sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath,
bright green above ; cup with the scales more pointed, the upper sometimes
awned, and forming a fringed margin; acorns 1' or less long. (Q. b (color,
Willd.) — Low grounds ; common throughout. — A marked variety ; but prob-
ably nothing more.

5. <fc. Castanea, Willd. (YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves oblong-
lanceolate or oblong, acute, hoary-white and minutely downy underneath, equally
and rather sharply toothed; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales,
acorn ovoid or oblong, small. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin
and southward. — This has the leaves shaped more like those of the Chestnut
than any other, which, with the small fruit, distinguishes it from the last. Cup
£' across, fine-scaled : acorns f ' long. Tree middle-sized.

6. Q. prinoides, Willd. (CHINQUAPIN or DWARF CHESTNUT-OAK.)
Leaves obovate and lanceolate oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy underneath ;
peduncles short or none; cup hemispherical, thin; acorn ovoid, small (about as
large as in No. 5). (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Sandy soil, New England, and
Albany, New York, to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Shrub 2° - 6° high.

§ 2. Fruit not maturing until the second year, sessile or nearly so : kernel bitter.
# Leaves evergreen, entire or nearly so, hoary beneath. — LIVE OAKS.

7. Q. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves obtuse, coriaceous, oblong or
elliptical, hoary beneath ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong. — Coast of Virginia and
southward. Farther south becoming a large and invaluable tree.

8. Q. Ciuerea, Michx. (UPLAND WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves acute, lance-
oblong, white-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. — Pine barrens,
Virginia and southward. A small tree.

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, narrow. — WiLLOW-OAKS.

9. Cfc. PhelloS, L. ( WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed
to both ends, smooth, light green ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Sandy
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree
30° - 50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves, which are 3' - 4' long.
Fruit small.

10. ifc. imbiicaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves
lanceolate-oblong, mucronate, thickish, smooth and shining ab( ve, somewhat downy
underneath ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Ban-ens and open woodlands,
New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° high the wood
used for shingles in the Western States, whence the name.

406 CUPULIFEE^i. (OAK FAMILY.)

* * * Leaves deciduous, but rather coriaceous, mostly dilated upwards and obscurelj
lobed or entire in the same individual, sometimes more conspicuously lobed, often more
or less bristle-pointed at the summit and extremities of some of the larger veins.

11. Q. aqudtica, Catesby. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shin-
ing, obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base, varying to
oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical, of fine and close scales, much
shorter than the globular acorn. — Wet grounds, around ponds, &c., Maryland
to Virginia and southward. — Tree 30° -40° high. Acorn £' long; the cup of
the same width.

12. Cfc. nigra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but mostly rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and
somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two
lateral lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4'- 9' long) ;
cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly, covering half of the short ovoid acorn. (Q. ferru-
ginea, Michx.) — Dry sandy barrens, from Long Island, New York, to Illinois,
and southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high. Acorn £' - §' long. Leaves occasion-
ally rather deeply lobed, the lobes strongly bristle-pointed. — Under the name
of Q. TRIDENTATA, Dr. Engelmann distinguishes a remarkable Oak, apparently
a hybrid between this and Q. imbricaria. — Under this section the following re-
markable forms, by some regarded as species, would be sought, viz. : —

Q. LEAN A, Nutt. (LEA'S OAK), of which single trees are known near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and Augusta, Illinois (Mead), is probably a hybrid between Q.
imbricaria and Q. tinctoria, or possibly Q. nigra.

Q. HETEROPHYLLA, Michx. (BARTRAM OAK), was — for it no longer exists
— apparently a hybrid between Q. Phellos and Q. tinctoria ?

* * * * Leaves deciduous, lobed or pinnatijid, long-petided, the tips of the lobes bris-

tle-pointed.— BLACK and RED OAKS.
•*- Mature leaves downy underneath.

13. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dwarf;
leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, angularly about 5-lobed, ivhitened-downy un-
derneath ; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorn ovoid. — Sandy barrens and rocky hills,
New England to Ohio and W. Virginia. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) — A straggling,
crooked shrub, 3° -8° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish. Acorns barely %
long.

14. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy under-
neath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prolonged, mostly
narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or spar-
ingly cut-toothed ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn spherical or somewh.it depressed (J7
long). — Dry or sandy soil, from New Jersey and Penn. southward. — A small
or large tree, extremely variable in foliage : a variety with shorter lobes is Q.
triloba, Willd.

•»- •<- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so.

*+ Cup conspicuously scaly, more or less top-shaped or contracted at the base : acorn
one third or nearly half immersed.

15. Q. tinctoria, Bartram. (QUERCITRON orx BLACK OAK. YELLOW-
BARKED OAK.) Leaves more w less rusty-pubescent when young, nearly glabroua

CUPULIFEILE. (OAK FAMILY.) 407

when old, obovate-oblong, slightly or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes somewhat
toothed ; acorn nearly spherical or depressed-globular (£' - §' long) . — Dry woods ;
common. — A large tree, often confounded with the next, especially the varie-
ties with deeper cut leaves ; but these are duller and thicker, more dilated above
the middle, somewhat downy underneath until midsummer, and turning yellow-
ish-brown after frost ; and the inner bark (quercitron of dyers) is very thick and
yellow. Wood reddish, coarse-grained, but valuable.

16. <£• COCCinea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Leaves oval or oblong in
outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad and open sinuses, and divergent sparing-
ly cut-toothed lobes (3 -4 on each side), smooth, bright green and shining both sides,
broad or truncate at the base ; acorn ovoid or globular (fa' - 1' long) . — Kich woods ;
common. — A large tree ; the long-petioled shining leaves turning bright scarlet
in autumn : timber and bark less valuable than in the last.

+•«• •*-*• Cup of fine scales, shallow and saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn.

17. <fc, I'fibra, L. (RED OAK.) Leaves oblong, smooth, pale beneath, sinu~
ately cut with rather narrow sinuses into short and entire or sparingly toothed acute
spreading lobes (4-6 on each side) ; acorn ovoid or oblong, turgid (!' long). (Q.
ambigua, Michx.-) — Rocky woods ; common. — A good-sized tree, with reddish
very porous and coarse-grained wood, of little value as timber. Leaves turning
dark red after frost : the sinuses extending scarcely half-way to the midrib.

18. Cfc. palustris, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH, or PIN OAK.) Leaves
oblong, smooth and shining, bright green both sides, deeply pinnatifid, with broad and
rounded sinuses ; the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute ; acorn globular
(scarcely fa' long). — Low grounds, along streams, S. New York to Wisconsin.
— A very handsome middle-sized tree, with light and elegant foliage ; the sinuses
of the leaves reaching three fourths of the way to the midrib. The timber is
better than that of the Red Oak.

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins :
calyx 5-6-parted: stamens 8-15: anthe.rs 2-celled. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to-
gether in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx with a 5 - 6-lobed border crown-
ing the 3-7-celled 16 - 14-ovuled ovary : abortive stamens 5 - 12 : stigmas bris-
tle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed
2-3 together or solitary in the hard coriaceous and very prickly 4-valved invo-
lucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight- veined. Flowers ap-
pearing later than the (undivided) leaves ; the catkins axillary near the end of
the branches, cream-color ; the fertile flowers at their base. (The classical name,
from that of a town in Thessaly.)

1. C. Vesca, L. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate
with coarse pointed teeth, smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involu-
cre, therefore flattened on one or both sides. — Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to
Michigan and Kentucky; common. June, July. — A large tree, with light
coarse-grained wood The American variety bears smaller and sweeter nuts
than the European. (Eu.) •

408 CUPULIFERS:. (OAK FAMILY.)

2. C. pnmila, Michx. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate
with pointed teeth, whitened-downy underneath ; nut solitary, not flattened. —
Sandy woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward. June. —
Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed
nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet.

3. FAG US, Tourn. BEECH.

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-
like bracts: calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft: stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled.
Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by nu-
merous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner grown together at their bases to form the
involucre : calyx-lobes 4-5, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each
cell : styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided,
usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, which splits
to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat
united ; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees with smooth ash-gray
bark, undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, and a light horizontal spray.
Scales of the taper buds formed of scarious stipules. Flowers yellowish, ap-
pearing with the leaves : peduncles axillary at the base of the branchlets. (The
classical name, from (f)dyo), to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit recurved or spreading. (F. ferruginea and
F. sylvestris, Michx. f.) — Woods ; common, especially northward, and along the
Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer and less shining than in the
European Beech, most of the silky hairs early deciduous ; the lower surface then
nearly smooth.

4. CORYL.US, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins ; the concave bracts and the
2-cleft calyx combined into 3-lobed scales, to the axis of which the 8 short
filaments irregularly cohere : anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers several together
in lateral and terminal scaly buds. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each : stig-
mas 2, thread-like. Nut bony, ovoid, separately enclosed in a large leafy-coria-
ceous involucre, which is composed of 2 or 3 united bracts tubular at the base,
and lacerated above. — Shrubs flowering in early spring, before the (roundish
unequally serrate) leaves appear. (The classical name, probably from Kopvs,
a helmet, from the involucre.)

1. C. Americana, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, pointed, coarsely serrate ; involucre glandular-downy, with a dilated flattened
border, about twice the length of the globular nut. — Thickets ; common. — Shrub
4° -8° high; the young twigs, &c., downy and glandular-hairy. Nut of fine
flavor, but smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut.

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves ovate or ovate-ob-
long, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed, doubly serrate; involucre much prolonged
above the globumr-ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Banks

MTRICACE.E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 409

if streams, &c. ; common northward and along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2°-
$° high, with slender smooth branches.

* •^•"•;
5. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of about 12 stamens
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx :
filaments very short : anthers 1 -celled, bearded at the apex. Fertile flowers
several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts,
each subtending a pair of flowers, consisting of a 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary termi-
nated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, stalked, each with a
simple, 1 -sided, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre. — Trees with a smooth
gray bark, slender buds like the Beech, and foliage resembling the Beech or
Birch, appearing later than the flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER
BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth;
involucral leaf 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. —
Along streams ; common. — Tree 10°- 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and very
hard whitish wood ; called, indiscriminately with the next, Iron-wood.

6. OS TRY A, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers nearly as in Carpinus : filaments irregularly somewhat united.
Fertile flowers numerous in a short terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts ;
each enclosed in a membranous sac-like involucre which enlarges and forms
a bladdery closed bag in fruit, these imbricated to form a sort of strobile appear-
ing like that of the Hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and
bearded border of the calyx, forming a small and smooth nut. — Slender trees
with very hard wood, brownish finely furrowed bark, and foliage, &c. nearly as
in the last genus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virgiiiica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy be-
neath; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Eich woods,
not rare. April, May ; the large and handsome oval-oblong hop-like fruit full
grown in Aug. — Tree 20° -40° high.

ORDER 108. MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.)

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with, both kinds of flowers in short scaly
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch
Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule,
and the" drupe-like nut. Involucre none.

1. MY RICA, L. BATBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.

Flowers dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid cat-
kins, closely imbricated ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a
35

410 BETULACE./E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2-8: filaments some-
what united below. Ovary with 3 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas.
Fruit a small globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. (Mvpixj/, the
ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub ; perhaps from /ivpi'£«,
to perfume.)

1. TOT. Gale, L. (SWEET GALE.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards
the apex; pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in im-
bricated heads, enclosed in the thick pointed ovate scales which coalesce with
its base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains,
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -5° high. (Eu.)

2. M. cerifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining
and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers ; sterile catkins scattered,
oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, incrustcd
with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on Lake Erie.
May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins sessile along the
last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.

2. COMPT^NIA, Solander. SWEET FERN.

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-heart-
shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens; the fertile in globular
aments, bur-like: ovary surrounded by 5 or 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales,
persistent around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut: otherwise as in Myrica. —
Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing
rather later than the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Henry
Compton, Bishop of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.)

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. — Sterile hills, E. New England to Virginia.
Also N. Wisconsin. April, May. — Shrub, l°-2° high, with sweet-scented
fern-like leaves.

ORDER 109. BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or
3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked l-celled and 1-seeded often
winged nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary ; — otherwise
much as in the Oak Family.

1. B:£TUL.A, Tourn. BIRCH.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each scale or bract of the catkins,
consisting each of a calyx of one scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : fila-
ments very short : anthers l-celled. Fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract,
with no separate bractlets and no calyx, each of a naked ovary with 2 thread-
like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara.
Seed suspended, anatropous. Cotyledons flattish, oblong. — Outer bark usually
in thin horizontal sheets, that of the branchhts dotted. Twigs and

BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 411

leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in summer, re-
maining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden
flowers in early spring, preceding the leaves : fertile catkins oblong or cylindri-
cal, lateral, protected by scales through the winter, and developed with the
leaves. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Trees , with the bark of the trunk white externally, separable in thin sheets .* petioles

slender : fertile catkins cylindrical, peduncled, spreading or drooping.

1. B. alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH.)
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, smooth and shining both sides (glandular-dotted when young). (B. populi-
folia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — A small
and slender, very graceful tree, with chalky-white bark, much less separable
into sheets than the next species ; the very long-pointed leaves on- petioles of
fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.)

2. B. papyracea, Ait. (PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves
ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base,
smooth above, dull underneath ; lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and
rounded. — Woods, New England to Wisconsin, almost entirely northward, and
extending far north. — A large tree, with fine-grained wood, and very tough
durable bark splitting into paper-like layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale,
glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins underneath, sharply and une-
qually doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. There is a dwarf
mountain variety.

* * Trees, with reddish-brown or yellowish bark : petioles short : fertile catkins ovoid-

oblong, scarcely peduncled.

3. B. nigra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish
at both ends, whitish and (until old) downy underneath ; fertile catkins oblong,
somewhat peduncled, woolly ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes.
(B. rubra, Michx. f.) — Low river-banks, Massachusetts to Virginia and south-
ward. — A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark and compact light-colored
wood : leaves somewhat Alder-like, glandular-dotted, sharply doubly serrate.

4. B. excelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ovate or elliptical, point-
ed, narrowed (but mostly heart-shaped) at the base, smoothish, unequally serrate
with coarse and very sharp teeth ; fruiting catkins ovoid-oblong, slightly hairy ; lobes
of the scales nearly equal, acute, slightly diverging. — Moist woods, New England
to Lake Superior, and northward. — Tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish silvery
bark, thin leaves : twigs less aromatic than in the next ; the wood less valuable.

5. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves
heart-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins beneath ;
fruiting catkins elliptical, thick, somewhat hairy ; lobes of the veiny scales nearly
equal, obtuse, diverging. — Moist rich woods, New England to Ohio and north-
ward, and southward in the mountains. — A rather large tree, with dark chest-
nut-brown bark, reddish bronze-colored on the spray, much like that of the
Garden Cherry, which the leaves also somewhat resemble ; the twigs and foliage
spicy-aromatic : timber rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

412 BETULACEuE. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

# * # Shrtbs, with brownish bark and rounded crenate-toothed leaves • fertile catkin*
very short-pedunded.

6. B. pumila, L. (Low BIRCH.) Erect or ascending ; leaves obovate or
roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed, those of the summer branchlets
downy and nearly orbicular ; fruiting catkins cylindrical ; the scales more or less
unequally 3-lobed ; fruit broadly winged. (B. glandulosa, Michx.) — Bogs K.
New England (rare), Penn., Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Shrub 2° -8°
high, with smooth, or sometimes resinous-warty, branchlets ; the growing twigs
downy. Leaves thickish, 1;- 1£' long, paler or whitish underneath.

7. B. ii;\ii£l, L. (DWARF or ALPINE BIRCH.) Branches spreading or
procumbent ; leaves orbicular, deeply crenate, smooth, reticulated-veiny under-
neath ; fruiting catkins oblong ; the scales nearly equally 3-cleft ; fruit narrowly
winged. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and
N. New York, and high northward. — Shrub 10' -24' high, with leaves about £'
wide : varying, in less frigid stations, with the larger leaves twice that size, and
the branchlets often conspicuously warty with resinous dots, when it is B. rotun
difolia, Spach, and B. Littelliana, Tuckerm. (Eu.)

2. AJLNUS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers
under each scale, each flower usually with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens : fila-
ments very short : anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy
scales each 2-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or
bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below, and
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with stalked leaf-buds furnished with a sin-
gle scale; the (often racemed or clustered) catkins of both sorts produced at
the close of summer, remaining entirely naked through the winter, and ex
panding in early spring. (The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. ALNUS PROPER. — Fruit wingless.

1. A. incana, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY ALDER.) Leaves broadly
oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened
and mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fertile catkins oval ;
fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, Michx.) — Shrub 8° -20° high, forming thickets
along streams ; the common Alder northward from New England to Wisconsin.
— Var. GLAtrcA has the leaves pale, but when old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.)

2. A. serrulate,, Ait. (SMOOTH ALDER.) Leaves obovate, acute at the
base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, smooth and green both sides, a lit-
tle hairy on the veins beneath ; stipules oval ; fertile catkins ovoid-oblong ; fruit
ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high, in similar situations; the common Alder from
Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

§ 2. ALNASTER, Spach. — Fruit with a winged margin: sterile flowers with a
calyx of a single scale, much as in Birch.

3. A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Leaves round-
oval or ovate, sometimes heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy
underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often

SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 413

somewhat cut-toothed ; fertile catkins long-stalked, ovoid. (A. undulata, Wflld.
Betula crispa, Michx,) — On mountains and along streams which descend from
them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and northward.
Shrub 3° -8° high. (Eu.)

ORDER 110. SAL.ICACE.3B. (WILLOW FAMILY.)*

Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one under
each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit a l-celled and 2-
valved pod, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long silky down. —
Ovary l-celled or imperfectly 2-celled : styles 2, very short, or more or
less united, each with a 2-lobed stigma. Seeds ascending, anatropous, with-
out albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves alternate, undivided, with
scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood
soft and light : bark bitter.

1. SAC IX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 2 - 6 (rarely single)
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers also with a small
flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stigmas short. — Trees or
shrubs, generally growing along streams, with round flexible branches and large
tough roots. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name,
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.)

§ 1. Catkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in April or May : stamens
2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent.

* Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or woolly.

•«- Catkins ovoid or short-cylindrical, small : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothedt
hairy or woolly, with prominent veins and more or less revolute margins. — Shrubs.

1. S. Candida, Willd. (HOARY WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branches
covered icdth a thin web-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipules small, lanceo-
late, toothed, about the length of the petioles ; catkins oblong-cylindrical, closely
flowered; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft; scales oblong,
obtuse. (S. incana, Michx., not of Schrank.) — New York and New Jersey to
Wisconsin, and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - 5° high, with reddish twigs,
smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub of a very white aspect in
exposed situations, but greener in shade.

2. S. tristis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY WILLOW.) Leaves almost sessile,
wedge-lanceolate, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the

* I am indebted to JOHN CARET, Esq., for the entire elaboration of this difficult family. (In
this second edition I have merely made slight additions respecting the range of some species;
and hare reduced the Balm of Gilead to a variety of Populua balsamifera.)
35*

414 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

upper side becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very early
deciduous; catkins globular when young, loosely-flowered-, ovary with a long tapering
beak, clothed with silvery hairs ; style short; stigmas 2-lobed. — New England to
Wisconsin and southward. — Shrub l°-l£° high, much branched: leaves
thick, l£' long. Stipules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. A vari-
ety occurs with very small and rigid contorted leaves.

3. S. lllilllilis, Marshall. (Low BUSH WILLOW.) Leaves petioled, lan-
ceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly
downy above, more thickly so, or sometimes grayish-woolly, beneath ; stipules
small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and lunar with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the peti-
oles; catkins often recurved; ovary hairy; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft. (S.
Muhlenbergiana, Barratt. S. conifera, MuhL) — Borders of fields and road-
sides ; common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much in size and appearance.
The small forms are at times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2, but the leaves
are longer, less firm in texture, and generally stipulate ; the larger forms, with
leaves 3' -5' long and f '- 1' broad, resemble those of the two next species, but
retain more or less down on the under surface at maturity. — The species of this
and the following section often bear cone-like excrescences on the ends of the
branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occasioned by the punc-
ture of insects.

««- i- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with long glossy hairs : leaves more or less
serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. — Shrubs
or small trees.

4. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the base and
apex ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins erect ; scales very hairy, oblanceolate,
somewhat acute; ovary densely silky. (S. sensitiva, Barratt ?) — Low meadows
and river-banks; common. — A large shrub or small tree, 8° -15° high. The
young leaves are commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming smooth
and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules in the vigorous shoots equalling the
petiole, more often small and inconspicuous. Young catkins l£' long, glossy,
blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2£'.

5. S. eriocephala, Michx. (SILKY-HEADED WILLOW.) Leaves ob-
long-oval, acute, rounded or tapering at base, sparingly and irregularly toothed ;
stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins densely flowered, thickly covered with long shin-
ing hairs ; scales of the sterile ones round-obovate, obtuse ; ovary conspicuously stalked,
downy. ( S. prinoides, Pursh ? S. crassa, Barratt.) — Low meadows and swamps.
— Closely resembles the last ; but the aments are more compact and silky, and
the scales rounder.

* # Ovary stalked, silky-gray, shining : catkins ovoid or cylindrical, with a few smalt
leaf-like bracts at the base : leaves finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous
beneath, drying black : stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very decid
ttous. — Shrubs.

6. S. sericea, Marshall. (SILKY-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, downy above, grayish underneath with short silky hairs ; sterile catkins
small ; the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obo

SALIC ACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 415

vate, as long as the stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma 2-lobed, nearly
sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.) — Sandy river-banks; not rare. — Shrub 4° -10°
high. Fertile catkins in flower £', at length !£', long; the ovaries not spreading
or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile.

7. S. pctiolaris, Smith. (PETIOLED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glau-
cous ; fertile catkins ovoid-cylindrical, loosely flowered, scales very hairy, obovate,
scarcely as long as the stalk of the silky tapering ovary ; style short but distinct ;
stigma 2-cleft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and S. fuscata, Pui*sh?) — Same situations as
the last, which this shrub resembles in some respects ; but the mature leaves are
not silky beneath, and dry less black : the scales are not so dark, and are clothed
with longer white hair. Sterile catkins like the last ; but the fertile shorter and
broader, the pods (at length merely downy) spreading and showing the stalks.

* * # Ovary sessile, woolly or silky : catkins In-acted at the base : leaves not drying

black. — Small trees.
•«- Filaments united to the top, appearing like a single stamen.

8. S. PURptiREA, L. (PURPLE WILLOW.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed,
the lower somewhat opposite, smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins
cylindrical ; scales round and concave, very black ; stigmas nearly sessile. (S. Lam-
bertiana, Pursh.) — Low grounds. Recognized at once in the sterile plant by
the united filaments giving to the flowers a monandrous appearance. The twigs
are polished, and of an ashy-olive color. (Adv. from Eu.)

•«- •»- Filaments separate.

9. S. VIMINA.LIS, L. (BASKET OSIE-R.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long
and taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, white and satiny beneath; catkins
cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with long silky hair ; ovary long and narrow ; styles elon-
gated ; stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species
for basket-work. Leaves 3' - 6' long, of a beautiful lustre beneath. — S. Smith-
iana, Willd., another species of this section, differing principally in the some-
what broader leaves, has also been introduced, and is occasionally met with.
(Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leajy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the
leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of the flowering buds sepa-
rating from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes elevated on the apex of the bursting
catkins : ovary stalked, smooth (under a lens minutely granular, with occasionally a
few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent.

10. S. cordata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or heart-shaped at 6r»se, taper-pointed, sharply toothed,
smooth, paler beneath ; stipules kidney-shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and
conspicuous, of the length of the (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes
small and almost entire ; catkins appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindri-
cal, the fertile elongating in fruit ; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. —
Var. RfoiDA has the leaves large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the
lowest are somewhat elongated. (S. rigida, Muhl. S. Torreyana, Barratt,
which has leaves of a deeper green beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var.
MYRicolDES has narrower leaves, neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base.

416 SALIC ACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

^S. myricoides, Muhl.) — Inundated banks of rivers and low meadows; com
mon. — Shrub 2° -6° high: the first var larger, or a small tree 6° -15° high,
with leaves 4' - 6' long. Fruiting catkins 2' - 3' in length.

11. S. anglistata, Pursh. (NARROW-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth and scarcely
glaucous beneath ; stipules half-heart-shaped ; catkins large, appearing before the
leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. — New York to Wisconsin and southwest-
ward. — Catkins resembling those of No. 4 in size and aspect; but the ovaries
are quite smooth and very white.

§ 3. CatJcins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in
May or June : ovary stalked, silJcy : stamens 2 : scales persistent.

12. S» rostrsita, Richardson. (LONG-BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves oblong
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veined,
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical,
the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; pods tapering into a long beak, on stalks longer
than the yellow lanceolate scales. — Borders of woods and meadows, New England
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A shrub or small tree, 4° -15° high,
with soft velvety leaves, somewhat variable in form. A transformation of the
anthers into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species, and occa-
sionally in some others.

13. S. pfrylicifolia, L. (SMOOTH MOUNTAIN- WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or obtuse at each end, remotely
and minutely repand-toothed, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ; fertile
catkins ovoid ; ovary ovoid-conic, very short-stalked ; style elongated; stalk of the
mature pods about twice the length of the gland ; scales black, sparingly clothed with
long white hairs. — Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire, Oakes, Tuckerman, &c. — A low spreading shrub, with
leaves of a coriaceous texture when old. (Eu.)

§ 4. Catkins peduncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe : filaments slightly united, hairy below. —
Shrubs and trees, with the branches very brittle at the base.
# Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2.

14. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo-
late, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially
beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var.
YITELLINA has yellow or light red branches; leaves shorter and broader. (S
vitellina, Smith fr Borrer. S. Pameachiana, Barratt.) — Var. c^ERtiLEA has the
leaves nearly smooth at maturity, and greatly resembles the next species. (S.
caerulea, Smith.) — A familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50°-
80°. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Ovary stalked, smooth : stamens 2-6.

15. S. FnAoiLis, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed,
smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serratn with inflexed teeth;
stipules half-heart-shaped ; stamens commonly 2. — Var. DEC^P IENS has dark

SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 417

brown buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse,
(S. decipiens, llojfm ) — Var. RUSSELLIANA has the leaves long and bright,
strongly serrate ; the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots,
silky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-pointed. (S. Busselli-
ana, Smith.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ; culti-
vated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. S. lligfra, Marshall. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and
midrib) and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; glands of the sterile
flowers 2, large and deeply 2-3 cleft ; stamens 4-6, often but 3 in the upper
scales. (S. ambigua, Pursh.) — Var. FALCA.TA has the leaves elongated, scythe-
shaped, and the stipules large, broadly lunar, reflexed. (S. falcata, Pursh. S.
Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michx. f.) — Tree 15° -25° high, with a
rough black bark ; frequent on the margins of streams, especially southward.

17. S. lUCida, Muhl. (SHINING WILLOW.) Leaves ovate-oblong or lan-
ceolate and narrow with a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides, ser-
rate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens commonly 5. — Overflowed banks of
streams ; rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes flowering at the
height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12° -15°.

S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW), belongs to this section, and
is much cultivated for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United
States. — There is also a remarkable variety of it with curled or annular leaves
(S. annularis, Forbes), known in gardens as the KING-LEAVED or HOOP WIL-
LOW.

# # # Ovary stalked, hairy : stamens 2.

18. S. longifolia, Muhl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear
lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with
•projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length nearly smooth ;
stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; scaly hairs at the base often glandular-toothed
at the top in the sterile catkins ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes
deeply 2 - 3-cleft ; in the fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas
very large, sessile. — New England and Penn. to Kentucky and northward. —
Varying in height from 2°- 12°; the stems and branches often prostrate, root-
ing extensively in sandy river-banks.

§ 5. Catkins peduncled, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches
of the season, appearing in June : stipules deciduous or none : scales persistent. —
Small shrubs, with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or prostrate
branches.

19. S. pedicellaris, Pursh. (STALK-FRUITED WILLOW.) Leaves
elliptic-obovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, retic-
vlately veined and rather glaucous beneath ; fertile catkins loose and few-flow-
ered ; ovary smooth, on a stalk twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow
scale ; stamens 2. — Cold swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward.
— An upright shrub, l°-3° high, with leaves 1'- 1^' long, somewhat coriaceous
when mature. Catkins |' long : pods reddish-green, veined with purple.

418 SALICACE^:. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

20. S. Uva-lJrsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY WILLOW.) Leaves elliptical
and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strong-
ly veined, smooth and shining above, rather glaucous beneath; catkins mostly
lateral, oblong-cylindrical ; ovary smooth, stalked ; style distinct ; stamen single ;
scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Cutleri, Tucker-
man.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adi-
rondack Mountains, New York. — A very small, almost prostrate shrub, known
at once by the monandrous flowers. ( S. retusa, L., with which this species has
been confounded, is a plant of the Southern Alps, having the catkins issuing
from the terminal buds, with smooth, notched scales, and two stamens.)

21. S. repens, L. (CREEPING WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
when young obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, smooth and green
above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at maturity
smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silky, stalked ; style
very distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 ; gland sometimes double ; scales obovate, obtuse,
clothed with long hairs. (S. fusca, Smith.) —Moist alpine ravines of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. — Whole plant, when young,
of a glossy, satiny lustre ; the leaves at length becoming quite smooth, with a
white and prominent midrib, and slightly elevated veins. (Eu.)

22. S. lierbacea, L. (HERB-LIKE WILLOW.) Leaves roundish-oval,
heart-shaped, notched at the apex, sen-ate, smooth and shining, with reticulated
veins ; catkins issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary ses-
sile, smooth; scales smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and high northward. — A very small herb-like species> the
stems seldom rising above an inch or two from the ground. (Eu.)

•

2. POPUliUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with usually broad and
more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches.
Buds invested with imbricated scales, covered with .resinous varnish. Aments
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The ancient name, called
Arbor Populi, because it was used to decorate the public walks, or on account of
the constant agitation of the leaves by every impulse.)

1. P. trenmloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves roundish-
hen rt-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on
both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed
with long hairs. — Woods ; common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with smooth green-
ish-white bark. Stalk of the leaf long, slender, and laterally compressed, which
accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leaves
roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered
with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal
small divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. — A rather larger tree than the last, with a smoothish gray bark,

(WILLOW FAMILY.) 419

3. P. lictcropliylla, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Branches round ,
leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly wJien young, at
length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W.
New England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° - 60° high, with large, usu-
ally quite blunt leaves ; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed "by the overlapping
lobes which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk.

4. P. moiiilifcra, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.)
Young branches slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broadly deltoid, with spread-
ing prominent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, ser-
rate with cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very
long; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated
and very large. — Margins of lakes and streams, New England to Illinois and
southward, especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vig-
orous branches decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted being
round, with smaller foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx. f. P. Isevigata, Willd.)

5. P. miglilata, Ait. (ANGLED COTTON-WOOD.) Branches acutely
angular or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or
with obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin
and southward. — Tree large as the last, and like it bearing very large and heart-
shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on young plants and suckers : on
full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and commonly without the sinus.

6. P. l>alsaillifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Branches
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta-
mens very numerous. — N. New England to "Wisconsin, and northward. — A
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished
with a fragrant resinous matter.

Var. Ciiiitlicaiis. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-sJiaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Wisconsin and
Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation.

•P. N!GRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name
of P. Hudsonica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson
River, above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifolia by Pursh, who
further added as its station, " about Lake Ontario." The tree was probably an
introduced form of the European P. nigra, and was latterly so considered by
the younger Michaux himself. A few of these trees are still found in the neigh-
borhood of Hoboken, New Jersey.

P. DILATATA, Ait., the well-known pyramidal LOMBARDT POPLAR, has
been extensively introduced as an ornamental tree, and is found in the vicinity
of all old settlements.

P. ALBA, L., the ABELE or WHITE POPLAR of the Old World, is occasion-
ally planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common
than is desirable.

420 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.)

Subclass II. GYMNOSPER1VLE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or entirely wanting ;
the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer-
tilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.

ORDER 111. COJVIFER^E. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle-
shaped entire leaves, and moncecious or dioecious flowers in catkins, destitute
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al-
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on
two sides.) An important and rather large Order ; comprising the three
following Suborders : —

SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^E. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY.

Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the
form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone,
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned
downward. Buds scaly.

1. PINUS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent.

2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent.

3. LARIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous.

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY.

Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear-
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form-
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked.

* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity.

4. THUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im-

bricated on the flattened branches.

6. CUPRESSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody
cone. Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped.

6. TAXODIUM. Fruit of several thickened and rather shield-shaped scales united in a globu-

lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous.
* * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening.

7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 - 3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy.

SUBORDER III. TAXINE^. THE YEW FAMILY.

Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut-
like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. Buds scaly

8. TAXUS. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which fr cms a berry-lik*

cup around the nut-like seed.

CONIFERS. (PINE PAMILY.) 421

SUBORDER I. ABIETINEJE. THE PROPER PINI FAMILY.

1. PIN US, Toura. PINE.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins spiked, consisting of numerous stamens
inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective :
anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. Fertile catkins
terminal, solitary or aggregated, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each
in the axil of a deciduous bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base.
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale,
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, the thin scarious bud-scales sheath-
ing the base of the cluster. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones commonly
maturing in the autumn of the second year. (The classical Latin name.)

4 1. Leaves 2 or 3 (very rarely 4) in a sheath, mostly rigid: bark rough: scales of

the cones woody, thickened at the end and mostly spiny -tipped.

# Leaves in twos, in No, 5 occasionally some in threes.

1. P. BankSiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.)
Leaves short (!' long), oblique, divergent; cones ovate-conical, usually curved,
smooth, the scales pointless. (P. rupestris, Michx.f.) — Rocky banks, N. Maine,
N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling shrub or low tree
(5° -20° high) ; the rigid leaves concave-grooved above ; the irregular or curved
cones l£'-2' long.

2. P. iilOpS, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves rather short (11'-
2|' long) ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped
until a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New
Jersey to Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with
spreading or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

3. P. pungeilS, Michx. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout and
rigid, rather short (2.^' long), crowded; cones ovate (3^-' long), the scales armed
with a strong hooked spine (^ long). — Blue Ridge, Virginia, west of Charlottes-
villc (Curtis), and southward.

4. P. resilldsa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves from long sheaths, semicylm-
drical, elongated (5'-6; long), dark green; cones ovoid-conical; the scales point-
less. (P. rubra, Michx.f.) — Dry "woods, Maine to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and north-
ward.— Tree 50° -80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact
wood, but usually less resinous than in No. 6. Cones about 2' long, sometimes
aggregated in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Norway Pine.

5. P. BID it is, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves in pairs or sometimes in
threes from long sheaths, chanrelled, slender (3' -5' long) ; cones ovoid or oblong-
conical (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute, and weaJc prickle. (P.

36

422 CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.;

rariabilis, Pursh.) — Dry or sandy soil, "W. New England? and New Jersey to
Wisconsin, and common southward. — Tree 50° - 60° high, straight, producing
a durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c.
Leaves more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green.
3? %• Leaves in threes (very rarely some in fours).

6. P. rigida, Miller. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves rigid (31 -5' long) dark
green, flattish,jfrom very short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (!' -3£' long),
often in clusters ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy
or spare rocky soil, Maine to W. New York and southward ; common. — Tree
30° - 70° high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with
resin (a variety sometimes called Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous tim-
ber).— P. serotina, Miclix. is a form with ovate or almost globular cones.

7. P. T«r<l:i, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6;-
10'), rigid, with elongated sheatlis, light green; cones oblong (3' -5' long); the
scales tipped with a short incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Virginia and south-
ward ; common. — Tree 50° - 100° high.

$ 2. Leaves 5 in a sheath, soft and slender : scales of the cones neither prickly-pointed
nor thickened at the end: bark smooth.

8. P. StrofoliS, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves very slender, rather glau-
cous, the sheaths deciduous ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, a little curved
(4' -6' long). — Cool and damp woods; common northward, extending south-
ward in the Alleghanies, but rare in those of Virginia. — The White Pine (called
in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 120° -160° in a single
straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its soft and light
white or yellowish wood, which in large trunks is nearly free from resin.

2. ABIES, Tourn. SPRUCE. FIR.

Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end of the branch-
lets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all thickened at the apex, nor
with a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing. — Leaves all foliaceous and
scattered, short, frequently 2-ranked. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The
classical Latin name.)

$ 1. Cones erect, lateral ; the scales and the more or less projecting bracts falling from

the axis at maturity : sterile catkins clustered : anther-cells opening by a transverse

laceration : leaves flat, becoming Z-ranked, whitened underneath, obtuse or notched

at the apex, (ABIES, Pliny, fyc. Picea, L., Don, London, not of Link.)

1. A. iKilsiamea, Marshall. (BALSAM FIR.) Leaves narrowly linear ;

cones cylindrical, large, violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an

abrupt slender point, slightly projecting, appressed. — Cold damp woods and

swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender tree,

of little value as timber, when young very handsome, but short-lived. Leaves

1' or less in length, narrower and lighter green above than those of the European

Silver Fir ; the cones 3' -4' long, 1' broad, the scales very broad and rounded.

Also called Canada Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir. The well-known Canada

btilsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species.

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 423

2. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (SMALL-FRUITED or DOUBLE BALSAM FIR.)

Cones small (l'-2' long), oblong-ovate; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, short-point-
ed, the upper part much projecting and rejlexed. (A. balsamifera, Michx. fl.) —
Mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. Also
on the mountains of W. New England ? — Foliage, &c. nearly as in the last.

§ 2. Cones hanging, terminal; the bracts evanescent ; the scales persistent on the axis:

sterile catkins scattered: anther-cells opening lengthwise. (PicEA, Link, Sfc.)

* Leaves 2-ranked, Jlat, whitened underneath*

3. A. CanadensiS, Michx. (HEMLOCK SPRUCE.) Leaves linear, flat,
obtuse (£' long) ; cones oval, of few scales, little longer than the leaves (f ' long).

— Hilly or rocky woods ; very common northward, and rare southward in the
Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful of Spruces, with a
light, spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery under-
neath. Timber very coarse-grained and poor.

* * Leaves needle-shaped, ^-angular, equally distributed all around the branch.

4. A. nigra, Poir. (BLACK SPRUCE/ DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves
short (£'-§' long), rigid, dark green; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (!'- 1^' long) ;
the scales with a thin and wavy or eroded edge. — Swamps and cold mountain
woods, New England to Wisconsin and northward, and southward along the
mountains. — A common variety in New England has lighter-colored or glau-
cous-green leaves, rather more slender and loosely spreading, and is undistin-
guishable from the next, except by the cones.

5. A. alba, Michx. (WHITE or SINGLE SPRUCE.) Cones oblong-cylin-
drical (l'-2' long), the scales with firm and entire edges: otherwise as in the
lighter-colored variety of the last. — In similar situations, but only northward.
Probably these two, with the Red Spruce, are mere forms of one species.

A. EXCELS A, the NORWAY SPRUCE, is now much planted : it is a much
finer tree, and thrives better than our indigenous species of this group.

3. JLAKIX, Toum. LARCH.

Catkins lateral and scattered, bud-like. Sterile flowers nearly as in Pinus,
but the pollen of simple spherical grains. Cones ovoid, erect ; the bracts and
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — Leaves deciduous, soft, all folia-
ceous ; the primary ones scattered ; the secondary very many in a fascicle de-
veloped in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins
crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.) '' \ «g

1. Li. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN or BLACK LARCH. TAMA-
RACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves almost thread-form ; cones ovoid, of few
rounded scales. (P. pendula, Ait.} — Swamps, New England to Penn. and
Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A slender tree, with heavy, close-grained
wood, and slender horizontal branches, more slender and usually shorter leaves
than the European Larch; — which is a handsomer tree, and has the scales of
its larger cones arranged in the order ^, while those of the American are only |.

— The RED LARCH (P. microcarpa, Lambert] appears to be orlv a Northern
varietv.

424 CONIFEK.E. (PINE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY

4. THIJJA, Toura. ARBOR VITJE.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins.
Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile
catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules,
dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with
very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appressed persistent leaves are
closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ;
the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate. (6i>ia, 6va,
or Gueia, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

1. T. Occident jilis, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR VIT^E.) Leaves ap-
pressedr-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones
pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks,
N. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin ; chiefly northward, where it forms
extensive "cedar-swamps," and is called WHITE CEDAR: rare southward along
the Alleghanies. — Tree 20° - 50° high, straight, with recurved branches, yield-
ing a .pungent aromatic oil : wood light, but exceedingly durable.

5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales in 4
ranks, :bearing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed,
but opening at maturity; the scales thick and woody, pointed or bossed in the
middle ; the few or several narrowly-winged seeds attached to their contracted
base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very
small and scale-like closely appressed-imbrieated leaves, and exceedingly dura-
ble wood. (The classical name.)

1. C. tliyoides. L. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, ovate, with a
small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-cdged branchlets ;
anther-cells 2 under each scale. — Swamps, E. Massachusetts to Ohio, Virginia,
and southward. May. — Tree 30° - 70° high ; the wood and fibrous shreddy
bark, as well as the foliage, much like the Arbor Vita? ; but the spray more
slender, the leaves finer and dull glaucbus-green. Cone scarcely larger than a
pea, few-seeded.

6. TAXODIUItt, Richard BALD CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on the same branches. Sterile catkins spiked-panicled,
of few stamens : filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 antner-cells.
Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of each
scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat
shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. Cotyledons 6 - 9. •—
Trees with linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves. (Name compounded of
s', the Yew, and cldos, resemblance. }

CONIFERS. (PIKE FAMILY.)

!. T, <1isli< hum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD Ornsmssh.) Leaves
linear and spreading ; also awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering braochlets.
— Swamps, from S. New Jersey ? and Delaware, to Virginia, Kentucky, and
southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. Marci*, ApriL

7. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPKR.

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy 1 - 3-ovuled coalescent scales ; m fruit forming a
sort of berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1-3, T)ony. Cotyledons 2.—
Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves often of two>
shapes. (The classical name.)

1. J. com m ft ills, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Leaver ITS threes^ Eaaear-
awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, spreading, bright green except the glaucotas-white
upper surface. — Dry sterile hills, New Jersey to Maine eastward, northward,
and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub also spreading cm the ground, or
rarely ascending, rigid. Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. (Eu.)

2. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR. SAVIN.) Leaves- 4-ranked,
much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-gjrowioag shoots awl-
shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes ; on older lateral twigs very
small and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. — A branching shrub
or small tree, becoming 15° -30° high ; or, var. HtJMixis, Book., a widely spread-
ing or almost prostrate shrub. — Dry, rocky or sterile hills ; common, extending
both northward and southward: the prostrate variety chiefly high northern.
April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very compact and durable. Berries small,
purplish with a glaucous bloom.

SUBORDER III. TAXINEJE. THE YEW FAMILY.

8. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile in small glob-
ular catkins formed of naked stamens : anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like
somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base,
consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with a cup-shaped disk around its
base, which becomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and partly
encloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucron ate,
rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from ro£oi/, a low;
the wood being used for bows.)

1. T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND
HEMLOCK.) Stems diffusely spreading ; leaves linear, green both sides. (T.
Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in tho
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward only along the
Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate fetish,
never forming an ascending trunk. (Eu.)

36*

426 ARACEJE. (ARUM FAMILY.)

CLASS II. MONOCOTYL^DONOUS OR EN-
DOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tis-
sue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves
mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base,
seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alter-
nate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower com-
monly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon (and the
leaves of the plumule alternate).

ORDER 112. ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.)

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,
and monoecious or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually sur-
rounded by a spathe. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit
usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the
large fleshy embryo in Nos. 2, 4, and 5. (A large family, chiefly tropical.)

Synopsis*

* Spadix surrounded by a spathe.
•*- Flowers naked, i. e. destitute of any floral envelopes.

1. AKIS2EMA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. Spath*

convolute below.

2. PELTANDRA. Flowers monoecious, covering the whole surface of the spadix ; the anthers

above, the ovaries below.

3. CALLA. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole surface of the short

spadix. Spathe open and spreading.

H- +- Flowers with a regular calyx.

4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Flowers perfect, covering the whole of the oval spadix, each with a

calyx of 4 hooded sepals, all combined into one mass hi fruit.
* * Spadix naked (not surrounded by any spathe). Flowers perfect and with a calyx.

5. ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating a naked scape. Stamens 4-6 : anthers 2-celled.

6. ACORUS. Spadix bursting from the side of a leaf-like scape. Stamens 6: anthers 1-celled.

1. A EMS JEM A, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON- ARUM.

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers by abortion dioe-
cious, or monoecious, covering the base of the spadix, which is elongated and
naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, consist-
ing of whorls of 4 or more stamens, with very short filaments and 2 -4 -celled

ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 427

anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each
of a 1-celled ovary tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotro-
pous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet
berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous
rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the
simple or compound veiny leaves, as if caulescent. (A play upon Arum, the
ancient name ; probably formed of apov, Arum, and (r^/na, a sign or mark.)

1. A. tripliylllim, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Leases mostly 2, divided
into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed lea/lets; spadix often dioecious, club-shaped, obtuse,
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the
summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods; common. May. — Corm
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed.

2. A. Drac6ntiiim, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.)
Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaf-
lets ; spadix androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along
streams. May. — Conns clustered. Petiole 1° - 2° long, much longer than the
peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point.

2. PELT AND R A, Kaf. ARROW ARUM.

P
Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the

apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1-celled at
the base of the spadix, bearing several (orthotropous?) ovules at the base : stig-
ma nearly sessile. Berries distinct, 1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by
a tenacious jelly, somewhat amphitropous, with the micropyle superior, the base
empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo, the plu-
mule superior, and no albumen. — A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped leaves
and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe
and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the
fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of green berries. (Name com-
posed of TreXrj;, a target, and dvrjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)

1. P. Virginica, Kaf. (Arum Virginicum, L. Lecontia, Torr. Rens-
selseria, Beck.) — Swampy borders of ponds and streams; common. June. —
Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-lUce embryo, nearly as
in Symplocarpus.)

3. C 4L.L.A, L. WATER ARUM.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the uppor surface white),
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect ;
the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender •

428 ARACEJZ. (ARUM FAMILY.)

antfosrs 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-6 erect anatro-
pous ovules : stigma sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a
conspicuous rhaphe, and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A
low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a creeping thickish rootstock,
bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient
name, of unknown meaning.)

1. C. palustris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPL.OCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE.

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit,
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers which are
thickly crowded and their (1 -celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length
wise. Style 4-angled : stigma minute. Ovule solitary, suspended, orthotropous.
Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, en-
closing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the
persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large
globular and fleshy conn-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the
end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herbs, with a strong
odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a thick descending
rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of
very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spathes.
(Name from 007x77X0x17, connection, and Acaprros, fruit, in allusion to the coales-
cence of the ovaries, &c. into a compound fruit.)

1. S. fwtidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, hearfrshaped (l°-2° long when
grown), short-petioled ; spadix much shorter than the spathe. (Ictodes, Bigel.)
— Moist grounds ; common. March, April. — Spathe spotted and striped with
purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. Fruit ripe in September, forming
a roughened .globular mass 2' - 3' in diameter, in decay shedding the bulblet-
like seeds, which are J'-£' in diameter, and filled with the singular solid fleshy
embryo.

5. ORO3VTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB.

Spathe none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical spadix, perfect : the
lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments
flattened : anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1
amphitropous ovule : stigma sessile, minute. Fruit a green utricle. Seed with-
out albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, " with a large concealed cavity at the
summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Torr.) — An aquatic
perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire nerved floating leaves,
and the spadix terminating the naked scape, which tliickens upward. (Origin
of the name obscure.)

1. O. :i<iii;iticiini, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the
coast, and southward. May.

TYPHACE.E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 429

6. AC ORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.

Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a scape which resembles the
leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 :
filaments linear : anthers kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each eell : stigma minute.
Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 - few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of
albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rootstocks
(calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like leaves, and scapes
similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; the upper and more foliaceous
prolongation sometimes considered as an open spathe. (The ancieat name,
from a privative, and Koprj, the pupil of the eye, having been used as a remedy
for sore eyes.)

1. A. < Vila ill us, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the
cylindrical (yellowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. June
— It appears to bo truly indigenous northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 113. TYPHACE-ZE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers
on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary taper-
ing into a slender style and usually an elongated 1 -sided stigma. Fruit nut-
like when ripe, 1 -seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous: embryo straight
in copious albumen. — Comprises only the two following genera.

1. TYPHA, Touru. CAT-TAIL FLAO.

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, and insert-
ed directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Outlets
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems,
erect, thickish. (Name from rltyos, a fen, alluding to the place of growth.)

1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL or REED-MACE.) Leaves near-
ly flat : staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate or continuous. —
Borders of ponds, &c. July. (Eu.)

2. T. angustifolia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL CAT-TAIL.)

Leaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear ; staminate and pistillate 'parts
of the spike usually separated by an interval. — In similar places with the last;
a rarer and smaller plant ; probably a mere variety of it. (Eu.)

2. SPARGANIU1TI, Tourn. BUR-REED.

Flowers collected in separate dense spherical heads, scattered along the sum-
mit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or for-

430 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

idle larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 - G scales
much like a calyx. Fruit nuUike when mature. — Roots fibrous. Stems sim-
ple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. (Name from
trnapyavov, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.)

# Inflorescence mostly branched, with numerous heads, the 1-3 lower fertile, the rest
sterile: stigmas often 2, linear, much longer than the style: stems stout, erect (2°-
3° high) : leaves erect (£' - 1' wide), flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with
concave sides : fruit sessile.

1. S. eiirycarplim, n. sp. Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3£" -4" long),
with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (2£" wide), abruptly and slightly tipped
in the centre; head globose, 1' wide when ripe. — Borders of ponds, &c., com-
mon northward and especially westward. June - Sept.

2. S. raiiiosinii, Hudson. Fruit somewhat triangular, with the summit
hemispherical and pointed, smaller than in the last. — Same situations, northward
and eastward. July -Sept. (En.)

# * Inflorescence mostly simple : stigma single : stem slender.

3. S. Simplex, Hudson. Fertile and sterile heads each 3 or 4, the latter
or some of them mostly peduncled (£'-§' broad) ; fruit abruptly contracted at the
summit into a slender beak as long as itself; stigma linear; leaves triangular at
the base with flat sides (6' - 1 8' long) . ( S. Americanum, Nult. ) — Along streams
and pools; common northward and eastward. (Eu.)

4. S. natans, L., var. affine, Fries. Heads few, the'fertile 1-3; stig-
ma short ; fruit oblong, slender-beaked as in No. 3, also attenuate into a stalk-like
base; leaves very long and flaccid, floating. (S. affine, Schnitzlein.) In ponds and
slow streams, New England, New York, and northward. — This may be the S.
angustifolium of Michaux, as is generally thought; but Fries assigns that to
the next. (Eu.)

5. S. ail gUSti folium, Michx. Small and slender ; fruit more triangu-
lar, scarcely beaked, short-pointed, not contracted at the base ; leaves long and nar-
row (l^"-2" wide) and floating when growing in water, scarcely surpassing the
stems in dwarf states growing nearly out of water (5' -8' high). — New England
to Wisconsin and northward. — Fruiting heads only 2£" - 3" in diameter. (Eu.)

ORDER 114. LEMNACEJE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a flat frond, producing few monoecious flowers from
a chink at the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from under-
neath : ovules erect from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1- 1 -seeded utricle.
Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — A little group of plants,
of peculiar mode of growth, in character mostly intermediate between the
Arum Family and the following, to one or the other of which it may be
joined. — The Linnaean genus Lemna has been divided into three genera,
(answering to the following sections,) possibly with sufficient reasons ; but
it is not worth while to adopt them here, since the flowers ar d fruit are
rarely met with.

NAIADACEJE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 431

1. liEMNA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.

Flowers appearing from a cleft in the edge of the frond, three together burst-
ing through a thin and membranous urn-shaped spathe ; two of them consisting
of single stamens (one developed rather earlier than the other), with thread-like
filaments and 2-celled anthers ; the other a 1 -celled ovary forming a utricle in
fruit : stigma funnel-form : ovules anatropous or half-anatropous. — Root with
a sheath-like appendage on its extremity. Fronds laterally proliferous by a
sort of budding, and producing little bulbets which sink to the bottom of the
water in autumn but rise to develop on the surface in spring.. (An old Greek
name, of uncertain meaning.)

§ 1 . LEMNA, Schleiden. — Root single : filaments filiform : ovule solitary.

1 . JL» trisulca, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, den-
ticulate at the tip (£'-§' long), proliferous from the side, so as to form crosses;
" ovule half anatropous." — Ponds ; not rare : but the flowers little known. (Eu.)

2. Jit. minor, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish (about 2" long),
often grouped ; " ovule half-anatropous ; seed horizontal" — Very common, man-
tling stagnant waters : not yet found in flower in this country. (Eu.)

3. I,, perpusilla, Torr. Fronds obovctte, thin (1" - 1£" long), single or
grouped ; ovule anatropous ; seed erect, striate. — Staten Island, New York ( Tor-
rey), and doubtless common elsewhere. August.

§ 2. SPIKtoELA, Schleiden. — Roots several in a cluster from each frond: fila-
ments of the stamens narrowed below : ovules 2.

4. Itt polyrrlliza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate (3" -4" long), thick,
rather convex beneath. — Ponds and pools. Not here found in flower. (Eu.)

§3. TELMAT(3PHACE, Schleiden. — Roots single: filaments of the stamens
enlarged in the middle : ovules and seeds 2-7, anatropous : albumen little.

5. L. gibba* L. Fronds obovate, nearly flat above, tumid and spongy under-
neath (hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore
seldom found connected (3" -4" long). — Ponds; rather rare. Not here seen
in flower. (Eu.)

ORDER 115. NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sheathing stipules witUn
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous mono - dioe-
cious or perfect flowers, which are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx ;
the ovaries solitary or 2-4 and distinct, l-celled, l-ovuled. Seed without al-
bumen, filled by the large embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usu-
ally bursting from a spathe, sometimes on a spadix.

Synopsis.

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous.

1. NAIAS. Pistils solitary and naked : stigmas 2-4.

2. ZANNICHELLIA. Pistils about i from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.

482 NAIADACE^:. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

& ZOSEERA.. SKgfils and anthers alternately sessile in 2 rows on one side of & linear spacUx

•oncleseain* leaf. Stigmas 2.

* * Flowers perfect.
•4. BOFPf A. SPlowers naked on a spadix : each of 4 large anther-tells, and 4 wraries which

are raised «MI long stalks in fruit.
$. BOZAM06&B9N. flowers and fruit spiked. Sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4.

1. NAIAS, L. NAIAD.

Flowers <&icBcious (or sometimes monoecious), axillary, solitary and sessile ;
tfhe sterile <eettsis ting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe :
ran«her 9* /first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers
•coasieting <dF a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl-
.•shapefl : 'ovuie erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a
loose. and separable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, ihr. radicular end
• downwartts. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely trader water, with
^opposite .linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, sessile and dilated at the
base. iFlewers veiy small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves
(Nai'as, water-nymph ; an ill-chosen name for these insignificant
; from their place of growth.)

L. 3P£* 'fi/'XiliS, Rostk. Leaves membranaccous, spreading, very narrowly
"linear, entire, or sparingly very minutely denticulate (under a lens); stigmas
•usually -'8— 4. (N. Canadensis, Michx. Caulinia flexilis, WilldJ) — Ponds and
.-slow streams ; common. July -Sept. (Eu.)

5T. 3MIWOR (Caulinia fragilis, Willd.), with the more rigid and recurved frag-
ile leaves rather strongly toothed, is not identified in this country.

«. 2KANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HOKKEI>

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil :
the steiiie consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament tearing a 2 - 4-
cellefi ;anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same eup-
shapefi involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seedfeathotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled up.
— Stefider branching herbs, growing under water, with very slender stems, op-
posite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing
memteranous stipules. (Named in honor of Zannidielli> & Venetian botanist.)

1. 3E. paliistris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat-
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed OK the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile, or, in rar. PEIHJKCULATA, both
the duster and the separate fruits evidently pednneled. — Ponds and slow
streams ; rather rare. July. (Eu.)

3. ZOSTERA, L. GRASS-WRACK. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid-
den IB. a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consist-

NAIADACE.fi. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 433

ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, and
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen : the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, with a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves
(whence the name, from facrrrjp, a band).

I. Z. in a liii a, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common in bays
along the coast ; in water of 5° - 15° deep. Aug. (Eu.)

4. RIJPPIA, L. DITCH-QKASS.

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at
tirst enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, naked (entirely desti-
tute of floral envelopes), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and
separate anther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous
suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate
pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ;
the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Em-
bryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side
of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs,- growing under water, with long and
thread-like forking stems, slender and almost capillary alternate leaves with a
dilated sheathing base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion.
(Dedicated to Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th
century.)

1 . It. lit .tritium, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely
erect; fruiting peduncles capillary (£'-!' long). — Shallow bays, along the
whole coast : chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, ap-
proaching R. rostellata, Koch. June -Aug. (Eu.)

5. POTAMOCrETON, Tourn. PONDWEED.

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4,
nearly sessile, opposite the sepals : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only
one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short
style. Nutlets drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed. Seed curved
or cochleate ; the radicular end of the embryo pointing downwards. — Herbs
of fresh or barely brackish ponds and streams, with jointed creeping and root-
ing stems, and 2-ranked pellucid leaves, which are usually alternate or imper-
fectly opposite ; the upper sometimes dilated, of a firmer texture, and floating.
Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed
by the stipules in the bud, raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water.
(An ancient name, composed of Trora/iOff, a river, and yfiram, a neighbor, from
their place of growth.)

37

434 NAIADACE.fi. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

$ 1. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf, scarious: leaiu all imrnened
and similar, alternate, grass-like : stigma terminal : seed hooked-curved.

1. P. pectiliatus, L. Stems thread-like, many times forked; leaves
bristle-form, l-nerved (2' -4' long); spikes interrupted, long-peduncled ; nutlets
rounded-obovate. — Brackish water along the coast (P. marinum, L.) ; also not
rare in fresh water, especially along the Great Lakes and northward. (Eu.)

2. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem sparingly branched, rigid, very leafy ,
leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, many-nerved, serrulate-ciliate, approximate (3'-
4' long, 3" -4" wide), recurved-spreading ; spikes oblong. — Ponds, not uncom-
mon in New England, detected in 1829 by Dr. Robbins. White Plains, New
York, H. J. Clark. Ohio, Dr. Canfield. — A very remarkable species. Stems
l°-3° long, entirely invested by the sheathing bases of the leaves and the elon-
gated and taper-pointed free portion of the stipules. Kipe fruit not seen.

4 2. Stipules of the immersed (alternate) leaves adherent, as in § 1, those of the floating;
leaves free from the petiole or nearly so : stigma becoming somewhat lateral : fruit
and seed cochleate.

3. P. liybridiis, Michx. Slender (6' -12' long), branching; immersed
leaves narrowly linear or almost capillary ; the floating ones varying from linear
or lanceolate to oval (£'-1' long), 3-7-nerved, short-petioled, rarely wanting;
spikes capitate, few-flowered, lateral, on very short somewhat club-shaped pedun-
cles; fruit small (^"-f" long), orbiculate, flattened on the sides, keeled on the
back, the keel more or less toothed or crested ; embryo spirally coiled. (P.
diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman : a slender
form.) — Shallow pools ; common, especially southward. — Var. spicAxus,
Engelm., is a form with longer spikes (£'-£' long), W. Illinois and southward.

{ 3. Stipules all entirely free from the petiole or leaf: leaves alternate : stigma termi-
nal : seed hooked-curved or nearly forming a ring.
* Leaves grassy-linear or thread-shaped, sessile, all immersed: stems branching.

4. P. Ttickerimtiii, Bobbins, in herb. Slender and very delicate ;
stem terete, much branched ; leaves setaceous or capillary, tapering to a sharp
point, nearly terete, nerveless, pellucid (conferva-like, about 2' long) ; spike few-
flowered, long-peduncled ; fruit thick, obscurely 3-carinate when dry, the narrow
dorsal keel smooth and even; style obsolete. (P. trichoides, ed. 1, &c., not of
Cham., which is monogynous, and is rough with small tubercles on the obtusely
crested keel, &c.) — Clear ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, Oakes fr
Robbins. Tewksbury, Mass., and in the Alleghany Mountains, Tuckerman.

5. P. pllSlllllS, L. Stem slender, obscurely compressed ; leaves narrowly
linear, rather acute, 3 - 5-nerved ; spikes 4 - ^flowered, lax, often interrupted, long-
peduncled: fruit crestless. (P. compressus, Smith.) — Ponds and clear pools;
rather common northward. (Eu.)

6. P. pauciflorilS, Pursh. Stem very slender and thread-like, but flat-
tish; leaves narrowly linear, acutish, 3-nerved ; spikes few- (4-6-) flowered, short"
pedunded; fruit distinctly crested or sinuate-toothed on the back. (P. gramineus,
Michx.) — Ponds and streams; common, especially sou, h ward.— -Leaves l'-3'
long, £"-1" wide.

NAIADACEJE. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 435

Var, \ia^:in'nsis (P. Niagarensis, Tuckerm.), from the brink of the cat-
aract cf Niagara, appears likely to be a larger-leaved and more rigid state of
this species ; the stipules more conspicuous, the leaves sometimes l£" wide.

7. P. COinpressuS, L. ex Fries. Stem very fiat, almost as wide as the
narrowly linear abruptly pointed leaves; spikes cylindrical, 10-15-Jlowered ; fruit
obtusely keeled. (P. zosteraefolius, Schum.)\ — Ponds, New England to Penn,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Stems 2° -4° long. Leaves 3' -6' long, 1J"
wide, minutely many-nerved and with a midrib or 3 nerves more conspicuous,
perfectly entire. (Eu.)

* * Leaves ovate or oblong, with a clasping base, all immersed, thin and pellucid,

many-nerved, and with cross veinlets : stems more or less branched.

8. P. perfoliatllS, L. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sometimes round-ovate, obtuse; spikes rather few-flowered ; fruit
rounded on the back. — Ponds and rivers; common. — Leaves l'-2' long, flat;
or, in the longer and ovate-lanceolate American forms, inclined to be acute and
more or less wavy or crisped. (Eu.)

9. P. prae!6ng:ns, Wulf. Leaves elongated-oblong, obtuse at both ends,

half-clasping by the sessile base ; peduncles often much elongated (in deep water
6'- 12' long) ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; fruit strongly keeled on the back
when dry. — Rivers and ponds, New England to Wisconsin and northward. —
Stipules wingless. Leaves V or less wide, 2' -7' long. (Eu.)

* # # Leaves not clasping, mostly of 2 sorts ; the immersed ones acute at the base or
tapering into a petiole, thin and pellucid, many-nerved and reticulated by cross-veiit-
lets, the floating ones somewhat coriaceous and long-petioled : stems simple or spar-
ingly branched.

10. P. lucens, L. Immersed leaves ample (3' -9' long), varying from
oblong-oval to broadly lanceolate, undulate, somewhat petioled ; the united stip-
ules 2-winged or keeled on the back ; peduncle thickened, especially upwards ; spike
elongated, dense ; fruit 1 - 3-keeled on the back. — The proper P. lucens usually
wants the floating leaves, and is common in deep water. (Eu.)

Var. ? fluitaiis. Uppermost leaves floating on distinct but rarely very long
petioles, varying from oblong-lanceolate and acute at each end to ovate and
obtuse or heart-shaped (2' -4' long). P. fluitans, Roth., &c. ; and here I would
refer P. pulcher1? and P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. P. rufescens, Schroder, is a
narrow-leaved form, with smaller fruit, &c., either without floating leaves (P.
obratus, Wood) or with them, of a brownish or reddish tinge, and verging to the
larger forms of No. 12. — Mostly in rather deep water; common northward.
Distinguished from P. natans by its broader and large immersed leaves, and
keeled fruit. Probably P. fluitans may be separated from P. lucens, and perhaps
several species with floating leaves may be here confounded ; the forms are di-
verse, and the fruit differs in the strength of the keels, &c. But I have not been
able to limit them. (Eu.)

11. P. na.ta.ns, L. Immersed leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear and
mostly long-petioled ; the thin blade early decaying, sometimes wanting ; floating
leaves long-pel ioled, elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly heart-shaped

436 ALISMACE2E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

at the base (l£'-4' long, the petiole 4' -12' long); stipules not winged nor
ridaed; peduncle not thickened; fruit obtuse on the back when fresh. (P. lonchltes,
Tuckerm.) — P. oblongus, Fiu., is a small-fruited form. — Ponds and slow
streams; common. (Eu.)

12. P. heteropliyllus, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; immersed
leaves lanceolate or linear and sessile, or only the upper petioled ; floating leaves
elliptical, varying to oblong-linear, thinnish (l'-2' long), on filiform petioles ;
united stipules 2-ribbed on the back ; peduncle often thickened upwards ; fruit slightly
keeled when dry (one half smaller than in the preceding). (P. gramineus, L.
in part, Fries, frc. P. Claytonii, Tuckerm.') — In shallow pools and ditches, as
well as streams ; common. (Eu.)

P. CESSPITS, L., I have not seen in this country. Mr. Tuckerman informs
me that he has seen a specimen in a European herbarium, purporting to have
been gathered in Delaware. If found, it may be distinguished from No. 8 by
its lanceolate and wavy-crisped 3-nerved leaves.

P. DENSUS was admitted into the first edition on the authority of Beck from
Schweinitz. I apprehend some mistake about it. The species, if in the coun-
try, may be known by its leaves being all opposite and without stipules.

ORDER 116. AL-ISMACE^. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monoecious
flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united
separating at maturity , forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 6
to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. Com-
prises two very distinct suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. JUNCAGINEJE. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Seed anatropous, with a
straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade.

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3-6, united into one, but separating in fruit.

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, forming diverging pods in

fruit.

SUBORDER II. ALISME2E. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Seed campy-
lotropous: embryo bent double or hook-shaped. Leaves commonly fur-
nished with a blade.

8. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels numerous, whorled

4. ECHINODORDS. Flowers perfect, with 7-21 stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed.

5. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious. Stamens indefinite. Carpels capitate, winged.

ALISMACEJE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 437

SUBORDER I. JUNCAOiNEJE. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

1. TRIGL6CHIN, Li ARROW-GRASS.

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens 6 : anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-celled
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a central axis. — Leavess rush-like, fleshy,
sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small,
in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of Tpeis, three, and y\u>\ivi
point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in No. 1.)

1. T. pal list re, L. Scape (6' -18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear-
club-shaped; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards from the tri-
angular axis, and awl-pointed at the base. }\. — Marshes, both fresh and brack-
ish, New York to Ohio and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. ill a lit till ll ill, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thickish, fleshy ;
fruit ovate or oblong, acutish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base
and slightly grooved on the back; the edges acute. 1J. — Salt marshes along the
coast ; salt springs, Salina, New York ; shore of the Great Lakes, and north-
ward. — Var. EiATUM (T. elatum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from
W. New York to Wisconsin, often 2£° high, and has the angles of the carpels
sharper, or almost winged. (Eu.)

2. SCIIEUCHZERIA, ,L. SCHEUCHZERIA.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at the base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. —
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con-
duplicate leaves, terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing
bracts. (Named in honor of the two brothers Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss
botanists.)

1. S. palustris, L.— Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward; rather rare. July. (Eu.)

SUBORDER II. ALISKESJE. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

3. A L IS MA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6.
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori-
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous
Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with
whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The
Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)
37*

438 ALISMACEJ5. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

1. A. Plantago, L., var. Americanum. Leaves long-petioled,
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, 3-9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long);
carpels 15-20, obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in
fruit, y. (A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Ditches and marshy places;
common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

4. ECIHIVODORUS, Richard, Engelm

ann.

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more.
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming ribbed achenia in fruit,
often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit intermediate between
the preceding genus and the following. (Name from e^ti/coS^ff, prickly, or from
fXivosj and dopor, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species
armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)

For the elaboration of this and the next genus I am indebted to DR. ENGEL-
MANN.

1. E. parvnlllS, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (£'-!£'
long, including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; scapes (!'-
3' high) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; stamens 9 ;
styles much shorter than the ovary; achenia bealdess, many-ribbed. © — Margin of
shallow ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad.

2. E. rostratUS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved
(l'-3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing
a branched panicle of proliferous umbels; stamens 12; styles longer than the
ovary; achenia beaked, many-ribbed, (i) (Alisma rostrata, Nutt.) — Low river-
bottoms, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" wide.
Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide.

3. E. raclicaiis, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truncately broadly heart-
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad and long, long-petioled); stems or scapes
prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers;
stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenia short-beaked, ribbed, the
keeled back denticulate. 1|. (Alisma radicans, Nutt.) — Swamps, W. Illinois
and southward. — Flowers about 1' in diameter.

5. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.

Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2. Petals imbricated in the
bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical
head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged
achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, chiefly perennial herbs, with milky juice and fibrous
roots ; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles,
of which the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved,
and destitute of any proper blade : when present the blade is arrow-shaped or
lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers (produced all
summer) mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts ; the sterile above.
(Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)

ALISMACE^E. ( WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 439

* Filaments slender awl-shaped, longer than the anthers : scape simple m branched.

1. S. falcuta, Pursh. Scape l°-5° high, with several of the lower
whorls fertile ; bracts ovate or orbicular ; pedicels slender, the fertile recurved in
fruit ; filaments hairy ; achenia obovatefalcate, pointed with a short incurved beak ;
leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, all with a tapering base, thick (6' -18' long, and
on a long and stout petiole), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib.
(S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. — Known at once by
its coriaceous and large, thick-ribbed, never sagittate leaves, &c.

2. S. varulbilis, Engelm. Scape (^°-4° high) 12-angled, with one or
more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers
about half the length of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; filaments glabrous,
nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia obovate, with a long and curved
beak of J or £ its length ; leaves very various, mostly sagittate. (S. sagittifolia,
Amer. auth., fyc. The European species has the fertile pedicels only J or ^ the
length of the sterile, the claws of the petals purple-tinged, the filaments not
longer than the anthers; the achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged,
and short-beaked.) — In water or wet places; very common. — Excessively
variable in size and foliage : the following are the leading forms. Var. OBTtrsA
(S. obtusa, Wi/ld.) is large, dioecious ; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, £°-
1° long. — Var. LATir6LiA (S. latifolia, Willd.) is large, monoecious, with
broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. DIVERSIF^LIA, with some leaves
ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. SAGiTTir6LiA is the or-
dinary form, with narrowly halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S.
hastata, Pursh). — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has the narrow leaves with long and
linear diverging lobes, and a larger more horizontally beaked fruit. — Var. GRA-
CILIS (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and
lobes.

* # Filaments very short, with a very broad glandular base: scape commonly simple.

3. S. tieteropliylla, Pursh. Scape weak, at length mostly procum-
bent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; the lowest whorl of fertile flowers, which are
almost sessile ; the sterile flowers on long pedicels ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-
beaked. — Rather common, at least southward, and nearly as variable in foliage
as the last. Var. ELL£PTICA has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide),
either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. RfoiDA (S. rigida,
Pursh) has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both
ends. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has nearly linear leaves. — Var. FL^JITANS has
narrowly linear and delicate floating leaves.

4. S. simplex, Pursh. Scape very slender, erect (3' -20' high), the
lower whorls fertile ; bracts triangular, rather obtuse, the upper ones connate ;
pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length; achenia small, obovate, nar-
rowly winged, beaHess ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, rarely
sagittate. (S. acutifolia, Pursh, &c.) — Bather common, especially southward.
— Flowers much smaller than in any of the foregoing.

5. S. pusilla, Nutt. Dwarf; scape (l'-3' high) shorter than the linear
or awl-shaped entire leaves (their proper blade obscure and obtuse or none) ;
lowers only 2-9, on slender pedicels, the fertile recurved after flowering ; stamens

440 HYDRO CHARIDACE^S. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

7-9; ovaries short-pointed (ripe fruit not seen). (Alissna subul.'ita, Pursh.)— •
Low shores, near Philadelphia, &c. — Apparently distinct from dwarf forms of
the last ; hut needs further investigation.

S.kNiTAN8, Michx., apparently the only remaining good species in the Unit-
ed States, is only found farther south.

ORDER 117. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. (FROG'S-BIT FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, ivith dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-like
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the l-9-celled ovary.
Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or
6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascend-
ing, without albumen : embryo straight.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. STRATIOTIDB^E. Ovary 6-9-celled: stigmas 6-9.

1. LIMNOBITJM. Filaments unequally united into a solid column in the staminate flowers •
anthers 6 - 12, linear.

TMBS H. VALLISNERIE.E. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae : stigmas 3.

3. ANACHABJS. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers long and thread-

form ; its lobes 6.
8. VALLISNERIA. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the elongated

ovary ; its lobes 3.

1. L<IMNOBHJM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT.

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1 -leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pcdicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there
are 3 -6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-
celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules orthotro-
pous, Torr.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, prolif-
erous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are
spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile
flowers rather small ; the fertile larger : peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals
white? (Name from Xi/m>j3ios, living in pools.)

1. Li. Sjumiiia, Richard. (Hydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nutt.) —
Braddock's Bay (Monroe County, N. Y.), Lake Ontario, Dr. Bradley, Dr. Sart-
weU. (Otherwise only in the Southern States.) Aug. — Leaves l'-2' long,
faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3' lorg, thread-like ; of
the fertile, only 1', stout.

HYDROCHARIDACE.fi. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 441

2. ANACIIARIS, Rich. (UD6RA, Nutt.) WATER-WEED.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular
2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and
monadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 9, oval. Fertile flowers either pis-
tillate or apparently perfect: perianth extended into an extremely long and
capillary tube ; the limb 6-parted; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3-6, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong almost sessile anthers.
Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta?, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ;
the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-
lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial
slender herbs, growing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly
beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves.
The staminate flowers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Val-
lisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen
around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the
excessively prolonged calyx-tube, varying in length according to the depth of
the water. (Name formed of dv, throughout, and adapts, without charms, being
rather homely water-weeds.)

1. A. Cairadcnsis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, obscurely and minutely serrulate ;
stigmas more or less 2-lobed. (Elodea Canadensis, Michx. Udora Canadensis,
Nutt. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington), Nuttallii, and Canadensis (perhaps
also Chilensis), and also Apalanthe Schweimtzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams
and ponds ; common. July. (Eu. ?)

3. VAL.L.ISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile
in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth
(calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent
with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ;
also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules
very numerous on 3 parietal placentae, orthotropous ! Fruit elongated, cylin-
drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves,
growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the
bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves
spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface,
where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are
raised to the surface at this tune : afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4
feet long according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally and draw the ovary
ander water to ripen. (Named in honor of Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

I. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (l°-2°

442 BURMANNIACEJE. (fiURMANNIA FAMILY.)

long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Com-
mon in slow rivers, &c. August. (Eu.)

ORDER 118. BURMANNIACE^E. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those of the
root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the
tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or S-celled ovary; stamens 3 and dis-
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds
very minute. — A small chiefly tropical family, of which only one plant is
found within our borders.

1. BURMANNIA, L. (TRIPTER£LLA, Michx.)

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. bi flora, L. Stem low and slender (2' -4' high), 2-flowered at the
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3" long) bright blue, 3-winged.
(Tripterella cserulea, Michx.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward.

^/ *)»*.*{**

ORDER 119. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, distinguished by their irregular flowers, 6-merous perianth adherent
tA the 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placentce, gynandrous stamens (only 1 or
2), and pollen cohering in waxy or mealy masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved
pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Peri-
anth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) of the same petal-like
texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals), of which the upper or pos-
terior one, but by the twisting of the ovary or stalk commonly appearing
the lower or anterior, differs more or less in shape or direction from the
others, is often spurred or appendaged, and is called the lip. Opposite
this, in the axis of the flower, is the column, which is composed of a single
stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 fertile stamens) entirely coherent and
confluent with the style, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated.
— Perennial herbs, often tuber-bearing, or with tuberous or thickened
roots. Leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers commonly showy and singular
in shape, either spiked, racemed, or solitary, bracted. A large family, but
sparingly represented in the United States.

Synopsis.

I. Anther only one.

TRIBE I. OPHR YDEJE. Anther (of 2 separate cells) entirely adnate to the face of the

stigma, erect. Pollen cohering into a great number of coarse grains, which are all faat-
ened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, with a stalk that connects it
with a gland of the stigma. (Flower ringent, the lip with a, spur beneath.)

ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS ^A-BIILT.) 443

1. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Glands of the stigma, to which the ban

of the stalks of the 2 pollen-masses cohere, contained in a common little pouch formed
of a fold or hood of the stigma.

2. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel : glands naked.

a. PLATANTIIERA. Anther-cells diverging, widely separated at the base : glands naked.

TRIBE II. NEOTTIEJE. Anther dorsal (attached to the back of the column), erect,
parallel with the stigma ; the 2 cells approximate. Pollen rather loose and powdery, or
elastically cohering

4. GOODYERA. Lip entire, free from the column, strap-pointed. Pollen-masses elastic.
6. SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending, embracing the column.

6. LISTEBA. Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex.

TRIBE IH. ARETHUSE^, MALAXIDEJE, &c. Anther terminal (attached to
the apex of the column, or near it), and like a lid over the stigma, at length deciduous
* Pollen hi loose or powdery grains, forming 2 or 4 delicate masses.

7. ARETHUSA. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4.

8. POGONIA. Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2.

9. CALOPOGON. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 2

* * Pollen in smooth and finally waxy masses.
f- Pollen-masses attached by elastic stalks, or in No. 10 sessile.

10. CALYPSO. Lip inflated and sac-like, notched at the apex and 2-pointed underneath th«

notch. Column winged and petal-like. Pollen-masses 4. Stem 1-flowered.

11. TIPULARIA. Lip short and flat, with a long and thread-like spur beneath. Column mar-

gined. Pollen-masses 4. Raceme many-flowered.

12. BLETIA. Lip hooded, spurless. Column not margined. Pollen-masses 8.

f- ••- Pollen-masses without any stalks or connecting tissue.
•H- Plants green and with leaves. Sepals spreading : lip flat and spurless.

13. MICROSTYLIS. Lip arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Column minute, round.

14. LIPARIS. Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex.

4+ «• Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only : sepals and petals conniving.

15. CORALLORHIZA. Lip with a spur or projection at the base adherent to the ovary. An-

ther-cells oblique.

16. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw. Anther rather lateral.

II. Anthers two.

TRIBE IV. C YPRIPEDIE JE. The 2 anthers those of the lateral stamens : the third
or upper stamen (which is the one which bears the anther in the rest of the order) her*
forming a petal-like sterile appendage to the column.

17. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip a large and inflated sac, somewhat slipper-form.

1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.

Flower ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them, or all but the
2 lower sepals, converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned
downwards, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred at the base under-
neath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous
coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2
large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of
which is attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, contained in a common little
pouch or hooded fold. Flowers showy, in a spike. TOpx«, the ancient name.)

1. O. SpecUibilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres,

444 ORCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (31 - 5' long) and a few flowered"
5-angled scape (4'-7' high) ; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all
vaulted, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — On hills in rich woods,
New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May.

2. GYMWADEN1A, R. Brown. NAKED-GLAND ORCHIS.

Flower as in Orchis. Anther-cells parallel ; the approximate glands naked
(whence the name, from yvpvos, naked, and aSqi/, gland).

1. G. trideutata, Lindl. Stem slender (6' -12' high), with a single
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts
above ; spike 6 - 12-flowered, oblong ; lip wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth
at the apex ; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer
than the ovary. — Wet woods ; rather common, especially northwards. July.
— Root of few fleshy fibres. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green.

2. O. flava, Lindl. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and
bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; lip ovate, a little crenate
or wavy-margined, shorter than the awl-shaped depending spur. — Wet pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy
fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Flowers orange-yellow, closely set. (Or-
chis flava & Integra, Nutt. Habenaria Elliottii, Beck.)

3. PtATANTHERA, Richard. FALSE ORCHIS.

Flower as in Orchis, &c. (lateral sepals spreading, except in No. 5) ; but the
anther-cells diverging below, and the 2 naked glands widely separated (whence
the name, from TrXarus, wide, and avOrjpa, for anther).

§ 1. Scape l-leaved at the base : spur not exceeding the lip : root of thick fibres.

1. P. Obtusata, Lindl. (DWARF ORCHIS.) Leaf obovate, obtuse;
spike loosely 5 - 10-flowered ; upper sepal broad and rounded; petals bluntly
triangular ; lip linear, entire, bearing 2 small tubercles at the base, about the length
of the curving spur. — Cold peat-bogs and high mountains, Maine to N. New
York and L. Superior. June. — Scape 5' -8' high. Flowers $' long. (Eu.)

2. P. rotundifolia, Lindl. (SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaf
"id-ovate or orbicular (2' -3' wide); spike several-flowered; lip 3-lobed, larger

*dan the ovate petals and sepals, the middle lobe larger and inversely heart-
shaped. — Along the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (Mr. Good-
rich), and northward. — Scape 8' high. Leaf, and sometimes the white flowers,
spotted with purple : lip £' long.

§ 2. Scape. 2-leaved at the base : spur very long : lip entire : roots thickened.

3. P. orbiculata, Lindl. (LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaves
very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bra'cted,
bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal or-
bicular, the lateral ovate ; lip narrowly linear-spatidate, drooping, nearly thrice
the length of the ovate reflexed petals ; spur curved, slender (t^ ' - 2 long), grad-

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 445

ually thickened towards the apex, blunt, twee the length of the ovary. — Rich woods,
under Hemlocks, &c., W. New England to Wisconsin; rather rare, chiefly
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth,
shining above, silvery underneath. Scape l°-2° high.

4. P. Ilotikeri, Lindl. (SMALLER TWO-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaves
orbicular, spreading (3'-4' broad) ; scape mostly naked (^°-l° high), bearing
10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late ; lip lanceolate, pointed, a little incurved, longer than the linear-lanceolate
petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (!' long). — Woods, Rhode
Island to Ohio and Wisconsin. June.

$ 3. Stem leafy : lip entire (or nearly so), nearly equalling or exceeding the spur: root
a cluster of fleshy branches or fibres.

5. P. bracteata, Torr. (BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS.) Lower leaves
obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-3
times the length of the small green flowers ; spike loose ; sepals and linear-lanceolate
petals erect ; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and minutely 2 — 3-toothed
at the tip, more than twice the length of the sac-like somewhat 2-lobed spur. — Damp
woods ; common northward. June. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high, 6-1 2-flowered. ( Eu. "? )

6. P. hyperbdrea, Lindl. (NORTHERN GREEN ORCHIS.) Stem very
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike densely many-flowered ; lower bracts lance-
olate, longer than the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal,
as long as the obtuse spur. (P. Huronensis, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold
woods ; common northward. June, July. — Stem 6' - 2° high, strict : crowded
spike of small flowers 2'-l° long. Lip as long as the sepals, obtusish, entire,
not dilated at the base. (Eu. ?)

7. P. dilatata, Lindl. (NORTHERN WHITE ORCHIS.) Leaves lanceo-
late or linear, erect ; spike wand-like, densely or rather loosely-flowered ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter than the (white or whitish) flowers ; petals linear-
lanceolate ; Up linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid-dilated base, rather obtuse, about
the length of the obtuse spur. — Cold peat-bogs, &c. ; common northward.
June, July. — Usually more slender than the last, but often as tall, and too
nearly related to it.

8. P. flava, Gray. (YELLOWISH ORCHIS.) Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts
of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; lip oblong, obtuse or barely notched at
the apex, furnished with a tooth on each side near the base and a small protuberance
on the palate, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the club-shaped
spur. (Orchis flava, L.I O. virescens, fucescens, herbiola, and bidentata, of
authors.) — Wet places; common. June -Aug. — Stem 10' -20' high; the
spike at first dense, -with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated
and often loose, with the upper bracts shorter than the flowers ; which are quite
small, dull greenish-yellow, drying brownish.

$ 4. Stem leafy : Up fringed along the sides, undivided, shorter than the spur : ovary
taper-beaked: root a cluster of thick and fleshy fibres.

9. P. cristata, Lindl. (CRESTED ORCHIS.) Lower leaves lanceolate,
elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length

38

446 ORCHIDACE,*. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

of the crcwded (yellow] flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, ere
nate ; Up ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender ob-
tuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, Penn.
(Pursh) to Virginia and southward. — Flowers one quarter the size of the next.

10. P. ciliaris, Lindl. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the
long-beaked ovaries ; spike oblong, rather closely many -flowered ; Jlowers bright
orange-yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the
apex ; Up oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a very long and
copious capillary fringe. — Bogs and wet places ; scarce at the North ; common
southward. July, Aug. — Our handsomest species, lj°-2° high, with a short
spike of very showy flowers ; the lip £' long, the conspicuous fringe fully £' long
on each side.

11. P. blcphariglottis, Lindl. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves,
&c. as in the last ; Jlowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the
apex ; lip oblong or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the
margins usually shorter than the disk, one third the length of the spur. — Var.
IIOLOPETALA (P. holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing
obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with No.
10, or commonly taking its place in the North. July. — A foot high, the flow-
ers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last.

§ 5. Stem leafy : lip 3-parted, shorter than the somewhat club-shaped long spur, nar-
rowed at the base into a claw : roots clustered and fleshy-th ickened.

# Flowers white or greenish.

12. P. lcucoi>liri>ci, Nutt. (WESTERN ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate ; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large dull white) flowers ;
spike elongated, loose ; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of the lip
broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-deft to the middle into a thread-like fringe ;
spur longer than the ovary. — Moist meadows, Central Ohio to Wisconsin and
southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high; the spike at length 1° long. Lip
about I' wide.

13. P» kiccrsi, Gray. (RAGGED ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceo-
late ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the
lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the
length of the ovary. (0. psycodes, Muhl., &c., not of L. O. lacera, Michx.)
— Bogs and moist thickets ; rather common. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high : bracts
shorter or longer than the pale yellowish-green flowers.

* * Flowers purple.

14. P. psycodes, Gray. (SMALL PUR-PLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves
oblong, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme cylindrical,
densely many-flowered', fawer sepals round-oval, obtuse ; petals wedge-obovate or spat-
ulate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped,
many-cleft into a short fringe. (O. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow.
O. incisa and O. fissa, MM. in Willd.) — Moist meadows and alluvial banks;
common. July, Aug. — Stem 2° high. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded ID

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 447

a spike 4' -7' long, small, but very handsome, fragrant: lip short-stalked,
barely £' broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely
fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.

15. P. fimbriata, Lindl. (LARGE PURPLE FRINGED-OKCHIS.) Lower
leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; splice or ra-
ceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down
the sides ; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, many-cleft into a long
capillary fringe. (O. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. FL, &c. O. grandi-
flora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, &c., New England to Penn., and (chiefly)
northeastward. June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple),
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of No. 14 ; the more ample dilated lip f ' to
1' broad, with a deeper and nearly capillary crowded fringe, different-shaped
petals, &c.

16. P. peranicena, Gray. (GREAT PURPLE ORCHIS.) Lower leaves
oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely .flow-
ered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ;
divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly ei'oded-toothed at the
broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed. (P. fissa,
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.} — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to
Ohio, Kentucky, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Stem 2° -4°
high. Flowers large and showy, violet-purple ; the lip paler and very ample,
I' long : its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the
terminal edge, but not fringed.

4. OOODYERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.

Flower ringent ; lateral sepals not oblique at the base, including the saccate
sessile base of the lip, which is free from the small straight column, without
callosities, and contracted at the apex into a pointed and channelled recurved
termination. Anther attached to the back near the summit of the column.
Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular grains loosely cohering by a manifest
web. — Root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing
a tuft of thickish petioled leaves next the ground. Scape, spike, and the green-
ish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer,
an early English botanist.)

1. G. re pens, R. Brown. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate,
more or less reticulated with white (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose
l-sided spike; lip inflated, the apex oblong and obtuse; stigma distinctly 2-
toothed. — Rich woods, under evergreens ; common northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies, Aug. — Intermediate forms apparently occur between
this and the next. (Eu.)

2. O. pubescens, R. Brown. Leaves ovate, conspicuously reticulated
and blotched with white (2' long) ; flowers numerous in a crowded spike, not l-sided;
lip inflated, and with an abrupt ovate apex ; stigma rounded at the summit. —
Rich woods ; rather common, especially southward. July, Aug. — Scape
8'- 12' high.

448 OKCHiDACE.fi. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

5. SPIRANT II ES, Kichard. LADIES'

Flower somewhat ringent ; the lateral sepals rather oblique at the base and
somewhat decurrent on the ovary, covering the base of the lip ; the upper one
cohering with the petals ; all usually erect. Lip oblong, concave and embracing
the wingless column below, furnished with 2 callosities next the base, contracted
into a short claw below them or sessile, the spreading apex more or less dilated.
Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, the ovate stigma usually with a
short-pointed and at length 2-cleft beak. Anther attached to the back of the
column. Pollen-masses 2, club-shaped or obovate, fixed to the stigma by
a gland, deeply 2-cleft from the broader end (and in S. gracilis again 2-cleft)
into tender lamellse which are more or less inrolled when young, bearing
the powdery pollen-grains. — Roots clustered-tuberous. Stems naked, or
leafy below. Flowers small, white, bent horizontal, in a close usually spi-
rally twisted spike (whence the name, from (nreipa, a coil or curl, and avdos.

•% Scape naked, barely bracted below : leaves all at or near tlie ground, early disap-
pearing : flowers all one-sided.

1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Scape very slender (8' -15' high), smooth;
spike slender, so twisted as to throw the flowers as they expand all into a single
(straightish or usually spiral) row ; bracts ovate, pointed, not longer than tho
pods, to which they are closely appressed ; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy-
crisped at the rounded summit (not lobed), the callosities at the base conspicu-
ous, incurved; leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, petioled (l'-2
long), thin. (Also S. Beckii, LindL, as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly woods
and sandy plains: common. July, Aug. — Perianth and lip |' — 1' long, of a'
delicate pearly texture : the caUi at first oval, bearded at the base inside, at
length elongating and recurved.

* * Scape or stem leafy towards the base : flowers not unilateral,

2. S. lati folia, Torr. in Lindl. Low (4' -9' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed into a sheathing base ; spike oblong, rather dense, more or less twist-
ed ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, the lower as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, very
obtuse, wavy-crisped at the apex, 5 - 7-nerved below, and with 2 oblong adnate
callosities at the base. (S. plantaginea; Torr. in N. Y. FL, not of Lindl. S.
sestivalis, Oakes, cat.) — Moist banks, N. New York, W. New England, and
northward; not rare. June. — Leaves chiefly towards the base of the stem,
2' - 4' long and about £' wide, thickish ; above are one or two small leaf-like
bracts. Flowers white with the lip yellowish, larger than in No. 1, much small-
er than in No. 3 ; the sepals minutely glandular-pubescent, as well as the axis
of the spike. — I find nothing to distinguish it from S. asstivalis except that tho
flowers are a trifle smaller, and the bracts less acute.

3. S. cerniia, Richard. Root-leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, those of the
stem similar but smaller, passing into bracts ; spike dense, minutely pubescent ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, furnished
with two minute callosities at the base, constricted above the middle, rounded at
the summit, wavy-crisped. — Wet grassy places ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Stem

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 449

8' -2° high, the root leaves 4' -12' long. Spike thick, 3' -5' long, seldom
twisted. Flowers white or cream-color, fragrant ; the perianth about 5" long. —
The la-ge states seem to pass into S. odorata, Nittt.

6. LISTER A, E. Brown. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobetl or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, ovate,
pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem
bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of
greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an
early and celebrated British naturalist.)

* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4' -8' high.)

1. L. cordalat, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(£'- 1' long) ; raceme almost smooth, powers minute, crowded, on pedicels not long-
er than the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side
at the base, 2-cle/l to the middle. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward.
June, July. (Eu.)

2. L. mist ra 1 is, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; flowers
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary; lip
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June.

* * Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. L. I'Oiivallurioitles, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and some-
times a little heart-shaped (!'-!£' long); raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on
slender pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread-
ing sepals, purplish, £' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Damp
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., N. New Eng-
land, Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high.

7. AltETIltlSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA.

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spread-
ing towards the summit, bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below,
petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate
cells: pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — A beautiful low herb,
consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated by a single
large rose-purple and sweet-scented flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden
in the sheaths of the scape, protruding from the uppermost after flowering.
(Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.)

1. A bulbosa, L. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wisconsin, and north-
ward: rare. May. — Flower .'-2' long, very handsome.
38*

450 ORCHID ACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

8. POCr6lVIA, Juss. POGONIA.

Flowe: irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed.
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like,
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. — Stem 1-5-
leaved. (Umywvias, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. POGONIA PROPER. — Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pink-purple.

1. P. opllioglossoides, Nutt. Boot of thick fibres; stem (6' -9' high)
bearing one clasping oval or lanceolate leaf near the middle, and a smaller similar
bract next the solitary flower; lip spatulate. beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs;
common. June, July. — Flower handsome, 1' long, pale purple, rarely 2 or 3.

2. P. pendllla, Lindl. Stem (3' - 6' high) from oblong tubers, bearing
3 or 4 alternate ovate-clasping small leaves, and nearly as many drooping flowers
on axillary pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above,
but not crested. (Triphora, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods, from W. New Eng-
land southward and westward : rare. Aug., Sept. — Flowers whitish, tinged
with pink, 1' long; sepals and petals erect.

$ 2. ODONECTIS, Raf. — Sepals linear, much longer than the erect petals: Up
3-lobed, the middle lobe crested : flowers dingy purple.

3. P. verticillata, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6' -12' high)
bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-obovate pointed sessile leaves at the summit, 1-
flowered; sepals erect (l'-2f long). — Bogs; W. New England to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward : scarce. June.

4. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (2° high) bearing one lanceolate leaf m
tlie middle, and a leafy bract next the single flower; sepals widdy spreading (2'-
*£' long). — Wet pine-barrens, Virginia and southward. May.

9. CALOPOGON, R. Brown. CALOPOGON.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the
upper or inner side ! Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading,
distinct. Lip rather spreading, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at
the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged at
the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-masses 2 (one in each
cell), of soft powdery grains. — Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the
base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute.
(Name composed of KaAos, beautiful, and 7ro>y<Bi/, beard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pillchellllS, R. Brown. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-
flowered ; lip beautifully bearded towards the dilated summit with white, yel-
low, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs; common. July. — Flowers 1'
broad, pink-purple, fragrant.

10. CAL.YPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed.
Lip larger thin the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated, 3-lobed at the apex,

ORCHID ACE JS. (ORCHIS FAMII Y.) 451

the middle lobe bearded above, and 2-pointed underneath. Column erect,
broadly winged and petal-like. Anther lid-like, just below the apex of tno
column : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, sessile on the membranaceous
gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single petioled ovate
or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, and a short (3' -5' high) scape, sheathed
below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple and yellow) flower.
(Name from the goddess Calypso.}

1. C. borealis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, N. New England to N. Michigan, and northward. May. — A very rare
and beautiful plant. Lip f long, somewhat resembling that of a Lady's
Slipper. (Eu.)

11. TIPI7L.ARIA, Nutt. CKANE-FLT ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of
the flower, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals,
the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther
lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear
stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected
horizontally, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a
slender petiole, which is tinged with purple beneath ; and in summer a long
and naked slender scape (10' -18' high), with 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing
a many-flowered raceme of small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (So
named from some fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus
Tipula.)

1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Pine woods, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. Deer-
field, Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock. Vermont, Beck. Parma, Monroe County,
New York, Dr. Bradley. N. Michigan, Dr. Cooky. Rockport, Ohio, Dr.
Bassett. Also southward, where it is much less rare. July. — Spur almost
1' long.

12, BL.ETIA, Ruiz&Pavon. BLETIA.

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, jointed,
crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. Column half-cylindrical ; the fleshy
anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each
pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many-flowered from solid tubers.
(Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.)

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l°-2°high) beset with purplish
scales, the lower ones sheathing ; flowers racemed, brownish-purple ; lip not sac-
cate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

13. OTICROSTYL.IS, Nutt. ADDJR'S-MOUTH.

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or
halberd-shaped at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very
small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the lid-like anther between

452 OECHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the
apex, waxy, without any stalks or elastic connecting tissue. — Little herbs from
solid bulbs, producing simple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a
raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of /u/epos, little, and orvXt's,
a column or style.)

1. HI. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf solitary,
sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical ; raceme spiked, long and slender ;
pedicels not longer than the flowers ; lip triangular-halberd-shaped, long-pointed. —
Cold wet swamps, N. New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

2. M. opliioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of tho
stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the flow-
ers ; lip obtusely auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the summit. — Damp woods ;
more common southward. — Plant 4' - 10' high. July.

14. L, I PARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther, &c. as in the last. — Small herbs, with
solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few
purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from Xurapos, fat or shining, in allusion to
the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. I*. li Hi folia, Richard. Leaves 2, ovate ; petals thread-like, reflexed ;
lip large (%' long), wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish. (Malaxis
liliifolia, Swartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest hi the Middle States. June.

2. L,. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharp-
ly keeled ; lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate at the incurved tip, yellow-
ish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. (Malaxis Correana,
Barton.) — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward : rare. June. (Eu.)

15. CORALL.ORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-SOOT.

Flower ringent ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the
lateral ascending and the upper arching : lip spreading above, with 2 projecting
ridges or lamellae on the face below, slightly adherent at the base to the 2-edged
straightish column, and often more or less extended into a protuberance or short
spur coalescent with the summit of the ovary. Anther 2-lipped, terminal and
lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy or powdery, free. —
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched
and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim-
ple scape, furnished with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-
colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of /copoXAioi/. coral, and
pffa, root.)

*• Lip 3-lobed (the middle lobe very much largest) and with 2 distinct lamellce or plaited
ridges on thi face, wtitish, usually spotted or mottled with crimson.

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 453

1. C. iimfita, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish 01 yellowish
(5' -9' high), 5-12-flowered ; lip somewhat hastdtely 3-lobed above the base, the
lamellae thick and rather short; spur none; pod oval or elliptical (3 '-4" long).
(C. verna, Nutt.) — Swamps and damp woods, throughout; but scarce. May,
June. (Eu.)

2. C. in u Iti flora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high),
10-30-flowered; lip deeply 3-lobed at the base; the middle lobe very wavy, re-
curved, the lamellae occupying a great part of its length ; spur a manifest protu-
berance; pod. oblong (i'-f long). — Dry rich woods; common, especially
northward. July -Sept. — Flower much larger than in* the last: sepals and
petals 3" -4" long.

* * Lip not at all lobed (mostly purplish, but unspotted) ; the lamettce consisting of
short and tooth-like processes near the base.

3. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; flowers
small, on rather slender pedicels ; lip (2" -3" long) obovate or ovate with a short
narrowed base, flattish, with the margin wavy and obscurely denticulate ; spur ob-
solete; pod oval (3" -5" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad, is merely a larger
form.) — Rich woods, W. New England and New York to Michigan and south-
ward ; common. May -Aug. — Flowers intermediate in size between No. 1
and No. 2. There is a small tooth, more or less evident, on each side, where
the base of the lip and the wing-like margin of the column join.

4. C. RIsicr&i, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6' -16' high), bearing 15-
20 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval, very obtuse, rath-
er fleshy (purple), 3-nerved, perfectly entire, concave, the margins incurved, the
sessile base obscurely auricled and with 1-3 short lamellae ; spur none at all ;
pod ovoid (i'long). — Woods, along Lakes Huron and Superior (Mackinaw,
C. G. Loring, Jr., Whitney, &c., West Canada, W. F. Macrae. ) — Sepals and
petals 6" - 8" long, conspicuously 3-nerved ; but this cannot be C. striata, LindL,
which is said to have a 3-lobed and acute lip, &c. Flowers the largest of the
genus.

16. APL.ECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-BOOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.

Sepals and petals much as in the last. Lip with a short claw, free, 3-lobed,
the palate 3-ridged ; no trace of a spur. Anther slightly below the apex of the
cylindrical straightish column : pollen-masses 4. — Scape and raceme as in Co-
rallorhiza, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing in May from the
side of a thick globular solid bulb or corm (filled with ex teedingly glutinous
matter), which also produces from its apex, late in the preceding summer, a
large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petiolcd, green leaf, lasting through the
winter. (Genus too near the last? The name composed of a privative and
trX^Krpov, a spur, from the total want of the latter.)

1. A. hyemale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould : rare. — Solid bulbs of-
ten 1' in diameter, one produced annually on a slender stalk, along with fibroua

454 OBCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

toots, generally lasting until the third year before it shrivels, so thai 2-3 or
more are found, horizontally connected. Scape 1° high. Flowers dingy green-
ish-brown and purple ; the lip whitish and speckled, nearly £' long.

17. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Sepals spreading ; the 2 anterior distinct, or commonly united into one under
the lip. Petals similar but usually narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated
sac, somewhat slipper-shaped. Column short, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes bearing
a 2-celled anther under each of them, the middle lobe (sterile stamen) dilated
and petal-like, thickish, incurved. Pollen pulpy-granular. Stigma terminal,
obscurely 3-lobed. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved
and plaited, sheathing at the base. Mowers solitary or few, large and showy.
(Name composed of KvTrpis, Venus, and nodiov, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus's
Slipper.) Also called MOCCASON-FLOWER.

§ 1. Stem leafy, 1 -3-flowered: sepals and the linear wavy-twisted petals longer than
the lip, pointed, greenish shaded with purplish-brown ; the 2 anterior sepals united
into one quite or nearly to the tip.

1. C. pubescens, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.) Se-
pals elongated-lanceolate ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above,
pale yellow; sterile stamen (appendage of the column) triangular. — Bogs and
damp low woods ; common northward and westward, and southward 'in the
Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval
acute leaves. Flower scentless. Lip l^'-2' long.

2. C. parviflorum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.)
Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish from above, bright yellow; sterile sta-
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Rich low woods ; rather common.
May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flower fragrant: perianth more brown-
purple than the last : lower sepal often narrower than the upper, frequently cleft
at the apex. Lip f '- 1' long.

3. C. candid u ill, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish laterally, convex above, white ; sterite stamen lanceo-
late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Low grounds, W. Penn. to Kentucky, Wis-
consin, and northwestward. — Plant 5' -10' high, slightly pubescent, 1-flowered.
Petals and sepals greenish, nearly equal in length, not much longer than the
lip, which is f ' long.

§ 2. Stem very leafy, 1 -3-Jlowered: sepals and petals fiat and rounded, -cJdte, not
longer than the lip, the 2 anterior sepals perfectly united into one

4. C. Spectabile, Swartz. (SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals round-
ovate or the upper orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much in
flated, white tinged with purple in front ; sterile stamen h^art-ovate. — Peat-bogs,
Maine and W. New England to Wisconsin ; common northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies. July. — The most beautiful of the genus, downy, 2°
high. Leaves ovate, pointed. Lip fully l£' in diameter, sometimes almcet all
purple.

AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 455

f 3. Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base, \-flowered; sepals and petals greenish, shorter

than the lip, the 2 anterior perfectly united into one.

5. C. aeaiile, Ait. (STEMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip drooping, obovoid,
rose-purple, with a fissure in front ; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed ; leaves
oblong. (C. humile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens; com-
mon, especially northward. May, June. — Plant downy: the scape 8;-12'
high, with a green bract at the top. Lip nearly 2' long, veiny, sometimes pale,
or even white.

§ 4. Stem leafy, l-fiowered : the 2 anterior sepals separate.

* 6. C. arietinum, R. Brown. (RAM'S-HEAD.) Upper sepal ovate-lan-
<scolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike, rather longer
than the red and white veiny lip, which is prolonged at the apex into a short
conical dcflexed point ; sterile stamen rounded ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo-
late, nearly smooth. ( Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietinum, Beck.) — Swamps and
damp woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June.
— Stem slender, 6' -12' high. Perianth greenish-brown: lip small, somewhat
conical, hairy at the orifice, £' long.

ORDER 120. AMARYLLJDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear
flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube
of the corolline ^-parted perianth coherent with the ^-celled ovary, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled,
several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight
embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gar-
dens by the Narcissus (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. JONQUILLA), and Daf-
fodil (N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS), the. Snowdrop (GALANTHUS NIVALIS)
and the Snow/lake (LEUCOJUM VERNUM), &c., but with very few indige-
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Hypoxys is the type
of a small suborder ?

Synopsis.

* Pod 3-valved, loculicidal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped.

1. AMARYLLIS. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.

2. PANCRATIUM. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurred lobes ; a cup-shaped

crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.
3 AGAVE. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent : no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous.

* * Pod indehiscent : anthers sagitate.
4. HYPOXYS. Perianth 6-par ted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid.

1. AMEART"L,L,IS,L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb.. AMARYLLIS.

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and aim •
ilar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers versar-

456 AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

tile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and scape from a coated bulb
Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.)

1. A. A tn ma sco, L. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex ;
perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (MM.) Virginia,
and southward. June. — Flower 3' long, on a scape 6' high.

2. PANCRATIUM, L. PANCBATIUM.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes
long and narrow, recurved : the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolliue
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 -3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb-
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of TTCLV, all, and
KparvS) powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.)

1. P. rotatum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (l°-2° long);
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno-
callis rotata, &c., Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather.

3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE.

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6, soon exserted : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous,
many-seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves very thick and fleshy, often with car-
tilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from
a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name altered from dyavos, wonderful, not inap
propriate as applied to A. Americana, the Century-plant.)

1. A. Virgiuica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; scape simple (3°
-6° high); the flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-yellow,
very fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn. ? Kentucky, Virginia, and south-
ward. Sept.

4. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba-
ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Pod crowned with the withered or
closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous
coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to
the micropyle, the seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle infe-
rior ! — Stcmless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender
few-flowered scapes from a solid bulb. (Name composed of VTTO, beneath, and
o£vs, sfiarp, it is thought because the pod is acute at the base.)

1. H. erecta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately
1 -4-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellow
within. — Meadows ana open woods ; common. June - Aug.

(BLOODWOBT FAMILY.) 457

ORDER 121. H^EMODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 8-6-androus
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed
periantii coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the
3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible;
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en-
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family.*

Synopsis.

* Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous.

1. LACHNANTHES. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitant.

* * Ovary free except the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous.

2. LOPHIOLA. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leave*

equitant.

8. ALETRIS. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-tootued
perianth. Leaves flat.

1. L.ACHNANTHES, Ell. BED-ROOT.

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3,
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear,
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Herb with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence
the name, from \dxvr), wool, and avdos* blossom).

1. L.. tinctoria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and
southward, near the coast. July - Sept.

2. L.OPHIOLA, Ker. LOPHIOLA.

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading,
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi-
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the
summit, as well as the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in-

* The character by which Endlicher distinguishes this family from the foregoing, viz. by hay-
ing the 3 cells of the ovary opposite the inner divisions of the perianth, is not true of either of
the following genera. Yet, in Lophiola and Aletris, the 3 stigmas, as well as the 3 divisions in-
to which the style splits at maturity, are indeed thus situated : but they stand over the parti-
lions, instead of the cells, and therefore exactly surmount the valves of tke loculicidal pod.
39

458 BROMELIACEJE. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)

side; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a w(olly tuft
towards the base (whence the name, from Xo<£e!oi>, a small crest).

1. Li. aurea, Ker. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine bar-
rens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug.

3. ALETRIS, L. COLIC-BOOT. STAH-GRASS.

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped,
3-cleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the
roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren-
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped,
minute. ('AXerpi's, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied to
these plants, in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)

1. A. lai'iBiosn, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-
oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods ; common, especially southward. July, Aug.

2. A. aili'ca, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ;
lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, &c., N. Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 122. BROMELIACE^E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly aU tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheathing
at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth ad-
herent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c., or free from it in our only rep-
resentative, viz.

1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG Moss.

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous ; the 3 inner (petals) colored ; all convolute below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with
the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig-
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro-
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma.
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes.
(Named for Prof. TiUands of Abo.)

1. T. usneoides, L. (COMMON LONG Moss or BLACK Moss.) Stems
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1-
flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward ; growing on the branches
of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern
States, and barely coining within the limits of this work.

IRIDACEJE. (IRIS FAMILY.) 459

ORDER 123. IRIDACE^E. (!RIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, with equitant ^-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flow-
ers ; the divisions of the %-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2
sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous
stamens with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually
showy and ephemeral. Style single : stigmas 3, alternate with the cells of
the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous:
embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, &c. mostly acrid.
— A rather small family, here represented by only two genera.

1. IRIS 9 L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

Perianth 6-cleft; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexe^;The 3 inner
smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the
perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Pod 3-6-angled. Seeds de-
pressed-flattened.— Perennials with creeping and often tuberous rootstocks,
sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers, flpis, the rainbow
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied
colors of the blossoms.)

# Stems leafy (l°-3° high), often branching: rootstocks thick: flowers crestless, the

inner divisions (petals) much smaller than the outer.

1. I. versicolor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on
one side ; leaves sword-shaped (f ' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides
flat ; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places ; common. May,
June. — Flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base, and
veined with purple.

2. I. Virgiiiica, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender,
terete; leaves narrowly linear (# wide); ovary 3-angled, and each side deeply
2-grooved ; pod triangular, acute at both ends. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gra-
cilis, Biyel. ) — Marshes, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
June. — Flower much smaller than in the last.

* * Low, almost stemless, 1 - 3-Jlowered : divisions of the light blue-purple perianth,
nearly equal : rootstocks slender, and here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping and
tufted.

3. I. vrriia, L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous, the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which
are all beardless and crestless; pod triangular. — Wooded hill-sides, Virginia,
Kentucky, and southward. April.

4. I. cristata, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3' -
5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the
thread-like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and considerably exceeds the divis-
ions ; the outer ones crested, but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains
of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May.

5. I. lacustris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather
thorter than the divisions (yellowish, £' - \' long), dilated upwards, not exceeding

460 DIOSCOREACE^E. (YAM FAMILY.)

the spathe : otherwise much as in the last. — Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron
and Michigan. May.

I. PUMILA, L., the DWARF IRIS of the Old World, and I. SAMBUC!NA, L.,
the common FLOWER-DE-LUCE (i. e. Fleur-de-Lis), are familiar in gardens.

2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perianth 6-parted; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous.
Stigmas involute-thread-like. Pod globular-3-angled. Seeds globular. — LOTT
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch-
ing 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of <ri>s, a hog, and pvyxos, snout,
from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.)

1. S. Berniiidiaiia, L. Scape winged, naked, or 1- 2-leaved; leaves
narrow and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched
at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost
equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANCEPS (S. anceps, Cav.) has a
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than
the flowers. — Var. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and
narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed,
unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various
intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, &c., among grass ; common everywhere.
June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whit-
ish, 4-6 opening in succession.

THE CROCUS, the CORN-FLAG (GLADIOLUS), the BLACKBERRY LILY (PAR-
DANTHUS CHINENSIS), and the TIGER-FLOWER (TIGRIDIA PAv6NiA), are
common cultivated plants of the family.

ORDER 124, DIOSCOREACEJE. (YAM FAMILY.)

Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks,
and rilled and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and
regular flowers, with the Q-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the ^-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly
by the genus

1. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally
3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat,
with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist Dioscorides.)

1. D. villosa, L. (WiLD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous ; leaves mostly
alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy under-

SMTLACEJE. (SMIL AX FAMILY.) 461

neath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9- 11 -ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-
yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes.
— Thickets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — A
slender vine, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods £'
long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth.

ORDER 125. SMILACE-flE. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants, with ribbed and conspicuously netted-
veiny leaves, regular 6-lQ-androus Jlowers with the Q — 10-leaved perianth
free from the 3 - 5-celled (rarely 1 - 2-celled) ovary; the styles or sessile stig-
mas as many and distinct. Anthers introrse. Fruit a few - several-seeded
berry. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. — A group with no known and
clear marks of distinction from the next : as here received it comprises two
marked suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. EUSMILACE^. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY.

Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the 6 divisions of the perianth all alike.
Anthers 1-celled (2-locellate). Styles nearly wanting: stigmas 1-3.
Seeds orthotropous, pendulous. — Chiefly shrubby and alternate-leaved.

1. SMILAX. Perianth of 6 distinct and similar divisions. Ovules solitary, rarely 2 in each

cell.

SUBORDER II. TRILLIACE^. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.

Flowers perfect, terminal : the sepals and petals usually different in col-
or. Anthers 2-celled. Styles manifest. Seeds anatropous, several in
each cell. Herbs : leaves whorled.

2. TRILLIUM. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3. Flower single.

a MEDEOLA. Sepals and petals 3, colored alike, deciduous. Flowers umbelled.

SUBORDER I. EUSMFLACE^E. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILI

1. § UII Li AX, Tourn. GREENERIES. CATBRIBB.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 (rarely 5 or 7) equal spreading sepals
(greenish or yellowish), deciduous. Ster. Fl. Stamens as many as the sepals,
and at their base : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base.
Fert. Fl. Filaments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost
sessile-. Berry globular, 1-3-celled, 1-6-seeded. Seeds orthotropous, sus
pended, globular. Albumen horny. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often
evergreen and prickly, climbing by a pair of tendrils on the petioles, with yel-
lowish-green stems, variously shaped simple leaves, and small flowers in axillary
peduncled umbels. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

{ 1. SMILAX PROPER. — Stems woody, often prickly : ovules and seeds solitary m
etch cell. (All our species are glabrous.)
39*

462 SMILACEJE. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

# Leaves ovate or roundish, frc., most of them roundish or heart-shaped at the base^

5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.

••- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles : leaves thickish, inclining to
be evergreen, at least southward, green both sides.

1. S. Walteii, Pursh. Branches somewhat angled, prickly or unarmed;
leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3' -4£' long) ; berries red. (S. China,
Walt.) — S. E. Virginia and southward. July.

2. S. ro tu n di folia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER.) Stem armed with
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4-
angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped,
abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. cadu-
ca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thickets ; com-
mon, especially southward. June. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing.
— Passes into var. QUADRANGULAR is ; the branches, and especially the branch-
lets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muhl.) — Penn. to Kentucky
and southward.

- - »~ Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole : leaves tardily

deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom.

3. S. gla.uca., Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branch-
lets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; leaves ovate, rarely subcor-
date, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above as well as the branchlets when
young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S.
Sarsaparilla, L., in part, but not as to syn. Bauhin, whence the name was taken.
S. caduca, Wittd., &c. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fi.)— Dry thickets, &c., S.
New York to Kentucky and southward. July.

4. S. tamuoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch-
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped -3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins
often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata, Wittd.,
S. panduratus, Pursh, &c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illi-
nois, and (chiefly) southward. July.

•»-••-•«- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole : leaves ample (3r - 5' long),
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so.

5. S. bispida, Muhl. Kootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn.
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l£' - 2' long. Sepals lan-
ceolate, almost 3" long.

6. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches un-
armed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the
branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm
in texture; peduncles flat (1^'- 3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to
Kentucky, and southward. July.

SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 463

# * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short
petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils
peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels; the umbels sometimes panicled
branches terete, unarmed.

7. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves tliin, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or
lance-oblong ; berries red. — S. E. Virginia and southward. June.

8. S» laurifolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2£' -5' long) ; berries black, mostly 1 -seeded.— Pine
barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. — Stem herbaceous, not prickly: ovules mostly
in pairs in each cell : leaves long-petioled, membranaceous, mucronate-tipped : berries
bluish-black ivith a bloom.

9. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLO WEE.) Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth ;
tendrils sometimes wanting ; peduncles elongated (3' - 4.' long, or often 6' - 8',
and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowcred. — Var. PULVERULENTA
(S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has the leaves more or less
soft-downy underneath. A shorter peduncled state of this is S. lasioneuron,
Book. — Moist meadows and river-banks ; common. June. — Stem 3° - 6°
long. Leaves very variable : petioles l'-3f long. Flowers exhaling the stench
of carrion. Seeds 6.

10. S. taillilifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-
halberd-shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tam-
noides, Pursh., not of L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and south-
ward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering
to the apex. Berry (always 7)2- 3-seeded.

SUBORDER n. TRIL.L.IACEJE. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.

2. TBIIj!LIUin[» L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE.

Flower perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent.
Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, adnate, on short
filaments. Styles (or rather stigmas) awl-shaped or slender, spreading or re-
curved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry often 6-sided,
ovate, 3-celled (purple). Seeds horizontal, several in ea'ch cell. — Low peren-
nial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a very short and abrupt
tuber-like rootstock, naked below, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample
and commonly broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. (Name
from trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) —Monstrosities are not rarely
met with in some species, especially in Nos. 5 and 7, with the calyx and
sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased
in number.

1 1. Flower sessife and involucrate by the 3 leaves, erect ; petals varying from spatulate
to lanceolate, l'-2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent: stems
mostly two from the same bud.

464 SMILACE^:. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

1. T. Sessile, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often
blotched or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying
to greenish). — Moist woods, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April,.
May. — Stem 4' - 12' high.

2. T. reciirvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole,
ovate, oblong, or obovate ; sepals reflexed, petals pointed at both ends, unguiculate>
dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle : petals withering away soon after blossoming*
* Short peduncle recurved under the leaves : rootstocks clustered, bearing 2-3 stems.

3. T. eernuuni, L. (NODDING TRILLIUM or WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves
broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, oblong-ovate, pointed, re-
curved, wavy, rather longer than the sepals. — Moist woods, N. England to Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May. — Petals f ' - 1 ' long.

* # Peduncle erect or at lenqth nodding : rootstocks bearing a single stem.
•*- Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pointed.

4. T. er£ctlim, L. (PURPLE TRILLIUM. BIRTHROOT.) Leaves dilat-
ed-rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate, acutish,
dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (I'-lj^ long). (T.
rhomboideum, var. atropurpureum, Michx.) — Rich woods ; common northward>
especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May. — Peduncle l'-3' long,,
at length inclined.

Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish; ovary
mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form,
especially from New York westward.

5. T. grandifldrum, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE TRILLIUM.) Leaves
rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile ; petals obo-
vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals
(2' -2^' long), white, changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to
Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June. — Flower on a peduncle 2'-
3' long, very handsome.

H— H— Leaves petioled, rounded at the base.

6. T. iiivale, Riddell. (DWARF WHITE TRILLIUM.) Small (2'-3'
high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse : petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse, rather wavy, white,
as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon-
sin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1', long. Styles long and thread-like.

7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (PAINTED TRILLIUM.) Leaves ovate,
taper-pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white
painted with purple, stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter
than the peduncle. (T. pictum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New-
England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alle-
ghanies through Virginia. May, June.

3. MEDEOL-A, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

Flowers perfect. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals which are oblong
and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : filaments thread-lik^

LILIACEjr,, (LILY FAMILY.) 465

longer than the linear-oblong anthers, which are attached by their back near tho
base. Styles 3, recurved-diverging, long and thread-form (stigmatic along tho
upper side), deciduous. Berry spherical (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. —
A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (l°-3° high, clothed with floccu-
lent deciduous wool) rising from a horizontal and tuberous white rootstock
(which has the taste of the cucumber), bearing a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceo-
late and pointed sessile leaves near the middle, and another of 3 smaller ovate
ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named
after the sorceress Medea, from the imaginary notion that it possesses great me-
dicinal virtues.)

1. M. Virsjiiiicii, L, (Gyromia, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods. June.

ORDER 126. L.ILJACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with paraUel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfect 6-
(rarely 4-) androus flowers with the petal-like consimilar 6-merous perianth
free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, introrse anthers attached by a point, and the
style single. — Stigmas 3, or combined into one. Fruit a 3-valved loculi-
cidal pod, or a berry, many - few-seeded. Seeds anatropous or ampbitro-
pous. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy or hard albumen.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ASPARAGEJB. Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 -3-celled. Albumen horny.
Not bulbous : rootstocks creeping or tuberous. Pedicels jointed under the flower.
* Stems branching, very leafy. Seeds amphitropous.

1. ASPARAGUS. Perianth 6-parted. Leaves thread-like or bristle-form. Pedicels jointed

* * Stem simple, leafy.

2. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft : stamens above the middle. Flowers axillary.
8. SMILACINA. Perianth 4 -6-parted, spreading, he stamens borne at the base. Flowers in

a raceme.

* * * Scape naked.

4. CONVALLARIA. Perianth bell -shaped, 6-lobed. Flowers in a simple raceme.

6. CLINTONIA. Perianth of 6 separate sepals. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers in an umbeL

TEIBB II. ASPHODEL,E^E. Fruit a few -many -seeded pod, 3-celled. Seed-coat crus-
taceous, black.

* Not bulbous. Perianth united in a tube below.

6. HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form. Stamens declined. Pod many-seeded.

* * Bulbous : scape simple. Perianth 6-sepalled or 6-parted.

7. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided.

8. SCILLA. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like.

9. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved.

TRIBE III. TULIP ACE.3E. Fruit a many -seeded 3-celled pod. Seed-coat pale. Pill.
anth 6-leaved.

* Bulbous herbs. Perianth deciduous.

10. LILIUM. Stem leafy. Pod oblong. Seeds vertically much flattened.

11. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape naked, 1-flowered. Pod obovate-triangular : seeds ovoW.

* * Not bulbous : stem (caudex) perennial. Perianth not deciduous.

12. YUCCA Flowers in a term nal panicle. Leaves crowded, rigid and persistent.

466 LILIACEJC. (LILT FAMILY.;

1. ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above : the 6 stamens at their base. Style short ;
Btigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. — Perennials,
with much-branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, very narrow leaves
in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers. (The ancient Greek
name.)

1. A» OFFICINALIS, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Herbaceous ; bushy-
branched; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. POL.YGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or above
the middle of the tube, included. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell :
style slender, deciduous by a joint : stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed.
Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks,
above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nod-
ding greenish flowers. (The ancient name, composed of TroXvs, many, and
•yoi/u, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) —
Ours are all alternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled
when fresh.

1. P. bifloriuil, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile Leaves, which are commonly mi-
nutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale or
glaucous underneath; stem slender (l°-3°high); peduncles 1-3- but mostly 2-
flowered ; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the cylin-
drical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. Po-
ly gonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorun^PursA.) — Wooded banks;
common. — Perianth %' long, greenish.

2. P. gigaiiteum, Dietrich. (GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous
throughout; stem stout and tall (3° -8° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasp-
ing (5' -8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved, green
both sides ; peduncles several- (2-8-) flowered ; filaments smooth and naked, or nearly
so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Con-
vallaria canaliculata, Willd. Poly gonatum canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commu-
tatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks and woods, in alluvial soil; not rare. June.
(The stem not being at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to dis
card the earlier name of canaliculatum.) — Pedicels £'-!£' long: perianth f
long. v

3. P. latifolium. Desf. Upper part of the stem (2°-3° high), the 1 - 5-
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly
petioled leaves more or less pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Con-
vallaria hirta, Poir.) — Pennsylvania, MuJdenberg ! — This appears to be essen-
tially the European P. latifolium.

P. MULTIFLORUM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.

LILIACFJE. (LILT FAMILY.) 467

8. SMILACtNA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short. Ovary
2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell: style short and thick: stigma obscurely
2 -3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems
from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white, often
fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminu-
tive of Smilax, which, however, these plants are quite unlike.)

$ 1. SMILACINA PROPER. — Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and
stamens 6, the latter longer : ovary 3-celled : ovules collateral : racemes crowded in
a compound raceme or close panicle.

1. S. raccmosa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy ; leaves
numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat
petioled. — Moist copses: common. June. — Stem 2° high from a thickish
rootstock, zigzag. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. (S. cili-
ata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.)

§ 2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. — Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance-
olate, longer than the stamens : ovary 2 - 3-cetted : ovules one above the other : raceme
single, 5 - 12-Jlowered.

2. S. Stellata, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7 - 12 oblong-lanceolate leaves
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. —
Moist banks; common, especially northward. May, June. — Plant l°-2°
high. (Eu.)

3. S. trifolia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' - 6' high) ; leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New
England to Wisconsin, and northward. May.

§3. MAlANTHEMUM, Desf. — Divisions of the reflexed-spreading perianth
(oval) and the stamens 4, of equal length : ovary 2-cetted: ovules collateral: raceme
single, many-flowered.

4. S. bifolia, Ker. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low (3' - 5' high) ;
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (var.
CANADENSIS) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist
woods ; very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.)

4. CONVAI.L.ARIA, L. (in part). LILY OP THE VALLEY.

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes recurved. Sta
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, tapering
into a stout style : stigma triangular. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Berry few-
seeded (red).— A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running
rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their
long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk.
and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty sweet-scented nodding
flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallium, the popular name.)

468 LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.)

1. C. majalis, L. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward.
May. — Same as the European plant so common in gardens. (Eu.)

5. CL, INTO MI A, Raf. CLINTOKIA.

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong.
Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-celled: style long, columnar-thread-like: stigma de-
pressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few - many-seeded. — Stemless perennials, with
slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at the base by
the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers rather large, um-
belled, rarely single, somewhat downy outside. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.)

1. C. borealiS, Raf. Umbd few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more.
(Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 5' -8
long. Perianth over £' long, greenish-yellow.

2. C. nmbellata, Torr. Umbel many-flowered; ovules 2 in each cell.
(C. multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx. Smilacina, Desf.) —
Rich woods, S. W. New York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. —

JFlowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots.

6. HEMEROCALLIS, L. DAY-LILY.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread-
ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments and stylo
long and thread-like, declined and ascending : stigma simple. Pod rather fleshy,
3-angled, 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy pe-
rennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at
the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted large yellow
flowers : these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the
name, from fjpepa, a day, and KaAXos, beauty).

1. H. FULVA, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions (petals) of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Sparingly escaped from gardens,
where it is common. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

H. FLAVA, L., the YELLOW DAY-LILY, is commonly cultivated. — The
White and the Blue Day-Lilies of the gardens are species of FUNKIA, a very
different genus.

7. ORNITHOOAL.UM, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLBHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading sepals, 3-7-nerved. Filaments 6,
flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous,
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and
linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted. (An
ancient whimsical name from opvis, a bird, and -yaXa, milk.)

1. O. TTMBELLATUM, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels;
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gaidens inU
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

LILIACE.E. (LILT FAMILY.) 469

8. SCILLA, L. SQUILL.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ;
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3-
valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves
from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The
ancient name.)

1. S. Fraseri. (EASTERN QUAMASH. WILD HYACINTH.) Leaves
long and linear, keeled ; raceme elongated ; ,bracts solitary, longer than the
pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded.
(Phalangium esculentum, Nutt. in part. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia
Fraseri, Torr. mss.) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and
southwestward. May. — Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high.
Sepals widely spreading, pale blue, 3-nerved, ^' long. (I do not discern suffi-
cient characters for the genus Camassia.)

9. AL.L.IUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent:
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread-
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped
amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and
pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb : flowers in a
simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets ; spathe 1 - 2-valved.
(The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

# Ovules and seeds only one in each cell : leaves broad and flat, appealing in early

spring, and dying before ihefloioers are developed.

1. A. tricoccum, Ait. (WiLD LEEK.) Scape naked (9' high), bear-
ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5' -9' long, l'-2'
wide) ; scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2' long) ; sepals oblong
(white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich cool
woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle-
ghanies. July.

* * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth at the summit :

leaves long and narrow.
•*- Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods.

2. A. cernuimi, Roth. (WiLD ONION.) Scape naked, angular (1° - 2°
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel;
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color),
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug.

3. A. StellatUKIl, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel;
leaves flat ; sepals equalling the stamens : otherwise resembling the last, but usu-
ally not so tall ; the pod more crested. — Rocky slopes, Illinois (Enydmannt
and northwestward,

40

470 LILIACE^:. ^LILT FAMILY.)

4. A. SclHrnoprasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked, or leafy at the
base (£°-l° high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flow
ers ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila-
ments; leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A.
Sibiricum, L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

•*- H- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or without Jlowers.

5. A. VIKEALE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high) ; leaves terete, lid-
low, slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones Deleft,
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields, near the coast.
June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD MEADOW GARLIC.) Scape leafy-
only at the base (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, Jlattish; umbel few-flowered;
filaments simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, &c. May, June. — Flowers
pale rose-color, pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place.

* =fc * Ovules several in each cell ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscordum, Kunth.)

7. A. strifttuui, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate
on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' -12'
long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which
are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and open
woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May.

A. TRIFL6RUM, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure.
A. SATIVUM, the GARDEN GARLIC, A. P6RRUM, the LEEK, and A. CEI-A.
the ONION, are well-known cultivated species.

10. JL1LIVJJI, L. LILT.

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or
recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; the 6 sta-
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon-
gated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, containing numer-
ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. —
Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or
whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy
flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Xeipiov.)

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws.

1. L«. Philadelpliicum, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILT.) Leaves
linear-lanceolate ; the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to 8 ; flowers 1-3, open-bell-
shaped, reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not
recurved at the summit. — Open copses ; rather common. June, July, — Stem
2° -3° high : the flower 2£' long.

2. L,. Catesbeei, Walt. (SOUTHERN &ED LILT.) Leaves linear-lance-
olate, scattered; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy
on the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and
yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward.

LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 471

* # Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute.

3. L.. Caiiadciise, L. (WiLD YELLOW LILY.) Leaves remotely whorled,
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long-
peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle, yel-
low, spotted inside with purple. — Moist meadows and bogs ; common, especially
northward. June, July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flower 2' - 3' long.

4. It. superb mil, L. (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Lower leaves wkorled, lan-
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3 - 20 or 40) in a pyram-
idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple
spots inside. — Rich low grounds ; rather common. July, Aug. — Stem 3° - 7°
high : sepals 3' long. L. Caroliuianum, Michx., is apparently a variety of this.

L. CANDIDUM, the WHITE LILY, and L. BULsfrERUM, the ORANGE BDLB-
BEAUING LILY, are most common in gardens.

11. ERYTHRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above,
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect
base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-
linear. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved: Seeds
rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemlcss
herbs, with 2 smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing
the base of the 1 -flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flower
nodding, vernal. (Name from epvOpfa, red, which is inappropriate as respects
the American species.)

1. E. AinericuilUlll, Smith. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE.) Leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, spotted with purplish and dotted ; perianth pale
yellow, spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Low copses,
&c. ; common. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high : flower 1' or more long. — E. BRAO-
TEATUM, Boott, from the Camel's Rump Mountain, Vermont, is probably only
an accidental state of this species.

2. E. ftllmluiii, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Leaves el-
liptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; perianth ivhite or bluish-white ; sepals nar-
rowly lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-
shaped; stigma 3-cleft. — Low thickets from Albany, New York, and W. Penn-
sylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May.

12. Y IT CCA, L. BEAR-GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither-
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, ses-
sile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a par-
tition from the back, fleshy, tardily 3-valved at the apex. Seeds very many in
each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or rising into thick and
columnar palm-like trunks, clothed with persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped
leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy (often po'yga-
mous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.)

472 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

1. Y. filamentosa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Stemless,i. e. the tram
(from a running rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with
the lanceolate unarmed coriaceous leaves (l°-2° long), which bear filaments on their
margins ; scape or flower-stem 6° - 8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and
southward. July.

Y. GLORi6sA, L., and Y. ALOir6LiA, L. (SPANISH BAYONET), which are
caulescent and thick-leaved species, belong farther south, and probably are not
indigenous north of the coast of North Carolina.

The TULIP, the CROWN IMPERIAL, the HYACINTH, and the TUBEROSE
(POLIANTHES TUBER6SA) are common cultivated representatives of this
Family.

ORDER 127. MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with regular 6-merous and 6-androus flowers, the consimilar peri-
anth free (or nearly free) from the 3-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3
more or less distinct styles. (Anthers introrse in Tolieldia, a connecting
link with Juncacese/. Styles sometimes perfectly united in Uvularieae.)
Seeds anatropous, with a soft or membranous seed-coat, and a small embryo
in copious albumen. — If we include the Bell worts, which form a group
ambiguous between this order, TrilliaceaG, and Liliaceae, (all of which are
connected by various gradations,) we shall have two strongly marked sub-
orders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. UVULARIE^. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.

Perianth early deciduous, the sepals distinct, petal-like. Styles united
into one at the base or throughout ! Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or
loculicidal pod. — Stems from small perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots,
forking, bearing ovate or lanceolate membranaceous sessile or clasping
leaves, like those of Solomon's Seal, and perfect flowers : peduncles solitary
or 1-flowered.

1. UVULARIA. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments.

2. PROSARTES. Berry 3-6-seeded. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless, fixed near the base.

Flowers terminal.

3. STREPTOPUS. Berry several-seeded. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 - 2-pointed. Flowers ax-

illary ; their pedicels bent in the middle.

SUBORDER II. MELANTHIE^E. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY.

Perianth mostly persistent or withering away ; the sepals distinct, or
rarely their claws united. Styles 3, separate. Fruit a 3-celled 3-partible
or septicidal, rarely loculicidal, pod. — Herbs with acrid poisonous proper-
ties ; the simple or rarely panicled stems springing from solid bulbs or
corms, or sometimes from creeping rootstocks. Flowers sometimes pc lyga-
mous or dioecious.

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 478

• Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening:
pod 3-horned. septicidal : seeds flat, membranaceous-margined.

•*- Sepals glandular on the inside near the base.
4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long

claws bearing the stamens.

6. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Sepals nearly free or coherent with the base of the ovary
stamens separate.

•«- ••- Sepals destitute of glands, not clawed.

6. STENANTHIUM. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo-

late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled.

7. VERATRUM Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the sta-

mens. Flowers panicled, polygamous.

8. AMIANTHIUM. Perianth free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens

Flowers racemed, perfect.

* * Anthers 2-celled : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked.

9. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Learea

rush-like. Seeds 2 in each cell.

10. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves

lanceolate. S»*pe naked. Seeds numerous.

11. CHABL&LIRIUM. Flowers dioacious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy.

* * * Anthers 2-celled, Innate or introrse : pod septicidal.

12. TOFIELDIA. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant.

SUBORDER I. UVUL.ARIEJE. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.

1. UVUJLARIA, L. BELLWORT.

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a
honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the
stamens, which barely adhere to their base. Anthers long and linear, adnate :
filaments short. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stigmatic along the inner
side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, 3-valved from the top. Seeds few in each
cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. — Rootstock short or creeping.
Flowers pale yellow, nodding, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles
which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from the flowers
hanging like the uvula, or palate.")

# Leaves clasping-perfoliate : sepals acute : pod obouate-truncate, 3-lobed at the top.

1. U. grandiflora, Smith. (LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT.) Leaveg
oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and obscurely pubescent underneath; sepals
smooth within; anthers Hunt-pointed; lobes of the pod with convex sides. — Rich
woods, Vermont to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Flowers
pale greenish-yellow, •!£' long.

2. U. perfoliata, L. (SMALLER BELLWORT.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granular-roughened inside ;
anthers conspicuously pointed; lobes of the pod with concave sides. — Moist
copses ; common eastward and southward. May. — Smaller than No. 1 :
flowers pale yellow, |' to 1' long.

* * Leaves sessile : sepals rather obtuse : pod ovoid-triangular, sharp-angled.

3. U. sessilifolia, L. (SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT.) Smooth ; leaves
oval or lanceolate-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the mid-
40*

474 MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

die, exceeding the pointless anthers; pod triangular-obwate, narrowed into a stalk.

— Low woods ; common. May. — Stem 6' - 9' high when in flower : the cream-
colored flower 1' long.

4. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both
sides, and shining, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not
exceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stalked. — Mountains and
throughout the upper part of Virginia, and southward.

2. PROSARTES, Don. PROSARTES.

Perianth bell-shaped, much as in Uvularia. Filaments thread-like, much
longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed near the base.
Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell : styles united into
one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading. Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3-6-
seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile
ovate and membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slen-
der terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from Trpoo-aprdw,
to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.)

1. P. lanugiiidsa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers
solitary or in pairs ; "sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (£' long), soon spread-
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth. (Streptopus
lanuginosus, Michx. ) — Eich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward along the Alleghanies. May.

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base j the sepals lanceolate-
acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, fixed near the base to the
short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point.
Ovary with many ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Berry red, round-
ish-ovoid, many -seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, divergently-spreading
branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and
small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the
name, from o-rpeTrros, twisted, and Trovs,foot, or stalk).

1. S. amplexifolilis, DC. Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath,
strongly clasping ; flower greenish-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above
the middle ; anthers tapering to a slender entire point ; stigma entire, truncate.
S.) distortus, Michx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods,
Northern New England to the mountains of Perm., and northward. June. —
Stem 2° -3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very smooth. Sepals £' long.

— In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite the kaves, rather than truly
axillary, and are bent round the clasping base underneath them : they are rarely
2-flowered. (Eu.)

2. S. rose us, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the branches
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 475

length of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-clefi. — Cold
damp woods ; common northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May. —
Smaller than the last.

SUBORDER II. MEIiANTHlJE. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY

4. MEL.ANTHIUOT, Gronov., L. MELANTHIUM.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on
slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent
glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Styles
awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed,
of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe,
and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged.
— Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish-downy
above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of
simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear,
grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of /ze'Xas, black, and
avQos, flower, from the dark color which the persistent perianth assumes after
blossoming.)

1. M. VirginiCiim, L. (BUNCH-FLOWER.) (M. Virginicum & race-
mosum, Michx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virg. & hybridum,
Roem. fr Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, Southern New York to Illi-
nois, and common southward. July. — The two received species are doubtless
forms of one.

5. Z V O A I> E N U S , Michx. ZYGADBNB.

Flowers perfect. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like ses-
sile or slightly clawed oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or
less narrowed base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of
the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Styles and
pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very
smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping
rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish-
white flowers. (Name composed of £vyos, a yoke, and ddrjv, a gland.)
# Glands on the perianth conspicuous.

1. Z. glaberrimilS, Michx. Stems l°-3° high, from a creeping root-
stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to
a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals
(£' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the
short daw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward.
July.

2. Z. gj ailCUS, Nutt. Stem about 1° high from a coated brlb ; leaves
fiat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the

476 MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordatt
gland. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to
Wisconsin and northwestward : rare. July.

# # Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.}
3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem l°-4°high from a somewhat bulbous
base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and nu-
merous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; perianth free, the obovate sepals
with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium
leimanthoides, Gray.} — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand,
Knieskern}, Virginia, and southward. July.

6. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratram).

Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and
coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer
than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly wing-
less. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base,
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of
arevos, narrow, and avQos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)

1. S. angnstifdlilim, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated; flowers small
(£' long), white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi-
nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.
Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.) — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Ohio, Illi-
nois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender,
2° -6° high.

7. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORE.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan-
thium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened
base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra-
cemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and
ater, black.)

1. V. viridc, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.)
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high) ; leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes
spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low
grounds ; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.)

2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2° - 5° high), sparingly leafy
below, naked above ; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti-
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal

wand-like, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as ih*

MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 477

flowers; sepals dingy -green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2£" -3" long, those of
the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt.
Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.) — Kich woods, mountains of Virginia and
southward. July.

3. V. Woodii, Bobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi-
cels (l£"-3" long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3"-
4%" long) dingy green turning brownish purple within : otherwise much as in the
last, of which it may prove to be a variety ; but the flowers are mostly double
the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar-
rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July.

8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. FLY-POISON.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary,
equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney-
shaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, and shield-shaped after opening.
Styles thread-like. Pods, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob-
long or linear, with a loose coat, 1 - 4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim-
ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated
by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age.
Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From dp'ai/ros, unspotted, and avQos, flower;
a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction,
alluding to the glandless perianth.)

1. A. inusrn (6\i< mil, Gray. (Fi/r-PoisON.) Leaves broadly linear,
elongated, obtuse (£' to 1' wide), as long as the scape; raceme simple, oblong 01
cylindrical ; pod abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (He-
lonias erythrosperma, Michx.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Kentucky and southward. June, July.

9. XEROPHYL.JLIIIH, Michx. XBROPHYLLUM.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval,
distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl-
shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down
the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal ; the valves
bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined.
— Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a
bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly
beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ;
those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1'
wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name,
from £rjpos, arid, and <£vXAov, leaf).

1. X. asphodeloidcs, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X setifolium, Michx.
Helonias, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, Virginia? and southward. (Also in
Oregon and California.) June.

478 MELANTHACEJE. (^COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

1O. II 12 L ONI AS, L. HELONIAS.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish taming greenish)
sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-cellod,
roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stigraatic down the inner side. Pod ob-
cordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds
many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth
perennial, with many oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber
ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2°high)
sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short
dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name
probably from eXos, a swamp ; the place of growth.)

1. H. bullata, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.}— Wet places, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia : rare. May.

11. CHAMJELIRIUM, Willd. DEVII/S-BIT,

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals,
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-
valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged
at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and
abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme
(4' - 9' long) of small bractless flowers ; the fertile plant more leafy than the
staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole.
(Name composed of xa/*at> on the ground, and \eipiov, lily ; of no obvious appli-
cation.)

1. C. luteum. (BLAZING-STAR.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum
luteum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New
England to Illinois, and southward. June.

12. T OF I ELD I A, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL.

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri-
anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or
obovate, sessile. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or somewhat
introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3-
partible or septicidal ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender peren-
nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only
at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked,
equitant, linear. (Named after Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last cen-
tury.)— The two following compose the subgenus TRIANTHA, Nutt. : pedi-
cels mostly in threes ; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards ,
seeds tail-pointed at both ends.

1'. X. gllltillOSa, Willd. Stem (6' -16' high) and pedicels very glutinous
with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Miohi'
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June.

(RUSH FAMILY.) 479

2. T. pftbens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with mi-
nute glands; leaves longer and narrower. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward. July.

T. PALtfsTRis, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on
Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior ; but has not yet been found
on the United States side.

ORDER 128. JUNCACE-^E. (Rusn FAMILY.;

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent
perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 8 stamens with introrse
anthers, and a 1 - ^-celled ovary, forming a S-valved 8 - many-seeded pod.
Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base
of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but
grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Narthecium).

Synopsis.

* Stigma entire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish).

1. NARTHECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at both end*

* * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like.

2. LUZULA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy.

& JUNCUS. Pod 3-ceUed (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded.

1. NARTHlkCIURI, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL.

Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers lineat
Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single
stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end with
a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant
leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6' - 10' high), terminated by a simple raceme.
(Name from vapOrjKiov, a rod, or box for fragrant ointments; application uncer-
tain.)

1. N. Aiiierii'Ymuiii, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing a
bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June.

2. LtTZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH.

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. —
Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or um-
belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian lucciola, a glowworm.)
* Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed.

1 . L«. pilosa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; peduncles umbelled, sim-
ple, chiefly 1 -flowered ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped
with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks ; common northward. May. —
Plant 6' -9' high. (Eu.)

2. L. parviflora, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth ;
leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed.

480 JDNCACE^. (RUSH FAMILY.)

straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed brown pod. (L. mclancv
carpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north
ward. July. — Stems 1°- 3° high, scattered. (Eu.)

# * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6' - 12' high.)

3. Jit. campeStriS, DC. Leaves fiat, linear ; spikes 4 - 12, somewhat urn
belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ;
sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appen-
dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.)

4. It* SlFCUSttH,, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear ; spikes 3 — 5, on unequal
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.)

5. It. Spicfttel* Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; flowers in
sessile clusters, forming a noddiny interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds merely with
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv. ? according
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.)

3. JIJNCUS, L. BUSH. BOG-RUSH.

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-
•celled (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidsil, many-seeded. — Chiefly
perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish
or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from
jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.)

=* Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootstocks, many of them barren,
furnished with short leafless sheaths at the base : flowers in a sessile cymose panicle
produced from the side of the scape above the middle, &-androus (except in No. 1) :
seeds not appendaged.

1. J. cflfusus, L. (COMMON or SOFT BUSH.) Scape soft and pliant
<(2°-4° high), finely striated; panicle diffusely much-branched (sometimes closely
•crowded), many-flowered; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the
obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6. — Marshy ground;
everywhere. (Eu.)

2. J. fill for III is, L. Scape slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle few-
flowered, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very
obtuse but short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Tori'. Fl.) — Wet banks and shores,
I?. New England to Michigan, and north\vard. (En.)

3. J. Baltic US, Willd. Scape rigid (2° -4° high), from a very strong
Tootstock ; panicle ascending, loose, dark chestnut-colored ; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy
shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward (Eu.)

# * Scapes, SfC. as in the preceding, but some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing ;
the leaves terete, knotless, like the continuation of the scape above the panicle : sta-
mens 6.

JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMJLY.) 481

4. J. setaceilS, Rostk. Scape slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle loose, rather
simple, turning light chestnut-color ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especially
the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Penn., Vir-
ginia, and southward, near the coast.

5. J. mar iti mils, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2° -5° high), the apex
pungent ; panicle compound, erect, loose ; the flowers clustered in small heads ;
sepals lanceolate, the outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed pod.
(J. acutus, MM., &c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and
southward. (Eu.)

* * * Stems leaf-bearing : leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted oy
cross partitions internally : cyme or panicle terminal : flowers in heads or small clus-
ters (very liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear as
if viviparous) : pod more or less \-celled.

•*- Stamens 3.

6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (l°-3° high) and terete, as are^the
leaves ; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5-18) pale green densely many-flow-
ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially the
outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod ; seeds barely pointed
at each end, tailless, (J. polycephalus, Michx. (excl. var. a?). J. echinatus,
Muhl. J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Torr.) — Wet borders of streams, &c. ;
rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like
green heads, usually $' in diameter.

7. J. paradtixus, E. Meyer. Stem rather stout (1°-2|° high), terete;
leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound; the numerous greenish
heads globular, many- (8 - 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-pointed,
rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con-
spicuously tailed at both ends ! ( J. polycephalus, Darlingt., Torr. Fl. N. Y. excl.
var. 3, & syn. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Pursh.) — Wet places; com-
mon.— Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the
foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends
into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed.

8. J. dcbiliS. Stems weak and slender (l°-2° long), flattened, as are the
slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green
heads 4 - 8-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong
pod ; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at each end. (J. subverticilla-
tus, Muhl., not of Wulf. J. pallescens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J.
polycephalus, var. "? depauperatus, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Wet swamps; common,
especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent
or floating and rooting : branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging.
Heads 2" long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe
— This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant
of Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American
authors.

9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect (10' -15' high), terete, leaveg
slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing few or
mtany 3 - 8-flowered chestnut-colored heads ; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,

41

482 JUNCACE2E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

rery acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic triangular and at*
ruptly acute pod ; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. ( J. sylvaticus, Muhl. J. Can-
adensis, Gay.) — Peat-bogs, and sandy borders of ponds. — Pods turning deep
chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed.

••- •»- Stamens 6. (Heads chestnut-colored: the pods becoming blackish or brovm, and
shining: seeds tailless, but sometimes short-pointed at both ends.)

10. J. articillatllS, L. Stem erect (9' -18' high), and with the 1-3
slender leaves slightly compressed; panicle spreading; heads 2 - ^-flowered ; sepals
lance-oblong, the outer acute, the inner mostly obtuse, usually mucronate, shorter
than the ovate-oblong triangular abruptly mucronate-pointed pod. ( J. lamprocarpus,
Ehrh., &c.) — Var. PELOCARPUS (J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer $> ed. 1.) is a va-
riety with fewer flowers in the head, and rather blunter pods slightly exceeding
the sepals. — Wet places, Rhode Island to Lake Huron, and northward : tho
genuine European form received from Mr. Olney and Dr. SartwelL (Eu.)

11. J. HlilitariS, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -3° high), bearing a solitary
cylindrical bayonet-like leaf below or near the middle, which overtops the crowded
panicle; heads numerous, 5 - lO-JJowered ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, as long as
the ovate taper-pointed pod. — Sandy bogs, Tewksbury and Plymouth, Massachu-
setts, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. Rootstock thick, creeping.
Leaf stout, 1 ° - 2° long. Heads 2 " - 3" wide, brown .

12. J. nodosus, L. ! Stem erect, slender (6' -15' high), 3-5-leaved;
leaves terete, short; heads 1-2, or several and clustered, globose, many- (10-20-)
Jlowered ; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly as long as the slender triangular taper-
pointed pod. (J. Rostkovii, E. Meyer.) — Var. MEGAC£PHALUS, Torr. : heads
rather numerous and larger, 50 - 60-flowered, crowded in a dense cluster at tho
summit of the stout and rigid stem (2° high). — Gravelly borders of streams;
common, especially northward ; the var. on the sandy shore of Lake Ontario,
&c. — Rootstocks slender. — Quite distinct from No. 6 and No. 7, with which it
has been confounded.

13. J. Coiiradi, Tuckerm. Stems slender (6' -10' high), leafy, branch-
ing above into a compound diffusely spreading cymose panicle, bearing chiefty
solitary scattered Jlowers in the forks and along one side of the branches ; leaves
thread-form, the upper slightly knotted ; sepals oblong, acutish, shorter than the ob-
long taper-beaked pod. ( J. viviparus, Conrad, — so named from a condition in
which most of the flowers develop into a tuft of rudimentary or manifest leaves.
J. No. 15, Muhl. Gram. ? and therefore J. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. ?) — Wet sandy
places, Canada and Wisconsin ? N. New England to Virginia, and southward,
chiefly near the coast. — Rootstocks slender.

%•%.•%•%. Leaves knotlpss : inflorescence terminal.
•*- Heads cymose-panicled : leaves Jlat and open : stamens 3.

14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stem leafy, erect, flattened (l°-3° high) ;
leaves linear, grass-like, nerved ; heads globose, 3 - 8-flowered ; sepals oblong,
the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and pointless, as
long as the globular pod ; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. ( J. aristulatus,
Michx.j — Moist sandy places, S. New England to Illinois, and southward.
July. — Sepals soft, chestnut-purplish, with a green keel.

PONTEDERIACE^". (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 4S3

«- •»- Head single (or sometimes 2 or 3) : leaves channelled above : stamens 6.

15. J. Stygius, L. Stem slender, erect (6' -10' high), l-3-leaved below,
naked above ; leaves thread-like ; heads 3 - 4-flowered, about the length of the
sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; sepals oblong and lanceolate, scarcely
more than half the length of the oblong acute pod ; seeds oblong, with a very
loose coat prolonged at both ends. — Peat-bog bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson
County, New York. (Eu.)

16. J. trifidlis, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5' -10' high), wiry and thread-like, sheathed at the base, leafless below, about
3-leaved at the summit ; the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head
of 2 - 4 flowers ; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, rather than the globose-ovate
beak-pointed (brown) pod; seeds roundish, angled. — Alpine summits of the
mountains of N. New England and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.)
••"•*--»- Flowers cymose-panided, separate (not clustered in heads) : leaves channelled

or involute, or else thread-form, or almost setaceous : stamens 6.

17. J. tennis, Willd. Stems slender, wiry (9' -18' high), simple, leafy
only near the base ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves, small, the flowers
mostly one-sided, almo'st sessile, green and shining ; sepals lanceolate, very acute,
one third longer than the globose-ovoid obtuse pod. — Low grounds and fields ; very
common.

18. J. Greenii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2° high), simple,
naked, 1 - 2-leaved at the base ; cyme much shorter than the principal erect involucral
leaf, dense, the numerous crowded flowers one-sided ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
greenish, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse pod. — Sandy coast of Long Island
and New England, and occasionally on river-banks in the interior.

19. J. blllbosns, L. (BLACK GRASS.) Stems simple, somewhat fattened,
slender, but rigid (l°-2° high), leafy below; panicle somewhat cymose, rather
crowded, usually shorter than the bracteal leaf; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
chestnut-color and greenish, mostly rather shorter than the oblong-oval and
somewhat triangular obtuse mucronate pod. (J. compressus, Jacq. : a name
with which some supersede the Linnsean, because the stem is really not bulbous
at the base.) — Var. GERARDI (J. Gerardi, Loisel., and J. Bothnicus, Wahl.) is
the more common form in this country, with the panicle usually exceeding the
bract, and the calyx as long as the pod. — Salt marshes ; common along tho
coast from New Jersey northward. (Eu.)

20. J. bllfonillS, L. Annual; stems low and slender (3' -9' high), leafy,
often branched at the base ; panicle forking, spreading ; the flowers remote, greenish ;
sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much longer than the oblong obtuse pod. — Low
grounds and road-sides, everywhere. (Eu.)

ORDER 129. PONTEDERIACE^G. (PICKEREL-WEED FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ;
the petal-like Q-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 most-
ly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6

484 PONTEDERIACEjE. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together
sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, withering away, or the base
thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules
anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or
incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Em-
bryo slender, in floury albumen.

Synopsis.

1. PONTEDERIA. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle Sta-

mens 6 Spike many-flowered.

2. HETERANT1IERA. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded

Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1 - few-flowered
8 SCHOLLERA. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike Spathe 1-flowered.

1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED.

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base :
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower ex-
serted with elongated filaments ; the 3 upper (often sterile or imperfect) with
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri-
cle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped
leaves, and a 1 -leaved scape, terminated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flow-
ers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to
Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)

1. P. corclftta, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from
a spathe-like bract. — Var. ANGU8Tir6LiA (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu-
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common.
July- Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of
the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots.

2. HETERANTIIERA, Ruiz & Pav. MUD PLANTAIN.

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the spreading limb somewhat equal-
ly 6-parted, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 upper
with their filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ;
the other with a longer filament bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (green-
ish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating
low herbs, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered
spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or
white. (Name from erf pa, different, and dvdrjpd, anther.)

1. H. rciiitoriiiis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3-
5-flowered ; flowers white. — Muddy margins of streams, S. New York to Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.

COMMELYNACEJE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 485

2. H. limosa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ;
spathe 1-flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to
Ulit-ois, and southward. July -Sept.

3. SCROLLER A, Schreber (1789). WATER STAR-GRASS.

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading divisions on
a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped an
thers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped.
Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1 -celled with 3 projecting parie-
tal placenta?, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing
wholly under water, only the (small pale yellow) flowers expanding on the sur-
face ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves,
and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe. (Named after one Schotter, a German
botanist.)

1. S. grrainmea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) —In streams ; common.
July -Sept.

ORDER 130. COMMELYNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed often branching
leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with
the perianth free from the 2- 3-cetted ovary, and having a distinct calyx and
corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephem-
eral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often
sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Pod
2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds orthotro
pous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, flat,
sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind
of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here represented only
bv two genera.

1. COMNIEL^NA, Dill. DAT-FLOWER.

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded,
the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded and forming a
kind of spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and
are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering
all summer. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commdyn.)
41*

486 COMMELYNACKE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

1. C. erecta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large
(5' -7' long, l'-2' wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins very
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles ;. spathes crowded and nearly
sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal shaped like the others but shorter,
round-ovate, raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. 1J. (C. Virginica, ed. 1, &c.)
—A hairy form apparently is C. hirtella, Vahl. — Alluvial and shaded river-
banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest species, and the only one
with a top-shaped spathe.

2. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting to-
wards the base ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary
or scattered, pedunded, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed,
in fruit somewhat hood-like, and with a short top-shaped base ; odd petal usu-
ally inconspicuous and nearly sessile; pod 2-celled. ]\. (C. Virginica, L., as
to syn. Pluk., which gave the name : Linnaeus's detailed description apparently
pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took from Dil-
lenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, Michx. 3f ed. 1.) — Damp
rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.

3. C, agr&ria, Kunth. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong or
lance-oblong, obtuse, small (l'-2'long); spathes heart-ovate when expanded, pe-
dunded, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3 - 4-flowered ; the odd petal
round-ovate, nearly sessile. 1J. (C. Cajennensis, Rich.) — Alluvial banks, Illi-
nois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species.

2. TKADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta-
mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2 -3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal; the
floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener
to Charles the First.)

# Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves.

1. T. Virginica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) leaves lanceolate-linear,
dongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less
open ; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to
Wisconsin, and southward : commonly cultivated. May - Aug. — Plant either
smooth or haiiy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white.

2. X. pilosa., Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base,
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate ; umbels many-flowered, in
very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy.
(T. flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June - Sept. —
Stem stout, smooth below, 2° - 3° high, often branched, zigzag above, with an at
»ength close cluster of small (f broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils.

# # Umbels long-pedunded, naked.

3. T. rosea, Vent. Small, slender (6' -10' high), smooth; leaves linear,
grass-like, ciliate at the base ; umbel simple, or sometimes a pair ; flowers ($'
wide) rose-color. — Sandy woods, Penn. (?) to Kentucky, and southward.

XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 487

ORDER 131. XYJRIDACEJE. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAM.)

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the lase of a ndkea scape,
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrwse an-
thers, a glumaceous calyx, and a regular corolla; the 3-valved mostly l-celled
pod containing several or many ortholropous seeds with a minute embryo at the
apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — The anomalous genus
Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in char-
acter between this family and the last, may be introduced here.

1. UIAYACA, Aublefc (SYENA, Schreber.)

Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her-
baceous lanceolate sepals and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the
petals. Ovary l-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placenta : style filiform : stig-
ma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, creeping in
shallow water, densely leafy; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1 -nerved, pellu-
cid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base.
(An aboriginal name.)

1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.

2. X "tltlS, L. YELLOW-EYED GBASS.

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments which are cleft and plume-bearing
at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, l-celled with 3 parietal more or
less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow. (Svpis.
an ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vpov, a razor.)

1. X. lmlt>6sa, Kunth. Scape slender, from a more or less bulbous base,
somewhat 3-angled, flattish at the summit, very smooth, much longer than the
narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head roundish-ovc/
(4" - 5" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scabrous on the nctf
wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex. (X. ,;
pacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Cat. X. brevt
folia, of Northern authors, not of Michx.} — Sandy or peaty bogs, from New
Hampshire and Michigan southward : rare except near the coast. July -Sept
— Leaves l£'-8', the scape 3' -14', high. Petals minutely toothed at the sum-
mit. — This species should have borne Mulilenberg's name of X. flexuosa, which,
however, Elliott appears to have applied rather to the following.

2. X. Caroliniaua, Walt. Scape flattish, 1 -angled below, 2-edged at
the summit, smooth; leaves linear-sword-shaped, flat; head globular-ovoid (5'*

488 ERIOCAULONACE2E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

-7 long) ; lateral sepals obscurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged Iced, rathe*
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Michx. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy
swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Aug.
— Scape l°-2° high : leaves l"-4" wide. Petals pretty large, the claws turn-
ing brownish.

3. X. Jinibrijita, Ell. Scape somewhat angled (2° high), rather longer
than the linear-sword-shaped leaves ; head oblong (§' long) ; lateral sepals lance-
olate-linear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above conspicuously fringed on the
wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit, — Pine barrens of New Jersey,
Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 132. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

- Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous
roots, and a cluster of linear often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and naked
scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monoecious or rarely dioz-
cious small 2 - 3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract ; the
perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy ; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2 - 3-
celled 2 - 3-seeded pod : the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding
order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions.

Synopsis.

1. ERIOCAULON. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate

flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled.

2. P^IPALANTHUS. Perianth as in the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the

inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled.

8. LACHNOCAULON. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An-
thers 1-celled.

1. ERIOCAlir,ON, L. PIPEWORT.

Flowers mono3cious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, eithei
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioscious.
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 - 3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus ; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi-
mentary. Pert. FL Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of
2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-
lobed, 2 - 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell : style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3,
slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely
cellular and pellucid. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is
involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts,
&c., usually bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of epiov, wool, and KauAoy,
a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and leaves of the original species. •
Excepting this and the flowers, our species are wholly glabrous.) — The, North

ERIOCAULONACE^. (PIPEWOKT FAMILY.) 487

American species are all stemless, with a depressed head, and have the parts of
the flowers in twos, the stamens 4.

1. E. decangulare, L. (syn. Pluk., &c.) Leaves linear-sux>rd-shaped,
ascending (6' -15' long), of a rather firm texture; scape lQ-I2-ribbed (l°-3°
high) : chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. 1J. (E. serotinum, Walt.) —
Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey ? to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. —
Involucral scales roundish, straw-color or light brown. Flowers and bracts, as
in the following, tipped with a white beard.

2. E. gnaplialodes, Michx. Leaves short and spreading (2' -5' long),
grassy-awl-shaped, soft and cellular, tapering gradually to a point, mostly
shorter than the sheath of the IQ-ribbed scape; chaff obtuse. 1J. (E. decangulare,
L., in part, viz. as to pi. Clayt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward. June -Aug. — This and the last have been variously
confounded.

3. E. septailgnilsire, Withering. Leaves short (l'-3; long), awl-shaped,
pellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 7-striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when
submerged becoming l°-6° long (Torr.), according to the depth of the water;
chaff acutish. 1J. (E. pcllucidum, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders,
from New Jersey and Pcnn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" -3"
broad ; the bracts, chaff, &e. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu.)

2. PJEPAL.ANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of ERIOCAULON of authors.)

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from iramd\T], dust or
flour, and avOos, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flow-
ers of many [South American] species.)

1. P. II; i. vie! us, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristle-awl-shaped
(1'long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5- '
angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the
(ternary) flowers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. ty ? (Eriocaulon flavidum,
Michx.) — Low pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.

3. L,ACHNOCAITL,O]V, Kunth. HAIRY PIPEWORT.

Flowers monoecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalcscent into a club-shaped
tube around the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers
1-celled ! Pert. FL Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place
of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted.
Scape slender, simple, bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence ,he
name, from Xa^i/os, wool, and <av\6s, stalk).

1. Lu Micliauxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.)— Low pine
barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward

490 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

ORDER 133. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms),
closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each
of the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth,
or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place ; the l-celled ovary with a
single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft
•when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves
•when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. CYPEREJE. Flowers perfect, 2-ranked (distichous), 1 - many-flowered.
1. CYPERUS. Spikes few- many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. Perianth none.
2 KYLLINGIA. Spikes 1-flowered, glomerate in a sessile head. Perianth none

3. DULICHIUM. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered. Perianth of 6 - 10 bristles. Achenium beaked.

TRIBE II. HYPO!L YTRE.3E. Flowers perfect ; the scales many-ranked : each flower
provided with its own (1 - 4) proper scale-like bractlets. True perianth none.

4. HEMICARPHA. Bractlet or inner scale 1, very small. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft.

TRIBE III. SCIRPE.3E. Flowers perfect ; the scales regularly several-ranked, each cov-
ering a naked flower, or only the lowest empty. Perianth of bristles or hairs, or none.
* Perianth of hypogynous bristles or hairs (rarely obsolete or wanting).

6 . ELEOCHARIS. Achenium with a»tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous

persistent base of the style. Head solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm.
6 SCIRPUS. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of
the style. Perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. Culms leafy at the base Heads one or more.

7. ERIOPHORUM. Achenium, &c., as in Scirpus. Perianth of long and tufted woolly hairs.

* * Perianth none.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style bulbous at the base, deciduous (with or rarely without the jointed

bulb) from the achenium.

* * * Perianth of 3 large scales, and mostly as many alternating bristles
«. FUIRENA. Scales of the spike awned below the apex Achenium triangular, pointed
with the base of the style.

TRIBE IV. RHYNCHOSPORKJE. Flowers perfect or polygamous Scales of th«
few-flowered spikes irregularly several-ranked, many of the lower ones empty, and often
the upper sterile. Perianth of bristles or none. Stems leafy.

* Achenium beaked with the dilated persistent style or. its base.
H- Perianth none : style 2-cleft : achenium wrinkled transversely.

10. PSILOCARYA. Spikes many-flowered, terete, ovoid, cymose, naked

11. DICHROMENA. Spikes few-flowered, flattened, crowded into a leafy-involucrate head

•<- •»- Perianth of bristles or awns, rarely wanting
12 CERATOSCHCENUS. Style simple, all persistent in the awned beak of the flat achenium

13. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, the base only persistent as a tubercle on the acheniun;

* * Achenium without a beak or tubercle ; the style deciduous.

14. CLADIUM. Achenium globular, corky or pointed at the summit. Perianth none.

TRIBE V. SCI^ERIE^l. Flowers monrecious : the fertile spikes 1-flowered ; the stem*
inate several-flowered. Achenium nut-like, mostly crustaceous.

15. SCLERIA. Achenium bony or crustaceous. Proper perianth none.

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 491

TWBJB V«I. C ARICKJE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in separata
spikes, or sometimes dioecious. Proper perianth none. Acheniuin enclosed in a sac
(perigynium which answers to a bractlct or pair of bractlets), lenticular or triangular.

16. CAREX. Fertile flowers without a bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac

1 CYPEBUS, L. GALINGALE.

Spikes many - few-flowered, flat or rarely terete, variously arranged, mostly
in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound
terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins or
wings to the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens (1,
2, or mostly) 3. Perianth none. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Achenium len-
ticular or triangular, naked at the apex. — Culms triangular, simple, leafy at
the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the
umbel. Peduncles unequal, sheathed at the base. (KvTretpoy, the ancient
name.)

$ 1. PYCR^US, Beauv. — Style 2-cleft: achenium flattened : spikes flat, many-
flowered : only the lowest scale empty. (Root of all our species fibrous and appar-
ently annual.)

1. C. flavescens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus-
tered at the end of the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles) ; scales obtuse, straw-
yellow ; aclienium shining, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast.
Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high: spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre 3-leaved, very
unequal. (Eu.)

2. C. diandnis Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3 ; spikes lance-oblong,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse,
purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong-obovate :
otherwise much like the last. — Var. CASTANEUS, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.}
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept.

3. C. :\lltt;illii, Torr. Stamens 2 ; spikes lance-linear, acute, very flat
(£'-!' long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays;
scales oblong, yelloivish-brown, rather loose ; achenium oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull.

— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

— Culms 4'- 12' high. — C. minimus ? NutL, the C. Cleaveri, Torr., fr ed. 1, is
a depauperate condition of this, with a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two
spikes !

4. C. flavicomilS, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4" -8' long),
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed
umbel, spreading ; scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious-
(whitish-) margined; achenium obovate, mucronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3°
high); leaves of the involucre 3 - 5, very long. — Low grounds, Virginia and
southward. July - Oct.

4 2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular : stamens 3 :
spikes many-ftowered, Jlattish : joints of the axis margined by a pair of more or
less free scales, which remain after the proper scale falls away : otherwise as in § 3.

492 CYPERACE^;. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

5. C. erythrorllizos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (2° -3° high);
umbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 - 5-leaved, very long ; involucels
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical nearly sessile
heads, spreading horizontally, linear, flatfish (%' long), bright chestnut-colored;
scales lanceolate, mucronulate. (V — Alluvial banks, Penn. to Wisconsin? and
southward. August. — Root fibrous, red.

§ 3. CYPEKUS PROPER. — Style 3-cle/l : achenium triangular : spikes many-
fiowered, flat or almost terete ; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints of the axis
narrowly wing-margined or naked.

* Roots annual, fibrous : no creeping rootstocks : culm triangular : spikes awl-shaped,
thread-shaped, or very narrowly linear, very numerous, crowded at the summit of the
rays of the simple or mostly compound ample and open umbel : involucre very long,
3 — several-leaved : scales of the spike pointless ; the joints of the axis winged by a
pair of adherent scales : stamens 3.

6. C. IVIicIiRiiviaiiiis, Schultes. Culm stout (l°high); rays short;
spikes linear-thread-shaped, teretish when mature (!' — £' long) ; the joints of its axis
short and winged with very broad scaly margins, which embrace the ovate triangular
achenium ; scales ovate, obtusish. — Marshes, especially along the coast and
large rivers, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. —
Flowers 6 - 20 in the spike, yellowish-brown.

7. C. Ellgclimiimi, Steud. Culm £° -3° high; rays mostly short;
spikes filiform, almost terete (about £' long), somewhat remotely 5 - 9-fiowered, the
zigzag joints of the axis slender, narrowly wing-margined; achenium oblong-linear ,
almost equalling the oblong or oval broadly scarious scale. (C. tenuior, Engelm.
mss. C. stenolepis, Tori'., probably, though the character does not accord : the
greenish keel or centre was perhaps taken for the whole scale, which is not nar-
row, so the name is inapplicable as well as doubtful. ) — Low banks of streams,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Virginia ? and southward. — Between the foregoing and
the next. The scales of the spike are so separated that their base is never
touched by the one next beneath on the same side.

8. C. StrigosilS, L. Culm mostly stout, bulbous-thickened at the base
(l°-3° high) ; some of the rays elongated, their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes linear-
awl-shaped, but fiat, 8-1 5-flowered, very numerous, reflexed with age ; the
slender joints of the axis naiTowly wing-margined ; scales oblong-lanceolate, sev-
eral-nerved, much longer than the linear-oblong achenium. — Var. SPECi6sus (C.
speciosus, Vahl? Torr.) is a rank state, with some of the partial umbels fur-
nished with a leafy involucel. — Low or rich grounds ; common, especially
southward. July - Sept. — Spikes greenish, turning straw-color, £' - 1' long.

* * Roots annual, fibrous: stamen only 1 : culm slender, low (l'-12' high) : spikes
fiat, oblong-linear or ovate, crowded into heads on the few simple or compound rays :
involucre 2 - 3-leaved : scales of the spike with spreading points : joints of the axis
slightly or not at all margined.

9. C. infleXllS, Muhl. Dwarf (l'-5^high); spikes oblong-linear, 7-13-
flowered, collected in 2-3 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pe
duncled) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ,- achenium obovate,
obtuse. — Sandy wet shores ; common. July - Sept. — Sweet-seer ted iu drying.

CYFERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 493

10. C. :i< llllliiiatiis, Torr. Slender (3'- 12' high) ; spikes ovate, becom-
ing oblong, 16- 30-flowered, pale, collected in simple or compound hends ; scales
obscurely 3-nerved, their short acute tips somewhat spreading; achenium oblong,
pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and westward.

* * * Root perennial: stamen only 1 : spikes shoi-t and fiat, ovate and oblong, crowd-
ed in close globular heads ; the joints of the axis not margined.

11. C. vireilS, Michx. Culm (l°-4°high) either sharply or obtusely
triangular ; leaves and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many-
rayed ; achenium oblong or linear, £ to | the length of the narrow oblong acut-
ish scale. (C. vegetus, Torr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward. — Heads
of spikes green, turning tawny.

* * * * Root perennial : rootstocks creeping, or tuberous : stamens 3.

•*- Spikes fiat, closely fiowtred, ovate-oblong or becoming broadly linear, 3 - 5 at the

end of each ray of the compound umbel.

12. C. dcntatMS, Torr. Culm slender (6' -12' high) ; umbel 4-7-rayed;
spikes 6 - 30-flowered ; scales strongly keeled, and with abruptly sharp-pointed
slightly spreading tips, reddish-brown on the sides, green on the back ; achenium
obovate, sharply triangular. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, a»d
southward. Aug. — Spikes 2" - 5" long, sometimes changing into leafy tufts
t- •»- Spikes fiat, closely fiowered, linear (£'-!' long), loosely spiked along the upper

part of the rays of the open umbel : rootstocks slender, creeping extensively, and
bearing small nut-like tubers.

13. C. rotuudus, L., var. Hydra. (NUT-GRASS.) Culm slender
(£°- l£° high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound,
about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-
purple 12-40-flowered acute spikes; scales ovate, closely appressed, nerveless except
on the green keel. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and south-
ward : probably an immigrant from farther south. Excessively troublesome to
planters. (Eu.)

14. C. phymatodes, Muhl. Culm (1°-^° high) equalling the leaves;
umbel often compound, 4 - 7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes
numerous, light chestnut, or straw-color, acutish, 12 — 30-flowered; scales oblong, nar-
rowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achenium oblong.
(C. repens, EU.) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and common southward. Aug. — Tubers small, at the end of very slender
rootstocks : by these the plant multiplies rapidly, and becomes a pest.
•*-•»-+- Spikes fiattish, rather loosely fiowered, greenish, lance-linear, capitate-clus-
tered (except in No. 15) ; the convex ovate scales many-nerved, only ^ or ^ longer
than the triangular achenium : culms tufted from hard tuberiferous rootstocks.

15. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1°- 2° high);
leaves linear; umbel simple, 4-S-rayed; spikes crowded at the upper part of the
mostly elongated rays, erect, loosely 6 - 9-flowered, a bristly bract at the base of
each ; scales awl-pointed, scarcely longer than the ovate achenium ; joints of the
axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores, &c., Lake Ontario, New York, to
Illinois, and northwestward. Aug. — Spikes £'-£' long: the scales large in
proportion.

42

494 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

16. C. Grayii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6' - 12' high) ; leaves nearly
bristle-shaped, channelled ; umbel simple, 4 - Grayed; spikes 5 - 10 in a loose head,
spreading, 5- 7-flowered, the joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, green-
ish-chestnut-color ; achenium obovate, minutely pointed. — Barren sandy soil,
Rhode Island to New Jersey, near the coast. Aug. (Approaches the next.)

17. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8' -15'
high) ; leaves linear (1" - 2" wide) ; spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile dense
head, or in I -3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 - 10-flowered ; joints oj
the axis naked ; scales blunt, greenish; achenium obovate, short-pointed. (C. ina-
riscoides, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. Aug.

§ 4. MARf SCUS, Vahl. — Style 3-cleft : the achenium triangular : stamens 3 :
spikes 1 -few-flowered, scarcely flattened ; the 2 lower scales short and empty : oth-
erwise as in § 3.

18. C. OVUlariS, Torr. Smooth; culm sharply triangular (6' -12' high) ;
umbel 1 - 6-rayed ; spikes in globular dense heads, 2 - ^-flowered, short and thick :
joints of the axis winged ; scales ovate, blunt, greenish ; achenium obovoid. 1J.
(Kyllingia, Michx.) — Sandy soil, S. New York to Virginia, and south ward.
Aug. - Oct. — Heads barely £' in diameter, of 50 - 100 spikes.

19. C. retro fractllS, Torr. Culm minutely downy like the leaves, rough
on the obtusish angles ( 1 ° - 3° high ) ; umbel many-rayed ; spikes slender, awl-
snaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated
rays, soon reflexed, 1 - 2-flowered in the middle ; scales usually 4 or 5, the two
lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ;
achenium linear. 1| (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to
Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' long, 50- 100 in a head, greenish.

2. KYLLINGIA, L. KYLLINGIA.

Spikes of 3-4 two-ranked scales, 1 -1^-flowered; the 2 lower scales minute
and empty, as in Cyperus § 4 , otherwise as in Cyperus § 1 (viz. style 2-cleft ;
achenium lenticular) : but the numerous spikes densely aggregated in solitary
or triple sessile heads. Involucre about 3-leaved. (Named after Kylling, a
Danish botanist.)

I. K. ]>iunila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (4"
broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered ; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on- the
keel ; stamens 2 ; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culms 2' - 9' high.

3. DUIjiCHIIJlfEy Richard. DULICHIUM.

Spikes many- (6 - 10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary
solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2-ranked,
lanceolate. Perianth of 6 - 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style
2-cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persist-
ent style. — A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed
and leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name
of a Greek island ; its application unexplained.)

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 495

1. D. spatliaceum, Pers. — Borders of ponds; common. July-
Sept.

4. II JEM I CARPI! A, Nees. HJSMICABPHA.

Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales
regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be-
hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob-
long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style
2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the minute inner
scale, which is readily overlooked ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at
the base. (Name from rjfu, half, and <dp(j)os, straw or chaff, in allusion to the
single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.)

1. H. Sllbsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf (!' -4' high); involucre 1 -leaved,
as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute
leaf; spikes 2-3 (2" long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point
(Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers ; not rare,
often growing with Cyperus/ inflexus. July. — Var. DRUMMONDII (H. Drum-
mondii, Nees) is a. form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and
southward.

5. 131. HOC Iff A It IS, R. Brown. SPIKE-RUSH.

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scales
imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3 - 12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achenium. — Leaf-
less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or
creeping rootstocks. (Name from eXor, a marsh, and xat/Pa)5 to delight in ; being
marsh plants.)

$ 1. LIMN6CHLOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spike
papery-coriaceous and rounded, with a scarious margin, pale : style 3-cleft : ache-
nium doubly convex, about equalling the bristles.

# Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly many'
striate, and densely imbricated so as usually to form (five) distinct spiral roivs :
sheaths at the base often nearly leaf-bearing. (LIMNOCHLOA proper.)

1. E. eqilisetOldes, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many
cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with
a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan
(Houghton], Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1' or more long.

2. E. qiiadranglllata, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°-
4° high) ; achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct
tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward.

* * Culms slender : spike ovate or oblong : scales with a midrib.

3. E. tuberculosa, R. Brown. Culms striate (8' -12' Hgh); bristles
strongly barbed downward ; achenium triangular, ribbed and minutely reticulated,

496 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

surmounted by a flattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as itself. — Wet sandy places,
Massachusetts, along the coast, to Virginia and southward.

$ 2. ELE6CHARIS PROPER. — Scales of the terete several - many-flowered spike

membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerve, imbricated in more than three ranks.

•* Achenium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-cleJl: spike dense,

many-flowered: culms rather slender, spongy. (ELEOGENUS, Nees.)

4. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8' -14' high) from
fibrous roots; spike globose-ovoid and with aye oblong, obtuse (dull brown); the
scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in many ranks ; style 3-
( rarely 2-) cleft; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the
length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. —
Muddy places ; everywhere common.

5. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slen
der matted rootstocks (2' -4' high); spike ovate, acutish, 20 - 30-flowered ; scales
ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated in many ranks (purple with a green mid-
rib and slightly scarious margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked
with a narrow tubercle, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles. — Inundated
sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey near the coast, and southward.

6. E. palustris, R. Brown. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high),
from running rootstocks; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales
ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest
rounded and often enlarged ; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually
4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucescens, WiM.l): culms slender or fili-
form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the
achenium. — Var. CALVA (E. calva, Torr.)'. bristles wanting; tubercle short,
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York,
Crawe). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; or in
low grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.)

* •* Achenium triangular : style 3-cleft : bristles sometimes few and fragile or alto-
gether wanting. (SciRpfoiUM, Nees, nearly.)
«- Spike much broader than thefllifonn or slender culm : scales imbricated in several

ranks, brownish or purplish with scarious whitish margins, l^nerved.
•-«• Bristles 4-6, longer than the achenium, stout and bearded downward.

7. E. I'OStellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect
(l°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute, 12-
ZQ-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth,
obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is
overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), Penn Yan,
New York (Sartwell), and Michigan. — Allied to S. multicaulis of Eu.

8. E. intermedia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6' -12' long) ;
spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely W-lS-flowered (2" -3" long); scales oblong,
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achecium smooth, obovoid with

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 497

a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle,
which nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth !) — Wet slopes ; com-
mon northward.

** •*-*• Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium .and fragile, or none.

9. E. teniliS, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular
(1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acutish, 20 - 30-flowered (3" long) ;
scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ;
achenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small
depressed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting.
(E. elliptica, Kunth!) — Wet meadows and bogs ; common.

10. E. COmprcssa, Sullivant. Culms flat, strongly striate, slender,
erect (1|° high) ; spike ovate-oblong, 20 - 30-flowered (4" long) ; scales lanceolate-
ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit, the latter
2-cleft; achenium obovate-pear-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted,
crowned with a small globular-conical tubercle ; bristles none (rarely a single rudi-
ment).— Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run-
ning rootstocks, £" broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying.

11. E. mclaiiocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'
- 18' high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered
(3" - 6" long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious
margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit
entirely covered like a lid by the flatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen-
tre into a short abrupt triangular point; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon
blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu-
setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked,
as in the first division of § 2.

12. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms flatfish, thread-like (1°- 2° high); spike
cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long), thickish; scales ovate,
very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3
prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical
acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskem), and
southward.

H- •*- Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm : scale*
few-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back.

13. E. Rofrbinsii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like
fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate ; scales of the
pointed spike 3-9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar-
gins ; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half the
length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-
shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire
(Bobbins), to Rhode Island, Thurber, &c. — Spike varying from $' to 1' long, by
1" wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like. /r~

$ 3. CELETOCYPERUS, Nees. — Scales of the compressed few - several-flowered
spike membranaceous, 2 - 3-ranked: bristles 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious : style 3-cleft .
achenium triangular or somewhat terete : culms small and capillary.
42*

4:98 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* Achenium obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides.

14. E. acicillaris, K. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2' -8' long),
more or less 4-an rular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse
(greenish with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 ribbed
angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri-
ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular.
(S. trichodes, Muhl., &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common.
(Eu.)

# * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides.

15. E. pygm&a, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (!'-
2' high) ; spike ovate, 3 - B-flowered ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather
acute ; achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a
minute tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S.
pusillus, Vahl.? Cha3tocyperus polymorphus, Nees?) — Brackish marshes and
river-banks, as far as salt water reaches.

16. E. mici'OCarpa, var. ? filiCUlmiS, Torr. " Culms capillary or
thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3' -4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15-25-
flowered ; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut
without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut-color." — Wet places, in the pine
barrens of New Jersey, Torrey.

6. SCIRPUS, L. BOLKUSH. CLUB-BUSH.

Spikes many - several-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub-
tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten-
sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly
imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens
mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at &e base, wholly deciduous,
or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian-
gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing.
Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latiu name of the Bulrush.)

§ 1. SCIRPUS PROPER. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed downwards.

* Spike single, terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or overtop-
ping it, few-flowered : culms slender, jointless, leaf-bearing only at the base (style
3-cleft : achenium triangular, smooth).

1 . S. csespitosus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base,
in compact turfy tufts (3' - 10' high) ; the upper sheath prolonged into a short
awl-shaped leaf,- spike ovoid, rusty-color ; the 2 lower scales bract-like, callous-
pointed, and as long as the spike ; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly
short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, and N. New York. Also high mountains of Virginia ? (Eu.)

2. S. planifolillS, Muhl. Culms triangular, loosely tufted (5' - 10' high),
leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long as the culm, rough on the edges and
keel, as is the culm ; spike ovate or oblong, rusty -color ; scales ovate, with a
strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip, the lowest about as long as the
spike ; bristles 4-6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium. — Diy or
moist woods, Delaware to New England, June.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 499

3. S. SllbterminaliS, Torr. Culms (l°-3° long) and slender terett
leaves immersed and cellular ; spike overtopped by a green bract, which appears like
a prolongation of the culm, oblong, raised out of the water; scales scarcely
pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed
achcnium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michi-
gan, and westward. Aug.

* * Spikes clustered (rarely reduced to one), appearing lateral by the extension of the.

one-leaved involucre exactly like a continuation of the naked culm.

•»- Culm triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks : spikes many-flowered,

rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing.

4. S. piin^reilS, Vahl. Culm sharply 3-angled throughout (1°- 4° high),
with concave sides; lear>es 1-3, elongated (4' -10' long), keeled and channelled;
spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf;
scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between
the • acute lobes ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage ;
style 2-cleft ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate
smooth achenium. (S. triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) —
Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. — This is the species
generally used for making rush-bottom chairs. (Eu.)

5. S. Oliicyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout
(2° -7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short 3-angular leaf or none, spikes 6-
12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious
apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bris-
tles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex mucronate achenium. — Salt
marshes, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes, Khode Island, Olney, and New Jersey,
Knieskern ; also southward. July. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-rayed,
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. triqueter,
which has similar anthers and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its
culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate-
stalked.

6. S» T6rreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender
(2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri-
angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long
overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire,
barely mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate
very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucrotiatus, Pursh ? Torr. Fl. N. Y.)
— Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July,
Aug. — (S. mucronatus, L., should it be found in the country, will be known
by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf
bent to one side, &c.)

•»- •*- Culm terete, naked.

7. S. lacustris, L. (BULRUSH.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually
tapering at the apex (3° -8° high), the sheath bearing a small lineal -awl-shaped
leaf or none ; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a conrpound umbel-like panick
turned to one side, rusty-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles \ - 6 ; achenium

500 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

obovate, mucronate, plano-convex. — Our plant appears constantly to hs ve a 2
cleft style, and the scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus, Vahl.
& S. acutus, MuhL — Fresh-water ponds and lakes ; common. July. — Culm
as thick as the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral
leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.)

8. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6' -12' high), striate, tufted, from
fibrous roots, leafless, or 1 -leaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (1-8) in a sessile
cluster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1 -leaved involucre ;
scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2-3-cleft; bristles 4-6, longer than
the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted achenium, or
rarely obsolete. ® — Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.

# # # Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered : involu-
cre leafy : culm leafy, triangular , and with closed joints below (style 3-cleft).
H- Scales of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-deft at the apex.

9. S. Hiaritimtis, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal;
spikes few - several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays
bearing 1-3 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; achenium obovate-
orbicidar, much compressed, fiat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, mi-
nutely pointed, shining, longer than thel-G unequal and deciduous (sometimes
obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh.) is a
larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming 1'- 1£' long,
and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on
the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug. — Heads beset
with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.)

10. S. fluviutilis. (RIVER CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, broadly linear
(y or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very
ong involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated,
rxurved-spreading, bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; acheni-
um obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely
equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn. Ell.)
— Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois.
July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° - 4° high. Leaves rough-
ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest l°-2°
long. Principal rays of the umbel 3' -4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads f
to \\' long, paler and duller than in No. 9 ; the scales less lacerate and the awns
less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different.

H- H- Scales of the small compound-umbelled and clustered heads mucronate-tipped.

11. S. SylvdtiCUS, L. Culm leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves broadly linear,
flat, rough on the edges ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular ; the numerous
spikes clustered (3-10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive-
green turning brownish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole length, straight,
scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium. — Low grounds, N. New
England and northward. — Var. ATROVIRENS (S. atrovirens, MuhL) is a form
with the spikes (10-30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501

meadows, &c., New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and north-
ward. July. (Eu.)

12. S. polyphyllllS, Vahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; spikes
clustered in heads of 3 - 8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ;
bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards tlie summit only, about twice the
length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pwrsh. S. brunneus, Muhl.) — Swamps
and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July.
— Intermediate in character between the last and the next.

§2. TRICH6PHORUM, Richard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled,
naked, not barbed, much longer than the (triangular) achenium, when old projecting
beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, involucre, frc. as in the last species.)

13. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3°high); leaves
linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and axillary,
loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 - 3-leaved involucre much
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on
thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate
green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W.
New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

14. S. Erioplioriiiii, Michx. (WOOL-GRASS.) Culm nearly terete,
very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, Ifcng, rigid, those of the invo-
lucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length
drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi-
celled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless
scales; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) — Var. CYPERi-
NUS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in
small heads. Var. LAXUS (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the heads scattered,
the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the
umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward
and southward. July -Sept.

7. E It I 6 I'll OKU HI, L. COTTON-GRASS.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri-
anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much
longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white
tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe-
rennials. (Name from epioi/, wool or cotton, and <£opa, bearing.)

# Bristles of the fiower only 6, crisped, white ; spike single : small, involucre none.

1. E. nlpiiiuiii, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running
rootstock (6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. —
Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far north warl. May,
June. (Eu.)

# * Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit.
•*- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none : wool silvery white.

2. E. vaginatiim, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only a*, the

502 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, tri-
angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matu-
rity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ;
rare. June. (Eu.)

•H- -- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate.

3. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2° -4° high); leaves narrowly
linear, elongated, flat ; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty or
copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low
meadows ; common. July, Aug.

4. E. poly si achy oil, L. Culm rigid (l°-2° high), obscurely triangu-
lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre
2-3-kaved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon-
gated in fruit; achenium obovate ; wool white, very straight (!' long or more).
— Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not
of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.) has smooth peduncles. —
Var. LATIF^LIUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Toir., $r.) has rough
peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in
bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous,
indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnaeus founded it. June,
July. (Eu.)

5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular;
leaves slender, channelled-lriangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale-
like, mostly l-leaved; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti-
cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, New
England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when
mature the copious white wool £' to |' long. Scales brownish, several-nerved,
or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color,
and about 3-nerved. (Eu.)

8. FOIBRISTYL.IS, Vahl. (Species of SCIRPUS, L.)

Spikes several -many-flowered, terete; the scales all floriferous, regularly im-
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens 1-3. Style
2-3-cleft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4)
from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in
Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the
involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)

$ 1. FIMBKISTYLIS PROPER. — Style 2-cleft, mostly fiat and dliate on the
margins, falling away with the bulbous base from the lenticular achenium; scales of
the many-fiowered spike very closely imbricated.

1. F. Spadicea, Vahl. Culms (l°-2£° high) naked above, rigid, as are
the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming
cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; acheniuri minutely
ttriate and dotted. y. (F. cylindrica, Vahl.) — Salt marshes along tho coast
New York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept.

CTPKRACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 508

2. F. 1A\n, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high), weak, grooved and flat-
tish; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy; spikes ovate,
acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; acheniwn 6-8^ribbed on each side, and with finer cross
lines. Qi) (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly
clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept.

$ 2. TRICHEL6STYLIS, Lestib. — Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular: other-
wise nearly as in § 1.

3. F. autumnalis, Roam. & Schult. Low (3' -9' high), in tufts; culms
flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes ob-
long, acute (l"-2" long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo-
late, mucronate ; stamens 1-3. (I) (Scirpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds,
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct.

^3. ONCOST YLIS, Martius. — Style 3-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or less
persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium.

4. F. capillaris. Low, densely tufted (3'-9' high); culm and leaves
nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short ; umbel compound or pani-
cled; spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled,
very obtuse. (D (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c., common, especially south-
ward. Aug. - Sept.

9. FUlRfeNA, Rottboll. UMBRELLA-GRASS.

Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu-
lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. sqtiarro§a, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths
hairy ; spikes ovoid-oblong (£' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread-
ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn-pointed, the interposed bris-
tles minute. — Var. P^JMILA, Torr. is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with 2-6
spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. 1J. — Sandy wet
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan; northward
mostly the small variety. Aug.

10. PSILOCARYA, Torr. BALD-RUSH.

Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri-
cated in several ranks ; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu-
ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans-
versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms
leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from tyi\os, bare, and
icapua, nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.)

1. P. SCirpoideS, Torr. Spikes 20-30-flowered; scales oblong-ovate,
acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-

504 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined ; culm 4' - 9' high : leaves flat
(D — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July.

11. IMCHKOUIENA, Richard. DICHROMENA.

Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head,
many-flowered; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3.
Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the
broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the
leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from Si's,
double, and xpco/ia, color).

1. !>• leilCOCepliala, Michx. Culm triangular ; leaves narrow ; invo-
lucre 5-7-leaved; achenium truncate, not margined. 1J. — Damp pine barrens
of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August.

12. CERATOSCHOBNUS, Nees. HORNED RUSH.

Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers.
Scales few and loosely imbricated; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5-6
rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united
at the baso. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long
and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex-
serted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achenium. —
Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or
compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of /cc'pas, a horn, and
tr^ou/off, a rush.)

1. C. COrniClllata, Nees. Cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped,
stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and
southward. August. — Culm 3° - 6° high. Leaves £' wide. Fruit with the
taper beak 1' long.

2. C. macrostachya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes
closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of
ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward.
(Some states occur intermediate between this and the last.)

13. R1EYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RTTSH.

Spikes ovate, few - several-flowered ; the lower of the loosely imbricated
scales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (01
rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular
or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle).
— Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in
terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads : flowering in summer. (Name
composed of pvyxos, a snout, and OTropa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.)
* Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less flattened, bristles upwardly denticulate.

1. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear ($' wide); cymes
corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the

(SEDGE FAMILY.) 505

length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. —
Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

2. B. Toireyana, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender; leaves bristk-form ;
cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pediceUed ; achenium oblong-obo-
vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical
tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward.

3. B. iiH'\g>:iiisa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin-
ear ; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong t
half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub-
ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

# # Achenium smooth and even, lenticular.
H- Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards.

4. B. fit scsi, Roem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium
obovate, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword-
ghaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds,
New Jersey to New Hampshire : rare. July. — Culm 6' - 12' high. (Eu.)

5. B. gracileilta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2 - 4
small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the
bristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds,
S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high.

-*- •*- Bristles denticulate or barbed downwards (in No. 9 both ways).

6. B* alba, Vahl. Leaves almost bridle-form ; spikes (whitish) several in a
corymbed cluster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the
9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle ; stamens usually
anli/ 2. — Bogs; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. —
Culm slender, 12' -20' high. (Eu.)

7. B. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal
cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate (pale
chestnut-color, J' long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled,
about half the length of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-
beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York and
Michigan. — Culm 6' - 9' high, slender.

8. B. Kllieskemii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikes nu-
merous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1''
long) ; achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the
length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on
bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Knieskern), and southward; rare. — Culm*
tufted, 6' - 18' high, slender. j

9. B. glomerata, Vahl. Leaves linear, flat ; spikes numerous in distant
clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong
(chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long
as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly
barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — Culm
l°-2° high. — A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray.

43

506 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

10. R. CCplialantlia, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, fiat, keeled ; spifa*
very numerous, crowded in 2-3 or more dense globular heads which are distant (and
often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achenium orbicular-obovate, mar-
gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upwards. — Sandy
swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° - 3° high :
the fruit, &c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked
variety.

14. CL.ADIUM, P. Browne. Twio-Rusn.

Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones
empty, one or two above bearing a staminato or imperfect flower; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decid-
uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Rhynchospora.
(Name from *Xa<W, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the branching styles
of some species.)

1. C. nmriSCOides, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high);
leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes small ; the spikes
clustered in heads 3- 8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft. (Schcenus,
Muhl.} — Bogs, New England to Penn., Ohio, and northward. July.

15. SCL.ERIA, L. NUT-RUSH.

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1 -flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lowei
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony,
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. — Perennials, with triangulai
leafy culms. (Name (TK\r)pia% hardness, from the bony or crustaceous fruit.)
*< Achenium smooth and polished : its base surrounded by an obscurely triangular crus-
taceous ring or disk : stamens 3.

1. S. triglonitir&ta, Michx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear
leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters,
the lower peduncled; achenium ovoid-globnlar, slightly pointed (2" broad).-—
Low grounds, Vermont to Wisconsin, &c. ; common southward. July.

* =* Achenium reticulated, seated on a flatfish disk of 3 conspicuous and ovate-lan-
ceolate entire scale-like lol^es : stamens 2.

2. S. reticillfsris, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly
linear ; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-peduncled ; ache-
nium globular, deeply pitted betiveen the regular reticulations, not hairy. — Sandy
swamps, Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, Virginia, and southward : rare.
August.

3. S. laxa, Torr. . Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear;
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping; achenium globular,
pitted and somewhat spirally marked with minutely hairy wrinkles. — Sandy swamps,
Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Too like the last.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507

# * * Achenium warty-roughened, but shining and white : disk a narrow ring sup-
porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3.

4. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish ; culms slen-
der (9-' -18' high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower
lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S
and W. New England, W. New York, and southward. July.

# * * * Disk none : achenium white, rough with minute tubercles : stamens 1-2.

5. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6'- 10*
high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile clusters;
bracts minute; leaves linear; achenium globular (small). — Swamps, Yates
County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg),
Ohio (Lesquereux), and southward. June.

16. CAKEX, L. SEDGE.*

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either borne together
in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, verj
rarely on distinct plants (dioecious). Scales of the spikes 1-flowered, equallj
imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat-
ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form-
ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium), contracted towards the
apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is
crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style.
Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the perigynium. — Perennial
herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often

* Contributed by JOHN CARET, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note. \

" In arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre-
hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es-
pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to
the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to
be modified or changed. Indeed, most of my subsections would, in a monograph of the genus,
require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions. I have thought it an as-
sistance to the student to give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have
adopted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char-
acters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under
euch subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as
nearly together as I could ; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange-
ment. It might, however, have been done-with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more
comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophorse, from its manifest
convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I
am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto
more artificial arrangement in general iise, — that a student, when acquainted with one species
of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-species for himself, whilst a merely artificial
enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased
difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon
principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge of
structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived
from the number and position of the spikes. I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be
an assistance to others in doing far better, hereafter." Ed. 1. — The additions and alteration*
in the present edition are mainly from notes obligingly furnished by Mr. Carey.

508 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILT.}

in dense tufts. Culms triangular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and
leaf-like or scale-like bracts ; commonly with thin membranaceous sheaths at
the base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy,
usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi-
cation ; derived by some from careo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly
sterile; and by others from Kei'pw, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.)

ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS.

A. Spike Bolitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like. - -

(This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combine*
species having no real natural affinity.) — PSYLLOPHOR^E, Loisel.
$ 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-3.
2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No. 4-7.

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer-

tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. - PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 8 -10.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessile,

forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or de-
compound spikes. Stigmas 2. — VIGNEA, Beauv.
$ 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11 - 18.

2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 14 - 28.

3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at i he base No. 29-41.

D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple

spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper-
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all
pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or
only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAKEX PBOPER.

* Perigynia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak.
f 1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute
straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with
purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 - 3, or the terminal spike
androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42 - 57.

2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or
oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex-
cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No.
58 - 71.

3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute
straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile.
No. 72, 73.

4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or
recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green
and leaf-like (except in No. 74). No 74 - 81

6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white
and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal spike
all staminate, or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a tew
sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro-
longation. No. 82, 83.
* * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged.

6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana-
ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves
all radical, long and narrow Staminate spike solitary. No 84-90.

7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire
or slightly notched orifice Bracts long and leaf-like : culms tall and leafy. Staminats
spike solitary (in No 91 pistillate at the summit) : fertile spikes erect (except in No. 91).
No. 91 -93.

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509

f 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a
(Straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small mcmbranaceous teeth. Staminate spike
solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No. 94 - 97.
9. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak,
terminating in 2 distinct inembranaceous teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity.
Staminate spike solitary. No. 98 - 101.

10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate
spikes usually 2jor more. No. 102 - 105.

11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with
a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1-
6. No. 106-112.

12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2-
toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120.

18. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab-
rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread-
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike Staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex.
No. 121, 122.

14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at
maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spike*
2-3. No. 123 -132.

A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-
like. — PsTLLdpHORJs, Loisel.

4 1. Spike dioecious, or the fertile merely with a few Staminate flowers at the base.

# Stigmas 2 : leaves att radical, bristle-form.

*• C5. gry no crates, Wormskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely
rough at the top ; barren spike linear ; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri-
gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar-
rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity,
longer than the acute or acutish scale. (C. dioica, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps,
Wayne County, New York (Sartwell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.)

2. C. exiliS, Dew. Culm rough; spike rarely all Staminate and filiform,
but commonly fertile with a few Staminate flowers at the base, densely flowered,
occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile
flowers ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few flne nerves only on the
convex side, serrulate on the margin, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer
than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the
coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York.

* * Stigmas 3 : leaves flat.

3. C» SCirpoidea, Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perigynia ovoid,
with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the length of
the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. C. Michauxii, Schw.)
— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes, $*c.), Wil-
loughby Mt., Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, Michigan, and northward.

§ 2. Spike androgynous, Staminate at the summit.
* Stigmas 2 : leaves bristle-form.

4. C. Capitata, L. Spike small* roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip-
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, longer

43*

510 CYPERACEJS. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Bobbins, Oakes. (Eu.)

* # Stigmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm.

5. C. pauciflora, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2 ;
perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed, straw-colored; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin,
Ehrh.) — Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.)

6. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm slender; spike very small, few-
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly
nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. lepta-
lea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs; common.

* * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very broad (!' - !£'), longer than the naked culm.

7. C. Frasca'isVna, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves with-
out a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins
(9' -18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm : spike
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro-
nateiy tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse
scale ; often with a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich woods,
mountains of Penn. ? Virginia, and southward; rare. — A most remarkable
species, with no obvious affinity to any other.

B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit ; bracts and
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri-
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much
exceeding the short, almost radical culms.) — PHYLI^STACHYS, Torr. & Gr.

8. C. Willdendvii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated ; peri-
gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak ;
achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass., "W.
New York, and southwestward.

9. C. Stcudelii, Kunth. Sterile flowers 10 - 15, rather loosely imbricated
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth,
with a long and abrupt rough beak ; achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very
minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N.
New York to Illinois and Kentucky.

10. C. ISacKii, Boott. Sterile flower-s 3, inconspicuous; perigynia 2-4, loose,
qlobose-ovoid with a conical beak, smooth throughout ; achenium globose-pyriform,
scarcely dotted ; stigmas smooth. — /Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom,
Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous,
than in the last two.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11
and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic-
ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2 : achenium lenticular. — -
VIGN&A, Beauv.

4 1. Spikes approximated, with the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situ-
ated; perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak •.

, CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 511

bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter
than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — SiccXx^E.

11. C. bromoicles, Schk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some
of the central ones wholly fertile ; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper-
ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style
jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally
dioecious.

12. C. Siccfita, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost, and commonly
I — 3 of the lowest, fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently all staminate ; peri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the
length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. C. Lid-
doni, ed. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north-
westward.

13. C. Sartwellii, Dew. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief-
ly staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, the
margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate,
pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sart-
well), to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu.

§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit.

# Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity:
spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white membrana-
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly
prolongation. — PANICULATE.

14. C. teretitiSCllla, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches,
forming a slender crowded spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex,
short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-
shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid-
pyriform, obtusely triangular. (C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wold.) — Swamps ;
common, especially northward. (Eu.)

Var. major, Koch. Spikes more panicled; perigynia rather narrower.
(C. paniculata, var. minor, ed.l. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Deiv.)
Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

15. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense-
ly-crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un-
equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom-
posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Penn., Illinois, and south'
westward.

* * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2-
toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with nu-
merous small very dense/y-Jlowered heads : -scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with
the green keel prolonged into a rough point : bracts short and resembling
them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle- shaped, and much ex-
ceeding the culm. —

512 CYrET!ACEJE. (SEDGE FAMII Y.)

16. C. vnl piiioidca, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or lesg
interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (l£'-2£' long); pcrigynia cvate from a
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi-
flora, Muhl C. bracteosa and C. polymorpha, Schw. C. micrcisperma, WaU.)

— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more strongly
serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows; very common. — Varies ex-
ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak.

# # * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous,
with a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distinct-
ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21), widely spreading and yellour'at
maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound :
scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle-shaped,
shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULPINE.

17. C» crilS-c6rvi, Shuttleworth. ?Spike very large, decompound, the
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often
^.-toothed at the base ; perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate base into
a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base.
(C. sicaeformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and
southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often
somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves £' wide.

18. C. Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis-
tinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering
from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale ; style not tumid at the base. ( C. vul-
pmoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds; common.

19. C. Vlllpilia, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and
dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike; peri-
gynia compressed, tapering from a broadly -ovate base into a beak not much longer than
the scale ; achenium oval ; style tumid at the base. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky.

— A tall, robust species, 3° -4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably thick
rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more
compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forma
with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to No. 22; which, l,ow-
ever, is distinguished by the margined and nerveless perigynia. (Eu.)

20. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes
oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, very obscurely nerved, ovate from a broad trun-
cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; achenium pyri-
form; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima, Dew.) —
Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Much resembling the last,
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the
nearly nerveless perigynia, and the different achenium and style.

21. C. imiricata, L. Spikes 4 - 6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the
lowermost sometimes a little remote ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com-
pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the
scale; achenium ovate, base of the style not tumid. — Fields, M issachusetts (in^
troduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky ; rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the last,
the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering boak. ^Eu.)

CYPERACE^E, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513

* # * * Per 'gynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem-
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26)*
2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes
tawny cr white: bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. —

22. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid; the upper ones ag-
gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; periyynia broadly-ovate, nerveless,
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ;
achenium roundish -ovate ; style short, tumid at the base, — Var. CEPHALOfDEA is a
reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong
head; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. cepha-
loidea, £ C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not rare: the var. in
fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves ; some-
times with 1 - 2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound
spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough).

23. C. cephal6phora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat-
ed in a short ovoid head; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves' on the
outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and
style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods and fields ; common.

24. C. ftluhlenbergii, Schk. Spikes 5-7, closely approximate, forming
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved
on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium or-
bicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south-
ward. — Plant 12' - 18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of
each spike.

25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others
all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each
spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the
broadly ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-flow-
ered spikes. (Var. RADIATA, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckerman.) — Moist woods
and meadows ; common.

26. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approximate, the 1-2 lowest
distinct but not remote ; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-Ian'
ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointeft
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr,t
Cyp. ) — Copses and moist meadows ; less common than the last, from which it
is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales,
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and
beak of the perigynium.

* # # # * Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture,
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire
or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri-
gynium, crowned with the short thick style : bracts like the scales (brown),
the lowest with a prolonged point : rootstock creeping. — CHORDORH!Z^E.

27. C. Chordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root-
stock (4' -9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap-

514 OYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

pressed leaves ; spikes aggregated into an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, 9. little
longer than the scale. — Cold peafr-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

28. C. tenella, Schk. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2
fertile flowers; perigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk.
supp., not of L. C. disperma, Dew. C. gracilis, ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold
swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe-
cies, 6'- 12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tufts. (Eu.)

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base.

# Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely
aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming
whitish or silvej-y : scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES.

H- Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, with a smooth or mi-
nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex.

29. C, trisperma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile
flowers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous
slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on
mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — Re-
sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms,
l°-2°long.

30. C. teillliflora, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated;
perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps,
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

31. C. canescens, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about
12 - 20-flowered) , the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower-
most remote ; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta,
Good. C. Richardi, Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially
northward. (Eu.)

' Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller
and roundish 6 - 1 5-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var,
sphserostachya, ed. 1. C. tenella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries. %
C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphaerostachya and C. Bucklcyi, Dew.) — On moun-
tains, and high northward. (Eu.)

•»- •»- Perigynia thickened only at the base, obscurely nerved on the outer side, tapering
into a rough 2-toothed beak.

32. C» Deweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4 ; the 2 uppermost approxi-
mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate,
rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England
to Wisconsin, and northward.

* * Spikes ovoid or obovoid. more or less clustered ; perigynia concave-convex, com-
vressed, margined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothed beak, often tawny
at maturity : scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, usually
falling before the maturity of the spikes (in No. 34 persistent, very long and
lea£like.)

(SEDGE FAMILY.) 515

•»- Spikes small ; perigynia thick and spongy at the base, and with a ri<jid margin,
not dilated. — STELLTJLAT.E.

33. C. Stelllllata, Good. Spikes 3-5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at
maturity; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped base, widely
spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate acute scale ; 'achenium ovate, ab-
ruptly contracted into a minute stalk ; style slightly tumid at the base. — Var.
BCIRPOIDES has smaller more approximate spikes, the perigynia ovate from a
rounded or truncate base, narrower and less acute scales, and a very short style.
(C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Var. STERILIS has the spikes occasionally dioecious, or

' the staminate ones with but few fertile flowers, and the pistillate nearly destitut^
of barren ones ; the culms stouter and rigidly erect ; and the leaves generally
glaucous ; achenium rounder, with a more tapering base, and the style scarcely
tumid at the base. (C. sterilis, Schk.) — Var. ANGUSTATA has about 4 aggre-
gated spikes, with narrowly lanceolate perigynia tapering into a long slightly rough
beak, more than twice the length of the blunt scale ; the achenium oblong. —
Swamps and wet meadows ; common, especially northward. (Eu.)
•«- •*- Spikes rather large : perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a mora
or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — OvALES.

34. C. sycllllOCepliala, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short
compound spiked head subtended by 3 very long unequal leafy bracts ; perigynia taper-
ing from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat ex-
ceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not
of L.) — Jefferson County (Vasey fr Knieskern) and Little Falls, New York,
Vasey. — Different in habit from all the rest of this section, and recognized at
once by the ovoid compound spike, seated at the base of the long leafy bracts,
by which the lower spikes are partly concealed.

35. C. arida, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate (|; long), oblong-
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate
scale; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet
meadows, Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. — In its characters scarce-
ly distinguished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; a much
larger plant, with long, dry, and chaffy -looking spikes.

36. C. scopfiria, Schk. Spikes 5-8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more
or less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head ; perigynia narrowly lanceo-
late, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; ache-
nium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows ; everywhere common. —
Spikes brownish or straw-colored when ripe.

37. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15, approximate; perigynia
ovate-lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-oblong rather obtuse scale ; ache-
nium narrowly oval, on a short stalk. — Var. CRISTATA has the spikes closely
aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. (C. cristata, Schw. $• Torr.) — Wet
fields ; equally common with the last, from which it is distinguished only by the
more numerous shorter spikes, and shorter less tapering perigynia and scales.
The variety has the spikes crowded into an ovate head, to which the diverging
points of the fruit give a squarrose appearance.

!<

V or
UNIVERSITY

516 CYPERACE/.. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

38. C. adftsta, Boott. Spikes 4-10, approximate or rather distant, ovate
or at length club-shaped (straw-color or pale chestnut) ; perigynia ovate with a
tapering beak, slightly winged, rather obscurely nerved, especially on the upper side,
equalling the scale in length and breadth. — Rhode Island (Olney), New York
(S. T. Carey, $*c.), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., with the smaller form),
and northward. — Much like some forms of the next, but the spikes more chaffy,
the perigynia tapering into a longer beak.

39. C. festlicacea, Schk. Spikes 6-8, obovoid or club-shaped, the lower
distinct; perigynia ovate, narrowly winged, with a short beak, longer than the ovate »

.lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, broadly oval. — Var. TENERA has (3-5)
smaller spikes, which are more distant on the slender, flexuose, sometimes nod-
ding stem. (C. tenera, Dew.) — Var. MIRABILIS has (6-8) rounder approx-
imate spikes, with fewer staminate flowers, and the perigynia somewhat spread-
ing. (C. mirabilis, Dew.} — About fields and fences ; rather common, especially-
northward. — A stiff and rigid species, often of a pale-green appearance, except
the first variety, which has commonly brownish heads, and a weak stem.

40. C. fttenea, Muhl. Spikes 4 -W, ovoid, approximate, the lower rarely
compound, of a glaucous-green color ; perigynia ovate, winged, with a short beak,
scarcely longer than the oblong and bluntish white scale ; achenium on a short
stalk, oval. — Salt or brackish marshes, on the sea-coast, Rhode Island (Olney)
to Virginia, and southward. — Much like the last, from which it differs princi-
pally in the color of the spikes, and in the constantly erect and more broadly-
margined perigynia. The culm is smooth and stout.

41 C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes (about 6), roundish-ovoid, approximate ;
perigynia orbicular-ovate, much compressed, broadly and membranaceously winged,
with a short abrupt beak a little longer than the lanceolate scale ; achenium
nearly sessile, oval. — Borders of woods and in fields ; rather common. — The
larger forms have a remarkably wide wing, often brown on the margin, giving a
variegated appearance to the soft and flaccid spikes. In the smaller forms the
heads are fewer (3-4) and more rigid, owing to the narrower wings of the
perigynia. \

I>. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less
stalkeW) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes
constantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at th
base or apex : stigmas 3 : achenium sharply triangular (only 2 stigmas and thft
achenium lenticular in No. 42-51 and 58). — CAREX Proper.

$ 1. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 51), terminating
in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glaucous-green when young, be-
coming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly
black at maturity : pistillate scales blackish-purple (brown in No. 51 and 57),
giving a dark appearance to the spikes.

* Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers : pistillate
spikes 3-5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex : bract of the lowest spike
leaf-like, with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and T?ry minute
sheaths, or none. ( Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.)

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517

•<- Stigmas 2 (in No. 42 sometimes 3) : perigynium lenticular. — ActJTJS.
** Scales awnless, mostly obtuse.

42. C. rigicla, Good. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical,
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the
length of the culm, with rounded auricles ; stigmas 2-3, mostly 2 ; perigynia el-
liptical, with an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved,
about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the
top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., not of
L.) — Var. BiGEL6vii has 3-5 longer fertile spikes, the lowest on a long stalk,
spreading and sometimes remote. (C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtonia, Dew.
C. nigra, Schw. $• Torr., not of All.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N.
New England and New York, and high northward. (Eu.)

43. C. torta, Boott, Mss. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, commonly 1 ; fertile 3-4,
elongated, narrowly-cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base,
occasionally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender
stalks, at first erect, finally spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very
slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped,
shorter than their respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to
a distinct point, with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very
smooth, nerveless, or with 2-3 indistinct short nerves, the tips spreading or ob-
liquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale ; achenium
broadly obovate, much shorter than the perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves
slightly rough on the margin only. (C. verrucosa, Schwein. C. acuta, var.
sparsiflora, Dew.?) — Rills and wet banks, N. New England, New York, &c.,
and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Culm rather slender, 15' -2°
high, usually with 3 slender and nodding fertile spikes. It is well distinguished
by its smoothness, and by the spreading empty, tips of the perigynia.

44. C. VUJgariS, Fries. Sterile spike 1, rarely 2 ; the fertile 2-4, approx>
imated, oblong, erect, densdy-Jlowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the
lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with
small blackish rounded auricles ; perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially
towards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point,
longer than the obtuse appressed black scale ; culm slender, nearly smooth, except
at the top. (C. csespitosa, Good Sf Amer. aitth., not of L. C. Goodenovii, Gay.)
— Banks of streams, Ne\v England to Wisconsin and northward. — Grows in
small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 46), and varies in height from 3' to
18', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. From the last it differs in the
short thick spikes, and erect perigynia, and in the auricles of the bracts ; and
from the next, in the shape and nerves of the perigynium, and in the shorter,
black, appressed scale. (Eu.)

45. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer-
tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and
short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing,
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked,
without nerves, covered with ver) minute transparent dots, and sometimes very

44

518 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

slightly rough at the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and
much shortir than the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply triangular, smooth
below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. (C. acuta, var. erccta, Dew. ?)
— Wet meadows, Rhode Island ( Olney), and far westward. — Culm 1° - 2° high,
with commonly 2 fertile spikes |'-l£' in length, appearing somewhat bristly
from the long and spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder
perigynium and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it.

46. C. Stricta, Lam. (not of Good. ) Sterile spikes 1-3; infertile 2 - 4,
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short
stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding the
culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless or very obscurely few-nerved,
often minutely rough on tlie short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and
broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale; culm slender, sharply triangular,
rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves. (C. acuta,
MuM. fr Amer. auth., not of L, C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. angus-
tata, Boott.) — Var. STRfcTiOR has shorter and more densely flowered fertile
spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. strio
tior, Dew.} — Wet meadows and swamps; very common. Grows in large and
thick tufts, 2° -2£° high. The scales of the fertile spikes are very variable;
the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. This species and
the last have been referred to C. acuta, L., which has not been found in North
America.

47. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly* 2 - 3 ; the fertile 3 -5,
club-shaped, erect, densely flowered, sessile, or the lower on very short stalks ; bracts
long, 1 - 2 of the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate-elliptical, stalked, nerve-
less, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale ; culm
sharply triangular, rough towards the top, not much exceeding the pale-green
glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and
northward. — A rather robust species 2° - 3° high ; the thick fertile spikes 1' - 2'
long. (Eu.)

48. C. leilticillariS, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at tJte
top ; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (£'-!' long), sessile, or the lower short-
peduncled, densely-flowered ; bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-oval,
sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale ; culm (9' - 15' high) and leaves smooth
or nearly so. — Lake Avalanche, N. New York (Torrey), Lake Superior, and
northward.

*+ •*•+ Scales awned.

49. C. saliiia, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical,
erect, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-
elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless,, rather shorter tlian the roughly-
avmed dark-brown scale; culm rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. —
Coast of Massachusetts (near Chelsea? Greene), and far northward. (Eu.)

50. C. mnritillia, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each about 2 or 3
(1 long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; perigynia nearly orbicular,

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519

with a short entire point, much shorter than the lona-awned greenish scale ; culm
(1° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. palcacea, Wahl.) — Coast of
Massachusetts and northward ; rare. (Eu.)

51. C. ci'iiiifa, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often idth fertile flowers various-
ly intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2' -3' long), densely flowered, on
exserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceeding the culm ; pcrigynia roundish-
obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than
the oblong roughly -awned light-brown scale; culm (2° -4° high) rough and sharply
angled, leafy below ; the pale leaves 3" - 4" wide, also rough-edged. — Varies,
with the awns of the scales very long and the fruit imperfect (var. M6RBIDA,
Carey in Sill. Jour. & C. paleacea, Amer. auth., not of Wahl.) ; and with awns
not much longer than the scales (C. gynandra, Schw.). — Wet meadows and
borders of rills ; very common. — A variable but easily recognized species.

•*- •»- Stigmas 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more
or lens compressed : pistillate spikes borne on exserted flliform drooping stalks. —
LIM&S.E.

52. C. flacca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1 - 2 ; the fertile about 3, cylindrical,
on exserted drooping stalks, commonly staminate at the top; lower bract usually
shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; perigynia roundish-ovoid,
notched at the point, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles, about the length of
the obtuse or pointed black scale; culm sharply triangular, rough, taller than the
glaucous rigid leaves. (C. glauca, Scop. C. recurva, Huds. C. Barrattii,
Schw. $• Torr.) — Marshes of New Jersey, near the coast, Collins, Knieskern. —
A widely variable species. (Eu.)

53. C. limosa, L. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 1-2, oblong, 10-
2Q-flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow,
the lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about
equal to the ovate mucronate scale. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6' -12' high, erect, longer than the sharp
and rigid leaves. (Eu.)

54. C. irriglia, Smith. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, ovoid
or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or rarely with a few sterile flowers
at the base ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia
roundish-ovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering pointed scale.
(C. limosa, var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupercula, Michx.) — Peat-bogs, New Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than the last, growing in
clumps, with weaker nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.)

# * Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; the rest
all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — ATR\TJE.*

55. C. Buxbafmiii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, obovoid or oblong, the uppermost
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest some-

* C. VAHLII, Schk , of this group, occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Into
Royale, but has not yet been met with on the United States side.

520 CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

what remote; perigynia elliptical, obtuselj triangular, compressed, obscurely
nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate sharp-
pointed or short-awned (dark-brown or brownish) scale. (C. canescens, L., in
part.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; also southward
along the Alleghanies. (Eu.)

56. C, atra ta, L. Spikes 3-4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short fili-
form stalks, at length drooping; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point,
about the length of the ovate acute (brown or dark purple) scale. — Alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12' -15' high, with
rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first straw-color, mostly
becoming dark purple or nearly black. (Eu.)

57. C» Sliortiana, Dew. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less
distant, greenish turning straw-color, (2'-!?' l°n£>) an(l the lowest rather re-
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered ; the terminal one about half stami-
nate, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the 2-3 lower on short
stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a shoii, stalk,
with an extremely minute entire point, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat
obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. — Plant
l°-3°high.

$ 2. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved,
with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire 01
notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing : staminate spike solitary (except some-
times in No. 62), 07* androgynous and pistillate above; the rest all fertile.

# Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (short-stalked or sessile in No. 63, 64, in
No. 61 occasionally with 1-2 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6,
erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated exserted
stalks (short and included in No. 64) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in
No. 58 and 63) : perigynia with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glau-
cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes
spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58) : pistillate scales dark-brown
with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less

glaUCOUS.) — PANfCE^E.

58. C. ail I'C a., Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely jlowered, the lowest
often very remote ; perigynia obovate or pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate
acute scale ; stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy
banks, especially on limestone; New England to Wisconsin, and northward.
— A slender, delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts
exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex.

59. C. livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1 - 2, rarely with a third near the
base of the culm, lQ-15-flowei'ed: perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid nerves ,
tipped with a straight obtuse pointy rather longer than the ovate scale. (C.
limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine barrens,
New Jersey, Oriskany, New York, and high northward. — Occurs rarely with a
single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an wect stalk 6' -9'
long, arising from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid
and finely tapering. (Eu.)

CYPERACE2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 521

60. C. paiiicoa, L. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, ovoid, oblong, or cylin
drical, closely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young oblong, and contracted at each
end, at maturity roundish-obovoid, scarcely inflated, with more obscure nerves, and
a slightly-bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale ; achenium
triquetrous, flattened at the top, contracted towards the base, distinctly dotted under
a lens. (C. Meadii, Dew.) — Wet meadows and margins of streams, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and south westward. — Very variable in the length and thick-
ness of the fertile spikes, the slender forms approaching closely to the next ; in
both, the shape of the fruit varies greatly with age. (Eu.)

61. C. tetanica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical,
loosely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obo-
void, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or
awned scale; achenium ovoid-triquetrous, indistinctly dotted under a lens. (C. co-
noidea, Gray, Gi'am. fy Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of
lakes and rivers, N. New York to Michigan, and southward.

62. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spike usually solitary, or with 1 (rarely 2)
short additional ones at its base, the principal sometimes fertile at the apex ;
fertile spikes 3-6, remote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely
flowered, and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia ovoid-oblong,
obscurely nerved, with a short slightly bent point, longer than the rather obtuse
scale. (C. heterostachya, Torr.) — Clefts of rocks, Jefferson County, New York
(Crawe)y shore of Lake Ontario (Vasey), and N. Michigan (Bull). — A very
variable species, rigidly erect, 4' - 12' high, in some of its forms much resembling
the next ; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct
nerves, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long-
peduncled.

63. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occa-
sionally bearing a few fertile flowers ; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, densely
flowered, the lowest sometimes very remote, or near the root ; perigynia roundish-
ovoid, prominently nerved, with a minute slightly bent point, longer than the acute
scale ; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows ; very common.

64. C. TOrreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike short-stalked ; fertile spikes 2-
3, ovoid, closely approximate, all on included stalks ; perigynia roundish-obovoid,
obtuse, with conspicuous elevated nerves, and a distinct abrupt point, longer than the
ovate pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw.
mss. fr Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz ; and high northward. —
Probably often overlooked from its close external resemblance to the next, but
it is very distinct.

# * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 66) : pistillate spikea
2-5, erect, all on more or less' exserted stalks : bracts longer than the culm (ex-
cept in No. 66) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute (or almost
obsolete) point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity : pistillate scales tawny,
fading to white. — PALLESCENTES.

65. C. pallescens, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approX'
vnate ; perigynia ibovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. —
Var. UNDUIA.TA has the lower bract indented at the base with transverse waved

44*

522 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

lines. ( 3. undulata, Kunze.) — Meadows, New England to Penn. and north*
ward. — Plant 8' - 18' high, with slightly pubescent culm and leaves. (Eu.)

66. C. COnoidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk; fertile 2-3,
oblong, closely flcwered, the lower distant ; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed
nerves, slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than
the sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica,
Schw. 4* Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows ; rather common.

67. C. grlsea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-5, oblong, loosely flowered, remote,
and the lowest distant ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather longer than the ovate awned
scale. (C. laxiflora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Var. MtrxiCA has longer cylindrical
spikes, short-awned scales, and "the leaves and bracts pale green and glaucous.
(C. laxiflora? var. mutica, Torr. $• Or. C. flaccosperma, Dew.) — Moist woods
and meadows ; common, especially southward. The variety, with spikes 1'- 1£'
long, occurs in New Jersey (Knieskern) and in the South.

# * * Uppermost spike more or less pistillate at the apex (rarely all staminate) ;
pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted
Aliform and mostly drooping stalks: bracts equalling or often exceeding the
culm : perigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in
No. 70), green and membranaceous at maturity: pistillate scales tawny or
white. — GaAcf LLIM^J.

•*- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous.

68. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather
thick ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspic-
uously awned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) —
Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the
next (l£°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes.

69. C. forniosa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 -
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigynia somewhat contracted at
each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows ;
Massachusetts to W. New York.

70. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender ; perigynia obtuse
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned scale. (C. digita-
lis, Schw. Sc Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky,
Wisconsin, and northward. — When this species occurs with the uppermost
spike altogether staminate, it resembles C. arctata ; but is readily distinguished
by the obtuse, beakless, and sessile perigynium.

•*- +- Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-pedunded or nearly sessile.

71. C. sestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri-
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale ;
achenium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent : otherwise
nearlj- as the last, but a smaller plant (l°-l£° high). — Saddle Mountain, W.
Massachusetts (Dewey), Pokono Mountain, Penn. (Darlington $• Townsend), and
along the Alleghanies to Virginia and southward.

f 3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 73 becoming smooth at maturity),
slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a minut«

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523

abrupt straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the
lowest exceeding the culm : pistillate scales tawny or white : ipikes 2-4, erect,
the uppermost androgynous, pistillate at the apex and club-shaped; the rest all fer

tile. — VlRESCENTES.

72. C. VireSCens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks; peri-
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ;
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Eocky woods and hill-sides, New
England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough and slender, 1° - 2° high;
fertile spikes £' - 1 ' long.

73. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate;
perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at matu-
rity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy, leaves more or less
so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. $- Torr., not of Michx.) — Varies
with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and the leaves nearly smooth. (C.
hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. fr Torr.) — Woods and meadows; rather com-
mon ; the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes £' - f ' long.

4 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi-
nating in a short entire rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at
maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate
spikes 2-5, few-flow&'ed, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base
of the culm.

# Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheathing bracts
(except sometimes the lowest), shorter than the spikes, or not much exceeding them :
perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and
in fniit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely and closely
nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANXAofNE^B.

74. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5-
8-flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish at the apex.
(C. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hill-sides in rich soil, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward in the Alleghanies.

75. C. Careya.ua, Torr. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, ovoid or oblong, about 3 -x5-
flowered, bracts green, the upper about equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat
exceeding them; perigynia large (2" -2^" in length); leaves dark green. — In
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare.

76. C. platyphylla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, filiform, loosely 3-4-Jlou>-
ered; bracts as in the last; perigynia small ; culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-
green. — In similar situations with No. 74, and with the same range.

# * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile spikes 2-4, all on jUi~
form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves, the upper-
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DIGITALES.

77. C. retrocurva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3-8-
Jhwered, on long drooping stalks: leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, uith 3 prcninent

524 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

nerves. — Copses and hill-sides, New England to W. New York and Pennsyl-
vania. — Very closely approaching the next ; perhaps only a variety of it.

78. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - ^-flowered,
on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark
green; perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. $> Torr., not of
Schk. C. Vanvleckii, Sch w. ) — Copses and hill-sides, New England to Michi-
gan, and southward. — A low species, 6' - 12' high, growing in tufts, with numer-
ous culms and long grassy leaves.

* * # Sterile spike short, linear ; fertile spikes 2-4, erect; the 1-2 uppermost
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on ex-
serted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves; the uppermost
exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the
scale. — OLIGOC!RP^.

79. C. laxiflora, Lam. Fertile spikes slender, loosely Jlowered on a zigzag
rhachis ; perigynia ovoid, nan-owed at each end. (C. anceps, Willd. Sf ed. 1.) —
Var. STRIATULA has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia
obovoidwith a shorter point. . (C. striatula, Michx. C. conoidea, Muhl., not of
Schk. C. blanda, Dew.} — Var. PATUUF6LIA, Dew., has the radical leaves very
broad (!'-!£'), many-nerved, with a rather longer point. (C. plantaginea, Schk.t
not of Lam.) — Open woods and copses; common. — A very variable species,
as to the breadth of the leaves and length of the spikes; the culms are usually
flattened or 2-edged above. An intermediate form occurs, with the broad leaves
and slender spikes of var. patulifolia, but having the obovoid shortly pointed
fruit of var. striatula, differing in the latter respect from the plant figured as C.
plantaginea by Schkuhr.

80. C. OligOCarpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-Jlowered ; the point
of the perigynium slightly oblique, not recurved ; style very short, thickened towards
the base ; leaves rough only on the edge, sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.)
— Woods, W. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 8' -12
long; the fertile spikes y -# in length.

81. C. HitcllCOCkiaiia, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3 - t-flowered;
sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to
Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm l°-2° high, stouter than the last, with very
scabrous sheaths. The fruit is also larger (2£" long) ; but in other respects the
plants are similar.

$ 5. Perigynia without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrous,
with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green
prolongation: leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DIGITATE.

82. C. ebumea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary; infertile 3-4, erect,
about 5-flowered, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike :
the lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and
shining, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale.
(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks, N. New England to Kentucky,
«nd northward. — A delicate species, 4' - 10' high, with bristle-shaped leaves,

CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525

donning dense tufts. The fertile spikes do not exceed 2" -3" in length, and are
•«6ont 1" broad.

83. C. peduilClllattt, Mulil. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost
MJtile, with 2 - 3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile with a few staminate flowert
ai the apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ;
sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia with a long atten-
uated base and a minutely notched orifice, somewhat downy, especially on the angles,
about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed dark-purple
scale. — Dry woods and rocky hill-sides, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. — Culms 4' -10' high, prostrate at maturity, growing in tufts
partly ctmcaaled by the very long and narrow grassy leaves.

$ 6. Perigynia with a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in-
flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts
short, either green and slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small
and, resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins
fading lightei or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ;
the fertile 2 -a, nearly sessile (except in No. 84), erect. (Culms mostly low
and slender : leaves all radical, long and narrow.) — MONT\N^:.

84. C. mil t>ef lain, Schk. Culms very short ; staminate spike sometimes
with a few pistilinte flowers ; fertile spikes 4-5, ovoid, few-flowered ; the upper-
most close to the stertte spike and sessile, the rest on stalks arising from the base of the
stem and of about e^aal height, appearing somewhat like a small corymb, nearly
concealed by the K*ag grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather
long abrupt beak, aixmt the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill-
sides, New England «o Penn., and northward. — Growing in dense grassy tufts,
with culms l'-3', rarely 6' high.

85. C. Novae- Angliae, Schw. Sterile spike on a short stalk ; the fertile
2-3, ovoid, nearly sessile, 3 - 5-flowered, more or less distinct, the lowest with a
green and bristle-shaped or colored and scale-like awned bract ; perigynia obovoid,
3-angled, attenuated at the base into a short stalk, minutely hairy (principally
above), indistinctly nerved, with a somewhat elongated 2-toothed beak deeply cleft on
the inner side, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. collecta, Dew.
C. varia, var. minor, Boott (including var. Emmonsii). C. lucorum, Kunze, not
of Willd.?) — Var. EMMONSII has the fertile spikes 5-10-flowered, aggregated,
the uppermost close to the base of the staminate ; or varying occasionally with
the lowest on a long stalk near the base of the culm, concealed by the long gras-
sy leaves. (C. alpestris, Schw. $• Torr., not of Allioni. C. Davisii, Dew., not of
Schw.fr Torr. C. Emmonsii, Dew.) — Woody hills and mountains, N. New
England to Ohio, and northward; also southward along the Alleghanies. —
Grows in grassy tufts, with numerous very slender, often prostrate culms, vary-
ing from 4' -15' in length. The var. is the prevailing form, but intermediate
ones continually occur, differing in respect to the contiguity and size of the fer-
tile spikes, and in the proximity of the uppermost to the base of the sterile one.
The form of the perigynium varies with age ; the mature ones in Kunze's figure
of C. lucorum have the elongated beak of C. nigro-marginata, Schw. (possibly
the C. lucorum of Willd.), whilst the plant delineated is clearly C. Novse-AnglJae.

526 CYPERACEvE. (SEDGE FAMILY.;

86. C. Fcmisy Iv:i.uic;a, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a short stalk
fertile 1-3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 - &-Ji }wered, the lowesi
commonly with a colored scale-like long-awned bract; perig^nia roindish-ovoid, with
a short and abrupt minutely -toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed chest-
nut-colored scale. (C. marginata, Muhl.) — Dry woods and hill-sides, New Eng-
land to Penn., Illinois, and northward.

87. C. Varia, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on
very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - \Q-flowered ; the lowest, and sometimes the 2 lower,
with green leaf-like bracts ; perigynia obovoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak,
about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale. (C. Pennsylvanica, var.
Muhlenbergii, Gray, Gram.fr Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills; common, especially
northward. Closely resembles the last ; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid
glaucous leaves.

88. C. PRJECOX, Jaeq. Sterile spike club-shaped; fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid,
aggregated near the. base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; perigynia
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifiee,
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; achenium obovoid with a
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm 3' - 6' high ;
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills,
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from En.)

89. C. Ricliardsdllii, R. Brown. Sterile spike peduncled, cylindrical ;
fertile 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale-
like brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with
a tapering base, obtuse, nearly beakless, the short point with an almost entire orifice,
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm
(5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York
(Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead) ; Wisconsin (Sartwell), and northward. — A
well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 86.

90. €!• pubescens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; fertile 3-4, ob
long or cylindrical, loosely flowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the
culm ; fruit ovoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, vith an
abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt
ly-pointed white scale ; culm and leaves soft-downy. — Moist woods and meadow*,
New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other species of
this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the sharply angled
perigynium.

§ 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slightly
notched orifice : staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 91 usually pistillate
at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. — AN6MALSJ.*

91. C. miliacea, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum-,
mit ; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely flowered at the base, on

* The species here combined, merely to avoid the multiplication of small sections', do no*
constitute a natural group, but present certain points of affinity with sevtrsd others.

CYPERACK^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527

JUiform nodding stalks ; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete
sheaths ; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C.
prasina, Wahl.) — Kills and wet meadows ; rather common. — In aspect some-
what resembles the smaller short-awned forms of No. 51, with which it has points
of affinity, though differing materially in the 3 stigmas and triangular fruit.

92. C. scabrata, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed-
ing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved,
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm, leaves, and bracts very rough. — Wet
meadows and swamps, New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward.

93. C. Sllllivailfii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3-5, commonly 4, narrowly cy
lindrical, erect, loosely flowered, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote,
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough stalks ; bracts
sheathing, not exceeding the hairy culm ; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly
stalked, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer than the ovate hairy-
fringed rough-awned white scale. — Woods, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — About
2° high, with hairy leaves and bracts, and slender fertile spikes l'-l£' long.
Resembles the next, but is at once distinguished by the erect spikes, hairy and
nerveless fruit, and hairy leaves.

$ 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining, green, with a straight
tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth (nearly obsolete
in No. 96) : lower bracts green and sheathing-: pistillate scales tawny, becom-
ing white : staminate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flow-
ered, all on- long and flliform nodding stalks.

# Fertile spikes long and slender, remote : perigynia Jew-nerved : bracts equalling or

exceeding the culm. — DEBILES.

94. C. arctata, Boott. Fertile spikes few-flowered and narrowed towards
the base ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical, triangular, short-stalked, rather blunt at the base,
the beak very short, longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica, Dew., not of
Hudson. C. Knieskernii, Dew.) — Woods and meadows, New England to Penn-
svlvania, and northward.

95. C. debilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex ;
fertile strikes with loose alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rhachis ; perigynia ob-
long, tapering at each end, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awncd scale. (C.
tenuis, Rudge. C. flexuosa, Muhl.) — Moist meadows, N. New England to
Pennsylvania, and southwestward.

# # Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless, or very obscurely nerved in No. 97 ;

bracts erect, shorter than the culm. — FLEXILES.

96. C. capillaris, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, with about 6 alter
note flowers; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slight*
ty serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale.
— Point de Tour, Lake Michigan; alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, and high northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4' -6'
high, with spikes i'-^ long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.)

528 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

97. C. flexilis, Iludge. Sterile spike short and dub-sJiaped ; fertile spikes ob-
long, or sometimes with a few staminate flowers at the base and becoming club-
shaped; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, very
slightly sheathing; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak
about the length of the ovate hairy-fringed scale ; leaves pale green and glaucous,
and with the bracts fringed with delicate hairs. (C. blepharophora, Gray.) —
Moist, shady places, W. New York, Lake Superior, and northward.

$ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a rath-
er rough beak, with two distinct membranaceous teeth (obscure in No. 101),
becoming tawny or yellow at maturity (or in No. 98 more or less spotted with
purple) : achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base : staminate
spike solitary, stalked (sessile in No. 101). — FiAv.E.

*= Perigynia erect : bracts with long sheaths, not exceeding the culm.

98. €. laevigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, remote, on exserted
noddinp stalks ; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-^left beak, rather longer than
the hyht-brown pointed and awned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.)-
Massachusetts (Tewksbury ? B. D. Greene). Introduced1? (Eu.)

99. C. flilva, Good. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong or ovoid, erect, remote, the
lowest on an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown
scarcely pointed awnless scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dew., not of Smith.) —
Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene. (Eu.)

# * Perigynia spreading or rejlexed, longer than the scale : bracts with short sheaths,
much exceeding the smooth culm. ( Staminate spike often pistillate at the apex
or towards the centre; fertile spikes erect.)

100. C. Ilava, L. Fertile spikes 2-4, roundish-ovoid, compactly flowered,
the upper approximated, the lowest remote on a short exserted stalk ; bractf
spreading or rejlexed; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a nar-
row curved beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, es-
pecially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6' -15' high, with spikes
£'-§' in length. (Specimens, appearing to be merely small forms of this spe-
cies, have been referred by Prof. Dewey to C. lepidocarpa, Tausch ; but they by
no means accord, nor does his character, either with the description, or with au-
thentic specimens of Kunze.) (Eu.)

101. C. (Ederi, Ehrh. Sterile spike commonly sessile ; fertile 2-4, oblong*
ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely
flowered, sometimes staminate at the apex ; leaves and bracts rigidly erect ; peri-
gynia ovoid, with a short and rather abrupt minutely notched beak, spreading horizon-
tally at maturity. (C. viridula, Michx., not of Schw. fy Tan. C. irregularis,
Schw. ) — Wet rocks, especially on limestone, New England to Ohio, Lake Su-
perior, and northward. — Resembles the last ; but the fertile spikes and perigy-
nia are much smaller, and the beak of the latter is more abrupt, shorter, and
straight. (Eu.) \

§10. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, rough or woolly, with
an abrupt straight beak : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark-
purple or brown.

(SEDGE FAMILY.) 529

# Perigynia of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, with 2 short and diverging mem-
branaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth culm : staminate spikes
2-3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile : fertile spikes 1-2,
usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short stalks. — LANUGIN6S2E.

102. C. iiliioi mis, L. Fertile, spikes ovoid or oblong, the upper often
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, obscurely nerved, the orifice
scarcely prolonged into a beak terminating in 2 slightly hairy teeth ; leaves and
bracts narrow and involute; culm very slender. — Peat-bogs, New England to
Perm., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

103. C. lailiigiiiosa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; perigy-
nia ovoid, roughly hairy, conspicuously nerved, with a short but distinct beak termi-
nating in 2 very hairy sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts flat. (C. pelllta, Muhl.) —
Swamps and wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, and northward. — Ex-
tremely like the last, from which it differs in the commonly longer fertile spikes,
stouter culm, flat leaves, and especially in the distinct flattish and hairy beak
of the perigynium, with longer and sharper teeth. This species has often the
fruit in a diseased state, when it becomes more inflated, of an orange color, and
has an abortive achenium.

* =£ Perigynia thin, downy, or roughly dotted, the beak terminating in a thin and
^carious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched: bracts rigidly erect, short-
er than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARi6s^E.

104. C. vestlta, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical,
shortly stalked ; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, downy, with a slightly oblique beak termi-
nated by a thin membranaceous notched orifice, a little longer than the ovate pointed
scale ; leaves flat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing
in tufts, New England to Penn. and southward ; rather rare. — Resembling the
two last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaceous
beak of the fruit, which is red at the base and white and transparent at the ori-
fice ; and the style is twisted within the perigynium.

105. C. polymorphic Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper-
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the
base ; fertile spike solitary, or rarely 2, remote, oblong-cylindrical, sometimes
staminate at the apex, erect, on partly exserted stalks ; perigynia oblong-ovoid,
8-10-nerved, very minutely roughened with granular dots, the slightly-bent beak
tapering to the entire (reddish) orifice, longer than the ovate scarcely-pointed
purple scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. $* ed. 1. C. striata, Ton: N. Y. FL, not
of Michx.} — Varies, with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate
and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, E. Mass, to Penn. and W.
New York. — Culm rather slender, much taller (12f- 18') than the rigid leaves.
Though a somewhat variable plant, it is readily distinguished from the next,
with which it has been confounded, by the characters here given, especially by
the entire, membranaceous orifice of the fruit.

t 11. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth (except in
No. 109), with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or /ess spreading teeth :
45

530 GTPEBACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

bracts long and leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, much exceeding the
culm (about equal to it in No. 106) : staminate spikes 1-5.

* Perigynia with a very short and thick beak, and with short and thick slig'itly

spreading teeth. — LACI^STRES.

106. C. Strife ta, Michx. (not of ed. 1.) Sterile spikes 2-3, the upper-
most stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, on very short stalks ; peri-
gynia ovoid, abruptly contracted into a slightly serrulate beak, longer than the point-
ed purple scale. (C. polymorpha, ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward.

107. C. lacustris, Willd. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppermost stalked;
fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the low-
est on a short stalk ; perigynia oblong, but little exceeding the lanceolate awned
scale ; culm sharply triangular, rough ; sheaths very short, smooth. ( C. riparia,
MuhL, not of Curtis.) — Swamps and borders of lakes and rivers; common.-—
A robust species, 3° - 5° high, with leaves £' - \' wide.

* * Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak, and long widely spreading or recurv&l

sharp and spine-like teeth. — ARISTAT^E.
•+- Staminate spikes 2-5, some occasionally bearing a few fertile flowers.

108. C. aristata, R. Brown. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, erect, re-
mote, the lower on partly exserted short stalks ; perigynia tapering from an ovoia
base into a deeply 2-forked beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned scale
culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. (C. atherodes
Spreng.) — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and north-
westward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" - 3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' - 3' long
often rather loosely flowered towards the base.

109. C. tricllOCarpa, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect,
remote, one of them sometimes staminate at the apex, the lower on exserted
stalks, rather loosely flowered towards the base ; perigynia very hairy, shaped as
the last, longer than the ovate taper-pointed light-brown scale ; culm sharply
triangular, smooth except near the top, sheaths and under surface of the leaves
smooth. (C. striata, ed. 1, not of Michx.) — Marshes and lakes; common, es-
pecially northward.

•»- •«- Staminate spike solitary, with a filiform bract, occasionally bearing a few
fertile flowers towards the apex or base : fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, dense-
ly flowered, on long exserted and at length drooping stalks : perigynia widely
spreading, reflexed at maturity.

110. C. comosa, Boott. Fertile spikes large (1|'-2|' long, and £'-§'
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid-
triangular base into a long deeply 2-forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread-
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate with a long bristle-shaped awn
shorter than the mature fruit; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, Ell.,
not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. $• Torr., Dew., fyc., in part, not of L.)
— Wet places ; rather common. — A robust species 2° -3° high, formerly con-
founded with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in
the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and
widely-spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance.

CYPEEACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 581

111. C. Pseildo-Cyperus, L. Fertile spikes (l£'-2£' long, and about
I' wide) sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia shaped as the last
species, but with a shorter beak, and shorter less spreading teeth ; scale about the
length of the mature fruit. — Border of lakes and in bogs, New England to
Pennsylvania, and northward. — Somewhat smaller than the last species in all
itsparts. (Eu.)

112. C. mirata, Dew. Fertile spikes about 2, long-cylindrical, rather
dense, somewhat erect ; perigynia ovate-conical, with a long 2-forked beak, ribbed,
glabrous, about the length of the ovate bristle-pointed or long-awned scale ;
culm (about 2° high) rough. — Shore of Lake Ontario, in Monroe County, New-
York, Dr. Bradley. (Having no specimen, the character is taken from Dewey's
description in Wood's Bot. The Georgian plant referred to it is to be ex-
cluded.)

§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, with a long taper-
ing 2-toothed beak : bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny or
white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUPUL!N^J.
# Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths.

113. C. hystricina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile
flowers at the base or apex ; fertile spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flow-
ered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length
nodding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned
scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform
stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn,
is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows; common. — Plant pale or yellowish
green, with fertile spikes £' to 1|' long. Distinguished from No. Ill by the
more inflated, less diverging fruit, its beak longer and the teeth shorter ; and
from No. 114 by the smaller nodding spikes, marly-nerved perigynium, and the
longer and smooth teeth of the beak.

114. C. teiltacillata, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 -3, ovoid, oblong, or cylin-
drical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost
sessile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with short minutely
serrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. (C. rostrata, Muhl.t
not of Michx.) — Wet meadows ; very common.

115. C. intlimesceiis, Eudge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely few-
(5-8-) flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly
exserted peduncle; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20-
nerved base into a long beak, slightly rough towards the apex. (C. folliculata,
Schk., Michx., not of L.) — Wet meadows and swamps ; very common. — Culm
slender, about 18' high, with the fertile spikes crowded compactly together:
perigynia 6" -7" long.

116. C. Cl'ayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densely-
(15-30-) flowered, separate and distinct, on short exserted peduncles ; perigynia
spreading and deflexed, tapering from an ovoid 25 - 30-nerved base into a long
smooth and shining beak. — Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk and of

532 CYPERACE2E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Wood Creek, New York. Also Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Culm robust,

3° high : perigynia |' in length. — Flowers in July, a month later than the last.

# * Bracts conspicuously sheathing.

117. C. folliculata, L. Staminate spike small, short-stalked, or often
sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, very remote, the lowor on exserted peduncles ;
perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an oblong base, rather exceeding the ovate
white long-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to
Penn., and northward, and sparingly southward. — A robust plant, 2° -4° high,
of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves J' wide.

118. C. rostrata, Michx. Staminate spike small, nearly sessile ; fertile
spikes 1-3, commonly 2, roundish-ovoid, the lower rather distant on a short ex-
serted peduncle ; perigynia erect or somewhat spreading, tapering from an oblong
slightly inflated base into a long slender beak twice the length of the blunt light-
brown scale. (C. xanthophysa, var. nana and minor, Dew.) — Cold bogs, moun-
tains of N. New York, New Hampshire, and northward. — Resembles the last ;
but smaller in all its parts, rigidly erect, and with narrow leaves.

119. C. Sllblllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included
peduncles loosely few- (4 - 8-) flowered, commonly with a few Staminate flowers at
the apex; perigynia awl-shaped, strongly rejlexed at maturity; the orifice of the
long slender beak furnished with 2 sharp and rigidly deflexed teeth. (C. Collinsii,
Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, New Jersey to Khode Island
(Olney) near the coast, and far northward : rare.

120. C. lllpuliiia, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, oblong-ovoid, erect, the up-
per approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks ; perigynia erect, taper-
ing from the ovoid very inflated base into a conical slightly serrulate beak, much
longer than the lanceolate awned scale. — Var. POLYSTACHYA, Schw. & Torr.
(C. lupiniformis, Sartwett), has 4-5 longer cylindrical fertile spikes, the lowest
remote on a long peduncle ; and the perigynia more distinctly serrulate on the
angles of the beak. — Swamps and wet meadows; common. — A coarse robust
species, with very thick spikes 2' - 3' in length ; the leaves and long leafy bracts
3-4 lines wide, very rough on the margin.

§ 13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, few-nerved, smooth, with an ex-
tremely abrupt and very long slightly roughened beak, terminated by 2 distinct
rather short membranaceous teeth, tawny-brown or straw-colored at maturity,
spreading horizontally, or the lower deflexed : bracts leaf-like, much exceed-
ing the culm. — SQUARR6s^3.

* Spikes 1-3, mostly solitary, very rarely 4-5, all of them principally pistillate,
with more or less Staminate flowers at the base : sheaths of the upper bracts
obsolete.

121. C. Squarrosa, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very
thick, rigidly erect, on short stalks ; perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed
scales, which are nearly concealed by the densely-crowded bases of the mature
fruit. (C. typhina, Michx.) — Low meadows and copses, S. New England to
Michigan and southward. — Remarkable for its densely-flowered, short and thick
spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia give a bris-
tly appearance.

£YPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533

* * Spikes 4 - 7 ; the terminal one entirely staminate, small and linear, or with
some fertile flowers at the apex : the rest all pistillate : bracts very long,
sheathing.

122. C. stciiolepis, Torr. Fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the upper
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted
stalks, all erect, very densely flowered ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like
scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Stead., not of Torr.) — Marshes, W.
Penn. ? and Virginia to Illinois, and southwestward. — Somewhat resembling
the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more
bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales : occasionally all are
fertile, the uppermost having no staminate flowers.

$ 14. Perigynia much inflated, nerved (nerveless in No. 132), smooth and shining,
becoming straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed
beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths {conspicuously
sheathing in No. 123), much exceeding the culm (except in No. 132) : scales
brown or tawny : staminate spikes 2-5 rarely 1, stalked. — VESicA.Ri.2B.

123. C. retro rsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1-3, the uppermost occasionally
with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes
4 — 5, oblong-cylindrical , erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in-
cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of
the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded,
spreading and at length reflexed, strongly (few-) nerved, tapering from an ovoid
contracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak much longer than the lanceolate
scale. (C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth : leaves and
bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the spikes, which are I'-l^' long.

124. C. gigailtca, Eudge. Sterile spikes several (3-5); perigynia hori-
zontally spreading and less tumid than in No. 120 : otherwise very like it, but a
still larger plant. — Swamps, along rivers, from the Ohio (near Louisville, Ken-
tucky, Short) southward.

125. C. SchweinitZii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower
often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping,
densely flowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather
compound at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia erect, oblong-
ovoid, few-nerved, tapering into a long and smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer
than the lanceolate long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey,
W. New York, and northward; not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth:
bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much exceeding
the culm : fertile spikes (!£' to 2£' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant
turning straw-color.

126. C. vesicaria, L. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spaces mostly 2, rarely
3 or solitary, oblong or cylindrical, stout, approximate, the upper sessile, the lower
on a short rough stalk; perigynia oblong-ovoid, IT -nerved at base, 10-nerved above,
with a short tapering beak longer and broader than the pointed or long-tapering
awnless scale ; culm sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, equal-
ling or rather longer than the culm. — N. New England? and northward. —

45*

534 ^TPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY^

Distinguished from the next by the shorter fertile spikes, on rough stalks, and
by the more oblong perigynium, many-nerved at the base. (Eu.)

127 . C. moiillc, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, long -cylindrical, remote, on smooth stalks, the lowest
often nodding and loosely flowered ; perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 10-nerved,
with a short tapering beak terminating in an oblique orifice, much longer and
broader than the taper-pointed awnless scale ; culm slender, sharply angled and
rough ; leaves and bracts green, longer than the culm. (C. bullata, var. cylin-
dracea, & C. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew.) — Bogs, New England to Ken-
tucky, and northward. — Less robust than the last.

128. C. ampullacea, Good. Sterile and fertile spikes 2- 3, most fre-
quently 2 of each, oblong or long-cylindrical, remote, sessile, or the lower on short
and smooth sometimes nodding stalks, the lowest loosely flowered at the base ;
perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 17-nerved at the base and 10-nerved at the apex,
abruptly contracted into a short cylindrical beak ; scales lanceolate, awnless, or the
upper with a rough awn shorter than the perigynium ; culm slender, obtusely angled,
smooth ; leaves and bracts glaucous, often involute, longer than the culm. —
Var. UTRICULA.TA. Staminate spikes 3 - 4 ; fertile usually 3 ; perigynia oblong-
elliptical, tapering ; scales lanceolate, tapering, terminated (especially the lowest} by a
long rough awn ; culm stout, spongy at the base, smooth or rough towards the
summit; leaves and bracts glaucous, wide and much longer than the culm. (C.
utriculata, Boott.) — In swamps ; common northward, and /rom Arctic Ameri-
ca to the Pacific. — Differs from the last two in the smooth obtuse-angled culm,
glaucous leaves, and particularly by the awned scale. The var. is the prevailing
form in the United States, and is a larger and stouter plant ; but the more ellip-
tical fruit, and awned lower scales, do not appear sufficiently constant to sepa-
rate it specifically. (Eu.)

129. C. cylindrica, Schw. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3,
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks,
the lowest often nodding ; perigynia thin and transparent, much inflated, oblong-
ovoid, obliquely erect, tapering into a rather abrupt long-cylindrical smooth beak,
much longer and broader than the ovate pointed or rough-awned scale ; bracts
very long and, like the narrow leaves, rough and exceeding the rough culm.
(C. bullata, Amer. auth., not of Schk. C. Tuckermani, Dew., Boott.) — Swamps,
W. New York to Kentucky, and northward. — Differs from the next principally
in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes, and the larger, more inflated
and membranaceous ascending fruit, with smooth beaks.

130. C. 1>ullut<l, Schk. Sterile spikes 2 - 3 ; fertile spikes most frequently
only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short
$mooth stalks ; perigynia spreading, ovoid, tapering into a long-cylindrical rough
beak, much widor and longer than the obtusely-pointed lanceolate awnless scale;
bracts and leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm.
(C. cylindrica, Tuckerman, Ton. N. Y. Fl. (excl. syn.), not of Schw.)— Wet
meadows ; not rare, especially southward. — Well distinguished from the last by
the short and stout, commonly solitary fertile spike, which has a squarrose ap-
pearance at maturity from the widely-spreading fruit ; its beak minutely (but
distinctly) serrulate.

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMI1Y.) 535

131. C. OligOSperma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile
tpikes 1-2, sliort, ovoid, few-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; perigynia
ovoid, tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than the
ovate awnless scale ; culm very slender ; leaves and bracts linear, at length involute.
(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Borders of lakes and ponds, especially on mountains,
New England, N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward.

132. C. Iongir6stris, Torn Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes
2-3, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length drooping stalks,
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly contracted
into a very long and nan-ow beak, which is rough on the margin, oblique and 2-
cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the lanceolate light-colored
or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.) — Shady rocks, N. New England to Wis-
consin, and northward. — Though agreeing with the species of this section in the
numerous staminate spikes and the long-beaked fruit, this plant is perhaps as
nearly allied to No. 97.

ORDER 134. GRAMIJVE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Grasses , with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the
hypogynous flowers imbricated with ^-ranked glumes or bracts : the outer pair
(glumes proper, calyx, L.) subtending the spikelet of one or several flow-
ers ; the inner pair (palece, outer perianth, K. Br.) enclosing each partic-
ular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous
scales (squamulce, Juss., corolla, Micheli, lodiculce, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6,
commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly
2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, form-
ing a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside
and at the base of the floury albumen. — Roots fibrous. Sheath of the
leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade into a
ecarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Inner (upper)
palea usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, therefore probably consisting of two
united. — A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal
grains, and the principal food of cattle, &c.

Synopsis.

TEIBB I. POACE^J, E. Brown. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered, when more than one-
flowered centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, the uppermost,
if any, imperfect or abortive, the rest all alike in the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally
monoecious or dioecious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several
flowers less perfect than the upper (viz. staminate only in Arrhenatherum and Phrag-
mites, neutral in Uniola, Ctenium, &c.).

Subtribe 1. OBTZKS. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious
Glumes abortive or wanting ! Inner paleae 3-nerved ! Squamulae 2. Stamens 1-6.

1. LEEKS1A. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless paleae.

2. Z1ZAN1A. Flowers monoecious. 1'aleao convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers.

536 GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.)

flubtribe 2. AGROSTIDE^. Spikeleta 1-flowered, perfect, occasionally with the rndiment or
abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or the panicle sometimes contracted
into a cylindrical spike or head. Stamens 1-3.

* PmEOiDKflS. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat her-

baceous, as well as the paleae. Squamulae 2. Grain free. Inflorescence densely spiked.
8. ALOPECURUS. Glumes united at the base. Lower palea awned, the upper wanting.
4. PHLEUM. Glumes distinct. Palese 2, the lower truncate and awnless.
» * TRUE AGROSTIDEJE. Glumes equal, or often unequal, concave or keeled, membranaceous.
Paleae membranaceous (except in part of No. 12). Squamulae 2. Grain free Inflorescence
panicled, open, or often contracted (glomerate), but not strictly spiked.
*- Glumes and paleae neither awned, bristle-bearing, nor mucronate, naked. Flower sessile in

the glumes, naked at the base ; the lower palea 1-nerved. Fruit deciduous.
6. VILFA. Seed adherent to the closely investing pericarp, forming a caryopsis, or true grain,
as. in most Grasses. Panicle spiked or contracted

6. SPOROBOLUS. Seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). Panicle spiked or diffuse.

4- H- Glumes or the (3-6-nerved) lower palea awned, bristle-pointed, or mucronate (except in
eome species of Agrostis). Flower raised on a more or less evident stalk (callus) in the
glumes, naked, or barely hairy, at the base.

7. AGROSTIS. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very

thin blunt paleae. Lower palea pointless, commonly awned on the back ; the upper
, sometimes wanting. Panicle open.

8. POLYPOGON. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the paleae, the lower

of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Panicle contracted.

9. CINNA. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling, and the upper slightly exceeding, the

similar paleae. Stamen 1. Paleae raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless, the lower
one short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved.

10. MUHLENBERGIA. Lower glume mostly smaller. Paleae chiefly hairy-bearded at the

base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awned. Stamens 3.

11. BRACHYELYTRUM. Lower glume nearly obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower paleae

long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slen-
der naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2.
•i- H- •»- Glumes and paleae not bristle-pointed. Flower hairy-tufted at the base.

12. CALAMAGROSTIS. Lower palea mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes.

* * * STIPES. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the membra-
naceous glumes, on a rigid callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely enclosing the upper and
the grain, mostly 1 - 3-awned at the apex Squamulae mostly 3. Inflorescence racemose or
panicled : spikelets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes.

18. ORYZOPSIS. Awui simple, straight, deciduous from the palea, or sometimes wanting.

14. STIPA. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus pointed at the base.

16. ARISTIDA. Awn triple. Upper palea small. Callus pointed at the base

* * * * Palea coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by the
student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No 55, and was not acquainted
with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 56 and 57.

55. PHALARIS. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palea.

66. MILIUM. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the pedicels : flowers all alike.

67. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panieto

separating by a joint without ripening grain.

Subtribe 3. CHLORIDES. Spikelets (rarely 1-flowered, usually) 2 -several-flcwered, with one
or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes ! Glumes persist-
ent, the upper one looking outward Rhachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually racemed
or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3.

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered.

68. PASPALUM might be looked for here, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelet*
16. SPARTINA. SpikeJets imbricated, 2-ranked, flat, crowded in alternate spikes.

GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 537

# * Spikelets imperfectly several-flowered, but only one perfect flower, and this intermediate !

the one or two below it, and as many above, neutral.

17. CTENIUM. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike.

* * * Spikelets with one perfect flower below and one or more neutral ones or rudiments above.

18. HOUTELOUA. Lower palea 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dens*.

19. GYMNOPOGON. Lower palea and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, racemed.

20. CYNODON. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate.

<f * * * Spikelets several-flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile,
•i- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense.

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awned : lower palea pointed.

22. ELEUSINE. Glumes and palea both awnless and blunt.

•«- *- Spikes racemed, slender.

23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palea pointless or awned at the tip.
Subtribe 4. FESTUCINKA. Spikelete several- (few -many-) flowered, panicledj the upper-
most flower often imperfect or abortive. Paleae pointless, or the lower sometimes tipped
with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stigmas projecting from
the side of the flower. Stamens 1-3.

* Culms herbaceous. Spikelets with the lower flowers all perfect.

H- Grain free from the palese. (Also free in one or two species of No. 36.)

«+ Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhuchis,

bearded Paleae convex, not laterally compressed. Glumes and paleao membranaceous.

24. TRIG USPIS. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered Lower palea hairy-fringed on the 3 nerves, one

or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts.

25. DUPONTIA. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea scarious, entire and awnless.

•H- +•»• Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded.
H Lower palea 1-pointed. awned, or acute, the nerves when present running into the point.

26. D1ARRHENA. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palea coriaceous,

convex-boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely few-
flowered.

27- DACTYLIS. Glumes (rather long) and lower palea awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed-
keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters.

28. KCELERIA. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palea membranaceoua,

keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like.

^f IT Lower palea awnless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel.

a. Glumes extremely dissimilar, 1£ - 3-flowered.

29. EATONIA. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers.

b. Glumes alike, but often unequal in size.

30. MELICA. Lower palea flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, hard-

ening on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping some deformed
sterile flowers.

81. GLYCERIA. Lower palea convex or rounded on the back, 5 - 7-nerved, scarious at the
tip. Spikelets many -flowered ; the flowers commonly deciduous at maturity by the
breaking up of the rhachis into joints.

32. B1UZOPYRUM. Lower palea laterally compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, rather

coriaceous, smooth, faintly many -nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered.

33. POA. Lower palea laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceoufl,

scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the
upper palea not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened.

84. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on

the rhachis. Spikelets flat.

•i- -i- Grain adherent to the upper palea.

85. BRIZA. Lower palea rounded and very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel

to the glumes, becoming ventricose, broadly scarious-margiued. Spikelets compressed,
somewhat heart-shaped.

86 JT15STUCA. Lower palea convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-
ucrv«l. Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal.

538 GRAMINE^E. (<&RASS FAMILY.)

87. BROMUS. Lower palea convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing bo-

low the 2-cleft tip, 6 - 9-nerved. Styles subterminal.
* * Culms herbaceous, often tall and reed-like. Lowest flower sterile. Grain free.

88. UNIOLA. Spikelets very flat ; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty

palea. Flowers strongly compressed keeled, crowded, coriaceous.

89 PHRAGM1TES. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the low-
est flower staminate or neutral. Paleae membranaceous.

* * * Culms woody, suffruticose or arborescent.

40. ARUNDINARIA. Spikelets flattened, loosely 6-14-flowered : the jointed rhachis naked.

Subtribe 5. HOKDEINE.E. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag
jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming a
spike Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. — Otherwise as hi the preceding subtribe
* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered. Spikes often several.

41. LEPTURUS. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the slender rhachis

* * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, several-flowered. Spike solitary.

42. LOLIUM. Glume 1, external : spikelets placed edgewise on the rhachis.

43. TKITICUM. Glumes 2, transverse (right and left) ; spikelets placed flatwise on the rhachia

* * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis. Spike solitary,
•i- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets.

44. HORDEDM. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile.

45. ELYMDS. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar.

•i- -i- Glumes none or 1 - 2 awn-like rudiments.

48. GYMNOSTICHUM. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint

Subtribe 6. AVENE^E. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of the
flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Low-
er palea bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex (hi No. 48
between the teeth) ; the upper 2-nerved. Stamens 3.

* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost merely rudimentary.
t~ Lower palea truncate or obtuse, its summit mostly denticulate or eroded
47. AIRA. Awn on the back or near the base of the palea, bent or straight.

•<- i- Lower palea cleft at the apex into 2 acute or sharp-pointed teeth,
•w- Awn borne between the sharp or awn-pointed teeth ; proceeding from 3 middle nerres.
48 DANTHONIA. Lower palea rounded on the back ; the awn flat, spirally twisted.
<•+ ** Awn below the apex or dorsal, proceeding from the midnerve only.

49. TR1SETUM. Lower palea compressed-keeled. Awn mostly bent or flexuous.

60. AVENA. Lower palea rounded on the back. Awn mostly twisted or bent.

* * One of the flowers staminate only.

61. AllRHENATHERUM. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; the

uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as No. 60.

62 IIOLCUS. Lower flower perfect, awnless ; the upper staminate and awned : rudiment
none.

TRIBE II.. PHALARIDE^E, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the upper
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect; the two lower (one on each side) imperfect,
either stamiuate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment.

Subtribe 1. ANTHOXANTH&ffi. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2

paleae ; the perfect one awnless and diandrous. Upper palea 1-nerved.
53. HIEIIOCHLOA. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 paleae.

64. ANTHOXANTHUM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned palea.

Subtribe 2. PHALARIDE.E Proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment on
each side of the fertile oue ; which is awnless and triandrous.

65. PHALAUIS Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertile flower, which ia

somewhat flattened laterally.

GRAMINEuE. (GRASS FJLMILT.) 539

III. PANICKY. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either
etauiinate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty valve (placed
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next the
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer
side of the grain ! (next the lower valve of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or
hemigamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and per-
fect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palea of the neutral
flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.)

Subtribe 1. PASPALE.S:, Griseb. Glumes and sterile paleae herbaceous or membranaceous :
paleae of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless, not
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes.

» Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered from the suppression of the lower glume ; the sin-
gle neutral palea of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.)

66. MILIUM. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle.

67. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal pan-

icle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles.

68. PASPALUM. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one

sided spikes or spiked racemes.

« * Spikelets manifestly 1^-2 -flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neu-
tral), the lower glume being present.

69. PANICUM. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower glum*

small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral.

60. SET ARIA. Spikelets spiked-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles :

otherwise as in Panicum.

61. CENCHRUS. Spikelets enclosed 1-6 together in a hard and spiny globular bur-like invo-

lucre.

Subtribe 2. SACCHAREJE. Fertile palese membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and
more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip.
Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile
(heterogamous).

* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike.

62. TKIPSACUM. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint : pistillate single in each

joint : glumes indurated.

» * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower : low-
er palea of the perfect flower awned.

63. EKIANTHUS. Both spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, involucrate with a

silky tuft : otherwise as No. 64.

64. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them sessila

and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary.

66. SORGHUM. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or sometimes
reduced to mere pedicels.

1. LEE II SI A, Solander. FALSE KICE. WHITE GRASS.

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, flat, crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or
racemes, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels.
Glumes wanting. Paleae chartaceous, much flattened laterally, boat-shaped,
awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower
much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the
hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat leaves, sheaths, &c., rough
upwards (especially in No. 1), being clothed with -very minute hooked prickles.
(Named after Leers, a German botanist.)

540 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* Spikdets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded.

1. L.. oryzoides, Swartz. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Panicle diffusely branded,
often sheathed at the base; spikelets flat, rather spreading in flower (2£" -3'
long); stamens 3 ; palejB strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish).-- Wet places; com
mon. (Eu.)

2. L.. Virgiiiica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Panicle simple; the spike-
lets closely oppressed on the slender branches around which they are partly curved
(l£" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting); palese sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept.

* * Spikdets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2^"-3" long}.

3. L,. lenticularis, TMichx. (FLY-CATCH GRASS.) Smoothish ; pani-
cle simple ; paleas very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ;
stamens 2. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.

OEYZA SAT!VA, the RICE-PLANT, is allied to this genus.

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE.

Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary, and forming a little
cup. Paleaj herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile spikelets,
the lower tipped with a straight awn in the fertile ones. Stamens 6. Stigmas
pencil-form. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with
the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi£ai>ioi>, the ancient
name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aqiisilica, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) Lower branches
of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect, pistillate ;
pedicels strongly club-shaped; lower palece long-awned, rough; styles distinct;
grain linear, slender. ® (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams
and in shallow water ; common, especially northwestward. Aug. — Culms 3°-
9° high. Leaves flat, 2° -3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain £' long ; gathered
for food by the Northwestern Indians.

2. Z. tnili'iicca, Michx. Panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pis-
tillate flowers intermixed; awns short; styles united ; grain ovate, ty — Penn. ?
Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute.

3. ALiOPECtlRUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled,
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palea, which
is awned on the back below the middle : upper palea wanting ! Stamens 3.
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle contracted into a
cylindrical and soft dense spike. (Name from dXo>7n?£, fox, and oupa, tail, the
popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.)

1. A. PRATENSIS, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2°
high) ; palea equalling the acute glumes ; awn exserted more than half its length,
twisted; upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath, ty — Meadows and
pastures of E. New England and New York. May. (Sat. from Eu.)

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 541

2. A* GENicuiATUs, L. (FLOATING FOXTAIL.) Culm ascending, bent
at thi lower joints ; palea rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near
its base aid projecting half its length beyond it: anthers linear; upper leaf as long
as its sheath. \ — Moist meadows : rare. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. arts til hi til*, Michx. (WILD WATER-FOXTAIL.) Glaucous;
culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palea rather longer than
the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its mid-
dle ; anthers oblong, ty (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet meadows ;
common, especially northward. June — August. Spike more slender and paler
than in the last. (Eu.)

4. PHLEUia, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS.

Palese both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope-
curus. — Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name, probably of the
Cat-tail.)

1. P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New England and
New York.) Spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, tipped
with a bristle less than half their length. 1J. — Meadows, &c. ; very valuable for
hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. alpiiiuiii, L. Spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate-fringed
on the back, tipped with a rough awn-like bristle about their own length, ty —
Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward.
(Eu.)

5. VII^FA, Adans., Beauv. RUSH-GRASS

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved or
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the
glumes. Palea? 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (membrana-
ceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, j.^ked, neither awned nor mu-
cronate; the lower 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3.
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous.
— Culms wiry, or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. (Name unexplained.)

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high); low-
est leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and
thread-like point; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly enclosing the con-
tracted panicle ; palece much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong.
(Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestina & A. involuta, Mufti. A. longifolia,
Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills ; not rare, especially southward. Sept. —
Spikelets 2" -3" long. Paleae rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly
varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to
twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled, or even considerably
exceeded, by the lower !

2. V. vasjiiiH'flora, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6 -12' high),
ascending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped (!' - 4' long) ; panicles simple and spiked*

46

542 GRAB1INE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

*

the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palece somewliat equal^
aboul '.he length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer than the linear
grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl, not of L. Crypsis Virg., Nutt.) — Barren
and sandy dry fields, New England to Illinois, and common southward. Sept.
3. V. Virginica, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5' -12'
long), often procumbent, branclied ; leaves convolute ; palese rather shorter than
the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, L.) — Sandy sea-shore,
Virginia ( Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numer-
ous than in the last.

6. SPOROBOLUS, K. Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers
nearly as in Vilfa ; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed,
deciduous (whence the name, from orropa, seed, and /3dXXo>, to cast 'forth).
* Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open.

1. S. j silicons, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongat-
ed; culm (l°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly
equal palece. \ (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil,
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2"
long, shining.

2. S. lieterdlepis. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as long
as the culm (l°-2°), which is naked above; panicle very loose; glumes very
unequal ; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some-
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal
palece. 1|. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, N. New York,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant),
stouter than the last, .the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam-
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous !

3. S. cryptandrilS. Leaves fiat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle
bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal paleae ; sheaths strongly bearded at the
throat. 1|. ? (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York,
to Illinois, and south and westward. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes. Aug. —
Culm 2° -3° high. Panicle lead-color : spikelets small.

# * Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad palece : panicle racemose-elongated,
open, the pedicels capillary : sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not unfrequently
2-f.oiuered. (Colpodium ?)

4. S. COmpreSSUS, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top ; culms tufted,
itout, very flat ; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes ; leaves erect,
narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter thar
the obtuse paleae. y. (Agrostis compressa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.} — Bogs in the
pine barrens of New Jersey. Sept. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high,
Panic/ e 8' - 12' long : spikelets 1" long, purplish.

GRAMINEJB. (GRASS FAMILY.) 543

5. S. sei'otimis. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8'-15' high),
few-Leaved; leaves very slender, channelled; panicle soon much exserted, the dif-
fuse capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length
of the palcae. (I) ? ( Agr. & Vilfa scrotina, Torr. V. tcnera, Trin. Poa ? uni-
flora, Muhl. P. modesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, E. New England to
New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelets, &c.
smaller than in the last.

7. AGR6STIS, L. BENT-GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the
lower rather longer, usually longer than the palea}, pointless. Palea? very thin,
pointless, naked ; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, and frequently awned on the back, the
upper often minute or wanting. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.
— Culms usually tufted, slender. (Name from dypos , a field, the place of
growth.)

§ 1. TKICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper palea abortive, minute, or none.

1. A. elata, Trin. (TALLER THIN-GRASS.) Culms firm or stout (2° -3°
high) ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2"-3" long) ; spike-
lets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (1^" long) ;
lower palea awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the upper
•wanting. 1J. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. ? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa.
Trich. elatum, Pursh.) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October.

2. A. pereimans, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) Culms slender, erect from
a decumbent base (l°-2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, l"-2"
wide) ; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the hunches short, dimded
and flower-bearing from or below the middle ; lower palea awnless (rarely short-
awned), shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. 1|.
(Cornucopia? pereiinans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. decumbens, Michx.
T. scabrum, Muhl., not Agr. scabra, Willd. Agr. anomala, Willd.) — Damp
shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it appears
to vary.

3. A. SCabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2°
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' -3' long,
less than 1" wide) ; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary
branches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palea awnless or occasionally
short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the
upper minute or obsolete. TJ. (2) *? (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii, Trin.
partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated places,
common. June, July. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary
branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with very
minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'
long. — A variety? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana,
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta-
num, Torr. (A. oreophila, Trin.), which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in
hollows of rocks, &c.

544 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

4. A, CAN!NA, L. (BROWN BENT-GRASS.) Culms slender (1°- 2° high);
root-leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader, linear ;
branches of the short and loose erect-spreading panicle slender, branching above
the middle ; lower palea a little shorter than the almost equal glumes, bearing a
long (at length bent or somewhat twisted) awn on the back a little below the middle,
the upper one minute and inconspicuous (only half the length of the ovary) ;
spikelets greenish, turning brown or purplish, about 1" long. \ — Meadows,
&c., E. New England : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. alpina, Oakes (var. ? tenella, Ton. ; A. rubra, L., ed.l.; A. Picker-
ingii £ A. concinna, Tuckerm.), is a lower, often contracted mountain form, with
spikelets 1 J" long. Mountain-tops, Maine to New York. July, Aug. (Eu.)

§ 2. AGROSTIS PROPER. — Upper palea manifest, but shorter than the lower.

5. A. vulgaris, With. (RED-TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., &c.)
Rootstocks creeping; culm mostly upright (l°-2°high); panicle oblong, with
spreading slightly rough short branches (purple] ; leaves linear ; ligule very short,
truncate ; lower palea nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nervod ;
the upper about one half its length. 1J. (A. polymorpha, Huds. partly. — Varies
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower awned
(A. pumila, L.) — Low meadows ; naturalized from Eu. Also native in North-
ern New York and northward. (Eu.)

6. A. ALBA, L. (WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Culm ascending, rooting at the
lower joints (l°-2° high) ; panicle narrow, contracted after flowering (greenish-
white or barely tinged with purple), the branches rough ; ligule oblong or linear ;
lower palea rather shorter than the glumes, 5-nerved, awnless, or rarely short-
awned on the back ; otherwise as in the last. 1|. — Varies with the panicle
more contracted (A. stolonifera, L., Fiorin Grass) ; and var. ARISTATA, with
the lower palea long-awned from near its base. (A. stricta, Willd.) — Moist
meadows and fields. A valuable grass, like the foregoing. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. POL.YPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted somewhat spike-like panicle. Glumes
nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous paleas, the lower
of which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free.
(Name composed of TroXv, much, and Trwyooi/, beard; from the awns.)

1. P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn
from a shallow notch at the summit; lower palea awned. (1) — On the coast,
Isle of Shoals, New Hampshire ( Oakes $- Robbins), Virginia ? and southward.
(Nat, from Eu.)

9. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS.

SpiRelets 1 -flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, hispid-serrulate on the keel ; the lower
rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the paleas. Flower manifestly
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palese much like the glumes ;
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or bristle-pointed on the back be-

GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545

low the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1 -nerved upper palea ! Grain
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), bearing a large compound ter-
minal panicle, its branches in fours or fives, broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves
(i'~i' wide), and conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinged.
(Name unexplained.)

1. C. artlildinacea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather
common, both northward and southward. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' -15' long,
rather dense ; the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterwards erect.
Spikelets 2£" - 3" long. Awn of the palea either obsolete or exserted.

Var. peildllla. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palese more
membranaceous, the former less unequal; spikelets l£"-2" long; upper palea
obtuse. ( C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia
suaveolens, Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New York to Lake Superior and
northward, and on mountains southward. — A northern, more delicate state of
the last, as is shown by intermediate specimens. (Upper palea as long as the
lower, but shorter, as figured in Anders. Gram. Scand., only not with 3 stamens,
but monandrous, both in American specimens and in Norwegian, given in Fries,
Herb. Norm.) (Eu.)

1O. MUHI.ENBERCilA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in contracted or rarely open panicles. Glumes mostly
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the paleae usually hairy-bearded at
the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the lower
3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the
Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist.)

{ 1. MUHLENBERGIA PROPER. — Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal
and axillary: perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly
creeping rootstocks : leaves short and narrow.
*= Lower palea barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.)

1. HE. SObolifera. Culms ascending (1°- 2° high), sparingly branched;
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost
equal, i shorter than the equal palece ; lower palea abruptly short-mucronate.
( A^rostis sobolifera, MM.) — Open rocky woods, Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long.

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (l°-2° high), sparingly
branched or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate
spike, long-peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and
(with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute
paleae. (Agr. racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus, JVuft.)
— Bogs, &c. ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' - 3' long.

3. M. Ulexicaiia, Trin. Culms ascending, . much branched (2° -3°
high) ; panicles latf ral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, tut

46*

546 GRAMINK.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

branches densely spiked-clustered,^ linear (green and purplish) ; glumes aimless, sharp
pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palea.
(Agi. Mexicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender pani-
cles (A. filifonnis, Muhl.) — Low grounds; common. Aug.

* * Lower palea bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-pedicelled.

4. M. sylvjitica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and
diffusely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely many-flowered;
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palea, which bears an
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, Muhl.) — Low or
rocky woods ; rather common. Aug., Sept. — Aspect between No. 3 and No. 5.

5. M, Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched ; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes slightly
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palea, which bears an awn 3-4
times the length of the spikelet. (Agr. tenuiflora, Willd.) — Rocky woods;
rather common. Aug.

6. M. cliflusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) Culms dif-
fusely much branched (8' -18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely
many-flowered, terminal and lateral ; glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete,
the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palea. (Dilepyrum
minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets much smaller than in the
foregoing, 1" long.

$ 2. TEICH6CHLOA, DC. — Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary : leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form.

7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2°
high) from a fibrous (perennial1?) root; panicle capillary, expanding (6'-20/
long, purple) ; glumes unequal, J to ^ the length of the long-awned paleae, the
lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W.
New England to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Pedicels 1'
2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long.

11. BRACHYEL.YTRUM, Beauv. BEACH YELYTEUM.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed
panicle. Lower glume obsolete ; the upper minute, pointless, persistent, shorter
than the width of the thick stalk of the flower. Paleae chartaceo-herbaceous, in-
volute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered
short bristles ; the lower 5-nerved, contracted at the apex into a long straight
awn ; the upper 2-pointed ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove
on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stigmas very long. — A perennial grass, with
simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and
flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large spikelets £' long without the awn. (Name
composed of /Spa^us, short, and eXvrpov, husk, from the very short glumes.)

1. li. aristatuiii, Beauv. (Muhlenbergia erecta, Schreb. Dilepjrrum
fllistosum, Michx.) — Eocky woods; rather common. June.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 547

12. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-GKASS.

Spikclcts 1-flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor-
tive flower, in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or boat-shaped, often
acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which is surrounded
at the base by a copious tuft of white bristly hairs. Palese membranaceous, or
in- the second and third sections of a firmer texture ; the lower bearing a slender
awn on the back or below the tip, rarely awnless ; the upper mostly shorter.
Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall
and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of icaXauos, a reed, and dypoortj,
a grass.)

* 1. CALAMAGROSTIS PROPER.— Flower, frc. much as in Agrostis, except
the hairy tuft : the boat-shaped glumes and the palece membranaceous ; the former
equal or the lower one rather longer: lower palea 3-5-nerved, awned on the back:
panicle open. (All the following have a rudimentary plumose pedicel of a second

# Glumes open or loose after flowering.

1. C. CanadensiS, Beauv. (BLUE JOINT-GRASS.) Panicle oblong,
loose (often purplish) ; lower palea nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glumes,
not exceeding the very fine hairs, bearing an extremely delicate awn below the middle
scarcely equalling or exceeding the hairs ; rudimentary pedicel minute. ( Arun-
do Canadensis, Michx. C. Mexicana, NutL) — Wet grounds ; common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Rather glaucous, 3° - 5°
high : leaves flat. Glumes rough, l£" long.

* * Glumes closed in fruit.

2. C. COnfinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, narrow (5' -8' long), the
branches appressed after flowering, pale ; lower palea nearly equalling the oblong-
lanceolate acute glumes, $ longer than the hairs (excepting those of the conspicuous
rudiment), bearing between the middle and the base a rather stout and slightly exserted
awn. (Ar. confinis, Wittd. ! C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New
York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Spikelets
rather larger than in the last ; upper glume more or less shorter.

3. C. coarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, dense (3' -6' long); lower
palea shorter than the taper-pointed tips of the lanceolate glumes, almost twice the length
of the hairs (excepting the strong tuft borne by the conspicuous rudiment), bear-
ing a rigid and exserted short awn above the middle. (C. Canadensis, Nutt.) —
Wet grounds, Mass, to Wisconsin? and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Culm
3° - 5° high. Glumes 4" long. Grain hairy, crowned with a bearded tuft.

4. C. Pickerillgii. Panicle dense and narrow (3' -5' long, purplish) ;
palese nearly equal, rather shorter than the ovate-oblong merely acute glumes ; awn
inserted between the middle and the base, stout, often a little bent, not exceeding the
glumes ; hairs very short and scanty, f the length of the paleas, half as long as the
small plumose rudiment. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire ; first collected by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Oakes. Sept. — Culm 1°
high. Spikelets smaller and glumes less pointed than in C. sylvatna, DC.t to
Which belongs C. purpurascens, R. Br. ? Leaves short and flat.

548 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

$ 2. CALAMG VILFA. — Glumes and equal palece rather chartaceous, compressed
keeled ; the lower glume shorter than the upper and shorter than the palece, of which
the lower is l-nerved and entirely aimless ; the upper strongly 2-keeled: rudiment
wanting : panicle open and loose.

5. C. brevipilis. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary
(purplish) ; glumes ovate, mucronate ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half,
shorter than thepaleoz, which are above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-beard-
ed along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine barrens of
New Jersey ; rare. Sept. — Culm slender, 3° - 4° high : leaves nearly flat.

6. C. loiisfifolia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-
like point ; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the
upper as long as the similar paleae, the lower \ shorter ; the copious hairs more
than half the length of the naked palece. — Sandy coast of N. Michigan, and north-
westward. Spikelets \' long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool.

$ 3. AMMOPHILA, Host. — Glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal
similar palea3, scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lower palea 5-
nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip; the upper 2-keeled:
rudiment present and plumose above : squamulce lanceolate, much longer than the
ovary : panicle spiked-contracted: spikelets large (^' long).

7. C. are II aria, Roth. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm rigid (2° -3° high)
from stout running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted
into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9 long) ; hairs only £ the length of the pa-
leae. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Beauv.) — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine,
and northward ; also Lakes Michigan and Superior. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE.

Spikelets 1-flowered nearly terete. Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, sev-
eral-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which
is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus. Lower palea cori-
aceous, at length involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length)
and the oblong grain ; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its
apex. Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Styles sometimes united :
stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle.
Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of opvfa, rice, and tyis,
likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)

* * Styles distinct, short : culm leafy to the summit : callus glabrous.

1. <)• melanoCc&rpa,, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, flat;
sheaths bearded in the throat ; panicle simple or sparingly branched, the branches
divergent ; spikelets loosely racemed ; awn thrice the length of the blackish paleat
(nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Piptatherum nigrum, Torr.) —
Rocky woods ; not rare. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high.

* * Styles united below, slender : culms tufted, naked above : callus bearded.

2. O. aspcrifolia, Michx. Culms (9' -18' high) clothed with sheaths
bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf

GRAMINEJB. (GRASS FAMILY.) 549

from the base; panicle very simple and raceme-like, few-flowered; won 2-3
times the length of the rather hairy whitish palece. (Urachne, Trin.) — Hill-sides,
&c., in rich woods; common northward. May. — Leaves concave, keelless,
rough-edged, pale underneath, lasting through the winter. Squamula? lanceo-
late, almost as long as the inner palea !

3. O. Cauadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6'- 15' high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearyag ; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2'
long)', the branches usually in pairs ; palese pubescent, whitish ; awn short and
very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, Nutt. Stipa juncea, Michx. S. Can-
adensis, Poir. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky
hills and dry plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward; rare.
May. — Glumes 1" -2" long, sometimes purplish. — Through the species, or
perhaps variety, Urachne micrantha, Trin., this genus is strictly connected with
Stipa.

14. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete : the flower falling away at maturity, with the con-
spicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed stalk (callus), from the mem-
branaceous glumes. Lower palea coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, closely em-
bracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and
twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex (naked in our species).
Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves
and a loose panicle. (Name from OTVTT?;, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appear-
ance of the feathery awns of^he original species.)

*= Callus or base of the Jlower short and blunt ; glumes pointless.

1. S. Richard sonii, Link. Culm (l£°-2° high) and leaves slender;
panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly
equal, oblong, acutish (2£" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong
lower palea, which bears a tortuous or geniculate awn 6" - 8" long. — Pleasant
Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague ; and northwestward.
(Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described by Trinius
and Ruprecht.)

*# Callus or base of the Jlower pungently pointed : at maturity villous-bearded : lower
palea slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed.

2. S. avenacea, L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) Culm slender (l°-2°
high) ; leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palece blackish, nearly as long a*
the almost equal glumes (about 4" long), the awn bent above, twisted below (2'-
3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and (chiefly)
southward. July.

3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather
stout (l£°-3° high) ; panicle contracted ; palece linear, f'-l' long (including the
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed
greenish glumes ; the twisted strong awn 3^' - 7' long, pubescent below, rough
above. (S. juncea, Pursh?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi«
gan northwestward.

550 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

15. ARIST1DA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palea tipped with three awns ;
the upper palea much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branch-
ing : leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes
or spikes. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower towards the
end of summer.

# Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the palea.

••- Awns very unequal ; the 2 lateral merely short erect bristles, scarcely \ or \ the
length of the horizontal at length recurved middle one : root annual : culms tufted,
much branched throughout, low (5' - 18' high) : racemes short and spike-like.

1. A. diclBotoma, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets small, mostly crowded and panicled; glumes 1-nerved, £'-J long,
exceeding the flower, which bears a middle awn of about its own length. — Com-
mon in old fields, &c., especially southward.

2. A» raniosf ssinm, Engelm. mss. Culms diffuse ; spiked raceme sim-
ple and loosely flowered; glumes |'-|' long, 3 - 5-nerved, about equalling the
flower, the soon recurved middle awn 1' long. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Engel-
mann), and Kentucky (herb. Michaux). — Glumes short-awned; the lower 4-5-
nerved ; the inner and longer one 3-nerved, 2-cleft at the tip. Lateral awns of
the palea only l£" - 2" long. Ligule truncate, bearded.

•»- •*- Awns unequal but similar; the 2 lateral about half the length of the horixontatty
bent middle one: root annual: culms branched onfy towards the base, naked above,
bearing a long and slender spiked raceme or virgate panicle.

3. A. tfrsicilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6' -18' high) ; flower as long
as the glumes (2|-" — 3" long) ; lateral awns as long as the palea, the middle one
£'- J' long. — Sand, E. Massachusetts and New Jersey to Illinois, and south-
ward.

-*-•«-•«- Awns nearly equal, divergently spreading : root perennial.

++ Culms simple or nearly so (l°-2° high), terminated by a long and strict virgate

many-flowered spiked panicle from 6' to 18' in length.

4. A. strictsi, Michx. Leaves soon involute-filiform, rigid, downy or gla-
brous; lower palea smooth, 3" -4" long, the equally spreading awns £' long, or
the lateral rather shorter. — Virginia and southward.

5. A. purpur&scens, Poir. Leaves glabrous, less rigid; lower palea
rough or minutely serrulate-hispid on the keel and the slender lateral nerves,
4" -5" long; the divaricate middle awn 1' long, the lateral a little shorter and
at first erect. (A. racemosa, Muhl A. Geyeriana, Steud.)-~- Massachusetts to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward ; common.

•w- ++ Culms branching below (1° - 1£° high], the branches nak&l above and racemosely
or paniculately several- (4 -12-) flowered.

6. A. Oligantha, Michx. Spikelets large, very shcrt-pedicelled ; glumes
equalling the flower, 8"- 10" long, the lower 3 - 5-nerved and 2-cleft at the tip,
the upper 1-nerved and more awned at the tip ; awns of the palea l£'-3' long,

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 551

divaricate, the lateral a little shorter than the middle one. — Virginia to Illinois,
and soutlnvestward. — Resembles small forms of the next.

# * Aims united below into one, jointed with the apex ofthepalea: root annual.

7. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6' -18' high), tumid
at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them short and
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (!' long, in-
cluding their slender-awned tips) longer than the palea; which is tipped with
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns
(l£'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.

16. SPAR TIN A, Schreber. COED or MABSH GBASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly com-
pressed-keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the
upper one much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palese, of which
the upper is longest. Squamulae none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less
united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively
creeping scaly rootstaicks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and
tough leaves (whence the name, from ariraprivr), a cord, such as was made from
the bark of the Spartium, or Broom).

# Spikelets compactly imbricated, rough-hispid on the keels : spikes more or less pedun-
cled: culm and leaves rigid.

1. S. cynosnroides, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) Culm
rather slender (2° -4° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, £' or less wide below),
tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying,
smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-14, scattered, spreading ; rhachis rough oa
the margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower
palea, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra-
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michx. Limnetis, Pers.) — Banks of
rivera and lakes through the interior, chiefly northward. Aug. — Spikes 2' -3'
long, straw-color. Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel ; the awn of the
upper one about $ long. Palese somewhat unequal. — Certainly distinct from
the next, to which, in strictness, the Linnsean name belongs.

2. S. polystacliya, Willd., Muhl. (SALT KEED-GRASS.) Culm tatt
and stout (4° - 9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad (%' to 1'),
roughish underneath, as well as the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a dense oblong
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the equal
palece, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex.
(Trachynotia polystachya, Michx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L. ! in part, excl.
var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.

3. S. juncea, Willd. (RUSH SALT-GRASS.) Culms low (l°-2° high)
and slender ; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5,
on very short peduncles ; the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely |
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palea. (Dactylis pa-

552 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

tens, Ait.) — Salt marshes, and sandy sea-beaches, common. August. (Also
in one locality in S. of Eu.)

# # Spikelets loosely implicated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels slightly
hairy or roughish under a lens : spikes sessile and erect, soft ; leaves, rhachis, frc.
very smooth : culm, SfC. rather succulent.

4. S. Stricta, Both. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) Culm l°-3° high, leafy
to the top; leaves convolute, narrow; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets ; glumes
acute, very unequal, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palese. — Salt
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. (Muhl.) (Eu.)

Var. glabra, Muhl. (S. glabra, Muhl, partly.) dulm and leaves mostly
longer ; spikes 5-12 (2'-3' long), the spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common
on the coast.

Var. alterilifldra* (S. alterniflora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var.,
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spiketets remotish, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage ;
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the Eu. and Trop.
Amer. plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Com-
mon with the last. — Odor strong and rancid.

.' ^ '

17. CTEN1ITM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRASS.

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of a flat arcuate-curved
rhachis, forming a solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent ; the lower one
(interior) much smaller ; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn,
like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the
one or two lower consisting of empty awned paleae, the one or two uppermost
of empty awnless palese : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its paleae
membranaceous, the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely
ciliate towards the base, 3-nerved. Squamulas 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plu-
mose. (Name Kreviov, a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)

1. C. American II in, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high) simple, pubescent
or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and conspicuously awned.
H> (Monocera aromatica, EIL] — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.
— Taste very pungent.

18. BOUTEL.O1JA, Lagasca (1805). MusKfT-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes concave-keeled, the lower one shorter.
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palea 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the
2-nerved upper palea 2-toothed, the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or subu-
late-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers
mostly 1 -3-awned. Spikes solitary, r,acemed, or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutdou, a Spanish writer
upon floriculture and agriculture.)

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 553

$ 1. CHONDR6SIUM, Desv. — Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers 1-3
on the summit of a short pedicel, neutral, consisting 0/1-3 scales and awns.

1. B. oligOStacliya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6' -12' high) ; leaves
very narrow ; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile palea
sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tujled at
the summit of the naked pedicel, the 3 awns equalling the larger glume.
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) — W. Wisconsin? and westward. — Glumes obscurely
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palea 2-cleft at the
tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Laq.)

2. B. Iiirsiita, Lagasea. Tufted from an annual? root (8' -20' high);
leaves flat, lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; lower glume
hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palea pubescent, 3-cleft
into awl-pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than
the glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engelm. Chondrosium
hirtum, H. B. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward.

$ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. — Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets:
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.

3. B. curtipendula. Culms tufted from perennial rootstalks (l°-3°
high); sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow; spikes ^' or less in length, nearly
sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8' -15' long) ; flowers
scabrous ; the lower palea of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fertile
flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasea. Chloris
curtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioidcs, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula,
Trin.) — Calcareous dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and south-
ward. July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into ' . • *..

Var. aristosa. Spikes mostly shorter ; sterile flower of a large saccate
lower palea, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral nerves, the stout mid-
dle awn often exserted, and sometimes with a rudiment of an inner palea,
(Eutriana affinis, .7. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), Perm. ? and southward.

19. GYUINOPOGON, Beauv. NAKED-BEARD GRASS.

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter-
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the somewhat
equal membranaceous palese ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, with
the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender
bristle-like awn ! the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens 3.
Stigmas pencil-form, purple. — Leaves short and flat, thickish, l'-3' long.
(Name composed of yv^vos, naked, and Troo-yo)!/, a beard, iilluding to the reduc-
tion of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)
47

554 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

1. O. racem6suS,_Beauv. Culms clustered from a short rootsl >ck (1
high), wiry, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; spikes flower-bearing to the base
(5' -8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk,
equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the length of the awn of the fer-
tile flower. 1|. (Anthopogon lepturoides, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

2. G. brevifdlillS, Triu. Filiform spikes long-pedunded, i. e. flower-bear-
ing only above the middle ; lower palea ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn
of the, abortive flower obsolete or minute ; glumes acute, ty (Anthopogon brevifo-
lius & filiformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward.

2O. CYNODON, Eichard. BEBMUDA GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second
flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless,
rather unequal. Paleae pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped.
Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of KVO>J/, a dog, and oSovs, a tooth.)

1. C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3-5; paleae smooth, longer than the blunt
rudiment. — Penn. and southward; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. DACTYL.OCTIJNIUBI, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS.

Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on
one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2 - 5 in number,
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled,
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palea strongly
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, contain-
ing a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Culms diffuse, often creeping
at the base. (Name compounded of bdicruXos, finger, and Kreviov, a little comb,
alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.)

1. I>. JEGYPTIACUM, Willd. Spikes 4- 5; leaves ciliate at the base. ®
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?)

22. EL.EUSINE, Gaertn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS.

Spikelets 2 - 6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate-
gpiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes membrar
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palea3 awnless and pointless ; the
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) con-
taining a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and
flowers much as in Poa. (Name from 'EAevo-iV, the town where Ceres, the god-
dess of harvests, was worshipped.)

1. E. fioncA, Gsertn. (DOG'S-TAIL or WIRE GRASS.) Culms ascend-
ing, flattened; spikes 2-5 (2f long, greenish). — Yfffds, &c., chiefly southward,
(Nat. from Ind.1?)

GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555

23. I.EPTOCHL.OA, Beauv. (OXYDENIA, Nutt.)

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra-
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower pa-
lea 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awnless, or
bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the upper. Stamens 2 or
3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Leaves flat. (Name composed of
Xeirros, slender, and x^oa, grass, from the long attenuated spikes. )

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA PROPER. — Lower palea awnless or simply aimed.

1. It. mucronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40,
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small; glumes more
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. ©
— Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August.

$2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. — Lower palea bristle-awned from the 2-toothed apex ;
the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points.

2. It. fascicillaris. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-decum-
bent branching culms ; the upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like
raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3' - 5' long) ; spikelets slightly
pedicelled, 7-11-flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; palea
hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral teeth and a
short awn in the cleft of the apex. ; ! (Festuca fascicularis, Lam. F. polysta-
chya, Michx. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr. ) — Brackish meadows,
from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois southward on
the Mississippi. Aug. — Makes a direct transition to the next genus.

24. TRICIJSPIS, Beauv. (URALEPIS & WiNDs6niA, Nutt.)

Spikelets 3-12-flowcrcd, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive.
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded below each flower. Palea
membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous ; the lower much larger than the 2-
toothed upper one, convex, 2 — 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strpng nerves, of which the lateral are mar-
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob-
long, mostly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed : sheaths bearded at the throat.
Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Nama
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palea.)

§ I. TRICUSPIS PROPER. (Windsoria, Nutt.) — Glumes shorter than the
crowded flowers : lower palea ^-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usu-
ally with 2 intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palea naked.
1. T. seslerioldes, Torr. (TALL RED-TOP.) Culm upright (3° -5°
high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, the rigid
capillary branches spreading, naked below : spikelets very numerous, 5 - 7-flow-
ered, shining, purple (J'long); the flowers hairy toward the base. 1J. (Poa
flava, L. ! P. seslerioides, Mich*. P. quinquelida, Purali. Windsoria poso-

556 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

formis, Nutt. Uralepis cuprea, Kunth.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York to
Illinois, and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palea almost equal, scarcely exceeding
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed.

12. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplocea, Raf. Uralepis, Nutt.) — Glumes much
shorter than the somewhat remote flowers : both palece strongly fringe-bearded ; the
lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate
or awn-pointed divisions.

2. T. purpiirca. (SAND-GRASS.) Culms many in a tuft from the
same root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints ; leaves invo-
lute-awl-shaped, mostly short ; panicles very simple, bearing few 2 - 5-flowered
spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included in the
commonly hairy sheaths ; awn much shorter than the palea, frequently not exceeding
its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. (5) ? (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea
barbata, Raf. Uralepis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) — In sand, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid
to the taste.

T. coENtTA (Uralepis cornuta, EH. and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. !) may
perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.

25. DUPONTIA, R. Brown. DUPONTIA.

Spikelets 2-4-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, nearly equal-
ling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each flower.
Paleas thin and membranaceous or scarious; the lower one convex, scarcely
keeled, faintly nerved, entire, mostly acutish, pointless. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and chiefly Arctic grasses, with linear
flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose panicle.
(Named for M. Dupont, a writer on the sheaths of the leaves of Grasses.)

(A genus, according to its author, most allied to Deschampsia (Aira), from
which it differs in its entire and awnless paleee, — an alliance strengthened by
the following remarkable new species which I venture to place in it ; — leaving
the genus among the Festucinese on account of the technical character, as it
wants the awn, and because it may include Arctophila of Ruprecht, which vergeg
very close on Colpodium and Glyceria. Fluminia, Fries, or Scolochloa, Link,
(which may occur within our northwestern borders,) is intermediate in character
between Dupontia and Tricuspis, but might perhaps be ranged with Arctophila
in spite of its teeth, of which there are traces in some genuine Glyceriae.)

1. I>. Cooleyi. Tall (2° or more high) ; leaves roughish, sparsely hairy
above ; panicle ample, compound ; glumes very unequal, the upper (3" long)
scarcely shorter than the spikelet, their midrib and the pedicels rough, the slen-
der rhachis conspicuously and unilaterally bearded for its whole length. — Bor-
ders of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan. — Flowers in the
spike mostly 2 or 3 and a sterile pedicel, whitish, the palea longer and of a
firmer texture than those of Aira csespitosa and A. Bothnica, perfectly entire,
acutish, and with a somewhat keel-like roughish midrib : no trace of an awn.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 557

26. DIARRHENA, Eaf. DIARRHENA.

Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the
lower one much smaller. Lower palea ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori-
aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped
tip. Squamulae ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid,
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the paleae, the cartilaginous shining peri-
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root-
stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets (f
long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of 8is, two, and apprjv, man,
from the two stamens.)

1. I>. Americana, Beauv. (Eestuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river-
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. August.

27. DACTYL.IS, L. COCK'S-FOOT or ORCHARD GRASS.

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching
dense panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-
ciliate on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point;
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name daKTv\is, a finger* »
breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.)

1. I>. GLOMERATA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly
linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. —
Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

28. KCELERIA, Fers. KCBLERIA.

Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes and lower palea membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved,
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed : the former moder-
ately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted
Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms ; the sheaths
often downy. (Named for Prof. Ktihler, an early writer on Grasses.)

1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base ; spikelets 2 - 4-flowered ; lower palea acute or mucronate ; leaves flat,
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. GRAciLis, with a long and narrow
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Nvtt.) — Dry hills, Penn. to
Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.)

29. E A T 6 N I A , Eaf. (KEUotLEA, Kunth, not of BadeK.)

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nu«

merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat

equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower

narrowly linear, keeled, 1 -nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the

47*

558 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palea ob-
long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen-
der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths,
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikelets.
(Named for Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the
United States, which was for a long time the only general work commonly
available for students in this country, and of several other popular treatises.)

1. E. Ol>tUS:Vta. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, the
spikelets much crowded on the short erect branches ; upper glume rounded-obovate,
truncate-obtuse, rough on the back; the flowers lance-oblong. (Aira obtusata,
Michx. A. truncata, Muhl. Kceleria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata, Nutt. Re-
boulea gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, ed. 1. Eatonia purpurascens,
Raf. ?) — Dry soil, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July.

2. E. Peiiiisylvaiiica. Panicle, long and slender, loose, the racemose
branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ;
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Koeleria Pennsylvanica, DC. Aira mollis,
Muhl. Reboulea Pennsylvanica, ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6' -8'
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. MAJOK, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palea minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common.

3O. ME L< 1C A, L. MELIC-GRASS.

Spikelets 2 - 5-flowered ; the 1-3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes
usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palese
papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age; the lower
rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Pani-
cle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided.
(An old name, from /neXi, honey.)

1. M. miitica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palea naked, gla-
brous but minutely scabrous on the nerves, ty (M. glabra, Michx. M. speciosa,
Muhl.) — Var. GiABRA (M. glabra, Pursh.) has the panicle often few-flowered
and rather simple, the lower palea very blunt. — Var. DiFFtiSA (M. diffusa,
Pursh) is taller, 2^° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani-
cle; the lower palea commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich
soil, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

31. GLYCERIA, R. Brown, Trin. MANNA-GRASS.

Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
unequal 1 - 3-nerved membranaceous glumes behind. Palese naked, of a rather
firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some-
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, 5-7-

GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 559

nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas plumose,
mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth
marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstocks ; the spikelets in a race-
mose panicle. (Name from y\vKepos, sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)

$1. GLYCERIA PROPER. — Lower palea conspicuously nerved: styles present:
plumes of the stigma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side : leaves
flat, the sheaths nearly entire.

# Spikelets in a crowded panicle, ovate, turgid, more or less compressed; the flowers
crowded: lower palea ovate, entire, not very strongly nerved, of a firm texture, in
No. 1 becoming ventricose after flowering (almost as in Briza) : upper palea very
obtuse and entire : stamens 2.

1. G. CanadensiS, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.) Panicle oblong
pyramidal, at length spreading, and the tumid 6 - 8-flowered spikelets drooping ;
lower palea acutish, longer than the rounded upper one ; leaves long, roughish.
(Briza Canadensis, Michx. Poa Canadensis, Beauv.) — Boggy places, New
England to Penn., Wisconsin, and common northward. July. — A handsome.
Stout grass, 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 2" long, becoming very broad: glumes purplish.

2. O. ol>tlisa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense; the 6-7-flowered
spikelets erect, short-pedicelled ; lower palea obtuse, the upper as long when old.
(Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New England to Penn., near the coast; rare.

,Aug. — Culm stout, l°-2° high, very leafy: leaves long, smooth. Spikelets
3" long, pale.

3. O. Cloilgata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long),
recurving; the branches appressed, bearing the 3-4-flowered erect short-pedi-
celled spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea obtuse, rather longer than the
upper; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July. — Spikelets pale, 1" -
1£" long.

* * Spikelets oblong, diffusely panicled, nearly terete : lower palea oblong or oval, trun-

cate-obtuse, prominently 1 -nerved; the upper one 2-toothed: stamens 3.

4. O, nervata, Trin. Branches of the broad and open panicle capillary,
at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ;
leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. striata, MicJix. P. parviflora,
Pursh.) — Moist meadows; very common. June. — Culm erect, l°-3° high.
Spikelets seldom 2" long, commonly purplish.

5. O« pallida* Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle capillary, erect-
spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5 — 9-
flowered (pale, 4' long) ; lower palea oblong, minutely 5-toothed, the upper lanceo-
late, conspicuously 2-toothed; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria
pallida & Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water ; common, especially northward.
July. — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping rase.

6. O. aquatica, Smith. (REED MEADOW-GRASS.) Panicle much
branched, ample (8' - 157 long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age;
tpikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-9-flowered (usually purplish, 2" -3" long);

560 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

lower palea entire; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to \* wide). — Wet meadows
&c. ; common northward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° - 5° high. (Eu.)

# * * Spikelets linear (£'-!' long), terete, pale, oppressed on the branches of the
long and narrow racemose panicle : palece, minutely roughish ; the upper ^-toothed :
stamens 3: squamuke unilateral or united: ligule long: culm flattened, ascending
from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Brown.)

7. G. flUitans, K. Brown. Spikelets 7-13-flowered; lower palea oblong,
obtuse, or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather
longer than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water; com-
mon, especially northward. June - Aug. — Culm thickish, 1° - 5° long. Leaves
short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1° long : the simple branches
appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.)

8. G. acutiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, few and scattered;
lower palea oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper
one. — Wet places, Penn. to New England; rather rare. June. — Resembles
the last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (J'
long) and less nerved.

$ 2. HELE6CHLOA, Fries. (Sclerochloa, ed. 1.) — Lower palea inconspicuously
or obsoletely 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain hardly
grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age.

9. G. Iliaritima, Wahl. (SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) Sterile shoots procum-
bent runner-like; flowering culms erect (l°-lj° high); branches of the panicle
solitary or in pairs ; spikelets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowered ; lower palea round-
ed at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat invo-
lute; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea-coast; not rare. (Eu.)

10. G. distailS, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, des-
titute of running shoots ; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading ;
spikelets 3 - 6-flowered ; lower palea truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule
short. (P. fasciculata, Torr. P. distans, L. P. arenaria, Retz.) — Salt marsh-
es along the coast. — Probably only a form of the last. (Eu.)

32. BRIZOPYRTJM, Link. SPIKE-GRASS.

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly
many-nerved. Lower palea rather coriaceous, flattened-boat-shaped, indistinctly
many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers mostly dioecious, pretty large.
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded
of Briza (No. 35), and irvpos, wheat.)

1. B. spicatnin, Hook. Culms tufted, from creeping rootstocks (9;-
18' high); spike oblong, flattened (!' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5-10-
flowered; flowers smooth and naked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa
Michauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas; the sterile sir allot
and somewhat rounded on the back.

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 561

33. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS.

Spikelets ovate, or lance-ovate, compressed, several- (2 - 10-) flowered, in an
open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Low-
er palea membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, compressed-
keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete),
the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft hairs
or long and crisped cobweb-like wool ; upper palea membranaceous, 2-toothed.
Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted.
Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (An ancient Greek name for Grass.)
* Root annual : branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.

1. P. cinillia, L. (Low SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms spreading or decum-
bent (3' -8' long), flattened; panicle often 1-sided; spikelets crowded, very
short-pedicelled, 3 - 7-flowered ; lower palea delicately more or less hairy on the
nerves below. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if real-
ly indigenous here. April -Oct. (Eu.)

* * Root perennial : culms tufted, often stoloniferous at the base.

•«- Branches of the simple panicle mostly solitary or in pairs, short but slender, smooth,

bearing single or few purplish spikelets. (Alpine.)

2. P. l:tx:i, Hsenke. Culms upright (4' -9' high) ; panicle nodding, often
racemose-contracted ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea obscurely
nerved, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves below ; leaves narrow ;
ligules elongated. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and N.
New York, and high northward. (The nearly related P. alpina is found in
Canada, and may occur within our borders.) (Eu.)

•«- •«- Branches of the very loose panicle long and capillary, mostly in pairs or in
threes, naked below (more or less scabrous) : spikelets few or widely scattered, pretty
large (3"" -4" long, pale-green, sometimes purple-tinged), loosely 3 - 5-flowered :
culm flatfish (l°-2° high), plant soft, and smooth, Jlowering in spring.

•M- Flowers (oblong) obtuse, as also the larger glume : panicle diffuse : lower palea
rather conspicuously scarious at the apex, villous below the middle on the keel and
marginal nerves.

3. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 2-3-leaved,
the upper leaves very short (£'-2' ,long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped;
branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; lower palea rather obscurely nerved,
cobwebby at the base. (P. pungens, Nuit., excl. syn. EU. P. cuspidata, Barton.
The older and also more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky or hilly
woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. —
Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.

4. P, flextiosa, Muhl. Culm slender (not stoloniferous ?) ; its leave»
all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its branches
2' - 4' long to the spikelets or first ramification) ; lower palea prominently nerved,
no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. campy le, Schult.) — Dry
woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -May. — Wrongly con-
founded with the last, though near it. P. autumnalis is an inappropriate name,
and there is now no obstacle to restoring the earlier published and unobjection-
able (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa.

562 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

•*-<• +•»• Flowers (oblong-lanceolate) and both glumes acute : panicle narrow.

5. P. alsodes. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost
(2^' - 4' long) often sheathing the base of the panicle, the capillary branches of
which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; spikelets 3-
flowered (pale green, soft) ; lower palea very obscurely nerved, villous on the
keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous.
(P. nemoralis, Torr. fr ed. 1 : but wholly different from the European species of
that name.) — Woods, on hill-sides, New England to Wisconsin. May, June.
•*--!--(- Branches of the rather narrow but loose long-peduncled panicle in threes or

Jives, or rarely in pairs, short or shortish, above bearing scattered and rather few
spikelets; these barely 2" long, pale green, rather loosely 2 - ^-flowered : flowers
(oblong) and glumes obtuse ; lower palea scarcely scarious-tipped : plant very smooth,
slender (l£°-3° high) : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, l£'-3' long, soft.

6. P. clebilis, Torr. Culm terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle
Blender (the lower l£'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes ; flowers
very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at then* base. — Rocky
woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May.

7. P. sylvestris. Culm flatfish, erect; branches of the oblong-pyramidal
panicle short, in fives or more ; lower palea villous on the keel for its whole kngth,
and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. — Rocky woods
and meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. June.

«_ *- +- -K- Branches of the narrow or oblong panicle mostly short, in fives or some-
times in twos and threes, rough, mostly compound and bearing very numerous closely-
flowered spikelets : flowers acute or acutish, more or less webbed at the base.

«-«• Panicle open, its branches in fives : the 3 - b-flowered spikelets all distinctly pedicelled,
acute, slightly flattened ; lower palea villous or pubescent on the keel and marginal
nerves, the intermediate nerves obsolete: culms erect (2° -3° high), terete, growing
in tufts, not at all stoloniferous at the base.

8. P. scrotiiia, Ehrhart. (FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GEASS.)
Leaves narrowly linear ; ligules elongated; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (!"-
2" long) ; flowers acutish, green, often tinged with dull purple. (P. nemoralis,
Pursh. P. crocata, Michx. belongs to this or the next.) — Wet meadows and
low banks of streams ; common everywhere northward. July, Aug. — A good
grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)

9. P. no ill oral is, L. Leaves linear; ligules obsolete or very short; spike-
lets 4 - ^-flowered, rather larger, and the flowers and glumes mare sharply acute and
narrower ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding, which is too nearly related to
it. — Wisconsin (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.)

•»-<• -n- Panicle with the flattened spikelets crowded on the branches, mostly short-pedi-
celled, sometimes almost sessile: culms stoloniferous at the base, except in No. 10.

10. P. TRIVIALIS, L. (Rouen MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms (l°-3° high)
and sheaths usually rather rough ; branches of the pyramidal diffuse panicle mostly
in fives ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers acute, prominently 5-nerved, a little hairy
on the keel, otherwise glabrous; ligule acute, oblong. — Moist meadows; less
common and less valuable than the next. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 563

11. P. prateilSiS, L. (GKEEN or COMMON MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms
(l°-3° high, from a_creeping base) and sheaths smooth; branches of the py-
ramidal panicle commonly in fives, spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers
5-nerval, lance-ovate, acute, hairy on the marginal nerves and keel ; ligule blunt,
short. — Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous
at the White Mountains of New Hampshire and northward. May -July. (Eu.)

12. P. comprcssa, L. (BLUE-GRASS. WIRE-GRASS.) Culms much
flattened, obliquely ascending (9' -18' high) from a creeping base, the uppermost
joint near the middle ; leaves short, bluish-green ; panicle dense and contracted
(expanding just at flowering), partly one-sided; the short branches often in
pairs, covered to near the base with the 4 - 9-flowered flat spikelets ; flowers
linear-elliptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the lateral nerves and keel ; ligule
short and blunt. — Dry fields and banks, probably introduced with other and
more valuable grasses ; rarely in woods : apparently truly indigenous north
ward. (Eu.)

34. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS.

Spikeiets 2 - 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palea is but
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous ; the upper
persistent on the entire rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of
the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early name,
probably from epa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent habit of
the original species.)

# Prostrate and creeping, much-branched : root annual : spikelets flat, imperfectly

dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.

1. E. rep tans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10- 30-flowered, almost
sessile ; flowers lance-ovate, acute ; leaves short, almost awl-shaped, smoothish.
(Poa reptans, Michx.) — Gravelly river-borders; common. August. — Flower-
branches 2' - 5' high.

# * Diffusely spreading, or thefloivering culms ascending, low (6' -15' high) : spike-
lets large (i'-f long), densely-flowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.

2. E. po^EOlDES, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ;
spikelets short-pedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead-
colored (2" -5" long); flowers ovate/obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward ; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. MEGASTACHYA. Sheaths mostly glabrous ; spikelets larger (i'-f lo*.
becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, Lut*.
Brixa Eragrostis, L.} — Similar situations, and more common. Aug. — Env*
a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending : panicle ope*,
branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Numfo
of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, $*c.)

•t- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annt*.
root : leaves narrow, flat, soft : branches of the narrow panicle rather short an*
thickly-flowered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes tJie lowtst sparingly*

564 GRAMINE^E. (GKASS FAMILY.)

3. E. PIL6SA, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather ere it branches
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5 -12-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lead-
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels ; glumes (small) and louer
palea obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, l-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo-
sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 6r- 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high); panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikdets 2-5-flowered (\"-\\" long) on
slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower palea ovate, acute, rather obscurely 3-
nerved. (E. erythrogona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly red-
dish.)— Low or sandy ground, Ohio to Illinois (opposite St. Louis, Drummond,
Engelmann), and southwestward. Aug. -V&-r-':

5. E. Purstlii, (Borah.?) Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decum-
bent base, then erect (£°- 2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely-
spreading, very loose; spikelets 5-18-floivered, oblong-lanceolate, becoming
linear (2" -4^" long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and
lower palea ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella? Pursh.
P. Caroliniana, Spreng. P. pectinacca of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

•»- •»- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, Jinn, erect, from an annual or
perennial root, mostly forming thick tufts: leaves very long ; panicle very large, com-
pound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosely Jlowercd branches ; their
ixtts often bearded.

6. E. tennis. Panicle virgately elongated (1°-2|° long), very loose, the
spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
and long diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 -12-) flow-
ered, pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l^"-2" long),
membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute Jlowers ; lower palea distinctly 3-
nerved; the upper ciliate-scabrous. 1J.1? (Poa tenuis, Ell. P. capillaris, Michx.
P. trichodes, Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and
south ward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, l£°-2° long, glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy : the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flow
ers much larger than in the next, fully l£" long.

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long
diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, veiy small, 2 - 4-flowered,
greenish or purplish ; glumes and jlowers ovate, acute (less than 1" long) ; lower
palea obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled, the upper rough-ciliate. (i) (Poa capil-
laris, L. P. hirsuta, Micluc. ) — Sandy dry soil and fields ; common, especially
southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths either very hairy or nearly gla-
brous, the former about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, becoming very
wide and diffuse.

8. E. pectin acea. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main
branches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or le&i oppressed on the
secondary branches; spikdets fiat, 5 - 1 5-flowered, becoming linear, purple or
purplish-tinged ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish; lower palea

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565

stronfjli/ 3-ncrvect , the upper hirsute-ciliate. }]. ? (Poa pcctinacea, Miclix., ex char.
P. Virginica, Zucc.? P. hirsuta, Amer. auth., not of Michx. E. Unionis &
cognata, Steud.?) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths especially so.
— Var. SPECTABILIS. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; branches of the
panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels mostly shorter; spikelets
rather larger. (E. spectabilis, ed. 1. Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) — Sandy dry
ground, from E. Massachusetts southward near the coast, and from Ohio and
Illinois southward. Aug. -Oct. — Plant l°-3° high. Spikelets l£"-3" long,
about 1" wide, closely flowered.

35. 15 III Z A, L. QUAKING GRASS.

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palea round-
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart-
shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-niar-
gined, obscurely many-nerved; the upper palea very much smaller, ovate, flat.
Stamens 3. Stigmas brauched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the paleae,
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the large
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an,
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /3pi£(o, to slumber (Linn.),
or ftpido), to bend downwards).

1. 15. MEDIA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5-9-
flowered (3" long); glumes shorter than the lower flowers. 1J. — Pastures;
sparingly in E. Massachusetts and in Penn. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. MAXIMA, L., an annual with much larger and many-flowered spikes, is
occasionally cultivated for ornament.

36. FESTIJCA, L FESCUE-GRASS.

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby at
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Paleae chartaceous or almost coria-
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute,
pointed, or often bristle-awned, rarely blunt; the upper mostly adhering at
maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens mostly 3. — Flowers, and often the
leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.)

* Flowers bristle-pointed or awned from the tip : panicle -acemose-contracted.

1. F. tenella. Willd. Panicle spike-like, somewnat one-sided (2' -3
long); spikelets 7 - 9-flowered ; awn of the involute-awl-shaped palea slender ; leaves
bristle-form, (i) — Dry sterile soil; not rare. July. — Culms very slender,
6f- 12' high.

2. F. OVllltl. (SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS.) Panicle narrow ; spikelets 2-
S-flowered; awn much shorter than the lanceolate palea, or almost wanting; leaves
convolute-filiform; culms 6' -15' high, forming dense-rooted tufts. U — N. E.
New England, Lake Superior, and northward. — Var. vi V^PARA (which with us
has running rootstocks), with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots,
is found on the alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and

high northward. (Eu.)

48

566 GRAMINJUE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Var. cl 1 ri fisciil.i. Taller ; panicle more open or compound ; leares
flat, b( coming convolute; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered. (F. duriuscula, L.) — N.
New England and northward. Also sparingly naturalized from Europe in dry
pastures eastward. June.

* * Flowers awnless and mostly almost pointless : panicle open: grain often free, I

3. F. ELATIOR, L. (in part). Panicle contracted before and after flowering,
erect, with short branches; spikelets crowded, 5-10-flowered (about \ long) ; the
flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate; leaves flat; culms 1° — 4° high from a
short creeping rootstock. 1J. (F. pratensis, Huds.) — Moist meadows and near
dwellings. June. — A pretty good meadow-grass. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. F. lillt<lllS, Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branch-
es, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough, bearing near their extremity a few
ovate 3-5-flowered spikelets (\' long) on pretty long pedicels ; flowers ovate-
oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved.
1J. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° -4° high, naked above:
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy.

37. BROMUS, L. BROME-GRASS.

Spikelets 5 - many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous.,
the lower 1 -5-, the upper 3- 9-nerved. Lower palea either convex on the back
or compressed-keeled, 5 -9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the
mostly 2-cleft tip : upper palea at length adhering to the groove of the oblong
or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. —
Course grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened
at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from /Spo/uos, food.)

$ 1. EUBROMUS. — Lower palea convex on the back; the flowers imbricated over

one another before expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-, the upper 5 - 9-nerved.

* Annuals or biennials : introduced.

1. 15. SECALhsus, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit,
the drooping peduncles but little branched ; spikelets oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of
8-10 rather distant flowers ; lower palea rather longer than the upper, its awn short,
sometimes very short or none ; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Grain-fields, too com-
mon : also escaped into barren or waste grounds. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. 15. RACEM6sus, L. (UPRIGHT CHESS.) Panicle erect, simple, rather
narrow, contracted in fruit; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palea decided-
ly exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ,
sheaths sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often
mistaken in this country. — Grain-fields ; not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. I?. MOLLIS, L. (SOFT CHESS.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ;
spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy
(as also the leaves, £c.) ; lower palea acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New
York and Penn. ; scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Perennial: indigenous. (Lower glume strongly 3-, the upper 5-nerved.)

4. B. Kalinii. (WILD CHESS.) Panicle simple, small (3' -4' long),
the spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely

GBAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 567

silky all over ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower ; lower
palea 7-9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°-
3° high) ; leaves and shdaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus,
Muld. B. purgans, Torr. Fl.*N. Y.) — Dry woodlands and open places; com-
mon northward. June, July. — This is preserved in -the herbarium of Linuasus
under the name of B. ciliatus, though it is uoi the plant he has described ; thence
has arisen much confusion.

$2. SCHED6NORUS, Beauv., Fries. — Lower palea somewhat convex, but
keeled on th* back, laterally more or less compressed, at least above : flowers soon
separating jrom each other : lower glume 1- the upper 3-nerved.

5. IS. ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at
length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7-12-flowered; flowers lanceolate, tipped
with an awn half to three fourths their length ; lower palea silky with appressed
hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish
on the back (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubcscens, MuhL) ; — or, in var. PUR-
GANS (B. purgans, L.!), clothed ail over with very short and fine appressed
hairs. 1J. — River-banks and moist woodlands ; rather common. July, Aug.

— Culm 3° -4° high, with the large leaves (£'-£' wide) smooth or somewhat
hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top.

— Variable as to the pubescence, &c., and- comprising several forms, including
both the Linnaean species ; for which the present name is preferable to the inap-
plicable purgans, which was taken from Feuille's South American species. — In
a large-flowered form, two obscure additional nerres appear in the upper glume.

6. IS. STERILIS, L. Paniclevery loose, the slender and nearly simple branches
drooping ; spikelets of about 6 rather distant and 7-nerved roughish linear-awl-
shaped long-awned flowers ; leaves rather hairy. ® — Pcnn Yan, New York,
Sartwell. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

38. UNIOL.A, L. SPIKE-GRASS.

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palea. Glumes lance-
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly later-
ally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire, en-
closing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leavet
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant,
a diminutive of unio, unity.)

# Spikdets large (%' - 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 30 flowered : panicle open.

1. U. paniculata, L. Leaves narrow when dry, convolute; spikelets
ovate, short-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the
fertile with 3 stamens ; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hills
on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward.

2. U. latifolia, Michx. Leaves broad and flat (!'-!' wide); spikelets at
length oblong, hanging on long pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all bat

568 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.)

the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hill-sides, S. Perm, to Illinoii
and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° - 4° high : panicle loose.
# * Spikelets small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowers long-pointed.
3. U. gracilis, Michx. Spikelets short-pedicelled (2" -3" long), broadly
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - 8-ftowered : the flowers ovate and divergent-
ly beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender.

39. PHRAGM ITES, Trin. REED.

Spikelets 3 - 7-flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at their base,
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
the lowest, which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked. Glumes
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very
unequal. Palese membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped,
thrice the length of the upper. Squamulae 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal
panicle. ($ pay pirns, growing in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does not.)

1. P. COmnmiliS, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered ; flowers equalling the wool. ( Arundo, L. ) — Edges of ponds and swamps ;
common northward. Sept. — Looks like Broom-corn at a distance, 5° -12°
high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.)

4O. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CANE.

Spikelets flattened, 5 - 14-flowered ; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger.
Palese herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back,
not keeled, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulae
3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or
shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in
panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous, viz. perfect and staminate. (Name
formed from arundo> a reed.)

1. A. macrospcrma, Michx. Spikelets (1^'- 3' long) rather few in a
simple panicle, sometimes solitary on a slender peduncle ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, pubescent beneath : — in the SMALL CANE §'-!' wide, in the TALL CANE
1 '-2' wide. Culm of the latter sometimes 20° -35°, in cane-brakes ; but it very
rarely blossoms. — In rich soil, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. April.

41. 1.EPTIJRUS, E. Brown. LEPTURUS.

Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed
in the excavation, 1 - 2-flowered. Glumes 1-2, including the 2 thin pointless
palese. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch-
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender
spikes (whence the name, from Xtyrro?, slender, and ovpd, tail).

1. L<. 1 panic ulatllS, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569

spikes ; glum»;s 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (Mead),
and westward. Aug.

42. L6L.IUM, L. DARNEL.

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one and exter-
nal:— otherwise chiefly as in Trificum. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. Li. PERENNE, L. (COMMON DARNEL,. RAY- or RYE-GRASS.) Glume
much shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 6-9, awnless, rarely awn-pointed. 1J. —
Meadows and lots; eastward. June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. (Nat.
from Eu.)

2. Li. TEMULENTUM, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Glume fully equalling the
5-7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower (£' long). (I) — Grain-fields,
Massachusetts and Penn. : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only such instance
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.)

43. TRITICUM, L. WHEAT.

Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palea very like the glumes, convex on the
back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong and ven-
tricose-boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. VULGARE). Others are perennial,
with nearly lanceolate acute or pointed glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never fur-
nishing bread-corn (§ AGROPYRON, Gsertn.) ; to which the following belong.

1. T. repens, L. (COUCH-GRASS. QUITCH-GRASS. QUICK-GRASS.)
Rootstocks creeping extensively ; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ;
rhachis glabrous, but rough on the angles ; awn none, or not more than half the
length of the flower ; leaves flat, roughish or hairy above. — Var. NEMORALE, An-
derson. Brighter green; palese pretty long-awned ; spike slender. — Open
grounds, northward : principally in meadows and cultivated grounds, where it is
naturalized (from Europe) and very troublesome, multiplying rapidly and widely
by its creeping slender rootstocks. June -Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. caninum, L. (AWNED WHEAT-GRASS.) No creeping rootstock ;
spikelets 4 - 5-flowered ; glumes 3 - 5-nerved ; rhachis very rough ; awn longer
than the smooth flower ; leaves flat, rovLghish. — Woods and banks, W. New York
to Wisconsin, and northward. Also sparingly naturalized in fields. (Eu.)

3. T. dasystadiyiim. Culm (l°-3° high, from a strong creeping root-
stock) and narrow mostly involute leaves very smooth and glaucous; spikelets downy-
hairy all over, whitish, 5 - 9-flowered ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis rough on the
edges ; uwn sometimes about half the length of the flower, sometimes nearly
wanting. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Hu-
ron and Superior, and northward. Aug.

48*

570 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

44. II 6 HOKUM, L. BARLEY.

Spikei its 1 -flowered with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, 3 at each
joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form-
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Paleae herba-
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the paleas. Rhachis of the dense spike
often separating into joints. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. H« jufoatum, L. (SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.) Low, lateral flowers
abortive, neutral, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing an
extremely long awn (21 long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all
spreading. @ — Marshes and moist sand of the sea-shore and the Northern
lakes. June.

2. H. pusillmii, Nutt. Lateral flowers imperfect and neutral, awnless
but pointed, the perfect flower bearing an awn nearly twice the length of its palea,
equalling the short awns of the rigid glumes, which rise, the central from an awl-
shaped, the middle ones from an oblong base ; spike linear, (i) — Saline soil,
Ohio, Illinois, and westward. — Too near H. maritimum of Europe. Culm
4' -10' high.

H. DfsTicnuM, L., is the cultivated TWO-ROWEI> BARLEY. H. VULG\RB,
L., is the common FOUR- (or Six-) ROWED BARLEY ; the lateral spikelets being
also fertile, probably as a consequence of long-continued cultivation.

SECALE CEREALE, L., the RYE, is a well-known cultivated gram of this
grc up, nearly allied to the Wheat in botanical character.

45. EL.YMUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD RYE.

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each

1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets,

2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Paleae coriaceous ; the
lower rounded on the back, acute or usually awned at the apex, adherent to the
involving palese (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from e'Xvw,
to roll up).

* Glumes and lower palece rigid, both or only the latter aimed : spikelets 1-5-
Jlowered : perennials, with slender culms and rather harsh foliage.

1. E. VirginiCUS, L. Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick (3' long), on
a short peduncle usually included in the sheath; spikelets 2-3 together, 2 -3-flow-
ered, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the rough and thickened
strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; not rare.
Aug. — Culm stout, 2° - 3° high : leaves broadly linear, rough.

2. E. CanadensiS, L. Spike rather loose, curving (5' -9' long), on an
exserted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awned rough or rough-
hairy flowers ; the lance-awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadel-
phicus, L. !) — Var. GLAUCiF6Lius (E. glaucifolius, MM.) is pale or glaucous
throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns (!£' long). — River-banks,
&c. ; common.

(GRASS FAMILY.) 571

3. E. StriatUS, Willd. Spike dense, but slender, upright or slightly nod-
ding (3' -4' long) ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1-2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, mi-
nutely bristly-hairy; glumes linear-awl-shaped or truly awl-shaped, bristle-awned,
about thrice the length of the flowers, not counting their capillary awn (which is 1'
long); leaves (rather narrow) and sheaths smooth or hairy, or downy. — Var.
viLL6sus (E. villosus, Muhl. !) has a somewhat stouter spike and very hairy
glumes. — Rocky woods and banks; rather rare. July. — The most slender
and smallest-flowered species.

* * Glumes and palece both awnless and soft in texture : reed-like perennials.

4. E. IllolliS, Trin. (not of E. Br.) Stout (3° high) ; spike thick, erect
(8 long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5-8-flowered; the lanceolate pointed
5- 7-nerved glumes (!' long) with the pointed paleae soft-villous, the apex of the
culm velvety ; rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of Lakes
Huron, Superior, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.)

46. OYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. BOTTLE-BBUSH GRASS.

Spikelets 2-3 (or sometimes solitary) on each joint of the rhachis, raised on
a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2-4-flowered (when solitary placed flatwise
on the rhachis). Glumes none ! or small awn-like deciduous rudiments (whence
the name of this genus [otherwise nearly as in Elymus], from yvpvos, naked, and
OTi^oSj a rank).

1. G. Ilystrix, Schreb. Spike upright, loose (3' -6' long); the spread-
ing spikelets 2-3 together, early deciduous ; flowers smoothish, or often rough-
hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length (!' long); leaves and sheaths
smoothish. 1J. (Elymus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands; rather common
July.

47. A 111 A, L. (in part). HAIB-GRASS.

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle; the (small) flowers both per-
fect (sometimes with a third imperfect), usually shorter than the membranaceous
keeled glumes, hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palea truncate
and mostly denticulate or eroded at the summit, bearing a slender bent or straight
awn on its back. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous.
Grain oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

§ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv., Trin. — Lower palea thin and scarious or mem-
branaceous, delicately 3 - 5-nerved, eroded or toothed at the truncate summit ; the
awn attached mostly a little above the base : grain not grooved, mostly free : glumes
about equalling the flowers.

1. A. flexuosa, L. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) Culms slender, nearly
naked (l°-2°high), from the small tufts of involute-bristle-form haves (l'-6'
long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn about twice the
length of the palea. 1J. — Dry places; common. June. (Eu.)

2. A. ceespitosa, L. Culms in close tufts (2° -4° high); leaves flat,
linear; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long) ; awn barely equalling the palea.
jj. — Shores of lakes and streams ; not rare northward. June, July. (Eu.)

572 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

§ 2. VAHL6DEA, Fries. — Glumes mare boat-shaped, longer than the flower* :
lower palea of a firm or coriaceous texture, nerveless, the truncate-obtuse tip mostly
entire; the awn borne at or alwve the middle : grain grooved, flattish, free.
3. A. atropurpiirea, Wahl. Culms 8'- 15' high, weak; leaves flat or

rather wide ; panicle of few spreading branches ; awn stout, twice the length of

the paleae. ty — Alpine tops of , the White Mountains, and those of N. New

York. August. (Eu.)

48. DANTH01VIA, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS.

Lower palea (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7-9-nerved) bearing
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the
3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. (Named for
Danthoine, a French botanist.)

1. I>. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted (l°-2°high); leaves short, nar-
row and soon involute ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle simple, raceme-
like (2' long); the few spikelets appressed, 7-flowered; lower palea broadly
ovate, loosely hairy on the back, much longer than its lance-awl-shaped teeth.
1J. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July.

49. TRISETUM, Persoon. TRISETUM.

Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle ; the lower palea
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes,
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or
2-pointcd apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and seta, a bristle) : other-
wise nearly as in Avena.

1. T. SUbspicatum, Beauv., var. inollc. Minutely soft-downy ; pani-
cle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2' -3' long) ; glumes about the length
of the 2-3 smooth flowers ; awn diverging, much exserted. (Avena mollis,
Michx.) }\. — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin,
and northward; rare. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.)

2. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long),
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets fiat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 2
smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the
rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip,
while the lower one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. 1J. (Arena
palustris, Michx. Aira pallens, MuhL) — Low grounds, S. New York to Illinois,
and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spike-
lets yellowish-white, tinged with green.

5O. AVENA, L. OAT.

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ;
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palea rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the

GBAMINEJC. (GRASS FAMILY.) 578

acTwety 2-clert tfp, proceeding from the raid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain
oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy, free, but invested by the upper
palea. (Tne classical Latin name.)

f 1. AVENASTRUM, Koch. — Spikdets rather small, several-lowered; the
flowers remotish, ; glumes 1- and 3-nerved ; lower palea about 7 '-nerved : root
perennial.

1. A. Stria ta, Michx. Culms tufted, slender (l°-2°high); leaves nar-
row ; panicle simple, loose, drooping with age ; the few 3 - 5-flowered spikelets
on rough capillary pedicels, much longer than the very unequal purple glumes ;
lower palea with a short bearded tuft at the base, much longer than the ciliate-
fringed upper one (£' long), bearing a long straightish awn just below the taper-
ing very sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpurascens, Ton.} — Rocky,
shaded hills, N. New England, New York, and northward. June.

$ 2. AIR6PSIS, Desv., Fries. — Spikelets very small, of 2 closely approximate
flowers, and with no rudiment of a third: glumes l-nerved: lower palea obscurely
S-5-nerved: root annual. (Forms a genus intermediate between Aira and
Avena, here appended to the latter for convenience.)

2. A. PRJECOX, Beauv. Dwarf (3' -4' high), tufted; leaves short, bristle-
shaped ; branches of the small oblong panicle appressed ; awn from below the
middle of the flower. (Aira praecox, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. SATIVA, L., the COMMON OAT, belongs to the section with annual roots,
and long, 7 - 9-nerved glumes.

51. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. OAT-GRASS.

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower ; the
middle flower perfect, with its lower palea barely bristle-pointed from near the
tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the mid-
dle of the back (whence the name, from apprjv, masculine, and aOrip-, awn) : —
otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.

1. A. AVENA.CEUM, Beauv. Leaves broad, flat; panicle elongated (8'- 10'
long) ; glumes scarious, very unequal, ty (Avena elatior, L.) — Meadows and
lots ; scarce : absurdly called Grass of the, Andes. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)

52. HOL.CUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ;
the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re-
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, but its papery or thin-coriaceous lower
palea awnlcss and pointless ; the upper flower staminate only, otherwise similar,
but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to
the base. Grain free, scarcely grooved. (An ancient name, from O\KOS , draught,
of obscure application.)

1. H. LAN\TUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong
(l'-4' long) ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of the stain-
inato flower recurved. 1J. — Moist meadows ; scarce. June (Nat. from Eu.)

674 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

53. If 1 12 ROC II LO A, Gmelin. HOLY-GRASS.

Spikelets plainly 3-flowered, open-panicled ; the flowers all with 2 paleae the
two lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the
middle of the back or near the tip ; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short-
pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes equalling
or exceeding the spikelet, scarious; paleae chartaceous. — Leaves linear or lan-
ceolate; flat. (Name composed of tepos, sacred, and x^oa, grass ; these sweet-
scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North
of Europe.)

1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.)
Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2' - 5' long) ; peduncles smooth ;
staminate flowers with the lower palea mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near
the tip ; rootstock creeping. U. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, Mass.
to Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly near the coast and along the Lakes. May.
— Culm l°-2° high, with short lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color;
the sterile flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at
the tip. (Eu.)

2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (!'- 2' long); one
of the staminate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other
long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. 1J. — Alpine
mountain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.)

54. ANTHOXAtfTHUM,L. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL-GRASS.

Spikelets spiked-panicled, 3-flowered ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consist-
ing merely of one palea which is hairy on the outside and awned on the back :
the central (terminal) flower perfect, of 2 awnless chartaceous paleae, 2-androus.
Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice
the length of the lower. Squamulae none. Grain ovate, adherent to the enclos-
ing paleae. (Name compounded of avBos, flower, and av6o>v, of flowers. L.)

1. A. ODORATUM, L. Spikelets spreading (brownish or tinged with green) ;
one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short-
awned below the tip. 1J. — Meadows, pastures, &c. ; very sweet-scented in dry
ing. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)

55. PHAL.ARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded in a dense or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudiments
of a flower, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish,
awnless, of 2 shining paleae, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and often winged-
keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the
flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, flat. (The an-
cient name, from <£aXos, shining, alluding either to the paleae or the grain.)

1. P. arundinacca, L. (REED CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle more &
less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old ; glumes winglesa, with flat-
tened pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, \ the length of the fertile one. ty

GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575

(P. Americana. Torr., not of EU. Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.) — Wet grounds ;
very common northward. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3" - 5" wide. —
The RIBBON-GRASS of the gardens is a state of this species, with variegated
leaves. (Eu.)

2. P, CANARiiiNSis, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle spiked, oval; glumes
wing-keeled ; rudimentary flowers smooth, half the length of the perfect one. ® —
Waste places, near New York (Torrey), and sparingly cultivated. July -Sept.
— It yields the Canary-seed. (Adv. from Eu.)

56. 91 ILIUM, MILLET-GRASS.

Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con-
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a sin-
gle coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting,
while an empty single palea of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper
glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palea of the terete
fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved,
enclosed in the paleae, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the
Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thou-
sand, because of its fertility.)

1. M. cfrnsmii, L. Smooth (3°- 6° high) ; leaves broad and flat, thin ,
panicle spreading (6'- 9' long) ; flower ovoid-oblong. 1|. — Cold woods ; com-
mon northward. June. (Eu.)

57. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (MILIUM, Pursh.)

Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two
kinds ; one kind in a strict terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that
the rudiment of the lower glume is ordinarily discernible, quite deciduous from
the joint, commonly without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the
other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles
(which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the
others, perfect and fertile, subterranean ; the enwrapping glume and similar
empty palea many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain ovoid, terete,
not grooved, in the radical flowers very large (2" -3" long), the embryo next
the lower palea. Neutral palea somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile
flower. — Leaves lanceolate, flat, copious on the lower part of the culm, clothed
like the sheaths with spreading bristly hairs. (Name from dptyiKapiros, doubly
fruit-bearing.)

1. A. Pfirsliii, Kunth. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy
pine barrens, New Jersey. Sept.

5§. PASPALlfUI, L. PASPALUM.

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the othei

576 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which,
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and
empty palea few-served. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. — (Said to have been a Greek
name for Millet.)

# Spikes very numerous in a spiked raceme ; their thin and membranaceous or folia-
ceous rhachis broader than the spikelets, and keeled or boat-shaped.

1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Glabrous; stems procumbent below and rooting
in the mud or floating; leaves lanceolate; rhachis (1" wide) projecting beyond
the small slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the
Jback. (1) (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois,
and southward. Oct.

* * Spikes one or Jew ; the rhachis narrower tJian the spikelets.
•*- Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal, and often 1-5 lateral.

2. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long),
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs;
spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ;
spikelets (£" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. 1J. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium,
Michx.) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Illinois, and southward.
August.

3. P. Iicve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-3° high) ; the pretty
large and long leaves with the flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ;
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon-
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at
their base; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide). 1J. ? — Moist soil, S. New
England to Kentucky, and southward. August. — Either glabrous or sometimes
the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy.

•»- •*- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle.

4. P. disticlllim, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glau-
cous ; culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base ; leaves linear-
lanceolate (2' -3' long) ; spikes short and closely-flowered (S'-2' long), one short-
peduncled, the other sessile ; rhachis flat on the back ; spikelets ovate, slightly pointed
(barely l£" long). 1J. (P. notatum, Fluegge, frc.) — Wet fields, Virginia and
southward. July - Sept.

5. P. Digital'ia, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2£° high) from a creeping
base; leaves lanceolate (3' -6' long, £'-| wide); spikes slender and rather
sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), conjugate, both sessile at the apex of the slender
peduncle; spikelets ovate-lanceolate (2'' long). (Milium paspalodes, Ell.) — Vir-
ginia (Pursh), and southward.

59. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS.

Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, l£-2-
flowered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely want-
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577

flower either neutral or staminate, of one palea which closely resembles the up-
per glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed,
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless,
enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually
purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Seta-
ria Italica), thought to come from pants, bread ; some species furnishing a kind
of bread-corn.)

4 1. DIGITARIA, Scop. — Spikelets crowded 2- 3 togetlter in simple and mostly
1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless : lower
flower neutral, of a single palea : lower glume minute, sometimes obsolete or want-
ing : root annual : plant often purplish.

* Spikes erect; the rhachis flliform, nearly terete.

1. P. filiftirme, L. Culms very slender (l°-2° high), upright; lower
sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate and approximated, filiform ; spikelets ob-
long, acute (§" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower almost
wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.

* * Spikes spreading ; tjie rhachis flat and thin.

2. P, GLA.BRTJM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5' -12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets
ovoid (about 1" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want-
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places ; common southward, and not rare
northward : in some places appearing as if indigenous, but probably an intro-
duced plant. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. P. SANGUINALE, L. (COMMON CRAB-GRASS. FlNGER-GRASS.) CulmS

erect or spreading (1°- 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; spikes
4-15, spreading, digitate; spikelets oblong (l£"long); upper glume half the length
•f the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds, and yards ;
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.
# Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal; the numerous and usually

pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7.
•*- Sterile flower neutral, fully twice the length of the lower glume : spikelets small

(not more than I" or l£" long).
•*•«• Neutral flower consisting of 2 palece.

4. P. anceps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rathet
broadly linear (l°-2° long, 4" -5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyram-
idal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 7 -nerved ;
neutral flower \ longer than the perfect one. 1|. — Wet soil, pine barrens of
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Allied to the next : spikeleta
and branches of the panicle longer.

5. P. agTOStoides, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves
long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume 5-nerved, Icnger than the

49

578 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

neutral flower, which exceeds the perfect one. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. f P.
multiflorum, Poir.) — "Wet meadows, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. Aug.

•w- •*•+ Neutral flower consisting of a single palea.

6. P. jH'Ol sfei'liiai, Lam. Smooth throughout ; culms thickened, succulent,
branched and geniculate, ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ;
ligule ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender
primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets oppressed, lance-oval, acute (pale
green), lower glume broad, J to £ the length of the upper; neutral flower little
longer than the perfect one. (j) — Brackish marshes and meadows ; common
along the coast from Massachusetts southward : also along the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi. Aug.

7. P. capillare, L. Culm upright, often branched at the base and form-
ing a tuft; leaves (large) and especially the flattened sheaths very hirsute; panicle
pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose (6' -12' long), the slender straight
branches somewhat reflexed when old ; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong-
ovoid and pointed; lower glume half the length of the neutral palea, which is
longer than the ovoid-oblong obtuse perfect flower. @ — Sandy soil and cultivated
fields everywhere. Aug., Sept.

8. P. autumn ale, Bosc ! Culm ascending, very slender (1° high), branch-
ing below ; leaves small (!' - 2' long, linear-lanceolate) and upper sheaths glabrous ;
panicle as in depauperate states of the last, but glabrous, except the strongly
bearded main axils, its capillary much elongated divisions mostly simple and
bearing solitary spindle-shaped spikelets ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower nar-
rowly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish up-
per glume and the neutral palea. 1J. ? (P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. ?) — Sand-
hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead), and southward. — This well-marked spe-
cies is either rare, or has been generally overlooked.

•*- •»- Sterile flower staminate, of 2 palece, ; lower glume nearly equalling it : spikelets
large (2"-2£" long).

9. P. virgii turn, L. Very smooth; culms upright (3° -5° high) ; leaves
very long, flat; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at
length spreading or drooping; spikeleta scattered, oval, pointed: glumes and
sterile paleae pointed, usually purplish. U — Moist sandy soil; common, espe-
cially southward. ..Aug.

10. P. amarum, Ell. Nearly smooth, rigid ; culms (l£° high) sheathed
to the top ; leaves involute, glaucous, coiiaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted
panicle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed, very smooth ;
spikelets ovate, pointed (pale) ; lower glume little shorter than the sterile flow-
er. 1J. — Sandy shores, Connecticut (Barratt, Bobbins), Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.

# * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short.

*- Lower (sterile) flower formed of 2 palece (the upper one scarious and sometimes
small and inconspicuous), neutral, except in No. 11, and occasiomily in No. 14,
where it is staminate.

(GRASS FAMILY.) 579

*+ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves.

11. P. l:Ui folium, L. (excl. syn. Sloane, &c.) Culm (l°-2° high),
smooth ; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise
smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs ; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 11-15-nerved, smooth,
or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually
long-peduncled, the branches spreading ; spikelets obovate, l£" long, downy ; low-
er glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower
often (but not always) with 3 stamens. 1|. (P. Walteri, Pom) — Moist thick-
ets ; common. June - Aug.

12. P. clandestiimin, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with
papillce bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral panicles and usually also
the terminal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or, in var. PEDUNCULA- '
TUM (P. pedunculatum, Torr.), with the terminal one at length long-peduncled:

— otherwise resembling No. 11 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth; the
lower flower (always?) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks; rather com-
mon. July - Sept.

13. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the

broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less point*
ed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the up-
per surface roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-
flowered, narrowly oblong (3' -7' long) ; spikelets about £" long, ovoid, smooth
or sinoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. 1|. (P. multiflorum, Ell. ?
notofPo/r.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois,
and southward. July -Sept.

14. P. xaiitliopliysiuil, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched
near the base (9' -15' high) ; sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4'-6x
long by £' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the
margins, strongly §- ll-nerved ; panicle long-peduncled, simple, contracted, the ap-
pressed branches bearing few roundish-obovate spikelets (about l£" long) ; lower
glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-nerved upper one. 1J.

— Dry and sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. June. —
Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes
staminate.

15. P. vise id u m, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with
reflexcd soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint ; leaves likewise
velvety all over, lanceolate (£' wide), 11 - 13-nerved; panicles spreading, the lateral
ones included; spikelets obovate, 1" or l£" long, downy; the roundish lower
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil,
S. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

16. P. imucifldriiiii, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched
and reclining (1 ° - 2° long), roughish ; leaves lanceolate (3' - 5' long by £' - £' wide),
rather faintly §-nrrvcd, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the

580 GRAMINE^:. (GRASS FAMILY.)

base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar
hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish
tpikelets about l£" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the
length of the upper one. (P. leucoblepharis, Trin. ?) — Wet meadows and
copses, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July. — Distin-
guished by its much larger spikelets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect,
from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several
names, some of them earlier than Elliott's.

+•*• ++ Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves.

17. P. <li4 Biotoimim, L. ! Culms (8' -20' high) at first mostly simple,
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (l'-3' long), and
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often
clustered, 'and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets %" to
about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third
or a quarter the length of the 5-T-nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets
and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of
forms; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens,
Lam. ; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the
more slender forms) P. barbulatum, Michx., P. ramulosum, Michx., frc. — Dry
or low grounds; everywhere common, especially southward. June -Aug. —
Some of these species are likely to be revived ; but if distinct, I am wholly
unable to limit them.

18. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6' -12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered
contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4' - 7')
upper leaves ; spikelets f " - 1£" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ;
the ovate lower one third the length of the 9-nerved upper one. 1J. (P. strictum,
Pursh. P. rectum, Rcem. Sf Schult.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least
when dry (P. involutum, Ton:), and with the sheaths either beset with long
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or oftener on a long
and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills ; rather common, especially north-
ward. June.

•»- •«- Lower flower destitute of an upper palea, and neutral.

19. P. verrucdsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading,
very slender (1° - 2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" - 3 wide),
shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets oval,
acute, |" long, warty-roughened (dark green) ; the lower glume one fourth the
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. © ? — Sandy swamps, New Eng-
land to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug.

§3. ECHIN6CHLOA, Beauv. — Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of
the simple or compound raceme or panicle, rough with oppressed stiff hairs : lower
palea of the sterile floiver awl-pointed or awned.

20. P. CRUS-GALLI, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Culms stout, branching

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 581

from the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (£' or more wide), rough-mar^
gined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3' long), crowd-
ed in a dense panicle ; glumes ova>e, abruptly pointed ; lower palea of the neu-
tral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. © — Varies, greatly;
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in var.
ErfspiDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse
form of the species, which has the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist
and chiefly manured soil : the variety in ditches, usually near salt water; possi-
bly indigenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu. 1)

60. SET ARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL-GRASS.

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling
awns (not forming a real involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated grounds, with linear or
lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as a subgenus of Panicum.
(Name from seta, a bristle.)

# Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards.

1. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green),
somewhat interrupted, composed of apparently whorled short clusters ; bristles
short, adhesive. (Panicum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings: rare north-
ward. (Adv. from Eu.)

* # Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards.

2. S. GLAtiCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL.) Spike cylindrical, very dense, tawny yet-
low (2' -4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a duster, much longer than the spikelets ; per-
fect flower transversely wrinTded. — Very common in stubble, barn-yards, &c.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. vfRiDis, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) Spike nearly
cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few in a cluster, longer than the
spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Common in cultivated
grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. S. IT!LICA, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod-
ding (6' -9' long, yellowish or purplish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. — S. Germanica, Beauv. is a variety.
Sometimes cultivated under the name of MILLET, or BENGAL GRASS : rarely
spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

61. GER GURUS, L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS.

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a decid-
uous hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles
united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica, transferred, for no
evident reason, to this genus.)

1. C. tribuloidcs, L. Culms branched at the base, ascending (l°-2<>
long) ; leaves flat ; spike oblong, composed of 8 - 10 spherical heads ; involucre
prickly all over with spreading and downwardly barbed short spines, more or
49*

682 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. (D — Sandy soil, on the coast, and along
the Great Lakes; ascending the larger rivers for some distance. Aug. — A
vile weed.

62. TRIPS A CUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. SESAME-GBASS.

Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are staminate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow
rhachis, forming a 1 -sided and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike,
2-flowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower one (outer) nerved, the inner one boat-
shaped : paleas very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis,
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilagi-
nous ovate outer glume ; the inner glume much thinner, pointed, 2-flowered ;
the lower flower neutral ; the paleae very thin and scarious, crowded together,
pointless. Styles united: stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid,
free. Culms stout and tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves
broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into
joints at maturity. (Name from rpi£o>, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the
polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the sum-
mit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary
from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; some-
times, var. MONOSTACHYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, Con-
necticut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, thence west to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one
of our largest and most remarkable Grasses. It is sometimes used for fodder at
the South, where better is not to be had.

63. BRIAN THUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEABD-GBASS.

Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them
sessile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise both alike ; with the lower flower neu-
tral, of one membranaceous palea ; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline paleae, which
are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membranaceous glumes, the lower
awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like
Grasses, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs,
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from
fpiov, wool, and av0os,jloiver).

1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culm (4° -6° high) woolly-bearded at the
joints ; panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the
straight awn ; or at length contorted ; stamens 2. 1|. — Wet pine barrens, New
Jersey, Illinois, and southward : rare. Sept., Oct.

2. JE. brcvibiirbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at
the upper joints ; panicle rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. U
— Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583

64. ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD GRASS.

Spikclets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed ;
one of them pedicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige : the other sessile, with
the lower flower neutral and of a single palea ; the upper perfect and fertile, of
2 thin and hyaline paleae shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse and mostly
rigid perennial Grasses, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or
digitate ; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or stami-
nate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvyp, ai/8pos, man, and irwywv,
beard).

# Sterile spikdet staminate (stamens 3), aimless : spikes digitate.

1. A. f 11 re sit us, Muhl. Culms (4° high) and leaves nearly smooth,
bearing 3-5 straight and rather rigid hairy spikes together at the naked summit
(or fewer on lateral branches) ; spikelets approximated, roughish-downy ; awn
bent. — Sterile soil ; c6mmon. Sept.

# # Sterile spikelet neutral, reduced to a small pointed glume raised on a long bearded
pedicel ; the fertile 2 3-androus, bearing a slender mostly bent or twisted awn : culms
paniculate-branched.

2. A. SCOparins, Michx. Culms slender (2° -4° high), with many pa-
niculate branches ; the lower sheaths and the narrow leaves hairy ; spikes mostly
single, terminating the short branches, peduncled, very loose, slender (2' long, often
purple), sparsely silky with dull white hairs ; the zigzag rhachis hairy along the
edges ; pairs of spikelets rather distant. — Sterile or open sandy soil ; common
July -Sept.

3. A. a rife 11 tens, Ell. Culms rather slender (about 3° high) ; spikes in
pairs, on a peduncle exceeding the sheaths, dense, very silky with long white hairs
(l£'-2' long) ; rudimentary flower much shorter than the hairs of its pedicel. —
Sterile soil, Virginia, Illinois ? and southward. Sept., Oct. — Spikes much
denser, and the flowers larger and more silky, than in the next ; which it con-
siderably resembles.

# # * Sterile spikelet abortive, reduced to a mere awn-like plumose pedicel, bearing no
distinct rudiment of a flower; the fertile l-androus, and bearing a straight slender
awn : spikes clustered, lateral and terminal, partly enclosed in the flattened bract-
like sheaths; the slender rhachis, frc. clothed with copioui very long and silky
(white) hairs.

4. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender, sparingly short'
branched above (3° high) ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant oppressed
clusters, weak and soft (!' long). — Sandy soil ; New York to Illinois, and south-
ward. Sept.

5. A. macronrilS, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), bushy-branched at
the summit, loaded with numerous spikes forming dense leafy clusters ; sheaths
rough, the upper hairy. —Low grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast
and southward. Sept., Oct.

584 GRAMINE2E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

65. SORGHUM, Pers. BROOM-()CRN.

Spikelets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter-
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other-
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of a cultivated
species.)

1. S. imtaiis. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Culm simple (3°-
5° high), terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle
narrowly oblong, rather crowded (6' -12' long) ; the perfect spikelets at length
drooping (light russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base,
with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile
spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy
pedicel. 1|. (Andropogon nutans, L.) — Dry soil ; common, especially south-
ward, where it exhibits several more or less marked varieties. Aug.

S. VULG\RE, Pers., the INDIAN MILLET, has several cultivated varieties or
races, such as the GUINEA-CORN and BROOM-CORN. *

ZEA MATS, the INDIAN CORN, is a well-known Panicejus Grass.
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, L., the SUGAR-CASE, is a tropical Grass,
closely allied to Erianthus, p. 582.

EQUISETACE2E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 585

SERIES II.

CEYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (stamens and
pistils), and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of
homogeneous structure (called spores), in which there is
no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination.

CLASS III. ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with dis-
tinct foliage.

ORDER 135. EQUISETACEJE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run-
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or
spike, which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spare"
cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus

1. EQUISETUUI, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH. (Tab. 14.)

Spore-cases (sporangia, thecce) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and dis-
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments (daters), which roll up closely
around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems striate-grooved, rigid,
the hard cuticle abounding in silex, hollow, and also with an outer circle of
smaller air-cavities corresponding -with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid,
each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which surrounds the base of the inter-
node above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with
the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata always occupying the principal
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like
the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from equus,
horse, and seta, bristle.)

586 EQUISETACE.E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

*• Stems annual (not surviving the winter) : fructification in spring (April and May).
(Stomata irregularly scattered over the whole surface of tlie grooves.)

•*- Fertile stems different from the sterile ones, earlier, brownish.

*+ Fertile stems never branching, decaying early after fructification : the sterile stems

bearing simple branches.

1. E. arvense, L. Sterile stems smoothish, 12- I ^-furrowed, and produc-
ing ascending sharply 4- (or 3 - 5-) ungled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceolate
pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile stems (8' -15' high) remote, large and loose. —
Damp places ; common. (Eu.)

2. E. eburneum, Schreber. Sterile stems very smooth, ivory-white,
about 30-furrowed, the rough usually 4-angled branches again grooved on the angles,
and with awl-shaped fragile teeth ; sheaths of the fertile stems crowded, deeply
toothed. (E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of tie Great Lakes, and northward. —
Fertile stems 1° or more high, stout; the sterile 2° -5°. (Eu.)

•*•*• •*-*• Fertile stems remaining and producing herbaceous branches after fructification.

3. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems bearing
whorls of simple straight branches ; sheaths of the stem split into separate ovate-
lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : otherwise much like the
next; in its simple branches resembling No. 1, but narrower in general outline,
and blunt. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummondii, Hook.) — Michigan ( Cooley,
Sfc.) and northward. (Eu.)

4. E. sylvsiticuiii, L. Sterile and fertile stems about 12-furrowed,
bearing whorls of compound racemed branches ; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather
blunt membranous more or less united teeth ; those of the branches bearing 4 or 5,
of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places ; common
northward. (Eu.)

i- ••- Fertile and sterile stems similar and contemporaneous, both herbaceous, or all the
stems fertile, fruiting in summer, producing mostly simple branches from the upper
or middle joints, or sometimes quite naked.

5. E. limdsuin, L. Stems tall (2° -3° high), smooth, slightly many-
furrowed, usually producing upright simple branches after fructification ; sheaths
appressed, with 10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short
teeth. (E. uliginosum, Muhl.) — In shallow water; rather common. — Air-
cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. (Near this is
the European E. PALtJSTRE, with a strongly grooved roughish stem, large air-
cavities under the grooves, and pale 6 - 9-toothed sheaths ; also attributed to
tliis country by Pursh, probably incorrectly.) (Eu.)

* * Stems perennial, bearing fructification in summer, lasting over the next winter
and longer, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silex), simple or rarely branched.
(Stomata in regular rows, in our species l-rowed on each side of the groove.)
— Stems large, mostly single : sheaths appressed. (Probably all forms of No. 8.)

6. E. Irevigiitum, Braun. Stems l£°-4° high; the ridges convex, ob-
tuse, smooth or minutely rough with minute tubercles ; sheatJis elongated, with a
narrow black limb and about 22 linear-aid-shaped caducous teeth, l-keeled below. —
Dryish clay soil, Illinois and southward.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 587

7. E. robustum, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough
with one line of tubercles ; sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped points ,
— River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last ; and passes
by var. AFF!NE, Engelm. (a smaller plant, with 20 - 25 awl-pointed more per-
sistent teeth) into the next.

8. E. liyeiuikle, L. (Scoumxa RUSH. SHAVE-GRASS.) Stems l£°-
3° high, the ridges roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles ; sheaUis
elongated, with a black girdle above the base, and a black limb, consisting of
about 20 (17 — 26) narrowly linear teeth, \-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped
deciduous points. — Wet banks ; common, especially northward. Used for scour-
ing. (Eu.)

•«- •*- Stems low and slender, growing in tufts : sheaths loose or enlarging upwards ;
the summits of their 4-keeled ovate membranaceous and persistent teeth tipped with
a fragile awn or cusp.

9. E. varicgatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6' -12' long), simple,
from a branched base, 5 - ^-grooved ; the ridges rough with 2 rows of tubercles
which are separated by a secondary furrow ; sheaths green variegated with black
above ; the 5-9 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-banks,
New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) to Wisconsin, and northward; rare.
(Eu.)

10. E. SCirpoideS, Michx. Stems thread-like (4' - 8' high), bent or curved,
rough, 3 - ^-grooved alternately with as many bristle-pointed teeth, and with the
same number of intermediate furrows of equal width ; sheaths variegated with
black ; central air-cavity wanting. — Wooded hill-sides, New England to Penn
sylvania, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 136. FILICES. (FERNS.)

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole
(called the stipe}, rising from a root or mostly from prostrate or subterranean
rootstocks, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Suborder
III.), and bearing, on the veins of their lower surface or along the margins, the
simple fructification, which consists of l-cetted spore-cases (sporangia), open-
ing in various ways, and discharging the numerous minute spores. (An-
theridia and pistillidia formed on the seedling plantlet !) — Comprises three
very distinct Suborders, which now are by many received as separate
families : —

SUBORDER I. POLYPODINEJE. THE TRUE FERNS.

Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sort or
fruit-dots') on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked,
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete ring, which
by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the
inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when

588 FILICES. (FERNS.)

young) by a membrane called the indusium, growing either from the back
or the margin of the frond. (Tab. 9-12.)

TRIBE I. POL.YPODIEJE. Fructification dorsal, naked, entirely destitute of any in-

dusiuai, in roundish separate fruit-dots.

1. POLYPODIUM. Fertile fronds like the sterile ones, wholly leaf-like, not rolled up. Fruit-

dots scattered on the back, borne each on the end of a veinlet.

2. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Fertile frond very different from the sterile, contracted and rigid, its

pinnate divisions rolled up from each margin into a closed necklace-like body, conceal-
ing the fruit-dots within, which are borne on the middle of a vein.

TRIBE II. PTERIDEJE. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a

general indusiuin formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond, and

which is therefore free and opens on the inner side, towards the midrib, transverse as

respects the veins. Venation in our genera free.

* Indusium continuous, consisting of the entire reflexed and altered (scarious-membranaceous)

margin of the fertile frond or of its pinnae or pinnules.
8. ALLQSORUS. Sporangia borne on the free and separate extremity of the veins or veinlets,

becoming confluent laterally. Indusium broad.
4. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a continuous receptacle, in the form of a slender marginal

line, which connects the tips of the veinlets.
» * Indusium the summit or margin of a separate lobe or tooth of a fertile frond or of it*

divisions turned over. Sporangia borne on the free ends of the veins or veinlets.
6. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the strictly reflexed indusium. Mid-
rib of the pinnules marginal or none.

6. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the frond, the unaltered herbaceous summit or

margins of the lobes of which are recurved to form an imperfect involucre. Midrib
central.

ARISE HI. BI^ECHNE^. Fructification dorsal ; the oblong or linear fruit-dots borne
on cross veinlets parallel to the midrib, transverse as to the principal veins, covered with
a special indusium (entirely separate from the margin of the frond), which is fixed by
the edge that looks towards the margin, but free and openiug towards the midrib.

7. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, distinct or contiguous : veins more or lesa

reticulated.

TMBE IV. ASPL.ENIE.flE. Fructification dorsal; the more or less elongated fruit-
dots borne on the back of the frond, on direct veins oblique or at right angles to the mid-
rib and margins, each with a special indusium fixed to the fruitful vein by one margin,
and free and opening at the other.

8. CAMPTOSORUS. Veins reticulated except near the margin. Fruit-dots irregularly scat-

tered over the frond, inclined to approach in pairs.

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Veins simply forked, straight and free. Fruit-dots linear, confluent

in pairs, which appear like a single one with a double indusium, opening down the
middle.

10. ASPLENIUM. Veins forked and free Fruit-dots oblique, separate, each on the upper

(inner) side of a vein, rarely some of them double, when the two indusia are on the
same vein, back to back.

TRIBE V. DICKSOIVIE^E. Fructification marginal: fruit-dots roundish, borne on
the apex of a free vein, furnished with an indusium in the form of a cup, open at the
top, formed in part of (or confluent with) a toothlet or portion of the margin of he frond.

11. DICKSONIA § SITOLOBIUM. Indusium hemispherical-cup-shaped or almost globular,

TRIBE VI. "WOODSIE^E. Fructification dorsal : the globular fruit-dots borne on the
back of a free vein, furnished with a special (sometines evanescent) indusium in the fora
of a membrane attached underneath all round, and bursting open at the top.

Leneret or oniicea

ueiiera/ CM cJUices
(J

p f <vl-

ueuera ot duices

. XLIT

FILICES. (FERNS.) 589

12. TFOODSIA. Indusium very thin or obscure and evanescent, bursting into irregular lobes
or cleft into a fringe of hairs.

TRIBE VII. ASPIDIEJE. Fructification dorsal: the fruit-dots borne on the back
(rarely ou the apex) of a vein, orbicular or roundish, rarely oblong and then placed
across the vein, furnished each with a special indusium which covers the sporangia when
young, and is fixed by the centre or by one side, opening at the other side or all around
the margin. No general or accessory iudusium formed of the margin of the frond.

* Veins all free (none anastomosing) : fertile fronds not very different from the sterile.

H. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium hood-like, broadly fixed by the inner side partly under the

fruit-dot, free and early opening on the outer.
14. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, opening all round the margin.

* * Veins of the sterile frond reticulated : fertile frond very unlike the sterile.
16. ONOCLEA. Fertile frond contracted, the divisions rolled up into globular bodies enclosing

the fruit-dots.

SUBORDER II. OSMUNDINE^. THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY.

Sporangia variously collected (large), destitute of any proper ring, cel-
lular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. (Tab. 13.)

TRIBE VIII. SCHIZE^E. Sporangia oblong or oval, sessile, with a circular striate-rayed
portion at the apex, opening down the outer side.

16. SCH1ZJ3A. Indusium none : sporangia covering one side of the linear pinnae of the naked

and stalk-like fertile frond.

17. LYGODIUM. Indusia in the form of scales imbricated in 2 ranks on one side of the fer-

tile lobes of the leafy climbing frond.

TRIBE IX. OSMUNDE^E. Sporangia globose, pedicelled, opening down the outer side
so as to be two-valved.

18. OSMUNDA. Sporangia naked, covering contracted fronds or parts of the frond.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. THE ADDER'S-TONGUE FAM.

Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not re-
ticulated or veiny, destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2
valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. — Fronds straight, never
rolled up in the bud ! (Tab. 13.)

19. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia distinct, crowded in compound or pinnate spikes. Sterile

frond divided.

20. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia cohering in a 2-ranked simple spike. Sterile frond entire.

SUBORDER I. POL.YPODINEJE. THE TRUE FERN FAMILY.

1. POL.YPODIUM, L. POLYPODY. (Tab. 9.)

Fruit-Jots round, naked, variously or irregularly scattered over the back of
the flat and expanded leaf-like frond, each borne on the end of a veinlet. —
Kootstocks creeping, often covered with wool-like chaff, and with tafted branches
(whence the name, from TTO\U, many, and TTOVJ, foot).

§ 1. FOLYPODIUM PROPER. — Veins free (not connected by cross veinlets).

# Fronds simply and deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, glabrous : fmit-dots large.

50

590 CILICES. (FERNS.)

. 1. P. VUlgare, L. Fronds oblong in outline, green both sides (G'-KV
high); the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. —
Rocks; common. July. (Eu.)

* * Fronds twice pinnatifid, triangular, membranaceous, annual : fruit-dots minute.

2. P. Phegopteris, L. Stalk somewhat chaffy and downy ; frond nar-
rowly triangular in outline, longer than broad (3' -6' long), hairy on the veins ;
pinnae linear-lanceolate, closely approximated, the lowest pair deflexed and
standing forwards ; their dh sions linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, each bearing
about 4 fruit-dots towards the base and near the margin. (P. connectile, Michx.)
— Damp woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)

3. P. hexagronoptenim, Michx. Stalk smooth ; frond broadly trian-
gular, the base (V -12' broad) usually exceeding the length; pinnae rather distant,
the lower of the lanceolate obtuse divisions toothed, decurrent and forming a
conspicuous wing to the rhachis. — Rather open woods; common, especially
southward. — Smoother and larger than the last.

* * * Fronds membranaceous, ternate, the primary divisions mostly twice. pinnate.

4. P. Drydpteris, L. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth ; frond smooth
(pale light-green, 4' - 6' wide) ; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading ; lobes
oblong, obtuse, nearly entire; fruit-dots marginal, finally contiguous. — Var.
CALCA.REUM (P. calcareum, Smith) is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy
on the rhachis and midribs. — Rocky woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.)

§2. MARGINARIA, Bory. — Veins reticulated, forming mostly 6-sided meshes
around the free veinlets which bear the fruit-dots : stalks and back of the thick or
coriaceous frond beset with firm scurfy chaffy scales. (This is probably a distinct
genus ; but in our species the veins are so hidden in the coriaceous frond, that
they can seldom be seen at all.)

5. P. iiica mi ill, Willd. Fronds oblong, 2' - 6' long from extensively
creeping firm rootstocks, grayish and very scurfy underneath with thick peltate
scurfy scales, almost concealing the fruit-dots, which are borne on the margins
of the broadly linear entire lobes. — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and
Ohio to Illinois, and southward.

2. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. OSTRICH-FERN. (Tab. 9.)

Fruit-dots round, on the pinnae of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped
body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary
vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : the fruit-dots are so numerous and
crotf ded that they appear to cover the whole inside. — Sterile fronds large'
(2° -3° high), very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the many pinnae deeply
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted
rootstocks. Stalks stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name
compounded of orpoutfos, an ostrich, and Trrepis, a fern, from the plume-like
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.)

1. S. Germanica, Willd. (S. Pennsylvania, Willd.) — Alluvial soil ;
not rare northward. Aug. — Fronds of this in a curious abnormal state, inter-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 591

mediate between the sterile and fertile condition, (bearing a few fruit-dots on con-
tracted but still herbaceous and open pinnae,) were gathered at Brattleborough,
Vermont, by Mr. D. C. Eaton. (Eu.)

3. AL.LOSORUS, Bernhardi. HOCK BRAKK. (Tab. 9.)

Fruit-dots a small collection of sporangia borne on the ends of (or extending
down on) the forked, or rarely simple, free veins, which terminate just within
the margin of the frond, soon becoming confluent laterally, so as to imitate the
marginal continuous line, of fructification of Pteris, covered when young by a
continuous (rarely interrupted) rather broad scarious-membranaceous indusium
consisting of the reflexed and altered margin of the fruit-bearing pinnule or
division. Fronds once to thrice pinnate ; the fertile ones or fertile divisions nar-
rower than the sterile. (Name from aXXoy, various, and o-topoy, sorus, a heap,
used for fruit-dot.)

1. A. gracilis, Presl. Smooth, low (3' -6' high, and delicate) ; fronds
tncmbranaceous, of few pinnae, which are pinnately parted into 3-5 divisions,
those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, of the sterile ovate or obovate,
crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris
gracilis, Michx.) — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and north-
ward; rare. July.

2. A. atropurpureilS. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'-
15' high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions
broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat
heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked.
(Pteris atropurpurea, L. Platyloma atropurpurea, J. Smith.) — Calcareous dry
rocks, in shade, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : not common.

A. (CRYPTOGRAMMA, R. Br.) ACROSTICHOIDES, remarkable for its sporan-
gia extending far down on the oblique veins, so as to form linear lines of fruit,
may occur within our northwestern borders, having been found as near as Isle
Royale, Lake Superior.

4. PTERIS, L. BRAKE. BRACKEN. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium : the sporangia attached to an
uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the
forked and free veins. — Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient
Greek name of Ferns, from Trrepoi/, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate
or feathery fronds. )

1. P. aquilina, L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2° -3°
wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2° high), the widely
spreading branches 2-pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided,
the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu.)

592 FILICES. (FERNS.)

Var. caildata. Frond somewhat mt>re coriaceous; the pinnules with
narrower and less crowded lobes, the terminal one linear and prolonged (l'-2'
in length), entire, forming a tail-like termination, or the whole of many of the
pinnules sometimes linear and entire. (P. caudata, L.) — Common southward,
and at the north varying into the typical form.

5. ADIANTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots marginal, short ; borne on the under side o'f a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules
none, or at one margin. Stalks black and polished. (The ancient name, from
a privative and StaiW, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1. A. pedatlllll, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender
stalk (9' -15' high), the forks pedately branching from one side into several
slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique
short-stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin,
from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. —
Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern.

6. CHEIL.ANTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots small and roundish, solitary or contiguous next the margins or tips
of the lobes, which are recurved over them to form a hood-like (herbaceous or
membranaceous) indusium; the sporangia borne on the tips of free forking
veins. — Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate, the sterile and fertile nearly alike ; the divisions
not halved, the main rib central. (When the indusium becomes continuous, the
genus passes into Allosorus.) (Name composed of ^eiXos, a lip, and aj/$os,
flower, from the shape of the indusium.)

1. C. vcstlta, Willd. (not of Hook.1?) Fronds 2-pinnate (slender, 4' -7
high), and stalks hirsute with loose and rather scattered, rusty hairs ; pinnules ob-
long, pinnatifid (2" -4" long), their lobes oval or oblong, the recurved portion
forming the indusium herbaceous. — Shaded rocks, S. Penn., Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. — Fronds soon nearly glabrous above.

2. C. tomeiltosa, Link. Fronds (l°-l£° high) with the rather stout
stalk, &c. densely woolly and villous throughout (the upper surface becoming smooth-
ish with age), thrice pinnate ; pinnules obovate or rouddish, nearly entire, sometimes
confluent, the recurved narrow margins forming an almost continuous involucre.
(Nephrodium lanosum, Michx. in part ?)— Mountains of Virginia! Kentucky;
thence westward and southward.

7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. WOODWARDIA. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, parallel to and near
the midrib, on transverse anastomosing veinlets, in one or rarely two rows ; the
veins reticulated towards the midrib, mostly forking, free towards the margin of

PILICES. (FERNS.) 593

the frond. Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the fruitful veinlet, free and
opening on the side next the midrib. — Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. (Named
for S. Woodward, an English naturalist of the last century.)

§1. WOODWARDIA PROPEB. — Indusium strongly vaulted : veins (at least of
the sterile frond) with several rows of reticulations.

1. W. angllStifolia, Smith. Sterile fronds (1° high, thin, bright green)
deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate serrulate divisions ; the fertile simply pinnate,
with contracted linear pinnae (2" -4" wide), its single row of cross veins bearing
the fruit-dots (§' long) as near the margins as the midrib. (W. onocleoides,
Willd.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward:
rare. Aug.

4 2. DO6DIA, R. Brown. — Indusium flattish: cross veins only one or two rows.

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds similar (2° high),
pinnate ; the pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, with numerous oblong lobes ; fruit-
dots contiguous or soon confluent, forming a line on each side of the midrib,
both of the pinnae and of the lobes. — Swamps, Vermont and New York to Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.

8. CAMPTOS6RUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear or oval-oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins
of the simple frond, variously diverging, inclined (especially those of the second-
ary reticulations) to approximate in pairs by the side at which the indusium
opens, or to become confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines or angles
(whence the name, from Ketywrroy, bent, and (rapos , for fruit-dot).

1. C. ThizopliyllllS, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram-
ma, /. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifolius, Link.) — Shaded rocks, W. New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and southward j rare. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing
in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' - 9' long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shaped base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which
often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ;
hence the popular name. — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by
Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous veins.

9. SCOL.OPENDRIUM, L. HART'S-TONGUE. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles with the midrib of the sim-
ple frond, borne in pairs on the contiguous sides of the two parallel forks of the
straight free veins, one on each, but so confluent side by side as to appear like
one, opening by an apparently double indusium down the middle. (The anr\ent
Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the
feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. 'S. oIIiciiuYruin, Swartz. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-
heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (V -18' long, 1'- 2' wide), bright
green. — Limestone rocks, in a deep ravine at Chittenango Creek, below the
Falls, where it abounds, and also, perhaps, in some other places in W. New
York ("near Canandaigua," Nuttatt). (Eu.)
50*

594 FILICTSS. (PERNS.)

IO. ASPL.t3NIUM[, L. SPLEENWORT. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, oblique, separate; the indusium attached length
wise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the simple, forked or pinnate, free
veins, and opening along the other: — rarely some of the fruit-dots are double
(DIPLAZIUM), two indusia being then borne on the same vein, back to back.
(Named, from a privative and <nrXqi>, the spleen, for supposed remedial prop-
erties.)

§ 1. ASPLENIUM PROPER. — Indusium narrow, fixed by its whole length.
# Indusium fiat or fiattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.)

1. A. pmnatifidlim, Nutt. Fronds (3' -6' long) diffusely spreading,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes pinnately parted near the base, tapering above into
a slender prolongation, the apex sometimes rooting; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, cut-
toothed or nearly entire; the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. —
Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembling
the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the venation is that of Asplenium : fruit-
dots irregular, numerous, even the slender prolongation fertile.

2. A. moiitfsiiiini, Willd. Fronds (3' -5' high, bright green) lanceolate
or triangular-oblong in outline, pinnate ; the ovate pinnae 3-7-parted (or the upper
barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; the veins forking from a midrib. — Cliffs, in tho
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania (Mr. Lea) to Virginia, and southward.
July. — Rhachis green : stalk brownish. — Much smaller than the European A.
Adiantum-nigrum.

3. A. Rllta-muraria, L. Fronds (2' -4' long) ^-pinnate below, simply
pinnate above, ovate in outline, the few divisions narrowly rhombic-wedge-shaped,
toothed at the apex, without a midrib, the veins all rising from the base. — Lime-
stone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the moun-
tains; scarce. July. (Eu.)

4. A. Trichomanes, L. Fronds (3'- 8' long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, pinnate : pinnae, numerous, 'roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long),
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the
midrib evanescent ; the thread-like stalk and rhachis purple-brown and shining.
(A. melanocaulon, Wittd.) — Shaded cliffs ; common. July. (Eu.)

5. A. cl>euenm, Ait. Fronds upright (8' -16' high), pinnate, lance-linear
in outline ; pinnce (£'-!' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly
scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or
both sides ; fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midrib ; stalk
and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods ; rather common.

# * Indusium strongly convex or vaulted, thicJdsh : fruit-dots numerous and crowded
im both sides of the midrib, parallel, some of them occasionally double, especially in
No. 7. (Fronds thin, smooth, decaying in autumn, l£°-3° high.)

6. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds simply pinnate,' pinnae linear-
lanceolate, acute, minitely wavy-toothed (3' - 4' long) ; fertile fronds more con-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 595

tracted; fruit-dots linear, often curved. — Eich woods, W. New England to Michi-
gan, Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.

7. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds pinnate ; pinnce deeply pinnatifid,
linear-lanceolate (3' - 5' long), pale ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed,
crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Kich woods ; not rare.
July.

§ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium of ike shorter (barely oblong] fruit-dots some-
oohat free at th,. ends, turgid or vaulted, but thin, often becoming curved or crescent'
shaped.

8. A. Filix-fdemina, R. Brown. Frond 2-pinnate (l°-3° high,
smooth), oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinnae lanceolate, numerous; the nar-
rowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rhachis by a narrow margin, sharply pin-
natifid-toothed ; fruit-dots 4-8 pairs on each pinnule. (Aspidium Filix-fcemina
& A. asplenioides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidium angustum, Wittd.—
Moist woods; common. July. (Eu.)

11. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots globular (small), marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped special indusium open at the
top, and on the outer side partly covered by the thin apex of the fruit-bearing
toothlet of the frond, forming a sort of accessory indusium. Sporangia borne
on a somewhat elevated globular receptacle. (Character from our species,
which is perhaps to be separated.) (Named for J. Dickson, an English Cryp-
togamous botanist.)

1. D. pmictilolmla, Hook. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° high) ;
fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with
strong stalks rising from slender extensively creeping rootstalks, pinnate, the
lanceolate pinnae twice pinnatifid and cut-toothed, the lobes oblong ; fruit-dots
minute, on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe.
(D. pilosiuscula, Wittd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Patania, Presl.)
— Moist, rather shady places, very common : odorous. July.

12. WOODS1A, R. Brown. WOODSIA. (Tab. 12.)

Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very
thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recepta-
cle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top
into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns.
(Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

i 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. — Indusium conspicuous, at first perfectly enclosing the
sporangia, but early opening at the top, soon splitting into several spreading jagged
lobes.

1. W. obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular-
hairy (6' -12' high), pinnate; the pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob-
long (!' or more long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; pinnules oblong, very

596 FILICES. (FERNS.)

obtuse, crenately pinnatifid-toothed, with a single smooth fruit-dot just below
the sinus between each rounded minutely-toothed lobe. (W. Perriniana, Hook,
fr Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs; common, es-
pecially westward. July.

§2. WOODSIA PROPER. — Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flattened
from an early stage and concealed under the fruit-dot, except the fringe of bristly-
chaffy hairs into which its margin is dissected.

2. W. IlvenSiS, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2' -4' long by 1'
wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk
with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile,
pinnately parted, the numerous crowded pinnules oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate,
almost coriaceous, the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old.
(Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks, common, especially north-
ward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear
(2f-5' high), pinnate ; pinnce rather remote towards the short stalk, rhombic-ovate,
very obtuse (2" -4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. —
Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood
C. C. Frost) ; and high northward.

13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. BLADDER-FERN. (Tab. 12.)

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and deli-
cate 2-3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of Kvorif,
a bladder, and TrrepiV, Fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. blllbifera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 2-
pinnate; the pinnae lance-oblong, pointed, horizontal (l'-2'long); the rhachis
and pinnce, often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong,
obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (As-
pidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muhl. !) — Shaded, moist rocks ;
common. July.

2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the
stalk which is fully as long), 2 - 3-pinnate ; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lan-
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent
on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. —
Var. DENTATA, Hook, is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium tenue, Swartz.) — Shaded
cliffs; common: very variable. July. (Eu.)

14. A SPiDIUJJI, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. WOOD-FERN. (Tab. 12.)

Fruit-dots round or roundish, borne on the back or sometimes on the ex-
tremity of (in our species) pinnate and free veins, scattered, or sometimei

PILICES. (FERNS.) 597

crowded. Indusium flat, scarious, orbicular or round-kidney-shuped, covering
the sporangia, attached to the receptacle at the centre or at the sinus, opening
all round the margin. — Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate. (Name doTTi'Sicv, a smaU
shield, from the shape of the indusium.)

$ 1. DRYOPTERIS, Adans., Schott. (Nephrodium, Rick, in part. Lastrea,
Bory.) — Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus, fixed at
the sinus : fronds membranaceous or thinnish.

# Veins simple or simply forked and straight : fronds annual, decaying in autumn,

the stalfcs and creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.)

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Frond pinnate, lanceolate in outline; the
slightly reflexed or horizontal pinnae, gradually diminishing in length from near the
base to the apex, sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong nearly
entire obtuse lobes, or appearing acute from the strongly revdute margins in fruit;
veins mostly forked, bearing the crowded fruit-dots (soon confluent) near their mid-
dle. (Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes; common. Aug. — Stalk 1°
long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than in
the next, slightly downy ; the fruit-dots soon confluent and covering the whole
contracted lower surface of the pinnae. (Eu.)

2. A. NoveboracenSC, Willd. Frond pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in out-
line, tapering below, from the lower pinnce (2 -several pairs) being gradually shorter
and dejlexed ; the lobes flat, broadly oblong ; their veins att simple except in the
lowest pairs, bearing scattered fruit-dots (never confluent) near the margin. (Poly-
podium Noveboracense, L. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist
thickets; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous,
nearly as the last, except in the points mentioned.

# * Veins, at least the lowermost, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branch'
ing ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot : fronds,
at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter : stalks and apex
of the scaly thickened rootstocks chaffy, and often the main rhachis also when young.

•*- Frond twice pinnate and with the pinnules pinnatifid or deeply incised : indu-
sium deciduous.

3. A. spinulosuiii, Swartz. Frond oblong or ovate-oblong in outline
(l°-2° long), lively green, smooth; pinnules oblong or oblong-linear, mostly
obtuse, horizontal, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse
lobes which are sharply cut-toothed, the upper cut-pinnatifid or incised, with the
ghorter lobes few-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate or
beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Muhl. Dryopteris inter-
media, ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere common. July. — Exhibits a variety of
forms, some of them clearly the same as the European plant, more commonly
intermediate in appearance between it and

Var. dilatiitum. Frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline ;
pinnules lance-oblong, the lower sometimes pinnately divided ; indusium smooth
and naked. (A. dilatatum, Willd.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' -8
high, answers to var. (of Lastrsea dilatata) dumetorum. A peculiar form (A.
campy lopterum, Kunze? and Dryopteris dilatata, chiefly, ed. 1) has the pinnae,
pinnules, and their divisions remarkably crowded, and directed obliquely forwards

598 FILICES. (FERNS.)

or rather scythe-shaped. — N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain
woods, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. IJooUii. Frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate in outline;
pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the* lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller
merely serrate ; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryop-
teris rigida, ed. 1 ; not Aspidium rigidum, Swartz.) — E. Massachusetts, Boott,
&c. Connecticut, D. C. Eaton, and northward. — The least dissected form, in-
termediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing
into the former.

•«- •*- Frond once pinnate, and the pinnce deeply pinnatifid, or at the base nearly twice
pinnate : fruit-dots within the margin, large ; the indusium thinnish and flat.

4. A» cristatlim, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline
(l£° to 2J° long and very long-stalked) ; pinnce short (2' -3'), triangular-oblong,
or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute,
deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions (8-13 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or
cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midrib as the margin,
often confluent. (A. Lancastriense, Swartz.) — Swamps, &c. ; common. July.
— Stalk bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

5. A. Goldiamim, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-
oblong in outline (2° - 3° long), short-stalked ; pinna? (6' -9' long) oblong-lan-
ceolate, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly
scythe-shaped, obtuse (!' long), serrate with appressed teeth, bearing the distinct
fruit-dots nearer the midrib than the margin (these smaller than in No. 4). — Rich
and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. Sept. — A
stately species, often 4° high ; the fronds decaying in autumn. Indusium often
orbicular without a distinct sinus, as in Polystichum.

•»-•*- H— Fronds (thickish and mostly persistent through the winter, as in Poly-
stichum), twice pinnate, but the nearly entire upper pinnules confluent, some of
the lower pinnat ifid-toothed : fruit-dots close to the margin; the indusium tumid,
and its edges turnded wider.

6. A. Hiarginale, Swartz. Frond ovate-oblong in outline (1°- 2° long),
^ pale green ; pinna? lanceolate from a broad almost sessile base ; pinnules ob-
long, obtuse, crowded. — Rocky hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially
northward! July.

f 2 POLYSTICHUM, Roth. — Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, (or rarely
round-kidney-shaped in the same species, as in No. 7,) fixed by the depressed centre :
fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, fyc. : the pinnte
or pinnules auricled at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-
tipped.

•* Fronds twice pinnate or nearly so.

7. A. fragTans, Swartz. Fronds (4' - 9' high) glandular and aromatic,
pinnate, with the linear-oblong pinna? pinnately parted ; their crowded divisions
(2" long) oblong, obtuse, covered with the fruit-dots, the rusty-brown great in-
dusia nearly equalling them in breadth; rhachis, &c. chaffy with very large
scales-^ — Shaded trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, DJ . Parry, and
high northward.

FTLICES. (FERNS.) 599

& A. ac II I eat 11 Hi, Swartz, var. Brauiiii, Koch. Frond spreading,
^•pinnate (l£°- 2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the
lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnae gradually reduced in size
and obtuse ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular
at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods,
mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.)
# # Fronds simply pinnate, mostly upright.

9. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (l°-2£° high),
stalked ; pinnce linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at
the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper)
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which
are confluent with age, and cover the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides,
Michx.) — Var. INC!SUM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed
pinnae, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost
all of them fertile more or less. — Hill-sides and ravines in woods ; common
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July.

10. A. LonchitiS, Swartz? Frond linear-lanceolate (9' -20' high), scarce-
ly stalked, very rigid ; pinnae, broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular,
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely
spiny-toothed (!' or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contigu-
ous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and
northwestward. (Eu.)

15. ONOCL.EA, L. SENSITIVE FEEN. (Tab. 12.)

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute,
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres filled
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross-
veina), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed
by Its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Stetile
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long-
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinna?,
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying
in autumn) ; veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from ovos,
a vessel, and /cAeuo, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)

1. O» sensibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams ; common.
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnae of some of the sterile fronds,
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var.
OBTUSiLOBlTA, Torr. N. Y. State Fl. (Yates County, New York, Sartwell,
and Washington County, Dr. Smith. New Haven, Connecticut, D. C. Eaton.)
This explains the long-lost O. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which,
as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Kagiopteris, Presl.
is founded on a young fertile frond of this species and the sterile frond of some
different Fern.)

600 FILICES. (FERNS.)

SUBORDER II. OSMUJVDINEJE. FLOWERING-FERN FAMILY.

16. SCIIIZJEA, Smith. SCHIZ^EA. (Tab. 13.)

Fertile fronds of several contracted linear pinn&, which are approximated in
pairs at the apex of a slender stalk ; the under (inner) side covered with the
fructification, consisting of two rows of sessile naked sporangia, which arc oval,
vertical, furnished with a striate-rayed crest at the apex, and opening by a lon-
gitudinal cleft down the outer side. Sterile fronds linear or thread-like, some-
times forked and cleft (whence the name, from vxifa, to slit).

1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear-thread-form, simple, tortuous,
much shorter than the fertile, which bears about 5 pairs of short crowded pinna
at the apex of a slender stalk (31 -4' high). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New
Jersey; rare.

17. I^YGODIUM, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. (Tab. 13.)

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in
pairs, with free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-
like lobes, one side of which is covered with hooded scales for indusia, imbri-
cated in two ranks, fixed by a broad base, each enclosing a single sporangium, or
rarely a pair. Sporangia much as in Schizsea, but oblique, fixed to the vein by
the inner side next the base. (Name from Xvyudrjs, flexile.}

1. I*, pal m: i Hi ill, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and
twining (l°-3°long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate
branches or petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a rounded heart-shaped
palmately 4-7-lobed sterile frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, WiUd.) —
Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and spar-
ingly southward ; rare. July.

• 18. OS1TIIJNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (Tab. 13.)

Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely covering the fertile fronds
or certain pinnae (which are contracted to the mere rhachis), thin and reticulated,
not striate-rayed at the apex, opening opposite the pedicel into two valves.
Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, 1 - 2-pinnate ;
veins forking and free. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity Thor.)
* Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top.

1. O. regal is, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green

n(2°-5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, lance-oblong, more or less serrulate,
otherwise mostly entire, oblique (or often auricled on the lower side) at the
nearly sessile base (1 -2f long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of
the frond. (Eu.)

Var. Spect&bilis. Pinnules ordinarily narrower and less auricled, or ob-
liquely truncate at the slightly stalked base. (0. spectabilis, Wittd. ) — Swamps
and wet woods ; common. June, July.

FILICEO. (FERNS.) 601

* # Sterile fronds once pinnate; the pinnce deeply pinnatifid ; ike lobes entire.

2. O. Claytoniaiia, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon
perfectly smooth (2° -3° high) ; pinnce oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse
divisions; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate j
sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interrupta, Michx., Sfc. ) — Low grounds ;
common. May: fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's plant (as I as-
certained in 1839, both from the Claytonian and Linnaean herbaria), must bear
the original Linnaean name, though wrongly described, from young specimens in
which the fructification was thought to be terminal.

3. O. cinnamdmea, L. (CINNAMON-FERN.) Clothed with rusty
wool when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae
pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the
same rootstock, contracted, 2-pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored spo-
rangia. — Var. FROND6SA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds
are sterile bejow and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Claytoniana,
Conrad, not of L. ) — Rarely such fronds are" fertile in the middle, otherwise
sterile. — Swamps and low copses ; everywhere. May. — Growing in large
bunches ; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1°- 2°
long, decaying long before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their
growth.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGL.OSSEJE. THE ADDER-TONGUE FAM.

19. & O T R \ C H I U ME , Swartz. MOONWORT. (Tab. 13.)

Frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound, rising straight from the
roots (of strong clustered and thickened fibres) ; the lateral division sterile, with
forking free veins, the terminal one wholly fertile : spike contracted, the spikes
pinnately panicled. Sporangia sessile, clustered but distinct, rather coriaceous,
veinless, transversely 2-valved, shedding the copious powdery sulphur-colored
spores. (Name a diminutive of /Sdrpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance
of the fruitful fronds.)

1. H. lllliarioides, Swartz. Sterile frond petioled, from near the base,
2 - 3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly
triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovate, somewhat kidney-
shaped, roundish, or oblong, somewhat crenate ; fertile stalk 3' - 6' high ; fruc-
tification mostly 2-pinnate. (Botrypus lunarioides, Michx. Botrychium fuma-
rioides & matricarioides, Willd.) — Dry, rich wcods, mostly southward. July.
— A state, from Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague), has the two lateral primary
divisions of the sterile frond changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. (Eu.)

Var. obliquiim (B. obliquum, Muhl.) is mostly larger (6' -17' high) ;
the fertile frond more compound ; the sterile with oblong or lanceolate divisions,
either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregularly pin-
natifid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward ; rather scarce.

Var. dissectum (B. dissectum, Muhl.). Divisions of the sterile frond
compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth : otherwise as
the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows.
51

602 LYCOPODIACE^. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

2. 15. Virff inicuin, Swartz. Sterile frond sessile above the middle of the
stalk of the fertile one, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice
pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid, thin, the lobes cut-toothed towards
the apex, oblong; fructification mostly 2-pin nate : plant 1°-2C high, or often
reduced to 5' -10', when it is B. gracile, PursL — Kich woods; common.
July, Aug. (Eu.)

Var. ? simplex (B. simplex, Hitchcock) appears to be a remarkably de-
pauperate state of this, only 2'- - 5' high ; the sterile frond reduced to a single
short-stalked division, and simply or doubly pinnatifid, the Icbes obovate or
oblong, thinner, and the veins more perceptible than in the European B. Luna-
ria. — W. New England, New York, and northward.

2O. OPHIOGL.6SSUUI, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (Tab. 13.)

Frond a naked stalk rising straight, bearing a lateral sterile portion resembling
in form an entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed veins, and a simple
terminal spike, on the edges of which the opaque and coriaceous sessile veinless
sporangia are closely packed, in 2 ranks, all more or less coherent together, so
as to appear necklace-jointed, transversely 2-valved. Spores copious, sulphur-
color. (Name compounded of o<jf>ts, a serpent, and -yXwo-o-a, tongue.)

1. O. Vlllgatlim, L. Sterile frond (in the N. American form) obovate
or ovate with a tapering sessile base (l'-3' long), and mostly borne below the
middle of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows : not common.
June. (Eu.)

ORDER 137. LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-Moss FAMILY.)

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect, ivith their solid and often woody
stems thickly clothed with sessile awl-shaped or lanceolate persistent and sim*
pie leaves, bearing tlie 2-4-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils; repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. L,YCOP6DIU]H, L., Spring. CLUB-MOSS. (Tab. 14.)

Spore-cases of one kind (sporangia, much like those of Ophioglossum, only
larger), coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening by a trans-
verse line round the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in the
form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with ever-
green 1-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4 - 16 ranks. (Name compound-
ed of XvKOf, a wolf, and TTOUS, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)

$ 1. Sporangia scattered in the axils of the ordinary and uniform (dark-green ami

shining, rigid, about 8-ranked) leaves.

1. L.. lucidiilum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches
ascending (6'-12' high); leaves widely spreading cr rejlexed, linear-lanceolate,
acute, minutely toothed. — Cold, damp woods; common northward, fnd south-
ward along the higher Alleghanies. August.

or iuctfflocliacece, Sciuisetaceoe ,

g'cU,. jmr-

LfCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FA KILT.) (>03

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a
level-topped cluster (3' -6' high) ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, pointed, entire. —
Tops of high mountains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward ;
also shore of Lake Superior, and northward ; rare : both the variety with more
erect, and that with widely spreading, leaves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming
terminal spikes or catkins.

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and the upright fertile stems or branches, and those of

the simph spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base).

3. It. i mi ii<lfi tuiii, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ;
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing
into the var. BiGEL6vii, Tuckerm. : with fertile stems 5' - 7; high, its leaves
more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth-
bearing. (L. Carolinian um, Bigel., not of L.) — Sandy bogs, northward, rare :
the var. from New England to New Jersey and southward, near the coast.
Aug. (Eu.)

4. Lu alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ;
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same
thickness, 6' -20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread-
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, with the dense leaves, £' thick ; the comose spike,
with its longer spreading leaves, f ' to 1 ' thick.

* # Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or

heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.

•*- Spikes sessile (branches equally leafy to the top), single.

5. lt» ami 61 ill mil, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creejincj
(l°-4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5' -8' h/gh), sparingly forked, the
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in
about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike
solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. ptiNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-
alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves.
(Var. montanum, Tuckerm.) — Woods; common northward: the var. on the
White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. L. dciidroiclciuii, Michx. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems upright (6'-
9' high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4 - 6 rows,
bushy '-branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — in var. OBSCfjRUM
appearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and ap-
pressed. (L. obscurum, L.} — Moist woods. Aug. — Kemarkable for its tree-
like growth. Spikes cylindrical, 4- 10 on each plant.

604 LYCOPODIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

«- •»- Spikes peduncled : viz. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.
•w Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked : stems terete.

7. L.. clavatuiii, L. (COMMON CLUB-MOSS.) Stems creeping exten-
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi-
nated by a slender peduncle (4' -6' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4;
linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods; common
northward. July. (Eu.)

•«-«• ** Leaves of two forms, few-ranked: stems or branches flattened.

8. LU < :i roliiiifi mini, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1 -nerved lateral leaves widely
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper
side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' high, clothed merely
with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindri-
cal spike. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

9. It. complaiiatuiil, I*. Stems extensively creeping (often subter-
ranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branch-
lets crowded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves
in 4 ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spread-
ing tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly
appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and
thickets ; common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches abundant
southward ; while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into
var. SABII03F6LIUM (L. sabinsefolium, Wittd., L. Chamsecyparissus, Braun),
with more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.)

2. SELAGINELL.A, Beauv., Spring. (Tab. 14.)

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium,
but very minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored
powdery spores ; and of 3 -4-valved tumid oophoridia, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-
6) much larger globose-angular spores; the latter either intermixed with the
former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of the leafy
4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Sdago, an ancient name of a
Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.)

* Leaves all alike, equally imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. selaginoides. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slen-
der; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (l'-3' high); leaves lanceolate, acute,
spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. S. spinulosa, Braun.)
— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh) and Michigan, Lake Superior and
northward; pretty rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, thin, yellcurish-
green. (Eu.)

2. S. nipeStriS, Spring. Much branched in close tufa (l'-3; high) ; leaves
densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel,
minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly 4-angular spike rather broad-

HTDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACE^E.) 605

er; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodhim rupestre, L.)
— Dry and exposed rocks; common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a
rigid Moss.

* * Leaves of 2 sorts, the shorter above and below, resembling stipules, the larger

lateral, 2-ranked.

3. S. a pus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate,
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the others smaller, appressed, taper-pointed ; those of
the short spikes nearly similar; oophoridia copious at the lower part of the
spike. (Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places, S. New England,
near the coast, to Virginia, and southward. — A delicate little plant, resembling
a Moss or Jungermannia.

ORDER 138. HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACE.B, R. Br.)

Aquatic cryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, urith the fructification borne
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts
of organs, contained in indehiscent or irregularly bursting involucres (sporo-
carps) : — here represented by only two genera ; one of them, Isoetes,
nearly related to Club-Mosses in structure ; the other, Azolla, much like a
floating Liverwort.

1. ISOETES, L. QUILLWOET. (Tab. 14.)

Stem a mere succulent base or crown, rooting from underneath, and covered
above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated terete awl-shaped or
stalk-like cellular leaves. Sporocarps ovoid and plano-convex, pretty large,
sessile in the axils of the leaves and united with or enveloped by their excavated
dilated base, very thin, traversed internally by transverse threads, forming a
kind of partitions ; those of the central leaves filled with very minute powdery-
grains (analogous to the spores of Lycopodium) ; the exterior filled with larger
spherical-quadrangular spores (oophoridia), at first cohering in fours, their crus-
taceous integument marked by 3 radiant lines. (Name composed of uros, equal,
»nd eras, year ; perhaps intended to indicate that these aquatic plants are un-
changed by the season, i. e. alike the year through.)

1. I. lacftstris, L. Crown or rootstock broad and depressed ; leaves whol-
ly submersed, dark green, rigid and fragile, awl-shaped (2' -6' long), the dilated
base as broad as long ; spores (oophoridia) roughish-granulated, scarcely reticu-
lated. — Bottom of ponds and slow streams ; not rare northward. — New Eng-
land specimens agree well with the European plant, and also seem too nearly1
like the next. The following species are admitted in deference to authority :
but probably all are forms of one. (Eu.)

2. I. rip aria, Engelm. Crown small; leaves slender, soft, yellowish-
green (4' -6' long), the base broader than long; spores minutely farinaceous
and reticulated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia, between

51*

606 HTDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACE^.)

high and lo\* water mark, Dr. Zantzinger: and probably throughout the Middle
States.

3. I. Engelinanni, Braun. Leaves long and slender (9' -12' long),
entirely emersed in summer, soft and flaccid, light yellowish-green, the dilated
base longer than broad ; spores coarsely farinaceous and reticulated. — Shallow
ponds of the Western States, and southward.

2. AZOL.L.A, Lam. AZOLLA. (Tab. 14.)

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves,
appearing like a small Jungermannia : fructification sessile on the under side of
the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid ; the smaller kind opening transversely all
round, containing several roundish-angular antheridia ? peltately borne on the
sides of a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly,
filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks,
each containing a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£o>, to dry,
and oXXo>, to kitt, being destroyed by dryness.)

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading,
reddish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Pools and lakes, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Plant £' to 1' broad. — Probably the same as A.
Magellanica of all South America.

MAKS* LEA MUCRON\TA and perhaps M. YEST^TA may occur in the western
parts of Illinois and Wisconsin.

SALV^NIA NATANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of
small lakes in W. New York, has not been found by any other person, and prob-
ably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted.

INDEX.

%* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Or lets, are in full capi-
tals ; of the Suborders, Tribes, &c.f in small capitals j of the GeneTa, fcc., &a well as popular
names and synonymes, in common type.

Abele,

Page
419

Agave,

Pag.
456

Abelmoschus,

69

Agropyron,

.569

Abies,

422

Agrostemma,

57

ABIETINEJS,

420, 421

AGROSTIDE^B,

536

Abutilon,

67

Agrostis,

543

Acacia,

109

Ailanthus,

75

Acalypha, 389
ACANTHACE^E (Acanthus Fam-

Aira,
Airopsis,

671
573

ily),

296

Ajuga,

302

Acaulon,

615

AJUGOIDE.E,

300

Acer,

84

Alchemilla,

115

Acerates,

354, 704

Alder,

412

ACERINE^,

82,84

Aletris,

458

Achillea,

225

Alisma,

*37

ACHYRANTHEJS,

367

ALISMACE^,

436

Acnida,

369, 370

ALISME^J,

436, 437

Aconite,

13

Alkanet,

322

Aconitum,

13

Alligator Pear,

378

Acoras,

429

Allium,

469

ACROCARPI,
ACROGENS,

608, 614
585

Allosorus,
AUspice, Wild,

591
379

Actaea,

14

Almond Family,

110, 111

Actinomeris,

219

Alnaster,

412

Adam-and-Eve,

453

Alnus,

412

Adam's Needle,
Adder's-Mouth,

472
451

Alopecurus,
Alsine,

640
57

Adder's-tongue,

471, 602

ALSINE^:,

53,57

Adder's-tongue Family,

589, 601

Althaea,

66

Adelia,

358

Alum-rooty

144

Adenocaulon,

189

ALYSSIKE-ffi,

29

Adiantum,

592

Alyssum,

40

Adlumia,

27

AMARANTACE^E

(Amaranth

Adonis,

15

Family),

367

-flSschynomene,

98

Amaranth,

367, 369

^Esculus,

83

Amarantus,

367

JEthusa,

154

AMARYLLIDACEJE (Amaryl-

Agathophyton,

365

lis Family),

455

4grimonia (Agrimony),

114

Amaryllis,

455

INDEX.

Ambrina,

364

Apple of Peru,

340

Ambrosia,

211

Apricot,

113

Amelanchier,

125

AQUIFOLIACEJE,

263

American Aloe,

456

Aquifolium,

263

American Columbo,

344

Aquilegia,

12

Amianthium,

477

ARABIDE^E,

28

Ammannia,

128

Arabis,

33

Ammophila,

548

ARACE.&,

426

Amorpha,

95

Aralia,

159

Ampelopsis,

78

ARALIACE^,

159

Amphicarpaea,

106

Arbor- Vitas,

424

Amphicarpum,

575

ARBUTEJE,

245

Amsonia,

349

Arbutus, 250,

251

AMYGDALE.S:,

110, 111

Arch angelica,

153

Anacamptodon,

662

Archemora,

153

ANACARDIACEJE,

76

Archidium,

614

Anacharis,

441

Arctium,

235

ANAGALLIDE.SS,

271

Arctoa,

619

Anagallis,

274

Arctophila,

556

Andraea,

613

Arctostaphylos,

250

ANDR^EACEJB,

613

Arenaria,

58

Andromeda,

253

Arethusa,

449

ANDROMEDE^,

245

ARETHUSE^:,

443

Andropogon,

583

Argemone,

25

Androsace,

271

Arietinum,

455

Anemone,

4

Arisaema,

426

ANEMONES,

2

Aristida,

550

Aneura,

689

Aristolochia,

360

Anethum,

159

ARISTOLOCHIACE^.

359

Angelica,

153

Armeria,

270

Angelica-tree,

159

Arnica,

231

Angelico,

155

Arrhenatherum,

573

ANGIOSPERMEjE,

1

Arrow-grass,

437

Anise Hyssop,
ANONACE^E,

311
17

Arrow-grass Family, 436,
Arrow-head,

437
438

Anomodon,

658

Arrow- wood,

167

ANOPHYTES,

607

Artemisia, %

227

Antennaria,

229

ARTOCARPEJE, 394,

397

Anthemis,

225

Arum,

427

Anthopogon,

554

Arum Family,

426

Anthoceros,

685

Aruncus,

114

ANTHOCEROTEJE,

684

Arundinaria,

568

I ANTHOXANTHE^E,

538

Arundo, 547,

568

Anthoxanthum,

574

Asarabacca,

359

Anticlea,

476

Asarum,

359

Antigramma,

593

AS CLEPIAD ACE.&,

350

AniTIKRHINE^;,

282

Asclepias, 351,

704

ANTIRRHINIDE-S:,

282

Ascyrum,

49

Antirrhinum,

284

Ash,

357

Antitrichia,

657

Asimina,

17

Anychia,

62

ASPARAGE^E,

465

Apalanthe,

441

Asparagus,

466

Apetalous Exogenous Plants,

359

Aspen,

418

Aphanorhegma,

652

ASPHODELE^E.

465

Aphyllon,

281

ASPIDIE^;,

589

Apios,

105

Aspidium,

596

Apium,

159

ASPLENIE^,

588

Aplectrum,

453

Asplenium,

594

APOCYNACEJE,

349

Aster, 189, 190,

199

Apocynum,

350

Asteranthemum,

467

Apple,

124

ASTEROIDE^E,

179

INDEX.

Astilbe,

142

Beech,

403

Astomum,

616

Beech-drops,

262, 280

AsTRAGALEvE,

89

Beet,

367

Astragalus,

97

Beggar's Lice,

, 325

Atamasco Lily,

456

Beggar-ticks,

221

Atheropogon,

553

Bellflower,

243

Athyrium,

595

Bellis,

200

Atragene,
Atrichum,

3

640

Bellwort,
Bellwort Family,

473
472, 473

Atrip lex,

365

Bengal Grass,

581

Aulacomnion,

643

Benjamin-bush,

379

Arena,

572

Bent-Grass,

543

Avenastrum,

573

Benzoin,

379

AVENE^E,

538

BERBERIDACEJE,

19

Avens,

116,117

BERBERIDE^E,

19

Awl wort,

39

Berberis,

19

Azalea,

256, 258

Berchemia,

79

Azolla,

606

Bergamot,

310

Bermuda Grass,

554

Baccharis,
Bald-Bush,

208
503

Berula,
Beta,

157
367

Baldwinia,

224

Betonica,

317

Ballota,

318

Betony,

317

Balm,
Balm of Gilead,

308
419

Betula,
BETULACEJE,

410
410

Balmony,

285

Bidens,

221

Balsam,

73

Bigelovia,

207

Balsam Family,

73

Bignonia,

278

BALSAMIFLU^E,
BALSAMINACE^E,

147
73

BIGNONIACE^ (Bignonia Fam-
ily), 277

Baneberry,

14

BlGNONIE^E,

278

Baptisia,

107

Bilberry,

247

Barbarea,

35

Bind-weed,

334

Barberry Box-thorn,

341

Biotia,

190

Barberry,

19

Birch,

410

Barberry Family,

19

Birch Family,

410

Barbula,

626, 680

Birthroot,

464

Barley,

570

Birthwort,

360

Barnyard-Grass,

580

Birthwort Family,

359

Barren Strawberry,

117

Bishop's Cap,

145

Bartonia,

347 (135)

Bishop-weed,

156

Bartramia,

649

Bistort,

371

Bartsia,

294

Bitter Cress,

32

Basil,

304, 308, 318

Bitter-nut,

403

Basil-Thyme,

307

Bitter-sweet,

81, 339

Basswood,

69

Bitter-weed,

212

Bastard Toad-flax,

381

Bladder Fern,

596

Batatas,

334

Bladder Ketmia,

69

Batodendron,

248

Bladder-nut,

82

Batrachium,

7

Bladder-nut Family,

82

Batschia,

322

Bladder-pod,

37

Bayberry,

409

Bladderwort,

275

Beach Pea,

103

Bladderwort Family,

275

Beak-Rush,

504

Black Alder,

264

Bean,

104

Blackberry,

121, 122

Bearberry,

250

Blackberry Lily,

460

Beard-Grass,

544

Black Bindweed,

375

Beard-Tongue,

286

Black Grass,

483

Bear-Grass,

471

Black Haw,

107

Beaver-poison,

157

Black-Jack,

406

Bedfctraw,

169

Black Moss,

46*

INDEX.

Black Oat-Gnwt,

549

Brizopyrum,

560

Black Thorn.
Blasia,

112, 124
690

Broccoli;
Brome-Grass,

40

566

Blazing-Star,

184, 478

BROMELIACE-ffi,

458

BLECHNEJS,

588

Bromus,

566

Blephilia,

310

Broom-Corn,

584

Blessed Thistle,

232,

Broom-rape,

280, 281

Bletia,

451

Broom-rape Family,

279

Elite,

364

Brooklime,

290

Blitum,

364

Brook-Moss,

655

Blojd-root,

26

Brook-weed,

274

Bloodwort Family,
Blue Beech,

457
409

Broussonetia,
Bruchia,

398
616

Blueberry,

247

Brunella,

313

Bluebottle,

232

BRTACE^:,

614

Blue Cohosh,

20

Bryum,

643

Blue Curls,

302

Buchnera,

291

Bluets,

172, 174

BUCHNERE.S:,

282

Blue Flag,

459

Buffalo-Berry,

381

Blue-eyed Grass,

460

Buffalo-Nut,

382

Blue Grass,

563

Buckbean,

348

Blue-Hearts,
Blue Joint-Grass,

291
547

Buckeye,
Buckthorn,

83
79, 80, 267

Blue Tangle,

247

Buckthorn Family,

78

Blue-weed,

320

Buckwheat,

375

Blyttia,

545

Buckwheat Family,

371

Boahmeria,

399

Bugle,

302

Bog-Asphodel,

479

Bugle-weed,

303

Bog-Rush,

480

Bugloss,

320

Boltonia,

200

Bugbane,

7,14

Boneset,

187

Bulrush,

498

Borage,

325

Bumelia,

267

Borage Family,
BORRAGE^E,

319
319

Bunch-berry,
Bunch-flower,

161
475

BORRAGINACEJE,

319

Bunch-Pink,

54

Borrago,
Borrichia,

325
213

Bupleurum,
Burmannia,

156
442

Botrychium,

601

BURMANNIACEJE

(Burman-

Botrypus,

601

nia Family),

442

Botryois,

364

Burdock,

235

Bottle-brush Grass,

571

Bur-Grass,

581

Bottle-Grass,

581

Bur-Marigold,

221

Bouncing Bet,

55

Burnet,

115

Bouteloua,

552

Burning-Bush,

81

Bowman's Root,

114

Bur-reed,

429

Bow-wood,

398

Bush-Clover,

101

Box,

393

Bush Honeysuckle,

166

Boxberry,

251

Butter-and-eggs,

284

Box-Elder,

85

Buttercup,

7,10

Boykinia,

143

Butterfly Pea,

.106

Brachyelytrum,

546

Butterfly-weed,

354

Brachychseta,

200

Butternut,

401

Brachythecium,

675

Butter-weed,

198

Brake, Bracken,

591

Butterwort,

277

Bramble,

120

Button-bush,

172

Brasenia,

22

Button-weed,

171

Brasiletto Family,

90, 108

Buttonwood,

400

Brassica,

40

Buxbaumia,

639

BRASSICEJC,

29

Buxus,

393

Bread-fruit and Fig Family,

394, 397

Briza,

565

Cabbage,

40

INDEX.

CABOMBACE^E,

22

Carex,

507

Cacalia,

230

CARICE.S:,

491

CACTACE^ (Cactus Family),
Cactus,
Caenotus,

C.ESALPINIE.SS, 90,

136
136

198
108

Carnation,
Carolina Allspice,
Carolina- Allspice Family,
Carphephorus,

54
126
126
185

Cakile,

39

Carpinus,

409

CAKILINK^B,

29

Carrion-Flower,

463

Calamagrostis,

547

Carrot,

152

Calaminth,

307

Carum,

159

Calamintha,

307

Carya,

402

Calamovilfa,
Calamus,

548
429

CARYOPHYLLACE.E,

Cashew Family,

52

76

Calico-bush,

255

Cassandra,

252

Calla,

427

Cassena,

263

Calliergon,

672

Cassia,

108

Calliastrum,

190

Cassiope,

253

Callicarpa,

299

Castanea,

407

Callirrhoe,

66

Castilleia,

294

CALLITRICHACE.&,

384

Castor-oil Plant,

393

Callitriche,

384

Catalpa,

279

Calomelissa,

307

Catbrier,

461

Calopogon,

450

Catchfly,

55

Caltha,

11

Catgut,

97

CALYCANTHACE.E,

126

Catherines,

640

Calycanthus,

126

Cat-Mint,

311

Calycocarpum,

18

Catnip,

311

Calypogeia,

702

Cat-tail,

429

Calypso,

450

Cat-tail Family,

429

Calystegia,
Camassia,

334

469

Cat-tail Flag,
Cat's-tail Grass,

429
541

Camelina,

38

Cauliflower,

40

CAMELINE.S,

29

Caulinia,

432

Camellia Family,

70

Caulophyllum,

20

CAMELLIACE^,

70

Cayenne,

341

Campanula,

243

Ceanothus,

80

CAMPANULACE^ (Campanula

Gercis,

108

Family),

243

Cedar,

424, 425

Campion,

55

Cedronella,

312

Camptosorus,

593

Celandine,

25

Campylium,

677

Celandine Poppy,

25

Campylopus,

619

CELASTRACE^E,

81

Canary-Grass,

574

Celastrus,

81

Cancer-root, 280,

281

Celery,

159

Caudv-tuft,

40

Celtis,

396

Cane,"

568

Cenchrus,

581

CANNABINB^, 395,

400

Centaurea,

232

Cannabis,

400

Centaurella,

347

Canterbury Bells,

244

Centaury,

342, 343

Caper Family,

40

Centrosema,

106

Caper Spurge,
CAPPARIDACE.E,

389
40

Centunculus,
Cephalanthus,

274
172

Capraria,

287

Cerastium,

60

CAPRIFOLIACE^

163

Cerasus,

112

Caprifolium,

164

Ceratodon,

623

Capsella,

39

CERATOPHYLIACE^:,

383

Capsicum,

341

Ceratophyllum,

383

Caraway,

159

Ceratoschrenus,

504

Cardamine,

32

Chaerophyllum,

158

Cardinal-flower,

242

Chaetocyperus,

497

Cardans,

234

Chaff-seed,

294

INDEX.

CJhaff-weed,

274

Climacinm,

666

Chamaelirium,

478

Climbing Fern,

600

Cbamomile,
Cheat,

225, 226
566

Climbing Fumitory,
Clinopodium,

27
308

Checkerberry,

251

Clintonia,

468

Cheilanthes,

592

Clrtoria,

106

Cheiranthus,

40

Clove-Pink,

54

Chelidonium,

25

Clover,

93, 93, 95

Chelone,

285

Clotbur,

212

CHELONE^E,

282

Cloud-berry,

120

CHENOPODIACE.&,

361

Cnicus,

232

CHENOPODIE^E,

362

Cnidoscolus,

389

Chenopollina,

366 '

Club-Moss,

602, 604

Chenopodium,

362

Club-Moss Family,

602

Cherry,

111, 112,113

Club-Rush,

498

Chess,

566

Cocculus,

18

Chestnut,

407

Cocklebur,

212

Chervil,

158

Cock's-foot Grass,

557

Chick-pea,

104

Cockspur Thorn,

124

Chickweed,

58

Cohosh,

14,20

Chickweed Family,

53,57

Colchicum Family,

472

Chickweed- Wintergreen,
Chiloscyphus,

272
691

Colic-root,
Collinsia,

458

285

Chimaphila,

260

Collinsonia, «

308

Chinquapin,

408

Coltsfoot,

188, 189

Chiogenes,

250

Columbine,

12

Chionanthus,

357

Columbo,

344

Chironia,

342

Comandra,

381

Chives,

470

Comaropsis,

117

CHLORIDES,

536

Comarum,

119

Choke-berry,

125

Comfrey,

320, 325

Chondrosium,

553

Commelyna,

485

Chrysastrum,

201

COMMELYNACE^,

485

Chrysogonum,

209

Compass-Plant,

210

Chrysopsis,
Chrysosplenium,

207
145

COMPOSITE ( Composite Fam.), 177
Comptonia, 410

Cicer,

104

Cone-flower,

214

ClCHORACE^J,

235

CONIFERS,

420

Cichorium,

235

Conioselinum,

154

Cichory,

235

Conium,

158

Cicuta,

157

Conobea,

287

Cimicifuga,

14, 15

Conoclinium,

188

CIMICIFUGEJE,
Cinchona Family

3
169, 171

Conomitrium,
Conopholis,

625
280

ClNCHONE^E,

169, 171

Conostomum,

650

Cinque-foil,

118, 119

Conostylis,

458

Cinna,

544

Convallaria,

467

Cinnamon Fern,

601

CONVOLVULACE^

(Convol-

Circaea,

133

vulus Family),

332

Cirsium,

232

Convolvulus,

334

Cistacese,

45

Coprosmanthus,

463

Cissus,

78

Coptis,

11

Cladium,

506

Coral-berry,

164

Cladrastis,
Clasmatodon,

107
660

Coral lorhiza,
Coral-root,

452

452

Claytonia,

65

Corema,

393

Clearweed,

399

Coreopsis,

219

Cleavers,

169

Cord- Grass,

551

CLBMATIDB^EB,

2

Coriander,

159

Clematis,

3

Coriandrum,

159

Ciethra,

254

CORNACE-ZE,

160

INDEX.

Corn-Cockle,

57

CUPRESSINE^E,

420, 424

Cornel,

161

Cupressus,

424

Corn-flag,

460

Cupseed,

18

Corn Salad,

175

CUPULIFER^E,

403

Corn us,

161

Currant,

136, 137

Corpse-Plant,

262

Currant Family,

136

Corydalis,

27

Cuscuta,

336

Corylus,

408

CUSCUTINEJE,

333

Coscinodon,
Cosmanthus,

637
328

Custard-Apple Family,
Cut-Grass,

17
540

Cotton-Grass,

501

Cyanococcus,

249

Cotton-plant,

69

CYCLOLOBE^:,

362

Cotton-Rose,

229

Cycloloma,

362

Cotton-wood,

419

Cydonia,

126

Couch Grass,

569

Cylindrothecium,

664

Cowbane, 153,

157

CYNARE^,

182

Cowberry,

248

Cynodon,

554

Cow-Herb,

55

Cynodontium,

620

Cow-Parsnip,

152

Cynoglossum,

324

Cowslip, 271,

272

Cvnthia,

236

Cow-Wheat,

296

CYPERACE.E,

490

Crab-Apple,

125

CYPERE.E,

490

Crab-Grass, 554,

557

Cyperus,

491

Cranberry,

247

Cypress,

424

Cranberry -tree,
Crane-fly Orchis,

168
451

Cypress Family,
Cypress-Vine,

420, 424
333

Cranesbill,

72

CYPRIPEDJE.®,

443

Crantzia

151

Cypripedium,

454

CRASSULACE^E,

139

Cystopteris,

596

Crataegus,

123

Cratoneuron,

673

Dactylis,

557

Crocus,

460

Dactyloctenium,

554

Crossopetalum,

345

Daffodil,

455

Crotalaria,

91

Dahoon,

264

Croton,

391

Daisy,

200

Crotonopsis,

392

Dalea,

95

Crowberry,

393

Dalibarda,

120

Oowberry Family,

393

Daltonia,

656

Crownbeard,

222

Dandelion, 235,

236, 239, 240

Crown Imperial,

472

Danthonia,

572

Crowfoot,

7

Dangleberry,

247

Crowfoot Family,

2

Darnel,

569

CRUCIFER^E,

28

Dasystoma,

293

Cryphaa,

656

Date Plum,

267

Crypsis,

542

Datura,

340

Cryptotgenia,

157

Daucus,

152

Crvosanthes,
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS,

455

585

Day-flower,
Day-Lily,

485
468

Cryptogramma,
Ctenium,

591
552

Deadlv Nightshade,
Dead-Nettie,

341
318

Cuckoo-flower.

33

Deerberry,

248

Cucumber,

139

Deer-Grass,

127

C ucumber-tree,

16

Delphinium,

12

Cucumis,

139

Dentaria,

31

Cucurbita,

139

Deschampsia,

571

CUCURBITACE.E,

138

Desmanthus,

109

Cudweed,

228

Desmatodon,

628

Culver's Root or Culver's Physic,

290

Desmodium,

99

Cunila,

304

Dewberry,

121

Cuphea,
Cup-plant,

129
210

Devil's-Bit,
Devil-wood,

478
357

INDEX.

Dianthera,

297

Drop wort,

114

Dianthus,

54

Drummondia,

632

Diapcnsia,

332

DRYADEJE,

111

DlAPENSIfi^S,

329

Dryas,

116

Diarrhena,

557

Dryopteris,

597

Dicentra,
Dichelyma,

27
655

Dryptodon,
Duck's-meat,

638
431

Dichondra,

335

Duckweed,

431

DlCHONDRE-ffl,

333

Duckweed Family,

430

Diehromena,

504

Dulichium,

404

Dicksonia,

595

Dumortiera,

686

DICKSONIE.S:,

588

Dupontia,

556

Dicliptcra,
DICOTYLEDONOUS

297
PLANTS, 1

Dutchman's Breeches,
Dutchman's Pipe,

27
360

Dicranella,

621

Dyer's Rocket,

41

Dicranodontium,

619

Dysodia,

223

Dicranum,

620

Didymodon,

628

Eatonia,

557

Diervilla,

165

EBENACE^ (Ebony Family),

266

DIGIT ALE.E,

282

Echinacea,

214

Digitaria,

577

Echinochloa,

580

Dilepyrum,

546

Echinodorus,

438

Dill,

159

Echinospermum,

324

Diodia,

171

Echinocystis,

139

Dionaea,

47

Echites,

350

Dioscorea,

460

Echium,

319

DioscoREACE.fi,

460

Eclipta,

213

Diospyros,

267

Eel-grass, 432,

441

Diphylleia,

20

Egg-Plant,

339

Diphyscium,

640

Egyptian Grass,

554

Diplachne,

555

Elaeagnus,

381

Diplazium,

594

EL^EAGNACE^,

380

Diplocea,

556

Elatine,

52

Diplopappus,

199

ELATINACE^,

52

Dipsacus,

176

Elder,

166

DIPSACE^l,

176

Elecampane,

208

Dipteracanthus,

297

Eleocharis,

495

Dirca,

380

Eleogenus,

496

Discopleura,

156

Elephant's-foot,

184

Distichium,

628

Elephantopus,

184

Ditch-grass,

433

Eleusine,

554

Dittany.

304

Ellisia,

327

Dock,

376

Elm,

395

Dodecatheon,

272

Elm Family, 394,

395

Dodder,

336

Elodea, 52, (441)

Dogbane,

350

Elodium,

668

Dogbane Family,
Dog's-tail,

349
554

Elvmus,
EMPETRACE.ZB,

570
393

Dog's-tooth Violet

471

Empetrum,

393

Dogwood,

161

Encalypta,

630

Dogwood Family,

160

Enchanter's Nightshade,

133

Doodia,

593

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

426

Door-weed,

373

Enemion,

11

Draba,

36

Engelmannia,

392

Dracocephalum,

312, 313

Enslenia,

355

Dragon-Arum,

426

Entosthodon,

651

Dragon-head,

312, 313

Epigaea,

251

Dragon-root^

427

Ephemerum,

614

Drop-seed Grass,

542, 545

Epilobium,

130

Drosera,

47

Epipactis,

449

DROSERACE.33,

47

Epiphegus,

280

INDEX.

EQUISETACE^E,

585

False Kice,

539

Equisetura,

585

False Rocket,

31

Eragrostis,

563

False Spikenard,

467

Erechthites,

229

Featherfoil,

275

Erianthus,

582

Feather Geranium,

364

ERICACEAE,

245

Feather-Grass,

549

ERICINE^J, 245,

250

Fedia,

175

Erigenia,

159

Fegatella,

687

Erigeridium,

199

Fennel,

159

Erigeron,

197

Fennel-flower,

15

ERIOCAULONACE^E,

488

Ferns,

58

Eriocaulon,

488

Fescue- Grass,

565

Eriophorum,

501

Festuca,

565

Erodium,

73

FESTUCINE.E,

537

Erophila,

37

Fetterbush,

254

Ervura,

103

Fever-bush,

379

Eryngium,

151

Feverfew,

226

Erysimum,

35

Fever-wort,

166

Erythrasa,

343

Figwort,

284

Erythronium,

471

Figwort Family,

281

ESCALLONIE^E (Escallonia Fam-

Filago,

229

ily), 142,

146

Filbert,

408

Eschscholtzia,

26

FILICES,

587

Eubotrys,
Euchroma,

252

294

Fimbriaria,
Fimbristylis,

688
502

Eulophus,

158

Finger-Grass,

577

Euonymus,

81

Fir,

422

EUPATORIACE^E,

179

Fireweed,

229

Eupatorium,

186

Fissidens,

624

Euphorbia,

385

Five-Finger,

118, 119

EUPIIORBIACE^

385

Flax,

71

Euphrasia,

295

Flax Family,

70

EUPHRASIES,

283

Fleabane,

197

Eurhynchium,

669

Fleur-de-Lis,

460

EUSMILACE^E,

461

Floating Heart,

348

Eustichiura,

'629

Floerkea,

74

Euthamia,

206

Flower-de-Luce,

459

Eutoca,

329

FLOWERING PLANTS,

1

Eutriana,

553

Flowering Ferns,

589, 600

Euxolus,

369

FLOWERLESS PLANTS,

585

Evening-Primrose, 130, 131,

132

Fluminia,

556

Evening-Primrose Family,

129

Fly-Poison,

477

Everlasting, 228,

229

Fly-catch Grass,

. 540

Everlasting Pea, 103,

104

Fog-fruit,

299

EXOGENOUS PLANTS,

1

Fontinalis,

654

Eyebright,

295

Fool's Parsley,

154

Forked Chickweed,

62

Faba,

104

Forget-me-not,

323

Fabronia,

661

Fossombronia,

690

Fugopyrum,
Fagus,

375

408

Fothergilla,
Four-o'clock,

148
360

Farkleberry,

248

Four-o'clock Family,

360

False Asphodel,

478

Fowl Meadow-Grass,

562

False Bugbane,

7

Foxtail Grass,

540, 581

False Flax,

38

Forestiera,

358

False Foxglove,

293

FORESTIERE-fi,

356

False Hellebore,

476

Forsteronia,

349

False Indigo, 95,

107

FOTHERGILLEJS,

147

False Mermaid,

74

Fountain Moss,

654

False Mistletoe,

382

Fragaria,

119

False Pimpernel,

288

Frangula,

80

60*

INDEX.

Fsasera,

344

Glaux,

FRAXINE^SS,

356

Glechoma,

Fraxinus,

357

Gleditschia,

French Mulberry,.

299

Globe Amaranth,

Fringe-tree,

357

Globe-flower,

Frcelichia,

370

Gnaphalium, 1

Frog's-bit,

440

Glyceria,

Frog's-bit Family,

440

Goafs-Beard,

Frost-weed,

45

Goat's Rue,

Frullania,

697

Golden Aster,

Fuirena,

503

Golden-club,

Futnaria,

28

Golden-rod,

FUMARIACE^E,

26

Golden Saxifrage,

Fumitory

28

Goldthread,

Fumitory Family,

26

Gomphrena,

Funaria,

650

GOMPHRENE2B,

Funkia,

468

Gonolobus,

GALACINE.&.

262

Good-King-Henry,
Goodyera,

Galactia,

105

Gooseberry,

Galanthus,

455

Goosefoot, '

Galatella,

190

Goosefoot Family,

Galax,

262

Goose-Grass,

Galax Family,

262

Gordonia,

GALEGE^J,

89

Gossypium,

Galeopsis,

316

Gourd,

Galingale,

491

Gourd Family,

Galinsoga,

225

GRAMINEJS,

Galium,

169

Grape,

Gall-of-the-Earth,

238

Grass Family,

Gama-Grass,

582

Grass of Parnassus,

Garget,

361

Grass of the Andes,

Garlic,

469

Grass-wrack,

Gaultheria,

251

Gratiola,

Gaura,

132

GRATIOLE*:,

Gaylussacia,
Geiseleria,

247
391

Greek Valerian,
Greenbrier,

Gelsemium,

296, 703

Green Dragon,

GELSEMINE^B,

283

Green Violet,

Genista,

91

Grimaldia,

GENISTE^SJ,

89

Grimmia,

Gentian,

345

Gromwell,

Gentiana,

345

GROSSULACE^:,

GENTIANACE^E

(Gentian Fam-

Grossularia,

iiy),

341

Ground Cherry,

Geocalvx,

691

Ground Hemlock,

GERANIACE^J,

72

Ground-Ivy,

Geranium,

72

Ground Laurel,

Geranium Family .

72

Ground-Nut,

Gerardia,

292

Ground Pine,

GERARDIE^B,

283

Ground Plum,

Germander,

302

Groundsel,

Geum,

116

jrroundsel-Tree,

Giant Hyssop,

311

jrove Sandwort,

Gill,

312

auelder-Rose,

Gillenia,

114

Guinea-Corn,

Ginseng,

159

Gum-Tree,

Ginseng Family,

159

jrymnadenia,

Gladiolus,

460

jrymnocladus,

Glasswort,

366

oymnomitrium,

Glaucium.

26

Gymnopogon,

• 274

312
109
371
11
228
558

114, 142

97

207

428

200, 207
145
11
371
367
355
365
447

136, 137

362, 366

361

169, 373

70

69

139

138

535

77

535

48

573

432

287

282

329

461

427

41

687

637

320,321
136
136
339
425
312
251

105, 160
603
97
230
208
57
168
584
162
444
109
696
553

INDEX.

GYMNOSPERM^E,

420

Herd's-Grass,

Gymnostichum,

571

Hemianthus,

Gymnostomum,

617

Hemlock,

Gynamblosis,

392

Hemlock Parsley,

Gyromia,

465

Hemlock Spruce,

Heracleum,

Habenaria,

444

Hercules' Club,

Hackberry,

396

Herpestis,

Hackmatack,

423

Hesperis,

HJSMODORACE^E,

457

Heteranthera,

Hair-cap Moss,

641

Heterocladium,

Hair-Grass,

543, 546, 571

Heterotropa,

Halenia,

344

Heuchera,

Halesia,

266

HIBISCE^;,

HALORAGEJE,

129, 134

Hibiscus,

HAMAMELACE^E,

147

Hickory,

HAMAMELE^J,

147

Hieracium,

Hamamelis,

147

Hierochloa,

Karbinger-of- Spring,
Hardback,

159
114

Highwater-shrub,
HIPPOCASTANE.S:,

Harpidium,

673

Hippuris,

Harebell,

244

Hoary Pea,

Haricot,

104

Hobble-bush,

Hawkbit,

236

Hazel-nut,

Hawkweed,

236

Hog Pea-Nut,

Hawthorn,

123

Hog-weed,

Heal-all,

313

Holcus,

Heart's-ease,

42

Holly,

Heath Family,

245

Holly Family,

Hedera,

160

Hollyhocks,

Hedeoma,

308

Holosteum,

Hedgehog-Grass,

581

Holy-Grass,

Hedge-Hyssop,
Hedge-Mustard,

287
35

Homalothecium,
Honesty,

Hedge-Nettle,
Hedwigia,

316
639

Honey-Locust,
Honeysuckle,

HEDYSARE^E,

89

Honeysuckle Family,

Hcdysarum,

98

Honkenya,

Hedyotis,

173

Honewort,

Helenium,

223

Hookeria,

Heleochloa,

560

Hop,

Helianthemum,

45

Hopea,

Helianthus,

216

Hop- Hornbeam,

Heliophytum,

325

Hop- tree,

Hcliopsis,

214

Hordeum,

Heliotrope,

325

HORDEINE^!,

HELIOTROPES,

319

Horehound,

Heliotropium,

325

Hornbeam,

Hellebore,

12

Horned Rush,

Helleborus,

12

Horn-Poppy,

HELLEBORINE^B,

2

Hornwort, v

Helonias,

478

Hornwort Family,

Hemerocallis,

468

Horse-Balm,

Hemicarpha,

495

Horsechestnut,

Hemp,

400

Horse-Gentian,

Hemp Family,

395, 400

Horse-Mint,

Hemp-Nettle,

316

Horse-Nettle,

Hemp-weed,

188

Horseradish,

Henbane,

340

Horse-Sugar,

Hepatica,
HEPATIOfi,

6
682

Horse-weed,
Horsetail,

541, 544
288
158
154
423
152
159
287

40
484
677
359
144

65

68
402
236
574
211

82
135

96
168
408
106
212
573
263
263

66

60
574
663

40
109

164, 256
163

57
157
666
400
266
409

75
570
538

315, 318
409
504

26
383
383
308

83
166

309, 310
339
31
266
198
585

INDEX.

lorsetail ItaLjly,

585

Inkberry,

264

/lottonia,

275

Inula,

208

HOTTONIB^,

271

lodanthus,

31

Hound's-Tong-ie,

324

Ipecac,

114

House-Leek,

141

Ipomcea,

333

Houstonia,

173

Iresine,

370

Hyacinth,

472

IRIDACE^E,

459

Hydrangea,

146

Iris,

459

HYDRANGIE^E (Hydrangea

Fami-

Iris Family,

459

iy),

142, 146

Iron-weed,

183

Hydras tis,

14

Iron-wood,

409

HYDROCHARIDACEjE,

440

Isanthus,

302

Hydrocharis,

440

Isatis,

40

Hydrocotyle,

150

Isnardia,

133

Hydroglossum,

600

Isoetes,

605

Hydropeltis,

22

Isopyrum,

11

HYDROPHYLLACE.33,

326

Isothecium,

669

Hydrophyllum,
HYDROPTERIDES,

326
605

Italian May,
Itea,

114
146

Hylocomium,

668

Iva,

211

Hyraenocallis,

456

Ivy,

160

Hymenopappus,

223

Hyoscvamus,
HYPERICACE^E,

340
48

Jacob's Ladder,
Jagged Chickweed,

330
60

Hypericum,

49

Jamestown Weed,

341

Hypnum,

667

Jatropha,

389

HYPOLYTRBJB,

490

Jeffersonia,

20

Hypopeltis,

595

Jerusalem Artichoke,

219

Hypopitys,

262

Jerusalem Oak,

364

Hypoxys,

456

Jerusalem Sage,

818

Hyssop,

304

Jessamine,

296

Hyssopus,

304

Jewel-weed,

73

Huckleberry,

247, 248

Joe-Pye Weed,

186

Hudsonia,

46

Joint-Grass,

576

Humulus,

400

Jointweed,

374

Huntsman's Cup,

24

Jonquil,

458

Judas-tree,

108

Iberis,

40

JUGLANDACE^,

401

Ictodes,

428

Juglans,

401

Ilex,

263

JUNCACEJE,

479

ILLECEBRE^,

54, 61

JUNCAGINE2E,

436, 437

Ilysanthes,

288

Juncus,

480

Impatiens,

73

June-berry,

125

Indian Bean,

279

Jungennannia,

693

Indian-Chickweed,

63

JUNGERMANNIACE-E,

689

Indian- Chickweed Family,

54, 63

Juniper,

425

Indian Corn,

584

Juniperus,

425

Indian Cucumber -root.

464

Jussiaea,

132, 703

Indian Currant,

164

Justicia,

297

Indian Fig,

136

Indian-Grass,

584

Kceleria,

557

Indian Hemp,

350

Kalmia,

255

Indian Millet,

584

Kentucky Coffee-tree,

109

Indian Physic,
Indian Pipe,

114

262

Kidney Bean,
Kinnikinnik,

104
161

Indian -Pipe Familj

246, 261

Knawel,

63

Indian Plantain,

230

Knawel Family,

54, 63

Indian Poke,

476

Knapweed,

232

Indian Rice,

540

Knot-Grass,

373

Indian Tobacco,

242

Knotweed,

371

Indian Turnip,

94, 426

K»otwort Family,

54,61

INDEX.

osteletzkya,

68

Leptochloa,

555

ivohl-Rabi,

40

Leptodon,

657

Krigia,

235

Leptopoda,

224

Kulmia,

186

Lepturus,

568

Kyllingia,

494

Leskea,

659

Lespedeza,

101

LABIATE,

300

Lettuce,

240

Labrador Tea,

258

Leucanthemum,

226

Lachnanthes,

457

Leucodon,

656

Lachnocaulon,

489

Leucobryum,

623

Lactuca,

240

Leucqjum,

455

Ladies' Tresses,

448

Leucothoe",

251

Lady's Mantle,

115

Lever-wood,

409

Lady's Slipper,

454

Liatris,

184

Lady's Thumb,

373

LIGULIFLORJE, 83, 235

Lambkill,

255

Ligusticum,

154

Lamb-Lettuce,

175

Ligustrum,

356

Lamb's-Quarters,

363

Lilac,

356

Lamium,

318

LILIACE^E (Lily Family),

465

Lampsana,

235

T •»• * W "

Lihum,

470

Laportea,

398

Lily,

470

Lappa,

235

Lily of the Valley,

467

Lapsana,

235

LIMNANTHACEJS,

74

Larch,

423

Limnanthemum,

348

Larix,

423

Limnanthes Family,

74

Larkspur,

12

Limnetis,

551

Lastrea,

597

Limnobium, 440,

(671)

LathVrus,

103

Limnochloa,

495

LAURACEJE (Laurel Family),

378

Limosella,

289

Laurel, 255, 257

LINAGES,

70

Laurestinus,

167

Linaria,

284

Laurus,

379

Linden,

69

Lavandula,

318

Linden Family,

69

Lavender,

318

Lindernia,

288

Lead-Plant,

95

Linnsea,

163

Leadwort Family,

270

Linum,

71

Leaf-Cup,

209

Lion's-foot,

238

Leather-Leaf,

252

Liparis,

452

Leather-flower,

4

Lippia,

299

Leather-wood,

380

Liquidambar,

148

Leavenworthia,

31

Liriodendron,

17

Lechea,

46

Listera,

449

Lecontia,

427

Lithospermum,

321

Ledum,

258

Lizard Vtail,

383

Leek,

469

Lizard's-tail Family,

383

Leersia,
LEGUMLNOS-E,

539
88

Live-for-ever,
Liverleaf,

140
6

Leiophyllum,
Lejeunia,

259
698

Liverworts,
LOASACE^J (Loasa Family),

682
135

Lemna,

431

Lobadium,

77

LEMNACE^E,

430

Lobelia,

241

LENTIBULACE^J,

275

LOBELIACE^ (Lobelia Fam.)

, 241

Leontodon,

236

Locust-tree,

96

Leonurus,
Lepachys,

317
215

Loblolly Bay, 70
LOG ANiE^E(LoganiaFam.),l 69,1 74,703

Lepidanche,

337

Loiseleuria,

258

LEPIDINEJS,

29

Lolinm,

569

Lepidium,

38

LOMENTACB^J,

29

Lepidozia,

702

Long Moss,

458

Leptandra,

290

Lonicera,

164

Leptanthui,

485

LONICEKEJC,

163

INDEX.

Loosestrife, 128, 132

272, 273

Marigold,

223

Loosestrife Family,

127

Mariscus,

494

Lophanthus,

311

Marjoram,

506, 318

Lophiola,

457

Marrubium,

315

Lophocolea,

692

Marshallia,

224

Lopseed,

299

-Marsh Elder,

211

Loquat,
LORANTHACE^J,

126

382

Marsh Fleabate,
Marsh Grass,

208
551

LOTE^B,

89

Marsh-Mallow,

66

Lousewort,

295

Marsh Marigold,

11

Lovage,

154

Marsh Pennywort,

150

Lucerne,

93

Marsh-Rosemary,

270

Ludwigia,

132

Marsh St. John's-wort,

52

Lunaria,

40

Marsilea,

606

Lungwort,

322

MARSILEACE^E,

605

Lupine,

91

Martynia,

279

Lupinus,

91

Maruta,

225

Luzula,

479

Marvel of Peru,

360

Lychnis,

57

Masterwort,

152

Lycium,

341

Mastigobryum,

701

Lycopersicum,
LYCOPODIACE^,

339
602

Matricaria,
Matrimony-vine,

226
341

Lycopsis,

320

Matthiola,

40

Lycopus,

303

Mayaca,

487

Lygodium,

600

May-Apple,

21

Lyme-Grass,

570

May-flower,

251

Lyonia,

254

May-weed,

225

Lysimachia,

272

Meadow-Beauty,

127

LYTHRACE2E,

127

Meadow-Grass,

561

Lythrum,

128

Meadow-Parsnip,

155

Meadow-Rue,

6

Maclura,

398

Meadow Soft-grass,

573

Macromitrium,

635

Meadow-Sweet,

113, 114

Macrotys,

15

Meconopsis,

25

Madder,

171

Medeola,

464

Madder Family,

168

Meuicagc,

93

Madotheca,

699

Medick,

93

Magnolia,

15

Meesia,

648

MAGNOLLACE^E,
Magnolia Family,

15
15

Melampvrum,
MELANTHACEJE,

296
472

Mahonia,

20

MELANTHIE^:,

472, 475

Maianthemum,

467

Melanthium,

475

Maidenhair,

592

MELASTOMACE^E

(Melastoma

MALAXIDE2E,

443

Family),

127

Malaxis,

452

Melica,

558

Mallow,

66,67

Melic-Grass,

558

Mallow Family,

65

Melilot,

93

Mains,

125

Melilotus,

93

Malva,

66

Melissa,

308

MALVACE.&,

65

Melothria,

139

MALTED,

65

MENISPERMACE^:

>tf 18

Mandrake,

21

Menispermum,

18

Mangel Wurtzel,

367

Mentha,

303

Manna-Grass,

558

Mentzelia,

135

Man-of-the-Earth,

334

MENYANTHE^E,

342

Msfcple,

84

Menyanthes,

348

Maple Family,

82, 84

Menziesia,

256

Marchantia,

686

Mercurialis,

393

MAKCHANTIACEJE,

686

Mercury,

389

Mare's-tail,

135

Mermaid-weed,

134

Marginalia,

590

Mertensia,

322

INDEX.

Meteorium,

681

Moss Pink,

332

Metzgeria,

689

Motherwort,

317

Mexican Tea,

364

Mountain-Ash,

125

Mezereum Family,

380

Mountain Holly,

264

Micromeria,

307

Mountain Mint,

304

Microstylis,

451

Mountain Rice,

548

Mignonette,

41

Mouse-ear,

323

Mignonette Family,

41

Mouse-ear Chickweed,

60

Mikania,

188

Mouse-tail,

10

Milfoil,

226

Mud Plantain,

484

Milium,

575

Mudwort,

289

Milk Pea,

105

Mugwort,

227

Milkweed,

351, 354

Muhlenbergia,

545

Milkweed Family,

350

Mulberry,

397

Milkwort,

85

Mulgedium,

240

Milkwort Family,

85

Mullein,

283

Milk-Vetch,

97

Mullein Foxglove,

292

Millet,

581

Mullein Pink,

57

Millet-Grass,

575

Muscadine,

78

MIMOSE.E,

Mimosa Family,

91, 109
91, 109

MUSCI,
Muskit-Grass,

607
552

Mimulus,

286

Muskmelon,

139

Mint,

303, 304

Musk-plant,

287

Mint Family,

300

Musquash-Root,

157

Mirabilis,

360

Mustard,

36

Mist-flower,

188

Mustard Family,

28

Mistletoe Family,

382

Myosotis,

323

Mitchella,

172

Myosurus,

10

Mitella,

145

Myrica,

409

Mitreola,

174

MYRICACEJE,

409

Mitre-wort,

145, 174

Myriophyllum,

134

Mnium,

647, 681

Myurella,

661, 681

Moccason-flower,

454

Mocker-nut,

402

Nabalus,

237

Mock-Orange,

146

Naiad,

432

Modiola,

68

NAIADACE^E,

'431

Moehringia,

58

Naias,

432

Mcenchia,

61

Naked-beard Grass,

553

MOLLUGINE.E,

54, 63

NANDINEJE,

19

Mollugo,

63

Napeea,

67

Momordica,

139

Narcissus,

455

Monarda,

309

Nardosmia,

188

MONARDE^:,

301

Narthecium,

479

Moneses,

260

Nasturtium,

30 (74)

Monkey-flower,
Monkshood,

286
13

Naumburgia,
Neckera,

273
665

J^onocera

552

Neckweed,

291

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS

Negundo,

85

PLANTS,

426

NELUMBIACE^,

21

Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 163
Monotropa, 262

Nelumbium,
Nelumbo,

21
21

MONOTROPE.SJ,

246, 261

Nelumbo Family,

21

Montelia,

369

Nemopanthes,

264

Moonseed,

18

Nemophila,

327

Moonseed Family,

18

NEOTTIE.E,

443

Moonwort,

40, 601

Nepeta,

311

Moose-wood,

84, 380

NEPETE^J,

301

Morning-Glory,

333

Nephrodium,

597

Morocarpus,

365

Nerium,

350

Morus,

397

Nesaea,

128

Mosses,

607

Nettle,

398, 399

INDEX.

Nettle Family,

394, 398

Orchis,

443. 444

Nettle-tree,

396

Origanum,

306

New Jersey Tea,

80

Oritrophium,

196

Nicandra,

340

Ornithogalum,

468

Nicotiana,

341

OROBANCHACE^,

279

Nigella,

15

Orontium,

428

Nightshade,

339, 341

Orpine,

140

Nightshade Family,

338

Orpine Family,

139

Nimble Will,

546

Orthomeris,

196

Nine-Bark,

113

Orthotrichum,

632

Nondo,

155

ORYZE^:,

535

Nonesuch,

93

Oryzopsis,

548

North American Papaw,

17

Osage Orange,

398

Nothoscordum,

470

Osier,

413

Notothylas,

685

Osmorrhiza,

158

Nuphar,

23

Osmunda,

600

Nut-Grass,

193

OSMUNDEJE,

589

Nut-Rush,

506

OSMUNDINEjB,

589, 600

NYCTAGINACEJE,

360

Ostrich-Fern,

590

Nymphaea,

22

Ostrya,

409

NYMPHJEACEJ5,

22

Oswcgo Tea,

310

Nyssa,

162

Otophylla,
OXALIDACE^E,

293
71

Oak,

404

Oxalis,

71

Oakesia,

394

Ox-eye,

213, 214

Oak Family,

403

Ox-eye Daisy,

226

Oat,

572

Oxybaphus,

361

Oat-Grass,

572, 573

Oxycoccus,

248

Obeliscaria,

215

Oxydendrum,

254

Obione,

366

Oxydenia,

555

Obolaria,

347

Oxyria,

376

Ocymum,

318

Oxytripolium,

197

Odonectis,

450

CEnothera,

130

Pachysandra,

392

Oil-nut,

382

Padus,

113

Okra,

69

Paeonia,

15

Oldenlandia,

172

Paepalanthus,

489

Olea,

^356

Painted-Cup,

294

OLEACEJE,

356

Panax,

160

Oleander,

•-.': 350

Pancratium,

456

Oleaster Family,

380

PANICE^,

539

Olive,

356

Panic-Grass,

576

Olive Family,

356

Panicum,

576

Omalia,

665

Papaver,

25

ONAGRACE^,

129, 130

PAPAVERACE^E,

24

Oncostylis,

503

Paper-Mulberry,

398

Onion,

469

PAPI LI ONAGER,

88, 91

Onoclea,

599

Pappoose-root,

20

Onopordon,

234

Papyrus,

491

Onosmodium, „

320

Pardanthus,

460

OPHIOGLOSSE^J,

589, 601

Parietaria,

399

Ophioglossum,

602

Parnassia,

48

OPHRYDE.S!,

442

PARNASSIACEJE,

48

Oplotheca,

370

Parnassia Family,

48

Opulus,

168

Paronychia,

62

Opuntia,

136

Parsley,

159

Orache,

365

Parsley Family,

148

Orange-root,

14

Parsnip,

152

Orange-grass,

51

Parthenium,

211

Orchard-Grass,

557

Partridge-berry,

172, 25

ORCHID ACE ^E (Orchis

Fam.), 442

Partridge Pea,

103

INDEX.

PASPALE^E,

539

Physcomitrium,

651

Paspalura,

575

Physostegia,

313

Pasque-flower,
Passiflora,

4
138

PHYTOLACCACE^l,

Picea,

361
423

PASSIFLORACE^E,

138

Pickerel-weed,

484

Passion-flower,
Passion-flower Family,

138
138

Pickerel-weed Family.
Pieris,

403
254

Pastinaca,

152

Pigeon-Berry,

361

Patania,

595

Pig-nut,

403

Pavia,

83

Pigweed,

362, 368

Peach,

113

Pilea,

399

Pear, ,

124

Pilinophytum,

391

Pear Family, 111,

123

Pilotrichum,

654, 681

Pearlwort,

61

Pimpernel,

274

Pecan-nut,

402

Pine,

421

Pedicularis,
Pellia,

295
690

Pine-Apple Family,
Pine-drops,

458
261

Pellitory,

399

Pine Family,

420, 421

Peltandra,

427

Pine-sap,

261, 262

Pencil-Flower,

102

Pine-weed,

51

Pennyroyal, 302,

308

Pinguicula,

277

Pentalophus,

322

Pink,

54

Penthorum,

141

Pink Family,

52, 54

Pentstemon,

286

Pink-root,

174

Pepperbush,

254

Pinus,

421

Peppergrass, 38
Peppermint,

,40
303

Pinweed,
Pinxter-flower,

46
257

Pepper-root,

31

Pipe- Vine,

360

Pepperwort,

38

Pipewort,

488, 489

Pepperidge,
Periploca,

162
355

Pipewort Family,
Pipsissewa,

488
260

PERIPLOCE2E,

351

Piptatherum,

548

Periwinkle,

350

Pisum,

104

Persea,

378

Pitcher-Plants,

23

Persicaria,

372

Plagiochasma,

688

Persimmon,

267

Plagiochila,

695

Petalostemon,

95

Plagiothecium,

679

Phacelia,

328

Planera,

396

PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS,

1

Planer-Tree,

396

Phalacroloma,

198

Plane-tree,

400

Phalangium,
PHALAKIDE^S,

469
538

Plane-tree Family,
PLANTAGINACE^E,

400
268

Phalaris,

574

Plantago,

268

Pharbitis,

333

Plantain,

268

Phascum,

614

Plantain Family,

268

PHASEOLE^B,

90

PLATANACE^E,

400

Phaseolus,

104

Platanthera,

444

Pheasant's Eye,

15

Platanus,

400

Phelipsea,
Philadelphus,

280
146

Platygyrium,
Platyloma,

663
591

Phleum,

541

Pleuranthe,

692

Phlomis,

318

Pleurisy-root,

354

Phlox,

330

PLEUROCARPI,

609, 654

Phoradendron,

382

Pleurozium,

668

Phragmites,

568

Pluchea,

208

Phryma,

299

Plum,

111,112, 113

Phyllanthus,

392

PLUMBAGINACEJE,

270

Phyllodoce,

255

Pneumonanthe,

346

Physalis,

339

Poa,

561

Physocarpoa,
Physcomitrella,

113
615

POACE^S,

PODALYBIE^S,

535
90

INDEX.

Podophyllum,

21

Primrose,

271

PODOSTEMACE^:,

384

Primrose Family,

270

Podosteraon,

384

Primula,

271

Pogonatum,

641

PRIMULACEJE,

270

Pogonia,

450

PRIMULE^:,

270

Poison Hemlock,

158

Prince's Feather,

368,372

Poison Ivy,

76

Prince's Pine,

261

Poison Oak,

76

Prinos,

264

Poison Sumach,

76

Privet,

356

Poke,

361

Prosartes,

474

Pokeweed Family,

361

Proserpinaca,

134

Polanisia,

40

Prunella,

313

POLEMONIACE^E (Polemonium

Prunus,

111, 112

Family),

329

Psilocarya,

503

Polemonium,

329

Psoralea,

94

Polianthes,

472

PSORALE.S3,

89

Polygala,
POLYGALACE^:,

85

85

Ptelea.
PTERIDE^B,

75

588

POLYGONACEJE,

371

Pterigonium,

663

Polygonatum,

466

Pterigynandrum,

663

Polygonum,

371

Pteris,

591

Polymnia,

209

Pterospora,

261

Polypetalous Exogenous Plants,

2

Ptilidium,

701

POLYPODIES,

588

Ptilium,

673

POLYPODINES, 587,

589

Ptychomitrium,

635

Polypodium,

589

Puccoon,

321

Polypogon,

544

Pulmonaria,

323

Polystichum,

598

Pulsatilla,

4

Polytenia,

152

Pulse Family,

88

POME*!, , 111,

123

Pumpkin,

139

Polytrichum,

641

Purslane,

64

Pomme Blanche, .v ,,* : .',;.

94

Purslane Family,

63

Pomme de Prairie,

94

Putty-root,

453

Pond Spice,

380

Pycnanthemum,

304

Pondweed, 432,

433

Pycreus,

491

Pondweed Family,

431

Pylaissea,

662

Pontederia,

484

Pyrola,

259

PONTEDERIACE^E,

483

PYROLE^ (Pyrola Family)

246, 259

Poor Man's Weather-glass,

274

Pyrrhopappus,

240

Poplar,

418

P/rularia,

382

Poppy,

25

Pyrus,

124

Poppy Family,

24

Pyxidanthera,

332

Populus,

418

Porcupine Grass,

549

Quaking Grass,

565

Portulaca,

64

Quamash,

469

PORTULACACEJE

63

Quamoclit,

333

Portuna,

253

Queen-of-the-Prairie,

114

Patamogeton,

433

Quercus,

404

Potato,

339

Quick-Grass,

569

Potentilla,

118

Quillwort,

605

Poterium,

115

Quince,

126

Pottia,

629

Quitch-Grass,

569

Poverty Grass,

550

Prairie* Clover,

95

Racomitrium,

638

Prairie Dock,

210

Radish,

39,40

Preissia,

686

Radula,

700

Prenanthes,
Prickly Ash,

237
75

Ragged Robin,
Ragweed,

57
211

Prickly Pear,

136

Ragwort,

231

Prickly Poppy,

25

Ram's-head,

455

Prim,

356

Ramsted,

284

INDEX.

RANimCULACE-ffi,

2

Rock Cress,

RANUNCULE.E,

2

Rocket,

Ranunculus,

7

Rock-rose,

RAPHANE^,

Raphanus,

29
39,40

Rock-rose Family,
Roman Wormwood

Raphidostegium,

670

Rosa,

Raspberry,

120, 121

ROSACES,

Rattle-box,

91

Rose,

Rattlesnake-Grass,

559

ROSE-SJ,

Rattlesnake-Master,

151

Rose-bay,

Rattlesnake-Plantain

447

Rose Family,

Rattlesnake-root,

237

Rose-Mallow,

Rattlesnake-weed,

237

Rosin-Plant,

Ray-Grass,

569

Rosin-weed,

Reboulea,

557

Roubieva,

Reboulia,

687

Rowan-tree,

Red Bay,

379

Rubia,

Red-bud,

108

RUBIACE^E,

Red-Osier,

161

Rubus,

Red Pepper,

341

Rudbeckia,

Red-Root,

80

Rue- Anemone,

Red-Root,

457

Ruellia,

Red-top,

544, 555, 562

Rue Family,

Reed,

568

Rumex,

Reed Bent-Grass,

547

Ruppia,

Reed-Grass,

544, 551

Rush,

Reed-mace,
Reed Meadow-Grass,

429
559

Rush Family,
Rush-Grass,

Rensselaeria,

427

Rush Salt-Grass,

Reseda,

41

RUTACE^,

RESEDACEJE,

41

Rye,

Rhabdoweisia,

618

Rye-Grass,

RHAMNACE.&,

78

Rhamnus,

79

Sabbatia,

Rheum,

378

SACCHARE.E,

Rhexia,

127

Saccharum,

RHINANTHIDE,®,

282

Sacred Bean,

Rhinanthus,

295

Sage, , ,

Rhododendron,

257

Sagina,

Rhodora,

258

Sagittaria,

RHODOKE-SS,

246

St. Andrew's Cross,

Rhubarb,

378

St. John's-wort,

Rhus,

76

St. John's-wort Family,

Rhynchosia,

105

St. Peter's-wort,

Rhynchospora,

504

SALICACE^,

RHYNCHOSPOBEJE,

490

Salicornia,

Rhynchostegium,

670

SALI CORNIER,

Rhytidium,

675

Salix,

Ribbon-Grass,

575

Salsola,

Ribes,

136

SALSOLE^J,

Ribgrass,

268, 269

Salt Marsh-Grass,

Riccia,

683

Saltwort,

RlCCIACB^S,

683

Sal via,

Richweed,

309, 399

Salvinia,

Ricinus,

393

SAMBUCE^J,

Ripplegrass,

269

Sambucus,

River-weed,

384

SAMOLE^J,

River-weed Family,

384

Samolus,

Robinia,

96

Samphire,

Robin's Plantain,

198

Sandalwood Family,

Rock Brake,

591

Sand-Grass,

33
40
45
45

212
122

110, 113

122

111

257

110, 113

68
209
210
364
125
171
168
120
214
6
297

74
376
433
480
479
541
551

74
570
569

342

539

584

21

309

61

438

49

49

48

49

413

366

362

413

367

362

552

367

309

606

163

166

271

274

366

381

556

INDEX.

Sand Myrtle,

259

Sea-Rocket,

39

Sandwort,

58

Sea Sand-Reed,

548

Sanguinaria,

26

Sea-Sandwort,

57

Sanguisorba,

115

Sea Spear-Grass,

560

Sanicle,

151

Secale,

570

Sanicula,

151

Sedge,

507

SANTALACE.E,

381

Sedge Family,

490

SAPINDACEJE,

82

Sedum,

140

Saponaria,

54

Seed-box,

133

SAPOTACEJE,
Sappodilla Family,

267

267

Selaginella,
Seligeria,

604
618, 680

Sarcoscyphus,
Sarracenia,

696
23

Self-heal,
Sempervivum,

313
141

SARRACENIACE.&,

23

Sendtnera,

701

Sarsaparilla,

159

Senebiera,

39

Sassafras,

379

SENEBIERE2B,

29

Satureia,

307

Seneca-Grass,

574

SATUREIE^J,

300

Seneca Snakeroot,

87

SAURURACEJE,

383

Senecio,

230

Saururus,

383

SENECIONIDE^J,

180

Savin,

425

Senna,

108

Savory,

307

Sensitive Briar,

110

Saxifraga, 142,
SAXIFRAGACE.^ (Saxifrage

143

Sensitive Fern,
Sensitive Plant,

599
109

Family), 141,

142

Sensitive Joint Vetch,

98

Saxifrage, 142,

143

Sericocarpus,

189

SAXIFRAGES,

141

Service-berry,

125

Scapania,

695

SESAMES,

278

Schedonorus,

567

Sesame-Grass,

582

Scheuchzeria,

437

Sesuvium,

64

Schizaea,

600

Setaria,

581

SCHIZE.&J,

589

Seymeria,

'292

Schistidium,

636

Shad-bush,

125

Schoenus,

506

Shag-bark,

402

Schollera,

485

Shave-Grass,

587

Schrankia,

110

Shell-bark,

402

Schwalbea,

294

Sheep-berry,

167

Schweinitzia,

261

Shell-flower,

285

Scilla, •

469

Shepherdia,

381

SCIRPE^E,

490

Shepherd's Purse,

39

Scirpidium,

496

Shield-Fern,

596

Scirpus, 498,

502

Shin-leaf,

260

SCLERANTHE-ffi, 54

,63

Shooting- Star,

272

Scleranthus,

63

Shrubby Trefoil,

75

Scleria,

506

'Shrub Yellow-root,

13

SCLERIE^E,

490

Sibbaldia,

115

Sclerochloa,

560

SlBTHORPIES,

282

Sclerolepis,

184

Sickle-pod,

34

Scoke,

361

Sicyos,

138

Scolochloa,

556

Sida,

67

Scolopendrium,

593

Side-saddle Flower,

23

Sclotheimia,

635

Sieversia,

117

Scorpion-Grass,

323

Silene,

55

Scouring Rush, 585,

587

SlLENE^J,

53, 54

Scrophularia,

284

SlLICULOS^J,

29

S CROPHULARIACE JE,

281

SlLIQUOS^,

28

Scutch-Grass,

554

Silkweed,

351

Scutellaria,

313

Silphium,

209

Sea-Lavender,

270

Silver-bell-Tree,

266

Sea-Milkwort,

274

Silver-Berry,

381

Sea-Purslane,

64

Silver-Weed,

119

INDEX.

Sinapis,

36

Spikenard,

SlSYMBRIJUB,

29

Spike-Rush,

Sisymbrium,

35

Spinach,

Sisyrinchium,

460

Spinacia,

Sitolobium,

595

SPINACIEJE,

Slum,

157

Spindle-tree,

Skullcap,

313

Spiraja,

Skunk Cabbage,

428

SPIR^E^E,

Sloe,

112

Spiranthes,

Smart-weed,

373

Spirodela,-

SMIL ACE M (Smilax

Family), 461

SPIROLOBE.S:,

Smilacina,

467

Splachnum,

Smilax,

461

Spleen wort,

Smyrnium,

156

Spoon- wood,

Snake-head,

285

Sporobolus,

Snakeroot, 151, 184, 188, 360

Spring-Beauty,

Snapdragon,

284

Spruce,

Sneeze-weed,

224

Spurge,

Sneezewort,
Snow-ball Tree,

226
168

Spurge Family,
Spurred Gentian,

Snowberry,

164, 250

Spurge Nettle,

Snowdrop,

266, 455

Spurrey,

Snowflake,

455

Spurrey Sandwort,

Soapberry Family,

82

Squash,

Soapwort,

54

Squaw-root,

SOLANACE^J,

338

Squaw- weed,

Solanum,

339

Squill,

Solea,

41

Squirrel-Corn,

Solidago,

200

Squirrel-tail Grass,

Solomon's Seal,

466, 467

STACHYDE-E,

Sonchus,

241

Stachys,

SOPHORE^J,

90

Staff-tree,

Sorbus,

125

Staff-tree Family,

Sorghum,

584

Stagger-bush,

Sorrel,

71, 376, 378

Staphylea,

Sorrel-tree,

254

.STAPHYLEACE^B,

Sour-wood,

254

Star-Cucumber,

Southern-wood,

228

Star-flower,

Sow-thistle,

241

Star-grass,

Spanish Bayonet,

471

Star-of-Bethlehem,

Spanish Needles,

222

Star-Thistle,

"Sparganium,

429

Starwort,

Spartina,

551

Statice,

Spatter-Dock,

23

Steeple-bush,

Spear-Grass,

561

Steetzia,

Spearmint,

303

Steironema,

Spearwort,

8

Stellaria,

Specularia,

244

STELLATE,

Speedwell,

289

Stenactis,

Spergula,

62

Stenanthium,

Spergularia,

61

Stickseed,

Spermacoce,

171

Stillingia,

Sphasrocarpus,

684

Stipa,

SPHAGNACE.E,

610

Stitchwort,

Sphagncecetis,

692

Stock,

Sphagnum,

610

Stone-crop,

Spice-bush,

379

Stone-root,

Spiderwort,

486

Storax,

Spiderwort Family,

485

Storax Family,

Spigelia,

174

Storksbill,

Spike-Grass,

560. 567

STRATIOTIDBJBS^

160
495
367
367
362

81
113
111
448
431
362
652
594
255
542

65
422
385
385
344
389

62

61
139
280
231
469

27
570
301
316

81

81
254

82

82
138
272

456, 458
468
232

58
270
114
690
273

58
169
198
476
324
391
549

59

40

140, 141
309
265
265

73
410

61*

INDEX.

Strawberry,

11

Tansy,

226

Strawberry Bush,
Streptopus,

8
474

Tansy Mustard,
Tape-Grass,

36
441

Strophostyles,

104

Taraxacum,

239

Struthiopteris,

590

Tare,

102

Stuartia,

70

TAXJNE^:,

420, 425

Stylipus,

11

Taxodium,

424

Stylisma,

33

Taxus,

425

Stylophorum,

2

Tea-berry,

251

Stylosanthes,

102

Tear-thumb,

375

STYKACACEJE,

265

Teasel,

176

STYRACEJE,

265

Teasel Family,

176

Styrax,

26

Tecoma,

278

SUJEDE^J,

362

Telmatophace,

131

Subularia,

39

Tephrosia,

96

SUBULARIE.E:,

29

Tetragon otheca,

213

Succory,

235

Tetranthera,

379

Sugarberry,

397

Tetraphis,

630

Sugar-Cane,
Sullivantia

584
144

Tetraplodon,
Tetrodontium,

653
630

Sumach,

76

Teucrium,

302

Summer Haw,

124

Thalictram,

6

Summer Savory,

307

Thamnium,

669

Sundew,

47

Thapsia,

156

Sundew Family,

47

Thaspium,

155

Sunflower,

216, 223

Thelia,

660

Supple-Jack,

79

Thelypteris,

597

Swamp-Honeysuckle,
Sweet-Brier,

257
123

Thimbleberry,
Thin-Grass,

121
543

Sweet Cicely,

158

Thistle,

232, 233

Sweet Fern,

410

Thorn,

123, 124

Sweet Flag,

429

Thorn-Apple,

341

Sweet Gale,

410

Three-leaved Nightshade,

463

Sweet-Gale Family,

409

Three-thorned A cacia,

109

Sweet-Gum Tree,

148

Thorough-wax,

156

Sweet-Leaf,

266

Thoroughwort,

186

Sweet Pea,

104

Thrift,

270

Sweet Potato,

334

Thuidium,

667

Sweet Scabious,

198

Thuja,

424

Sweet-scented Shrub,
Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass,

126
574

Thyme,
THYMELEACEJE,

306
380

Sweet- William,

54, 330

Thymus,

306

Swine-Cress,

39

Tiarella,

145

Sycamore,

401

Tickseed,

219

Syena,

487

Tickseed Sunflower,

220

Symphoricarpus,

164

Tick-Trefoil,

99

Symphytum,

320

Tiedemannia,

153

Symplocarpus,

428

Tiger-flower,

460

SYMPLOCINE^B,

265

Tigridia,

460

Symplocos,

266

Tilia,

69

Synandra,

312

TILIACE^,

69

Synthyris,

289

Tillaea,

140

Syringa,

146

Fillandsia,

458

Syrrhopodon,

631

["immia,

642

*

Timothy,

541

Tacamahac,

419

Tipularia,

451

Tsenidia,

156

:oad-Flax,

284

Tagetes,

223

?obacco,

341

Talinum,

64

^ofieldia,

478

Tamarack,

423

^omato,

339

Taiiacetum,

226

\>othache-Grass,

552

INDEX.

Toothwort,

Tower Mustard,

Toxicodendron,

Tradescantia,

Tragia,

Trautvetteria,

Trachynotia,

Treacle Mustard,

Tread-Softly,

Trefoil,

Trematodon,

Tree-of-Heaven,

Triantha,

Trichelostylis,

Trichochloa,

Trichocolea,

Trichodium,

Trichophorum,

Trichosteina,

Trichostomum,

Tricuspis,

Tridynia,

Trientalis,

TRIFOLIE.SS,

Trifoliura,

Triglochin,

TRILLIACE-E,

Trillium,

Trillium Family,

Triodallus,

Triosteum,

Triplasis,

Triple-awned Grass,

Tripsacum,

Tripterella,

Trisetum,

Triticum,

Trollius,

Tropasolum,

Troximon,

Trumpet-flower,

Trumpets,

Trumpet-Weed,

Tuberose,

TUBULIFLORJE,

Tuckermannia,
Tulip,

TULIPACE.®,

Tulip-tree,

Tupelo,

Turnip,

Turritis,

Tussilago,

Turtle-head,

Twayblade,

Twig-Rush,

Twin-flower,

Twin-leaf,

Twisted-Stalk,

TYPHACE-ffi,

31

Udora,

441

34

ULMACE.®

394,395

76

Ulmaria,

114

486

Ulmus,

395

390
7
551
35
389

UMBELLrFERaC,

Umbrella-Grass,
Umbrella-leaf,
Umbrella-tree,
Unicorn-plant,

148
503
20
16
279

92

Uniola,

567

620

Urachne,

549

75

Uralepis,

555

478

Urtica,

398

503

URTICACE^J,

394

546

URTICE^E,

394, 398

70.1

Utricularia,

275

543

Uvularia,

473

501

UvULARIE,aB,

472, 473

302

626

Vaccaria,

55

555

VACCINIE-E,

245, 247

272

Vaccinium,

247

272

Vahlodea,

572

89

Valerian,

175

92

Valeriana,

175

437

VALERIANACE^E

(Valerian

461, 463

Family),

174

463

Valerianella,

176

461, 463

Vallisneria,

441

244

VALLISNERIE^,

440

166

Vanilla-Grass,

574

556

Vanilla-plant,

185

550

Velvet-Grass,

573

582

Velvet-Leaf,

68

442
572

Venus's Fly-trap,
Venus's Looking-glass,

47
244

569

Veratrum,

476

11

VERBASCE2E,

282

74

Verbascum,

283

239

Verbena,

298

278

VERBENACE^l,

298

24

Verbesina,

222

186

Vernal-Grass,

574

472

Vernonia,

183

177

VERNONIACE/E,

179

394

Veronica,

289

472

VERONICE^!,

282

465

Vervain,

298

17

Vervain Family,

298

162

Vesicaria,

37

40

Vetch,

102

34

Vetchling,

. 103

189

Viburnum,

167

285

Vicia,

102

449, 452

VIOIE2B,

90

506

Vilfa,

541

163

Vinca,

350

20

Vine, Family,

77

474

Viola,

42

429

VIOLACE^,

41

429

Violet,

42

INDEX.

Violet Family,

411

Whin,

91

Viper's Bugloss,

319

White Alder,

254

Virgaurea,

201

White Daisy,

226

Virgilia,

108

White Grass,

539

Virginian Cowslip,

323

White Hellebore,

476

Virginian Creeper,

78

White-weed,

226

Virginia Snakeroot,

360

White Lettuce,

238

Virgin's-Bower,

3

White Thorn,

123

Vis cum,
VITACE.E,

383

77

Whitlow-Grass,
Whitlow-wort,

36
62

Vitis,

77

Whortleberry Family,

, 245, 247

Vitis-idaea,

248

Wake-Kobin,

464

,

Wicopy,

380

Waahoo,

81

Wild Balsam-apple,

139

Waldsteinia,

117

Wild Elder,

160

Walking-leaf,

593

Wild Ginger,

359

Wall-flower,

40

Wild Hyacinth,

469

Wall-pepper,

141

Wild Ipecac,

387

Walnut,

401

Wild Liquorice,

170

Walnut Family,

401

Wild Potato-vine,

, 334

Wart-Cress,

39

Wild Rye,

570

Washington Thorn,

123

Willow,

413

Water-Beech,

409

Willow Family,

413

Water-Cress,

30

Willow-Herb,

130

Water-Dropwort,

153

Windflower,

4

Water-Hemldck,

157

Windsoria,

555

Water-Hemp,

370

Winterberry,

264

Water-Horehound,

303

Winter Cress,

35

Waterleaf,

326

Wintergreen,

251, 259, 261

Waterleaf Family,

326

Winterlia,

264

Water-Lily,

22

Wire-Grass,

554, 563

Water-Lily Family,

22

Wistaria,

96

Water-Locust,

109

Witch-Hazel,

147

Water-Marigold,

222

Witch-Hazel Family,

147

Watermelon,

L39

Withe-rod,

167

Water-Milfoil,

134

Woad,

40

Water-Milfoil Family

134

Woad-Waxen,

91

Water-Nymph,

22

Wold,

41

Water-Oats,

540

Wolfberry,

164

Water-Parsnip,

157

Wolfsbane,

13

Water-Pepper,

373

Wood Anemone,

6

Water-Plantain,

437

Wood Betony,

295, 317

Water-Plantain Family

436, 437

Woodbine,

164

Water-Rice,

540

Wood-Fern,

596

Water-shield Family,

22

Wood-Grass,

584

Water-shield,

22

Wood-Rush,

479

Water Star-Grass,

485

Woodsia,

595

Water-Starwort,

384

WOODSIE^E,

588

Water-Starwort Family,

384

Wood-Sage,

302

Water- Violet, '

275

Wood-Sorrel,

71

Water-Willow,

297

Wood-Sorrel Family,

71

Water-weed,

441

Woodwardia,

592

Water-wort,

52

Wool-Grass,

501

Water-wort Family,

52

Worm-Grass,

174

Wax-Myrtle,

409

Wormseed,

364

Wax-work,

81

Wormwood,

227

Wayfaring-tree,

168

Woundwort,

316

Weisia,

618

Whahoo,

396

Xanthium,

212

Wheat,

569

Xerophyllum,

477

Wheat-Grass,

569

Xylosteon,

164

INDEX.

XYRIDACE^E,

Xyris,

487
487

Yew Family,
Yucca,

Yam,

460

Zapania,

Yam Family,

460

Zannichellia,

Yard-Grass,

554

Zanthorhiza,

Yarrow,
Yaupon,

225
263

ZANTHOXYLACE^J
Zanthoxylum,

Yellow-eyed Grass,

487

Zea,

Yellow-eyed Grass Family,
Yellow Pond-Lily,

487
28

Zephyranthes,
Zizania,

Yellow Puccoon,

14

Zizia,

Yellow-Rattle,

295

Zostera,

Yellow-Wood,

107

Zygadenus,

Yew,

425

Zygodon,

420, 425
471

299

432

13

75

75

584

455

540

156

432

475

631

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Genera of Filices.

TAB. IX.

*

POL YPODIUM.— Plant; piece of the frond (1) ; a magnified sporangium with its stalk,
and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L.

STRTJTHIOPTEKIS.— Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of S. Germanica, Wittd.; portion of a
fertile frond (2) ; a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled
up (8) ; and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled (4) ; towards the
base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the
middle of a vein.

ALLOSOBUS.— Sterile and fertile plants of A. gracilis, Presl.; and a portion of the fertile
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display
the fruit ; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks
of the lower vein.

TAB. X.

PTERI8.— A pinnule of P. aquilina, Z., var. caudata; and a piece of one of the lobes,

enlarged (2), the marginal indusinm rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit ;

the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears

them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins.
ADI ANTUM.— Piece of the frond of A. pedatum. Z. (1) ; a pinnule somewhat enlarged (2) ;

and a piece of one (8) more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit-dot turned back

to show the attachment of the fruit.

OHEILANTHES.— Small plant of 0. vestita (1) ; and a fruit-bearing pinnule, enlarged (2)
WOODWARDIA.— Portion of the sterile (1) ana of the fertile frond (2) of W. angusti

folia ; a piece of the latter enlarged (8) ; piece of the frond of W. Virginica (4) ; and

part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged.

TAB. Xt •

CAMPTOSORUS.-Plant of C. rhizophyllus, Unk.; and a portion of a frond, with fruit

dots, enlarged (1).
8COLOPENDEIDM.— Tip of a fertile frond of 8. offlcinarum; and (2) a piece enlarged,

with two fruit-dots.
&.SPLENIUM.— A pinna of A. thelypteroides, MicJian. (1); and part of a lobe (2) in fruit,

enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

DIOK80N1A, fSITOLOBIUM.— Pinna of D.punctilobula, Hook. (I); portion of a pinnule
(2), enlarged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-Bhaped indusium (8).

TAB. XII.

OYBTOPTEEIS.— Piece of the frond of 0. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe in fruit (2),
enlarged ; and a small portion more magnified (8), bearing a fruit-dot with its indu-
sium thrown back.

WOOD8IA.— Small frond of W. glabella, JR. JSr. (1) ; a part of a fruiting pinna of the same
(2), magnified; and a separate indusium (8), more magnified ; a piece of a fruitful
pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged ; and a fruit with the opened indusium
beneath (5), more magnified.

ASPIDIUM.— Pinna of A, (Dryopteris) marginale, Swarte (1); and a magnified fruiting
portion (2) ; piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (8) ; and a small fruiting por-
tion (4), magnified.

ONOCLEA.— Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis, L.; front view of a fruiting contracted
pinnule, enlarged (1) ; and the same laid open and viewed from the other side (2) :
on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

TAB.

8CHI2LEA.— Plant of 8. pusilla, Pivrsh; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), mag-
nified ; and a separate sporangium (2), more magnified.

LYGODIUM.— Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swarte(L), with fertile and sterile divi-
sions ; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed,
displaying a sporangium under each ; and a sporangium more magnified (8).

OSMUND A.— Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, Z. (1), with a fertile and a
sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2) ; and one sporangium more mag-
nified (8).

BOTRYCH1UM.— Plant of B. lunarioides, Suxirte; and a portion of the fruit (1), with six
sporangia, magnified.

OPHIOGLOSSUM.— Frond of O. vulgatum, L.; and a portion of the fruiting spike en-
larged (1).

Genera of Equisetaceae, Lycopodiaceae, and
Hydropterides.

TAB. XIV.

EQUISETUM.— Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1) ; one of the shield-
shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath (2),
enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (8); a magnified spore
with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4) ; and (5) the same with the filaments
coiled up.

LYCOPODIUM.— Plant of L. Carolinianum, L.; and (1) a magnified scale of the spike
* removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.

SELAGINELLA.— Plant of 8. rupestris, Spring ; part of a fertile spike, enlarged (1) ; scale
from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery
spores; scale from the base (8), with its sporangium containing few large spores;
and (4) three large spores.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

ISO ETES.— Plant of I. lacustris (1) ; sporocarp containing minute spores, cut across (2\
enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with coarse spores, divided
lengthwise (8) ; and (4) three coarse spores more magnified.

AZOLLA.— Plant (1) ; a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs ; sterile sporocarp,
or antherfdium, more magnified (8) ; fertile sporocarp more magnified (4) ; the same
burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5); one of the latter more magnified
(6) ; another bursting (7) ; and three spores (8), beset with bristles.

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