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MANUAL

OF

ONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THB ACADEMY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

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VOL. VII.

;^T;,, Li* "•• '>4» :>>
TEREBKID^E, CANCELLARTID^, STROMBiD^E, CYPR^ID^E,

OVULID^E, CASSIDID^E, DOLIIDJE.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. I9TH & RACE STS.

1885.

UBRAKT

y

Wm. P. Kildare, Printer, 734 $• 736 Sansom St., Phila.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY TEREBEID^E.

Shell long, solid, narrow, many-whorled, whorls flattened,
suture superficial; the aperture small, notched in front, columella
without plaits. Operculum horny, annular, with apical nucleus.

Animal having the foot rounded in front, elongated behind ;
head rather large, with short, small tentacles furnished with eyes
at their tips ; between the tentacles extends anteriorly a rather
long cylindrical trunk. Teeth subulate, arcuate, in two lateral
rows (1-0-1); PL 12, fig. 40.

The family is now restricted^ the Single genus Terebra (auger-
shells), including about 170 living species ; the genus Pusionella,
formerly referred to Terebridae, being now included in the Pleuro-
tomidae. Troschel, however (Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, 28 ), found
so much difference in the mouth-parts of the few species of Tere-
bridae examined by him, that he would have separated them into
three families, notwithstanding the close relationship of their
shells, had he not been deterred by the paucity of material for
study. His three types are as follows : —

1. The mouth-mass at the end of the proboscis furnished with
arrow-like teeth, as in Conus, and a poison-gland.

Hastula cserulescens.

2. No teeth, no venom-gland. Acus muscaria.

3. The mouth contains a true radula, supported by a lingual
cartilage, with two rows of side-teeth ; no venom-gland.

Myurella duplicate,. PI. 12, fig. 40.

Finally in examining a specimen of T. subulata (representative
of the restricted group Terebra), Troschel only obtained negative
results ; seeing no teeth, although the poison-gland was present.

About 25 fossil species are known, commencing with the
Eocene. Conrad's genera Pyramitra, Caelatura and Terebri-
fusus, referred by him to Terebridse, are not members of the

group*

The geographical distribution of Terebra is tropical and sub-
tropical, and the species appear to be inhabitants of shallow
water principally ; indeed, none have occurred, so far, at great
depths.

Gray, in 1834 (Zool. Proceedings, 59), enumerates 42 species,
excluding those subsequently referred to Bullia ; half of these
were first described in his paper. He thus groups them :—

I. Whorls with a posterior spiral sulcus, inner lip thin, con-
cave. 30 species.

II. Whorls with posterior spiral sulcus, inner lip thickened,
subelevated. 7 species.

III. Whorls without posterior sulcus. 5 species.

Kiener's monograph in his " Coquilles vivantes," contains 35
species.

Hinds described many species in the Zoological Proceedings
for 1843, and he monographed the genus in Sowerby's Thesaurus
Conchyliorum (i, p. 141 bis to 190, PI. 41 to 45) ; enumerating
and figuring 109 species.

Hinds remarks that " The only sectional division of the genus
that has been attempted, is that of Mr. Gray in the above Pro-
ceedings. This division is three-fold ; the two first of these
depend on the presence of the peculiar girdling or division of
the whorls, and which is very conspicuous in many species, but
practically I fail to carry it out in detail. Some species also
are so excessively variable in this character, that M. Kiener has
described T. castanea as having girdled whorls, but has figured
it without them. The latter writer has not attempted any
grouping of the species in his monograph, and as he has done so
in most cases, we may venture to infer that he did not see room
for it here.

" It cannot be denied that among the numerous species are
several shells which, taken by themselves, would furnish good
grounds for sectional or even subgeneric divisions. And if we
take T. maculata as the proper generic type, then T. lanceata,

TEREBRID^E. 5

T. armillata and T. commaculata, seem to offer strong points of
difference, and good grounds for sectional heads. But, with every
wish to establish some such divisions, I have found it impracti-
cable so to group the species that there shall be little or no doubt
which section they belong to ; and unless this object is attained,
I do not see any use in a division ; science would not be bene-
fitted merely by selecting the salient points and strong grounds
of the exceptions, and leaving the crowd to follow as they may."

H. and A. Adams, in their " Genera of Recent Mollusca,"
include in the family Terebridse the two subfamilies Terebrinae
and Pusionellinse (the shells composing the latter are now con-
sidered a group of the family Pleurotomidse).

They divide the subfamily Terebrinse into two genera : —

Acus, Humphrey. Animal with eyes on the tips of the ten-
tacles. Whorls without posterior band; aperture emarginate
anteriorly, not produced into a canal ; columella simple, incurved,
not tortuous ; outer lip simple, acute, without anterior sinus.

A. maculata. Linn.

TEREBRA, Adanson. Eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles.
Whorls with spiral groove forming a posterior band ; aperture
very small, canaliculated ; columella tortuous ; outer lip anteriorly
sinuous. T. babylonia, Lam.

These characters of the shell shade off into each other by
gradual transitions, so that they afford no good grounds of divi-
sion, and the position of the eyes is at the tips of the tentacles
in all the species that have been examined. The eyes were
erroneously figured by Quoy and Gaimard, in T. KubulaM, at the
base of the tentacles, and this supposed peculiarity Messrs.
Adams have made one of the points of distinction between their
two genera. In the figure of the animal of T. subulata, in Gould's
Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., the eyes are correctly placed.

In the genus Acus, Messrs. Adams' have the following sub-
genera : —

ABRETIA, H. and A. Adams. Whorls longitudinally ribbed ;
columella simple, straight, produced. A. cerethina, Lam.

HASTULA, H. and A. Adams. Whorls smooth ; columella
simple, straight, produced anteriorly. A. albula, Menke.

EURYTA, H. and A. Adams. Turreted, subfusiform, smooth ;
whorls nodosely plicate, the last rather ventricose ; columella

6 TEREBRID^E.

spirally twisted, forming a false umbilicus, pervious to the apex
of the spire, much produced anteriorly; aperture somewhat
effuse. A. aciculata, Lam.

Under Terebra, they admit the subgenus :—

MYURELLA, Hinds. Whorls furnished posteriorly with a tuber-
culated zone, anteriorly transversely sculptured, or, very rarely,
smooth ; columella tortuous and produced anteriorly.

T. affinis, Gray.

To complete the group of subgenera proposed in Terebridae, I
here add : —

IMPAGES, Smith. Shell subulate, whorls entire, more or less
longitudinally striate or punctate, suture indistinctly separated,
with a narrow callous band above it. This name is substituted
for LeiodomuSj Gray, not Swainson ; Swainson's group belonging
to Bullia. The character usually (but not always) obtains in
the typical T. caerulescens, but in the other species quoted by
Mr. Smith as members of this group it is mostly absent.

M. Deshayes, in 1857, described a number of new species in
the "Journal de Conchyliologie," and in J859 he published, in
Zool. Proc. London, "A General Review of the Genus Terebra,
and a Description of New Species." Excluding doubtful and
unidentified forms, 221 species are enumerated, of which 90 are
described by this author.

In the systematic arrangement of the species Deshayes mainly
follows H. and A. Adams, thus (I add characteristic examples) :

First Division. (Acus, Humphrey.)

A. Shell buccinoid. (S. G. EURYTA, Ad.). T. aciculata; Lam.

B. Shell elongated, subulate. T. Senegalensis, Lam.
G. Shell subulate, whorls flattened, usually striate at the suture.

a. Aperture narrow.

1. Finely striate at the suture. T. cuspidata, Hinds.

2. Plications continuous from whorl to whorl.

T. concinna. Desh.

b. Aperture dilated at the base.

1. Whorls smooth or finely striate. T. cxrulescens, Lam.

2. Plications continuous from whorl to whorl.

T. strigilata, Linn.

TEREBRID.E. 7

D. Shell having the aperture oblong, narrow, the whorls numer-
ous, grooved, plicated or cancellated. (MYURELLA, Hinds.)
a. A spiral groove nearly equally dividing the whorls.

T. duplicata, Lam.
6. Sutural portion (or band) narrow. T. dislocata^ Say.

Second Division. (TEREBRA, Adams.)
(No subdivisions). T.oculata, Lam.

Reeve, who monographed Terebra in 1860, in his " Concho-
logia Iconica," admits 155 species ; a considerable reduction on
the number enumerated by Deshayes, nearly half of whose
species are here made synonyms, after examining their types in
the Cumingian Collection. Mr. Reeve says : " M. Deshayes was
induced to undertake the investigation of the genus under circum-
stances hardly favorable to the proper discrimination of the
species. Specimens were transmitted to him in Paris, from the
Cumingian Collection, and his means of comparison with the
types of Mr. Hinds' species being necessarily limited, many
that were already named were described by him as new, and
many were described by him as new that a more extended series
of specimens would have shown to be merely varieties. Out of
221 species cited by Deshayes, in his recent memoir, I have
before me the original types and series of types of 214. All
the figures of this monograph are drawn from the types them-
selves, and no subsequently described species is quoted as a
synonym, except as resulting from an actual comparison with
the types." Mr. Reeve's monograph is certainly worked up
with more than usual care and judgment ; nevertheless, he has
made some erroneous identifications, as will be apparent in the
course of the following pages.

In the present monograph, notwithstanding the additional
species described and figured since 1860, the synonymy is much
enlarged, and the admitted species reduced to about 120; exclu-
sive of about 50 species, described but not figured, and there-
fore not susceptible of identification.

Agreeing with Mr. Hinds that the species of Terebra cannot
be advantageously divided into subgenera (with the exception
of Euryta), 1 have essayed a classification by sections and sub-

g TEREBRA.

sections which will perhaps assist in grouping the species,
although the presence of transitional forms makes the bounda-
ries rather vague.

Genus TEREBRA, Adanson.

A. Whorls smooth, with or without a smooth sutural band,

defined by a sulcus.

B. Shell with plicate or tuberculate band below the sutures,

defined by a sulcus.
* Whorls plicate.
** Whorls smooth.

*** Cylindrically many-whorled ; whorls with revolving
sculpture, with or without less prominent longitu-
dinal striae.

C. No sutural band ; whorls closely plicate or striate next the

suture, elsewhere plicate or smooth.

Subgenus EURYTA, Adams.

Genus TEREBRA, Adanson.

A. Whorls smooth, with or without a smooth sutural band defined

by a sulcus.

T. CRENULATA. Linn. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 6.

Whorls obtusely noduled below the sutures ; carneous cream-
color, streaked with chestnut irregular lines between the nodules,
and with three revolving rows of small chestnut spots below,
two of which appear on the spire-whorls. Length, 3-5 inches.

Indian Ocean — Central Polynesia.

T.fimbriata, Deshayes (fig. 2) is a variety only, retaining the
juvenile characters shown by the upper whorls of this and other
smooth species of Terebra, namely, longitudinal plications and
a strongly marked sutural band. T. interlineata, Desh. (fig. 6),
is another example of the long persistence of juvenile characters,
and may be equally referred here.

T. TIARELLA, Desh. PI. 12, figs. 38, 39.

First few whorls plicate, the rest smooth, with spiral impressed
striae, sutural margin a little swollen and conspicuously nodu-
lous; fulvous fawn or chocolate-colored. Length, 28-33 mill.

Cape of Good

TEREBRA. <)

T. DIMIDIATA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 13, 4.

Reddish orange, banded with oblong spots on a white ground,
sutural band orange-red ; upper whorls longitudinally plicate,
lower ones smooth. Length, 3-5-5 inches.

Singapore, Philippines, Central Polynesia.

T. splendens, Desh. (fig. 4), from the China Sea, appears to be
a small variety, the figure being natural size.

T. MACULATA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 9, 10.

Flesh-white, broadly banded with fawn-color, the bands often
broken up into oblong, close markings, with a band of longitu-
dinal black-purple strigations next the sutures, and below it a
second much smaller band of spots or hieroglyphic markings ;
early whorls often longitudinally plicate ; balance smooth.

Length, 4'5-6'5 inches.

Moluccas, Australia, Philippines — Central Polynesia.

Sometimes a spiral impressed line divides off' as a sutural
band, the upper row of strigations.

The Polynesians eat the animal, and use the shell shaped to a
chisel in making canoes.

T. MUSCARIA, Lam. PI. 1, fig. 12.

Yellowish white, with a row of oblong bright chestnut spots
on a sutural band, and two (on the body-whorl three) similar
rows below it ; the spots are smaller and more widely separated
than in the preceding species, and the form of the shell is nar-
rower. Length, 3-6 inches.

Japan, Philippines — Central Polynesia.

Mr. Tapparone-Canefri's variety callichloros is founded on a
narrow, brightly colored specimen figured by Quoy in the Voy.
Astrolabe ; there is no good reason for giving it a name.

T. CONSORS, Hinds. PL 3, figs. 32-34.

Shell smooth, the sutural band distinct and obsoletely plicate ;
whitish, with light chestnut obliquely longitudinal flames, inter-
rupted on the periphery of the last whorl, below which they
sometimes coalesce into a broad revolving band.

Length, 2*75 inches. Society Islands.

T. uirginea, Desh. (fig. 33), and T. glabra, Desh. (fig. 34), are
both described from worn specimens in which the coloring is no

1 0 TEREBRA.

longer very apparent, although Reeve has discovered traces of
it upon the types.

T. SUBULATA, Linn. PI. 1, fig. 3 ; PI. 3, fig. 35.

Light flesh-color or yellowish, with two spiral series (on the
last whorl three), of quadrangular distant chestnut or chocolate
spots ; upper whorls longitudinally plicate, and with a sutural
band ; in the later whorls this band is lost, but sometimes the
whorls are somewhat swollen just beneath the sutures, although
the impressed line defining the band is obsolete ; surface smooth,
or with impressed (sometimes minutely punctate) revolving
lines. Length, 4-6 inches.

Japan, Moluccas, Philippines, Society Islands, etc.

Yar. CONSOBRINA, Desh. PI. 3, fig. 35.

More conically subulate than the type, with the spots smaller,
the surface distantly encircled by punctate grooves, a sutural
band slightly indicated.

Red Sea.
Barely distinguishable as a variety.

T. TIGRINA, Gmelin. PI. 1, fig. 11.

Shell white, with a single row of chestnut spots just above the
sutures, two rows on the last whorl, of which the lower one,
near the base, is smaller; surface smooth, an unornamented
band below the sutures is defined by an impressed line.

Length, 2-3 inches.

Sandwich Islands, Central Polynesia.

Reeve's locality, West Indies, is erroneous.

T. OCULATA, Lam. PI. 2, fig. 20 ; PI. 3, fig. 36.

Orange-brown, with a row of large white spots just below the
sutures, and a second row below the middle of the body-whorl •
whorls somewhat constricted in the middle.

Length, 3*5-5 inches.

Moluccas— Viti Islands.

According to Reeve, who has seen the type, T. nebulosa
Lorois (fig. 36), is the young of the species ; the name being pre-
occupied, Deshayes changed it to T. Loroisii

TEREBRA. ] I

T. ARGUS, Hinds. PL 2, fig. 24.

Earlier whorls with a sutural band ; whitish, with three rows
of regularly disposed oval light fawn-colored spots, four rows on
the body-whorl. Length, 3-4-5 inches. Marquesas, Tahiti.

This is T. nebulosa, Kiener, not Sowerby.

T. ROBUSTA, Hinds. PI. 2, figs. 16, 17, 25.

Shell stout, with rugose growth-lines, earlier whorls plicate
and with a sutural band ; whitish, with longitudinal chestnut
flammules, interrupted by a central white line so as to form two
spiral series, with an additional basal series on the body-whorl.

Length, 4-5'5 inches. W. Coast of Central America.

T. Loroisi, Guerin (not Desh.) = this species, and T. incom-
parabilis, Desh., is probably a 3'oung individual. T. lingualis,
Hinds (fig. 17), is also not fully grown, and is a narrow variety
in which the juvenile characters persist longer than usual. T.
insignis, Desh. (fig. 25) = it.

T. CHLORATA, Lam. PI. 11, fig. 21.

Shell smooth, whorls somewhat flattened, finely crenate towards
the apex, sutural band defined by a superficial groove ; yellowish
white, with longitudinal splashes of milky chocolate on and below
the band, and two interrupted bands of spots of the same color
upon the body-whorl. Length, 3-4 inches.

Malacca, Seychelles, Mauritius, Sandwich Is.

T. Knorri, Gray, is a synonym.

T. ALBIDA, Gray. PI. 12, fig. 29.

Whorls smooth, with a sutural band separated by a narrow
depression ; ivory-white, sometimes faintly stained with rust-
color. Length, 2 inches. Australia.

T. FLAMMEA, Lamarck. PI. 2, fig. 26.

Shell somewhat more slender than the preceding species, the
oblique growth-lines ridge-like ; usualty a shallow broad groove
in the middle of the whorls ; with occasional impressed spiral
lines, of which one which divides the space above the central
groove is more prominent ; j^ellowish white, interruptedly stri-
gate with chestnut, often forming two interrupted bands on the
spire whorls and three on the body-whorl.

Length, 3'5-5 inches. Indian Ocean, China Sea, Madagascar.

12 TEREBRA.

T. ORNATA, Gray. PL 2, fig. 28.

Shell stout, sutures crenulated towards the apex, with a well-
defined sutural band ; yellowish white, with three spiral series of
regular chestnut spots, four on the body-whorl.

Length, 4'5 inches.

Galapagos Is.
T. FORMOSA, Desh. PI. 2, fig. 27.

Shell rather slender, with a somewhat swollen sutural band
not clearly separated from the whorls by an impressed line ;
upper whorls longitudinally plicate ; yellowish white, with small
chestnut spots on the band, and larger longitudinal markings
below it, a third inferior series on the body-whorl.

Length, 2'75 inches.

Panama.

Described from a single specimen, and is possibly a young
variety of T. robusta.

T. STRIGATA, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 29.

Whorls divided by a median groove, the upper ones plicate;
yellowish white, longitudinally striped with chestnut.

Length, 3*5-5 5 inches.

Panama, Realejo.

Reeve gives Philippines (Gaming) and Moluccas as additional
localities — which need confirmation. It is T. elongata, Wood,
T. zebra, Kiener, and T. flammea. Lesson.

T. CERETHINA, Lam. PL 2, fig. 30, 14.

Upper whorls densely plicate, lower ones becoming smooth,
with a sutural band bounded by an indistinct impressed line ;
flesh-white, rather closely longitudinally strigate with flesh-color
or orange, crossed by several distant narrow revolving lines of
the same color. Length, 2-3 inches.

Philippines to Society Is.

T. pulchra, Hinds (fig. 14), is a synonym.

T. LANCEATA, Linn. PL 11, fig. 10.

Whorls smooth, flattened, a little swollen below the sutures,
earlier whorls plicated ; white, crossed by narrow chestnut longi-
tudinal streaks, interrupted at the periphery of the body-whorl
by a white band. Length, 2-2-5 mill. •

Taheiti, Moluccas, Mauritius.

TEREBRA. 13

T. PENICILLATA, Hinds. PI. 11, fig. 11.

Stouter with more convex whorls than the preceding species,
the longitudinal chestnut lines crowded, much more numerous
than in T. lanceata. Length, 2 inches.

Seychelles, Mauritius.

Kiener figured both this and the succeeding varieties as T.
lanceata, and von Martens, in his " Conchology of Mauritius," has
recently so considered them : my material does not support this
view ; yet their substantial identity is not improbable.

Yar. VENOSA, Hinds. PI. 11, figs. 12, 13.

White, banded with light chocolate, with chestnut longitudinal
lines ; first whorls plicate, the others smooth, divided at the
upper part by a row of punctures ; sometimes all the whorls are
plicate. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Indian Ocean.

Reeve remarks that " when plicately ribbed throughout, the
shell, like the granulated varieties of Cones, is smaller than when
it is smooth." One of these small, plicated shells has been
described by Deshayes as T. Crossei (fig. 13). When the shell
is plicate upon the lower whorls it appears to be the result of the
impression of the chestnut streaks, which form the interstices of
the plicae.

T. BRAZIERI, Angas. PL 11. fig. 14.

Narrow, smooth, first whorls plicate, the others somewhat
tumid or very shortly obsoletely plicate below the sutures ;
whitish, promiscuously longitudinally veined with chestnut, the
strigations more numerous on the upper part of the whorls ;
body-whorl with a white band on the peripher}T, and below it a
row of chestnut spots, sometimes coalescing into a chestnut

band. Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

New South Wales, Tasmania.
This is, perhaps, a variety of T. lanceata.

T. ciRCUMCiNCTA, Deshayes. PL 11, figs. 8, 9.

White, with a few irregular yellowish streaks ; whorls flatly
convex, with four to six equidistant, pricked, linear revolving
grooves. Length, 40 mill.

Red Sea (Deshayes); Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchbury;.

Reef e's figure (fig. 9) does not agree well with his description,
nor with the figure given by Deshayes.

j^ TEREBRA.

B. Shell with plicate or tuberculate band below the sutures,
defined by a sulcus.

* Whorls plicate.

T. AFFINIS, Gray. PI. 2, figs. 22, 18.

Whorls with distinct subsutural band, covered with flat longi-
tudinal ribs, separated by narrow impressed, often punctate lines ;
flesh-color, sparingly mottled with light chocolate or chestnut
oblong markings and with a few distant revolving lines of the
same color. Length, l'5-2'25 inches.

Philippines, Seychelles, Viti Isles.

It is T. eburnea, Hinds (fig. 18), T. striata, Quoy, T. pertusa,
Kiener, var.
T. VARIEGATA, Gray. PL 2, figs. 15, 19, 21, 23; PL 1, figs. 5, 7,

8; PL 3, figs. 31,37,38.

-Spirally grooved, more or less longitudinally plicate on the
upper, sometimes on all the whorls, sometimes becoming granular
at the intersections of the sculpture, a swollen callous band below
the sutures ; whitish, marked with chestnut between the plica-
tions of the band, strigated with chestnut below it, with a
central white band on the body-whorl, beneath which is a second
series of strigations. Length, 2*5-3'25 inches.

Mazatlan, Guaymas, Lower and Southern California,

Panama, Galapagos Is., China, Sea, W. Africa.
T. armillata, Hinds (figs. 21,23), T. Hupei, Lorois (fig. 5),
T. aspera, Hinds (fig. 7), T. Petiveriana, Desh. (fig. 31), and T.
glauca, Hinds (fig. 19), are synonyms. The following unfigured
species, described by P. P. Carpenter, and which are smaller than
the type, being but little over an inch in length, may constitute
a minor variety. They occur at Mazatlan and extend northwards
to Southern California : T. albocincta, T. Hindsi, T. subnodosa,
T. rufocinerea; T. simplex, from Sta. Barbara and S. Pedro, Cal.
Yery probably the more northern distribution of this form of an
essentially tropical genus will account for the smaller size of the*
specimens occurring on the California Coast ; they are precisely
like T. variegata of the same size and number of whorls, but
seem not to grow larger.

To the above numerous synonyms from the West Coast of
America are to be added T. albicostata, Adams and Reeve (fig.

TEREBRA. 1 o

8), from China Sea, and T. Africana, Gray, T. intertincta, Hinds
(tig. 37), and T. marginata, Desh. (fig. 38), from West Africa.
There can be little doubt of the identity of these species with
T. variegata, and of the extensive distribution thus indicated — it
is paralleled in other species of the genus as will be seen
hereafter.

T. GOULDI, Desh. PL 3, fig. 39.

Whorls with a subsutural, nodulous band, closely longitu-
dinally plicate below it ; yellowish white, two-banded with very
pale chestnut, three bands on the body-whorl.

Length, 2-5 inches. Sandwich Islands.

T. aciculina, Kiener, var. (t. 7, f. 13 a), is probably a young
shell of this species.

T. CONCINNA, Desh. PI. 12, figs. 31, 32.

Longitudinally finely plicated throughout, with a suturai band
defined by a groove ; yellowish flesh-cplor, the ribs lighter, with
a row of chestnut spots below the suture. Length, 40 mill.

Japan.

T. Dillwyni, Desh. (fig. 32), is a synonj^m. Reeve erro-
neously made T. concinna a synonym of T. strigilata, Linn.,
and Pease changed the name to T. divisa on account of Euccinum
concinnum, Dillwyn.

T. MARMORATA, Desh. PI. 12, fig. 34.

Longitudinally plicate, pricked in spiral series in the inter-
stices, the upper and more profound row indicating a suturul
band ; whitish, somewhat tessellated with large chestnut blotches,
darker-spotted on the suturai margin, with a white band on the
periphery of the body-whorl. Length, 1 '25-1*5 inches.

Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchbury).

T. BADIA, Desh. PI. 3, fig. 40.

Chocolate-colored, including the interior; longitudinally pli-
cated, including a subsutural band, body-whorl somewhat ven-
tricose, with several spiral granular striae on the lower part.

Length, 2'5 mill.

China.

It is T. castanea, Hinds, not Kiener; altered by Deshayes as
above, and by Reeve to T. ligneola.

16 TEREBRA.

T. SENEGALENSIS, Lam. PL 3, figs. 41-45 ; PL 12, fig. 33.

Shell with a subsutnral band, surface varying from nearly
smooth, showing only longitudinal flexuous growth-stria?, to
longitudinally plicate; yellowish white, more or less inter-
ruptedly three-banded with pale or dark chestnut or chocolate,
four or five bands on the body-whorl; sometimes the darker
coloring suffuses the entire surface. Length, 3-4 inches.

Senegal, etc., West Africa.

It is T. striatula, Lam., T. fu.scomacula.ta, Sowb. ; probably
T. pugio, Gmel., T. f estiva, Desh. (fig. 45), T. speciosa, Desh.
T. raphanula, Lam. (PL 12, fig. 33), said to occur at Amboina,
has the markings somewhat tessellately arranged ; a good series
of specimens easily connect it with the typical coloring.

T. CINGULA, Kiener. PL 12, figs. 2T, 28.

First whorls plicately ridged, the rest smooth, with a more or
less defined sutural band ; light fawn-color, encircled by two or
three rows of chestnut blotches, forming interrupted bands.

Length, 3 inches.

Senegal (Kiener) ; St. Christopher, W. I. (Miller).

Closely allied to, and perhaps only a variety of, the preceding
species. It is T. fatua, Hinds (fig. 28), the latter being simply
more faded in coloring.

T. PURA, Deshayes. PL 12, fig. 30.

Whitish, shining; obsoletely banded at the suture by an
impressed groove, obliquely longitudinally plaited, plaits rather
distant, thin, gradually fading towards the aperture.

Length, 2*5 inches.

m Zanzibar.

T. TROCHLEA, Desh. PL 12, fig. 35.

Longitudinally plicate, a depressed sutural band separated by
a broad, profound sulcus, from the rest of the whorl, which is
convex, this band is nodulous, the nodules becoming evanescent
on the last whorl; maculate and flammulate with chestnut and
white. Length, 65 mill.

T. DUSSUMIERI, Kiener. PL 3, figs. 46-48.

Closely narrowly longitudinally plicate, the ridges becoming
partially obsolete on a subsutnral band; pale chestnut with a

TEREBRA. 17

white band below the middle of the whorls, and whitish on and
just below the band. Length, 3-4 inches.

China, Japan.

Too close!}' allied to T. duplicata, Lam. The white band,
however, is rather broader, the plications narrower, sharp-edged
and partially obsolete on the band — which is somewhat concave.
T. evoluta, Deshayes (fig. 47), described from a single specimen
in the Cumingian Collection, appears to be only a slight varia-
tion of the typical form ; another variety is T. Bernardii, Desh.
(fig. 48).

T. DUPLICATA, Linn. PL 4, figs. 49-51.

Flatly longitudinally ribbed, divided by an impressed line
below the sutures, forming a sutural band ; grayish or blush-
white to chestnut or chocolate, with a single narrow median
white band. Length, 2'5-3*5 inches.

Moluccas, Singapore, Zanzibar, Madagascar,

China to Viti Islands, etc.
T. Eee^ei, Deshaj'es (fig. 50;, is a colorless example.

Yar. JJAMARCKII, Kiener. Fig. 51.

The white band filleted with chestnut or purplish spots in a
single somewhat distant series.

T. ANOMALA, Gray. PL 12, fig. 36.

Smooth, polished, whorls plicate above, divided by an im-
pressed, punctate line near the suture; cinereous or fawn-color,
lighter on the sutural band, with a whitish band on the periphery.

Length, 1*5 inches.

Singapore, 7 fms. (Cum ing).

Reeve confounded this species with the shell which he erro-
neously refers to aciculina, Lam., and which must stand as
wirulina, Reeve — Lamarck's shell being a synonym of T.
dnerea, Born. The -present species is readily distinguished by
its sutural band.

T. SPECTABILIS, Hinds. PL 4, figs. 52-57.

Ribs distant, thin, subnodulous above and below a deep
groove which divides oft' a sutural band ; leaden or chestnut-

I g TEREBRA.

brown, usually nearly white on the sutural band, and with a
central white band on the body-whorl. Length, 1-25-2 inches.
Guinea (Humphreys); Sumatra (Cuming);

Tasmania (Woods).

T. Jukesii, Desh. (fig. 54), appears to me to be a synonym;
as are also T. addita, Desh. (fig. 55), T. geminata, Desh. (unfig-
ured), probably T. Kieneri, De^h. (fig. 56), and T. gracilis,
Reeve, not Gray (fig. 57).
T. LONGISCATA, Desh. PI. 4, fig. 58.

With a sutural band defined by a groove, strongly plicately
ribbed, the ribs rather angular, the interstices with elevated
revolving striae ; livid fuscous gray. Length, 27 mill.

Philippines (Cuming).
T. USTULATA, Desh. PI. 4, fig. 59.

Sutural band depressed, longitudinally ribbed ; pale chestnut
or whitish, the depressed band and lower half of the body-whorl
darker brown. Length, 32-38 mill. Tasmania.

In coloring and form somewhat like the next species.

T. GEMMULATA, Kiener. PI. 4, figs. 61, 62.

Shell longitudinally, narrowly, distantly plicate, plicae curved,
terminating in nodules below the groove of the sutural band,
the band also bearing a single row of nodules ; yellowish white,
the lower row of nodules white, with a rather broad white band
on the middle of the body-whorl, below which the whorl is
smooth and chestnut-colored. Length, 45 mill. Chili.

Reeve, who saw the original specimen of the unfigured T.
Chilensis, Desh., adds it to the synonymy. Yery probably T.
Patagonia, d'Orb. (fig. 62), should be added as a colorless
specimen.

T. DISLOCATA, Say. PI. 4, figs. 63-67, 69 ; PI. 12, fig. 31.

Longitudinally plicate, spirally grooved ; sometimes the
grooves are only perceptible between the plicae, in others they
decussate the latter into granules ; sutural band nodulous ; colu-
mella recurved, ridged ; gray, brownish white or light yellowish,
with usually a white-banded periphery. Length, 25-35 mill.

North Carolina to West Indies.

The certain synonyms are T. rudis, Gray (fig. 69), T. Petiti.

TEREBRA. 19

Kiener (fig. 64), and T. Souleyeti, Desh. (fig. 65). I think it
probable that T. larvaeformis, Hinds (figs. 66, 67), of the West
Coast of Central America, should also be here referred ; I cannot
detect any specific differences. T. Sowerbyana, Desh. (PL 12,
fig. 31), from West Africa, appears to be also identical.

T. MARIESI, E. A. Smith. PL 4, fig. 68.

Longitudinally costate, with traces of spiral lines, the costse
ending in tubercles below the also tuberculate sutural band ;
yellowish brown, variegated with reddish brown.

Length, 45 mill.

Japan .

Very closely allied to the preceding species, but narrower.
The aperture appears to be imperfect in the specimen figured.

T. JEFFREYSII, E. A. Smith. PL 4, fig. 60.

Longitudinal riblets about 20, fine, oblique, decussated by
spiral striae, about 5 on a whorl, the two uppermost strife widest
apart forming two nodulous bands next the suture ; yellowish,
dotted with light brown between the two series of nodules, and
streaked with the same color beneath, body-whorl with a pale

central zone. Length, 25 mill.

Japan.

This, the preceding and following species, should probably
be united.

T. SUBTEXTILIS, Smith. PL 4, fig. 70.

White ; with about twenty costse, and ten spiral strise, three
of the latter upon the nodulous sutural band. Length, 37 mill.

Japan.

See remarks under preceding species.

T. BIFRONS, Hinds. PL 4, fig. 71.

Fawn-brown, obscurely rufous-banded ; whorls somewhat con-
vex, encircled with four rows of pale granules, last whorl many-
grained ; sutural band only faintly indicated by a concavity,

instead of a groove. Length, 2 inches,

Japan.

T. AMCENA, Deshayes. PL 5, fig. 73.

Turreted, rather narrow ; yellowish, with red spots on the

2Q TEREBRA.

sutural band ; longitudinally closely plicate, spirally linearly
grooved, the sutural band separated by a pricked groove.

Length, 35 mill.

China (Desh.) ; A7. Caledonia (Brazier).

T. BLANDA, Desh. PI. 5, fig. 72.

Shell transparent white, dotted with chestnut on the sutural
band, apex purple; no revolving sculpture; aperture somewhat

fusiformly produced below. Length, 30 mill.

Japan.
T. PULCHELLA, Deshayes. PI. 5, fig. 74.

Light yellowish brown, stained with rust-color, with a white
peripheral band; whorls concave, arcuately plaited, without
spiral striae, subsutural groove crenate. Length, 43 mill.

China.
T. TEXTILIS, Hinds. PL 5, figs. 75, 76.

Yellowish white ; closely plicated, with fine spiral lines, with
two bands of plicae below the suture. Length, 35 mill.

Japan ; Sts. Macassar ; Sandwich Islands.
T. nodularis, Desh. (fig. 76), is a synonym.

T. CCELATA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 77.

Surface sharply granulated by longitudinal and spiral sculp-
ture ; transparent white. Length, 41 mill.

China.

Has the form of the preceding species, from which it is, per-
haps, insufficiently distinguished by the non-development of the
inferior band of tubercles.

T. TORQUATA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 78.

Longitudinal plicae narrow, raised, interstices spirally striate-
latticed ; next the suture are two nodulous bands, separated by
a sulcus, the periphery is subangulated and slightly nodulous on
the angle, between this and the sutural band the surface is some-
what concave ; fawn-colored, the sculpture lighter, a white band
below the periphery. Length, 44 mill. *

Japan.
A very distinct, beautiful species.

T. BICINCTA, Hinds. PI. 5, fig. 79.

White ; with thin longitudinal plicae, and no spiral sculpture ;

TEREBRA. 21

sutural band tuberculate, and with the plicae below it cut into a
couple of revolving rows of tubercles. Length, 28 mill.

Habitat unknown.
Described from a unique specimen in the Cumingian Collection.

T. COPULA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 80.

Chestnut or olive-brown, plications paler, sutural band with
oblique chestnut spots ; no revolving sculpture ; periphery with
two indistinct narrow white bands. Length, 35 mill.

Guinea.
T. EXIGUA, Desh. PL 5, fig. 89.

Shell chestnut or chocolate-brown, strongly latticed by close
sculpture ; sutural band distinctly marked ; aperture rather pro-
duced below. Length, 15-18 mill.

E. Coast of Australia; Andaman Is.

T. VENILTA, Tenison-Woods. PL 5, fig. 88.

Yellowish white, zoned with a pale chestnut line ; whorls sub-
coronate, with narrow oblique curved plications, and more or
less indistinct fine spiral striae. ; subsutural area divided by a
punctate groove. Length, 42 mill.

Port Jackson, N. S. Wales.

T. ROSEATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 90.

Interstices of the ribs linearly grooved, sutural band defined
by a punctate groove ; columella laminated, twisted ; rose-color.

Length, 28 mill.

Soolo and China Sea.
T. SWAINSONI, Deshayes. PL 5, fig. 81.

Light roseate, nearly white on the sutural band, the interstices
of the ribs smooth, or obscurely striate, polished.

Length, 20-32 mill.

Sandwich Islands.

Possibly identical with the preceding species. Pease has
described a variety inflexa. The same author has described
(but not figured) a T. sulcata, which he sa}rs may prove to be a
distant form of T. Swainsoni.

•m

T. ELATA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 82.

Spirally linearly grooved between the longitudinal plications,
the beaded sutural band separated by a well-impressed groove ;

22 TEREBRA.

chestnut-white or brownish white, with a darker band below the
periphery. Length, 23 mill.

Panama and Bay of Montija, Cent. Am.

T. CANCELLATA, Quoy. PI. 5, figs. 83, 84, 86 ; PI. 6, figs. 92-97,
100-3, 6.

Yellowish white, orange, chestnut or chocolate-color, the nodu-
lous sutural band white, often with a white band below the
periphery; plications close, rounded, curved, the narrow inter-
stices closely striate ; margins of aperture as well as the interior
often stained with a darker color. Length, 44 mill.

Moluccas, Philippines, Viti Isles, Sandwich Isles.

M. Deshayes, supposing that the figure in the Thes. Conch,
(fig. 83) does not represent this species, has called it T. undatella.
T. livida, Reeve (fig. 86), appears to me to be a form of this species ;
it comes from the Philippines. T. subangulata, Desh. (fig. 92),
described from a single specimen, also probably belongs here.

A slight variety is T. columellaris, Hinds (fig. 93), of which
T. areolata, Adams and Reeve (fig. 94) is probably a synonym —
as stated by Reeve, although Deshayes considers the two forms
distinct.

I add as synonyms T. flavescens, Desh. (fig. 95) ; T. approxi-
mata, Desh. (fig. 96), which has ruder coarser sculpture, and is a
stouter shell ; T.flava, Gray (fig. 6), an immature shell ; T. lutes-
cens, E. A. Smith (fig. 97), founded on Sowerby's figure of T.
flava in the Thes. Conch., which Mr. Smith considers specifically
distinct from the figure in Reeve's Iconica; T. puncticulata,
Desh. (fig. 100) ; T. Peasei, Deshayes (unfigured) ; T. Hindsi,
Desh. (fig. 1) ; T. Bruguieri, Desh. (fig. 2) ; and T. difficilis,
Desh. (fig. 3.)

T. UNDULATA, Gray. PI. 6, figs. 4, 8.

Ribs rather large, rounded, close, with spiral stria* on the
narrow interstices, sutural band well-marked, forming a slight,
nodulous shoulder to the whorls ; yellowish or orange, the inter-
stices deeper-colored, appearing as though longitudinally stri-
gate, band white, sometimes white-banded on the periphery ;
aperture rather narrow, the lips often stained with orange-red.

Length, 41 mill. Viti Isiands^ philippines.

Perhaps a variety of the preceding. T. picta, Hinds (fig. 8),

TEREBRA. 23

is probably a synonym. T. cinctella, Desh., an unfigured spe-
cies, is added by Reeve.

T. PERTUSA, Born. PL 6, figs. 5, 7.

Longitudinally finely plicate, interstices punctate spirally;
orange-brown, the interstices of the tubercles on the sutural
band chocolate. Length, 3 inches.

Darnley Isl., Australia.

T. Bermonti, Lorois (fig. 7), is a synonym. It is said to in-
habit Tahiti.

T. NEBULOSA, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 9.

Longitudinal ribs rounded obtuse, close, curved, interstices
spirally grooved, sutural band defined by a punctate groove;
longitudinally clouded with reddish orange and white, with a
white band on the periphery. Length, 3 inches. Zanzibar.

T. ALVEOLATA, Hinds. PI. 5, fig. 87.

Longitudinal plicre curved, the interstices spirally striate ;
flesh-color, stained with orange-brown, with a row of alternate
chestnut and white spots on the sutural band, and another on
the white-banded periphery. Length, 31 mill.

Straits of Malacca ; Japan.
Var. GOTOENSIS, Smith. PI. 5, figs. 85, 91.

Sculpture said to be finer than in T. alveolata, the band on the
periphery unspotted. From Japan. It is very doubtful whether
to these forms ought not to be united T. amcena, Desh.

T. POLYGYRATA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 10.

Closely ribbed, interstices linearly grooved, sutural band de-
fined by a pricked groove ; fulvous orange, white at the sutures,
with a white band on the periphery. Length, 13 mill.

Philippines (Cuming) ; Japan (Smith).

A small shell with numerous whorls, perhaps not distinct from
T. cancellata.

T. POLYGONIA, Reeve. PL 7, fig. 15.

Strongly varicosely ribbed, ribs rather distant, interstices
concave, spirally linearly grooved, sutural band distinct ; fulvous
brown. Length, 10 mill.

Hab. unknown (Taylor Coll.).

I am not acquainted with this species.

24 TEREBRA.

T. RADULA, Hinds. PL 7, fig. 17.

Sutural band and whorls strongly tuberculated by decussating
sculpture ; reddish chestnut, white at the suture, with a white
periphery-band. Length, 40 mill.

Puerto Portrero, W. Coast of Central America,

13 fms. (Cuming).
Described from a unique specimen in the Cuiuingian Collection.

T. VARICOSA, Hinds. PI. T, fig. 12.

Varicosely distantly ribbed, interstices striately grooved ;
whorls convex, constricted around the upper part, sutural band
smooth or tuberculate ; olive-brown, chocolate or white, banded on
the periphery. Length, 28 mill.

Gulf of Papagayo, W. Coast of Central America,

mud, at 23 fms. (Hinds).
T. TUBERCULOSA, Hinds. PI. 7, fig. 31.

Shell rather thin, transparent ash, livid purple towards the
apex, obscurely red-spotted next the suture ; whorls slopingly
flattened, conspicuously tuberculate on the sutural band, then
smooth, and finally longitudinally tuberculated, forming an
anguiated periphery. Length, 2 inches.

Panama (Cuming) ; San Bias (Hinds).
T. PLICATA, Gray. PI. 7, fig. 20.

Yellowish flesh-color; whorls slopingly flattened, the last
swollen, longitudinally thinly plicated, spirally very finely
prickly-grooved, sutural band distinct. Length, 2 inches.

Guayaquil, 7 fms., sandy mud (Cuming).

Appears to be distinguished chiefly by its stout form.

T. SPECILLATA, Hinds. PI. 7, fig. 18.

Latticed by longitudinal and spiral sculpture, whitish, with a
few large chestnut maculations ; sutural margin irregularly
chestnut-spotted. Length, 2 inches.

San Bias, W. Coaxt of Mexico.

Very closely allied to T. dislocata, Say, and to T. cancellata,
Quoy, which are possibly identical.

T. CONSPERSA, Hinds. PI. 7, fig. 13.

Whitish, irregularly chestnut-spotted on the sutural band,

TEREBRA. 25

and chestnut-banded at the base ; plications thin, the interstices
closely striate spirally. Length, 1 inch. -Philippines.

T. FICTILIS, Hinds. PL 7, figs. 14, 11.

Whitish, purple-ash below the periphery, the latter appearing
as a narrow band at the base of the spire-whorls.

Length, 15 mill. Australia.

A beautiful little species, well distinguished by its contrasted
coloring. T. bicolor, Angas (fig. 11;, is a synonym.

T. TAYLORI, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 22.

Rather stout towards the base, purple ash-color, livid,
obscurely banded ; sutural band yellowish. Length, 26 mill.

Torres Straits, Australia.

The form is swollen below, resembling the preceding species.

T. MORBIDA, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 23.

Stoutly, closely plicate, the sutural band broadly defined by
a groove ; purplish flesh-color, encircled by faint red spots.

Length, 15 mill. Hab. unknown.

The spots do not appear upon Reeve's figure. The type speci-
men was in the Taylor Collection.

T. BREVICULA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 24.

Sutural band swollen, scarcely crenatecl, defined by a broad
concave depression, below it the body-whorl is slopingly convex,
somewhat angulated on the periphery, where it is somewhat
distantly plicately tuberculated ; lead-color, white-banded at the
suture and on the periphery, the latter filleted with chestnut on
both margins. Length, 23 mill. Tasmania.

T. PROTEXTA, Conrad. PL 6, fig. 98.

Whorls rather convex, with curved, sharp, numerous small
plications, the interstices smooth or very minutely spirally
striate, a sutural band is sometimes obscure^ indicated, but is
usually absent; chocolate, or dark brownish white, chocolate
within the aperture. Length, 18-25 mill.

West Coast of Florida.
T. CONCAVA, Say. PL 7, figs. 25, 26.

Shell white ; with a prominent row of nodules below the
suture, and a less prominent row above it, the last forming a

26 TEREBRA.

peripheral row on the last whorl ; between these two the surface
is concave, obsoletely ribbed and finely spirally striated.

Length, 20 mill. So- Carolina.

T. frigata, Hinds (fig. 26), is probably a synonym ; it is
ascribed to Africa (Gray), and Galapagos Is. (Cuming) : both
localities need confirmation.

** Whorls smooth.

T. CORRUGATA, Lam. PL 7, figs. 21, 28, 32.

Fulvous cream or ash-color, with two or three bands of chest-
nut spots ; sutural band often lighter-colored, with small chestnut
spots, tuberculate. Length, 2'25-3 inches.

Loanda, W. Africa.

The synonyms are T. regina, Desh. (fig. 28), T. bitorquata,
Desh. (fig. 32', and T. punctata, Gray.

T. TESSELLATA, Gray. PL 7, figs. 27, 19.

Shell whitish, with two rows of oblong chestnut or chocolate
spots ; whorls concavely flattened, decussated by fine ridges, the
spiral ones stronger, suture bordered by two tuberculated bands.

Length, 35 mill. Marquesas (Hinds).

The description is drawn up from T. ligata, Hinds (fig. 19),
which appears to be the typical form. T. tessellata, Gray, no
locality, is from a single specimen in the British Museum ; the
whorls are said to be smooth, but the resemblance to Hinds'
species, over which it has priority of description, is striking.
T. DECORATA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 16.

Whitish, with two series (on the body-whorl three) of chest-
nut quadrangular spots; whorls smooth, longitudinally striated,
marginal band tuberculated. Length, 28 mill.

Pidang, Sumatra.

Reeve figures this species under the name of T. tessellata,
Gray, which has a double band of tubercles.
T. HISTRIO, Desh. PL 7, fig. 29.

Yellowish, with waved longitudinal chestnut stripes, interrupted

at the periphery ; longitudinally striate, the stria becoming pli-
cations upon the sutural band, where the surface is variegated
with chestnut lines. Length, 45 mill. Hab. unknown

TEREBRA. 27

*** Cylindrically many whorled, whorls with revolving sculp-
ture, with or without less prominent longitudinal stride.

T. MYUROS, Lam. PI. 7, fig. 30.

Whorls flattened, closely scabrously latticed with striae, the
revolving striae much the most prominent, above with two
obliquely plicate sutural bands, the inferior one of which is
often more or less obsolete ; light yellowish brown, usually lon-
gitudinally striped with broad chestnut maculations.

Length, 4-5 inches.

Moluccas, New Ireland.

This may be T. strigilata, Gmel., in part, and is possibly also
T. commaculata, Gmel. T. scabrella, Lam,, is undoubtedly a
synonym.

T. PRETIOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 33, 34.

Whorls convexly flattened, arcuately striated by growth-lines,
the interstices latticed, double-banded and tuberculated below
the suture ; yellowish, with broad chestnut longitudinal blotches.

Length, 5'5 inches.

China*

I think that T. lima, Deshayes (fig. 34), from same locality, is
identical.

T. CINGULIFERA, Lam. PI. 8, figs. 35-38.

Shell smooth, distantly spirally superficial!}' grooved, grooves
often minutely punctate, the upper groove a little deeper, indi-
cating a sutural band, upon which the growth-lines become
oblique and subplicate ; yellowish flesh-color.

Length, 3*25 inches.

Philippines, New Ireland, Viti Islands, China.

The synonyms are T. Chinensis, Desh. (unfigured), T. colum-
naris, Desh. (unfigured), T.pallida, Desh. (fig. 36), T. crenifera,
Desh. (unfigured), T. punctatostriata, Gray (unfigured), and T.
punctulata, Sowb. (unfigured). T. Isevigata, Gra}- (fig. 37), is a
rather narrow form, and T. obsoleta, Desh. (fig. 38), is a wider
specimen than usual, with a very faint indication of a brown
band near the base.

T. TRICOLOR, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 39.

Shell smooth, yellowish flesh-color with three distant orange-

28 TEREBR\.

red revolving lines, one of them defining a sutnral band, which

is often white. Length, 2 inches.

Friendly Islands.

Closely related to both the preceding and following species-
winch may need to be united when we know more about them.
T. tseniolata, Quoy, is a synonym.

T. BABYLONIA, Lamarck. PL 8, figs. 40, 41.

Flesh-red, overlaid more or less with white ; smooth or spirally
striated, with distant grooves, becoming closer at the base of
the body-whorl, the grooves often darker - colored ; aperture

orange-brown. Length, 2'5 inches.

China, Viti Islands.

T. Deshayesii, Reeve (fig. 41), is a synonym.

T. STRAMINEA, Gray. PI. 8, figs. 42-45, 47, 48.

Yellowish brown or livid ash-color, the upper sutural band
generally lighter -colored ; surface crossed by revolving grooves
and striae, the latter sometimes granulated by the intersection
of growth-lines, the former rather distant; with two sutural
bands, the upper one swollen, the inferior one much smaller, and
both covered by oblique plications. Length, 2-5 inches.

Philippines, China.

Will probably prove to be a variety of the preceding species.
It is T. Babylonia, var., of Kiener, T. circinata, Desh. (fig. 44),
T. acuta, Desh. (fig 45), and T. monilis, Quoy (figs. 47, 48).

T. CUMINGII, Desh. PI. 8, fig. 49.

Sharply granosely cancellated throughout, with two tubercu-
lated bands next the suture, the lower one much the smallest ;
straw-colored. Length, 3'75 inches.

China.
Probably only a variety of the preceding species.

T. FENESTRATA, Hinds. PI. 8, fig. 46.

Strongly latticed throughout, with a crenated sutural baud ;
transparent fulvous or fulvous brown. Length, 35 mill.

Ifab. unknown.

This shell does not appear to have any marked specific char-
acter.

TEREBRA. 29

T. L;JBBECKEANA, D linker. PL 8, fig. 50.

Whitish, tinged with light yellowish brown, with a wide, faint
band of the latter color ; subgranose by rather faint intersecting
striae ; sutural band slightly separated by a groove.

Length, 75 mill. Japan.

T. SUCCINEA, Hinds. PL 8, fig. 51.

Whorls doubly banded below the suture, orange-red with two
distant rows of small chestnut spots ; closely arcuately wrinkled.

Length, 3*75 inches.

Philippines.

Dr. von Martens (Mauritius, 231) makes this a synonym of T.
monilis, Quoy, to which it does not appear to me to be very
closely related.

T. FORTUNEI, Deshayes. PL 8, fig. 52.

White, with slightly convex whorls, strongly longitudinally
ribbed, the interstices latticed with spiral ridges, sutures deep,
below them a band indicated by a pricked spiral groove.

Length, 69 mill.

China Sea.
A unique shell in the Cumingian Collection.

T. SEROTINA, Ads. and lleeve. PL 8, fig. 53.

Light brown, whorls spirally striately ridged, with two bands
of nodules below the suture, the upper band the largest.

Length, 2 inches. Japan.

T. FUNTCULATA, Hinds. PL 9, fig. 60.

Shell light chestnut-brown, sharply and closely spirally ridged,
the two ridges nearest the suture wider. Length, 2 inches.

Marquesas Islands (Curning).

T. Archimedis, Desh. (unfigured), is a synonym according to
Reeve.

T. ALBOMARGINATA, Desll. PL 9, fig. 54.

Whorls flat, bright orange, upper part white, divided by a
groove, each side of which is crenated, below the groove spirally
ridged, the interstices pricked. Length, 1*75 inches.

China.
T. EXIMTA, Desh. PL 9, fig. 55.

Yellowish white, the sutural band dotted with orange-chestnut

30 TEEEBRA.

and somewhat noduled ; below the band are three granular ridges
with pricked interstices ; lower part of body-whorl striate.

Length, 1-75 inches.

Hab. unknown.

Described from a unique specimen.

T. AMANDA, Hinds. PI. 9, fig. 61.

Orange-colored, with two white bands of tubercles below the
suture, balance of the surface punctate, grooved. Length, 1 inch.

Straits of Macassar.

Described from two immature specimens. Perhaps = T. stra-
minea, Gray.
T. TRTSERIATA, Gray. PL 9, figs. 56, 57.

Fulvous white or straw-color, narrow, whorls numerous, flatly
concave, spirally ridged, sometimes decussated by longitudinal
sculpture, with two bands of nodules below the suture, and a
single smaller row on the periphery of the last whorl.

Length, 2-4 inches.

Philippines (Cuming), Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchbury).

The latter locality is for T. prselonga, Desh. (fig. 57), which
does not appear to me to differ.

C. No sutural band, closely striate or plicate next the suture;
balance of whorl smooth or plicate.

T. C^RULESCENS, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 75-77 ; PL 9, fig. 66.

Shell smooth, without infra-sutural band, but usually with a
narrow callous • deposit forming a more or less defined band above
the narrow sutural groove; whitish, spotted or clouded with
chocolate below the suture, the clouds sometimes forming a wide
band, or covering the upper half of the body- whorl, or even
extending to the base ; when well covered with chocolate there
is often a lighter band upon the periphery.

Length, 1-5-2-5 inches.

Australia; Philippines; Polynesia; Mauritius ; Red Sea.

The whorls are flattened, and scarcely impressed at the sutures.
This species is the type of Mr. E. A. Smith's subgenus Impages,
characterized by the callous deposit above the sutures ; but this
peculiarity is not even constant in this species, and is rare or not

TEREBRA.

8.

developed in the other species which Mr. Smith refers to
group.

It is T. niveum and Tf edentulum, of Gmelin, T. bifasciatum,
Dillw., T.fusca, Martyn (in part), T. Otaiens'is, Lesson, T.hecti-
cum, Linn, (teste Hanley). Von Martens calls Kiener's fig. 12 d
var. fl&mmulata ; another variety is T. nimbosa, Hinds, from the
Red^Sea (fig. 66).

T. CINEREA, Born. PI. 9, figs. 67, 58, 59, 62-65, 68-74; PI. 10,
fig. 78.

Shell smooth, but closely, minutely longitudinally plicated
beneath the sutures ; yellowish ash-color, lighter upon the sutural
plications — where there are sometimes light chestnut spots
arranged in a single series, usually faintly whitish-banded at the
periphery ; aperture light chestnut-color, showing the light band.

Length, l'5-2'25 inches.

W. Africa, West Indies, Japan, Philippines, Polynesia.

The distribution of this species is nearly world-wide in warm
seas. I have endeavored in vain to find distinguishing charac-
teristics for the species which, under various names have been
assigned to distant localities, but I am compelled to follow Reeve
in classing them all as synonyms. This large synonymy includes
T. Jamaicensis, C. B. Ad. (fig. 58); T. strigilata, var., Gmel. :
T. stylata, Hinds (fig. 59), from Philippines ; T. laurina, Hinds
(fig. 63), from W. Africa ; T. castanea, Kiener (fig. 68), also from
W. Africa ; T. aciculina, Lam. (not of Reeve or Hinds) ; T. mi-
cans, Hinds (fig. 64 j, Reeve, in part — some of his figures repre-
senting T. cuspidata, Hinds ; T. Adansoni, Desh. (unfigured, but;
said by Reeve, who saw the type, to = micans) ; T. apicina,
Desh. (fig. 69), from Singapore ; T. dispar, Desh. (fig. 70) ; T.
Philippiana, Desh. (fig. 62), Philippines ; T. bacillus, Desh. (figs.
65, 71), Sandwich Isles, and T. lactea, Desh. (fig. 72), a colorless
state of the same ; T. acuminata, Gr&y (fig. 73) ; T. Salleana,
Deshayes (fig. 78), Mexico, Haiti; and T. parva, Baird (fig. 74),
from New Caledonia. The figure of the last-named species does
not show the superior plications, but the text describes them.

Var. CUSPJDATA, Hinds. PI. 10, figs. 80, 79.

Whitish or tinged with light yellow, the light band on the

32 TEREBRA.

periphery scarcely distinguishable, but below it a narrow
chestnut band. ^ ^^ Q/ ^.^

T. Traillii, Desh. (fig. 79), from the Indian Ocean, is a very
similar shell, and may connect this variety with the type.
T. ACICULINA, Reeve. PL 10, figs. 81, 82.

Shell evenly plicate, the plicaB small, short, or usually covering
the entire shell ; aperture peculiarly broadly dilated at the base ;
usually chocolate or ash-color, white-banded at the suture, and
on the periphery of the body-whorl, the interstices of the plica-
tions reddish chestnut on the margins of the bands, as if fasci-
culated ; sometimes the general color is pale, almost white,
deepened here and there, especially below the peripheral white
band, so as to appear like a colored band ; interior chestnut-red,
white-banded. Length, 1*5 inch.

Singapore, Manilla, Marquesas, Sandwich Ides.

Usually distinguished by color, longer plications, broad base,
smaller size, from the preceding species. Reeve has figured and
described it as T. aciculina, Lam., but Mr. E. A. Smith has
shown that Lamarck's species is really T. cinerea, Born. Hinds,
on the other hand, has referred the present species to T. cinerea,
for which he figures it. Mr. Smith has thought fit to impose a
new name, T. confusa, which appears to me to be quite unnec-
essary, as, even if the name aciculina cannot be used, as of
Reeve, not Lamarck, there is another, older name given to the
species, T. inconstans, Hinds (fig. 82). I prefer to retain aci-
culina, because the species is universally known under that
name. The unfigured T. Matheroniana, Desh., was referred by
Reeve, in his Iconica, both to this species and to T. strigilata,
but in his index he removes it from the synonymy of the latter.
Pease considers it a synonym of strigilata, and not of aciculina,
and Smith believes it to be a distinct species. In the absence
of a figure, I have no means of arriving at a judgment upon the
matter, further than that the description appears to apply best
to T. stricjilata. T. anomala, Gray, was here referred by Reeve,
but it differs in having a sutural band, defined by a groove.
T. LUCTUOSA, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 83.

Shell narrowly subulate, smooth, with fine spiral stride under

TEREBRA. 33

the lens, puckered at the sutures into close, small longitudinal
plications ; deep chocolate-colored, including the interior of the
aperture. Length, 1-25-1-75 inches.

Gulf of Nicoya to Mazatlan, W. Coast of N. America.

Reeve makes this a synonj'm of T. cinerea, Born ; but it is

more subulate, the color uniform, the plications smaller, closer,

longer and more waved. None of the specimens before rne

show any bands.

T. STRIGILATA, Linn. PL 10, figs. 84. 85, 88.

Shell highly polished, regularly flatly longitudinally plicate,
the plicae usually extending below the middle of the body-whorl ;
fawn or ash-color, white-banded at the suture, with a row of
square chestnut spots on the band ; body-whorl white-banded at
the periphery and darker-colored below the band ; aperture
rather narrowed below ; chestnut, with a median white band.

Length, 1/25-1 '7 5 inches.

Polynesia, Sandwich Islands.

A narrower, more cylindrical species than T. cinerea^ from
which it differs also in its regular, longer, coarser plications, and
brighter coloring. It has several synonyms : T. strigilata
(striatula) , Kiener, in part, T. Argenvillei, Desh. (unfigured),
T. acumen, Desh. (unfigured), T. modesta, Desh. (unfigured),
mouth of the Indus; all made S3'nonyms by Reeve, who
examined the types ; T. concinna, Dillwyn (not Deshayes),
T. Verreauxi, Desh. (fig. 85), T. Mather oniana, Deshayes (see
remarks p. 32). T. lepida. Hinds (fig. 88), must also be added,
although Hinds thought it sufficiently distinguished b}^ the
absence of a white sutural band, and by its sharper plications.

T. LAUTA, Pease. PL 10, fig. 91.

Stibcylindrical, longitudinally, straight!}' plicate, the plicae
regular, sharp, extending across the whorls, the interstices with
a single row of punctures near the suture ; leaden gray to
orange-brown, polished, banded with yellow, bearing a row of
chestnut spots at the suture, with a pale peripheral band,
beneath which the body-whorl is chestnut-colored.

Length, 1 inch.

Sandwich Islands.

Figured from a t37pe-specimen. It may be only a strong
3

34 TEREBRA.

variety of T. strigilata, but has sharp plications and the line of
punctures which indicate a sutural space, although no division
is defined upon the ribs.

lo

T. HASTATA, Gmelin. PI. 10, fig. 87 ; PI. ^ fig. 86 ; PI. 10, figs.
89, 90, 94, 95, 92.

Elongately cylindrical, somewhat acuminated towards the
apex; closely plicated, forming crenulated sutures, the plicae
sometimes on the upper part of the whorls only, sometimes
covering the whorls to the base; whitish, two- or three-banded
with fawn-color to orange-brown, the bands sometimes broken
up into large blotches ; the entire surface occasionally uniform
orange-brown. Length, 1-1*2 inches.

West Indies; Wext Africa.

T. costata, Menke (unfigured) is a synonym ; as is also the
West African T. Knockeri, Smith (fig. 86.)

Yar. ALBULA, Menke. PI. 10, figs. 89, 90, 94, 95.

Shell narrower in proportion to its length, more subulate, the
plications short.

Australia, Philippines, Straits of Malacca.

As the specimens usually occur this variety presents sufficient
distinctness of form for specific rank, but sometimes the West
Indian shells are found exactly like it. Reeve, who does not
even make a varietal distinction, includes also the unfigured T.
crassula, T. biparlita, and T. incolor of Deshayes, and as he has
examined the types, he is probably correct. T. casta, Hinds
(fig. 90", and T. mera, Hinds (figs. 94, 95) are synonyms.

Var. SOLIDA, Deshayes. PL 10, fig. 92.

The plications are described as only indicated by impressed
striae on the last whorl, which is encircled by three translucently
yellowish lines.

Japan.

Reeve adds that the shell is tessellately enameled throughout
with square opaque white blotches on a fawn-cream color surface ;
which appears to me to be but an exaggerated way of describing
the characteristics exhibited by the figure.

TEREBRA. 35

T. NiTiDA, Hinds. PI. 10, figs. 93, 96.

Shell narrowly subulate, whitish or fawn-color, coarsely plicate,
the plicae narrow, the interstices with a single row of punctures
below the sutures. Length, 1 inch.

Marquesas Is. • Australia.

T. plicatella, Desh. (fig. 96), is a synonym.

T. CALTGINOSA, Desh. PL 10, fig. 97.

Shell slender, varicosely ribbed ; dark chocolate.

Length, 1'25 inches.

Philippines.

Founded on a single specimen in the Cumingian Collection.
It may = the preceding, but punctured interspaces are neither
figured nor described.

Dr. von Martens refers here the unfigured T. Kirki, Hutton,
of Xew Zealand.

T. VIOLASCENS, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 98.

Slenderly 'turreted. whorls flatly convex, obliquely flexnosely
plicated ; spirally striate in the interstices, suture rather deeply
impressed; whitish, pale violaceous or yellowish, brown-stained
at the suture. Length, *83 inch.

Philippines.

Reeve remarks that Hinds' original figure in the "Thesaurus"
is inaccurate, representing a sutural band — of which there are no
indications on any of the specimens.

T. TANTILLA, E. A. Smith. PI. 11, fig. 4.

Longitudinally arcuately ribbed, subtuberculate at the sutures;
yellowish, with a sutural chestnut band, and another on the

periphery of the last whorl. Length, 6'5 mill.

Japan.

Mr. Smith makes his T. pumilio (unfigured) a synonym of the
above. It appears to me to be too closely related to the next
species.

T. TENERA, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 99.

Distantly, strongly varicosely ribbed, interstices concave,
shining; yellowish brov.n, chestnut-banded at the sutures and

on the periphery. Length, 8 mill.

Ceylon, Straits of Malacca.

36 TEREBRA.

T. TRISTIS, Deshayes. PL 10, fig. 100.

Whorls convex, plicately ribbed ; yellowish white with a chest-
nut band at the suture, and another at the periphery.

Length, 18 mill.

Japan.

The unfigured T. Antarctica. Smith, is referred here by Mr.
Gillies, who makes it a New Zealand shell ; he also adds to the
synonymy T. Kirki, Button — which Dr. von Martens refers to
T. caliginosa, Reeve.

T. ASSIMTLIS, Angas. PI. 11, fig. 1.

Whorls somewhat convex, broadly arcuately ribbed, ribs
ceasing at the periphery of the last whorl; yellowish brown,
chestnut-banded at the suture, lower part of body-whorl chestnut.

Length, 11 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.
T. PYGM.EA, Hinds. PL 11, fig. 2.

Shell- solid, closely ribbed ; yellowish brown, chestnut-banded
at the sutures and on the periphery. Length, 7 mill.

Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms, mud (Hinds).

T. NANA, Deshayes. PL 11, fig. 3.

Yellowish white, with two interrupted bands of chestnut
spots, one of them visible on the spire, distant^- ribbed, the ribs
gradually disappearing. Length, 10 mill.

Mouth of the Indus.
T. METCALFEI, Reeve. PL 11, fig. 5.

Shell cylindrically oblong, whitish, faintly tinged with pale
white-dotted orange flames, red-dotted at the sutural margin ;
whorls convex, the first ribbed, ribs soon fading.

Length, 12 mill.

West Indies ?

Described from a single specimen collected by Rev. L. Guilding.

T. OBESA, Hinds. PL 11, fig. 6.

Cylindrically subulate, whorls convex, the first ribbed, ribs
soon disappearing ; shining white, with longitudinal orange
blotches, interrupted by a white band on the p .M ery.

Length, 12 mill.

Hob. unknown.

TEREBRA. 37

T. PLUMBEA, Quoy. PI. 11, fig. 7.

Longitudinal^ plicate, plications straight ; fawn or lead-color,
white-banded at the suture; sometimes a white band at the
periphery of the last whorl, below which the color is darker.

Length, 1 inch.

Moluccas, Philippines, China, Australia.

The unfigured T. Bourguignati, Desh., is referred here by
Reeve.

T. LISCHKEANA, Bunker. PI. 12, fig. 22.

Distantly costate throughout, with an obsolete sutural band,
barely defined by a narrow sulcus, and punctations in the inter-
stices of the ribs ; yellowish, banded with chestnut.

Length, 34 mill.

Japan.

Connects this group with those species having a sutural band,
and is evidently closely related to T. plumbea, etc.

Subgenus EURYTA, H. and A. Adams.

T. ACICULATA, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 15-17.

Spire and upper part of body-whorl plicate and shelving,
usually doubly nodose, the two rows separated by a sulcus on
the middle of the shelf, sometimes the lower row of nodules are
developed into spines, lower part of body-whorl with revolving
striae ; white, or broadly or narrowly banded with chocolate, or
uniform chocolate, or with close zigzag longitudinal markings.

Length, '75-1 inch.

Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, Panama, West Indies,

? W. Coast of Africa, ? Mediterranean Sea.
The American localities are certain, but the several records of
Mediterranean specimens refer to beach-worn shells, and it is
probable that they were introduced accidentally, and that the
species does not live there. The figures will show how variable
the shell is in its sculpture and coloring. It is by no means
certain that it is really the species intended by Lamarck, although
it is thus generally identified ; neither is its generic position

38 TEREBRA.

fixed; as von Martens remarks (Don BI'MO.. 21) it may very
well be a Columbella.

It is Bucc. pulchellum, Calcara ; Mitra Liunei, Eichwald ;
Bucc. Linnei, Payr. ; T. Cosentini, Phil. ; T. nodosoplicata,
Dunker.

T. FULGURATA, Phil. PI. 11, figs. 18-20.

Narrowly fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls plicate above,
but not shouldered, with lightly marked, rather distant spiral
stria? ; whitish, with zigzag longitudinal chestnut lines.

Length, 14 mill.

Mazallan, Acapulco, L. California.

T. arguta, Gould, and T. rustwa, Hinds (figs. 19, 20), are
synonyms ; the coloring of the latter is often seen in the species,
as well as orange-brown and even clear white without markings.
Another usual state has the upper half of the whorls white, the
lower half of the body-whorl only showing the lightning-streaks
or' chestnut.

T. NASSOIDES, Hinds. PI. 12, fig. 23.

Whorls varicosely ribbed, spirally minutely striated ; pinkish
ash, banded with lead-color, margin below the suture white.

Length, 13'5 mill.

Red Sea (Lord Mountnorris).

Appears to be closely allied to the preceding species. I have
not seen it.

T. TRILINEATA, Adams and Angas. PL 12, fig. 24.

Thin, slender, with long, narrow aperture, distantly plicate
and encircled with thread-like lines ; yellowish white, with lon-
gitudinal pale undulating chestnut markings, a series of chest-
nut spots near the suture, and on the body-whorl three revolving-
chestnut lines, one of which appears also on the spire.

Length, 14 mill.

New South Wales , Australia.

T. ANGASI, Try on. PI. 12, figs. 25, 26.

Olivelliform, with small, rather close plications, disappearing
on the upper part of the body-whorl ; whitish, shining, with three

TEREBRA. 39

fulvous bands upon which are longitudinal light chestnut zigzag
markings. Length, 10-12 mill.

Rapid Bay, So. Australia ; N. S. Wales.

Described by Adams and Angas under the name of Euryta
pulchella, preoccupied in Terebra by Deshayes. T. Brazieri,
Angas (fig. 26), appears to be only a slightly differently colored
specimen. Angas has himself preoccupied this specific name in
Terebra.

Un figured and Undetermined Species of Terebra.

BUCCTNUM ACUS, Gmel. (Acus SARTORIA, Martini) ; B. SUCCINC-
TUM, Gmel. ; B. OBLIQUUM, Gmel. : B. CHALYB^EUM, Gmel. ; B.
SINUATUM, Linn. ; B. PROXIMATUM. Linn. ; B. HECTICUM, Gmel. ;
B. GEMINUM, Linn. ; B. MONILE, Linn. ; B. MURINUM, Linn. (=
Triton ?). Most of these are Terebrse, but indeterminable.

T. ELEGANS, Kiister ; T. COSTATA, Kiister ; T. SANDWIZENSIS(?).
T. LINEOLATA, Sowb. ; T. GRANULOSA, Lam. ; T. POLITA, Gray ;
T. BUCCINULUM, Desh. ; T. BUCCINOJDEA, Blainv. ; T. LINEOLATA,
Chemii., are all species of Bullia.

T. NUBECULATA, Sowb. ; T. CANCELLATA, Gray ; T. ALBA, Gray.

The following are described (but not figured) by Mr. E. A.
Smith : —

T. FUSCOBASIS, T. MACANDREWI, T. PERSICA, T. PELLYI, T. TRI-
CINCTA, T. COGNATA, T. FUScociNCTA (all from the Persian Gulf}]
T. RUFOPUNCTATA (Hab. unknown) ; T. BATHYRAPHE, T. ALBOZO-

NATA, T. MELANACME, T. JAPONICA, T. GRANULOSA (= T. PUSTU-

LOSA), T. ADAMSI (all from Japan) ; T. BRASILIENSIS (Eio Janeiro)-,
T. AUSTRALIS and T. TURRITA (N. Australia) ; T. CAPENSIS ( Cape
of Good Hope); T. MIRANDA (Malacca); T. MACGILLIVRAYI (N.
Guinea ;•; T. FEJIENSIS and T. PAUCISTRIATA (Fiji Islands); T.
BELCHERI = GUAYAQUILENSIS (Guayaquil) ; T. GRAYI (for T. GRA-
CILIS, Gray), T. CONCOLOR, T. CONTRACTA, T. SIMILIS (habitats
unknown).

\V. II. Pease has described : —

T. SUFFUSA, T. SCULPTIL1S, T. ROSACEA, T. ASSIM1LIS ( = T. CON-

TKJUA), T. PROPINQUA, T. COSTELLIFERA (all Sandwich Islands).

40 TEREBRA.

T. DUNKERI, T)esli. ( T. eburnea, Dunker, not Hinds), Hab.?
T. CONTINUA, Desh., Hab.? Reeve's figure does not correspond
with the description.

T. BELCHERI, Phil. ; T. SUBDIVISA, Phil. ; T. DECUSSATA, Phil.
(hab. unknown).

T. TUBEROSA, Hinds, Hab.? The figure appears to represent a

Cerithium with imperfect aperture.

T. BEDDOMEI, Petterd. Tasmania.

T. BIPARTITA, Gould (Hakodadi) ; T. PROLIXA, Gld. (China).
T. L^EVIS, Gray. Worn and indeterminable.
T. PACHYZONA, Morch. Real Llejos.

T. LAURETAN^E, Tenison-Woods. Port Jackson, Australia.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

TEREBRID^.

PAGE.

Abretia, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225,

1853, 5

Aciculata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., x, p. 175, . . 37
Aciculatum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3503, No. 145.

= Terebra cerithina, Lam.
Aciculina (Terebra), var., Kien. Ic., pi. 7, f. 13 a.

= T. Gouldii, ... 15

Aciculina (Terebra), Lam. (not Reeve or Hinds). An. s. Yert.,

vii, 287. = T. cinerea, Born, 31

Aciculina (Terebra), Reeve (not Lam.) Con. Ic., xii, f. 121

d, var. c. and f. ........ 32

Acumen (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287.

= T. strigilata, Linn. . 33

Acuminata (Terebra), Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 143.

= T. cinerea, Born, . . . . . . .31

Acus, Humphrey. Mus. Calonn., 1797. = Subula, Schum. 5
Acus (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, No. 141, . 39
Acuta (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 100, pi. iv,

f. 4-5. = T. straminea, Gray, 28

Adamsii (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 264, 39

Adansonii (Terebra). Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 291.

= T. cinerea, Born, . . . . . . . .31

Addita (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1859, p. 293.

= T. spectabilis, Hinds . .18

Affinis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . 14
Africana (Terebra). Gray. Griffiths' ed. Cuv,, t. 23, f. 5.

= T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . .15

Alba (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . • 39
Albicostata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Zool. Yoy.

Samar., p. 30, pi. 10, f. 21 (1848). = T. variegata, Gray, 14
Albida (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 63, .11
Albocincta (Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 384, No.

450. = Terebra variegata, Gray, . . . . .14
Albomarginata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

314, 29

42 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Albozonata (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875,

415; 1877, xix, p. 226, . .... 39

Albula (Terebra), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 30.

= T. hastata, Gmelin, var. ...... 34

Alveolata (Terebra ), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151 23

Amanda (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154 30

Amoena (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1859, p. 297, 19

Angasi (Terebra), Try on, 38

Anomala (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62,

17

Antarctica (Abretia), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

xi, 270, 1873 ; Gillies, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xiv, 169.

== T. tristis, Desh 36

Apicina (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284.

= T. cinerea, Born, . 31

Approximata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

299. = T. cancellata, Quoy, .22

.Archimedis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

314. = T. funiculata, Hinds, 29

Areolata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samar., p.

30, pi. x, f. 23. = T. columellaris, Hinds, . . . 22
Areolrttns (Vertagus), Link. Reeve, C. Ic., t. iii, f. 9.

= Terebra muscaria, Lam.
Argenvillei (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 286.

= T. strigilat-i, Linn. 33

Ar<rus (Terebra', Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 160, . 11
Arirnta (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p.

330. = T. fulgurata, Phil 38

Armillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154.

= T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . .14

Aspera (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154,

=r T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . .14

Assimilis (Terebra) Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 3, pi.

13, f. 8, 36

Assimilis (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 67,

1869. == T. contigua, Pease. Am. J. Conch., vii, p. 20, 39
Australe (Buccinum), Sowb. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168, 1843.

= Bullia Tahitensis, Gmel. Man., vol. iv.
Australia (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 264, . .... 39

Babylonia, var. (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 14, f. 35 a.

= T. straminea, Gray, . . . . . .28

Babylonia (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vol. x, p. 243, 2S
Bacillus (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285.

=• T. cinerea, Born, . . . . . . . .31

Badia (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300, . 15

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 43

PAGE.

Bathyrhaphe (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

xv, 415, 1875; 1877, xix, p. 226, . . . .39

Beddomei (Terebra), Petterd. Jour, of Conch., iv, 142,

1884, . . . 40

Belcheri (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p. 123, . 40
Belchen (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 267. = M. Gnayaquilensis, Smith. . . .39

Bermonti (Terebra), Lorois. J. C., 2d ser., ii, 389, 1857.

= T. pertusa, Born. ..... . 23

Bernardii (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 84,

pi. iv, f. 10. = T. Dussumieri, Kien 17

Bicincta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843. p. 150, 20
Bicolor (Acus), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. HI, pi.

13, f. 7. = T. fictilis, Hinds, 25

Bifasciatuin (Buccinum), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, p. 651, No. 155.

= Terebra caerulescens, . . . . . .31

Bifrons (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155, 19
Bipartita (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284.

= T. hastate, Gmelin, 34

Bipartita (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vol. vii, p. 330 40
Bitorquata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 313.

= T. eorrugata, Lam. ....... 26

Blanda (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 298, . 20
Bourguignati (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

288. = T. plumbea, Quoy and Gaimard, . . 37

Brasiliensis (Abretia^ E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1873, xi, p. 271 39

Brazieri (Baryta), Angas. Proc. Z. S., 1875, p. 390, t. xlv,

f. 5, 5 a 39

Brazieri (Terebra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 1871, p. 16, pi. 1,

f. 15, 13

Brevicula (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 296, 25
Bruguieri (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 297.

= T. cancellatn, Quoy 22

Buccinoidea (Terebra), Blainville. Desh., Zool. Proc., 316,

1859. = Bullia, Manual, iv, 39

Buccinulum (Terebra s Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 92, pi.

v, f. 12. = Bullia turrita, Gray. Manual, iv, 14, . . 39

Crelata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Yoy. Samar.,

30, pi. x, f. 22, . . 20

Cailatura, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, ... 4

Caerulescens (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 245, . 30

Caliginosa (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287, 35
Callichloros (Terebra muscaria, var.), Tapparone-Canefri.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, viii, 326, 9

44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Cancellata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, 39
Cancellata (Terebra), Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. de 1'Ast.

Moll., vol. ii, 471, pi. 36, f. 27-28, . . 22

Candidum (Buccinum), Born. Mus., p. 263, t. 10, f. 8.

= Terebra crenulata, Linn. ...... 8

Capensis (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H , 1873,

xi, p. 269, 39

Carnea (Terebra), Perry, v. 16, f. 1. = T. dimidiata, Linn. 9
Casta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156.

= T. hastata, Gmelin, var. albula, . . . . .34
Castanea (Terebra), Hinds (not Kien.). Thes. Con., i, p.

161, pi. 43, f. 59. = T. badia, Desh/ . . . 15

Castanea (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 7, f. 14.

= T. cseruleseens, Lam. ....... 31

Cerithina (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, vii, p. 288, . 12
Chalybeum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3504, No.

158, 39

Chalybeus (Terebra), Martini. Conch. Cab.

= T. duplicata, Linn 17

Chilensis (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1859, p. 295.

= T. gemmulata, Kien. ....... 18

Chinensis (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 309, 1859.

= T. cingulifera, Lam. ....... 27

Chlorata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vol. x, p. 246, . 11
Cinctella (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 305, 1859.

= T. undulata, Gray, 23

Cinerea (Terebra), Born. Mus. Yind., p. 267, pi. 10, f. 11

and 1^, 31

Cinerea (Terebra), Hinds (not Born). Thes. Conch., i, pi.

45, f. 130. = T aciculina, Reeve, 32

Cingula (Terebra), Kiener. Ic. coq. viv., p. 28, pi. 8, fig. 16, 16
Cingulifera (Terebra), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., x, p. 247, . 27
Circinata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 99, pi. iv,

f. 6-7. = T. straminea, Gray, 28

Circumcincta (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 77,

pi. iii, fig. 9, 13

Cognata (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877,

xix, p. 229, 39

Columellaris (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p.

151. = T. cancellata, Quoy, var 22

Columnaris (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 310.

= T. cingulifera, Lam. . . . . . . .27

Commaculifera (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502.

= T. myuros, Lam. ........ 27

Concava (Terebra), Say. Jour. Phila. Acad., v, 207, 1826, 25
Concinna (Terebra), Desh. J. C., 1857, p. 99, pi. 3, f. 10, . 15

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 45

PAGB.

Concinnum (Buccinum). Dillwyn. Cat., p. 647.

= Terebra stri«'ilata, Linn. ...... 33

Concolor (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 265, 39

Confusa (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, p. 229,

xix. = T. aciculhm, Reeve, ...... 32

Consobrina (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 308.

= T. subulata, Linn .10

Censors (Terebra', Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150. 9
Conspersa (Terebraj, Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 153, . 24
Contigua (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 20, . 39
Continua (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 286, 40
Contracts (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1873, xi, p. 268, 39

Copula (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151, . 21
Corrugata, var. junior (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq., p. 25,

note, pi. 13, f. 31 a. = T. bitorquata, Desh. . . .26
Corrugata (Terebra), Lam. Auim. s. Vert., x, p. 244, . 26
Cosentini (Terebra), Phil. Euum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 227, pi.

ll,f. 29. = T. aciculata, Lam 38

Costata (Terebra \ Kiister. Desh., Zool. Proc., 317, 1859, 39
Costata (Terebra), Menke. Syn. Mus., p. 84.

= T. hastata, Gmelin, 34

Costellifera ( Terebra j, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66,

1869, 39

Crassula (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 282.

= T. hastata, Gmeliu, 34

Crenifera (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 298.

= T. cingulifera, Lain. ....... 27

Crenulata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1205, . . 8

Crossei (Terebra), Dtsh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 289.

= T. venosa, Hinds, 13

Cumingii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1859, p. 311 ;

Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 66, pi. iii, f. 1, . . . .28
Cuspidata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157.

= T. cinerea, Born, var. . . . . . . .31

Decorata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 75, pi.

iv, f. 13, 26

Decussata (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p. 124, 40
Deshayesii (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 45, 1860.

= f . Babylonia, Lam 28

Difflcilis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 304.

= T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Dillwynii (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 279, 1859.

= T. concinna, Desh. .....*. 15

46 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Dimidiata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1206, ... 9
Dislocata (Terebra), Say. Jour. Ac. N. S. Phil., ii, p. 236, 18
Dispar (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284.

= T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31

Divisa (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 124, 1868, 15
Dunkeri (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p, 285, . 40
Duplicata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206, . . . 17
Duplicata, var. /9 (Terebra), Gmelin, p. 3501.

= T. pertusa, Born.
Dussumieri (Terebra), Kien. Icon. coq. viv., p. 31, pi. 8,

f. 17, .16

Eburnea (Terebra), Dunker. Zeit. f. Mai., 1853, p. 96.

= T. Dunkeri, Desh. 40

Eburnea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153.

= T. affinis, Gray, 14

Edentulum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3505, No. 155.

= Terebra cserulescens, Lam. ...... 31

Elata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156, . 21
Elegans (Terebra), Kiister. Chemn., 2d ed., p. 31. Desh.,

Zool. Proc., 317, 1859, 39

Elongata (Terebra), Wood. Index Suppl. (pi. 13, f. 25?).

=; T. strigata, Sow. ... .... 12

Euryta, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225,

1853, 5, 37

Evoluta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 292.

= T. Dussumieri, Kiener, 17

Exigua (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 301, . 21
Eximia (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 314, . 29

Fatua (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150.

= T. cingula, Kien. 16

Faval, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Senegal.

= Terebra Senegalensis, Lam. . . . . . .16

Fejiensis (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 266, 39

Felinum (Buccinum), Dillwyn. Cat. Shells, p. 644.

= Terebra tigrina, Gmelin, ...... 10

Fenestrata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153, 28
Ferruginenm (Buccinum), Born. Mus., p. 263, t. 10, f. 7.

= Terebra dimidia'ta, Linn. ...... 9

Festiva (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 74, pi. iii,

f. 4. = T. Senegalensis, Lam 16

Fictilis (Terebra), Hinds. Thes. Conch., pi. 45, f. 109, 110, 25
Fimbriata (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 71,

pi. 5, f. 1. = T. crenulata, Linn 8

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 47

PAOK.

Flammea (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., x, p. 239, . .11
Flammca (Terebra), Lesson. 111. de Zool., t. 48.

= T. strigata, Sowb 12

PlammulaU (Terebra), Martens. Mauritius, 1880, p. 230,

pi. 20, f. 5. = T. caerulescens, Lam., var. . . .31
Flava (Terebra),. Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60.

= T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Flavescens (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 299.

= T. cancellata. Quoy, 22

Formosa (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 65, pi.

iii, fig. 6. ... .... .12

Fortunei (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 79, pi.

iv, f. 1 29

Frigata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 162.

=V concava, Say, 26

Fulgurata (Terebra), Phil. Zeit. fur Mai., 1846, p. 53, and

1^47, p. 181, 38

Funiculata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153, 29
Fusca (Limax), Martyn (part). Univ. Conch., iv, pi. 121, f.

on left. = Terebra cserulescens, Lam 37

Fusca (Terebra), Perry. Conchology, t. 16, f. 3.

= T. subulata, Linn. ....... 10

Fuscobasis (Myurella), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix,

p. 227, .' 39

Fuscocincta (Myurella), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877,

xix, p. 228, . 39

Fuscomaculata (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 23.

= T. Senegalensis, Lam. . . . . . . . 16

Geminata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 296.

= T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18

Geminum (Buccinum), Linn. Mantissa, 550. Undeter-
mined, .......... 39

Gemmulata (Terebra). Kiener. Ic. coq. viv., p. 15, pi. 5, f.
11 and 11 a, . . ' . . . ... .18

Glabra (Terebra), Deshayes. Jour. Conch., 1857, pi. v, f. 13,
p. 101. = T. consors, Hinds, . . . . - . .9

Glauca (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150.

= T. variegata, Gray, 14

Gotoensis (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 183,
pi. xix, f. 1 and la. = T. alveolata, Hinds, var. . . 23

Gouldi (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 278, . 15

Gracilis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1834, p. 61.

= T. Grayi, Smith, . . . . . .39

Gracilis (Terebra), Reeve (not Gray). Conch. Icon., f. 131.
= T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18

48 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Granulosa (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v. vii, p. 291.

= Bullia, Manual, iv, . .39

Granulosa (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1873, p. 2(18 (xi). == Terebra pustnlosa, Smith, . . 39
Grayi (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 227, 39
Guayaquilensis (Myurella), Smith. P. Z. S., 1880, p. 481, . 39
Guttatum (Epitonium), Bolten. Mus. Bolt.

= Terebra oculata, Lam. . . . . . . .10

Hastata (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, . . 34
Hastula, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225,

1853, 5

Hecticum (Buccinum), Chemn. (not Linn).

= Terebra dimidiata, Linn. ...... 9

Hecticum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Desh., Zool. Proc., 318,

1859. Undetermined, 39

Hecticum (Buccinum), Linn. Hanley, Linn. Conch., 260.

= Terebra caerulescens, Lam. . . . . . .31

Hindsi (T. Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 385, No.

451. = Terebra variegata, Gray, . . . 14

Hindsi (Terebra), Desh. (not Carpt.). Jour. Conch., 1857,

p. 81, pi. v, f. 5. = T. cancellata, Quoy, . . . '. 22
Histrio (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 308;

Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 7K, pi. iv, f. 11, . , .26

Hupci (Terebra), Lorois. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, p. 388

(1857), pi. xii, f. 1. = T. variegata, Gray, . . 14

Impages, E. A. Smith. Ann. and Mag., xi, 1873, p, 263, . 6
Incomparabilis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

307. = T. robusta, Hinds, 11

Incolor (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 283.

= T. hastata, Gmelin, 34

Inconstans (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156.

= T. aciculina, Lam. 32

Inflexa (Terebra Swainsoni, var.),- Pease. A. J. C., v, pp.

64, 86, . . 21

Insignis (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 70, pi. iii,

fig. 2. = T. lingualis. Hinds, . .... 11

Interlineata (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1859, p. 277.

= T. crenulata, Linn. ....... 8

Intertincta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155.

= T. variegata, Gray, 14

Jamaicensis (Terebra), C. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., p. 58.

= T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31

Japonica (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

xi, p. 265, 39

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 49

PAGE.

Jeffreys!! (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 184,
pi. xix, f. 2, 19

Jukesii (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 185*7, p. 95, pi. vi,
f. 9. = T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18

Kieneri (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 294.

= T. spectabilis, Hinds, ....... 18

Kirki (Terebra), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zeal., 27;

Manual, Moll. N. Zeal., 42. = T. caliginosa, Reeve.

= T. tristis, Desh. Gillies, Trans, N. Zeal. Inst., xiv. 169. 35, 36
Knockeri (Terebra), E. A. Smith. P. Z S., 1871, p. 730, t.

75, f. 7. = T. hastata, Gmel 34

Knorri (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 59.

= T. chlorata, Lam 11

Lactea (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285.

= T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31

Laevigata (Terebra), Gray. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1834, p. 61.

= T. cingulifera, Lam., var. ...... 27

Laevis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61 ; Desh.,

Zool. Proc , 1859, 318, 40

Lamarckii (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv., p. 30, t. 9, f. 19.

== T. duplicate, Linn. ....... 17

Lanceata (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 10, f. 22 b.

— T. venosa, Hinds, 13

Lanceata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206. . . .12
Lanceolata (Terebra), Lam. Gray in Zool. Proc., 63, 1834.

Undetermined.
Larvaeformis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool, Soc., 1843, 155.

= T. dislocata, Say, 19

Lauretanse (Terebra), Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,

ii, 262, 40

Laurina (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152.

= T. cinerea, Born, 31

Lauta (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66, 1869, 33
Leiodomus, Gray (not Swainson). Synopsis Brit. Museum.

= Impages, Smith, ........ 30

Lepida (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158.

= T. strigilata, Linn. 33

Ligata (Terebra). Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153.

= T. tessellata, Gray 26

Ligneola (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 25.

= T. badia, Desh 15

Lima (Terebra), Desh, Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 69, pi. iii,

fig. 2, 27

50 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Lineolata (Terebra), Chenm,, iv, t. 155, f. 1463; Wood,

Index Suppl. (P. Z. S , 1843, p. 168).

= Bullia vittata, Manual, iv, . . . . .39

Lineolata (Terebra), Sow. Tank. Cat. App., p. 23.

= Bullia Bellangeri, Kr., Manual, iv, . . . .39
Lingualis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153.

= T. robusta, Hinds, var. ...... 11

Linnei (Mitra), Eichwald. Fauna Casp.-Caucas., 245.

= Terebra aciculata, Lam. . .... 38

Linnei (Buccinum), Payraudeau. Cat. Mol. Isl. Corse, 1826,

p. 161, pi. 8, f. 10, 11, 12. Terebra aciculata, Lam. . 38

Lischkeana (Terebra), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 74, . 37

Livida (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 116, 1860.

= T. cancellata, Quoy, var. ...... 22

Loebbeckeana (Terebra), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 74, . 29
Longiscata (Terebra). Desh. Proc., Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 294, 18
Loroisii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 313.

= T. oculata, Lam. ........ 10

Loroisii (Terebra), Guer. Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 218, pi. 4,

f. 5. = T. robusta, Hinds, . . . . . .11

Luctuosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157, 32
Lutescens (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag., xi, 1873,

p. 263. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Macgillivrayi (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1873, xi, p. 267, 39

MacAndrewii (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877,

xix, p. 228, . . . 39

Maculata, var. f) (Terebra), Gmelin, p. 3499, No. 130.

= T. chlorata, Lam. . . . . . . . .11

Maculata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1205, ... 9
Maculata (Terebra), Perry. Conchology, t. 16, f. 2.

= T. crenulata, Linn. 9

Marginata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 86, pi.

iv, f. 8. = T. variegata, Gray, . . . . .15

Mariesi Terebra), E. A. Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p.

480, pi. xlviii, f. 5, 19

Marmorata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 279, 15
Matheroniana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

287. = T. aciculina, Lam., Reeve, Icon. = T. strigi-

lata, Linn., Pease, Am. J. C., iv, p. 123. Good, sp.,

Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, p. 263, ... 32, 33
Melanacme (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, 415 ;

1877, xix, p. 224, 39

Mera (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158.

= T. hastata, Gmelin, var. albula, . .- . . .34

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 51

PAGE.

Metcalfei (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 139, 1860, . . 36
Micans (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 181.

= T. cinerea, Born 31

Miranda (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

p. 267, 39

Modesta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 288.

= T. strigilata, Linn. 33

Monile (Buccinum), Linn. Mantissa, 550. Undetermined, 39
Monilis (Terebra), Quoy and Gaim. Yoy. de 1'Astrol., ii,

p. 467, pi. 36, f. 21 and 22, .28

Morbida (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 133, 1860, . . 25
Murinum (Buccinum), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1206.

Undetermined, ......... 39

Muscaria, var. (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 3, f. 4 b.

= T. tigrina, Gmelin, 10

Muscaria (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., vol. x, p. 241, . 9

Myurella, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., i, 171, 1844, . . 56

My uros "(Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., x, p. 247, . . 27

Nana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 291, . 3.6

Nassoides (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, 38
Nebulosa (Terebra), Kien. (not Sow.). Ic. coq. viv., 23, t.

10, f. 22. = T. Argus, Hinds, 17

Nebulosa (Terebra), Lorois. Jour. Conch., 1858, p. 90, pi.

1, f. 4. = T. Loroisii, Deshayes, 10

Nebulosa (Terebra), Sowerby. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25, . 23
Nimbosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151.

= T. cserulescens, Lam., var. . . . . . .31

Nitida (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152, . 35
Niveum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Linn., ed xiii, p. 3504.

= Terebra cserulescens, Lam. ...... 31

Nodosoplicata (Terebra), Dunk. Zeit. f. Mai., 1853, p. 110.

= T. aciculata, Lam. ....... 38

Nodularis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 296.

= T. textilis, Hinds, . . . . . . .20

Nubeculata (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25.

Desh., Zool. Proc., 319, 1859, ... . . 39

Obesa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, . 36

Obliquuin (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3504, No. 157, 39
Obsoleta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 310.

= T. cingulifera, Lam., var., ...... 27

Oculata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert , x, p. 242, . . 10

Ornata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62r . 12
Ornatum (Buccinum), Martyn. Univ. Conch.

= Terebra oculata, Lam. . . . . . . .10

52 INDEX ANr SYNONYMY.

PAGB.

Otaitensis (Terebra), Lesson. Yoy. Coq., i\ pt. 1, p. 407.

= Yar. of T. caerulescens. Lam. ..... 131

Pachyzona (Terebra), Morch. Mai. Blatt., vii, p. 105, . 40
Pallida (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 87, pi. iv,

f. 3. = T. cingulifera, Lam. . . . . 27

Parva (Terebra), Baird. Cruise Cura§oa, Brenchley, 435,

pi. 37, f. 5-0. == T. cinerea, Born, ... .31

Patagonica (Terebra), d'Orb. Yoy. Amer. mer.. pi. 62, f. 1.

= T. gemmulata, Kien 18

Paucistriata (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H.,

1873, xi, p. 269, 39

Peasii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 302.

= T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Pellyi (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877,

xix, p. 226 39

Penicillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157, 13
Persica (Terebra), E. A, Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877,

xix, p. 225, 39

Pertusa (Terebra), Born. Mus., p. 267, pi. 10, f. 13, . . 23
Pertusa (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv. var., t. 11, f. 24 b.

= T. affinis, Gray, 14

Pertusa (Terebra), Kien. (part). Ic. coq. viv. var., t. 11,

f. 24 c. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Petitii (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., p. 37, t, 13, f. 32.

= T. dislocata, Say, 18

Petiveriana (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, pi. v, f.

10, p. 85. = T. variegata, Gray, 14

Philippiana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 289.

= T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31

Picta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156.

= T. undulata, Gray, 22

Plicata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 24
Plicatella (Terebra). Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 96, pi.

iii, f. 5. = T. nitida, Hinds, ... . 35

Plumbea (Terebra), Quoy and Gaimard. Moll. Yoy. Astr.,

p. 470, pi. 36, f. 29, 30, . 37

Polita (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc,, 1834, p. 63.

= Bullia, Manual, iv, 39

Polygonia (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 154, 1860, . . 23
Polygyrata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 301, 23
Ptrolonga (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 315.

= T. triseriata, Gray, 30

Pretiosa (Terebra), Reeve. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1842, p. 200, . 27
Prolixa (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p.

330, 40

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 53

PAGE.

Propinqna (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66,

1869, .39

Protexta (Terebra). Conrad. Proc. Philad. Aead., iii, 26,

1843, 25

Proximatum (Buccinum), Linn. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168,

1843. Undetermined, .39

Pugio (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3505, No. 163.

= Terebra Senegalensis ? (young), . . . . .16
Pulchella (Euryta), Ad. and Ang. " Zool. Proc., 1863, p. 418,

pi. 37, f. 14. = T. Angasi, Try on, 39

Pulchella (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 94, pi. v,

f. 4, . .... . . 20

Pulchellum (Buccinum), Calcara. Cenni Moll. Sicil., t. 4,

f. 33. = Terebra aciculata, Lam. . . . . .37

Pulchra (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151.

= T. cerithina, Lam. 12

Pumilio (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi,

p. 269. = T. tantilla, Smith, 35

Punctata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61.

= T. corrugata, Lam 26

Punctatostriata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834,

p. 61. = T. cingulifera, Lam. ...... 27

Puncticulata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p.

280. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22

Punctulata (Terebra), Sowb, Tank. Cat. App., p. 24.

= T. cingulifera, Lam. ....... 27

Pura (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 82, pi. v, f. 8, 16
Pustulosa (Terebra), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S., 1879, p. 185, . 39
Pygmsea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, 36
Pyramitra, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, 1865, . . 4

Radula (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155. . 24
Raphanula (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 246,

= T. Senegalensis, Lam. 16

Reevei (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 88, pi. iv, f.

14. = T. duplicata, Linn 17

Regina (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 67, pi. iii,

f. 7. = T. corrugata, Lam 26

Robusta (Terebra). Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 149, 11
Rosacea (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 65, 1869, 39
Roseata (Terebra), Adams ;ir<l Reeve. Moll. Voy. Sam.,

p. 30, pi. x, fig. 24, .21

Rudis (Terebra), Grny. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60.

. = T. dislocata, Say, . 18

Rufocinerea (Terebra), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 386.

= T. variegata, Gray, . ..... 14

54 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Rufopunctata (Hastula), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., xix, p.

229, 1877, 39

Rustica (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158.

= T. fulgurata, Phil 38

Salleana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287.

= T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31

Sandwizensis (Terebra) — ? Hinds. Thes. Conch., 186, . 39
Sartoria (Acus), Martini, t. 4, f. 1451.

= Buccinum acus, Gmel. ....... 39

Scabrella (Terebra), Lam. An. s. Yert., 2d ed., x, p. 248.

Note. = T. myuros, Lam 27

Sculptilis (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 65,

1869, .39

Senegalensis (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., x, p. 244, . 16
Serotina (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Yoy. Samar.,

p. 30, pi. 10, f. 20, 29

Similis (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi,

p. 265, . . . 39

Simplex (Myurella), Carpenter. Ann. Mag., 1865, xv, p.

395, 14

Sinuatum (Buccinum), Linn. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168, 1843.

Undetermined, . 39

Solida (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 78, pi. iii, f.

11. == T. hastata, Gmel., var -34

Souleyeti (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 303.

= T. dislocata, Say, . . . . . . .19

Sowerbyana (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 93,

pi. iii, fig. 8. = T. dislocata, Say, 19

Specillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155, 24
Speciosa (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 279.

= T. Senegalensis, Lam. . . . . . . .16

Spectabilis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150, 17
Spicatus (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., 1784, pi. 121.

= Terebra duplicata, Linn. . . . . . .17

Splendens (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 73, pi. v,

fig. 11. = T. dimidiata, Linn. 9

Straminea (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, . 28
Striata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60.

= T. Babylonia, Lam 28

Striata (Terebra), Quoy (not Basterot). Yoy. de 1'Astr., p.

468, t. 36, f. 23, 24. '= T. affinis, Gray. . . . . 14
Striatula (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv.

= T. strigilata, Linn. . . . .33

Striatula (Terebra), Lam. Anim, sans Yert., v. vii, p. 288.

= T. Senegalensis, Lam. . . . . . . .16

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 55

PAGB.

Strigata (Terebra), Sowerby. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25, . 12
Strigilata (Terebra), var., Kiener. Ic. viv., p. 29, f. 18 a, 6, c.

= T. aciculina, Reeve, ....... 32

Strigilata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206, . . . 33
Strigilatum (Bucciimm), Gmelin. Syst. Nat.

= Terebra myuros, Lam. ....... 27

Strigilatum, var. (Buccinum), Gmel., p. 3501.

. = Terebra cinerea, Born, ....... 31

Stylata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152.

— T. cinerea, Born, 31

Subangulata (Terebra), Desk. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300.

= T. cancellata, Quoy, ....... 22

Subdivisa (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p 96, . 40
Subnodosa (Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 386, No.

452. = Terebra variegata, Gray, . . . . .14
Subtextilis (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 185,

t. xix, f. 3, . 19

Subula, Schumacher. Essai nov. Gen., 233, 1817.

= Acus, Humphrey, ........ 5

Subulata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1205, ... 10
Subulata (Terebra), Linn. Enc. Meth.

= T. muscaria, Lam. 9

Succinctum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, . . 39
Succinea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 149, 29
Suffusa (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v. p. 65, 1869, 39
Sulcata (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 67.

? = T. Swainsoni, Desh., var. . . . . . .21

Swainsoni (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 299, 21

Taeniolata (Terebra), Quoy. Toy. de 1'Astrol., p. 466, t. 36,

f. 25, 26. = T. tricolor, Sow 28

Tahitensis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 63.

= Bullia Tahitensis, Gmel. Manual, vol. iv, . . . 39
Tantilla (Terebra), E. A. Smith Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1873,

xi, p. 270. Proc Zool. Soc., 185, 1879. .... 35
Taylori (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 124, 1860, . . 25
Tenera (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, . 35
Terebra, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Senegal, 49, 1757, . 5, 3

Terebrarius, Dum. Zool. Anal., 166, 1806.

r=r/Ferebra, Adanson, ....... 3

Terebrifusus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, 1865, . . 4
Terebrum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 430, 1810.

= Terebra, Adanson, ....... 3

Tessellata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 26
Teasel lata (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 88, 1860.

= T. decorata, Desh 26

56 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PACK.

Textilis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156, . 20
Tiarella (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 91, pi. v,

fig. 7, 8

Tigrina (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 2G02, . .10

Torquata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Yoy. Sam.,

30, pi. 10, f. 13, . . 20

Trajana (Acus columna), Humphreys. Mus. Calonn., p. 31,

No. 865. = Terebra maculata, Linn 9

Traillii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285.

= T. cinerea, Born, var. . . . . . .32

Tricincta (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1817,

p. 225, xix, ' . . .39

Tricolor (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 24, . . 27
Trilineata (Euryta), Ad. and Ang. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 418,

pi. xxxvii, f. 13, . . 38

Triseriata (Terebra), Gray. Proo. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 30
Tristis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 306, . 36
Trochlea (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 89, pi.

v, fig. 6, 16

Tuberculosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154, 24
Tuberosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152 ;

Thes. Conch., 183, t. 45, f. 99, 40

Turrita (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873,

p. 266 (xi), . . .40

Undata (Terebra), Defrance. Diet, des Scien. Nat.

= T. pertusa, Born, . .23

TJndatella (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300.

= T. cancellata, Quoy and Gaimard, . . . .22
Undulata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . 22
Ustulata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 97, pi. iii,

f. 12, .18

Yaria (Terebra), Meuschen. Mus. Gronov.

= T. oculata, Lam. . . . . . . . .10

Yaricosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152, 24
Yaricosum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3505, No. 165.

= Terebra crenulata, var., Linn 8

Yariegata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 14
Yarium (Buccinum), Martyn. Univ. Conch.

= Terebra subulata, Linn. 10

Yenilia (Terebra), Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,

1879, vol. iv, p. 23, pi. 4, f. 2 and 2 a 21

Yenosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157.

= T. penicillata, Hds., var 13

Yerreauxi (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 95, pi.

v, f. 3. = T. strigilata, Linn 33

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 57

PAQB.

Yiolascens (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 184B, p. 154, 35
Yiro-inea (Terebra), Deshayes. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 83,

pi. iv, f. 12. = T. censors, Hinds, . . . . .9
Yittata (Terebra), Lam. Enc. Meth., pi. 402, f. 4 a-b.

= Bullia, Manual, vol. iv, 39

Zebra (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv., p. 5, pi. 3, fig. 5.

= T. strigata, Sowb., 12

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

TEREBRID^.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. PAQB.

1. Terebra crenulata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 18, . 8

2. Terebra fimbriata, Desh. (= crenulata). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 1, 8

3. Terebra subulata, Lara. Thes. Conch., f. 39, . . 10

4. Terebra splendens, Desh. (= dimidiata). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 11, . ... 9

5. Terebra Hupei, Lorois (= variegata). Ibid., t. 12, f. 1, 14

6. Terebra inteiiineata, Desh. (= crenulata}. Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 51, . . . . . . .8

7. Terebra aspera, Hinds (= variegata). Thes. Conch.,

f. 44, .... 14

8. Terebra albicostata, Ad. and Reeve (—variegata). Yoy.

Samarang, t. 10. f. 21, 14

9. Terebra maculata, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 33, .9

10. Terebra maculata, Linn. Kiener, Terebra, t. 1. f. 1, . 9

11. Terebra tigrina, Grael. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 30, . 10

12. Terebra muscaria, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 41, . . 9

13. Terebra dimidiata, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 8, . .9

PLATE 2.

14. Terebra pulchra, Hinds (== cerethina). Thes. Conch.,

f. 129, 12

15. Terebra variegata, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 53, . . 14
IB. Terebra robusta. Hinds. Ibid., f. 35, . . .11

17. Terebra lingualis, Hinds (= robusta). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 15, 11

18. Terebra eburnea, Hinds (=affinis). Thes. Conch., f. 123, 14

58 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

19. Terebra glauca, Hinds (= variegata). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 85, 14

20. Terebra oculata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 31, . 10

21. 23. Terebra armillata, Hinds (== variegata). Reeve,

Icon., f. 72, 6, a, . . . . . .14

22. Terebra affmis, Gray. Thes., f. 78, .... 14

24. Terebra Argus, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 64, . . 11

25. Terebra insignis, Desh. (= robusta). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 2, 11

26. Terebra flammea, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 36, . .11

27. Terebra formosa, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 49, . . 12

28. Terebra ornata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 14, . 12

29. Terebra strigata, Sowb. Thes., f. 10, . . . . 12

30. Terebra cerethina, Kiener. Iconog., t. 11, f. 25, .12

PLATE 3.

31. Terebra Petiveriana, Desh. (= variegata). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 10, 14

32. Terebra consors, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 26, . 9

33. Terebra virginea, Desh. (= consors). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 12, 9

34. Terebra glabra, Desh. (= consors). Ibid,, t. 5, f. 13, 9

35. Terebra consobrina, Desh. (= subulata, var.). Reeve,

Icon., f. 23, . 10

36. Terebra nebulosa, Lorois (= oculata). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., Hi, t. 1, f. 4, 10

37. Terebra intertincta, Hinds (— variegata). Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 81, . 14

38. Terebra marginata, Desh. (== variegata). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 8, . . . . . 14

39. Terebra Gouldi, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 24, . 15

40. Terebra ligneola (= badia). Reeve, Icon., f. 25, . 15
41-44. Terebra Senegalensis, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 12-15, 16

45. Terebra festiva, Desh. (= Senegalensis). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 4, 16

46. Terebra Dussumieri, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 9, . 16

47. Terebra evoluta, Desh. (— Dussumieri). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 55, 16

48. Terebra Bernardii, Desh. (Dussumieri). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 56, 16

PLATE 4.

49. Terebra duplicata, Linn. Reeve, Terebra, f. 3 a, . 17

50. Terebra Reevei, Desh. (= duplicata). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 14, 17

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 59

FIGURE. PAGE.

51. Terebra dnplicata, var. Lamarcki. Reeve, Terebra,

f. 36, 17

52, 53. Terebra spectabilis, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 88, 89, 17

54. Terebra Jukesii, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 97, 17

55. Terebra addita, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 94, 17

56. Terebra Kieneri, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Terebra,

f. 110, .... .... 17

57. Terebra gracilis, Reeve (= spectabilis). Reeve, Terebra,

f. 131, 17

58. Terebra longiscata, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 103, . . 18

59. Terebra ustulata. Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser,, ii,

t. 3, f. 12, 18

60. Terebra Jeffreysii, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19, f. 2, 1879, 19

61. Terebra gemmulata, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 92, . 18

62. Terebra Patagonica, d'Orb. (= gemmulata). Yoy.

Am. Merid.,t. 62, f. 1, 18

63. Terebra dislocata, Say. Reeve, Icon., f. 32, • . .18

64. Terebra Petiti, Kiener (= dislocata). Kiener, Terebra,

t. 13, f. 32, 18

65. Terebra Souleyeti, Desh. (= dislocata). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 78, 18

66. 67. Terebra larvaeformis, Hinds (= dislocata). Sowb.,

Thes., f. 47,46, 18

68. Terebra Mariesi, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 5,

1880, 19

69. Terebra rudis, Gray (= dislocata). Sowb., Thes., f. 60, 18

70. Terebra subtextilis, Smith. Zool. Proc., 1. 19, f. 3, 1879, 19

71. Terebra bifrons, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 57, . . 19

PLATE 5.

72. Terebra blanda, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 117, . . 20

73. Terebra amoena, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 80, . .19

74. Terebra pulchella, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t.

5, f. 4, 20

75. Terebra textilis. Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 130, . . 20

76. Terebra nodularis, Desh. (= textilis). Reeve, Terebra,

f. 105, 20

77. Terebra cselata, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 64, 20

78. Terebra torquata, Ads. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang,

t. 10, f. 13, 20

79. Terebra bicincta. Hinds. Sowb., Thes.. f. 72, . . 20

80. Terebra copula, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 926,

81. Terebra Swainsoni, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 118, . .21

82. Terebra elata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 128, . . 21

60 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

83. Terebra cancellata, Quoy. Thes. Conch., f. 80, . . 22

84. Terebra cancellata, Quoy. Reeve, Terebra, f. 58 6, . 22

85. 91. Terebra Gotoensis, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19,

f. la, 1,1879, . . 23

86. Terebra livida, Reeve (— cancellata). Icon., f. 116, . 22

87. Terebra alveolata, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 120, . . 23

88. Terebra venilia, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . . 21

89. Terebra exigua, Desh. Reeve, Icon., t. xxvi, f. 84, . 21

90. Terebra roseata, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 104, 21

PLATE 6.

92. Terebra subangulata, Desh. (== cancellata). Reeve,

Icon., f. 87, 22

93. Terebra columellaris, Hinds (= cancellata, var.). Rve.,

Icon., f. 113. . 22

94. Terebra areolata, Ads. and Rve. (— cancellata, var.).

Yoy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 23, . . -. . . 22

95. Terebra flavescens, Desh. ( = cancellata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 59, . .22

96. Terebra approximata, Desh. (= cancellata). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 83 , .22

97. Terebra lutescens. Smith (= cancellata). Thes. Conch.,

f. 75, . ..- 22

98. Terebra protexta, Conrad. Specimen, . . .25

99. Terebra plumbea, Quoy. Conch. Icon., f. -Ill, . . 37
100. Terebra puncticulata, Desh. (== cancellata). Reeve,

Icon., f. 99, ...... 22

1. Terebra Hindsii, Desh. (= cancellata). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 5, 22

2. Terebra Bruguieri, Desh. (= cancellata). Rve., f. 82, . 22

3. Terebra difficilis, Desh. (= cancellata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 86, . 22

4. Terebra nndulata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 84, . 22

5. Terebra pertusa, Born. Sowb., Thes., f. 43, . . 23

6. Terebra flava, Gray (= cancellata). Conch. Icon., f. 126. 22

7. Terebra Bermondii, Lorois (== pertusa). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 12, f. 2, . ;'•,_. . . 23

8. Terebra picta, Hinds (= undulata). Conch. Icon., f.

1126, 22

9. Terebra nebulosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 51, . . 23

PLATE 7.

10. Terebra polygyrata, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 146, . 23

11. Terebra bicolor, Angas (= fictilis). Zool. Proc., 1. 13,

f. 7, 1867, 24

12. Terebra varicosa, Hinds. Conch. Icon., f. 120, . . 24

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 61

FIGURE. PAGE.

13. Terebra conspersa, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 74, . . 24

14. Terebra fictilis, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 109, . . 24

15. Terebra poly gonia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 154, . 23

16. Terebra decorata, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii,

t. 4, f. 13, .26

It. Terebra radula, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 95, . . 24

18. Terebra specillata. Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 116, . . 24

19. Terebra ligata, Hinds (= tessellata). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 118, 26

20. Terebra plicata, Gray. Thes., f. 61, . . . . 24

21. Terebra corrugata, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 62, . . 26

22. Terebra Taylori, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 124, . . 25

23. Terebra morbida, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 133, . . 25

24. Terebra brevicula, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 119, . . 25

25. Terebra concava, Say. Specimen, . . . .25

26. Terebra frigata, Hinds (— concava). Thes. Conch.,

f. 71, . . .25

27. Terebra tessellata, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 124, . . 26

28. Terebra regina, Desh. (= corrugata). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser.,ii, t. 3, f. 7, . 26

29. Terebra histrio, Desh. Ibid., t. 4, f. 11, . . 26

30. Terebra myuros, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 37, . . 27

31. Terebra tuberculosa, Hinds. Conch. Icon., f. 61, . 24

32. Terebra corrugata, var. bitorquata, Desh. Kiener,

Iconog., t. 13, f. 31 a, 26

PLATE 8.

33. Terebra pretiosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 30 a, . . 27

34. Terebra lima, Desh. (= pretiosa, Rve.). Jour de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 2, 27

35. Terebra cingulifera, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 24, 27

36. Terebra pallid a, Desh. (= cingulifera). Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 3, . . . ' . . . .27

37. Terebra laevigata, Gray (= cingulifera). Thes. Conch.,

f. 93, 27

38. Terebra obsoleta, Desh. (= cingulifera). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 107, .27

39. Terebra tricolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 82, . . 27

40. Terebra babylonica, Lam. Sowb., Tlies. Conch., f. 67, 28

41. Terebra Deshayesii, Reeve (== babylonica). Reeve,

Icon., f. 45, . . . . ' . . . .28

42. 43. Terebra straminea, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 22, 23, 28

44. Terebra circinata, Desh. (=straminea). Jour.de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 6, . . . . . .28

45. Terebra acuta, Desh. (= straminea). Ibid., t. 4, f. 4, . 28

62 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE,

46. Terebra fenestrata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 114, . . 28

47, 48. Terebra monilis, Quoy (= straminea). Thes.

Conch., f. 65, 66, 28

49. Terebra Cumingii, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii,

t. 3, f. 1, . . .28

50. Terebra Lobbeckiano , Dunker. Moll. Mar. Japon., t. 5,

f. 17, . . 29

51. Terebra succinea, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 40, . 29

52. Terebra Fortunei, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 53, . . 29

53. Terebra serotina, Ads. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 29

PLATE 9.

54. Terebra albomarginata, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 65, . 29

55. Terebra eximia, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 106, . 29

56. Terebra triseriata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 119, 30

57. Terebra praelonga, Desh. (= triseriata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 28, 30

58. Terebra Jamaicensis, C. B. Ad. (= cinerea). Specimen, 31

59. Terebra stylata. Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch., f. 79, 31

60. Terebra funiculata, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 63, 29

61. Terebra amanda, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 100, . . 30

62. Terebra Philippiana, Desh. (— cinerea). Conch. Icon.,

f. 153, 31

63. Terebra laurina, Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch.,

f. 27, . . .31

64. Terebra micans, Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch.,

f. 125, . . 31

65. Terebra bacillus, Desh. (= cinerea). Conch. Icon., f.

134 a, 31

66. Terebra nimbosa, Hinds (= caerulescens, var.). Conch.

Icon., f. 37, . .• 30

67. Terebra cinerea, Born. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 35, . 31

68. Terebra castanea, Kiener (— cinerea, var.). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 7, f. 14, . . . . . .31

69. Terebra apicina, Desh. (— cinerea). Conch. Icon., f.

136 a, 31

70. Terebra dispar, Desh. (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 137, 31

71. Terebra bacillus, Desh. (— cinerea). Reeve, Icon., f.

134 6, 31

72. Terebra lactea, Desh. (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 134 c, 31

73. Terebra acuminata, Gray (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 143, 31

74. Terebra parva, Baird (=-. cinereaX Yoy. Cura9oa, t.

37, f. 6, . . . . '. . . . . 31

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 63
PLATE 10.

FIGURE. PAGE.

75-71. Terebra caerulescens, Lam. Kiener, Icon., t. 6, f. 12, 30

78. Terebra Salleana, Desk. (= cinerea). Conch. Icon.,

f. 129, . .31

79. Terebra Traillii, Desh. (= cinerea, var. cuspidata).

Conch. Icon., f. 142, 31

80. Terebra cuspidata, Hinds (= cinerea, var.). Thes.

Conch., f. 128, ... .... 31

81. Terebra cinerea, Hinds (= aciculina). Thes. Conch.,

f. 130, 32

82. Terebra inconstans, Hinds (— aciculina). Conch.

Icon., f. 121 6, 32

83. Terebra luctuosa, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 121, 32

84. Terebra strigilata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 122, 33

85. Terebra Yerreauxi, Desh. (= strigilata). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 3, . . ' . . .33

86. Terebra Knocked, Smith (= hastata). Zool. Proc.,

t. 75, f. 7, 1871 34

87. Terebra hastata, Gmelin. Sowb., Thes., f. 87, . . 34

88. Terebra lepida, Hinds (= strigilata). Sowb., Thes., f.

102, 33

89. Terebra albula, Menke (= hastata, var.). Thes. Conch.,

f. 126, . 34

90. Terebra casta, Hinds (= hastata, var.). Thes. Conch.,

f. 84, . . 34

91. Terebra lauta, Pease. Specimen, . .33

92. Terebra solida, Desh. (= hastata, var.). Jour, de

Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 11, 34

93. Terebra nitida, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 103, . 35

94. 95. Terebra mera, Hinds (= hastata, var.). Thes.

Conch., f. 108, 114, 34

96. Terebra plicatella, Desh. (= nitidaV Jour, de Conch.,

2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 5, .35

97. Terebra caliginosa, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 100, 35

98. Terebra violascens, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 125, 35

99. Terebra tenera, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 148, . 35
100. Terebra tristis, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 102, . 36

PLATE 11.

1. Terebra assimilis, Angas. Zool. Proc., 1867, t. 13, f. 8, 36

2. Terebra pygnuea, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 149, 36

3. Terebra nana, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 138. . 36

4. Terebra tantilla, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19, f. 4, 1879, . 35

5. Terebra Metcalfei, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 139, . . 36

6. Terebra obesa, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 140, . 36

7. Terebra plumbea, Quoy. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 70, . 37

64 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

8. Terebra circumcincta, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser.,

ii, t. 3, f. 9, 13

9. Terebra circumcincta, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. TO, 13

10. Terebra lanceata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 52, . 12

11. Terebra penicillata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 98, . . 13
12- Terebra venosa, Hinds (= penicillata). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 95 6, • .... . . 13

13. Terebra Crossei, Desh. (= venosa). Conch. Icon., f.

95 a, . . 13

14. Terebra Brazieri, Angas. Zool. Proc., 1871, t. 1, f. 15, 13

15. Terebra aciculata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 150, . . 31

16. 17. Terebra Cosentini, Phil. (= aciculata). Reeve,

Icon., f. 152 a, 6, 37

18. Terebra fulgurata, Phil. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 151, . 38

19, 20. .Terebra rustica, Hinds (= fulgurata). Conch.

Icon., f. 147 a, b, . . . . . . 38

21. Terebra chlorata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 11, . .11

PLATE 12.

22. Terebra Lischkeana,Dunker. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 5, f. 14, 37

23. Terebra nassoicles, Reeve., Conch. Icon., f. 144, . . 38

24. Terebra trilineata, Ad. and Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 37,

f. 13, 1863, . . ., 38

25. Terebra pulcbella, Ad, and Angas (= Angasi). Ibid.,

t. 37, f. 14, 38

26. Terebra Brazieri, Angas (= pulchella). Zool. Proc.,

t. 45, f. 5, 1875, . ....... 38

27. Terebra cingnla, Kiener. Iconog., t. 8, f. 16, . . 16
2x Terebra fatua, Hinds (== cingula). Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 28, . . . . . . . .16

29. Terebra albida, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 56, . . . 11

30. Terebra pnra, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 8, 16

31. Terebra Sowerbyana, Desh. (— dislocata). Conch.

Icon., f. 63, 18

32. Terebra Dillwynii, Desh. (=concinha). Conch. Icon.,

f. 74, 15

33. Terebra raphanula, Lam. (= Senegalensis). Conch.

Icon., f. 77, .16

34. Terebra marmorata, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 91 6, . . 15

35. Terebra trochlea, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii,

t. 5, f. 6, .16

36. Terebra anomala, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 97, . 17

37. Terebra concinna, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t.

3, f. 10, . . . . . ' . . .15

38. 39. Terebra tiarella, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 109 a, 6, . 8
40. Terebra duplicata, var. Lamarckii. Dentition. Troschel,

Gebiss, ii, pt. i, f. 2, f. 13, 3

FAMILY CANCELLARIIDjE.

In the "Structural and Systematic Conchology," ii, 180, I
have given diagnoses of the family, of the genera Cancellaria
and Admete, and of the several subgenera. The latter, as far
as the recent groups are concerned, are the same as given by
H. arid A. Adams in their " Genera of Recent Mollusfca," a
classification mainly original with those authors. Several fossil
subgenera are also described and illustrated in my above-named
work, and need not be reproduced here; among the present
illustrations, however, will be found one of a lingual tooth of
Admete, as a type of the dentition of the family (PI. 7).

As is frequently the case with the subgenera of Messrs.
Adams, the study of extensive suites of species of Cancellariidse
proves these to possess little value for classification. Dr. Paul
Fischer in his excellent u Manuel de Conchyliologie " has recog-
jiized this fact, and has reduced several of these subgenera of
Messrs. Adams to the rank of sections.

Fischer proposes the following classification :

Subgenus CANCELLARIA, s. stricto. Shell cancellated, aper-
ture oval, canal very short ; columellar plications nearty central,
strong, oblique (G. cancellata, Linn.).

Sections, I. EUCLIA. Shell smooth (G. solida, Sowb.). II.
NARONA. Shell cancellated, basal canal rather long (C. Milrae-
formis, Sowb.). III. MASSYLA. Shell fusiform, retracted in
front ( C. corrugata, Hinds).

Subgenus MERFCA, H. and A. Adams. Shell oval, whorls
reticulated; aperture oval, lip not contracted in front, columella
obliquely truncate at the base, imperforate (C. melanostoma,
Sowb.). The subgenus APHERA only differs by its thicker lip
and more spreading columellar callosity (G. tessellata, Sowb.).

Subgenus TRIGONOSTOMA, Blainv. Shell widely umbilicated,
whorls angulated, aperture trigonal, lip not contracted in front
(C. trigonoxtoma, Desh.\ The genus Turbinopsis, Conrad,
differs from Trigonostoma in having a single basal plication of
the columella.

5 (65)

66 CANCELLARIA.

Subgenus ADMETE, Kroyer. Shell oval, thin, diaphanous, with
epidermis, spire sharp, last whorl slightly ventricose ; aperture
oval, feebly sinuated in front, columella obliquely truncate, sub-
plicate in front, lip sharp (A. viridula, Fabr.).

Subgenus ADMETOPSIS, Meek. Anterior plication of the colu-
mella more elevated than the posterior one ; lip thick ; shell
otherwise resembling Aclmete (A. gregaria, Meek).

In the present work I have ranged all the groups under one
genus Cancellaria, regarding Admete as the only recent sub-
genus. The typical Cancellarise are thus classified :

Section CANCELLARIA (= S. G. Cancellaria and Merica of
Fischer).

Subsections EUCLTA ; MERICA (including Massyla and Aphera);
NARONA.

Section TRIGONOSTOMA (= S. G. Trigonostoma of Fischer).

Descriptions of the animals of Cancellaria ' Spengleriana,
C. cancellata, and Admete viridula, will be found under those
species in my text.

Seventy-eight recent species are enumerated by Messrs.
Adams; thirty by Kiener (Coq. vivantes) ; sixty-eight by
Sowerby (Thesaurus Conchyliorum) ; eighty-three by Reeve
(Conchologica Iconica) ; Crosse (" Etude sur le genre Cancel
Claire," Jour, de Conch., 220, 1861) has ninety-three recent and
eighty-one fossil species. Kobelt has commenced a monograph
of the genus in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet ; only a few pages
and figures have as yet appeared.

One hundred and seventy-four specific names enter into the
present work, of which seventy-seven are recognized as valid
species, twenty-three are classed as doubtful and unidentified ;
the balance are considered synonyms.

Genus CANCELLARIA. Lam.
Section CANCELLARIA, «. stricto.

C. CASSIDIFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 1, fig. 1.

Orange-fulvous or flesh-color, often indistinctly light-banded
on the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 1 '5-2*5 inches.

Panama to Gulf of Mexico.

CANCELLARTA. 67

C. SPENGLERTANA, Desh. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Whorls spirally linearly grooved ; yellow-brown, tinged with
chestnut, particularly on the shoulder, body-whorl often light-
banded in the middle. Length, r.5-2'25 inches.

China, Japan, Philippines, Australia.

The synonyms are C. Tritonis, Sowb. (fig. 3), and C. undu-
lata, Sowb. (figs. 4, 5). The latter has usually been considered
a distinct species, but in a series of specimens the differential
characters merge. «

The animal is thus described by Mr. Arthur Adams : u Tenta-
cles broad, flat, triangularly subulate, wide apart, separated by
the base of the retractile proboscis. The eyes are small and
black, and are placed on slight tubercles at the outer bases of
the tentacles. The mantle is furnished with a small siphonal
fold. The foot is large, flat, truncate in front, with short side-
angles, and acuminate and produced behind.

" The tentacles of this species are rendered dark nearly as far
as the eyes by close-set small red-brown dots ; the siphonal fold
of the mantle is sparsely spotted with the same ; both dorsum
and sole of the foot are reticulate with red-brown lines, and
dotted with the same color.

" The animal is very shy, rarely showing more than the tips
of the tentacles beyond the front edge of the shell. It has the
power of considerably extending the fore part of the foot,
using it as an exploring organ " (Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser.,
xiii, 143).

C. BUCCINOIDES, Sowb. PI. 1, figs. 6-8.

Flesh-color to dark chocolate, frequently white-banded on the
middle of the body-whorl ; rudely decussated by longitudinal
and spiral ribs, the intersections often nodulous.

Length, 1-5-2 inches.

West Coast of Central America.

C. CORROSA, Reeve. PI. 1 , fig. 9.

Whorls latticed by longitudinal and spiral ridges, the inter-
sections prickly, narrowly umbilicated. Light fulvous.

Length, 23 mill. China Seas.

This wae originally described by Adams as C. clathrata, a
name preoccupied by Lamarck.

68 CANCELLARIA.

C. NODULIFERA, Sowb. PI. 1, fig. 10, 11.

Yellowish or orange-brown, often with a narrow white band
towards the base; plaits very small. Length, l'75-2 inches.

Japan.
This is C. imperialis^ Michelin (fig. 11).

C. CUMINGIANA, Petit. PI. 1, fig. 12 ; PI. 2, fig. 13.

Orange-brown; undulately obsoletely thick-ribbed longitu-
dinally, spirally ridged and grooved. Length, 1 -25-1 '7 5 inches.

Payta, Peru.

An interesting dwarf form with thick shell is figured by
Crosse (fig. 13) ; it apparently connects this with the next
species.

C. OBTUSA, Desh. PI. 2, fig. 14.

Longitudinally somewhat obsoletely plicate, regularly spirally
grooved and ridged ; yellowish fawn-color. Length, 28 mill.

Nab. unknown.

The unique specimen formed part of the Cumingian Collec-
tion. Morch has evidently mistaken its characters in referring
it to C. solida, Sowb. See remark under preceding species.

C. SEMPERIANA, Crosse. PI. 2, fig. 15.

Flesh-brown, faintly light banded at the periphery and base ;
the longitudinal costse small, distant and somewhat irregular.

. Length, 37 mill.

New Caledonia.

Crosse compares it to C. undulata (== Spengleriana, var.), but
it appears to be sufficiently distinct.

C. GRANOSA, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 16.

Slightly shouldered, clathrate and granose ; orange-fawn to
chestnut-color. Length, 34 mill.

Southeast and South Coast of Australia.

C. OBESA, Sowb. PI. 2, figs. 17-19.

Whorls spirally flat-ribbed and grooved, the sculpture fading
out on the body-whorl of adult shells, the earlier whorls decus-

CANCELLARTA. 69

sated by fine longitudinal ribs ; columellar plaits very prominent ;
orange-brown, often indistinctly bifasciate with a lighter tint.
Length, 1-5-2-25 inches.

West Coast of Central America, northwards

to Gulf of California.

The synonyms are C. ovata, Sowb. (fig. 18), and C. acuminata,
Sowb. (fig. 19). The latter figure shows a more exserted spire,
but there are intermediate forms connecting the three.

C. URCEOLATA, Hinds. PI. 2, tig. 20.

Slightly, narrowly shouldered ; fulvous straw-color to orange-
brown. Length, 34 mill.

West Coast of Central America to Mazatlan.

Appears to differ from the preceding species mainly bv the
development of fold-like ribs, which traverse the. body-whorl as
well as the spire.

C. CANDIDA, Sowb. PL 2, fig. 21.

Whorls slightly round-shouldered at the suture ; yellowish
white. Length, 32 mill.

Polynesia.

C. AUSTRALIS, Sowb. PL 2, tig. 22.

#
Whorls rounded, decussated by close-set oblique longitudinal

ribs, and spiral ridges ; plaits three, moderate ; yellowish white.
Length, 23 mill.

New South Wales.
C. ALBIDA, Hinds. PL 2, fig. 23.

Whorls slantingly shouldered, reticulated by corded ridges;
whitish ; columella with the two superior plaits prominent.
Length, 31 mill.

West Coast of Central America.

C. GEMMULATA, Sowb. PL 2, fig. 24.

Globosely ovate, solid, whorls scarcely angulated above ; plaits
three, subequal, moderate ; whitish. Length, 1 inch.

West Coast of Central America.

C. RETICULATA, Linn. PL 2, figs. 25, 26.

Whorls spirally grooved and ribbed, the ribs low, flat, alter-
nately narrower and wider, crossed by less prominent obliquely
longitudinal ribs, sometimes forming obtuse granulations at the

70 CANCELLARIA.

intersections; sometimes the longitudinal ribs are more distant,
or give place to undulations, which are more prominent near the
suture ; plaits two, strong, raised, narrow ; yellowish white,
banded and variegated with rust-brown. Length, l'5-2'5 inches.

West Indies, Florida.

I think that G. Eburnaeformis, Reeve (fig. 26), described
without locality, is only a rather smooth form of this species.

C. DECUSSATA, Sowb. PI. 2, figs. 27, 28.

Cancellated by narrow, prominent, corded ridges ; columella
with three moderate plaits ; fawn-color to reddish brown.

Length 1*5 inches.

West Coabt of Central America.

C. ventricosa, Hinds (fig. 28) is a synonym.

C. INDENTATA, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 29 ; PL 3, figs. 30, 32.

Somewhat squarely oblong, narrowly shouldered, scarcely
umbilicated, latticed by longitudinal and spiral narrow, raised
ridges ; plaits two, prominent ; deep orange-brown.

Length, 1*25 inches.

Panama.

C. cremata, Hinds (fig. 29), appears to be a variety; Reeve
has described it or a similar form as C. affinis (tig. 32). This
latter agrees well with the description of an unfigtired species
described also under the name of C. affinis, by Prof. C. B.
Adams, and obtained by him at Panama.

C. GRAYI, Tryon. PI. 3, fig. 33.

Spire exserted ; rudely decussated with rough ridges and
spiral striae ; reddish brown, the body-whorl obscurely two-
banded with white ; columella with three moderately strong
plaits. Length, 1*75 inches.

Baclayon, Island of Bohol, Philippines ;

17 fms. (Cuming).

Confounded by Sowerby with C. asperella, Lamarck, an error
repeated by Reeve. I have named it after Dr. ,T. E. Gray, one
of the earlier monographers of the genus Cancellaria.

C. CANCELLATA, Linn. PL 3, fig. 34.

Cancellated bj' distant, narrow, prominent ribs, occasionally
varicose, and thread-like spiral ridges ; whitish, with two chest-

CANCELLARIA.

nut bands on the body-whorl, one of which is frequei
visible on the spire. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Mediterranean Sea ; W. Coast of Africa.

Weinkauff (Jour, de Conch., iii ser., iv, 13), gives some inter-
esting particulars of the habits and appearance of this animal.
He says that it lives upon a sandy bottom, almost completely
deprived of marine plants, although Deshayes supposed it to be
phytophagous ; it was mostly obtained at a depth of 25 to 30
feet, although some were found in shallower water. The animal
can develop itself until the head and neck are as long as the
shell, and the foot longer. Its movements are slow. A quantity
of fine sand adheres to the foot, so that when the animal retires
into its shell the aperture appears as though filled with sand,
The exterior of the shell is also covered with fine sand, requiring
a brush to remove it, and indicating possibly a burrowing habit.

C. SIMILIS, Sowb. PL 3, fig. 35.

Very narrowly umbilicated ; strongly, narrowly, distantly
ridged, cancellated by spiral closer ridges ; occasionally varicose ;
whitish, tinged with chestnut, usually imperfectly narrowly two-
banded with chestnut. Length, 1-1'25 inches.

Senegal.

A thicker, more globose and smaller species than the pre-
ceding, of which it is made a synonym by Weinkauff (Conch.
Mittelm.,ii, 171).

C. PULCHRA, Sowb. PL 3, fig. 36.

Umbilicus wide,; shell slightly shouldered and coronated,
spinosely cancellated ; whitish, banded and lineated with chest-
nut. Length, 1*25 inches.

St. Elena, W. Columbia (sandy, 8-10 fms.), Cuming.

C. CHRYSOSTOMA, Sowb. PL 3, figs. 38, 37, 39.

Whorls but slightly angled above, rudely decussated by thick
ribs and revolving ridges ; whitish, sparingly dotted and lineated
with chestnut ; the umbilical ridge bears a single series of
chestnut spots, and the narrow shoulder is sometimes chestnut-
tinged; columella, and sometimes the margin of the outer lip,
orange-color. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Panama and St. Elena, Cent. America.

72 CANCELLARIA.

Var. H^EMASTOMA, Sowb. Figs. 37, 39.

Rudely angled above, with regular distant thick rounded ribs,
decussated by spiral ridges ; }<ellowish white, blotched and
banded with chestnut ; columella and margin of aperture
orange-red. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Galapagos Is. (sandy, 10-16 fms.), Cuming.

The ribs are smaller and more distant tlnn in the t}*pical
shell. Some specimens are entirely white.

C. RUGOSA, Lam. PI. 3, fig. 40.

Solid, imperforate, whorls obtusely angled above ; distantly
ribbed, and spirally ridged; pale straw-color or whitish, tinged
with light chestnut, especially on the shoulder, and sometimes
chestnut-banded ; columella spreading, white.

Length, -75-1 inch.

West Indies.

The locality "China," given by Reeve and others, is erroneous.

C. UNALASHKENSTS, Dall. PL 3, fig. 41.

Whorls 6, somewhat turreted, with strong revolving ridges,
decussated on the spire, and upper portion of the body-whorl
by longitudinal riblets, the intersections of the riblets and
ridges nodulous ; white, with traces of a nut-brown epidermis.

Length, '75 inch. .

Unalashka, Aleutian Is. (30-60 fins., stony mud).

C. CIRCUMCINCTA, Dall. PL 3, fig. 42.

Whorls 6, thin and delicate, slightly shouldered, crossed by
very faint irregular longitudinal riblets, most evident on the
apical whorls, and .evanescent on the body-whorl, sculptured
with strong revolving ridges, slightly granulated on the upper
whorls ; outer lip thin and delicate, the sculpture of the exterior
showing through ; columella with two or three very faint plicae ;
rose-pink, strongest on the ridges. Length, '82 inch.

Popoff Strait, Shumagin Islands (10 fms., stony mud).

Perhaps would be better referred to the S. G. Admete.

C. TURRITA, Sowb. PL 3, fig. 43.

Slightly shouldered ; columella with three small folds ; flesh-
color. Length, 28 mill.

Habitat unknown.

CANCKLLARIA. 73

C. PARVA, Philippi. PI. 3, tig. 44.

Subimpeiforate, columella biplicate, outer lip plicate within ;
white (bleached). Length, 11 mill.

Coast of Atacama, Chili.
C. MINIMA, Reeve. PL 3, fig. 45.

Obliquely ribbed, ribs obtusely noduled at the upper part,
interstices neatly cancellated, columella obsoletety two-plaited ;
white, sometimes brownish. Length, 4*5 mill.

Hab. unknown.
C. PUSILLA, H. Adams. PL 3. fig. 46.

Whorls 5, whitish ; longitudinally obtusely nodulosely plicate,
with remote spiral threads ; aperture scarcely canaliculate below ;
outer lip lirate within, columella with two plicae.

Length, 6 mill.

Canary Islands.

I have not seen the species ; the figure scarcely represents a
typical Cancellaria.

C. JAPONICA, E. A. Smith. PL 3, fig. 47.

White, thickish; whorls 7, divided by a deep suture, longitu-
dinally 13-ribbed and spirally lirate, 6 or 7 lirae on the penulti-
mate and 12 on the last whorl ; columella with two small plaits.

Length, 12 mill.

Japan.

Subsection EUCLIA, H. and A. Adams.

C. SOLIDA, Sowb. PL 3, figs. 48, 49.

Imperforate, solid, smooth, earlier whorls decussately ridged,
body-whorl broadly shallow-grooved below ; columella with two
somewhat prominent plaits ; orange-fawn color, interior white.

Length, 1'25-1'5 inches.

Panama, Heal Llejos, Central America.

It is C. obtusa of Kiener, not Lamarck. C. bulbulus, Sowb.
(fig. 49), appears to me to be a not fully developed large
specimen.

C. PYRUM, Adams and Reeve. PL 3, fig. 50.

Solid, imperforate, spire very short, slightly immersed, strongly
cancellated, last whorl smooth, striated at the base; columella
broadly callous above, granosely wrinkled at the base, plaits three,

74 CANCELLARIA.

the uppermost sharp and prominent; fulvous brown, lighter
within the aperture. Length, 1/5 inches.

China Sea.

I have not seen this species, but the figure is too close to C.
bulbulus.

C. LACTEA, Desh. PI. 3, fig. 51.

White, smooth, thin, translucent, columella three-plaited ;
cream-colored. Length, 22 mill.

Hob. unknown.
C. L^VIGATA, Sowb. PL 3, fig. 52.

Rather solid, whorls narrowly obtusely angled at the upper
part, obsoletely plicate on the spire and angle, otherwise smooth ;
whitish, obscurely tinged with flesh-brown, blotched with chest-
nut on the shoulder ; plaits three, prominent.

Length, 1-1-25 inches. New South Wales.

Possibly identical with the preceding species.

Subsection MERICA, H. and A. Adams.

C. ASPERELLA, Lam. PI. 4, figs. 53, 50-52, 54 ; PI. 3, fig. 53.

Thick, imperforate, everywhere granosely reticulated, very
narrowly angulated at the suture ; whitish, banded with orange-
brown or entirely brown or chocolate-colored ; columella three-
plaited. Length, -1/25-1/75 inches.

China, Japan, Philippines.

A variety of this species was first described by Sowerby as
C. elegans (fig. 53), a name preoccupied by Deshayes for a fossil
species of the Paris basin, and therefore changed by Crosse to
C. Reeueana ; however, C. Sinensis, Reeve (fig. 50), representing
a not fully developed shell, has priority over the latter name.
Kobelt has described vars. subsinensis (fig. 51), with less im-
pressed suture, and laticosta (fig. 52), with more distant ribs
and umbilical region more strongly defined. Another variety,
connecting the form Sinensis with the type is G. melanostoma,
Sowb. (fig. 54).

C. BIFASCIATA, Desh. PL 4, fig. 55.

Whorls very narrowly shouldered, densely decussated ; orange-
brown, with two whitish bands. Length, 1'25— 1/5 inches.

Straits of Macassar.

CANCELLAR1A. 75

C. PURPURIFORMJS, Yal. PI. 4, fig. 56.

Longitudinally obsoletely plicate, spirally linearly grooved ;
brownish white. Length, *75 inch.

Ha b. unknown.
C. CORRUGATA, Hinds. PI. 4, fig. 57.

Oblong pear-shaped, imperforate, longitudinally obsoletely
wrinkled, decussated with spiral impressed lines ; aperture
ridged within, columella two-plaited ; fulvous olive.

Length, 22 mill.

Buy °f Guayaquil.

This is the type of the S. G. Massyla, H. and A. Adams, but
it may as well go in this group, the distinctive characters being
of little value.

C. TESSELLATA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 58-60.

Whorls granosely decussated; whitish, banded and sometimes
tessellated with chestnut. Length, 1 inch.

West Coast of Central America, 7-10 fms., sandy

mud (Cuming); La Paz, Gulf of California (Stearns).

The type of S. G. Aphera, H. and A. Adams, but having no

good characters by which to separate it from the present group.

Subsection NARONA, H. and A. Adams.

C. CLAVATULA, Sowb. PL 4, fig. 61.

Obtusely longitudinally ribbed, here and there irregularly
varicose, spirally striated ; columella two-plaited ; chestnut-
color, narrowly white-banded at the shoulder angle and on the
middle of the body-whorl. Length, 25-35 mill.

Panama.
C. UNIPLICATA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 62, 63.

Spire turreted, whorls concavely shouldered, closely decus-
sated by nodulous ridges, the spiral ones forming a serrated
outer lip ; coluraella one- or obscurely two-plaited ; chestnut or
chocolate-color, interior purplish chocolate.

Length, 1 '25— 1*75 inches.

Panama.

C. Mitrxformis, Sowb. (fig. 62), is identical; Mr. Crosse
changed its name to C. Sowerbyi, because the former name is
preoccupied by Brocchi for a fossil species.

76 CANCELLARIA.

C. T^NIATA, Sowb. PI. 4, fig. 64.

Turreted, whorls narrowly, flatly shouldered, longitudinally
narrowly ribbed, faintly spirally ridged ; colurnella two-plaited ;
reddish brown, with darker spiral lines. Length, 15-20 mill.

Hob. unknown.

Scarcely a member of the group.

C. ELATA, Hinds. PI. 4, fig. 65.

Strongly ribbed, spirally ridged; columella three-plaited;
brownish yellow. Length, 16 mill.

Panama (30 fms.), Hinds.
C. COOPERI, Gabb. PL 4, fig. 66.

Shell turreted, with shouldered whorls, the angle of the
shoulder slightty coronated by the terminations of narrow,
distant longitudinal ribs, the interstices closely spirally striate ;
columellar plications small ; yellowish brown, darker on the
shoulder, with rather regular narrow spiral chestnut lines.

Length, 2*5 to nearly 4 inches.

Monterey and San Diego, Gal.

The largest species of the genus. It is perhaps identical with
C. taeniata, Sowb.; that is, supposing the latter to be a young
specimen. I owe to R. E. C. Stearns, Esq., the opportunity of
figuring the type. He has also sent me a drawing of a very large
specimen in the Hermann Collection, San Francisco.

C. MACROSPIRA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 67.

Occasionally varicose, decussately finely ridged, suture exca-
vated ; whitish, semipellucid. Length,. 1 inch.

Borneo ; China Sea.
C. CORONATA, Scacchi. PL 4, fig. 68.

Turreted, excavated below the suture, longitudinally distantly
costate, ribs projecting at the shoulder angle, spirally striate.

Length, '75 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

Described as a fossil species, but recently recorded by Dr. J.
Gwyn Jeffreys as living in the Mediterranean. C. varicosa,
Phil., is a synonym.

C. ANGASI, Crosse. PL 4, fig. 69.

Imperforate, thin, subscalariform, flat-shouldered, with a carina
at the angle, another carina below the middle of the body-whorl,

CANCELLARIA. 77

narrowly distantly longitudinally ribbed, spiralty striate ; lip not
lirate within, columella biplicate ; whitish. Length, 15 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Section TRIGONOSTOMA, Blainville.

C. PISCATORTA, Gmelin. PI. 4, fig. 70.

Coarsely reticulated by longitudinal and spiral ridges and
prickly at the interstices, shoulder smooth ; white tinged with
light chestnut or brown, and usually showing a central white
band ; interior of aperture orange-brown, with the white band.

Length, 1-1*25 inches.

West Coast of Africa.

A peculiarity of this species is the single plait situated about
the middle of the inner lip. It is C. nodulosa, Lam.

C. SPIRATA, Lam. PL 4, fig. 71 ; PI. 5, fig. 72.

Whorls deeply excavated around the suture, smooth, longitu-
dinally ribbed near the apex, superficially spirally grooved on
the body-whorl ; aperture closely ridged within, columella with
three plaits; light yellowish brown or yellowish white with a
band or orange-brown spots encircling the shoulder angle.

Length, 1 inch,

So. Australia, Tasmania.

C. excavata, Sowb. (fig. 72), is a light-colored variety. The
species has much the form of a miniature Eburna Australis.

C. FOVEOLATA, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 73, 74.

Turriculated, whorls slantingly excavated at the sutures,
forming a sharp keel, smooth, or distantly obsoletely longitu-
dinally ribbed ; flesh-brown, blotched with orange-brown about
the keel, sometimes with an interrupted light central chestnut
band ; sometimes lineated with chestnut. Length, 12-20 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.
C. SEMIDISJUNCTA, Sowb. PI. 5, fig. 75.

Broadly umbilicated, the excavation defined by a sharp angle,
whorls broadly excavately angled at the suture ; spirally ridged
and grooved, the ridges and grooves divided by striae, obsoletely
distantly longitudinally ribbed ; columella two-plaited ; yellowish

78 CANCELLARIA.

white, tinged with light chestnut, especially upon the ribs —
which thus become more apparent. Length, -75-1 inch.
Cagayan, Isl. of Mindanao, Philippines,

sandy mud, 25 fms. (Cuming).

C. TUBERCULOSA, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 76-78.

Deeply umbilicated, concavely shouldered around the suture,
which is coronated with blunt tubercles at the angle, below it
are two or three somewhat equidistant spiral rows of tubercles,
with spiral striae in the interspaces ; columella obliquely pro-
duced below, with two small plaits ; yellowish white, tubercles
often tinged with chestnut, forming somewhat interrupted
narrow bands. Length, 1/25— 1'5 inches.

Iquiqui, Peru, 7 fms. (Cuming) ; Gulf of Nicoya,

Central America, 12 fms. (Cuming).

The latter locality is that of G. bullata, Sowb. (fig. 78), which
is certainly a synonym.

C. TRIGONOSTOMA, Lam. PL 5, fig. 79.

Scalariform, the angles of the shoulder and of the wide
umbilical excavation both spinose, obsoletely longitudinally
ribbed, spirally ridged; flesh-color, sometimes lineated with
chestnut. Length, 35 mill.

? Ceylon; ? Moluccas.

A very rare shell, first described by Lamarck as a Delphinula.

C. GONIOSTOMA, Sowerby. PL 5, figs. 80-85.

Excavately shouldered, widely umbilicated, distantly strongly
ribbed, the ribs crossing the shoulder to the suture, rather
coarsely spirally ridged, the intersections often bluntly nodose ;
aperture ridged within, columella two- or obscurely three-
plaited ; yellow, yellowish brown, or light chocolate-color, inter-
ruptedly lineated spirally with chestnut. Length, 1-1-4 inches.
West Coast of Central America, northward to Mazatlan.

The following are synonyms: C. brevis, Sowb. (fig. 82), a
small, worn specimen ; C. costata, Gray =C. rigida, Sowb. (figs.
83-85), said to come from the mouth of the Gambia, by
Sowerby, but referred by Reeve, on the authority of Cuming,
to Puerto Portrero, Central America.

CANCELLARIA. 79

C. BICOLOR, Hinds. PI. 5, fig. 86 ; PI. 6, figs. 89, 90.

Shouldered, longitudinally distantly costate, crossed at regular
distances by slightly elevated lines; aperture ridged within,
columella triplicate ; umbilicus large ; yellowish white, banded
or clouded or nearly covered with chestnut or chocolate.

Straits of Macassar (Hinds) ; Philippines (Cuming).

Hinds' figure (fig. 86) represents a shell only half an inch
long, yet in his description he states that the species is larger
than C. rigida, Sowb. The figures given by Reeve and Sowerby
are much larger than that of Hinds, and may not represent the
same species. Hinds' figure much resembles C. costifera, Sowb. ;
the others are nearly related to C. goniostoma, Sowb.

C. STIMPSONII, Calkins. PI. 5, fig. 87.

Whorls shouldered, the angle nodulous, surface below it
covered with irregular nodules, which do not appear to be
developed in the lines of longitudinal ribs, but rather from
revolving sculpture ; columella with two plaits, whitish. •

Length, 17 mill.

Cape Sable, Florida (Calkins).

C. ANTIQUATA, Hinds. PI. 5, fig. 88.

Broadly excavated below the suture, widely and deeply um-
bilicated, keeled and spinose at the shoulder and umbilicus ; the
spines being the terminations of sharply plicate ribs ; otherwise
smooth; columella rather obsoletely biplicate; blush or yellowish
white. Length, -75 inch.

New Guinea, 22 fms., coarse sand (Hinds).

S. SCALARINA, Lam. PL 6, fig. 91.

Umbilicated, distantly ribbed, spirally finely striate ; yellowish
white, more or less clouded with light chestnut, with frequently
a central white band. Length, 1-1/25 inches.

Isle of France.

Sowerby and Reeve have figured the next species for this.

C. THOMASIANA, Crosse. Pi. 6, figs. 92-94.

Scarcely umbilicated, turreted, whorls excavated at the suture,
border sharply spinosely keeled, obliquehr, narrowly, distantly

80 CANCELLARIA.

ribbed ; columellar plaits three, small ; fulvous fawn-color, with
a central white band. Length, 28 mill.

? West Indies ; China ; Japan.

This is the C. scalarina of Sowerby and Reeve ; its West
Indian locality is very doubtful, and I think it not unlikely that
it will prove to be a variety of C. scalarina after all. C. Man-
gelioides, Reeve (fig. 94), is a depauperate shell which may well
be referred here; if identical, its name will have precedence.
Another synonym is C. Bocageana, Crosse and Debeaux (fig.
92), a Chinese species, which Lischke considers identical.

C. SCALARIFORMTS, Lam. PI. 6, fig. 95.

Narrowly umbilicated, flat shouldered, distantly narrowly
ribbed, the ribs crossing the shoulder, closely spirally striate ;
columella two-plaited ; chestnut ash-color. Length, 1 inch.

East Indies.

This species is omitted from the monographs of Sowerby and
Reeve. Kiener thinks that Sowerby's C. coxtifera and C.
articularis are varieties of it ; to these might be added several
others, if the species were well determined — which I am afraid
it is not.

C. CRTSPATA, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 96.

Imperforate, whorls narrowly angled above, obliquely longi-
tudinally thick-ribbed, ribs projecting at the shoulder angle,
decussated with spiral striae ; whitish, with chestnut-brown bands
and lines. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines (Cuming); Red Sea (Tapparone-Canefri).

Allied to the next species, from which it is chiefly distin-
guished by its very thick ribs and want of umbilicus.

C. CRENIFERA, Sowb. PI. 6, figs. 97-99.

Deeply umbilicated, whorls flatly excavated at the suture,
obliquely ribbed, the ribs spinosely hooked above the shoulder
angle, spirally crenately ridged ; columella three-plaited, aper-
ture ridged within ; livid fawn-color or yellowish white, often
white-banded in the middle. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines; Indian Archipelago.

This and several other allied species are probably only
varieties of C. scalarina, Lam. C. lamellosa, Hinds (fig. 98)

CANCELLARIA. 81

and C. serrata, Reeve (fig. 99), are 83-110113-1118. The latter name
being preoccupied b3' Bronn fora fossil species, Semper changed
it to C. Grossei.

C. HYSTRIX, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 100.

Imperforate, globosely ovate, whorls narrowly shouldered,
obliquely, longitudinally, closely ribbed, ribs erect, narrow,
prickly serrated l>v spiral lines, shoulder angle spiny; whitish,
faintty tinged with livid brown ; columellar plaits three; irregu-
lar, interior of aperture red-lined. Length, 1 inch.

Mauritius.
C. OBLTQUATA, Lam. PL 6, fig. 1.

Globosety ovate, ventricose, narrowly deeply umbilicated ;
whorls excavately shouldered, obliquely thinly ribbed, the ribs
slightly prickly at the shoulder angle, spirally elevately striated,
the intersections slightly nodulous ; yellowish white, stained and
spotted with chestnut. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Zanzibar.

This shell probably passes into C. scalala, Sowb., a form with
more exserted spire ; Sowerby's figure 82, intended for C. obli-
quata, represents one of these transition forms.

C. SCALATA, Sowb. PI. 6, figs. 3-9 ; PL t, fig. 11.

Narrowly umbilicated, excavately shouldered, nodulous
throughout b3r the intersection of longitudinal close ribs and
spiral elevated lines ; yellowish white to chestnut-color.

Length, 1-1*25 inches.

Red Sea, Ceylon, Mauritius, Moluccas, New Caledonia.

Differs (not sufficiently) in form principal^, from the pre-
ceding species, the body-whorl being less ventricose and the spire
longer. C. textilis, Kiener (fig. 3), C. articular is, Sowb. (fig. 4),
C. contabulata, Sowb. (fig. 5), C. puxilla, Sowb. = young C.
contabulata (fig. 6), G. Forestieri, Montr, (fig. 7), and C. Rou-
yeyroni, Souv. (fig. 11), from New Caledonia, are synonyms.
C. Montrouzieri, Souverb. (fig. 8), is mainly distinguished from
the last named, by the shoulder being biplanate and carinate at
the angle ; I believe it to be a merely accidental variety ; it is
also New Caledonian. C. tenuis, A. Adams (fig. 9), appears to
be founded on a not fully grown individual of the normal form.

82 CANCELLAHTA.

C. WILMERT, Sowb. PI. 7, fig. 10.

Turrictilated, the shoulder narrowly excavated, nodosely closely
cancellated ; columella triplicate • dark chestnut-color, faintly
banded with white on the middle of the body-whorl.

Length, 11 mill.

Andaman Islands.

Has a longer spire than the preceding species.

C. COSTIFERA, Sowerby. PI. 7, figs. 12, 13.

Umbilicus narrow, whorls somewhat flatly shouldered, the
angle bluntly spinose ; ribs elevated, compressed ; distant revolv-
ing sculpture faint or obsolete ; columella triplicate ; yellowish
brown to chocolate-colored, with narrow red revolving lines.

Length, -5-1 inch.

Philippines, New Caledonia.

The painting and wide spaces between the ribs, and want of
prominent spiral sculpture are the distinctive features of this
species. C. Souverbiei, Crosse (fig. 13), is a S3Tnonym ; it comes
from New Caledonia.

C. LAMBERTI, Souverbie. PL 7, fig. 14.

Umbilicus moderate, ribs distant, spirally subcostulate ; dirty
white. Length, 13 mill.

New Caledonia.

The umbilicus and spiral sculpture are more developed than
in C. costifera, to which the species is very closely allied. The
specimens before me, as well as those from which the original
description was made, are not in a fresh state.

C. NITIDA, A. Adams. PL 7, fig. 16.

Superficially umbilicated, narrowly angled at the suture, ribs
compressed and very prominent, sharp, with the interstices
smooth ; fleshy white. Length, 9 mill.

Philippines.
C. VERREAUXII, Kiener. PL 7, fig. 15, 17.

Narrowly, deeply umbilicated, obtusely angled near the suture,
rudely nodosely ribbed, and spirally ridged ; orange-brown.
Length, 11 mill.

Habitat unknown.

C. coctilis, Reeve (fig. 17) appears to be the same species, not
fully grown.

OANGELLARIA. 83

C. LlTTORlN^EFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 17, fig. 18.

Rather thin, deeply umbilicated, whorls narrowly tingled
above, thinly decussately striated throughout. Length, 1 inch.

Ceylon.
C. SEMIPELLLCIDA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 7, figs. 19, 20.

Ovately ventricose, rather thin, minutely umbilicated, suture
deeply impressed, whorls somewhat round-shouldered, longi-
tudinally obliquely plicate, spirally finely ridged ; aperture ovate,
attenuated at the base, smooth within, columella three-plaited ;
fulvous, subpellucid. Length. 12-15 mill.

Soeloo Sea.

The plications are sometimes more or less obsolete on the
back ; it appears to form a passage to Admete.

C. FUNICULATA, Hinds. PI. 7, figs. 21, 22.

Umbilicated, excavated at the suture, round-shouldered ; ribs
compressed, distant, crossed by delicate spiral ridges and alter-
nate raised lines ; transparent white, tinged with orange-brown.

Length, '75 inch.

? Magdalena Bay, L. California;

sandy mud, 7 fms. (Hinds).

A single specimen is reported to have been obtained at the
above locality, which, as well as the following, may be erroneous.
C. lyrata, Ads. and Reeve (fig. 22), to which Mr. Arthur Adams
assigns the locality, China Sea, is evidently the same species.

Unfigured and Unidentified tipecies of Cancellaria.

C. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.
C. TRAILLI, Button. New Zealand.
C. MITROIDES, Fischer (Mus. Demidoff). Hab. unknown.
C. MULTIPLICATA, Lesson, Hah. unknown.
C. NASSA, Roissy. Hab. unknown.
C. ASPERULA, Desh. Hab. unknown.
C. DECUSSATA, Nyst. Hab. unknown.
This species is probably poorly figured ; it has been over-
looked by previous monographers. Possibly it equals C.
bifasciata, Desh.

84 ADMETE.

C. PYGM^EA, C. B. Adams. Panama.
C. CANDEI, d'0rb.= Phos Guadeloupensis, Petit (Manual, iii, 219).

C. TENERA, Phil Hab. unknown.

C. MODESTA, Carpenter. Vancouver's Island.

C. IMBRICATA, Watson. Off Cape of Good Hope.

C. FISCHERI, A. Adams. Strait of Corea.

C. CRENULATA, A. Adams. China Sea.

Subgenus ADMETE, Kroyer.

C. viRiDULA, Fabr. PI. 7, figs. 23-28.

Very thin, whitish, yellowish or greenish white, or very light
brown, suture rather deeply impressed, whorls rounded,
wrinkled costate above, encircled throughout with equidistant
raised lines ; columella obliquely truncate and minutely triplicate,
outer lip smooth within.

Length, 12-15 mill. (var. grandis, 15-30 mill).
Massachusetts Bay, Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence,

Labrador, Iceland,, Arctic Norway, White Sea,

Spitzbergen, Behring's Strait, N. Japan.

A circumpolar species, inhabiting from shore to 690 fathoms
(dredged). It is extinct in the British seas.

Jeffreys thus describes the animal : —

"Body milk-white; head furnished with a long and promi-
nent veil ; tentacles contractile, thread-shaped, rather long and
slender, smooth, with blunt tips, diverging at an angle of 45° ;
eyes placed on the top of short stalks, at the outer base of the
tentacles, with which the eye stalks are united; foot large,
triangular and long, squarish and double-edged in front, and
bluntly pointed behind, edges uneven ; pallial fold (lining the
basal groove of the shell) very short and thick. No operculum.
Active ; crawls out of the water. It emits a greenish liquid on
being touched with a camel's-hair brush."

It is G. subangulosa of Wood's " Crag Mollusca;" C. crispa.
Moller; C. Buccinoides, Couthouy (=C. Coulliouyi, Jay); C.
costellifera, Sowb.

Like many other circumboreal species, the shell varies con-

ADMETE. 85

siderably in its characters; two forms of it have been described
as varieties by Leche.

Var. UNDATA, Leche (fig. 27).

Yar. L^EVIOR, Leche (fig. 28 = var. grandis^Morch).

Yar. ELONGATA, Leche (fig. 25).

Yar. DISTINCTA, Leche (fig. 26).

C. ARCTICA, MiddendorflT. PI. 7, fig. 29.

AVhorls encircled by rounded ribs, the interstices with close
zigzag longitudinal striae. Length, 30 mill.

Behring^s Strait.
C. TABULATA, Sowb. PL 7, fig. 30.

Whorls narrowly tabulate, granular from decussating ribs;
white, under a brownish epidermis ; columella minutely plicate.
Length, 22 mill.

Arctic Ocean.

C. LIMNJEIFORMIS, E. A. Smith. PI. 7, fig. 31.

Smooth, thin, diaphanous, whorls 3. Length, 2'5 mill.

Kerguelen Island.

Mr. Smith writes of this species that it has the appearance of
a minute Limnaea with the columella truncated a little below the
middle. "Although this is a very curious form for an Admete,
I am not acquainted with any other genus which it more resem-
bles. The character of the truncation of the columella is similar,
and the absence of an operculum is also congeneric. From the
fewness of the whorls and the thinness of the shell it may be
conjectured to be but the young of some larger species. This
may be the case, but at present I am unable to identify it as the
fry of any genus with which I am acquainted."

Un figured Species.

C. BOREALIS, A. Adams. Melville Inland.

C. AUSTRALTS and C. SCHYTIIEI, Philippi. St. of Magellan.

C. COST AT A, Calcara. Sicily.

C. OVATA and GLOBULARIS, E. A. Smith. Japan.

C. UNDATOCOSTATA, Verkruzeh. Arctic Norway.

C. SPECULARIS and C. CARINATA, Watson. Kerguelen Is.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

CANCELLARIID^.

Abnormis (Cancellaria), Gray. Adams, Gen., i, p. 278,

Morch, Moll. Spitzbcrgen, No. 35.

? = Admete viridula, var. grandis. . . . . .84

Acuminata (Cancellaria \ Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p.

53. = C. obesa, Sowb. ...<.. .69

Admete, Kroyer. Moller, Naturhist. Tidskr, iv, 88 ; Index

Moll. Groenl., 1842. = S. G. of Cancellaria, . . 66, 84
Admetopsis, Meek. Ann. Hep. Geol. Surv. Terr., 509,

1873. = Section of Admete, 65

Aflinis (Cancellaria), C. B. Adams. Panama Shells, 132,

1852. ? = C. indentata, Sowb .70

Affinis (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 39. 1856.

= C. indentata, Sowb 70

Albida (Cancellaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 47, 69
Angasi (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., iii,

p. 64, pi. ii, f. 8, 1863, . .... 76

Antiquata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 43,

p. 12, f. 17 and 18, .. . 79

Aphera, EL and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853. = Merica, 65, 75
Arctica (Cancellaria), Midd. Bitr. v, ii, pi. 9, f. 11. 12 and L5.

(= Trichotropis, Ball. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 525, 1885), 85
Articularis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., sp. 34, f. 32.

= C. sealata, Sowb. .81

Asperella (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 402, . 74
Asperella, var. (Cancellaria), Desh. in Lam., Hist. Nat.

ed. 2, Bd. ix, p. 402, (not Lam.) = C. Sinensis, Reeve, . 74
Asperella (Cancellaria), Sowb. (not Lam.) Thes. Conch., f.

38. = C. Grayi, Try on, 70

Asperula (Csuicellaria)', Desh. Enc. Meth., p. 187, No. 17, 83
Australia (Cancellaria), Philippi. Mai. Blatt., 1857, p. 164,

Crosse, J. C., 3d ser. iii, p. 68, . . . . . .85

Australis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. Ill:, sp. 24, f. 23, . 69

Bicolor (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. Moll., p. 43, pi.

12, f. 13, 14, . 79

Bifasciata (Cancellaria), Desh. Enc. Meth. Vers., ii, p.

181, . 74,83

(86)

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 87

PAGE.

Bocageana (Caricellaria), Crosse and Debeaux. J. C., 1863,

p. 63, 77, 263. = C. Thomasiana, Crosse, . . .80
Borealis (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855,

p. 122, 85

Brevis (Cancellaria), Sowerby. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, f.

52. = C. goniostoma, Sowb. ...... 78

Baccinoides (Cancellaria), Couthouy. Bost. J. Nat. Hist.,

ii, p. 105, pi. 3, f. 3. = C. viridula. Fab 84

Buccinoides (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832,

p. 54, 67

Bulbulus (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool Soc., 1832, p. 55,

= C. solida, Sowb. ........ 73

Bullata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1832, p. 51.

= C. tuberculosa, Sowb 78

Cancellaria. Lam. Prodr., 1799, 65

Cancellata (Cancellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1191, 70
Candei (Cancellaria), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 129, t. 21,

f. 23-25. = Phos, ... 84

Candida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., sp. 2, f. 1 . .69
Carinata (Cancellaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xvi, p.

327, ... 85

Cassidiformis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832,

p. 53, . . . . • 66

Chrysostoma (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool Soc., 1832,

p. 54,. . . 71

Circumcincta (Cancellaria), Dall. Proc. Cal. Ac., v, p. 59,

pi. ii. f. 2, . . . . . . . . . 72

Clathrata (Cancellaria), Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p.

123. = C. corrosa, Reeve, 67

Clavatula (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., Ih32, p.

52, . , 75

Coctilis (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 79, 1856.

= C. Verreauxii, Kiener, 82

Contabulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 28.

= C. scalata, Sowb. . . . . . . . .81

Cooperii (Cancellaria), Gabb. Proc. Cal. Ac. N. S., vol. iii,

p. 186, .... .76

Coronata (Cancellaria), Scacchi. Notiz., 34, t. 1, f. 15, . 76
Corrosa (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1856, . . 67
Corrugata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1843, p.

48, ....... . .75

Costata (Cancellaria), Calcara. Aradas and Benoit, Conch.

viv. marina, 259, ........ 85

Costata ^Cancellaria), Gray. Sowb., Conch. 111., f. 42.

= C. ooniostoma, Sowb. ....... 78

88 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAOK.

Costellifera (Canceilaria), Sowb. Hancock, Ann. and Mag.,

1864. = C. viridola, Fab 84

Costifera (Canceilaria?, Sowerby. Conch. 111., sp. 33, f.

31, 80, 82

Couthouyi (Canceilaria), Jay. Catalogue, 1839.

= C. viridula, Fab. 84

Cremata (Canceilaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p.

48. = C. indentata, Sowb : 70

Crenifera (Canceilaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., fig. 29, . . 80
Crenulata (Canceilaria \ A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855,

p. 124, ... 84

Crispa (Admete), Moller. Ind Moll. Grcenl., p. 15.

= Canceilaria viridula, Fab. ...... 84

Crispa (Canceilaria), Sowb. Conch. Illus., p. 12, f. 30.

= C. crispata, Sowb. 80

Crispata (Canceilaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 96, f. 89, . 80
Crossei (Cnncellaria), Semper. Palseont. (Jntersuch., 91;

Crosse, Jour, de Conch., 3d ser. iii, 61.

= C. crenifera, Sowb. ....... 81

Cumingiana (Canceilaria), Petit. Guer. Mag. Zool. . . 68
Cumingii (Canceilaria), Sowb. Adams, Gen., vol. i, p. 271.

? — C. Cumingiana, Petit, 68

Decussata (Canceilaria^, Nyst. BuN. Ac. Brux., 1838, v, p.

115, pi. i, f. 5, . . . . . .83

Distincta (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Vet. Akad.

Handl., xvi, 48, . 85

Eburngeformis (Canceilaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 21, 1856.

= C. reticulata, Linn. ....... 70

Elata (Canceilaria), Hinds. Moll. Yoy. Sulph., p. 42, pi.

12, f. 3 and 4, 76

Elegans (Canceilaria), Sowb. Gen. Shells, f. 3.

= C. asperella, Lam. ........ 74

Elongata ( Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Vet. Akad.

Handl., xvi, 48, 85

Euclia, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853.

= Subsection of Canceilaria, ..... 65, 73
Excavata (Canceilaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137-

= C. spirata, Lam 77

Fischeri (Canceilaria). A. Adams. Ann. Mag., 1860, 3d
ser., vol. v, p. 411, . . . . . . .84

Forestieri (Canceilaria), Montr. J. C., 3d ser., iii, 161, t. 5,
f. 7, 1863. = C. scalata, 81

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 89

PAGE.

Foveolata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p.

137, 77

Funiculata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph., p. 43, pi. 12,

f. 5 and 6, 83

Gemraulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p.

55, 69

Globularis (Admete), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

4th ser., xv, p. 426, . . .... 85

Goniostoma (Cancellaria), Sowerby. Proc. Zool. Soc. ,1832,

p. 51, . 78

Grandis (Admete viridula, var.), Morch. Moll. Spitzbergen,

Xo. 35, . . . ' 84

Granosa (Cancellaria), Angas. Zool. Proc., 208, 1867.

= C. undulata, Sowb. Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,

viii, 226 67

Granosa (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 16 and 17, . 68
Grayi (Cancellaria), Tryon, 70

Haemastoma (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832,

f. 54. = C. chrysostoma, Sowb., var 72

Hystrix (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 67, 1856, . . 81

Imbricata (Cancellaria), Watson. Linn. Soc. Jour. Zool.,

xvi, p. 325. . . 84

Imperialis (Cancellaria), Michelin. Guer. Mag., pi. 16, 1832.

= C. nodnlifera, Sowb 68

Indentata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p.

54, .... 70

Indentata, var. (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 80.

= C. affinis, Reeve, .70

Japonica (Cancellaria), E. A. Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879,
p. 216. pi. xx, f. 54, . . t 73

Lactea (Cancellaria), Desh. Encyc. Meth., p. 180, . . 74

Lrevigata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 24, . . 74
Lrcvior (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Vet. Akad.

Handl., xvi, 48, .... ... 85

Lamberti (Cancellaria), Souv. J. C., iii ser., x, 428, 1870, 82
Lamellosa (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. Moll., p. 43,

pi. 12, f. 15 and 16. = C. crenifera, Sowb., . . . 80
Laticosta, var. (Cancellaria), Kobelt. K lister, t, taf. 2, f.

7-9. = Yar. C. Sinensis, Reeve, . . ." .74

90 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Limnaeiformis (Admetc), E. A. Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc.,

vol. 168, p. 172, pi. 9, f. 4, .85

Littorinseformis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 14, . 83
Lyrata (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samar., 42,
pi. x, f. 4. = C. funiculata, Hinds, ., . . . .83

Macrospira (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Sama-

rang, pi. 10, f. 2, . 76

Mangellioides (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 69, 1856.

? = C, Thomasiana, Crosse, 80

Massyla, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 278, 1853.

= *Merica 65, 75

Melanostoma (Cancellaria), »Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1845,

p. 137. = C. asperella, Lam., var. . . . . .74

Merica, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853.

= Subsection of Cancellaria, ..... 65, 74
Middendorffiana (Admete), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

vii, 525, 1885. Proposed for A. viridula of Middendorff

(Mai. Ross.), not Fab.

Minima (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 77, 1856, . . 73
Mitrseformis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832,

p. 51. = C. uniplicata, Sowb. . . . . .75

Mitroides (Cancellaria), Fischer. Mus. Demidofl', . . 83
Modesta (Cancellaria), Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. H., 3d

ser., xv, p. 32, .... .84

Montrouzieri (Cancellaria), Souv. J. C., iii ser., p. 163,

1863, t. 5, f. 8. = C. scalata, Sowb. . . . .81

Multiphcata (Cancellaria), Lesson. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc.,

1841, p. 37, ...... .83

Narona, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853.

= Subsection of Cancellaria 65, 75

Nassa (Cancellaria), Roissy. Buffon, Moll., v. 6, p. 13, No. 3

(Seba., 53, f. 42), . . 83

Nitida (Cancellaria), A. Adams.' Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p.

123, 82

Nodosa (Nassa), Martini. = Cancellaria piscatoria, Gmelin, 77
Nodulifera (Cancellaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 15,

1825, .68

Nodulosa (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 113.

= C. piscatoria, Gmelin, . . . . . . .77

Obesa (Cancellaria), Sowb, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 52, . 68
Obliquata (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., ix, p. 408, . 81

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 91

0

PAGE.

Oblonga (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. Tank. Cat. App., p.

15. = C. bifasciata, Desh. ...... 74

Obtusa (Cancellaria), Desh. Enc. Meth. Yers., vol. ii, p. 1ST, 68
Obtusa (Cancellaria), Kiener (non Lam.). Iconog., t. 3,

f. 2. = C. solida, Sowb 73

Ovata (Admete), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xv,

426, 1875, .85

Grata (Cancellaria), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 181, 1850.

? = C. urceolata, Hinds 69

Ovata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Sec.. 1832, f. 53.

= C. obesa, Sowb . .69

Parva (Cancellaria), Philippi. Reise Wueste Atacama, p.

187, pi. vii, f. 18, 1860, 73

Piscatoria ^Cancellaria), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3496, No.

116, 77

Pulchra (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 50, 71
Purpuriformis (Cancellaria), Valenciennes. Kiener, Iconog.,

pi. 7,f. 4, 75

PtisUla (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869. p.

274, pi. xix, f. 12, 73

Pusilla (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes., pi. 93, f. 19.

= C. contabnlata, Sowb. (young), . . . . .81
Pygmaea (Cancellaria), C. B. Adams. Pan. Shells, No. 160, 84
Pyrum (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang,

pi. x, f. 1C, . 73

Reeveana (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour. Conch., ix, p. 237,

1861. = C. asperella, Lam 74

Reticulata (Cancellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th eel., p. 1190, 69
Rigida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 53.

= C. goniostoma, Sowb. . . . . , . .78

Rosea (Cancellaria), Beck. Sowb., Thes., 453.

= C. obliquata, Lam. . . . . . . .81

Rougeyroni (Cancellaria), Souv. J. C.,3d ser., x, 427, 1870.

= C. scalata, Sowb 81

Rugosa (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., ix, p. 408, . 72

Scabriculus (Murex), Linn. = Cancellaria cancellata, Linn. 70
Scalare (Buccinurn), Gmelin. S\st. Nat.

= Canceilaria scalarina, Lam. ...... 80

Scalariformis (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. sans Yert., vii, 113, 80

Scalarina (Cancellaria), Lam. .Anim. s. Yert., ix, p. 403, . 79
Scalarina (dancellaria), Sowb. et Reeve (non Lam.).

= C. Thomasiana, Crosse, 80

92 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

*

PAGE.

Scalata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 27, . . .81
Schythei (Cancellaria), Philippi. Mai. Blatt., 1857, p. 164, 85
Semidisjuncta (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848,

p. 137, . . 77

Semipellucida (Cancellaria), Adams et Reeve. Voy. Samar.

Moll., p. 42, pi. 10. f. 3, .... 83

Semperiana (Cancellaria), Crosse. J. C., 3d ser., iii, p. 65,

pi. ii, f. 7, 1863,. ... . ... 68

Serrata (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1856.

= C. Crossei, Semper 81

Similaris (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 10.

= C. similis, Sowb. ........ 71

Similis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 42, f. 38, . 71
Siriensis (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 35, 1856.

= C. asperella, Lam., var. 74

Solida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 52, . 73
Souverbiei (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch, 272, t. 9,

f. 5, 1868. = C. costifera, Sowb 82

Sowerbyi (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., i,

242. = C. uniplicata, Sowb. .... . . 75

Specularis (Cancellaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xvi, p.

325, 85

Spengleriana (Cancellaria), Desh. Enc. Meth. Yers., vol.

ii, p. 185, -67

Spirata i Cancellaria), Lam, An. s. Yert., ix, p. 408, . . 77
Stimpsonii (Cancellaria), Calkins. Proc. Daven. Ac. N. S.,

1878, p. 250, pi. 8, f. 4-5, 79

Striata (Galea), Klein. = Cancellaria reticulata, Linn. . 69
Subangnlosa (Cancellaria), Wood. Crag Moll., i, p. 66, t.

vii, i'. 20. = C. viridula, Fab .84

Subsinensis (Cancellaria), Kobelt. Kiister, Can. 7, Taf. 2,

f. 3. = Yar. of C. Sinensis, Reeve, . . . .74

Tabulata (Admete), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, 128, pi.

24, f. 3, .85

Tgeniata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137, 76
Tasmanica (Cancellaria), T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.,

1875, p. 150, . . 83

Tenera (Cancellaria), Phil. . Menke, Zeit., 1848, p. 24, No.

94, 84

Tennis (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p.

123. = C. scalata, Sowb. 81

Tessellata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 51, 75
Textilis (Cancellaria^, Kiener. Coq. Yiv., pi. 7, f. 1.

== C. scalata, Sowb 81

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 93

PAGE.

Thomasiana (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour. Conch., vol. ix, p.

231,1861, 79

Trailli (Cancellaria), Hutton. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 26, 83
Trigonostoma, Blainv. Manuel de Malacol., 1825.

= Section of Cancellaria, ...... 65,17

Trigonostoma (Cancellaria), Lam. An. s. Vert , ix, p. 88, . 78
Tritonis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 15.

= C. Spengleriana, Desh 67

Ttiberculata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 457.

= C. tuberculosa, Sowb. . . . . . . .78

Tuberculosa (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832,

p. 51, . . . . . . 78

Turbinopsis, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. So., n. s., iv, 289,

1860, 65

Turrita (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873, p. 721,

t. lix, f. 12, .72

Unalashkensis (Cancellaria). Dall. Proc. Cal. Ac., v, p. 58,

pi. ii, f. 1, . . 72

Undata (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. Kongl. Sv. Yet.

Akad. Hand., Bd. 16, No. 2, p. 47.

= Cancellaria viridula, Fab., var. . . . . .85

Undato-costata (Admete), Verkriizen. Jahrb., ii, p. 237, 85
Undulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p.

136. Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, viii, 226.

= C. Spengleriana, Desh. ....... 67

Uniplicata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, . 75
Urceolata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. Moll., 41. pi.

12, f. 7-8, . . . ' . 69

Varicosa (Cancellaria), Phil. Moll. Sicil., i, 201, 1836; ii,
177,1844. = C. coronata, Sc 76

Yentricosa (Cancellaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p.
47. = C. decusata, Sowb. ...... 70

Yerreauxii, (Cancellaria) Kiener. Iconog, pi. 8, f. 3, . . 82

Viridula (Cancellaria), O. Fab. Fauna Grounl., 402 ; Jeffreys,
Ann. Mag. N. H., xix, 322, 1877, . . . . .84

Wilmeri (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 637,
pi. Ivi, f. 2, . 82

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

CANCELLARIID^.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE PAGE.

1. Cancellaria Cassidiformis, Sowb. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 15, 66

2. Cancellaria Spengleriana, Desh. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 29, . . . 67

3. Cancellaria Tritonis, Sowb. (= Spengieriana). Thes.

Conch., f. 15, 67

4. 5. Cancellaria undulata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 12,79, 67
6, 7. Cancellaria Bnccinoides, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 10,

11 . .67

8. Cancellaria Bnccinoides, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

t. 18, f. 15 d, 67

9. Cancellaria corrosa, Reeve, Reeve, Icon., f. 64 6, . 67

10. Cancellaria nodulifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 57, . 68

11. Cancellaria imperialis, Michelin (= nodnlifera). Gne-

riii's Magazine, t. 16, 1832, 68

12. Cancellaria Cnmingiana, Petit. Reeve, Icon., f. 1 a, . 68

PLATE 2.

13. Cancellaria Cnmingiana, Petit. Jonr. de Conch., xi,

t. 2, f. 9, 68

14. Cancellaria obtnsa, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 37 a, . . 68

15. Cancellaria Semperiana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xi,

t. 2, f. 7, ... . .68

16. Cancellaria granosa, Sowb. Sowb., Conch. Illust., f. 17, 68

17. Cancellaria obesa, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 7, . 68

18. Cancellaria ovata, Sowb. (= obesa). Thes. Conch., f. 2, 69

19. Cancellaria acuminata, Sowb. (=obe£a). Thes. Conch.,

f. 1, . . 69

20. Cancellaria nrceolata, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 23 6, ... • .69

21. Cancellaria Candida, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 46 6, 69

22. Cancellaria australis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 73, . 69

23. Cancellaria albida, Hinds, Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 45 fr, 69

24. Cancellaria gemmnlata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 48ft, . , 69

(94)

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 95

FIGURE. VAGK.

25. Cancellaria reticulata, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 17, ' . 69

26. Cancellaria E burn ae form is, Rve. (= reticulata). Conch.

Icon.,f. 21 a, . '.70

27. Cancellaria decussata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 22 a, , . .70

28. Cancellaria ventricosa, Hinds (== decussata) Reeve.

Conch. Icon., f. 47 a, . . . . . .70

29. Cancellaria cremata, Hinds (= indentata). Thes.

Conch., f. 80, 70

PLATE 3.

30. Cancellaria indentata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 41 6, 70

32. Cancellaria affinis, Reeve (= indentata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 39 a. . . -TO

33. Cancellaria asperella, Sowb. (= Grayi). Thes. Conch.,

f. 38, ' . . .70

34. Cancellaria cancellata, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 136, ... .... 70

35. Cancellaria similis, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 10 6, 71

36. Cancellaria pulchra, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 41, . . 71

37. 39. Cancellaria hsemastoma, Sowb. (= chrysostoma,

var.). Thes. Conch., f. 55, 53, .... 72

38. Cancellaria chrysostoma, Sowb. Thes Conch., -f. 39, . 71

40. Cancellaria rugosa. Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 44, 72

41. Cancellaria Unalashkensis, Dall. Calif. Proc., v, t. 2, f. 1, 72

42. Cancellaria circumcincta, Dall. Calif. Proc., v, t. 2, f. 2, 72

43. Cancellaria turrita, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 69, f. 12, 1873, 72

44. Cancellaria parva, Phil. Philippi, Reise Atacama,

t. 7,f. 18, . . . 73

45. Cancellaria minima, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 77 a, • 73

46. Cancellaria pusilla, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1. 19, f. 12, 1869, 73

47. Cancellaria Japonica, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 54,

1879, .73

48. Cancellaria solida, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 4, .73

49. Cancellaria bullmlus, Sowb. (= solida). Thes. Conch.,

f. 64, ... . . 73

50. Cancellaria pvrum, Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang,

t. 10, f. 16," . . 73

51. Cancellaria lactea, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 82, . 74

52. Cancellaria Irevigata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 34 a, . .74

53. Cancellaria elegans, Sowb. (= Sinensis). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 12" .74

96 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGUBK. "LATE 4.

50. Cancellaria Sinensis, Reeve (= asperella, var.). Conch.

Icon., f. 356, ... .74

51. Cancellaria subsinensis (= Sinensis, var.). Kiister,

Monog., t. 2, f. 3, . . . . . . 74

52. Cancellaria laticosta (= Sinensis, var.). Kiister, t. 2,

f . 7 74

53. Cancellaria asperella, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 74, 74

54. Cancellaria melanostoma. Sowb. (= asperella, var.).

Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 26 6, . .74

55. Cancellaria oblonga, Sowb. (== bifasciata). Thes.

Conch., f. 25, . . ... .74

56. Cancellaria Purpuriformis, Val. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 766, 75

57. Cancellaria corrugata, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

726, .... . . .75

58. 59. Cancellaria tessellata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 70 a, 6, 75

60. Cancellaria tessellata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 32, . 75

61. Cancellaria clavatula, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

526,'. . ... . . 75

62. 63. Cancellaria Mitraeformis, Sowb. (= uniplicata).

Thes. Conch,, f. 24, 35, . . . . . . 75

64. Cancellaria taeniata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 75, . . 76

65. Cancellaria elata. Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 12, f. 4, . 76

66. Cancellaria Cooperi, Gabb. Specimen, . . .76

67. Cancellaria macrospira, Adams and Reeve. Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 50 6, . . . . 76

68. Cancellaria coronata, Scacchi. Philippi, Moll. Sicil., ii,

t. 25, f. 27, .76

69. Cancellaria Angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 2, f.

8, 1863, . 76

70. Cancellaria piscatoria, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

33, . 77

71. Cancellaria spirata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 56 «, 77

PLATE 5.

72. Cancellaria excavata, Sowb. ( = spirata). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 53 a, . .77

73. Cancellaria foveolata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

71 a, . . 77

74. Cancellaria foveolata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 30, . 77

75. Cancellaria semidisjuncta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 63, 77

76. Cancellaria tuberculosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 52, . 78

77. Cancellaria tuberculosa, Sowb. Kiener, Iconog., t. 1,

,f. 2, .78

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 97

FIOURB. PAGE.

78. Cancellaria bullata, Sowb. (= tuberculosa). Thes.

Conch., f. 56, .78

79. Cancellaria trigonostoma, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon..

f. 51 6, .... .... 78

80. Can.-ellaria goniostoma, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 40, . 78

81. Cancellaria goniostoma, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 32 a, . 78

82. Cancellaria brevis, Sowb. (= goniostoma \ Thes.

Conch., f. 21, ... .... 78

83. 84. Cancellaria costata, Grajr (— goniostoma). Thes.

Conch. ,f. 61, 60, 78

85. Cancellaria rigida, Sowb. (= goniostoma). Conch.

Icon., f. 336, 78

86. Cancellaria bicolor, Hinds. Yoy. Sulphur, t. 12, f. 14, 79

87. Cancellaria Stimpsoni. Calkins, Shells of Florida, . 79

88. Cancellaria antiquata, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f.

74ft, 79

PLATE 6.

89. 90. Cancellaria bicolor, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

49, 50, . . . 79

91. Cancellaria scalarina, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 5, f. 3, 79

92. Cancellaria scalarina, Sowb. (= Thomasiana^. Conch.

Icon., f. 256, 79

93. Cancellaria Bocageana,C. &D. (= Thomasiana). Jour.

de Conch., t. 9, f. 3, 1863, 79

94. Cancellaria Mangelioides, Reeve (= Thomasiana).

Conch. Icon., f. 69 6, . . . . . .79

95. Cancellaria scalariformis, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 5,

f . 4 80

96. Cancellaria crispata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 43 6, 80

97. Cancellaria crenifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 84, . 80

98. Cancellaria lamellosa, Hinds (— crenifera). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 65 6, 80

98. Cancellaria serrata, Reeve (= crenifera). Conch.

Icon., f. 63 a, 80

100. Cancellaria hystrix, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67 6, . 81

1. Cancellaria obliquata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

61 a, 81

2. Cancellaria scalata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 19 a, 81

3. Cancellaria textilis, Kiener (= scalata) Ibid., f. 286, 81

4. Cancellaria articnlaris, Sowb. (= scalata . Thes.

Conch., f. 91, . 81

5. Cancellaria contabulata, Sowb. (= scalata). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 42 a, .... .81

6. Cancellaria pusilla, Sowb. (= scalata. juv.). Thes.

Conch., f. 19, .. 81

7

98 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FI0URR. PAGE.

7. Cancellaria Forestieri, Souverb. (= scalata). Jour.de

Conch,, t. 5, f. 7, 1863, . ... 81

8. Cancellaria Montrouzieri, Souverb. (= scalata). Ibid.,

t. 5, f. 8, .81

9. Cancellaria tennis, A. Ad. (= scalata). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 75 a, 81

PLATE 7'.

10 Cancellaria Wilmeri,Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 56, f. 2, 1881, 82

11. Cancellaria Rougeyroni, Souverb. (= scalata). Jour.

de Conch , t. 14* f. 1, 1870, 81

12. Cancellaria costifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 66, . 82

13. Cancellaria Souverbiei, Crosse (= costifera). Jour.

de Conch., t. 9, f. 5, 1868, . .82

14. Cancellaria Laraberti, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 14,

f. 2, 1870, . 82

15. Cancellaria Yerreauxi, Kiener. Conch. Icon., f. 596, 82

16. Cancellaria nitida, Ads. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 78 6, 82

17. Cancellaria coctilis, Reeve (= Verreauxi). Ibid., f.

796, 82

18. Cancellaria Littoriniformis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 62 6, . 83

19. 20. Cancellaria seraipellucida. Ibid., f. 73 a, 6, .

21. Cancellaria funiculata, Hinds. Yoy. Sulphur., 1. 12, f. 6, 83

22. Cancellaria lyrata, Ad. and Reeve (= funiculata).

Voy. Sanuirang, t. 10, f. 4, . ... 84

23. Admete viridula, Fabr. Reeve, Cancellaria, f. 85, - 84

24. Admete Couthouyi, Jay (= viridula). Ibid., f. 86, . 84

25. Admete viridula, var. elongata. Leche, K. Vet. Aktid.

Handl., xvi, t. 1, f. 13 a, .

26. Admete viridula, var. distincta. Leche, Ibid., 1. 1, f. 14a, 84

27. Admete viridula, var. undata. Middendorff, Beitr.

Mai. Ross., t. 10, f. 4, ... 85

28. Admete viridula, var. laevior, Leche. Middendorff,

Ibid., t. 10, f. 2, . 85

29. Admete arctica, Middendorff. Middendorff, Ibid., t. 9,

f. 12, . 85

30. Admete tabulata, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 24, f. 3, 1875, 85

31. Admete Lymn<Teiformis, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc.,

clxviii, t. 9, f. 4, 85

32. Admete viridula, Fabr. H. and A. Adams, Genera,

t. 29, f. 5, . ' . . .85

33. Admete crispa (== viridula). Fischer. Man. de Conch.,

p. 595, . . . . . . . .65

FAMILY STROMBIDjE.

Shell itn perforate, usually solid, with turriculated spire, and
more or less dilated or winged lip; the lip frequently digitated,
with usually a sinus near the base for the protrusion of the head
of the animal ; aperture mostly canaliculated at each extremity,
the columella callous, without plaits. Operculum corneous,
small, generally unguiculatc, sometimes oval, with apical nucleus.

Animal with sessile or pedunculated eyes, slender tentacles,
contractile annulated proboscis, short siphon, varying foot.
Dentition taenioglossate.

Corresponds with the family Alata of Lamarck.

Subfamilies.

Subfamily STROMBIN^E. Animal furnished with large eyes,
placed on thick cylindrical peduncles; the iris highly colored,
often in concentric zones, tentacles slender, rising from the
middle of the eye-peduncles; foot narrow, adapted for leaping
rather than walking; siphon very short, not extending beyond
the anterior canal of the shell ; mantle with an extension laying
in the posterior canal; penis long, narrow, with a hook-like or
bifurcated extremity. Dentition. Central tooth multicuspid,
short; Literals, one on each side, sub trigonal, with crenulated
margins; marginals falciform, narrow, sharp-pointed, with finely
denticulated margin (PI. 1, fig. 1).

Shell with expanded, entire, or shortl}' digitated lip, with an
anterior marginal sinus, and usually a posterior prolongation;
aperture canaliculated anteriorly and posteriorly. Operculum
narrow, unguiculate.

Subfamily AroRRHAiN^E. Eyes small, sessile at the outer
bases of the narrow, subulated tentacles; foot rather small,
oblong, adapted for walking. Operculum suboval. Dentition :
central tooth subquadrangular. the edge multicuspid ; laterals
transverse, with entire margins ; marginals elongated, narrow,
curved, shnrp, with entire margins (PI. 11, fig. 25).

Shell with turriculated spire, the lip much dilated, usually
digitated, with an incomplete canal or notch in front.

(99)

100 STROM BID^E.

Differs from Strombiiise in the form and adaptation of the
foot and in the dentition; the shell differs in the absence (in
most of the genera) of a labial sinus, but is closely related with
the Pterocera of the Strombirise, and a little remotely with the
Cerithiidse.

Subfamily STRUTHIOLARIIN^E. Tentacles slender, rather short,
with the eyes on short pedicels at their external bases ; foot
oval, adapted for swimming ; proboscis long ; siphon scarcely
perceptible. Operculum shortly unguiculate. Dentition: 5-M-1-5;
central tooth subquadrangular, with multicuspid edge, the
laterals oblong, multicuspid; marginals falciform, sharp, narrow,
with crenulated margins (PI. 12, fig. 42).

Shell bucciniform, the aperture angular, shortly subcanalicu-
lated below; lip thickened, sinuous, entire; columella thickened,
polished, subtruncate below.

Synopsis of Genera.

The Strombidse abound in fossil forms, some of them of very
bizarre appearance ; as these are all described and illustrated in
the u Structural and Systematic Conchology," they will be
simply named here, with references to that work.

Subfamily StromlnntK.
Genus STROMBUS, Linn.. 1758.

Shell ovate, turretecl or subfusiform, often tuberculated or
spinose, imperforate, covered by a thin, horny epidermis, solid ;
aperture long, narrow, emarginate or with a short canal in front,
canaliculated or channeled posteriorly; outer lip usually dilated,
thickened, often lobed, with a sinus near the front ; columellar
lip simple, callous. Operculum narrowly unguiculate, the margins
denticulated, or rugose. In the young, the lip of the shell is
not expanded, so that it appears something like a Conus.

Section I. STROMBUS (sensu stricto}. Lip with entire margin,
widely expanded, not prolonged upon the spire behind ; inner
lip not restricted or defined. S. gigas, Linn.

Section II. EUPROTOMUS, Gill, em., 1869. Lip widely expanded,
ascending the spire, the outer margin folded in and thickened,
the posterior margin subdigitate or plain. 8. lacimatus, Chemn.

STROMBIDJE. 101

Section III. MONODACTYLUS, Klein, 1753. Lip with a pos-
terior, narrow, much produced lobe. S. Pacificus, Swainson.

Section IV. GALLINULA, Klein, 1753. Lip somewhat dilated,
not digitate, frequently- descending the spire behind ; inner lip
restricted, defined. S. succinctus, Linn.

Section V. CANARIUM, Schum., 1817. -Lip not dilated, pos-
terior canal short or obsolete. S. urceus, Linn.

Section VI. CONOMUREX, Bayle, 1884. .Shell cone-shaped,
with short spire, aperture narrow, with subparallel lips, the
outer lip not dilated. S. Luhuanns, Linn.

Section VII. ONCOMA. Mayer, 187(5. Fossil, Eocene of Europe.
S. and S. Conch., ii, 190.

Subgenus PUGNELLUS, Conrac^ 1860.

Fossil only, Cretaceous U. S. S. and S. Conchology, ii, 190, t.
60, f. 71, 72.

Section GYMNARUS, Gabb, 1868. Fossil. S. and S. Conch., ii,
190, t. 60, f. 73.

Subgenus PEREIR^EA, Crosse, 1867.

Fossil only. Miocene of Spain and Portugal. S. and S.
Conch., ii. 1&4, t. 60, f. 87.

Genus PTEROCERA, Lamarck, 1799.

Outer edge of the mantle digitated. Operculum as in Strom-
bus. Shell ovate, spire turriculated, aperture narrow, elongated,
outer lip much expanded, tubularl}- digitate, with a sinus near the
base, a long, straight or curved anterior canal, and a posterior
canal ascending and sometimes surpassing the spire.

The young shell, like Strombus, is coniform, with the outer lip
straight and simple; the claws or digitations being gradually
formed with the growth of the shell. At first they are short,
open canals, and afterwards close and become solid.

Section I. PTEROCERA (sensu stric.to}. Anterior canal straight
or curved to the right, posterior canal ascending the spire.

Subsection I. (Heptadactylus, Klein). Lips smooth, digi-
tations not numerous. P. lambis, Linn.

Subsection II. (MiHipes, Klein). Lips rugose or corru-
gated, digitations more numerous. P. scorpio, Linn.

102 STROMBID^.

Section II. HARPAGO, Klein, 1753: Anterior and posterior
canals both curved to the left, the latter at first crossing the shell
transversely. P. rugosa, Sowb.

Subgenus PHYLLOCHEILUS, Gabb, 1868.

(Melaptera, Piette, 1876). Fossil only. S. and S. Conch., ii,
191, t. 60, f. 74.

Subgenus HARPAGODES, Gill, 1869.
Jurassic and Cretaceous. S. and S. Conch. ,ii, 195, t. 60, f. 93.

Genus ROSTELLARIA, Lamarck, 1799.

Animal similar to Strombus. Operculum not serrated on the
edge. Shell fusifonn with elevated spire, whorls numerous,
smooth, or slightly ribbed; aperture continued into a narrow,
usually long, straight or slightly curved anterior canal, and a
shorter posterior canal ascending the spire, outer lip thickened,
not much expanded, shortly digitated in the typical group. The
(restricted) Rostellarias belong to the present epoch or extend
at most only into the more recent tertiaries ; but a number of
fossil groups are usually considered as belonging to the genus.
J?. curia, Sowb.

? Section MITR^EFUSUS, Bcllardi, 1871. Miocene. Structural
and Syst. Conch., ii, 128, t. 47, f. 80. This has been considered
a member of the family Fusidae, but Dr. Fischer calls attention
to its close resemblance to a young Rostellaria.

Subgenus RIMELLA, Agassiz, 1840.

Shell cancellated, anterior canal short, posterior canal rather
long, applied to the spire ; lip but little dilated, usually rugose,
and having an exterior rib, not digitated. R. crispata, Sowb.

The few recent species belong to the Philippine Island fauna ;
there are also Cretaceous and Tertiary species.

? Section ISOPLEURA, Meek, 1864. A cretaceous group, having
no posterior canal, and perhaps not belonging to this family. S.
and S. Conchology, ii, 192, t. 60, f. 76.

? Section STROMBOLARTA, Gregorio, 1880. An eocene fossil
which seems to possess the essential characters of Isopleura ; it

STROMBID^E. 103

is ribbed longitudinally, occasionally varicose, and without pos-
terior canal. R. crucis, Bayan.

Section CYCLOMOLOPS, Gabb, 1868. Eocene. S. and S. Conch.,
ii, 192, t. 60, f. 77.

Subgenns HIPPOCHRENES, Montfort, 1810.

Eocene of Europe and America. S. and S. Conch., ii, 191, t.
60, f. 75.

Section ORTHAULAX, Gabb, 1873. Tertiary. S. and S. Conch.,
ii, 192.

Section LEIORHINUS, Gabb, 1860. Eocene, Ala. S. and S.
Conch., ii, 191, t. 60, f. 92.

Section CALYPTROPHORUS, Conrad, 1857. Eocene, U.S.; Cre-
taceous, India. S. and S. Conch., ii, 192, t. 60, f. 78.

Snbgenus PTERODONTA, d'Orbigny, 1851.
Cretaceous. S. and S. Conchology, ii, 190, t. 88, f. 56.

Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein, 1753.

Anterior part of foot very small, posterior part oval, com-
pressed ; eyes on the ends of peduncles; no tentacles; siphon
rudimentary; mantle with a posterior filiform appendage, laying
in the sutural canal. Operculum small, narrow, digitated.

Shell elongate, subc}'lindrical, spire rather short, apex obtuse ;
aperture narrow, broadly notched in front ; lip simple, columella
truncated.

Section I. TEREBELLUM (sensu stricto}. Shell smooth, spire
rather short, with channeled suture. T. xubulatum, Linn.

Section II. TEREBELLOPSIS, Leymerie, 1844. Nummulitic. S.
and S. Conch., ii, 193, t. 60, f. 81.

Section III. SERAPHS, Montfort, 1810. Spire concealed under
a callous covering. Eocene. T. convohitum, Lam.

Section IV. MAURYNA, Gregorio, 1880. Surface longitudinally
folded. Nummulitic. T. plicatum, d'Arch.

Subfamily Aporrhainae.
Genus APORRHAIS, Dillwyn, 1823.

Shell fusiform, spire turreted, with a short canal in front, and
a posterior canal running up the spire ; outer lip of adult expanded.

104 STROMBID^E.

thickened, and 2-3 digitated, the digitations continued as carinse
on the back of the shell. A. pcs-pelecani , Lam. 4 recent species,
N. Atlantic Ocean ; fossil, Jurassic — .

Section I. APORRHAIS (sensu stricto). Lip bi- or tri-digitate,
posterior digitation canaliform, running up the spire, the ex-
tremity free.

Section II. ARRHOGES, Gabb, 1868. Shell with expanded,
simple lip, with a posterior, obtuse, lobe-l;ke extension, the
anterior sinus nearly obsolete ; anterior canal short and obtuse ;
posterior canal very short. A. accident alis, Beck.

Section III. GONIOCHILA, Gabb, 1868 (Alipes, Conrad, 1865,
without description). Eocene. S. and S. Conch., ii, 193, t. 60,
f. 82.

Section IV. CERATOSIPHON, Gill, 1870. Cretaceous. S. and
S. Conch., ii, 196, t. 60, f. 94.

Section V. CYPHOSOLENUS, Piette. 1876. Jurassic. L. c., ii,
193.

Section VI. TESSAROLAX, Gabb, 1864. Cretaceous. L. c., ii,
195, t. 60, f. 89.

Section VII. PTEROCERELLA, Meek. Cretaceous. L.c.,ii, 195,
t. 60, f. 90.

Section VIII. LISPODESTHES, White, 1875. Cretaceous. L. c.,
ii, 194, t. 60, f. 86.

Section IX. HELICAULAX, Gabb, 1868. Cretaceous. L. c., ii,
194,,t, 60, f. 85.

Section X. DIMORPHOSOMA, Gardner, 1875. Cretaceous. L. c.,
ii, 194.

Section XI. MONOCYPHUS, Piette, 1876. Lip palmated, widely
separated from the spire and canal, with an anterior sinus ;
anterior canal short. Jurassic. A. camellus, Piette. (Brachy-
stoma, Gardner, 1876, appears to be founded on an imperfect
Aporrhais, having a very long spire. B. angulare, Seeley. Gault).

Genus DIARTEMA, Piette, 1864.

Shell Ranelliform, with continuous varices on each side of the
spire ; lip thick, dilated with a simple or slightly undulating
margin, and a slight anterior sinus ; anterior canal short, straight,
posterior canal small. Jurassic.

STROMBID^:. 105

Section CYPHOTIFER, Piette, 1876. Jurassic. S. and S. Conch.,
ii, 195.

Genus ALARJ^\., Morris and Lycett, 1850.

Jurassic. S. and S. Conch., ii, 105, t. CO, f. 91.

Section I. ALARIA (sensu stricto). Varicose.

Section II. DICROLOMA, Gabb, 168. No varices, lip two- or
three-digitate. Jurassic, Cretaceous. S. and S. Conch., ii. 194,
t. 60, f. 88.

Section III. ANCHURA, Conrad, 1860. L. c., ii, 194, t. 60, f. 84.

Subgenus DIEMPTERUS, Piette, 1876.
Jurassic. Structural and Syst. Conchology, ii, 195.

Subgenus SPINIGERA, d'Orb., 1850.
Jurassic. Structural and Syst. Conch., ii. 192, t. 60, f. 79, 80.

Subfamily Struthiolariinse.
Genus STRUTHIOLARIA, Lam., 1812.

Animal with the outer mantle-margin simple, tentacles cylin-
drical ; eye pedicels short, adnate with the tentacles externally ;
foot broad and short. Operculum short, claw-shaped, with an
apical projection.

Shell imperforate, oval oblong ; spire turreted ; aperture trun-
cated in front; lip entire, thickened, sinuous, prominent in the
middle, inner lip callous, expanded. Southern Seas. S. nodulosa,
Mart.

Section I. STRUTHIOLARIA (sensu stricto).

Section II. PELICARIA, Gray, 1857. Spire of adult covered
with enamel ; outer lip sinuous, thin. S. scutulata, Mart.

Section III. LOXOTREMA, Gabb, 1878. S. and S. Conch., ii,
196, t. 60, f. 95.

? Section IV. DOLOPHANES, Gabb, 1872. L. c., ii, 196.

106 STROMBUS.

Subfamily Strombin as.

Genus STROMBUS, Linn., 1758.

The Strombs are powerful, active mollusks, having extraor-
dinary visual powers for gastropods, the eyes being large, with
the iris usually colored in concentric zones. Their foot is not
adapted for ordinary locomotion, but enables the animal to
progress in a series of awkward leaps, and even to right itself
by a somersault if placed on its back. The strong teeth and
thick quadrangular corneous jaws indicate carnivorous habits,
yet the animal is supposed to feed only on dead flesh.

Upon the eyes of Strombus, see an excellent paper by Dr.
Paul Fischer, Jour, de Conch., 213, 1861.

They usually inhabit shallow waters, and occur plentifully.
The distribution is tropical, and rather restricted for some of
the species, whilst others have a very extensive range — as
might be expected for the whole group considering that the
larva is a free swimming animal provided with six ciliated arms
(Macdonald, Linn. Trans., xxiii, 72).

Strombus has existed since cretaceous times, and is repre-
sented as late as the quarternary of the Mediterranean region,
although not now living in that sea. The fossil forms belonging
to the family far exceed in number those now existing, besides
showing a variability contrasting with the fixed and readily dis-
tinguished characters of most of the recent species.

Strombus gigas, the largest species is still eaten at the island
of Barbadoes, and numerous ancient weapons and implements
made from its shell have been dug up on that island and else-
where. It is a common mantel, hearth and garden ornament in
the coast portions of the United States. In England it is
extensively used in the manufacture of the finer kinds of porce-
lain ; 300,000 have been imported into Liverpool in one year,
chiefly for this purpose. It sometimes produces a beautiful
pink pearl ; but in jewelry it is principally used for carving into
cameos for brooches, a purpose for which it is well fitted by the
different colored layers of which its shell is composed.

" The perfect development of the large, fine, pedunculated
eyes of Strombus, together with its very elongated, powerful,
muscular foot and body, and claw-shaped, stout, jagged, horny

RTROMBUS. 107

operculum, constitute it one of the most active and intelligent
of mollusks. It is, in fact, a most sprightly and energetic
animal, and often served to amuse me by its extraordinary
leaps and endeavors to escape, planting firmly its powerful
narrow operculum against any resisting substance, insinuating
it under the edge of its shell, and by a vigorous effort, throwing
itself forwards, carrying its great heavy shell with it, and
rolling along in a series of jumps, in a most singular and
grotesque manner " (Arthur Adams, Narrative Voij. Samarang,
11,493).

The classification herein adopted for the subfamily differs but
little from that of Messrs. Adams' Genera of Recent Mollusca.
The fossil groups have been carefully studied b}^ the late Wm.
M. Gabb, in his "Attempt at a Revision of the families Strom-
bidse and Aporrhaidae,'' published in the American Journal
of Conchology, 1868.

The monographs of the recent species of Strombus include
the magnificent folio, " Illustrations Conchyliologiques " of
Chenu, Reeve's " Iconica," Kiener's " Coquilles Vivantes,"
Sowerby's "Thesaurus," and Kiister's " Conchylien Cabinet."
Reeve's monograph, the most recent of these, was published in
1851, and contains 56 species. That the thirty-three years
since that period, usually so prolific in conchological discovery,
have failed to add materially to the number of species, is a
significant fact, taken in connection with the ancient history of
the family.

Section I. STROMBUS (srnsu stricto).

S. GIGAS, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 2-4.

Epidermis light yellowish brown, beneath which the color is
fawn-white, interior polished, rose-color. Length, 9-12 inches.
West Indies, Florida, N. South America.

Chisels and other implements manufactured of this shell are
found in the Florida shell-mounds. It lives in 2-3 fathoms
water, on sand ; eats Sphaerococcus confer voides, Agard. The
young shell (fig. 4) is S. lucifer, Linn.

S. GOLIATH, Chemn. PI. 1, fig. 5.

Whorls spirally grooved in double rows, plicate^ tubercled

108 STROMBUS.

round the upper part, tubercles rounded, obtuse ; orange-
brown, aperture similar in color, becoming deeper within.

Length, 8-10 inches.

West Indies.

A rare shell, closely related to, perhaps a variety of S. gigas.

S. GALEATUS, Swainson. PL 1, fig. 6.

Yellowish white, under an olive-brown epidermis ; aperture
whitish, the lip and columella tinged with orange-brown.

Length, 8-10 inches.

Panama to Mazatlan, Acapulco.

It is S. galea, Wood, and S. crenatus, Sowb.

S. COSTATUS, Gmelin. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Indistinctly banded and marbled with chestnut and white
under a yellowish-brown epidermis ; aperture whitish, tinged
with light orange or pink. Length, 5-6 inches.

West Indies.

Better known under the subsequently published name of S.
accipritrinuSj Lam. S. inermis, Swains, (fig. 8), is merely a
state of the species with less-developed spines. S. latus, Ginel.
(—dilatatus, Lam., not Swains.) is probably the same form.

S. BUBONTUS, Lam. PI. 2, fig. 11.

Spire with coarse impressed spiral striae, shortly tuberculate
at the sutures ; body-whorl with a shoulder-row of short spines
or tubercles, with usually two somewhat obsolete inferior rows
of knobs, and coarse revolving riblets ; orange-brown or pink-
brown, marbled with white, under a brown epidermis, aperture
white, tinged with light brown on the lips and columella.

Length, 4 inches.

Senegal and Cape Verd Island*.

It is S. fasciatus, Gmelin, not Born, /S. coronatus, Defrance.
It is a fossil of the Mediterranean region.

S. INTEGER, Swainson. PI. 2, fig. 12.

Shell ventricose, solid, white; spire elongated, conical ; last
whorl nodulose behind ; lip thick, rounded, white.

The above is the original description, and reference is made to
Lister, pi. 856. This represents an immature shell, rather diffi-
cult to identify, and which all the monographers have agreed to

STROMBUS. 109

consider a doubtful species. Prof. Morch, however, considers it
a good species and says : " In 1869 I obtained from Mr. Lan-
dauer at Frankfurt, a specimen from a French collection marked
' &. inermis, Florides,' exactly corresponding to Lister's figure.
It is the only one I recollect to have seen." Mai. Blatt.,
xxiv, 17
S. PUGILIS, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 13-15 ; PL 1, figs. 9, 10.

Spire and lower part of body-whorl spirally striate, the spire-
whorls and shoulder of body-whorl sharply spinose ; deep
orange-brown, covered by a thin epidermis, with an indistinct
median lighter band ; aperture and wide columellar callus
orange or carnelian-red, or sometimes purple towards the base
of the lip. Length, 8 inches.

So. Carolina — West Indies, Brazil.

There are varieties with the spines horizontally (fig. 14) and
vertically (fig. 15) compressed.

Var. ALATCS, Gmelin. Figs. 9, 10.

Spire nodulous, not spinose, body-whorl also without spines,
the shoulder indistinctly nodulous or smooth ; color yellowish
white and dark chestnut, marbled or disposed in zigzags, some-
times light-banded in the middle ; epidermis thin, aperture and
columella deep orange to ear u el i an, more or less tinged with
dark purple.

The above describes a typical example of this variety, and its
characters are usually sufficiently permanent for its distinction,
even as a species ; but intermediates between it and S. pugilin
so completely connect the two, that those who have had the best
opportunities for studying them, consider them synonymous.
S. pyrulatus, Lam. (fig. 10), is identical with S. alatus. S. dubius,
Sowb. (fig. 16) is a young shell.

S. GRACILIOR, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 17.

Pale yellowish or orange, with a thin epidermis, sometimes
faintly white-banded in the middle; aperture whitish, or pink-
white, the lip often margined with orange. Length, 3 inches.

Panama to Mozatlan ; La Paz^ L. California.

Lighter in color, thinner, smoother ( scarcely striate on the
spire), with closer, smaller, shorter spines than S. pugilis; yet
evidently derived from the same parent stock.

110 STROMBUS.

S. CANARIUM, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 18-20 ; PI. 3, fig. 21.

Densely longitudinally marked with zigzag alternate white
and chestnut lines ; aperture white. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines.

It is S. VanicorensiSi Quoy.

Var. ISABELLA, Lam. Figs. 20, 21.

Yellowish or orange-brown, not lineated ; sometimes obscurely
doubly broad-banded with light chocolate.

The banded state is S. tseniata, Quoy (fig. 21). Occasionally
a specimen occurs combining the coloring of type and variety.

S. GRANULATUS, Gray. PI. 3, fig. 22.

Spire-whorls each with a single, body-whorl with three rows
of nodules ; white, with interrupted zigzag markings and macu-
la tions of chestnut, aperture white, the outer lip granulated
within the margin, inner lip yellowish brown. Length, 3'5 inches.

Panama to Mazatlan ; Galapagos Is.

Section II. EUPROTOMUS, Gill.
S. LENTIGINOSUS, Linn. PI. 3, figs. 23, 24.

White, maculated and coarsely reticulated with chocolate,
chestnut or grayish brown, often with several indistinct bands
of spots ; aperture yellowish white, often blush-red or orange-
brown farther within, outer lip smooth, much thickened on
the edge and crossed by broad yellowish brown or chestnut
bands. Length., 3-4 inches.

Philippines, New Caledonia to Viti Islands; Zanzibar.

Not the most characteristic species of the section, but I
commence with it because of its relationship in form with
S. granulatus — which I have placed at the end of Section I.

S. PAPILIO (Chemn.), Dillwyn. PL 3, fig. 25.

Shell noduled throughout in revolving rows, and coarsely
spirally striate and granose, strongly tuberculated on the
shoulder and spire ; whitish, blotched and lineated with chest-
nut; columella carnelian-tinted; aperture purplish or nearly
black with revolving, irregular, close narrow threads ; outer lip
thick-margined, with chestnut broad cross-bands.

Length, 2-3 inches. Philippines ; Zanzibar.

It is S. exustus, Swainson, and S. adustus. Swainson, of Reeve.

8TROMBU8. 1 1 1

S. LACINIATUS (Chemn.), Dillwyn. PI. 3, fig. 26.

Whitish, marbled in a zigzag manner with chestnut, indis-
tinctly ligl it-banded beneath the markings ; margin of outer lip
thickened, crossed by broad chestnut bands; aperture yellowish
or orange-white, becoming rich dark crimson within.

Length, 4 inches.

Moluccas, Philippines, New Caledonia to Viti Islands.

S. cristatus, Lam., is a synonym.

S. LATISSIMUS, Linn. PI. 3, fig. 27.

Orange-brown, irregularty longitudinally strigate with chest-
nut, with white maculations, forming several revolving bands ;
aperture flesh-white ; outer lip broadly inflected with orange-
brown bands crossing the margin. Length, 6-8 inches.

Amboina, Japan, Philippines, Viti Is.

S. alata, Schum., is a synonym.

S. PONDEROSUS, Phil. PI. 3, fig. 28.

Obsoletely spirally ribbed and striate, nearty smooth, spire
nodulous ; whitish, variously longitudinally shaded, striped and
spotted with chestnut, and tinted with light violaceous, espe-
cially on the callous expansion of the inner lip; aperture and
eolumc'lla pale carnelian, inflected margin of outer lip broadly
chestnut-banded. Length, 5-6 inches.

New Caledonia (Brazier); Society Islands (Schmeltz).

S. Ther sites, Gray, is a synonym.

S. TAURUS, Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 34.

Yellowish white, maculated and strigated in a zigzag manner
with yellowish chestnut, expansion of columellar lip bright
orange-brown, interior of aperture purple-tinted, margin of
outer lip with light chestnut square spots. Length, 3*5 inches.

Admiralty Islands.

" This remarkable shell," says Reeve, " is curiously inter-
mediate in its generic characters between Strombus and Ptero-
cera. In detail of pattern and sculpture it resembles S. laciniatus,
but there is a large central oblique tubercle on the back, and the
lip is thickened into two very large or-tuse oblong tubercles, the
npper part being produced into two decided Pterocera claws.

112 STROMBUS.

one of which is prolonged in a curved manner to the extent of
an inch and a half. , The specimen has rather the appearance of
being malformed ; but notwithstanding this seeming irregularity
of growth, there is no doubt whatever of its being specifically
distinct from any hitherto

Section III. MONODACTYLUS, Klein. M»AA*JM~VW«*«

Laxu^k /&*>
S. PERUVIANUS, Swainson. PL 3, fig. 29.

Whorls spirally ribbed, obtusely angled and tuberculated on
the shoulder, middle tubercle on the back very prominent ;
yellowish chestnut, sometimes a little tessellated, aperture and
columella yellowish or orange-brown, deepening in the interior
to a deep orange-red. Length, 5-7 inches.

Peru to W. Columbia,.

In old specimens the interior of the outer lip is often radiately
ridged.

S. TRICORNIS, Lam. PI. 3, figs. 30, 31.

Nearly smooth, very obsoletely spirally ribbed, the shoulder and
spire tuberculated, dorsal tubercle of body-whorl long, laterally
compressed, very prominent, two other dorsal tubercles also
somewhat enlarged ; whitish closely irregularly lineated with
orange-chestnut; aperture blush-white or rosy.

Length, 4'5 inches.

Red Sea, Isle of Bourbon, Seychelles, Philippines.

Is a smaller, lighter species than the preceding, with the lip
more narrowty produced into a lobe behind, interior always
smooth, spire longer, aperture light violaceous instead of orange-
red. It is not West Indian, as supposed by Sowerby. It is S.
orientalis, Johnston, and S. pertinax, Duclos.

S. BITUBERCULATUS, Lam. PL 4, figs. 32, 33.

Grayish white, marbled and banded with chestnut or chocolate,
aperture yellowish white, deepening to rose-color.

Length, 3 inches.

West Indies; N. South America.

It is S. lobatus, Swainson, S. quadratics, Perry,, S. raninus,
Gmelin. The lattei; name has priori t}', of course, but I prefer
to retain the name under which the species has become so well-
known.

8TROMBUS. 113

S. GALLUS, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 35, 36.

Yellowish white, clouded and maculated with chestnut ; aper-
ture whitish, more or less tinged with orange-brown.

Length. 4-6 inches.

West Indies.

Reeve and some earlier authors have given the Red Sea as
locality for this species, which is an error; probably originally
caused by confounding it with S. tricornis.

S. AURIS-DJAN.E, Linn. PL 4, figs. 37, 38.

Shell varying from nearly smooth to roughly nodulous, the
nodules developed here and there upon revolving rounded ribs,
spire-whorls and upper part of body-whorl angulated and nodose
on the angle, callus of the inner lip far-spreading, sometimes
mounting the spire to near its apex, interior of outer lip with
posterior radiating ridges ; orange-brown or light chestnut,
speckled and marbled with white, polished ; lip and columella
callus whitish, more or less tinged and deepening within the aper-
ture to bright carnelian. Length, 3 inches.

Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines to Society Islands.

The synonyms include S. Lamarckii, Gray; S. guttatus,
Martini ; S. striatogranosus, Morch. Attempts have been made
to separate the smoother form as S. guttatus, Mart., but any con-
siderable collection embracing specimens from several localities
will demonstrate its identity with the more nodose forms.

Var. MELANOSTOMUS, Swainson. Fig. 38.

Shell tinged with black or burnt chocolate color, on the margin
of the lip. and its posterior lobe, and on the posterior part (or
sometimes covering the whole) of the columellar callus.

S. PACIFICUS, Swainson. PI. 4, figs. 39, 40.

Shell with revolving rounded ribs and nodules, and angulated
whorls, nodulous on the angle, as in the preceding species —
which it also resembles in exterior coloration, but the spire is
longer, more convex, and the body-whorl narrower. The aper-
ture differs in the lip being radiately ridged throughout instead
of at the posterior end only ; in the typical form the interior and
8

114 STROMBUS.

columella-callus are yellowish, or ochre-brown, darker between
the radiating ridges, tinged on the callus with dark chocolate.
Length, 3 inches.

Japan, Australia, Society Islands.

This is S. Novse-Zelandise, Chemn., S. acutus, Perry, S. aratrum,
Morch, S. Chemnitzii, Pfr.

Yar. AUSTRALIS, Sowb. Fig. 40.

Barely distinguishable by its usually shorter lobe, the inter-
stices of the lip ridges not darker colored, and the margin of
the lip as well as part of the columellar callus painted_ deep
chocolate.

Section IV. GALLINULA, Klein.'1 A/WM**

S. VITTATUS, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 41-44.

Body-whorl usually smooth, sometimes rudely longitudinally
plicate in continuation of the ribs of the spire ; there is a smooth
sutural band, more or less defined \)y a groove below it ; whitish
clouded or reticulated with light yellowish or chestnut, often
with several revolving bands of darker reticulations ; aperture
white. Length, 3-4 inches.

Indian Ocean, China, Philippines.

S. turritus, Lam. (fig. 43), is a slender form, with the spire
more drawn out, and the lip not so much expanded ; S. sulcatus,
Chemn. (fig. 44) is probabty only a malformed specimen of this
species.

S. LISTERI, Th. Gray. PI. 4, fig. 45.

Differs from the preceding species in the lobe-like posterior
expansion of the lip and its large anterior sinus, in the inner
face of the lip being smooth instead of radiately ridged, in the
absence of the sutural band, and in its much larger size.

Length, 6 inches.

Ceylon.

It may be a monstrosity of S. vittatus, but until we have
further evidence on the subject it had better be regarded as a
distinct species. It was known to Lister, who figured it (PI.
855) nearly two centuries before Sowerby's publication of it as
S. mirabilis, in 1870. Gray's description of it in 1852, although
in a periodical of wide circulation, appears to have been entirely
overlooked.

STROMBUS. 1 1 5

XsJ^UFQR
S. CAMPBELLI, Gray. PI. 5, fig. 46.

Resembling S. vittatus in coloration, but with shorter spire,
the sutural band closely plicate, instead of smooth as in vittatus;
body-whorl smooth, except the revolving grooves at the base.

Length, 2-2'5 inches.

North and East Australia.

Perhaps only a variety of S. vittatu*.

S. DILATATUS, Swainson. PI. 5, fig. 47.

Spire finely longitudinally plicate, all the whorls with close
spiral striae, no sutural band, interior of lip radiately ridged;
yellowish brown or light chestnut, with somewhat obscure
whitish maculations, and narrow bands, interstices of the ribs
on the inside of the lip, dark chestnut or purplish.

Length, 2-2'5 inches.

Zanzibar, New Caledonia, Japan.

Reeve changed the name to S. Swainsoni, on account of S.
dilatatus, Lam. — but the latter is a synonym of S. bubinius,
Linn. The shell figured by Lischke for S. Japonicus appears to
me to = this species.

S. JAPONICUS, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 48.

Longitudinally finely ribbed towards the apex, everywhere
closely regularly spirally grooved, upper part of whorls slant-
ingly concave, with the angle obscurely nodose; whitish,
stained and variegated with chestnut, encircled with narrow
white zones sagittately marked with chestnut; interior white,
lip radiately ridged. Length, 2-25 inches.

Japan.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but is narrower, with
longer spire, the whorls are concavely shouldered, etc.

S. COLUMBA, Lamarck. PI. 5, figs. 49, 50.

Closely spirally grooved, spire longitudinally closely ribbed,
whorls concavely, slantingly shouldered, the angle tuberculated ;
variegated and banded with orange-brown and white, columella
and interior of outer lip both closely ridged, and stained deep
chestnut. Length, 2 inches.

? Red Sea, Zanzibar, Philippines, Pelew Is.

Differs from S. dilatatus by its ridged inner lip, angulated.

116 STROMBUS.

nodulous whorls, by the outer lip being more produced behind,
with a narrow, deep sinus anteriorly. S. orosminus, Duclos
(fig. 50), is a variet3^ with uncolored aperture.

S. LABIOSUS, Gray. PI. 5, fig. 51.

Spire closely longitudinally ribbed, whorls subangulated and
nodose at the angle, everywhere closely spiral^ grooved, lip
strongly winged, and excavated above, ascending the spire but
little, radiately ridged within, inner lip smooth ; yellowish
brown, interior white, interstices of ridges within the lip often
deep chestnut. Length, 2 inches.

Australia, Philippines.
S. DEFORMIS, Gray. PL 5, fig. 52.

Sculpture same as in preceding species, the shell thinner, the
lip not so lobular behind, and decidedly ascending the spire;
coloring as usual in this group, marbled and tessellated with
orange-brown and white, with faint, marbled bands.

Length, 2-2 '5 inches.

Eed Sea, Philippines, Australia.

Notwithstanding the differences above pointed out, I have
some doubts of the distinctness of this and the preceding species.

S. MARQINATUS, Linn. PL 5, figs. 53, 54.

Distinguished at once by its short, conical spire and sharply
angulated whorls, the angle closely minutely nodulous, the
whorls everywhere spirally grooved, interior of outer lip
ridged ; marbled with orange-chestnut and white, with some
narrow white bands covered by chestnut markings, aperture
white. Length, 2 inches.

China, Philippines, Formosa.

S. robustus, Sowb. (fig. 54), is a synonym.

S. EPIDROMIS, Linn. PL 5. fig. 55.
•

Body-whorl smooth, spirally grooved below ; yellowish white,

minutely marbled and freckled with light orange-brown ; aper-
ture smooth within, white. Length, 2*5-3 inches.

China, Philippines, New Caledonia.
S. SUCCINCTUS, Linn. PL 6, figs. 56, 57.

Upper part of spire minutely longitudinally plicate, spirally
closely grooved, body-whorl smooth, spirally grooved towards

STROMBUS. 117

the base, with a hump or nodule on the back, near the suture;
yellowish white and orange-brown in longitudinal irregular
zigzag lines, with several narrow white bands crossed by brown
markings, interior white, radiately ridged within the outer lip.
Length, 2 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines.
Tar. SEPTIMUS, Duclos. Fig. 57.

Spire more exserted, showing a closely nodulous angle on the
whorls, body-whorl less distinctly or not at all humped on the
back, lip more expanded at the shoulder.

S. FUSIFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 58.

Smooth, spirally grooved at base and behind the outer lip,
spire occasionally varicose, narrow ty margined below the suture;
inner lip callous, narrow, ridged across, interior of outer lip
radiately ridged ; lip exteriorty thickened, scarcely expanded ;
interrupted ly marbled and banded with orange-brown and white,
aperture white or tinged with dark chestnut.

Length, 1*5 inches.

? Red Sea, Australia.
S. VARIABILIS, Swainson. PL 6, figs. 59-61.

Spire plicate, the whorls angulated and nodose on the angle,
the plicae on the body-whorl short, body-whorl narrowly grooved
at the base, lip smooth within ; white, or yellowish with orange-
chestnut zigzag markings, and four narrow white bands, also
crossed by the markings, or }Tellowish white, with chestnut
bands, aperture white, columellar lip sometimes with a central
chocolate blotch. Length, 2 inches.

Zanzibar, Philippines, Australia, Samoa Is., etc.

S. athenius, Duclos (fig. 61), is a synonym.

S. MINIMUS, Linn PI. 6, fig. 62.

External coloring and sculpture same as in the preceding
species, but usually smaller, the inner lip narrow, thickly cal-
lous, running up the spire as far as the outer lip, from which it
is separated by a narrow channel ; interior white, deepening
within to golden yellow. Length, T25-l;5 inches.

Philippines, Viii Is.

I have considerable doubt whether the distinctive characters
are sufficiently reliable to separate this from the preceding species.

118 STROMBUS.

•S. SIBBALDI, Sowb. PL 6, figs. 63, 64.

Whorls angulated, spirally grooved, angle nodulous, concave
above Jt, body-whorl swollen, lips of aperture ridged; zigzagged
with orange-brown over a yellowish surface and lighter bands,
aperture white, the columellar lip partially stained deep chest-
nut. Length, 1-5 inches.

Indian Ocean.

S. deformis, Kiener (in part) and Duclos (fig. 64), to which
Tapparone-Canefri has given the name of S. Kieneri, is a
synonym.

Section V. CANARIUM, Schum., 1817.

S. URCEUS, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 65-67.

Shell smooth, with tuberculated shoulder-angle, narrowly
spirally grooved at the base ; whitish or yellowish, banded and
speckled with chestnut, often tinged with chocolate at the base ;
interior of outer lip (and often the upper part of the callous
narrow inner lip) radiately ridged ; lip, aperture and columella
deep orange-brown, or chestnut, or more usually deep chocolate
or black. Length, l*75-2'5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia.

This i§ S. ustulatum, Schum., S. incisus. Wood, S. anatellus,
Duclos (fig. 67).

S. DENTATUS, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 68-70 ; PI. 7, figs. 67-72.

Whorls strongly plicate, the plicae usually becoming obsolete
about the middle of the body-whorl, forming tubercles where
they cross the angle of the shoulder ; closely spirally striate,
but the striae usually obsolete about the middle of the body-
whorl ; columellar lip narrowly callous and with the interior of
the outer lip radiately ridged; whitish to }^ellowish brown,
generally speckled and banded with gray, light olive, orange or
chestnut; columellar lip and interior orange-brown to purple-
chocolate. Length, 1-5 inches.

Red Sea to Philippines,

New Caledonia — Viti Islands, Mauritius.

The sculpture, like the coloring varies; sometimes the body
whorl is smooth below the strong shoulder-tubercles, sometimes
theae are not so strong, and continue below as flexuous plica-

STROMBU8. 119

tions — and these plications are distant or close, varying in
number.

S. plicatus, Lam. (PI. 7, fig. 70), and S. olydius, Duclos (PI.
6, fig. 68), arc synonyms.

The difference between this species and S. urceus is so slight,
and there is so much variation in the shells, that it is very
doubtful whether their separation can be maintained ; several
distinguished modern conehologists have united them.

Yar. ERYTHRINUS, Chemn* Figs. 69, 71.

Shell smaller and narrower, tUe spire generallj' more exserted ;
the swollen outer border of the aperture is usually darker than
the rest of the exterior surface. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Red Sea, Australia.

S. elegans, Sowb. (fig. 71), is a synonym of this variety.

Yar. RUGOSUS, Sowb. Fig. 72.

Ribs and spiral sculpture both strong, extending over the
body-whorl, which is rugose throughout.

Corea to Polynesia.

S. corrugatus, Ads. and Reeve, is a synonym.

Yar. PULCHELLUS, Reeve. Fig. 70.

Shell wider, the outer lip well expanded, particularly behind,
forming a rather broad shoulder ; surface very rugose, usually
with a second inferior band of small tubercles on the body-whorl.

Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Philippines.
L. FLORIDUS, Lam. PI. 7, figs. 73-76, 80, 83.

Whorls smooth or obsoletely spirally striate, grooved at the
base of the bod3r-whorl ; spire short, composed of round-
shouldered whorls, obtusely tuberculate; body-whorl with usually
only two or three compressed tubercles on the back, at the
shoulder, columella and interior closely ridged ; white and
yellowish, brown or chocolate variegated in interrupted bands ?
maculations and spots ; aperture and columellar lip white, with
the ridges colored pink or chocolate. Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

Zanzibar, Japan, Australia to Vili Islands.

Sometimes the surface color is almost entirely yellowish
brown, chestnut or chocolate.

The synonyms are S. Jfammeus (Link), Morch, S. mutabilis,

120 STROMBUS.

Swainson, S. flosculosus, Morch, 8. gibberulus, Meuschen (not
Linn.), and S. epimellus, Duclos (figs. 80, 83), the latter some-
what singularly marked with color.

S. H^MASTOMA, Sowb. PI. 7, fig. 78.

Closely longitudinally ribbed throughout, and occasionally
varicose, shoulder tuberculated, closely spirally striated, aperture
and columella ridged ; pinkish or yellowish white, indistinctly
maculated, columellar lip and interior deep orange-red or
chestnut. Length, 15-18 mill.

Mauritius.
S. HELLII, Rousseau. PI. 7, fig. 79.

Broadly oval, regularly ribbed, crossed by spiral stride,
columellar lip and interior closely ridged ; yellowish brown,
interior and columeila purplish. Length, 1 inch.

Zanzibar.

Reeve supposed this to be a possible variet^y or monstrosity
of S. hsemastoma.

S. SCALARIFORM1S, Duclos. PI. 7, fig. 81.

Sculptured and colored like the preceding species, but differing
widely in form. Length, 23 mill.

China.

I know nothing about this or the preceding species, except
from the original descriptions and figures.

S. FASCIATUS, Born. PL 7, figs. 82, 77.

Whorls nearly smooth, sharply tuberculated at the shoulder ;
whitish, often delicately freckled with pale yellowish brown,
with revolving rows of dark chestnut or chocolate sagittate
characters; interior orange-red. Length, l-5-2'25 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines?

The synonymy includes S. polyfascialm, Chemn., S. Persicus,
Swainson, S. xubulatus, Herbst, S. flavigula. Meuschen, and
S. lineatus, Lam. S. ismarius, Duclos (fig. 77), appears to be
a specimen (perhaps old and worn) in which the markings are
indistinct.

S. MACULATUS, Ntittall. ' Pi'.' 7. fig- '84.

Shell smooth, slightly finely spirally striate on the spire and
upper part of bod3r-whorl, the latter narrowly grooved at the
base ; white clouded and maculated with chestnut and chocolate,

STROMBU8. 1 2 1

or yellow or orange-brown, maculated with darker shades, and
with a maculated white band ; aperture white.

Length, -75-1-25 inches.

Sandwich , Paumoius and Friendly Islands.

"Well characterized by its form, swollen posteriorly and not
tuberculate.

S. GIBBERULUS, Linn. PI. 8, fig. 85.

Shell gibbous, smooth, spire occasionally varicose, body-whorl
grooved at the base ; columella smooth, interior of aperture
radiatelv striate ; mottled and hieroglyphic-ally marked with
yellowish brown and white, the markings often arranged in a
few or numerous interrupted revolving bands ; aperture tinged
violaceous, scarlet, dark purplish brown, etc.

Length, 1*5-2-5 inches.

Zanzibar, Natal, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius,

Philippines, Neiv Guinea, Viti Islands, Paumotus,etc.

The synonymy includes S. MauritianiA, Issel, and var.
rhodottonius, Morch.

S. BULBULUS, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 86.

Smooth, sulcate at the base ; marbled, freckled and sometimes
interruptedly banded with chestnut and white, the white often
tinged with light violaceous, aperture and columella dark purplish
chocolate. Length, 1-5-1-75 inches.

Philippines to Viti Islands.

S. TEREBELLATUS, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 87.

Smooth, obsoletely grooved at the base, outer lip radiately
ridged within ; yellowish white, with clouds and zigzag markings
of orauge-brown or chestnut, interior ridges chestnut.

Length, 1 '5-1*75 inches.

Philippines to Viti Islands.

S. SAMAR (Chemn.), Dillw. PI. 8, fig. 88.

Smooth, polished, plicate, obsoletely grooved at the base,
margin of lip tridentate anteriorly, interior of aperture radiately
ridged ; marbled and speckled with orange-brown or chestnut
and white, int?rior tinged with purplish chocolate.:, .'.'..'•• - . '..•

Length, 1-75 inches.

Philippines, Australia, Society Is,, Paumoius Is.

The S3*uonymy includes S. tr id en tains. Lam., S. Samarensi$,

122 STROMBUS.

Reeve. Some authorities identify this species with S. dentatus,
Linn.; I have otherwise interpreted the latter.

S. CATLLTAUDT, Jay. Manual, vi, PL 34, fig. 18.

Shell spirally striate, chocolate-brown, interior of aperture
tinged with the same color. Length, 40 mill.

Hob. unknown.

Probably a young Strombus, although described as A Conus.
I am not able to identify it. I have figured it in the sixth volume
of this work, as above.

Section VI. CONOMUREX, Bayle, 1884.
S. MAURITIANUS, Lam. PI. 8, figs. 89, 90.

White, with chestnut or chocolate longitudinal interrupted
zigzag lines and spots, arranged in revolving bands, aperture
ridged within, carnelian or rose-red. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

% Mauritius.

S. cylindricus, Swainson, and S. coniformis, Sowb. (fig. 90),
are synonyms ; the latter retaining obtuse nodules which gener-
ally are only seen upon young specimens.

S. LUHUANUS, Linn. Pi. 8, figs. 91, 92.

Shell often covered with a dark epidermis, under which the
markings are the same as in the preceding species, the calumella
very dark chocolate or nearty black. Length, 2-2-5 inches.

Philippines, Australia, New Guinea, Viti Is., etc.

No differences of form which have been pointed out as distin-
guishing this and the preceding species, hold good when an
extensive suite is examined ; the only real distinction is the
narrow black deposit overlaying the columella in S. Luliuanus,
of which S. Mauritianus never appears to show even a trace. I
figure a very curious anomalous growth of this shell (fig. 92),
preserved in the Museum of the University of Ghent.

S. labrosus and S. Isevilabris of Menke, are synonyms.

Unidentified Species of Strombus.

S. TUBERCULARIS, S. PUSILLUS, S. PERUANUS, S. ELATUS, S. CRASSI-

LABRUM, all of Anton. No locality.

S. GLABRATUS, Sowb. = Nassa obliqua, Kiener. Manual, iv, 27.
S.CANCELLATUS, Pease. Sandwich Islands.

PTEROCERA. 123

Genus PTEROCERA, Lara., 1799.

Properly speaking there is only a difference of convenience
between this species and Strombus ; that is, no important struc-
tural differences are involved. Pterocera is a stromb having
the outer lip on the shell prolonged into long digitate processes
resulting from similar digitatrons of the mantle-margin of the
animal. Certain of the strombs, those of the section Eupro-
tomus, for instance, have a tendency to digitation, yet do not
bridge the gap between the two groups. The Pteroceri as thus
defined, consist of ten species, rather constant in character,
confined, as to recent distribution, to the tropical seas of the
Indo-Pacific, Australian and Polynesian provinces, and not cer-
tainly found in a fossil state.

The genus has been carefully reviewed by Prof. Theo. Gill
(Am. Jour. Conch., v, 120), and I have followed him mainly in the
synonymy, and descriptions. As will be seen by referring to p.
101 of this monograph, I have adopted two sections for the genus
Pterocera; these correspond to genera in Prof. Gill's arrange-
ment, the last containing two species (S. chiragra and S. rugosa),
whilst the first is synoptically tabulated by him as follows:

I. Lips smooth (my Subsection I. Heptadactylus).

I a. 13ody-whorl tuberculated at the angle.
Lip reflected ; columella with callus'diffused, P. lambis.

Lip inflected ; columella with callus stratified, P. crocata.

I 6. Body-whorl unarmed at angle, P. bryonia.

II. Lips rugose (my Subsection II. Millipes).

II a. Intercalary digitations none.

Posterior digitation with a basal lobe, P. scorpio.

Posterior digitation simple, P. pseudoscorpio.

II b. Intercalary digitations developed.

Posterior digitation simple, P. millepeda.

Posterior digitution with a basal lobe

Labml digitations eight ; labial wrinkles very distinct,

P. ehngata.
Labral digitations ten ; labral wrinkles faint, P. violacea.

The Pterocerae have been monographed also by Reeve, Sowerby
and Kiener.

124 PTEROCEBA.

Section I. PTEROCERA (sensu stricto).

Subsection I. Heptadactylus, Klein.
P. LAMBIS, Linn. .PL 8, figs. 1-3.

Angular fasciole or revolving rib carinatecl on spire, on the
body-whorl provided with two enlarged, compressed tubercles ;
inner lip with the callus spreading; outer lip with the margin
(normally) somewhat reflected, with the digitations bending out-
ward and rather small, and with the antesinual lobe undulated ;
lips and aperture whitish or yellowish brown, becoming more or
less sanguineous within. Length, 6-8 inches.

Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Philippines, New Guinea,

Society Islands, etc.
P. ATJRANTTIA, Lam. PL 9, fig. 5.

Angular fasciole carinated on spire, and on the last whorl armed
with two enlarged tubercles; inner lip with the callus somewhat
restricted, folded near the aperture ; outer lip with its margin
somewhat inflected, the digitations successively more recurved,
and the antesinual lobe tridentate ; lips more or less orange or
saffron-colored. Length, 5-6 inches.

Philippine*, Mauritius, etc.

P.crocala, Link, has priority, but it is unnecessary to displace
a well-established name in favor of a recently resurrected one,
published very obscurely.

P. BRYONIA, Gmelin. PL 8, fig. 4 ; PL 9, fig. 8.

Angle coronated or tuberculaf ed on spire, unarmed on the last
whorl ; inner lip with diffused callus, outer lip with erect margin,
with six moderate digitations, and with the antesinual lobe little
undulated ; lips whitish or luri'd. Length, 10-15 inches.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean , Mauritius, Japan,

Philippines, Australia, Society Islands.

The synonymy includes P. truncata, Lam., Pi/rula Bengalina,
Grat. (juvenile), P. Sebae, Yal., and P. Sowerbyi, Morch. Morch
has distinguished the two latter as species, but they do. not
present any claim to even varietal rank ; not only is the species
very variable within its usually recognized limits, but certain
specimens before me indicate a transition to P. lambis.

PTEROCERA. 125

Subsection II. Millipes, Klein, 1753.
P. SCORPIO, Linn. PI. 9, fig. 6.

Labrum with a prominent internal transverse white ridge in
front of the concavity of the dorsal tubercle; laterally inllectcd,
ribbed between the spines, and with a dentated margin ; the
spines nodose, and the posterior one auriformly lobed at the left
base ; aperture oiange-red, the transverse ridges within the outer
lip and on the inner lip whitish, their interstices purple or nearly
black. Length, 5-6 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines.

It is P. nodosa, Swains.

P. PSEUDOSCORPIO, Lam. PI. 9, fig. 7.

Labrum with no distinct internal ridge behind, and with the
concavity of the tubercle mostly in advance of the columellar
fold; moderately inflected, with single dentiform lobes between
the angular and median, and median and postsinual digitations ;
the latter obsolete^ or not at all nodose, and the posterior
without basal lobe. Color as in .preceding species.

Length, 6-7*5 inches. Zanzibar. Indian Ocean.

P. MILLEPEDA, Linn. PL 9, fig. 9.

Digitations separated by secondary ones intercalated at the
right margin ; angle armed with four digitations, the uppermost
(rarely absent) being an intercalated one ; posterior digita-
tion simple ; laterals, especially the primary, much recurved ;
wrinkles on the lips moderately developed, interstices not so
deeply colored as in the preceding species. Length, 5-6 inches.
Indian Ocean, Mauritius, N. Guinea, Philippines.

P. ELONGATA, Swainson. PI. 9, fig. 10.

Angle armed with the three normal digitations ; posterior
digitation furnished with a lobe at its left base; lateral digita-
tions straight ; lips with well-developed wrinkles ; color as in
preceding species. Length, 5-6 inches.

Indian Ocean.

P. crocea, Sowb., is a synonym.

P. -VIOLACEA, Swains. PI. 9, fig. 11.

Angle armed with three digitations; a posterior and an

126 PTEROCEBA.

anterior median fascicle in place of the normal single fascicle ;
posterior digitation with an elongated lobe at its left base ;
lateral digitation 8 straight or little curved ; all the digitations
open, channeled; wrinkles within the labrum prominent, on the
labium faint, often obsolete anteriorly ; aperture whitish or
orange-stained, violaceous only within the throat.
Length, 4-5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Zanzibar.

Undetermined Species.

P. YOLDII, Morch. Hab. unknown.

P. ROBUSTA, Swains. Hab. unknown.

Section II. HARP AGO, Klein, 1753.

P. CHIRAGRA, Linn. PI. 10, fig. 13.

Angular fascicle or revolving rib tuberculated, the others
almost unarmed, the antesinual with a compressed tubercle near
the base of the digitation ; lips rosaceous, with faint wrinkles ;
sutural digitation with a canal open at base, the outer border
being bent outwards and attached above the angle of the body-
whorl, on which the digitation is chiefly bent and accumbent.

Length, 6-10 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. Caledonia, Polynesia.

P. Kochii, Freyer, is a synonym.

P. RUGOSA, Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 12.

Revolving fascioles except the sutural and anterior with prom-
inent tubercles ; lips with very prominent, often white wrinkles
strongly contrasting with the deep purplish or blackish ground-
color; basal posterior digitation with its canal closed by the
reflection of its margins, and accumbent on the middle of the
spire. Length, 5-7 inches.

Zanzibar, Society Islands, etc.

Probably only a variety of the preceding species. It is P.
chiragra, Lam., in part, and P. arthritica, Morch.

ROSTELLARIA. 127

Genus ROSTELLARIA, Lamarck, 1799.

" Rostellaria has all the habits of the Strombidoe, progressing
by means of its powerful and elastic foot which it places under
the shell in a bent position, when suddenly, by a muscular effort,
it straightens that organ, and rolls and leaps over and over. It
is, however, far more timid and suspicious than Strombus, which
has a bold disposition. On the low sandy beach, near the mouth
of the Lundu River, in Borneo, dead shells of Rostellaria recli-
rostris are numerous, but generally in very imperfect condition.
At the small fishing village of Samahitan I inspected a large
heap of these shells, which the Malays had brought together for
the purpose of turning them into lime. On inquiring of these
poor fishermen whether it were possible to obtain them in a living
state, we were informed that they never procured them in their
nets, but that they lived in deep water at a considerable distance
from the shore. The animal of Roxtellaria fissa does not differ
from that of Strombus, and is of a dull brown color, varied with
lighter brown. It is, however, one of the most lively among
mollusks, jumping several inches, and throwing itself about with
the most astonishing activity. It has none of the extreme
timidity of the former mentioned species." — Arthur Adams,
Narrat. Vo}'. Samarang, ii, 492.

R. CURVIROSTRIS, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 14-16 ; PL 11, fig. 26.

Upper portion of the spire longitudinally plicate, the rest of
the shell smooth ; lower part of lip-margin, six- or seven-dentate ;
yellowish brown, aperture white. Length, 6-8 inches.

Red /Sea, Moluccas.

R. magna, Schroter, has considerable priority of publication,
but I decline to depose a very well-known name in its favor. It
is R. dentula, Perry, R. breviro&tra, Schum., and R.fusus, Gmelin,
not Linn.

Var. CURTA, Sowb. Fig. 15.

The canal straight.
Var. LUTEOSTOMA, Angas. Fig. 16.

Aperture golden yellow, lip-margin with five digitations, canal
curved.

128 ROSTELLARIA.

R. FUSUS, Linn. PI. 10, fig. 17 ; PL 11, fig. 21.

Much more, slender than the preceding species, the spire and
canal longer, lip-margin toothed throughout, with five or six,
strong, well-marked short digitations ; yellowish brown, aperture
white. Length, 6-8 inches.

China.

It is R. clavus, Gmel., E. rectirostris , Lam., E. subulata, Scfhnm.,
E. unicornis, Dillw.

Yar. MELANOCHEILUS, A. Ad. Fig. 21.

Lip between the digitations, and sometimes the interior of the
aperture stained purple-black.

R. POWISII, Petit. PL 11, fig. 22.

Closely spirally ridged, the interstices longitudinally striate,
canal short, lip-margin five-toothed, exteriorly thickened, yellow-
ish, or orange-brown, aperture white. Length, 2-2*5 inches.

China.

A somewhat rare shell ; a specimen was sold a few years ago
for 200 francs (Jour, de Conch., 228, 1877).

R. FISSA, Dillw. PL 11, fig. 23.

This shell, figured b}^ Chemnitz, has not been found in any
European collection, and nothing is known of its locality. It is
E. Favanni, Pfr., and E. serrata, Perry.

R. DELICATULA, Nevill.

Thin, translucent, pale ochraceous brown, lineated on the last
whorl with four narrow white bands each of which terminates in
one of the four digitate processes of the lip, canal shorter than
in the other species, first three or four whorls smooth, the next
three or four faintly but regularly spirally striated, the striae
becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, except at the base of
the body-whorl. L. 76 mill., of canal 6'5 mill.

Arracan, dredged in deep water.

Unfigured and unknown to me except by the original descrip-
tion published four years ago.

R. MARTINII, Marrat. PL 11, fig. 24.

Whorls with close punctate revolving striae throughout, bi-

ROSTELLARIA. 129

sulcate near the suture ; lip five- or six-dentate ; orange-brown,
obscurely livid-banded near the suture. Length, 6'25 inches.

Philippines.
Two specimens known.

Subgenus RIMELLA, Agassiz, 1840.

R. CANCELLATA, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 18, 20.

Whorls cancellated, occasionally varicose, posterior canal pro-
duced upon the spire, which it ascends in a curved line, interior
of outer lip dentate; pale yellowish brown, 'indistinctly banded
with pale chestnut. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Philippines.
R. CRISPATA, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 19.

Shell cancellated by rather sharp narrow ribs, and revolving
riblets, occasionally varicose ; posterior canal short, curved
strongly to the right ; yellowish white, pale chestnut-banded.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, China.

Distinguished from R. cancellata by its more ventricose form,
and short posterior canal.

R. SPECIOSA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell reticulated, more lanceolate than £. cancellata, not
ending anteriorly in a recurved beak, with the varix of the outer
lip plain externally, and with the posterior canal of the aperture
faintly developed and only extending as far as the penultimate
whorl. Length, 1 inch.

Hob. unknown.

An unfigured species. Is it R. crispata ?

R. TYLERI, H. and A. Adams.

Cancellated, posterior canal extending to the third whorl and
curved, outer lip corrugately plicate within, with an anterior,
conspicuous, sharp tooth ; yellowish with four chestnut bands.

Length, 21 mill.

China Sea.

Unfigured.

130 TEREBELLUM.

Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein, 1753.

Mr. Arthur Adams, in his Narrative of the Voyage of the
" Samarang," makes the following remarks upon this mollusk :

" In its habits the animal of the Terebellum is exceedingly
shy and timid, retracting its body into the shell on the slightest
alarm. It will remain stationary for a long time, moving its
tentacles about cautiously in every direction, when, suddenly, it
will roll over with its shell, and continue again perfectly quiet.
They appear to have all the muscular energy, vivacity, and,
doubtless, predatory boldness possessed by the Strombi, which
they also resemble in their perfectly organized eyes, and quick-
ness of vision. Mr. Cuming informs me that he has seen them
leap several inches from the ground, exactly as I have seen the
animal of Strombus gibber-ulu.s. On one occasion, a beautiful
specimen was lost to the above-mentioned enthusiastic collector,
by the animal suddenly leaping into the water, as he was holding
and admiring it in the palm of his hand. Those I kept in con-
finement died in a few days, and appear to be of a more delicate
constitution than the hardy Strombus. There appears to be a
very trifling muscular connection between the animal and its
shell.

u From, my observations on the animal of Terebellum, I should
imagine the spotted variety to be perfectly distinct as a species.
In this, which may be called T. maculosum, the proboscis is of a
whitish-brown. color, reddish towards the tip ; the body is of an
opaque pearly white, the mantle transparent ; the foot semi-
pellucid white; the ocular peduncles are mottled with dark red,
and the pupil black. The front of the mantle, edging the anterior
part of the shell, is colored with a black line, forming its margin.

" In the common species, T. subulatum, the eye-peduncles are
punctulatecl with red-brown, as is likewise the upper and under
part of the fore-portion of the body. The bod^y is opaque pearly
white, with three large, irregular-shaped red-brown blotches on
the fore-part. The under surface of the foot is light brown, with
a white cross-like marking of a deeper brown. Doubtless, when
the animal of the variety covered with zigzag markings shall
have been discovered, it will also be found to be specifically
distinct."

APORRHAIS. 131

A difference in the color-markings of the animal has precisely
the same value as if upon its shell, and the variations of the
latter, in the present instance, are so unstable as to preclude
the possibility of separating species, with sufficiently distinctive
characteristics. The genus has but one recent representative,
the species described below. It is related to the Strombs
through Strombus tervbellatus.

T. SUBULATUM, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 27-30.

Shell smooth, shining, suture linearly grooved, enamelled ;
yellowish white, with chestnut or chocolate dots, freckles or
zigzag lines, often somewhat indistinctly banded.
Length, 2-3 inches.

Indian Ocean, Java, China Sea, Philippines,

New Caledonia, Viti Is., Mauritius.

It is Bulla terebellum,' Linn., T. punctatum, Chemn., T. macu-
losum, Ads., etc.

Subfamily Aporrhainx.

Genus APORRHAIS, Dillwyn, 1823.
Section 1. APORRHAIS (sensu stricto}.

A. PES-PELECANI, Linn. PI. 12, fig. 31.

Yellowish white to light brown. Length, 2 inches.

Seas of Europe, Iceland.

This is the Cochlea pentadactylus of Pliny, Vespertilio spinosa
of Seba, and R. quadrifidus, Da Costa. Jeffreys says of it (Brit.
Conch., iv, 251 1 : " Habitat: Coralline zone (occasionally the deep-
sea zone also) on all our coasts. This common shell has been
recorded from the upper miocene, pliocene, and almost every
newer tertiary and quaternary deposit in Europe, from the sea-
level to 1360 feet above it. It is sl^, slow, and awkward in its
movements, twisting about its long neck and foot in order to
gain a creeping posture. Among other fanciful names given to
this odd-looking shell, are * blobber-lipt Edinburgh whilk ' of
Petiver, ' ailc de chauve-sauris femelle ' or ' patte d'oye ' of
D 'A vila, and ' Zamarugola ' of the Venetians, by the poorer class
of which people the animal was — perhaps is still — eaten. Ac-

132 APORRHAIS.

cording to Mr. Couch, Solaster papposus also reckons it an
agreeable kind of food ; when the soft portion has been digested,
the empty shell is rejected, and becomes the habitation of a
Sipunculus, which narrows the too capacious entrance with
agglutinated sand. Specimens from deep water are smaller than
those from the coast. The top of old but living shells which
had lost their upper story, is sometimes closed by a semispiral
plug or septum of new shelly matter ; the apex is very seldom
perfect in full-grown specimens. When the outer lip is complete
the subsequent growth takes place by adding fresh layers inside,
so that the age of the individual is probably shown by the
number of such layers. In immature specimens the commence-
ment of the pterygoid or wing-like flap of the outer lip is defined
by a bit of enamel along the mouth, which likewise lines the
canal at the base as well as the upper process of the flap. Still
younger specimens, before any sign of the flap appears, have the
outer lip flexuous, with a wide and deep sinus at the upper part,
and a long straight canal at the base. In this stage of growth
they strongly resemble Fusi. The fry form a short cylinder.
Monstrosities are not uncommon, especially in the shape and
relative size of the digitated processes ; the basal point, however,
is always formed like a spear-head."

According to Morch Chiropteron semilunare of Sars is prob-
ably the larval stage of Aporrhais.

A. SERRESIANUS, Michaud. PI. 12, fig. 32.

Whitish, or light yellowish brown. Differs from the preceding
species by its long posterior and anterior canals, and by the
outer lip being three-spined. Length, 2 inches.

Europe, from Norway to the Mediterranean Sea.

Perhaps more generally known under the name of A. pes-
carbonis, Brong., which is, however, a wrong identification, the
latter being a fossil and different species. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys
gave it the name of A. Macandreoe.

A. SENEGALENSIS, Gray. (Un figured'.) Senegal.

The (insufficient) description indicates close affinity or identity
with A.

STRUTHIQLARIA. 133

Section II. ARRHOGES, Gabb, 1868.
A. OCCIDENTALTS, Beck. PL 12, fig. 33.

The longitudinal ribs of the spire, and absence of tuberculated
angles on the whorls, as well as the entire but greatly expanded
lip, will readily distinguish this species. Length, 2-2'5 inches.

Labrador, Newfoundland.

Subfamily Struthiolariinae.
Genus STRUTHIOLARIA, Lam., 1812.

The synonymy of the few species of this New Zealandic genus
was very much involved until 1876-7, when the Marchioness
Paulucci (Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, iii), critically studied them
and g-ave them essentially the nomenclature which follows.

Section L STRUTHIOLARIA (». stricto).
S. PAPULOSA. Marty n. PI. 12, fig. 34.

Whorls strongly nodose on the angle; yellowish brown, indis-
tinctly longitudinall}7 chestnut-striped. Length, 3 inches.

New Zealand.

This is Murex stramineus, Gmelin ; S. nodulosa, Lam. ; S. papil-
/o.sa, Gray ; S. coronarium, Soland. ; S. nodosa, Gray.

S. VERMIS, Mart. PL 12, figs. 35, 36.

Shoulder obtuse, obsoletely nodose, suture somewhat ex-
cavated. Length, 1-75 inches.

New Zealand.

The synonyms are S. australis, Gmelin ; S. scutulata, Hutton;
S. inermis, Sowb.

Var. CRENULATA, Lam. Fig. 35.

The sutural channel deeper, the numerous nodules of the
shoulder-angle small but more distinct. S. canaliculate, Speng.,
is a synonym.

S. GIGAS, Sowb. PL 12, figs. 37, 38.

Less sharply angled, the nodules smaller, the suture slightly
channeled, the striae alternately larger and smaller, the lip more
solidly thickened than in S. papulosa. Very like a gigantic S.

134 STRUTHIOLARIA.

vermis, and appearing to connect that species with S. papulosa.
These three will probably prove to be varieties only of a single
species.

New Zealand.

S. sulcata, Jonas (fig. 38) is simply an individual having the
revolving sulci stronger than usual, with the shoulder and its
nodules almost obsolete. Its locality, China, is; of course erro-
neous. The specific name has priority over c/igas, but besides
the fact that it has been overlooked by all the monographers, the
specimen upon which the description is based, although recog-
nizable as this species, is not normal in its characters.

Section II. PELICARIA, Gray, 1857.

S. SCUTTJLATA, Martyn. PL 12, figs. 39, 40.

Yellowish fawn-color, longitudinally more or less streaked
with a darker shade; sutures callous. Length, 1*5-2 inches.

New Zealand.

S. oblita, Sowb., is a synonym.

S. MIRABILIS, Smith. PI. 12, fig. 41.

Shell thin, white, under a very thin, deciduous olivaceous
white epidermis, spire and upper part of body-whorl sharply
cancellate, on the lower part of the body-whorl the longitudinal

ribs become obsolete. Length, 42 mill.

Kerguelen Islands.

Has the aspect of a Buccinum, but the operculum, animal, and
the dentition especially, show it to be a true Struthiolaria.
Kerguelen has representatives of other New Zealand genera,
showing similar variation in being more fragile. S. costulata,
von Martens, is a synonym ; it was published only about three
weeks after Mr. Smith's name.

S. microscopia, Gray. This is a species of Sinusigera.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY,

STROMBfD/E.

Accinctus (Strorabus), Born. Mus. Caes. Yind.

= S. succinctns, Linn 116

AcMpiter (Strombtis), Dillw. Cat., p. 665.

= S. accipitrinus, Lam. ....... 108

A cci pi trin us (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 687.

= S. costatus, Gmelin, 108

Acutus (Strombus), Perry. Conch., pi. 12, f. 2.

= S. Pacificus, Swains. . . . . . . .114

Adustus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch., x, pi. 156, f. 1487-1404,

= S. melanostomus. Swains. . . . . . .113

Adustus (Strombus), Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 29.

= S. papilio, Chemn. . . . . . . .110

Alaria, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gr. Oolite, i, 1850, . 105

Alata (Pterocera), Schum. Essai nov. gen., 1817.

= Strombus latissimus, Linn Ill

Alatus (Strombus >, Gmelin, p. 3513, No. 14.

= S. pugilis, Linn., var. ....... 109

Alipes, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 1865.

= Gonochila, Gabb, .... ... 104

Anatellus (Strombus \ Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 5,

t. 4, f. 11, 12; t. 21, f. 8, 9. = S. urceus, Linn. . . 118
Anchura, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. [2j,iv, 1860, . 105

Aporrhainae (Subfamily), . . . ". . . .99
Aporrhais. Dillw. Philos. Trans., ii, 395, 1823, . .103,131
Aratrum (Monocondylaea), Morch. Cat. Yoldi, p. 62,

= Strombus Pacificus, Swain. . . . . . .114

Arrhoges, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch. , iv, 144, 1868, . 104, 133
Arthritica (Pterocera), Morch. Cat. Yoldi. p. 60.

= P. rugosa, Sowb 126

Athenius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 11,

f. 1,2. == S. variabilis, Swn. 117

Anrnntia (Pterocera), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.), ix,

p. 675, . .124

Auris-Dianse (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1209, 113

(185)

136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGB.

Australia (Strombus \ Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 39, f. 96, 97.

= S. Pacificus,Swn., var. ....... 114

Australis (Struthiolaria), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 3542.

= S. vermis, Marty n. 133

Bengalina (P37rula), Grat., 1840. = Pterocera bryonia, Gmel. 124
Bituberculatus i Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 690. 112
Brachystoma, Gardner. Geol. Mag. [2], iii, 1876, . .104
Brevirostra (Rostellaria), Sebum. Nouv. Syst., 223, 1817.
= R. curvirostris, Lam. . . . . . .127

Bryonia (Pterocera), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3520, . . 124
Bubonius (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 692, . 108

Bulbulus (Strombus), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 144. 121

Cailliaudii (Conus), Jay. Ann. Lye. N. Y., iv, p. 169, pi. x,

f. Sab, 1846, . 122

Calyptrophorus, Conrad, 1757. Gabb, Am. Jour. Conch.,

iv, 142, 103

Cainelus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x,t. 155, f. 1478.

= Pterocera lambis, Linn. . . . . . .124

Campbelli (Strombus), Gray. Griff. An. Kingd., pi. 25, . 115
Campbelli (Strombus), Ku'ster. Conch. Cab., 2d ed., p. 69,

t. 15, f. 2. = S. deformis, Gray, 116

Canaliculata (Struthiolaria), Spengler. Naturf., 24, 1782.

= S. crenulata, Lam. 133

Canarium (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . .110
Canarium, Sebum. Essai nov. gen., 219, 1817, . . 101, 118
Cancellata (Rimella), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.), ix, p.

710, 129

Cancellatus (Strombus), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 398, 122
Ceratosiphon, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 139, 1869, . . 104
Chemnitzii (Strombus), Pfr. Krit. Reg., p. 2.

= S. Pacificus, Swain 114

Chenopus, Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 214, 1836.

= Aporrhais, Dillw. ........ 103

Chiragra (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1207, 126
Chiragra (Pterocera), part, Lam. Hist. N., An. s. Vert.,ed.

2, ix, 675. = P. rugosa, Sowb. . ... 126

Chiropteron, Sars 132

Clavus (Strombus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat.

= Rostellaria fusus, Linn. 128

Columba (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 702, . .115
Coniformis (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., t. 7, f. 55-61.

= S. Mauritianus, var. ....... 278, 122

Conomurex, Bayle. Fischer, Manuel de Conch., 617. 101, 122

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 137

PAGE.

Cornutus (Strombus), Perry. Conch., t. xi, f. 4.

= S. pugilis, Linn. ........ 109

Coronarium (Buccinum). Soland. Catal. Portl. Mus.

= S. papulosa, Mart. . 133

Coronata (Strombus), Defrance. = S. bubonius, Lam. . 108
Corrugatus (Strombus), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang,

p. 35, t. 10, f. 19. =S. rugosus, Sowb 119

Costatus (Strombus), Gmelin, p. 35'20, .... 108

Costulata (Struthiolaria ), Martens. Ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde,

Berlin, 1875, p. 66. = S. mirabilis, Smith, . . .134
Crassilabrum (Strombus), Anton. Yerz., 87, 2820, 1839, .122
Crenatus (Strombus), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 19.

= S. galeatus, Swain. 108

Crenulata (Struthiolaria), Lam. An. s. Yert., vii, p. 148.

= S. vermis, Mart., var. ....... 133

Crispata(Rimella),Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 26, pi. 8, f. 62, 63, 129
Cristatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Yert., ix, p. 691.

= S. laciniatus, Ghemn Ill

Grocata (Pterocera), Link. Yerz. Nat. Sarnml. Rostock?

= P. aurantia, Lam. ........ 124

Crocea (Pterocera), Sowb. Thes., t. 11, f. 4.

= P. elongata, Swain 125

Cuphotifer, Piette, 1876, 105

Gurta (Rostellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842.

= R. curvirostris, Lam., var. ...... 127

Curvirostris (Rostellaria), Lam. An. s. Yert. (Desh. ed.)

ix, p. 654, .... 127

Cyclomolops, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 142, 1868, . 103
Cylindricus (Strombus), Swain. Zool. 111., pi. 53, f. 1,2.

= S. Mauritianus, Lam 122

Cyphosolenus, Piette, 1876, 104

Cyphotifer, Piette, 1876, . . . 105

Decumana (Cornuta), Rump. Amb. Rarit, p. 110, t. 35, f. Z>,

t. 36, f. G. = Pterocera lambis, Linn 124

Deformis (Strombus), Gray. Griff. An. Kingd., pi. 25, .116
Deformis (Strombus), Kiener (non Gray\ Ic. Coq., p. 58,

t. 32, f. 2. = S. Sibbaldi, Sowb 118

Delicatula (Rostellaria), Geof. Nevill, Jour. As. Soc. Beng.,

1881, 262 * . . . 128

Dentatus f Strombus), Kien., t. 19, f. 2 (non Wood).

= S. terebellatus, Sowb. . ... .121

Dentatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1213, . . 118
Dentula (Rostellaria), Perry. Conch., t. 10, f. 3.

= R. curvirostris, Lam. ....... 127

Diartema, Piette, 1864, 104

138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Dicroloma, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 146, t. 14, f. 16-17,

1868, .105

Diempterus, Pictte, 1876, 105

Dilatatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 792.

= S. costatus, Gmel., var. inermis. 108

Dilatatus (Strombus), Swains. Zool. Illust., . . . 115
Dimorphosoma, Gardner. Geol. Mao;. [U]5 ii? 1875, . . 104
Dolophanes, Gabb. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xv, 234, 1872, 105
Drepanocheilus, Meek. Check List, Invert. Foss., 35, 1864.

= Anchura, Con. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 145, . . .105
Dubius (Strombus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 9, f. 30.

= S. alatus, Gmel., juv 109

Elatus (Strombus). Anton. Yerz., 85, 2799, . . .122
Elegans (Strombus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 7, f. 43, 48.

= S. dentatus, L., var. erythrinus, ..... 119
Elongata (Pterocera), Swains. Ex. Conch. App. p. 32, . 125
Epidrornis (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . 116
Epimellus (Strombus), Duclos. Chemn., p. 3, pi. 16, f. 11,

12; pi. 22, f. 5, 6. = S. floridus, Lam 120

Erythrinus (Strombus). Chemn., xi, 146, 1. 195 a, f. 1874-75.

= S. dentatus, Linn., var. 119

Euprotomus, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 131, 1869, . 100, 110
Expansa (Strombus), Martini. Conch. Cab., iii, p. lll,t.

79, f. 821. = S. epidromis, Linn. . . . .116

Exustus (Strombus \ Swain. Zool. 111., i, pi. 134, f. 1.

= S. papilio, Chemn. . . . .' . . .110

Fasciatus (Strombus), Born. Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 278, . 120
Fasciatus (Strombus), Gmel., p. 3510. = S. bubonius, Lam. 108
Favanni (Rostellaria), Pfeiffer. Crit. Register, 106, 1840.

= R. fissa, Dillw 128

Fissa (Rostellaria), Dillw. Desc. Cat., 656, 1815, . . 128
Fissurella (Rostellaria), Sowb. Thes., pi. 8, f. 64, 65 (non

Linn.). = Rimella cancellata, Lam. . . . .129
Flammeus (Strombus), Link. Beschreib. Mus. Rostock,

1807 ; Morch, Yoldi Cat., pt. i, 63. = S floridus, Lam. .119
Flavigula (Alata), Meuschen. Mus. Gevers., p. 338.

= Strombus fasciatus, Born, . . . . . .120

Floridus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 707, . .119
Flosculosus (Strombus), Morch. Cat. Conch. Yoldi, part

1 a, p. 63. = S. floridus, Lam. 119

Fusiformis (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 9, f. 91, 92, . .117
Fusus (Rostellaria), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3506.

= R. curvirostris, Lam. ....... 127

Fusus (Rostellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12 ed.), p. 1207, . 128

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 139

PAGE.

Galea (Strorabus), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. Lara., 4, f. 13,

1828. = S. <raleatus, fewain 108

Galeatus (Strombus), Swain. Phil. Mag., 1823, p. 401, . 108
Gallinula, Klein. Tent., 56, 1753, . . . .101,114
Gallus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . . .113
Gibberulus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210, . 121

Gibberulus «. Strombus), Meuschen (non Linn.). Mb'rch,

Yoldi Cat., 63. = S. floridus, Lam 120

Gigas (Strombus ^, Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210, . . .107
Gigas (Struthiolaria), Sowb.' Thes, Conch., pi. 5, f. 17, . 133
Glabratus ( Strombus \ Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 8, f. 66, 67.

== Nassa obliqna, Kr 122.

Gladius, Klein. Tent. Ostrac., 59, 1753.

= Rostellaria, Lam. ........ 102

Goliath (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 195, . 107
Goniocheila, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 144, 1868, . . 104
Gracilior (Strombus), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 20, . . 109

Granulatus (Strombus), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl., t.

4, f. 21, . 110

Guttatus (Strombus), Mart. Conch. Cab., Hi, p. 126, pi. 84,

f. 840. == S. auris-Dianse, Linn. . . . . ,113
Gymnarus, Gabb., Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 139, 1868, . . 101

Hffimastoma (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 7, f. 51, . .120
Halia, Risso. Manual, vi. Placed in Struthiolarinae by

Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 147.

Harpngo, Klein. Tent. Meth. Ostrac., 1753, p. 79, . 102, 126
Harpagodes, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 138, 1869, . .102
Helicaulax, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 145, t. 14, f. 15,

1868 104

Hellii (Strombus), Rousseau. Kien. Iconog., t. 13, f. 2, . 120
Heptadactylus (Alata), Mart. Conch. Cab., Hi, p. 150, t. 36,

f. *55, t. 90, f. 884. * = Pterocera lambis, Linn. . . 124
Heptadactylus, Klein. Ostrac., 99, 1753, . . .101,124
Hippochrenes, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 522, 1810, . . 103

Incisus (Strombus), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp.

= S. urceus, Gmel .118

Inermis (Strombus), Swains. Exot. Conch., p. 36.

5. costatus, Gin., var. ....... 108

Inermis (Struthiolaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 23, pi. 5,

f. 12, 13 and 19. = S. vermis,Mart. . 133

Integer (Strombus), Swain. Gray, Desc. Cat., June, 1832,

p. 2 . .108

Isabella (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 700.

= S. canarium, Linn., var. . . . . . .110

140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Ismarius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Conch. Illust., 5, t.

7, f. 1-2. = S. fasciatus. Born, . . . .120

Isopleura, Meek. Check List Invert. Foss., 36, 1864, . 102

Japonicus (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., 42, 1851, . 115
Japonicus (Strombus), Reeve. Lischke, Jap. Meeresconch.
Suppl., 30, t. 5, f. 7. = S. dilatatus, Swains. . . .115

Kieneri (Strombus), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genoa, viii, 346. = S. Sibbaldi, Sowb 118

Kochii (Pterocera), Freyer. Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss.

Vien.. xv, p. 22, 1852. = P. chiragra, Linn. . . .126

Labiosus (Strombus), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 4, lift
Labrosus (Strombus), Menke. Verzeichniss, No. 1209 ;

Morch, Mai. Blatt., xviii, 127. — S. Luhuanus, L. . .122
Laciniatus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 158, f.

1506-7 ; Dillwyn, Desc. Cat., ii, 663, . . . .111
Laevilabris (Strombus), Menke. Syn., p. 71.

= S. Luhuanus, Linn. ....... 122

Lamarckii (Strombus , Gray. Sowb. Thes. Conch., 35.

= S. auris-Dianae, Linn. . . . . . . .113

Lambis (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), p. 1208, . 124
Latissimus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . Ill
Latus (Strombus), Gmel., p. 3520.

= S. costatus, Gmel., var. inermis, ..... 108
Leiorhinus, Gabb. Jour. Philada. Acad. [2], iv, 1860, . 103
Lentiginosus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1208, . . 110
Lineatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 708.

= S. fasciatus, Born, . . . . . . .120

Lispodesthes, White. Rep. Geol. 100th Merid., iv, 191, 1875, 104
Listeri (Strombus), T. Gray. Ann. and Mag. N. H., x, p.

430, 1852, . . .114

Lituratus (Strombus), Menke. Verzeichniss, No. 1205;

Morch, Mai. Blatt. xviii, 127. = S. variabilis, Swains. . 117
Lobatus (Strombus), Swains. Zool. 111., t. 3, pi. 153.

= S. bituberculatus, Lam. 112

Longus (Turbo), Jonston. Hist. Nat., t. 11.

= Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. . . . . .127

Loxotrema, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 147, 1868, . . 105
Lucifer (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, n. 414 ; xii, n. 503.

= S. gigas, Linn. ........ 107

Luhuanus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . . 122
Luteostoma (Rostellaria), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878,

p. 313, pi. xviii, f. 8-9. — R. curvirostris, Lara., var. . 127

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 141

PACK.

Macandreae (Aporrhais), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, p. 252 ;

v, t. Ixxx, f. 2. = A. Serresianus, Mich. Jeffre3rs,

Proc. Roy. Soc., xxv, 189, 132

Maculatus(Strombns), Nuttall. Sowb. Thes., pi. 7, f. 53, . 120
Maculosum (Terebellum), Ad. Narr. Voy. Saraa rang, vol.

ii, 358. == T. subulatum, Lam 131

Magna (Rostellaria), Schroter. Conch. Cab.,x, p. 38, 1788.

= R. curvirostris, Lam. ....... 127

Marginatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . .116
M arm ore us (Murex), Jonston. Hist. Nat., pi. 2, f. 3.

= Strombus pugilus. Linn. ...... 109

Martinii (Rostellaria), Marrat. Jour, of Conch., i, p. 244,

pi. 1 128

Mauritianus (Strombus), Issel. Malak. Mar. Rosso., p. 130.

= S. gibberulus, Linn. . . . . . . .121

Mauritianus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 699, . 122
Mauryna, Gregorio, 1880. Fischer, Man. de Conch., 673, . 103
Melanocheilus (Rostellaria), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854,

p. 42. = R. fusus, Linn., var 128

Melanostomus (Strombus), Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 10, t.

47. = S. auris-Dianas, Linn., var. . . . . .113

Melnptcra, Piette, 1876. = Phyllocheilus, Gabb, . .102
Microscopica (Struthiolaria), Gray. Zool. Beechey. Voy.,

p. 108, ' 134

Millepeda (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th cd.),p. 1208, 125
Millipes, Klein. Ostrac., 99, 1753, . . . .101,125
Minimus (Strombus), Linn. Mantissa., p. 549, . . .117
Mirabilis (Strombus), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p.

257, pi. xx i, f. 4. •= S. Listeri, Gray, . . . .114
Mirabilis (Struthiolaria), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 4th ser.,

xvi, i). 67. 1875 ; Trans. Roy. Soc., 168, p. 170, pi. ix, f. 3, 134
Mitrafusus, Bellardi. Moll. foss. Piern., 1871, . . .102

Mouocyphus, Piette, 1876, 104

Monod'actylus, Klein. Ostrac , 98, 1753, . . .101,112
Multipes (Pterocera), Desh. Lamarck, id. 2, ix, 677.

= P. violacea, Swains. . . . . . . .125

Mutabilis (Strombus), Swain. Zool. Illus., t. 71, f. 1.

= S. floridus, Lam 119

Nebulosum ( Terebellum \ Blainv. Dufo., Ann. Sc. Nat.,
1840, p. 178. = T. subulatum, Lam. . . 131

Xodosa (Pterocera), Swains. Brng., Enc. Meth., pi. 410, 2.
= P. scorpio, Linn. ........ 125

Noclosa (Struthiolaria), Gray, in Yates' N. Zeal., p. 308.
— S. papulosa. Mart. . . . . . . .133

142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Nodulosa (Struthiolaria"), Lam. An. s. Vert., 2d ed., ix, p.

534. = S. papulosa, Martyn, 133

Novre-Zelandiae (Strombus \ Chemn., x, pi. 156, f. 1485-

1486. S. Pacificus, Swains. 114

Novem-dactylis instructus (Pterocera), Chem. Conch. Cab.,

x, p. 207, pi. 155, f. 1479-1480. = P. elongata, Swains., 125

Oblita (Struthiolaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat., App., p. xviii,

= S..scutulata, Mart. 134

Occidentalis (Aporrliais), Beck. Mag. de Zoo!., 1836, pi. 72, 133
Olydius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 4, t.

5, f. 7. = S, dentatus, Linn 119

Oncoma, Mayer. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3], iv, 1876, . 101
Orientalis (Strombus), Jonston. Nat. Hist., pi. 11, f. 2;

Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 18, f. 1, 2. = S. tricornis, Lam. . 112
Orosminus (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Conch. Illus., 6, t.

10, f. 10, 11. = S. columba, Linn. . . . . .115

Orthaulax, Gabb. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., xv, 234, 1873, 103

Pacificus (Strombus", Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 10, t. 17, . 113
Papilio (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,x, t. 158, f. 1510

and 1511 ; Dillwyn., Desc. Cat-, ii, 661. . . . .110
Papillosa (Struthiolaria), Gray. Guide Moll. B. Mus., p. 76.

= S. papulosa, Mart. . . . . . . .133

Papulosa (Struthiolaria), part, Desh. An. s. Vert.

= S. gigas, Sowb. . . . 133

Papulosa (Struthiolaria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., 1784, pi. 54, 133
Pelicaria, Gray. Guide to the Moll. B. Mus., p. 77,

1857, 105, 134

Pentadactylus (Cochlea), Pliny.

= Aporrhais pes-pelicani. Linn. ..... 131

Perch-sea, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 464, 1867y . .101
Perissoptera, Tate. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, 1865.

= Anchura, Con. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 145, . * .105
Persicus (Strombus), Swain. Zool. 111., pi. 53.

= S. fasciatus, Born. . 120

Pcrtmax (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illus. Conch., 15, t.

29, f. 1,2. ='S. tricornis, Lam 112

Peruanus (? Strombus), Anton. Verz. 85, No. 2810, 1839, 122
Peruvianus (Strombus), Swain. Zool. Illus., pi. 39. Kobelt,

50. Reeve, 6. Sow., 110. Kiener, viii and xxxiv, f. 1, var. 112
Pes-carbonis (Aporrhais), Forbes and Hanley (non Broug.).

Brit. Moll. = Rostellaria Serressiana, Mich. . . . 132
Pes-pelicani (Rostellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), p.

1207, .131

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143

PAGE.

Pes-struthiocameli (Murex), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, f.

1520-1521. = S. papulosa, Martyn, . . . .133
Phyllocheilus, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 140, 1868, . 102
Platyoptera, Conrad. Proc. Phila. A cad., 257, 1855.

= Rostellaria, Lam. . . . . . . . .102

Plicatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 706, . .119
Polydactylus (Alata), Mart. Conch. Cat., iii, p. 160, pi. 88,

f.' 8(11-8(52. = Pterocera millipeda, Linn. . . .125
Polyfasciatus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 155,

f.* 1483-84. = S. fasciatus, Born 120

Ponderosns (Strombus), Philippi. Abb. i, taf. 2, 3, . .111
Powisii (Rostellaria), Petit. Mag. de Zool., 1842, pi. 53, . 128
Pseudo-scorpio (Pterocera), Lam. An. s Yert. (Desh. ed ),

ix, p. 674, . . 125

Pterocera, Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, .... 101, 123
Pterocerella, Meek. Check List Invert. Foss., 36, 1864, . 104
Pterodonta, d'Orb. Pal. Franc. Terr. Cret., ii, 320, . .103
Pujiilis (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1207, . . .109
Puonellus, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. [2], iv, 1860, . 101
Pulcliellus (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 52, 1851.

= S. dentatus, Linn., var. 119

PiuictMtum (Terebellum), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, 124.

= T. siibulatum, Lam. . . . . . . .131

Purpurascens (Pterocera), Swains. Sowb., Thes., 43.

= P. violacea, Swains. . . . . . . .125

Ptisillus (Strombus), Anton. Verz., 86, No. 2812, 1839, . 122
Pyramis, Bolten. Mus. Bolt., 1798.

= Strombus, Linn., juv. ....... 100

Pyrulatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 696.

= S. alatus, Gm 109

Quad rat us (Strombus), Perry. Conch., t. xii, f. 1.

= S. bituberculatus, Lam. . . . . . .112

Quadriiidus (Rostellaria), Da Costa. Brit: Shells.

= Aporrhais pes.pelicani, Linn 131

Radians (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 5, t.

4, f. 15. 16. = S. nrceus, Linn 118

Rauiuus (Strombus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3511.

= S. bituberculatus, Lam. . , . . .112

Rectirostris (Rostellaria), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.),

p. 65f>. = R. I us us, Linn. 128

Rhodostomus (Strombus gibberulus. vnr.), Mb'rch. Decken,

Reisen, iii, 1, 64. = S. jribberr.lus, Linn. . , . 127

Rimella, Agassiz. Sowb., Min. Conch, ed. Germ., 137, 1840,

102, 129

144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PA OK.

Robusta (Pterocera), Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 32, 1833, . 126
Robustus (Strombus), Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 599,

pi. 72, f. 3, 3 a — S. marginatus, Linn 116

Rostellaria, Lam. Prodr., 1799 102, 127

Rostellum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 518, 1810.

= Rostellaria, Lam., 1799, . , 102

Rugosa (Pterocera), Sowb. Thes. Conch.. pt.2,t. 11, f. 9, 10, 126
Rugosns (Strombus), Sowb Tank. Cat. A pp., p. 20.

= S. dentatns, Linn., var. 119

Riippellii (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 13, 1850.

= S. dentatus, var. erythrinus, . . . . . .119

Samar (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 157, f. 1503 ;

Dillw. Cat..ii, 674, .,121

Samarensis (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., xix, f. 53.

= S. Samar, Chemn. 121

Scalariformis (Strombus), Duclos. Mag. Zool., p. 27, t. 27,

1833 120

Scorpio (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1208, . 125
Scutulata (Struthiolaria), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Mol. N. Z.,

Jour, de Conch , 25, 1872. = S. vermis, Martyn, . .133
Scutulata (Struthiolaria), «Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 55, . 134
Sebae (Pterocera^, Valen. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, t. 4, f. 2.

= P. bryonia, Gmelin, ....... 124

Semilunare (Chiropteron), Sars. Beskrivelser og Jag 1835,

t. 14, f. 38 ; Morch, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1865, xvi, p. 78.

? — Larva of Aporrhais, ....... 132

Senegalensis (Aporrhais), Gray. Ann. and Mag. N. H.,

1838, i, p. 27, . . 132

Septimus (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, 111. Conch., 7, t. 13,

f. 9, 10; t. 15, f. 11 ; t. 26, f. 2. = S. succinctus, L., var. 117
Seraphs, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 374, 1810.

= Terebellum, Klein, Sect 103

Serrata (Rostellaria), Perry. Conch., t. 11, f. 2.

= R. fissa, Dillw 128

Serresianus (Aporrhais), Mich. Bui. Soc. Linn. Bord., 2, p.

120, f. 3-4. 1828, 132

Sibbaldi (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., t. 7, f. 10-11. . . 118
Sloanii (Strombus), Leach. Miscel., pi. 22, f. 1.

= S. pugilis, Linn., var. . . . . . . . 109

Sowerbyi (Pterocera), Morch. Jour, de Conch., 1872, p. 131.

= P. bryonia, Gmel. 124

Speciosa (kimella), H. and A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863,

p. 428, 129

Spinigera, d'Orb., 1850. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 141, . . 105

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145

PAGE.

Spinosa (Vespertilio), Seba. Mas.

= Rostellaria pes-pelicani, Linn. ..... 131

Stramineus (Murex)', Gmelin. Linn., Syst. Nat., 13th ed.

= S. papulosa, Marty n, . . . . . . .133

Striatogranosus (S trombus), Morch. Martens, Mauritius,

277. = S. auris-DLanae, Linn. . . . . . .113

Strombidae (Family), 99

Strombidea, Swainson. Malacol., HO, 310, 1840.

= Canarium, Schmn. 101

Strombinae (Subfamily), 99

Strombolaria, Gregorio, 1880, 102

Strombus, Linn. Syst. Nat., 742, 1758, . . .100,106
Struthiolaria, Lamarck. Extr. d'un Cours, 1812, . 105, 133
Struthiolariinae, ......... 100

Subulata (Rostellaria), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst.

= R. fusus, Linn. 128

Subulatum (Terebellum), Lam. An. sans Vert. (edit. Desk.),

x, 584, .131

Subulatus (Strombus), Herbst. Hist. Verm., t. 48, f. 8.

= S. fasciatus, Born. . . . . . .120

Suceinctus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1212, . .116
Sulcata (Struthiolaria), Jonas. Arch. f. Nat., 1839, i, p. 342,

pi. ix, f. 5. = S. gigas, Sowb 134

Sulcatus (Strombus), Anton. Verz , 85, No. 2798.

= S. alatus, Gm. . . 109

Sulcatus (Strombus), Chem. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 195, f.

1870-71. = S. vittatus, Linn. . . . . . . 114

Swainsonii ( Strom bus )f Reeve. Conch. Ic., 28.

= S. dilatatus, Swain. ....... 115

Tseniata (Strombus), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, t. 51, f. 14-15.

= S. Isabella, Lam. 110

Tankervillii (Strombus), Swains. Teste Reeve, Icon., f. 26.

= S. columba, Lam 115

Taurus (Strombus), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 207,

t. 37, f. 3, . Ill

Terebellatus (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 9, f. 84, 85, . 121
Terebeliopsis, Leymerie. Bull. Soc. Geol., 1844, . . 103
Terebellum, Klein. Tent, Ostrac., 38, 1753, . . 103, 130
Terebellum (Bulla), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1185.

= Terebellum punctatum, Chemn 131

Tessarolax, Gabb. Geol. Survey Cal., 1864, . . .104
Thersites (Strombus), Gray. Sow., Thes., pi. 10, f. 109,

= S. ponderosus, jPhil Ill

Tricornis (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 689, . . 112

10

146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAOK.

Tridactylus, Gardner. Geol. Mag., 1875.

= Dicroloma, Gabb 105

.A-^-Tridentatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 704.

= S. Samar, Chem . . 120

Troglodytes (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 703.

= S. minimus, Linn. . . . . . . . .117

Truncata (Pterocera), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 195.

= P. bryonia, Gm 124

Tubercularis (Strombus), Anton. Yerz., 86, No. 2813, 1839, 122
Turritus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 706.

= Var. S. vittatus, Linn. 114

Tyleri (Rimella), H. and A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863,

p. 428, . 129

Undulatus (Strombus), Chemn. Kuster, t. 4 6, f. 3-4.

= S. alatus, Gm 109

Unicornis (Strombus), Dillw. Desc. Cat.

= Rostellaria fusus, Linn. ...... 128

Urceus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1212, . . .118
Urceus (Strombus), var. Schreiber's Conch., i, p. 187.

= S. dentatus, Linn. 118

Ustulatum (Canarium), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 219, 1817.

= Strombus urceus, Linn. . . . . . .118

Vanicorensis (Strombus), Quoy. Voy. Astr., t. 51, f. 7-9.

= S. canarium, Linn. ....... 110

Variabilis (Strombus), Swains. Zool. 111., i, t. 10, . .117
Ventricosus (Fusus), Humph. Mus. Calonn., p. 35.

= Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. ..... 127

Vermis (Strnthiolaria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 53, . 133
Vermis (Struthiolaria), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 4.

= S. gigas, Sowb 133

Violacea (Pterocera), Swains. Exot. Conch. App., 33, . 125

.Vittatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . 114

Yoldii (Pterocera), Morch. Yoldi Cat., p. 60, 1852, . . 126

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

STROMBID^E.

PLATE 1.
FIGURE PAOE.

1. Strombus florid us, Lam. Dentition. Fischer, Manuel

de Conch., f. 428, p. 669, 99

2. Strombus gigas, Linn. Chenu, Manuel de Conch., i, f.

1570,. :/.'•.. ... 107

3. Strombus gigas, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 117, . 107

4. Strombns gigas, juv. Kiener, Icon., t. 33, f. 1, . . 107

5. Strombus Goliath, Chemn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, f. 118, 107
fi. Strombus galcatus, Swains. Thes. Conch., f. 114, • 108

7. Strombus accipitrinus, Lam. (= costatus). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 12, 108

8. Strombus inermis; Swains. (= costatus\ Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 11H 108

9. Strombus alatus (= pugilis, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 75, . . . ' . 109

10. Strombus pyrnlatus, Lam. (= alatus). Thes. Conch.,

f. 72, . 109

PLATE 2.

11. Strombus bubonius, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 27, . . 108

12. Strombus integer, Swains. Lister. Hist. Conch., t. 856, 108

13. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 74, . .109

14. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Sowb., Genera, t. 10, f. 2, . 109

15. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Chenu, Manual, f. 1582, .109

16. Strombus dubius, Sowb. (= pugilis). Thes. Conch.,

f. 80, 109

17. Strombus gracilior, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 73, . . 109

18. Strombus canarium, Linn. Kiener, Icon., t. 29, f. 1 a, 110

19. Strombus canarium, Linn. Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 51,

f. 10, 110

20. Strombus Isabella, Lam. (= canarium, var.). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 25, f. 2 110

(147)

148 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 3.

FIGURE. PAGE.

21. Strombtis tseniata, Quoy (= Isabella). Voy. Astrol.,

t. 51, f, 14, 110

22. Strombus granulatus, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

32a, 110

23. Strombus lentiginosus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

79, ... ...... 110

24. Strombus lentiginosus, Linn. Kiener, Icon., t. 18, f. 1, J10

25. Strombus papilio, Dillw. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 44, . 110

26. Strombus laciniattis, Dillw. Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 111

27. Strombus latissimiis, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 112, 111

28. Strombus Thersites, Gray (=ponderosus, Phil.). Sowb.,

Thes. Conch., f. 109, Ill

29. Strombus Peruvianus, Lam. Chenu, Manuel, f. 1587, 112

30. 31. Strombus tricornis, Lam. Kiener, Iconqg., t. 7;

t. 33, f. 3, . . . . . . . .112

PLATE 4.

32. Strombus lobatus, Swn. (= bituberctilatns, Lam ).

Thes. Conch., f. 76, .... . 112

33. Strombus bitubenulatus, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 306, 112

34. Strombus taurus, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 37, f. 3, 1857, 111

35. Strombus gallus, Linn. Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 18, . 1.13

36. Strombus gallus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 33, f. 2, . 113

37. Strombus auris-Dianse, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 88, 113

38. Strombus melanostoma, Swn. (= auris-Dianse, var.),

Thes. Conch., f. 89, 113

39. Strombus Pacificus, Swn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 86, 113

40. Strombus australis, Sowb. (= Pacificus, Swn.). Thes.

Conch., f. 97, ... .... 114

41-43. Strombus vittatus, Linn. Thes. Conch. ,f. 28,29,30, 114

44. Strombus sulcatus, Chemn. (— vittatus, Linn.). Kiister,

Monog., t. 13, f. 8, 114

45. Strombus mirabilis, Sowb. (== Listeri, T. Gray).

Zool. Proc.. t. 21, f. 4, 1870, . . . . " . 114

PLATE 5.

46. Strombus Campbelli, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 45, 115

47. Strombus Swainsoni, Rve. (= dilatatus, Swn.). Conch.

Icon., f. 286, . . . . . . . .115

48. Strombus Japonicus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 42, . 115

49. Strombus columba, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 26 6, . . 115

50. Strombus orosminus, Duclos (= columba). Chenu,

Conch. Illust., t. 10, f. 11, 115

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 149

FIOURB. PAGB.

51. Strombus labiosus, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 50, 116

52. Strombus deformis, Gray. Conch. Icon., f. 55 6, . .116

53. Strombus marginatus, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 49, 116

54. Strombus robustus, Sowb. (= marginatus). Zool.

Proc., t. 72, f. 5 a, 1874, .116

55. Strombus epidromis, Linn. Kiener, fconog., t. 26, f. 1, 116

PLATE 6.

56. Strombus succinctus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 43, . 116

57. Strombus Septimus, Duclos (= succinctus, var.). Chenu,

Conch. Illust;,, t. 13, f. 9, 117

58. Strombus fusiformis, Sowb. Kiener, Iconog., t. 28, f. 2, 117

59. 60. Strombus variabilis, Swn. Reeve, Icon., f. 21 c, a, 117

61. Strombus athenius, Duclos (= variabilis). Chenu,

Illust., t. ll,f. 2, 117

62. Strombus troglodytes, Lam. (= minimus, L.). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 31, f. 2 117

63 Strombus Sibbaldi, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 48, 118

64. Strombus deformis, Kiener (= Sibbaldi). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 32, f. 2, . . . , . . . 118

65, 66. Strombus urceus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 246, c, . 118

67. Strombus anatellus, Duel. (= urceus). Chenu, Conch.,

Illust., t. 21, f. 9, 118

68. Strombus olydius, Duel. ( = dentatus). Chenu, Illust ,

t. 5, f. 7, 118

69. Strombus Riippelli, Reeve (= erythrinus). Conch.

Icon., f. 13 a, 119

70. Strombus pulchellus, Reeve (= dentatus, var.). Conch.

Icon., f. 52, .119

PLATE 7.

67. Strombus radians, Duel. (= dentatus). Chenu, Conch.

Illus., t. 4, f. 16, . 118

68. Strombus dentatus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 17, . . 118

69. Strombus dentatus, Linn. Chenu, Conch. Illus., t. 5,

f. 6, .... . . 118

70. Strombus plicatus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 31, f. 1. . 119

71. Strombus elegans, Sowb. (—erythrinus). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 41 a, . . .119

72. Strombus corrugatus, Ad. and Reeve (== dentatus,

var.). Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 19, . . .' . 119

73. Strombus floridus, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11 a, 119

74. Strombus floridus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 32, f. 1,

1 c, 1 a. 119

150 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. , PAGE.

77. Strombus ismarius, Duel. (= fasciatus'). Chenu, Conoh.

Illust., t. 7, f. 2, . . 120

78. Strombus ksemastoma, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

56, .... . .120

79. Strombus hellii. Rousseau. Kiener, Iconog., 1. 13, f. 2, 120

80. Strombus epimellus, Duel. (=floridus). Chenu, Illus.,

t. 16, f. 12 119

81. Strombus scalariformis, Duel. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 3, 120

82. Strombus fasciatus. Born. Kiener, Iconog., t. 30, f. 1, 120

83. Strombus epimellus, Duel. (= floridus). Chenu,

Conch. Illust., t. 22, f. 6, . . . .119

84. Strombus maculatus, Nuttall. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 23, . . . . . . . . .120

PLATE 8.

85. Strombus gibberulus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 28, f. 1, 121

86. Strombus bulbulus, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 8 a, 121

87. Strombus terebellatus, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 10 a, . 121

88. Strombus Samar, Chemn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 53 6, 121

89. Strombus Mauritianus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 59, .... 122

90. Strombus conifonnis, Sowb. (== Mauritianus). Thes.

Conch., f. 55, 122

91. Strombus Luhuanus, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 54, . .122

92. Strombus Luhuanus, monstrosity. Ann. Soc. Mai.

Belgique, x, t. 2, f. 1 122

1, 2. Pterocera lambis, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 5, 7,
3. Pterocera lambis, Linn., juv. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9
f. 2, .

124
124

4. Pterocera truncata, Lam. (= bryonia\ Gmel.). Ibid.

t. l,f. 1, . . 124

PLATE 9.

5. Pterocera aurantia, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, . . 124

6. Pterocera scorpio, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 3, . . 125

7. Pterocera pseudoscorpio, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 4. .125

8. Pterocera truncata, Lam. (= bryonia), Gmel.). Thes.

Conch., f. 13, . . ' . . .124

9. Pterocera millepeda, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 1, 125

10. Pterocera elongata, Swainson. Chenu, Manuel, f. 1617, 125

11. Pterocera multipes (=violacea, Swn.). Chenu, Manuel,

f. 1614, 125

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 151

PLATE 10.

FIGURE. PAGE.

12. Pterocera chiragra, Chenu (= rugosa, Sowb.), Chenu,

Mannelif. 1612, 126

13. Pterocera chiragra, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 12, 126

14. Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 9, 127

15. Rostellaria curta, Sowb. (= curvirostris, var.). Thes.

Conch., t. 5, f. 7, 127

16. Rostellaria luteostoma, Angas (= curvirostris, var.).

Zool. Proc., t. 18, f. 8, 1878, 127

17. Rostellaria rectirostris, Lam. (— fusus, Linn). Thes.

Conch., t. 5, f. 8, .128

18. Rimella fissurella (= cancellata). Thes. Conch., t. 8,

f. 65, 129

19. Rimella crispata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 8, f. 62. . 129

20. Rimella cancellata, Lam. Reeve, Rostellaria, f. 10 6, 129

PLATE 11.

21. Rostellaria rectirostris, var. melanostoma, Sowb. Thes.

Conch., t. 5,f. 10, 128

22. Rostellaria Powisii, Petit. Reeve, Icon., f. 4 6, . . 128

23. Rostellaria Favannii, Pfr. (= fissa, Dillw.). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 3, f. 2 128

24. Rostellaria Martinii, Marrat. Jour, of Conch., i, t. 1, 128

25. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Linn, Troschel, Gebiss,i, t. 17,

f . 3 99

26. Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam., juv. Thes. Conch., t. 5,

f. 11 .127

27. Terebellum subulatum, Lain. Voy. Samarang,t. 9,f. 6, 131
28-30. Terebellum subulatum, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 1, b.

9,f. . . . 131

PLATE 12.

31. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Linn. Reeve, Rostellaria, f. 3 a, 131

32. Aporrhais pes-carbonis, Rve. (= Serresianus). Ibid.,

f. 1 6, .132

33. Aporrhais occidentalis, Beck. Ibid., f. 6 6, . . 133

34. Struthiolaria straminea, Sowb. (= papulosa). Thes.

Conch., t. 5,f. 18, ... 133

35. Struthiolaria crenulata, Lam. < = vermis, var.). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 2, f. 3, - 133

36. Struthiolaria inermis, Sowb. (== vermis). Thes. Conch.,
f. 12, .

37. Struthiolflria gigaa, Sowb, Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 17, . 133

152 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAQB.

38. Struthiolaria sulcata, Jonas (— gigas). Archiv fiir

Naturg., t. 9, f. 5, 1839, . .... 134

39, 40. Struthiolaria oblita, Sowb. (= scutulata). Thes.

Conch., f. 15, 14, 134

41. Struthiolaria mirabilis, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc.,

clxviii, t. 9, f. 3, 134

42. Struthiolaria costulata, Martens. Fischer, Man. de

Conch., f. 442, 99

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY
Prepared expressly for the " Manual of Conckology,"

BY S. RAYMOND ROBERTS,

Member of the Concliological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

FAMILY

(Cowries.)

Animal having tentacles usually long and stout, the eyes
situated on a thickened portion about one-third the distance
from the base ; mantle produced into two lobes capable of
covering the shell, and furnished with warts, or forked or
pointed filaments, sometimes papillose as in Trivia.

Head obtuse, cylindrical; siphon broad, short, sometimes
fringed at the edge or bordered with papilla) similar to those
on the mantle ; foot large, simple, oblong-ovate, in ample folds,
more or less acuminated at the extremities, sometimes truncate
in front ; in Trivia it extends posteriorly far beyond the shell
and terminates obtusely.

Color of mantle extremely variable ; foot, head and siphon
usually pale orange.

Individuals' bisexual ; male organ very large.

Lingual riband rather long, with seven series of teeth,
arranged .'H*3, each row being composed of one broad quadrate
uncinated rachidian tooth flanked on each side by three hooked
laterals (PI. 15, fig. 8; PI. 20, lig. 41). Jaw corneous (PI. 20,
fig. 64).

No operculum.

Shell ovate, varying from cylindrical to pyriform, sometimes
ribbed or pustulate, but mostly smooth and possessing a high
11 (153)

154 CYFRJEWJE.

polish and brilliant coloring; spire nearly, if not entirely,
covered by the body-whorl which envelops it ; aperture nearly
central, narrow and longitudinal ; lip and columella more or
less toothed the entire length ; occasionally, but rarely, without
teeth.

The young shell differs in being Bulla-shaped ; the columella
is smooth, the outer lip thin, and the color diffused in bands or
waved lines. As the animal grows, the lip and columella
thicken, teeth begin to develop and the shell becomes more
solid. The two unequal lobes of the mantle extend one from
either side of the aperture, and meet upon the dorsal surface of
the shell, producing at the point of contact what is known as
the " dorsal line " or " sulcus." The function of the mantle is
to deposit the calcareous substance which forms the richly
colored enamel of the shell.

The cowries are shy and move slowly ; they inhabit the warm
seas of the tropics, though a few species occur farther north,
notably Trivia Europsea, which has been found on the coast of
Norway, and is abundant on the shores of Great Britain,
ranging from the verge of low-water to as deep as fifty fathoms.
The highest northern station on the west coast of America^ at
which any representation of the Cypraeidae has been detected, is
Bodega Head, Cal., in lat. about 38° north (Stearns).

They feed largely upon coral animals. Those found on some
of the islands near New South Wales are usually seen lying
upon deep beds of dead shells of the genus Pectunculus.
•Fossil, the Gyprseidse commenced in the Cretaceous, and have
augmented in the number of species to the present time. One
species is reported from the Upper Jurassic of Sicily. From
the fact that in many species of Cyprsea small shells are found
fully adult, while larger examples appear less matured, theories
about casting or dissolving and renewing the shell at different
periods of the animal's existence have" been advanced by several
eminent authorities. Bruguiere first expressed this opinion.
His belief was that the animal left its shell to form a new one,
after the manner of crabs. Lamarck coincided with this view,
but Deshayes doubted the ability of the animal to secrete a new
shell complete in all parts, after it had reached an advanced
condition of existence, and considered the difference in size was

155

due to local influences. In 1844 Lieut. J. B. Hankey, of the
English Xavy, in a letter to Lovell Reeve, stated that he .sv//>-
the cowry dissolve its shell and in a short time secrete a thin
layer of glutinous matter, which in a few days attained the con-
sistency of shellac, its form being that of the Cymba. In
consequence of this extreme fragility, he was not able to
preserve any of the specimens.

Unfortunately this observer does not say anything regarding
the interior structure of the renewed shell, neither has there
been any new light thrown upon this important matter by later
writers, and the only literature referring to the subject is that
the substance of which is here given.

While the statement of Lieut. Hankey is strong evidence. :md
it is a recognized fact that the cowry, like many other mollusks,
does dissolve away portions of the interior structure of its shell
when more room is wanted, yet I am not prepared to fully accept
his statement, but rather favor the views expressed by Deshayes
and attribute the difference in size to local causes. Possibly the
larger shells ma}' be those of the female.

The cowries are generally the first to attract the attention of
the amateur, mainly on account of their rich and brilliant
coloring ; and examples of the commoner species, principally C.
tigris, manufactured into a great variety of articles, are to be
found in many households. The natives of the Orient, especially
those belonging to the South Pacific Islands, use them largely
for personal adornment. In India the}' are used as trimmings
to various trappings for elephants and horses. The Cuprsea
moneta, or money-cowry, sometimes called the " prop shell,"
passes current almost exclusively in some parts of Africa. For
this purpose many tons have been shipped from the Indian
Ocean, where the shell occurs abundantly. Mr. John C. Hertz
has published a memoir in the " Transactions of the Geographical
Society of Hamburg," on the use and diffusion of the cowry
shell as a medium of exchange. His father dispatched a vessel
to the Maldive Islands in 1844, for a cargo of cowries to be sold
to merchants for use in the West African trade. Xot finding as
many shells there as they had anticipated, they completed their
cargo with the larger and less valuable species of Zanzibar,
where the cowries are burned into lime. Several cargoes of
cowries were sent annually to Whydah and Lagos, where they

156 GYTRJEIDJE.

were exchanged with the slave-traders for the Spanish doubloons
they received from the sale of slaves. The Hamburg ship-
captains dispatched this money home from Cape Town. The
cowry-trade continued to extend as the slave-trade nourished,
till Brazil took measures to prevent the introduction of African
slaves. Simultaneously with the extinction of the slave-trade
began the introduction of palm-oil, and a new trade, in which
that product took the place of the Spanish doubloons, that
grew as the use of palm-oil was extended. It flourished greatly
during the Crimean War, when the Black Sea tallow was excluded
from the markets. With it also flourished the trade in cowries,
which thus appears to be connected with so many historical
events that, considered from that point of view, it may be
regarded as in some sort a measure of historical development —
a view which received another exemplification in 1852, when
England blockaded the coast of Dahomey, and the trade in
cowries was stopped. In 1845 the Sultan of Bornoo reformed
his currency, and introduced Spanish doubloons in place of the
cotton-cloth that had hitherto served as money, with cowries, at
the rate of four thousand to the dollar, for small change. A large
demand for cowries sprang up, and the trade in them was stim-
ulated to such an excess that the market was glutted, and it after-
ward languished for several years. The present demand is quite
lively. The cowry-shell is used as currency principally in the
countries near the Niger, except in Ashantee, where gold-dust is
the medium of exchange. North of Ashantee, gold-dust and the
gera or cola-nut (Sterculia acuminata) are used with cowries, a
load of sixty pounds of the nuts being considered equivalent in
value to about fifteen thousand cowries. The shells have been
used as a medium of exchange from a high antiquity. Marco
Polo found them circulating in Yunnan in the thirteenth century;
and they have been discovered in prehistoric graves in the Baltic
countries. Dr. Ruschenberger, U. S. N., says they are not used
as money in the Maldive Islands.

On the authority of Mr. P. L. Simmonds, in " The Commer-
cial Products of the Sea," a young wife in Africa costs from
60,000 to 100,000 shells, while an ordinary one may be had for
20,000, valuing the shells at about 4000 to the dollar. It is also
stated that a house built by an English gentleman, in Cuttack,
was paid for in cowries, sixteen millions being used.

157

In order to give some idea of the prices paid for the rarer
species of Cyprsea, it is reliably stated that the second specimen
of C. umbilicata sent home by the collector, Mr. Roland Gunii,
of New South Wales, was sold for £30. Good specimens can now
be had for about $2.50 each.

A specimen of C. guttata, of which the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences possesses a fine example, was sold at auction
a few years ago, and cost the purchaser £42. This species is
still extremely rare. Other species range in price from $2.50 to
$25.00 each : notwithstanding this, a good collection of the species
can be obtained at a cost not exceeding $25.00.

A number of monographs and catalogues of the Cypraeidie have
been published, the most important being the following : —

Gray. J. E. — Zoological Journal, 1824 to 1829. A monograph,
including 113 species, some of which are figured.

Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, 1832, in which are enumer-
ated and described 121 species.

Sowerby, G. B. — Conchological Illustrations, 1837. Colored
figures of 143 species, a number of which are described.

Kiener, L. C. — Coquilles vivantes (no date). A monograph in-
cluding 145 species with colored figures.

Reeve, Lovell. — Conchologia Iconica, 1845. Monograph with
colored figures of 154 species.

Roberts, S. R. — Catalogue and Synonymy of Porcellanidae. Amer.
Jour. Conchology, v, 1869.

The species, 197 in all, are alphabetically arranged with the
synonymy and bibliography fully indicated. The names pro-
posed by authors prior to Linnaeus, when binomial, are here
recognized.

Sowerby, G. B., Jr. — Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1870. Mono-
graph, including 189 species, with colored figures.

Weinkauffj H. C. — In the Systematisches Conchilien-Cabinet of
Kiister, 1881, 185 species are described and figured, the notes
added to some of the descriptions being often quite compre-
hensive. This author also enumerates the species, with par-

158 CYPFUEID^E.

tial synonymy and bibliography in the " Jahrbiicher der
Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft " for the same
year.

According to Woodward, 97 fossil- species have been deter-
mined.

The subdivision of the Cyprseidre into groups, is attended
with considerable difficulty, inasmuch as many of the species
which appear distinct when the types only of each are compared,
are found to be closely connected by intermediate forms. For
instance, take the series of shells of which G. staphylsea and C.
polita are the extreme examples :

The former is dark in color, pustulate, and the teeth extend
entirely over the base of the shell, in the form of ridges, while
the latter is cream-tinted, perfectly smooth, the teeth being con-
fined to the margin of the aperture except for a short distance
at the extremities of the columella, and I do not hesitate to
place it in the same group with the beautiful C. Listeri, Gray.
Yet it is possible to connect them. The same may be said of
many other well-recognized antipodal species. Again, local
causes have produced variations in well-known species and these
have received new names, thereby swelling the synonymy. This
is noticeable in the case of the New Caledonian forms which
frequently occur rostrate and show a tendency to melanism.
Quite in contrast is this with the pale coloring exhibited in num-
erous Sandwich Islands specimens of other well-known species.
It has been observed that the pale coloring peculiar to the
shells from the latter locality, is confined to the Cypraeidde.

Of the New Caledonian forms, over forty species are found
at Mauritius, and Dr. Jousseaume remarks as a consequence
that this representation in so widely separated and completely
isolated localities is not in accordance with the views of the
advocates of geographical provinces.

Various classifications have been proposed, the most promi-
nent being those of Gray, H. and A. Adams, Sowerby, Troschel,
Weinkauff, and Jousseaume.

Dr. Gray recognized six genera : Cyprasa, Luponia, Cypriro-
vula, Trivia, Erato, Ovulum ; subdividing the first into sub-
genera Cypraea, Aricia, Naria. His descriptions are as follows :

GYPRJEIDJE. 159

I. Cypraea.

Subgenus Cypraea — Front of columella broad, deeply

impressed ; shell mostly smooth.
Subgenus Aricia — Front of columella flat or nearly so, back

of shell smooth.
Subgenus Naria — Front of columella narrow, dilated into a

sharp-toothed ridge ; shell smooth.

II. Luponia — Shell like cowry, but front end of the columellar
lip crossed by several irregular ridges without any dis-
tinct marginal one ; internally narrow, flat, shell pear-
shaped, smooth or ribbed.

III. Cypraeovula — Like cowry, but front end of columella
covered with regular cross-ribs like rest of base, inter-
nally produced into an acute toothed ridge, shell pear-
shaped and ribbed.
IY. Trivia— Like Cypraeovula, but front of columella internally

concave, ribbed, shell subglobular, cross-ribbed.
(Erato and Ovulum are now excluded from this family.)

The Messrs. Adams modified these groups and added others,
as follows :

Cypraea, representing the cylindrical forms, with Naria as a

subgenus.

Aricia, shells with flattened base.
Luponia ; Cypraeovula ; Trivia, with Pustularia as a subgenus

for pustulate forms ; and Epona.

Under this arrangement, C. carneola would be entitled to a
place in Aricia as well as in Cypraea.

Sowerby in " Thesaurus Conchyliorum " makes two divisions :

A. Cypraea, proper. Columella ending in a lobe and plait.

B. Cypraea, subgenus Trivia. Columella without distinct lobe

or plait.

He attempts to arrange the species in the order of their
nearest allies.

Dr. Troschel named two families : Cypraeacea, Triviacea,
basing his subdivisions upon differences in dentition; but as
these differences do not agree with those of the general charac-
ters of the shell, they need not be further considered. The first

160

family he subdivided into sections C}Tpra3a, Aricia, Pustularia,
and the last into Trivia and Erato. He further subdivided,
Cyprsea into Talparia, Tigris, Lyncina and Mauritia ; and
Aricia into Erronea, Erosaria and Monetaria. Erato having
been monographed by Mr. Tryon with his " Marginellida*,"
leaves but one section in the second family.

Weinkauff, in 1881, proposed seven divisions, viz. : Cyprrea,
Aricia, Luponia, Ocellaria, Pustularia, Epona, Cyproeovula.
He makes Trivia a subgenus and endeavors to show how these
subdivisions run into each other. While this arrangement coin-
cides somewhat with that of Messrs. Adams, the author makes
the restriction that what are called genera and subgenera, with
him are simply sections to which he has subjoined the Adams'
names.

He very properly remarks that Pustularia is more nearly
related to Cyprsea than to Trivia ; and follows Sowerby in
separating Ocellaria, holding that the eye-markings and, still
more, the impressions upon the sides of the shell are of sufficient
consequence to allow this group a separate place.

In a study of the Cypneidae, published in the " Bull, de Soc.
Zool. France," for 1884, Dr. F. Jousseaume proposes to subdivide
the family into thirty-six generic groups, twenty-five of which are
new to science, the remaining eleven being adaptations of those
of previous authors, as follows : —

Bernaya, Jouss. (Fossil). Type B. (Gyp.) media, Desh.

Gisortia, Jouss. Types G. (Ovula) gisortiana^sil.; G. (Gyp.)
mus, Linn.

Mandolina, Bayle MSS. (Fossil). Type M. (Gyp.) gibbosa,
Borson.

Zoila, Jouss. Type Z. (Gyp.) Scotti, Brod.

Mauxiena, Jouss. Type M. ( Gyp.) Mauritiana, Linn.

Trona. Jouss. Type T. (Gyp.) stercoraria, Linn.

Umbilia, Jouss. T> pe U. ( Gyp.) umbilicata, Sowb.

Vulgusella, Jouss. Type V. (Gyp.) tigris, Linn. G. lynx,
Linn., is here included.

Arabica, Jouss. Type A. (Gyp.) Arabica, Linn.

Cyprsea, Linn. Type Gyp. cervus, Linn.

161

Porcellana, Klein. Type P. ( Cyp.) argus, Linn.

Luria, Jouss. Type L. (Cyp.) lurida, Linn.

Lnponia, Gray. Type L. (Gyp.) Algoensis, Gray.

Cypnvovula, Gray. Type G. Capensis, Gray.

Zonaria, Jouss. Type Z. (Cyp.) zonata, Chem.

Adusta, Jouss. Type A. (Cyp.) adusta, Chem. = G. onyx,
Linn.

Erronea, Troschel. Type E. (Cyp.) errones, Linn.

Stolida, Jouss. Type S. (Cyp.) stolida, Linn.

Cribraria, Jouss. Type G. (Cyp.) cribaria, Linn.

Naria, Gray. Type N. (Cyp.) irrorata, *Sol.

Basterotia, Bayle MSS. (Fossil). Type B. (Gyp.) leporina,
Lam.

Ponda, Jouss. Type P. (Cyp.) achatina, Sol. = ventriculus,
Lam.

Monetaria, Troschel. Type M. (Gyp.) moneta, Linn.

Erosaria, Troschel. Type E. (Gyp.) erosa. Linn.

Staphyloea, Jouss. Type S. (Cyp.) staphylcea, Linn.

Tessellata, Jouss. Type T. (Cyp.), tessellata, Swn.

Ipsa, Jouss. Type 7. (Cyp.) Childreni, Gray.

Cypraedia Swainson (Fossil). Types C. ( Cyp.) cancellata, Swn.;
C. Adamsoni, Gray.

Pustularia, Swainson. Type P. (Gyp.) cicercula, Linn.

Nuclearia, Jouss. Type N. (Cyp.) nucleus, Linn.

Jenneria, Jouss. Type J. (Cyp.) pustulata, Lam.

Pustula, Jouss. Type P. (Cyp.) radians, Lam.

Triviella, Jouss. Type T. (Cyp.) oniscus, Lam.

Trivia, Gray. Type T. Europaea. Mont.

Niveria, Jouss. Type N. ( Trivia) nivea, Gray.

Trivirostra, Jouss. Type T. ( Trivia) scabriuscula, Gray — T.
oryza, Lam.

No objection can be raised to any plan of grouping that will
aid the student in his study of this family, but when it comes to
giving each group a title, as has been done in this instance, there
is an unnecessary swelling of the already too large list of generic
names.

In my catalogue, published in 1869, I followed the Messrs.
Adams, with the addition of the genus Gaskoinia, proposed by

162

me for a group of shells of which the Gyp. edentula, Gray, is the
only example at present known.

With regard to Erato, although its animal possesses much in
common with that of Trivia, particularly in the dentition (if cor-
rectly figured), yet I agree with Mr. Tryon that " the balance of
characters seems to indicate a rather closer relationship " with
Marginella, where he has placed it. At any rate, the genus is
already monographed in this work, vol. v, p. 1.

Besides these, the following fossil genera have been estab-
lished : Cypraeorbis and Sulcocyprsea, named by Conrad, but not
described, and Cyprsedia, Swainson. Pseudocassis, Pictet, erro-
neously referred as a synonym to Gaskoinia, Roberts, in Try on 's
Structural and S}rstematic Conchology, scarcely belongs to the
family.

The following arrangement is suggested after careful study as
being that best attainable by me, but on account of the great
variability of form and other characters. I am convinced that no
scheme of classification can be presented that will positively
determine the position of all the species. In using the sub-
generic terms here given, I do not recognize in them any syste-
matic value except in the case of Trivia, which is sufficiently
well characterized to entitle it to the position of a subgenus.

Genus CYPRJ3A, Linn.

Section I. Shell cylindrical, or nearly so.
Group A. Not margined.

* Spotted, teeth brown-tinted.
** Not spotted, teeth whitish.

Group B. Margined.

* Margins not spotted.

** Margins spotted, teeth small.
Section II. (Aricia, Gray, pars.)

Shell ovate, thick, margined with flattened base.
Group A. Shell smooth.

* Not spotted.

** Dorsal surface spotted.
^*^ Spots extending over the base.
Group B. Shell sometimes nodose or tuberculated.

CYPR-ffilD^E. 163

Section III. (Luponia, Gray, pars.)

Shell pyriform or pyriformly ovate, usually spotted.
Group A. Shell smooth, not margined.

* More or less ventricose or inflated.
** More or less oblong or sub-pyriform.

Group B. Shell smooth, margined.

* Margins not pitted.

** Margins more or less pitted, dorsal spots usually

ocellated.

Group C. (Gaskoinia, Roberts.) Shell smooth, edentulate.
Group D. (Cypneovula, Gray.) Shell ribbed transversely.
Group E. (Pustularia, Swn.) Shell pustulate or nodulous.
Section IV. (Epona, H. and A. Adams.)

Shell globose, back either smooth or with devated
tubercles, extremities produced.

Subgenus TRIVIA, Gray.

Shell subglobular, cross-ribbed, front of columella internally
concave, ribbed.

Group A. Shell generally thin, aperture wide, outer lip narrow,

margined.
Group B. Shell thick, usually margined, aperture narrow and

more or less central.

a. Having a dorsal impression.

* Shell white.

** Shell usually pinkish, spotted.
** * Shell brownish.

b. Having no dorsal impression.

* Shell white.

** Shell pinkish, sometimes spotted.
**£ Shell brown.

The material of this monograph has been prepared under some
disadvantages, during the few odd hours of leisure occurring in
an active mercantile life ; this will explain, if it does not excuse
its errors and omissions. The author takes this opportunity to
acknowledge valuable aid rendered by a number of conchological
friends at home and abroad, while prosecuting this labor of love.

164 CYPR^EA.

Genus CYPR^EA, Linn.
Section I. Shell cylindrical or nearly so.

Group A. Not margined.
* Spotted, teeth brown-tinted.

C. ARGUS, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Pale brown, back three-banded, covered with numerous brown
rings, base ornamented with four large dark chestnut spots, two
on each side of the aperture. Length, 2'5-4 inches.

Indian Ocean, New Caledonia, New Hebrides.

C. CER\US, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12.

Shell more or less inflated ; brown, ornamented with numerous
somewhat small white spots, base usually dark brown.

Length, 2-6 inches.

Panama.

Reported from the West Indies as well as the west coast of
America, by several authors, but the true locality seems still
in doubt. Prof. Miirch, while including it in his West Indian
Cyprseas, says he has seen no specimen with authentic locality.

The young cervus is transverse^ radiated with four bluish
lead-colored bands.

C. EXANTHEMA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 3, 4, 5 ; PI. 2, figs. 13, 14.

Differs from the preceding in being less inflated, more elongate
and solid. It is of heavier growth, the spots are usually larger
and are ringed. Length, 3-4 inches.

West Indies, Florida; Panama to Mazatlan (var. cervinetta}.

One specimen of this shell was found at Fort Macon,N. Caro-
lina. Previous monographers have generally given this species
an East Indian habitat; it is decidedly West Indian, while C.
cervus probably belongs to the West Coast of America. This
view coincides with that of Prof. Morch.

C. cervinetta, Kiener (figs. 3, 13, 14) is a small variety, more
cylindrical and of a deeper hue, the teeth on the coluinella are
also of a richer dark brown. It belongs to the Panama and
Mazatlan regions, and appears to be the West Coast representa-
tive of C. exanthema.

CYPR.-KA. 165

C. SCURRA, Chemn. PI. 2, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Ashy blue, obscurely banded, and covered with an open net-
work of brown, sides brownish, sprinkled with smoky black
spots ; teeth fine, aperture narrow. Length, 1*25-2 inches.

Annaa I.; Australia.
C. TESTUDINARIA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 9, 10.

Milky brown, back clouded and spotted with fulvous and
chestnut-brown, and profusely sprinkled with minute white
scurf-like specks, base flesh-colored, teeth white.

Length, 4-6 inches.

Ceylon; Neiv Caledonia (rare).

In the young shell there are several bands of interrupted
chestnut-brown blotches, more or less obscure ; they begin to
change iu the second stage of growth, and disappear entirely in
the third.

** Not spotted, teeth whitish.

C. ISABELLA, Linn. PL 1, figs. 6, T.

Asli3r fulvous, obscurely three-banded, marked longitudinally
with inky black dashes, extremities saffron-red, base white,
teeth very fine and numerous. Length, '75-1*5 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

C. controver sa, Gray, first described as a species, was after-
wards identified by its author as a variety of Isabella.

C. LURIDA, Linn. PI. 3, figs. 22, 23.

Bluish olive, obscurely banded, base whitish, extremities
stained on each side with a rich blackish-brown blotch.

Length, 1-2 inches.

Mediterranean Sea.

Fossil in the conglomerate of Santiago, C. Verd.

C. PULCHRA, Gray. PI. 2, figs. 17, 18.

Differs from the above in having a narrower aperture and much
smaller teeth, which are nearly obsolete and tinted brownish, the

base is ruddy olive. Length, about 2 inches.

- Eed Sea.

This species was first called pulcliella by Dr. Gray, but on
finding the name preoccupied, he changed it to pulchra.

166 CYPR^EA.

C. CINEREA, Gmel. PL 2, figs. 15, 16.

Ash-brown, sometimes longitudinally painted with jet-black
dashes, sides flesh-tinged and similarly painted, base cream-white,
interstices between the teeth generally pinkish flesh-color.

Length, 1-1 -75 inches.

West Indies.

Fossil, common in the Pliocene clay beds of Costa Rica (W.
M. Gabb).

C. CLARA, Gask PI. 1, fig. 8.

Very closely allied to, if not identical with the above. The
main difference lies in the teeth, which are smaller.

Length, about l£ inches.

Bab.?
C. REEVEI, Gray. PI. 3, figs. 24, 25.

Differs from C. cinerea, Gmel., in being bluish lavender in
color, with the extremities delicately tinted pink. The shells
usually present an undeveloped appearance.
Length, about 1*5 inches.

Swan R., Australia.
Group B. Margined.

* Margins not spotted.
C. CARNEOLA, Linn. PL 3, figs. 26-30.

Pale flesh-color, ornamented with four, occasionally five, bands
of a deeper tint ; base and sides pale fulvous; teetli and interstices
deep purple. Animal red. Length, 1-3 inches.

Pacific and Indian Oceans.

This species is extremely variable both in size and shape, and
some specimens are quite like the group in which the C. arenosa
has been placed. Mr. Sowerby, in Thes. Conch. Cypneida^, calls
attention to a variety in which the teeth are not purple-tinted.
This is probably the G. Loebbeckeana of Weinkauff (figs. 29, 30),
but Weinkauff says of his species, that in addition to this, there is
also the absence of the bands of color on the back, whilst
Sowerby's figure indicates their presence. Very large specimens
of C. carneola, from the Isle of Pines, have been confounded
by non-scientific collectors with C. aurantium, Martyn.

Fossil, the species is common in the clay beds of Costa Rica
(Gabb).

CYPR.EA. 167

C. TALPA, Linn. PL 3, figs. 31-33.

Pale yellow, obscurely two- or three-banded, extremities, sides
and base blackish brown ; interstices of the teeth whitish. . The
animal is black. Length, 2-3 inches.

Pacific and Indian Oceans.

The young shell is entirely yellow, with brown-tinged bands ;
the rich basal coating of dark enamel is the last deposit in its
formation.

C. EXUSTA, Sowb. PI. 3, figs. 34, 35.

Differs from the preceding in being more pyriform, the teeth
are finer and merely marginal in the outer lip. Its aperture is
also much narrower. Length, 2-3 inches.

Eed Sea.

C. INTERBUPTA, Gray. PL 3, figs. 36, 37 ; PL 4, figs. 38, 39.

Shell slightly umbilicated, back freckled with olive-green,
and ornamented with three bands of square dark olive spots,
sides and base white, teeth small. Length, '5-'75 inch.

Ceylon.

C. rhinoceros. Souv. (PL 4, figs. 38, 39), is an abnormal
variety from New Caledonia, in which there is a callous swelling
of the anterior terminal deposit.

C. QUADRIMACULATA, Gray. PL 4, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Attenuately beaked at each cud, back minute]}' freckled with
olive-brown, extremities ornamented with a blackish-brown spot
on each side, base white. Length, about "75 inch.

Borneo, Indian Ocean.

C. pallidula, Gask. (fig. 42), is a small variety without the
spotted beaks.

** Margins spotted, teeth small.

C. IRRORATA, Sol. PL 4. figs. 50, 51.

Pale purplish blue, obscurely banded, copiously sprinkled
with fulvous-brown spots which are darker in color at the sides,

mities sometimes spotted light brown.
Length, about '5 inch.

Elizabeth /., Paumotus.

168 CYPR^EA.

C. GOODALLI, Gray. PI. 4, figs. 43, 44.

Delicate snowy white, conspicuously stained with a large,
irregular orange-brown blotch. Length, -5 inch.

Lord -Hood's /., Paumotus.

C. FUSCOMACULATA, Pease. PL 20, fig. 47.

Differs from the preceding in having the extremities painted
with a large conspicuous dark chestnut-brown spot on each side.
These are never absent even in specimens most weathered.

Length, -37-'5 inch.

/. Apaian.
C. ADELINE, Roberts. PL 4, figs. 46, 47.

More depressed than C. Goodalli^nd the canary-colored base is
more flattened, back bluish. The marginal spots extend some-
what over the base. Length, -5 inch.

HabJ

This shell was described and figured by Sowerby in Thes.
Conch, as C. fuscomaculata, Gray MSS. Pease having preoccu-
pied the name, 1 have changed it as above.

This species seems to be the connecting link between C.
Goodalli, and C. contaminata.

C. CONTAMINATA, Gray. PL 4, figs. 48, 49.

Pale purple, ornamented with a large chestnut blotch, base
orange, a few of the marginal spots extend over the base.
Length, -5-*6 inch.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

C. FIMBRIATA, Gmel. PL 5, figs. 7&-7S.

Pale slate-color, minutely freckled with olive-brown, and orna-
mented with a brown central band which sometimes appears
double, and at other times as an indistinct blotch ; extremities
conspicuously stained with violet, the marginal spots are not
numerous and extend somewhat over the base, which is whitish.

Length, -5-1 inch.

Indian Ocean, Australia, Paumotus,

A species which is extremely variable in size, but always dis-
tinguishable by the violet painting of the extremities. The
young shell is dull pink and the central band is more marked.

UNI

,,„,,

N^C

C. MICROUON, Gray. PI. 5, figs. 74, 75.

Resembles somewhat the small varieties of C. fimbriata. It is
however, narrower and the teeth are very minute. The back is
three-banded, the bands being composed of waved orange-brown
lines. Length, -4 inch.

Loyalty I., New Caledonia, Philippines, Mauritius.

C. MACULA, Adams. PI. 4, figs. 71, 72.

Shell more pyriform than C. fimbriata, the teeth are coarser,
the marginal spots are uniformly larger, and the painting of the
extremities is brownish purple, even in small and worn speci-
mens. It is closely allied to the larger forms of C. fimbriata.

Length, '6--9 inch.

Japan, Australia.
C. FELTNA, Gmel. PI. 4, figs. 52-55, 59, 60.

Greenish blue, freckled all over with olive, sid^s and base
yellowish, spots on the sides large and black, teeth strong.

Length, '5-*75 inch. Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Var. " a," G. ursellus, Gmel. (figs. 54, 55), is smaller, the base
is whitish and more flattened.

Tar. "6," C. fabula, Kiener (figs. 59, 00), shell shortened,
gibbous, back elevated.

The animal of C. felina is pale, black-dotted.

C. HIRUNDO, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 56, 57. "

The olive freckles of the preceding are here supplanted by
minute brown dots, and the extremities are painted with blackish-
brown spots ; base white, teeth conspicuous.

Length, *6-'8 inch. Xew Caledonia, Australia, Indian 0.

C. OWENI, Sowb. PL 4, figs, 45, 58, 68-70 ; PI. 5, fig. 73.

Shell generally broader, and more margined than C. hirundo,
marginal dots more numerous; the teeth are smaller and extend
more over the base of the shell.

From a careful comparison of specimens of this shell with
those of C. Menkeana, Desh. (PI. 4, figs. 69, 70, from Deshayes ;
PI. 4. fig. 58 ; PI. 5, fig. 73, from Sowerby), both of which were
received from Mr. Sowerby, I do not hesitate to place the
latter as a synonym. The only noticeable difference is in the
marginal dots, which in Menkeana sometimes run together,
12

'170 CYPILEA.

giving a solid brown appearance. Specimens of C. Oweni,
received from Mr. J. F. Bailey, of Melbourne, Victoria, are
rather elongate, yellowish, and have a faded appearance, but
decorticated shells are fawn-color.

C. NEGLECTA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 61, 62, 63, 66, 67.

Differs from C. hirundo, in the teeth, which are smaller, more
numerous, and extend over the base of the shell. The back is
usually ornamented with a brown blotch.

Length, *5-*75 inch. Australia, Mauritius.

C. coffea, Sowb. (figs. 66, 67) is a small variety, the teeth
of which continue over the dorsal margin of the posterior
extremity.

C. CYLINDRICA, Born. PL 5, figs. 79, 80, 81.

Bluish, freckled with minute fulvous-chestnut specks, and a
large misshapen central blotch ; extremities painted on each side
with a conspicuous blackish-chestnut spot; the marginal dots are
very few in number, and are confined to the left side ; aperture
anteriorly dilated, outer teeth large, inner line, and elongated
partially across the base ; teeth and base whitish.

Length, 1 '2-1*5 inches.

Ceylon, Australia, New Caledonia.

C. subcylindrica, Sowb. (fig. 81), is a more ovate variety, with
teeth less strong, those on the columella being confined to its
margin ; the marginal dots are nearly obsolete.

C. TABESCENS, Sol. PI. 5, figs. 82, 83, 84.

Whitish, freckled with pale j-ellowish brown, three-banded
with semilunar spots of a little deeper shade. Spire depressed ,
teeth and base whitish. Length, -7-l'5 inches.

New Caledonia, Loyally Is., Australia.

C. TEEES, Gmel. PI. 5, figs. 86, 87.-

The gradation is fine from the more slender forms of C.
tabescens to this species, but the more sudden bend of the
aperture, more produced extremities and the increased number
of teeth are sufficient to distinguish it. Length, -75-'9 inch.

Ceylon.

Weinkauff, believing that the C. tabescens of authors is the
true C. teres, Gmel., has named this species C. subteres.

CYPRyEA. 171

C. CAURICA, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 88, 89, 90.

Whitish, mottled with minute yellowish-brown specks, sides
whitish to pale orange, ornamented here and there with dark
conspicuous spots, base orange tinged with gray, teeth very
strong, whitish, extending partially over the base on each side.

Length, -D-1'8 inches.

Indian and Pacific Ocean*.

A most abundant species, varying from long and rounded
forms, with thin sides, to those short and depressed, with
thickened sides. The dorsal surface is frequently ornamented
with a reddish-brown spot. A blackish-brown variety from
New Caledonia is the C. obscura, Rossiter.

C. ORUENTA, Gmel. PL 6, fig. 97.

Differs from the preceding in the delicate dorsal coloring,
which is interrupted by more or less distinct white spots of
unequal size ; the side spots are purple and the interstices of the
teeth bright red ; the teeth on the columella are usually confined
more to the margin of the aperture. Length, -8-1-8 inches.

Indian Ocean, N. S. Wales.

C. STOLIDA, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 91, 92, 85 ; PI. 6, fig. 7.

Bluish, painted with minute chestnut dots, with a large brown
central square spot connected with half-square spots of the
same color at each corner, base paler blue, teeth and extremities
dark orange, the teeth extend somewhat over the base, mar-
ginal dots very small. Length, 1-1-1-5 inches.

Ceylon, Borneo, Sandwich Is. (?), N. Caledonia.

C. breridentuta, Sowb. (fig. 85), is a variety in which the
teeth are short, rounded and fewer in number; the}' are con-
fined to the margin of the aperture, and are not tinted; the
dorsal appearance is like incompletely colored specimens of
stolida.

C. Crossei, Marie (PI. 6, iig. 7), is another variety in which
the extremities are greatly produced and curve upward, the
cent nil spot of the typical stolida is here extended into a band
and the whole shell has the distorted appearance so peculiar to
many of the species from New Caledonia. The teeth are large,
white and extend over the base of the shell.

172 CYPRjEA.

C. ERYTHR^ENSIS, Beck. PL 5, figs. 93, 94.

Differs from C. stolida in the absence of the four corner
lateral spots, the colorless teeth, the narrower and more
tapering form, and the uniform smallness of the shell.

Length, *65-*85 inch.

Red Sea.
C. CHRYSALIS, Kien. PL 4, figs. 64, 65.

Canary, obscurely banded, with extremities tinted deep
orange, teeth very fine ; no spots or other markings on the
shell. Length, -65 inch.

Habitat ?

Believed to be the young form of some other species. I do not
know this species, nor can I get any further information than
that derived from Kiener.

Section II. (Aricia, Gray, pars) Shell ovate, thick, margined,
with flattened base.

Group A. Shell smooth.
* Not spotted.

C. VENTRICULUS, Lam. PL 6, figs. 95, 96.

Shell rather angulated, back bluish white, ornamented with
four carnelian bands, sides dark chestnut, tinged above with red,
smoky white beneath, with a number of very fine striae rising on
the margin ; base livid white. Length, l'8-2'2 inches.

Annaa /., Pacific 0.

The younger shell is pale fulvous, encircled with four carnelian
bands, and the adult is a truly solid mass of enamel.

C. ARENOSA, Gray. PL 6, figs. 1, 2.

Base more convex than the preceding, the back has a similar
ornamentation, but the margins are ash-brown, arenaceously
striated above, and the base is ivory-white ; teeth fine and
numerous. Length, 1-1-1-5 inches.

Annaa /., Central Pacific.

The young shell is pale brown, with four carnelian bands.

C. SULCIDENTATA, Gray. PL 6, figs. 3, 4.

Differs from C. arenosa in the teeth, the interstices of which
are deeply excavated, the colors are duller and the base is smoky

CYPR^EA. 173

white ; some specimens are of a bright yellow color, with the
bands dark butt'. Length, 1-8 inches.

Australia, South Seas, Sandwich Is.

C. TESSELLATA, Swn. PL 6, figs. 5, 6.

Back yellowish brown, with three broad bands, sides tessellated
with square brown and white spots, the two upper spots on both
sides chestnut ; base variegated brown and white, teeth small,
numerous and tinged orange. Length, 1-2 inches.

New Zealand, Sandwich Is. (?)

** Dorsal surface spotted.
C. MAURITIANA, Linn. PI. 7, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

Back humped, brown, covered with light brown or white spots
of irregular size, sides and base dark brown, almost black ; teeth
prominent, margin angulated. Length, 2'3-4 inches.

Samoa, New Caledonia, Borneo, Ceylon.

The 3'oung shell (fig. 11) is first fulvous-brown, with bands
of a yellowish hue arranged in waves, later the waves become
massed, leaving the yellow in triangular flame-like spots ; the
margins do not thicken and become angulate until after the
development of the teeth.

This mollusk must possess great muscular power, for its shell
is the heaviest and most solid of the genus.

C. CAPUT-SERPENTIS, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 98-100; PL 23, fig. 59,

1 1 eddish or blackish brown ; the spots on the back having the
appearance of snow-white specks of unequal size ; extremities
tipped with white ; base grayish white, teeth conspicuous, white.
Length. '95-1-35 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

The young shell (fig. 100) is ashy blue, with a single, rather
broad central band. A more elongate variety (PL 23, fig. 59) of
a uniformly darker color and with margins less angular, has been
wrongly identified by authors as the C. caput-anguis, Phil. Com-
pared with caput-serpentis, P< s it is smaller in size, and
the spots are smaller, but specimens labeled caput-anguis and
sent to the Philada. Acad. Nat. Sciences by Mr. Brazier, who
collected them at Ballenger River. X. S. \\., are fully as large as
the typical form. The animal of C. caput-serpentis is brown,
tentacula red-spotted.

174 CYPR^EA.

*** Spots extending over the base.
C. MAPPA, Linn. PI. 7, figs. 12-14 ; PL 8, fig. 1 7.

Back violet-brown, arranged in longitudinal lines of a hiero-
glyphic character, dorsal line whitish and peculiarly branched ;
sides and base whitish to pink, teeth saffron-red, numerous, and
confined to the interior of the aperture ; base sometimes orna-
mented on the columellar side with a violet blotch.

Length, 2-3-3-4 inches.

Xcw Caledonia, Java, Indian 0.

C. nigricans, Montr. (PI. 8, fig. 17), is a rostrate variety from
New Caledonia, the dorsal surface of which is black.

Length, 3'85 inches.

C. ARABICA, Linn. PL 8, figs. 18, 19, 23, 24.

Back livid brown, with a line ornamentation similar to C.
mappa, the dorsal line is straight and the spots more numerous,
those on the sides being dark-brown, base tinged brownish ; teeth
reddish brown; extremities blackish. Length, 1-6-3 inches.

Samoa, New Caledonia, Australia, Indian Ocean.

Young shell bluish, banded with brown waves. Animal black-
brown, with a yellow edge to the foot. C. ct/la/ifina, Duel. (fig.
24), is a grayish variety with white spots, improperly credited
to California.

An oblong, rostrate, dark-brown or nearly black form, with
black spots and a whitish base and beaks, found at New Cale-
donia, has been incorrectly identified as cyhiHtina. For this
variety I propose the name niger (fig. 23).

C. RETICULATA, Martyn. PL 8, figs. 20-22.

Differs from C. Arabica, its nearest ally, in being broader
and having more thickened sides, the dorsal spots are more
crowded and sometimes run together, presenting a clouded sur-
face ; base dull milky-white to bluish, the columellar side orna-
mented with a dark reddish brown blotch near the middle of
the shell ; teeth stronger than those of C. Arabica, but similarly
colored ; aperture wider. Length, 1-4-3 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

This species sometimes very closely resembles the preceding.
It can, however, be distinguished by the increased number of the

CYPR.EA. 175

spots, and the comparative absence of the hieroglyphic markings
so peculiar to the typical C. Arabica.

The young shell is very much like that of Arabica. The small
variety, C. intermedia, Gray (fig. 20), differs in having a
creamy-white base without the brown blotch, it being ornamented
instead with numerous small brown spots that extend over the
margins ; the dorsal spots are much smaller. Length, 1—1*8 inches.

By an error of the printer the illustration of fig. 20 is marked
rj natural size. The figures should be erased.

*

C. HISTRIO, Meusch. PI. 8, figs. 25, 26.

More pyriform than C. reticulata, sides less thickened, base
white, without the brown-blotch ornamentation.

Length, 2*5-3 inches.

Tonga Tabou ; Indian Ocean.

Although some monographers have placed this with the
synonomy of C. reticulata, yet I have always been able to sepa-
rate the two. There is, however, a close relationship between
Arabica, reticulata and histrio, but not more so than is to be
found in many other groups belonging to this interesting family.

C. ARABICULA, Lam. PI. 9, figs. 35, 36.

Bluish green, very closely reticulately painted with brown;
margins reddish brown and spotted with black, extremities pro-
duced angularly, base whitish, teeth fine, deeply cut.

Length, '9-1 '2 inches.

Acapulco ; Gulf of California (Stearns).

C. GEMMULA, Weink. PI. 7, figs. 15, 16.

Grayish yellow, longitudinally closely lined with chestnut-
brown ; margins like those of the preceding species.

Length, about '8 inch.

Red Sea.

Weinkauff says of this species that it presents on the dorsal
surface, the appearance of C. Arabica in miniature, while its
base resembles arabicula.

C. STERCORARIA, Linn. PI. 9, figs. 27, 28.

Greenish blue, the brown spots frequently running together,

170 . CYPR^EA.

giving the back a clouded appearance ; sides and base brown ;
teeth whitish. Length, 1-8-3-2 inches. .

West Africa.

Young shell ashy brown, banded. When the shell presents a
humped appearance on the back, it forms the C. rattus, Lam.,
which can hardly be said to be even a variety, since the young
shells of stercoraria are all more or less humped.

C. SCOTTT, Brod. PI. 9, figs. 29, 30.

Pale ashy blue, clouded with yellowish brown ; sides and base
very dark brown ; aperture narrow ; teeth small, nearly obsolete
on the columellar side. Length, 2-8-3*5 inches.

West Australia.

A peculiar oblong boat-shaped shell with the extremities pro-
duced and curved upwards.

C. TIIERSITES, Gask. PI. 9, figs. 31, 32.

Shorter and more gibbous than G. Scotti, teeth on the outer
lip much stronger ; the colors are deeper and the dorsal spots
are more clouded ; base near the aperture white.

Length, 2'75-3 inches.

South Australia.

Specimens of this richly-colored shell have been found painted
almost jet-black.

C. MARGINATA, Cask. PL 9, figs. 33, 34.

Very light brown, some of the dorsal spots running together,
giving an irregular lined appearance. Length, 2'25 inches.

A u sir alia.

This shell has such an immature look that it is most likely the
young of C. ther 'sites. It is very rare.

C. DECIPIENS, E. A. Smith. PI. 10, figs. 39, 40.

Smaller than C. ther sites, back higher and more humped,
base flatter and of a rich orange-red color, which extends over
the sides of the shell ; body-whorl within the aperture, white.

Length, 2-25 inches.

North Australia.
C. VENUSTA, Sowb. PL 10, figs. 44, 45.

Cream-color with a cinnamon tinge, variegated with rather
large orange-brown spots of irregular size, and irregularly dis-

CYPR^EA. 177

tributed, the cinnamon tinge slightly deeper at the extremities,
base white ; teeth thick and faint purplish white.

Length, 3 inches.

Dampier's 7s., West Australia.

This shell, which Dr. J. C. Cox has lately published under the
name C. Thatclieri, was fully described in the Annals and Mag.
Nat. Hist., xix, 1849, by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, notwithstanding
the statement in Thes. Conch, that " no publication strictly so-
called " of C venusta, " can now be proved." The species is very
rare.

Group B. Shell sometimes nodose or tuberculated.
C. MUS, Linn. PL 10, figs. 41, 42, 43.

Shell oval, marbled with olive-brown, especially near the sides,
which are but faintl}r margined ; dorsal line pale, and bordered
with brown spots, which are sometimes scattered over the dorsal
surface ; posterior extremity ornamented with a large brown
spot, base ash-brown, teeth brown, nearly obsolete on the* colu-
mella, which is stained dark brown. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches.

Atlantic 0., Mediterranean.

Fossil near Plaisantin.

The name C. bicornis (fig. 43) lias been suggested for the
nodose examples.

Young shell, ventricose, pale ash-brown, and longitudinally
peculiarly waved.

C. LEUCOSTOMA, Gask. PI. 10, figs. 37, 38.

Differs from C. mus in being more solid; the dorsal line is
branched, and the spots on the sides are more numerous and
distinct, the base is white and the teeth are nearly obsolete.

Length, 2 inches.

Mocha, Arabia.

C. MONETA, Linn. PI. 10, fig. 40; PI. 11, figs. 51-54; PI. 23, figs.

00-00.

Color varying from white to deep yellow, back sometimes
encircled with a faint orange or red ring, margins very thick,
base tuberculated to smooth, teeth obtuse.
Length, -0-1 '5 inches.

Maldive /s., Australia, Taheiti, Japan.

178 CYPR^A.

C. icterina, Lam. (PI. 23, fig. 62), is a smooth, elongate
variety.

C. Barthelemyi, Bernard! (PI. 11, figs. 53, 54), is a distorted
variety from New Caledonia. Length, 1'45 inches.

C. ethnographica, Rochebr. (PI. 23, fig. 63), is a small tuber-
culated form, ornamented with a }7ellow ring.

G. mercatorium, Rocliebr. (PI. 10, fig. 40; PI. 11, fig. 52), is
dirty yellowish, lightly olive-tinted, and not so strongly tuber-
culated.

G. atava, Rochebr. (PI. 23, figs. 64, 65), is a small example of
G. mercatorium.

G. pleuronectes, Rochebr. (PI. 23, figs. 66, 67), resembles
somewhat the G. icterina.

G. vestimenti, Rochebr., is another name for the distorted
variety Barthelemyi.

C'. camelorum, Rochebr. (PL 23, fig. 68), is a small smooth
oval form, which Dr. Rochebrune says he has collected alive in
large quantities on the West Coast of Africa.

G. plumaria, Rochebr. (PI. 23, fig. 69), is a narrow-banded
form, credited to the Sandwich Is. It appears to be a less
developed ataua.

Dr. Rochebrune, in a monograph of the mollusks of Cape
Yerd Is., says he has fished G. moneta alive at Senegal.

' The species is found fossil in the conglomerate of Santiago,
C. Verd.

C. ANNULUS, Linn. PL 11, figs. 57-61 ; PL 23, figs. 70-72.

Smooth, smoky white ; dorsal surface ornamented with a deep
orange ring, which encircles a bluish or grayish centre ; teeth
strong, base smooth. Length, '45-1 -2 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Fossil in the Tertiary of Southern Europe. Dr. Layard found
specimens in the ruins of Nimrod, which had the appearance of
having been used for adornment.

G. Noumeensis, Marie (fig. 59), is a New Caledonian variety

CYPR^EA. • 179

having double orange lines on the dorsal surface. Length, 1*2
inches.

C. Hamyi, Rochebr. (PI. 23, fig. 70), is a rosy white, yellowish-
tinted and spotted shell from Zanzibar ; it is probably a small
a a mi lux. The spots referred to are not shown on the figure
given by Dr. Rochebrune, but appear- on that of an nidus.

C. Harmandiana, Rochebr., is well represented by figs. 60, Cl.

C. Per rieri, Rochebr. (PI. 23, figs. 71 , 72 ), is one of those forms
connecting annul us with obvelata.

In the report of the Voyage of the Samarang, Mr. Arthur
Adams says that while at Singapore, he observed the fry of G.
annulus (fig. 58) adhering to the mantle and other parts of the
animal in conglomerated masses of minute transparent shells,
which, when placed in a watch-glass of salt water, became dis-
integrated, and detached individuals were observed quitting the
rest and moving in rapid gyrations by means of two winged
membranous expansions. When at rest they returned to the
mass or adhered to the edge of the watch-glass.

This and the following species are probably only varieties of
C. moneta, but the differences are usually so well marked that
they can be easily separated. The museum of the Acad. Nat.
Sciences of Philadelphia, however, contains a series of these
shells showing how they pass from one to another in regular
gradation.

Dr. Rochebrune, who has studied this group with a view to
differentiation (Monograph of the genus Monetaria, Bull. Soc.
Malac., France, 1884). has selected a certain number of these
transitory forms for specific description, the names of which
have been given above; it would be easy to multiply them to
almost any extent.

C. OBVELATA, Lain. PI. 11, figs. 55, 56.

Sides thickened and putled out, giving the dorsal surface an
oval, intrenched appearance; back blue, teeth very strong.
Length, *G-1 inch.

New Caledonia, Samoa, Australia.

180 I CYPR^EA.

Section III. (Luponia, Gray, pars.} Shell pyriform or pyri-
formly ovate, usually spotted.

Group A. Shell smooth, not margined.

* More or less ventricose or inflated.
C. AURANTIUM, Martyn. PI. 11, fig. 48.

Shell unspotted, back, teeth and interstices bright orange,
base, sides and extremities white. Length, 3*6 inches.

Fiji Is., Solomon Is., Loyalty Is.

The large and finely colored specimens come from the Loyalty
Is., while those from the Fijis are smaller. This species, though
an old one, is yet quite rare ; good specimens costing about
$10.00 each. The highest order of dignity among the Friendly
Islanders, is typified by the permission to wear this shell as an
ornament.

C. PRINCEPS. Gray. PL 11, fig. 47.

Yellowish, tinged with rose-purple, fainter towards the base,
profusely painted in the middle with waved yellowish-brown
hieroglyphic markings, clouded on each side with a large rhom-
boidal dark-clouded blotch ; extremities adorned with three
irregular concentric brown lines, the middle of which is the
strongest, on the posterior extremity are several finer light
brown concentric stride ; sides ornamented with blue and brown
spots, more or less distinct ; base and teeth white.

Length, 3'9 inches.

Persian Gulf, New Guinea.

Though one of the oldest, this species is still of the greatest
rarity, and for a long time the British Museum possessed the
only specimen known to exist. Lately Dr. J. C. Cox, of
Sydney, N. S. W., has secured a fine example, which he states
was found on the southern shore of New Guinea.

C. TIGRIS, Linn. PL 11, figs. 49, 50 ; PL 15, fig. 8, (Dentition).

Whitish or yellowish, sometimes clouded with chestnut-brown,
promiscuously painted with rather large blackish blue clouded
spots ; base white ; teeth large, sometimes bifurcate.

Length, 2'5-4 3 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Young shell (fig. 50) chestnut to whitish, ornamented with

CYPR^EA. 181

interrupted bands or zigzag rusty -brown flashes. In its growth,
this species exhibits a curious variety in the style of coloring.
It is first chestnut, the color then breaks up into close-set waved
blotches, then a coating of white follows, upon which is deposited
a series of zigzag flames. There is a second layer of white
enamel which nearly obscures these zigzag markings, and a
number of dark spots are deposited. These are again over-
spread by a third white coating intermixed with numerous rich
black and brown spots. The soft parts adhere so firmly to the
shell that they cannot be removed until decomposition has taken
place.

C. PANTHERINA, Soland. PI. 12, figs. 62, 63.

Whitish to chestnut-red, profusely adorned with small
blackish-brown spots, which sometimes run together, sides and
base whitish, aperture gaping anteriorly, teeth small.

Length, 2-3 inches.

Red Sea.

The last coating of enamel is sometimes dark reddish brown.
Younger shell ashy green, mottled with red and yellow.

C. UMBILICATA, Sowb. PL 12, figs. 65, 66.

Differs from the preceding in being more depressed anteriorly,
the extremities are more produced and beaked, and the aperture
is more sinuous; spire deeply umbilicated, teeth brownish-
tinted ; dorsal spots light brown. Length, 3 to 3*6 inches.

New South Wales.

Dr. J. C. Cox, in Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W., for 1879, reported
an almost pure white variety from Circular Head, X. S. W., for
which he proposed the varietal name alba.

C. LEUCODON, Brod. PL 12, figs. 69, 70.

Reddish or yellowish brown, sprinkled here and there with
rather large round white spots, base pale brown, marked trans-
versely with fine striae, teeth white, strong on both sides.

Length, 3-4 inches.

Habitat ?

The only specimen known is in the British Museum. The
broad teeth and deeply undercut interstices are very like those
of C. sulcidentata.

182 CYPR^EA.

C. VITELLUS, Linn. PL 13, figs. 72, 73.

Fulvous bay-color sprinkled with snow-white spots of various
sizes, sides olive-brown, arenaceous, striated, base and teeth
whitish. Length, l'2-2'7 inches.

Indian Ocean, Australia, New Caledonia.

Young shell olive-ash, obscurely banded, unspotted. This
species is strongly characterized by the sand-like striae of the
sides.

C. NIVOSA, Brod. PI. 12, figs. 67, 68.

Differs from the preceding in its more oblong form, more
irregular and confused arrangement of spots, and entire
absence of the sand-like striae ; the teeth and base are yellowish
white, and the pale brown color of the back extends around the
sides of the shell. Length, about 2*4 inches.

Mauritius.
C. BRODERIPII, Gray. PI. 12, fig. 64.

Differs from C. nivosa in being more ovate and delicately
tinted rose-pink. The aperture is wider and the teeth longer.
Length, 3 inches.

Madagascar.
A beautiful species of great rarity.

C. CAMELOPARDALIS, Perry. PI. 13, fig. 76.

Differs from C. vitellus in the absence of the sand-like stria} ;
the interstices between the columellar teeth are stained purple-
black, the extremities are prominent, and the sides are white
and sometimes slightly margined. Length, l'7-2 inches.

Red Sea.
C. BARCLAYI, Reeve. PL 12, fig. 71 ; PL 13, fig. 82.

White, profusely ornamented with orange-buff dots^of different
degrees of tone, extremities and teeth bright orange ; teeth
strongly developed, those on outer lip extending over the base.

Length, 1'05 inches. /. Diego Garcia, Mauritius.

A deep-water species.

** More or less oblong or subpyriform.
C. SPADICEA, Swn. PL 13, figs. 78.

Chestnut-brown, clouded towards the sides with burnt brown,
sides pinkish white, base and teeth white. Length, 1*3-2 inches.

Sta. Barbara — S. Diego, Gal.

CYPRA'A. 1 83

C. ONYX, Linn. PL 13, figs. 77, 79, 80, 81.

Whitish, with two obscure zones ; extremities, base and sides
jet-Mack, edged above with orange-brown. Length, 1*1-2 inches.

Ceylon, Japan, Philippine Is.

This species presents three distinct varieties of coloring. In
addition to the above, there are the uniformly orange-cream and
the chestnut-brown painting, the extremities, base and sides in
each case being of a deeper shade.

C. PYRUM, Gmel. PL 13, figs. 83-85.

Yellowish, four-banded, richly marbled with chestnut-brown,
sides brownish or deep orange-red, faintly spotted, base and
extremities orange, teeth whitish. Length, 1-4-2 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coast of S. Europe and Africa.

Occurs fossil under the name of C. porcellus, Brocc.

The C. Petitiana, Crosse and Fischer (figs. 85), credited to
Senegal, appears to be a dwarfed variety of pi/rum.

C. PHYSIS, Brocchi. PL 13, figs. 74, 75.

Differs from the preceding in having a whitish base and more
minute teeth ; the back is confusedly painted with reddish and
yellowish dashes. Length, 1-2 inches.

Sicily.

Fossil in the Pliocene as C. pyrula, Mich.

C. LYNX, Linn. PL 14, figs. 86, 87, 98.

Whitish to brownish, profusely spotted and clouded with
fulvous-brown and blue, interspersed with unequal dark blackish-
brown spots ; sides, teeth and base whitish, interstices between
the teeth bright blood-red. Length, '85-2'4 inches.

Indian 0., Australia, New Caledonia, Red Sea.

Young shell white, faintly banded and profusely spotted with
light brown.

An extremely variable species, sometimes slightly margined,
The distorted variety (fig. 98), from New Caledonia, has been
named C. Cale<l<>ni<-a by Mr. H. Crosse.

C. ERRONES, Liun. PI. 14, figs. 88, 89, 7.

Bluish green, faintly banded, freckled with minute light-brown
specks; sometimes painted in the centre with a large chestnut
blotch ; anterior extremity occasionally ornamented on each

184 CYPR^EA.

side with a brown spot, sides white to yellowish, sometimes
slightly margined, base whitish. Length, -8-1-35 inches.

China, Australia, N. Caledonia, Indian 0.

C. SOPHIA, Brazier. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4.

Closely allied to C. errones, from which it differs in being bright
orange between the teeth, base fulvous-yellow. Length, 1 inch.

San Christoval I.
C. Coxi, Brazier. PI. 14, figs. 96, 97.

Light orange-yellow, or cream-color, ornamented with two
faint yellowish-white bands, teeth thick, yellowish white.
Length, -83 inch.

Dupuch's /., N. W. Australia.
Appears to be a young shell.

C. SUBVIRIDIS, Reeve. PL 14, figs. 99, 100.

Differs from C. errones, in being more p3rriform, and strongly
umbilicated at the spire. It is sometimes slightly margined.

Length, 1-4-2-5 inches.

Australia, New Caledonia.

The largest specimens are reported from New Caledonia.

C. PALLIDA, Gray. PL 14, figs. 90, 91.

Greenish yellow, minutely freckled with brown, sides spotted
here and there with chestnut, base whitish ; dorsal surface some-
times ornamented with a chestnut blotch. Length, -8-1 inch.

Japan.
C. PULCHELLA, Swn. PL 14, figs. 92, 93.

Whitish, minutely dotted with fulvous specks, with two bands
of semilunar blotches, or a large irregular chestnut-brown splash,
teeth and ridges red. Length, 1*5 inches.

China.

An elegant, pear-shaped shell, well characterized by the pecu-
liar extension of columellar teeth in ridges across the base.

C. PYRIFORMIS, Gray. PL 14, figs. 5, 6, 94, 95.

The anterior extremity is not so attenuated as in C. pulchella,
and the teeth on the outer lip are white ; those on the columella
are red, but do not extend so far over the base as in C. pulchella.

Length, 1-3 inches.

Australia, Borneo, Ceylon.

The variety Smithi, Sowb. ^(figs. 94, 95), is smaller; the back

CYPR^EA. 185

looks like C. macula, but the teeth, which on the inner lip are
reddish brown, have the peculiar appearance of those of C. pyri-
forw /s.

C. WAUvKKi. Gnu. PL 15, figs. 10, 14, 15; PL 17, fig. 68; PL
14, ligs. 1,2.

Bluish white, three-banded, freckled with minute yellowish
In-own specks, sides yellowish, brown-spotted, base and inter-
stices between the teeth purple-violet, teeth small, those on the
inner lip numerous. Length, -75-l'2 inches.

Australia (rare), New Caledonia, New Guinea.

Mr. John Brazier believes this to be a deep-water species.

The variety Bregeriana, Crosse (PL 15, figs. 14, 15), has an
orange-red base and the extremities are spotted, margins
besprinkled with line white specks, imbedded in the enamel
similar to those in C. tedudinaria.

C. amabilis, Jousseaume (PL 14, figs. 1, 2), is a variety, the
extremities of which are more produced and somewhat recurved,
the bands are narrower, and the marginal spots fewer in number,
the purple tinting is confined to the inner lip. Length, '75 inch.

The figure here given is copied from a drawing kindly com-
municated by Dr. Jousseaume.

Group B. - Shell smooth, margined.
* Margins not pitted.

C. NIGROPUNCTATA, Gray. PL 15, figs. 18, 19.

Bluish, freckled with pale fulvous-brown, sides closely dotted
with black, base yellowish, teeth sharply cut.

Length, 1-35-1-55 inches. Galapagos Is.

\\KIUJYI, Kien. PL 15, fig. 9.

Whitish, obscurely four-banded, closely painted with unequal
cln-st nut-brown spots, sides and base brownish yellow, sides and
extremities dotted blackish brown, teeth whitish.

Length, 1'2-lMJ inches. Gulf of California.

The C.ferrwjinosa of the same author is an inferior example
of this species.

This species has been incorrectly credited to the Gambia R.,
W. Africa, and the Cape Yerd Is.
13

186 CYPR^EA.

C. LENTIGINOSA, Gray. PL 15, figs. 20, 21.

Bluish white, with three obscure bands of waved blotches,
freckled with yellowish- or reddish-brown spots, extremities
blackish brown ; teeth large, somewhat distant ; base whitish.

Length, 1 -3-1*45 inches.

Ceylon.
C. ZONATA, Chemn, PL 15, figs. 22, 23, 11.

Bluish or greenish, zoned across the middle with more or less
distinct waved spots, marbled fulvous-brown, sides and base
smoky brown, spotted with black, extremities painted black on
both sides; teeth strong. Length, '95-1-3 inches.

Mouth of the Gambia Eiver.

G. nebulosa, Kiener (fig. 11), is a variety having a white base ;
the dorsal surface has a weathered appearance, and the marginal
spots are pale reddish brown.

C. PICTA, Gray. PL 15, figs. 30, 31.

Distinguished from the preceding, to which it is closely allied,
by its angular form and depressed base ; the teeth are not so
strong, those on the inner lip being small and confined to the
inside of the aperture. Length, 1-1-3 inches.

Gambia; Cape Verd Is.

C. SANGUINOLENTA, Gmel. PL 15, fig. 16, 17.

Ashy purple, freckled with olive or light brown, and orna-
mented with a central brown blotch, sides and base purplish
white, covered with purple spots ; columellar teeth confined to
the inside of the aperture. Length, 1 inch.

Gambia.
C. XANTHODON, Gray. PL 15, figs. 24, 25.

Bluish, dotted with minute orange specks, sides orange,
spotted with brown ; teeth and base fulvous yellow.

Length, 1*2-1-4 inches.

Australia.

Mr. John Brazier believes this to be a deep-water species ;
some of his specimens are nearly jet-black, with a dark olive
interior.

C. PUNCTULATA, Gray. PL 15, figs. 28, 29.

Pale bluish, freckled with chestnut-brown, sides salmon-yellow,

CYPR^EA. 187

sometimes smoky and spotted with blackish brown ; base white ;
teeth strong. Length, '8-1-2 inches.

Mazatlan — Panama.
C. UNDATA, Lam. PI. 16, fig. 33.

Rich plum to chestnut, ornamented with two or more zigzag
zones of white ; sides and base white, dotted with brown ;
anterior extremity edged dark chestnut.

Length, '65-1 '2 inches.

Philippines, Mauritius.
C. ZIGZAG, Linn. PL 15, figs. 12, 13.

Whitish, ornamented with longitudinal zigzag yellow lines,
sides and base yellow, spotted with reddish brown, the spots
forming a circle around the posterior extremity.

Length, '55-1 inch.

Mozambique, Ceylon.

There is a variety of this well-known species in which the
zigzag lines resolve themselves into distinct bands.

C. LUTEA, Gronovius. PL 16, figs. 35, 36.

Yellowish or brownish, profusely dotted with brown ; base
somewhat like that of C. ziczac. Length, '15-1 inch.

New Caledonia, Australia.

Younger shell olive-brown, faintly spotted, with two narrow
milky blue zones. The fully matured shell was named C.
Humphreysi by Dr. Gray.

C. ASELLUS, Linn. PL 16, fig. 34.

Ivory-white, ornamented with three broad bands of reddish or
chocolafe-brown ; sides and base white. Length, -55-1 inch.

Australia, Samoa, Red Sea (?).

The young shell is entirely encircled by the characteristic
dark bands.

C. CLANDESTINA, Linn. PL 16, figs. 37-40, 61.

Pinkish cream to pale bluish, faintly banded, ornamented with
extremely faint reddish-brown hair-lines, converging here and
there to a point ; sides and base white ; teeth strong.

Length, '5-'75 inch.

Ceylon, Japan, Australia.

C. Candida, Pease (figs. 39, 40), is a pure white variety. C.

188 CYPR^A.

Artuffeli, Jouss. (fig. 61), is apparently another variety, of a
yellowish-brown color, without the characteristic faint hair-lines.
Future investigation may prove this to be a distinct species.

C. SAUL^E, Gask. PL 16, figs. 41, 42.

Light fawn, dotted with a few small chestnut-brown spots,
with larger ones on the margin, and a large blotch of the same
color on the back ; base light reddish yellow to whitish ; beaks
and interstices between the teeth more or less orange ; teeth

prominent. Length, -87 inch.

Bay of Manilla.

According to Brazier, found .also in the Torres Straits at 6
fathoms.

C. GRACILIS, Gask. PL 16, figs. 43, 44.

Differs from the preceding in being more pyri form, the central
blotch is wanting, as are also the smaller dorsal spots, the base
is sparsely dotted with reddish brown, the teeth are finer and
there is an absence of color between them. Length, *65—*85 inch.

Isl. Bourbon; China Sea (?).

C. PUNCTATA, Linn. PL 16, figs. 51, 52; PL 15, figs. 26, 27, 32.

Whitish to cream-color, spotted with brown, teeth and
extremities golden yellow. Length, -5-'9 inch.

Isl. Bourbon; Philippines; Borneo.

C. stercus-muscarum, Lam. (PL 15, figs. 26, 27), is a variety
having finer spots and smaller teeth, which are colorless, those
on the inner lip being confined more to the margin of the
aperture.

C. trizonata, Sowb. (PL 15, fig. 32), is a more cylindrical
variety having a zoned appearance.

C. ANGUSTATA, Gmel. PL 16, figs. 47, 48, 45, 46.

Yellowish or chocolate-brown, sides whitish, marked with
large chestnut-brown spots, extremities painted on each side
with a chestnut-brown spot, base whitish to reddish, teeth small.

Length, 1-1 '2 inches.

So. Australia.

C. Comptoni, Gray (figs. 45, 46), is a variety with a convex,
pale or nut-brown base.

CYPR^A. 189

C. DECLIVIS, Sowb. PI. 16, fig. 53.

Creamy white, freckled with brownish, giving the shell the
appearance of having been dusted over with capsicum pepper.
Marginal spots few in number, dorsal line broad, base similar to
G. angustata. Length, -9-1-2 inches.

Portland, Victoria.

Referring to C. angustata, Dr. Gray says : " When complete,
the back of the shell is pale whitish brown, with a broad sub-
central dorsal line, and minutely freckled with brown specks."
As this description corresponds closely with that of declivis, it
is quite possible that the two species are identical.

C. PIPERITA, Soland. PI. 16, figs. 49, 50, 58.

Pale chestnut-brown, obscurely minutely dotted and orna-
mented with four narrow interrupted bands, base white, teeth
small, sides brown-spotted. Length, -65-1 inch.

Australia.

The variety bicolor, Gask. (fig. 58), is usually three-banded,
and presents sometimes a zigzag appearance, occasioned by the
coalescence of the central bands. Worn shell, pale flesh-color.

C. PULICARIA, Reeve. PI. 16, figs. 59, 60.

Differs from the preceding in being more cylindrical, the
bands are more broken up into spots, and the dots on the back
are more conspicuous. Length, -65-1 inch.

Australia.
C. ALGOENSIS, Gray. PL 16, figs. 56, 51.

Yellowish, sides and back dotted with reddish brown, base
white, teeth on outer lip strong, those on inner lip nodular,
aperture rather wide. Length, 1-1-2 inches.

Algoa Bay.
C. FUSCO-DENTATA, Gray. PI. 16, figs. 54, 55.

Dirty drab, covered with rufous-brown close spots, like those
on G. errones, but larger, and more suffused ; teeth brown,
rugose, ridged across the base. Length, 1-4-1-6 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

Young shell somewhat ribbed across the back.

('. siMiLis, Gray. PL 16, figs. 62, 63 ; PL IT, fig. 69.

Yellowish to rich chestnut-brown, covered with blotches of a
deeper shade, teeth orange, those on the outer lip strong and

190 CYPR^EA.

elongated across the base, the inner ones small and confined
to the aperture. Length, 1*4-1 '85 inches.

Gape of Good Hope.

This shell in a perfect condition is the C. castanea, Higgins
(PL 17, fig. G9). The specimens usually fourid in collections,
however, are of a yellowish color and are without any dorsal
ornamention except around the spire, where it is sometimes
brownish.

** Margins more or less pitted, dorsal spots usually ocellated.
C. CRIBRARIA, Linn. PL 17, figs. 71, 72.

Yellowish brown, dorsal spots round, white, sides and base
white, teeth numerous, those on the inner lip confined to the
interior of the aperture. Length, -7-l'l inches.

Ceylon, New Caledonia, New Ireland.

Mr. Rossiter, of New South Wales, reported having obtained
specimens of a blackish-brown color, showing but few of the white
spots, and 1*5 inches long.

Although this species may be said to possess no marginal
spots, yet out of a large number of specimens examined I have
found one with a slight indication of their presence.

C.fallax, E. A. Smith, is an unfigured variety, credited to
West Australia. It differs from the normal shell in being
larger, more pyriform, white spots smaller and less clearly
defined ; they appear to blend into the fawn-color of the dorsum,
which is paler than in C. cribraria.

C. CRIBELLUM, Gask. PL 17, figs. 66, 67.

Smaller and more cylindrical than C. cribraria, extremities
more obtuse, aperture wider, margins spotted. Length, *7 inch.

Mauritius.
C. COXENI, Cox. PL 17, figs. 64, 65.

Differs from C. cribraria, in the dorsal ornamentation, which
is in irregular elongated dark chestnut markings, teeth coarser
and prominently produced a little more than half-way across the
base. Length, *92 inch.

Solomon Islands.
C. ESONTROPIA, Duel. PL 17, figs. 76, 77, 75.

Yellowish to light brown, spotted with white, margins deli-

CYPR.EA. 191

cately dotted with reddish-brown, the dots extending somewhat
over the base. Length, -70-1 inch.

Philippines, Sandwich Is.

Sowerby calls the pale yellow variety from the Sandwich
Islands C. Peasei (fig. 75).

C. GASKOINI, Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 73, 74.

Yellowish, ornamented with small white eyes, encircled with
pale brown rings, sides dotted with chestnut, base white, teeth
strong. Length, -6-'8 inch.

Hab.?
C. CUMINGI, Gray. PI. 17, fig. 78, 79, 70.

Differs from the preceding in being more attenuately drawn
out anteriorly, extremities produced, teeth extremely minute,
especially those on the inner lip. Length, -4--8 inch.

Society Is.

C. compta, Pease (fig. 70), is a variety in which the spots on
the back are not ocellated, and the dorsal line is flexuose.

C. BECKI, Gask. PL 17, figs. 86, 87.

Yellow, spotted with large and small white eyes, the large
ones pupilled with chestnut, sides dotted with chestnut ; teeth
small, those on the outer lip strong and tinted with chestnut-
brown. Length, -5 inch.

Red Sea, Eben I. ?
C. MACANDREI, Sowb. PL 17, figs. 88, 89.

Probably only a variety of the preceding. Length, '7 inch.

Red Sea.

C. MARGARITA, Sol. PL 17, figS. 81, 82.

Pale straw-color, white-spotted, base white unspotted, teeth
very minute, extending into the aperture near the extremities
in fine ridges. Length, -4--6 inch.

Annaa I.

A very delicate little shell, possessing some few characters
which belong to Section IV ; its general affinities are here.

C. GUTTATA, Gray. PL 17, figs. 83, 84.

Yellowish or reddish brown, sprinkled with white spots of
various sizes ; the teeth extend across the base and over the

192 CYPR^EA.

sides in bright saffron-red ridges which are somewhat irregular,
and are here and there forked. Length, 2'6 inches.

New Britain, N. S. Wales (Hobson), Red Sea (Jickeli).
An extremely rare and beautiful species, of which the Acad.
Nat. Sciences Philada. possesses a fine specimen, the gift of the
late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

C. LAMARCKI, Gray. PI. 18, figs. 96, 97.

Yellow, varying from orange to greenish, profusely covered
with white spots, the larger of which are sometimes ocellated ;
sides marked with reddish-brown spots, and the extremities with
lines ; base white, teeth strong. Length, 1'2-1'T inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.
C. MILIARIS, Gmel. PI. IT, fig. 80.

Differs from the preceding in being narrower, the dorsal spots
are smaller and never ocellated, and the sides are white.

Length, 1*2-1 *5 inches.

Japan, N. S. Wales.
C. EBURNEA, Barnes. PI. IT, fig. 85.

Differs from C. Lamarcki, Gray, in being pure ivory-white.
Length, 1-5-1*9 inches. Philippines.

C. TURDUS, Lam. PI. 18, fig. 91.

Whitish, sprinkled with small reddish-brown dots, those on
the anterior extremity appearing sometimes as dashes, base
white, and rather flattened . Length, -T-l-5 inches.

Persian Gulf.

Sowerby in Thes. Conch. Monog. Cypru-ida.', calls attention to
an elongated variety for which he suggests the iijimo. pyriformis.

C. EROSA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 90, 100, 1.

Pale bluish to citron-yellow, thickly covered with wfiite specks,
and sprinkled with ocellated brownish ones; sides white, stained
in the middle with a square brownish-black spot ; extremities
ridged with chestnut-brown; teeth strong, outer ones extending
across the base and frequently over the side, base white, some-
times spotted and streaked with chestnut-brown.

Length, '8-1 '8 inches. Indian and Pacific Oceans.

An abundant and extremely variable species, which sometimes
occurs very much flattened; the large brownish black square spots
on the sides are peculiarly characteristic.

CYPR^A. 193

C. OCELLATA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 92, 93.

Reddish yellow, profusely covered with white spots, some of
which are ocellated, with black sides and base whitish, dotted
with brown ; teeth strong, those on outer lip tinged with
brownish at the base. Length, -6-1-2 inches.

Ceylon.

There appear to be two forms of this well-marked species, the
one broad, with swollen sides, and the other more elongate and
slender.

C. LISTERI, Gray. PL 18, figs. 94, 95.

Pale olive, ornamented with white spots, some of which are
ringed with brown, sides and base delicately tinted with violet,
dashed and dotted'with purple, teeth numerous, rather strong.

Length, '75-1-2 inches.

Philippines.
C. PORARIA, Linn. PL 18, figs. 2, 3.

Brownish purple, ornamented with white spots, most of which
are encircled with brownish rings, sides and base violet, teeth
white. Length, -7-'9 inch.

Fiji Is., Australia, -New Caledonia.

Some of the specimens from New Caledonia are dark purple,
and destitute of white spots (Brazier). According to W. H.
Pease, this species occurs semi-fossil in the Sandwich Islands.

C. ALBUGINOSA. Mawe. PL 18, figs. 98, 99.

Differs from the preceding in being more elongate, the extrem-
ities are rather more produced, and the marginal pittings almost
obsolete, ne.-trly all the dorsal spots are ocellated, and the base is
white, violet-tinged at the margin. Length, '8-1 '2 inches.

Gulf of California.
('. un'ALLosA, Gray. PL 18, figs. 5, ('», 4, 7.

I'nitonnly reddish sjiHron. back variously clouded and mottled
with chestnut, extremities furnished with a more or less conspic-
uous callus, teeth strong. Length, 1 -2-1-4 inches.

/. St. Vincent, W. I.

C.. inyloria, Crosse (fig. 4), credited to Africa, is a rather more
inflated variety, with extremities not quite so produced, and mar-
gins less pitted, but the general coloring of the shell is similar.

The var. Aubrey ana, Jouss. (fig. 7), is larger and still more

194 CYPPUEA.

inflated, the colors are paler, there is an absence of the pittings,
and a partial obliteration of the callosities. Length, 1/9 inches.
By an error of the printer, the illustration of (7. ingloria is
marked f natural size — these figures should have been placed
beside C. Aubreyana.

C. HELVOLA, Linn. PL 19, figs. 8, 9.

Pale bluish or olive-brown, ornamented with white and brown
spots, sides and base saffron-red, color darker above the edge ;
extremities violet ; teeth strong, partially elongated across the
base. Length, '55-1 *1 inches.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Specimens from Mauritius are very deep in color, and the
extremities are rich purple, while those from the Sandwich
Islands are often pale yellow, faintly spotted, with a whitish base
and extremities. Young shell pale bluish, faintly banded, teeth
brownish.

C. CITRINA, Gray. PL 19, figs. 10, 11.

Differs from C. helvola in its more delicate coloring ; the dorsal
surface is uniformly olive-brown, and the extremities are deep
orange; teeth fine, numerous. Length, -75-1 inch.

Ceylon ; Mauritius; N. W. Australia (Bailey).

C. POLITA, Roberts. PL 19, figs. 12, 13.

Creamy white, thickly covered with minute white spots, pit-
tings orange, particularly those on the extremities ; base ivory-
white, teeth small, more or less tinted with yellowish, those on
the columellar side confined to the aperture, except for a short

distance from each end. Length, -55-1 inch.

Sandwich Islands.

Younger shell, bright citron ; when the last coating of enamel
is being deposited it has a half clouded appearance. Closely
allied to the following.

C. SEMIPLOTA, Mighels. PL 19, figs. 37, 36, 31.

Light brown with numerous minute white spots; base tumid,

white, aperture yellowish, narrow. Length, -3-'4 inch.

Oahu.

Mr. Mighels described the immature shell as G. spadix (fig.
36). G. Ann&, Roberts (fig. 31), is a broad flattened variety,

CYPR^EA. 1 95

rather more solid, and of a grayish white color. A little shell
figured by Sowerby in Thes. Conch., as C. fimbriatula, appears
to be a fair illustration of C. semiplota.

C. THOMASI, Crosse. PI. 19, figs. 14, 15.

Yellowish brown, spotted whitish and brownish, base white ;
teeth small, those on the columella rather obscure.

Length, -7 inch.

Hab.?
C. SPURCA, Linn. PI. 19, figs. 16, 17.

Dirty white, clouded and spotted with yellowish brown, pits
brown, base white to pale yellowish brown ; teeth strong.

Length, -75-1-25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, E. Atlantic 0.

Fossil in the Pleistocene. This species is reported as occur-
ring in Australia, but specimens sent to Philadelphia so labeled,
proved to be G.faveola, Linn., and G. cernica, Sowb.

C. FLAVEOLA, Linn. PI. 19, figs. 22, 20, 21.

Yellowish brown, profusely ornamented with white spots of
various sizes, which sometimes have a bluish cast ; margins
stained and dotted with blackish brown, base white, teeth some-
what elongated. Length, -8-1-2 inches.

Japan, Australia.

The variety labrolineata, Gask., is of a pale stone-color, with
teeth smaller and more numerous. No illustration of this variety
having been given, and not having had the privilege of seeing
specimens of C. Jlaveola at the time, I was led into the error of
describing it as C. Helense (figs. 20, 21).

C. CERNICA, Sowb. PI. 19, figs. 23, 24.

Yellow, dorsal spots white, numerous, those on the margins
reddish-brown, extending around the extremities, which, together
with the base, are white ; outer teeth strong. Length, '75-1 inch.

Mauritius.
Closely allied to C.flaveola, Linn.

C. QANGRANOSA, Soland. PL 19, figs. 18, 19, 25-28.

Differs from G. Jlaveola, Linn., in having in addition to the
white dorsal spots, which are very small, occasional brown eyes

196 CYPB^lA.

sprinkled over the surface ; the marginal spots are nearly obso-
lete, and the under side of both extremities is stained orange.

Length, -6-1 inch.

Ceylon, China.

C. Boivini, Kiener (figs. 25, 26), is a milky-white variety with
white extremities, usually presenting a worn appearance. C.
Reentsi, Dunker (figs. 27, 28), is another form with the dorsal
surface lined transversely, and the extremities spotted with
reddish-brown ; it looks like a young shell.

Group C. (Gaskoinia, Roberts.) Shell smooth, edentulate.
C. EDENTULA, Sowb. PL 19, figs. 29, 30.

Shorter and more inflated than C. Algoensis, from which it is
distinguished by the absence of teeth. Length, 1 inch.

Southern Africa.

Group D. ( Cyproeovula, Gray.) Shell ribbed transversely.
C. ADAMSONT, Gray. PI. 19, figs. 32, 33.

White, conspicuously blotched with orange-brown.
Length, -5--T inch.

Philippines, I. Bourbon.

C. CAPENSIS, Gray. PL 19, figs. 34, 35.

Yellowish or reddish brown, deeply umbilicated, the ridges
extend over the base of the shell. Length, 1-1-4 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

Group E. (Pustularia, Sum.) Shell pustulate or nodulous. T

C. STAPHYLJEA, Linn. PL 20, figs. 39-44.

Grayish to brownish, pustules whitish, small, numerous ;
extremities tipped with reddish brown, base dirty white to
brown, teeth extended across the base on each side.

Length, '5-'9 inch.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Young shell usually brown, without pustules. C. interstincta,
Wood (figs. 42, 43, 44), is a whitish or brownish variety with
larger and less numerous pustules, which are sometimes partially
obsolete, the teeth are coarser, darker in color, and do not
always extend entirely across the base.

CYPILEA. 19t

In his description of G. limacina, Lamarck refers to two
figures, tlie one from Lister being a well-marked C. staphyleea,
while the other corresponds to C. interstincta.

C. PUSTULATA, Lam. PI. 20, fig. 45, 46, 52.

Lead-color, covered with transverse striae, and armed with
numerous prominent reddish pimples, those in the middle being
the1 largest ; base chocolate, teeth extending across the base in
conspicuous ridges, ribs whitish. Length, '5--0 inch.

Panama, Mazatlan.

Younger shell (fig. 52) with the back cancellated but destitute
of pimples, which do not appear until the teeth have become
considerably developed.

C. NUCLEUS, Linn. PI. 20, figs. 48, 49.

Whitish, nodules dull brown, the lateral ones united together
by fine ridges. Length, '55--tl5 inch.

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

C. MADAGASCARIENSIS, Gmel. PI. 20, figs. 65, 66 ; PL 19, fig. 38.

Larger and much more depressed than the preceding, pustules
larger and less numerous; the ridges on the outer lip are alter-
nately larger and smaller. Length, 1-1-3 inches.

Madagascar ; Sandwich Is. (Pease).

G. granulata, Pease (PI. 19, tig. 38) is a younger example of
this species ; in it, the basal ridges are fewer, and do not extend
to the margin, but usually become obsolete as they approach it ;
in some specimens the dorsal ridges are also wanting.

Section IV. (Epona, II. and A. Ad.) Shell globose, back either
smooth or with elevated tubercles, extremities produced.

C. ANNULATA, Gray. PI. 20, figs. 50, 51.

Ivory-white, smooth, irregularly painted with round yellow
spots, encircled with rings of a deeper tint, teeth very minute,
base white. Length, '6 inch.

Ma u rit ins, Philippines.

C. CICERCULA, Linn. PI. 20, figs. 55-58, 61, 62.

Yellowish, granulose, irregularly blotched with brown, sides

198 TRIVIA.

dotted with brown, base conspicuously painted with four chestnut
spots, teeth usually elongated across the base.

Length, -5-"9 inch.

Mauritius, Borneo, New Caledonia.

This species sometimes presents an unusually humped appear-
ance, the basal spots being often obsolete and the extremities
greatly produced ; such shells are mostly whitish and strongly
granulose, with the dorsal line well marked.

I can see no reason for separating either C. Lienardi (figs. 57,
58), or G. tricornis (figs. 61, 62), both of which were described
by Dr. Jousseaume ; a careful examination of specimens of these
received from Mauritius, showing scarcety a varietal difference.

Dr. Jousseaume himself admits that Lienardi is the veritable
cicercula.

C. GLOBULUS, Linn. PL 20, figs. 59, (>0.

Very closely allied to C. cicercula ; the main difference lies in
its more oblong form ; the dorsal line is absent, as are also the
granulations and the chestnut spots. Length, *8 inch.

Mauritius, Borneo, New Caledonia.

I believe future investigation will prove the identity of this
with C. cicercula.

C. CHILDRENI, Gray. PL 20, figs. 53, 54.

Pale yellowish brown, transversely ribbed throughout, ribs a
shade darker, extremities carinately winged beneath, teeth
minute. Length, -5-'6 inch.

Annaa I., Borneo, New Caledonia.

This is the only species at present known possessing the
peculiar winged projections at the base of the extremities.

Subgenus TRIVIA, Gray.

Shell subglobular, cross-ribbed, front of columella internally
concave, ribbed.

Group A. Shell generally thin, aperture wide, outer lip narrow,

margined.

T. ONISCUS, Lam. PL 21, figs. 67, 68.

Brownish or pinkish flesh-color, base whitish, ribs bifurcated
or wrinkled, dorsal line broad, smooth, flat.

Length, '7 5-* 9 inch. Cape of Good Hope.

TRIVIA. 199

T. OVULATA. Lam. PL 21, figs. 69, 70.

Differs from the preceding in being smooth throughout ; the
teeth on the inner lip are very small. Length, -7-'9 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.
T. COSTATA, Gmel. PL 21 , figs. 71,72.

Differs from G. oniscus in having rather finer ribs, and in the
absence of a dorsal impression. Length, '6--7 inch.

West Indies (Krebs), Cape of Good Hope (?)

This species was described by Gray as T. carnea, and by-
Wood as G. rosea.

- T. VESICULARIS, Gask. PL 21, figs. 73, 74.

Much smaller than G. oniscus, dorsal striae finer, more numer-
ous and regular ; no dorsal impression. Length, -5 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

Group B. Shell thick, usually margined, aperture narrow and
more or less central.

a. Having a dorsal impression.

* Shell white.
T. SULCATA, Gask. PL 21, figs. 75, 76.

Ventricose, ribs coarse, prominent, spire perceptible, inner lip
ending posteriorly in a sharp edge. Length, -45 inch.

Manilla.
T. CICATROSA, Sowb. PL 21, figs. 77, 78.

Subglobose, outer lip expanded posteriorly, dorsal impression
short and very deep. Length, '3 inch.

Hab. (?)
T. NIVEA, Gray. PL 21, figs. 80, 81.

Globose, extremities very obtuse, ribs narrow, wrinkled.

Length, -35-'45 inch.

West Indies.

There has been some confusion regarding this species, caused
partly by the name " nivea " having been first given by Dr. Gray
to a shell which* was afterwards recognized us a white variety of
C. turdus. Later he adopted the same name from Solander MSS.
for what the eminent conchologist Gaskoin, as well as myself,
believed to be Lamarck's oryza ; but the characters given, and

200 TRIVIA.

the different distribution are sufficient to separate the two, and
I follow later monographers by adopting T. nivea.
This species is the T. scabriuscula, Kien., not Gray. -

T. ORYZA, Lam. PL 21, figs. 82, 83, 79.

Ovate, extremities produced, ribs fine, dorsal impression
long. Length, '30-'45 inch.

Sandwich /s., Australia, Philippines.

Dr. Dunker in " Mai. Blatt." for 1861, refers to a small variety
from the Red Sea, having only a faint dorsal sulcus.

T. scabriuscula, Gray (fig. 79) is a variety characterized by
rather more produced rostrated extremities and a shorter dorsal
impression.

T. oryza is as peculiarly East Indian as T. nivea is West
Indian.

T. GRANDO, Gask. PI. 21, figs. 86, 87.

' Smaller and more globose than the preceding, ribs extremely
fine and delicate, aperture rather wide, spire prominent.
Length, '26 inch.

Manilla.
T. INSECTA, Mighels. PL 21, figs. 84, 85.

Elongate ovate, subrostrate, ribs very fine, back depressed,
dorsal sulcus long. Length, -1--2 inch.

Sandwich Islands, Australia.
Kiener called this species C. hordacea.

T. VITREA, Gask. PL 21, figs. 88, 89.

Globose, aperture rather narrow, and slightly curved inwards,
ribs coarse, texture pellucid. Length, '25 inch.

Philippines.
Weinkauff thinks this species and T. sulcata belong together.

T. GLOBOSA, Gray. PL 21, figs. 92, 93.

Round like a pea, aperture very narrow, dorsal impression
sharply cut and reaching to the extremities. Length, -1--2 inch.

West Indies ; Sandwich Is.; Australia.

Described by Kiener as T. pilula and by Mighels as T.
sphserula.

Weinkauff separates T. pilula, giving this name to the shell

TRIVIA. 201

from the Pacific region, and retains T. globosa for the West
Indian form, but I have not been able to separate the two.

T. subrostrata, var. alba, Krebs, is most likely T. globosa; the
two species are very similar in form.

T. PAUCILIRATA, Sowb. PI. 21, figs 98, 99.

Ovate, ribs coarse, dorsal impression conspicuous.

Length, -25 inch. Hab. (?)

** Shell usually pinkish, spotted.
T. PEDICULUS, Linn. PL 21, figs. 94-97.

Fleshy white marbled with pale brown, especially towards the
sides, margin ridged, dorsal spots black, ribs coarse, nodular,
interior of colnmella white. Length, '25-'6o inch.

Florida, West Indies.

A species presenting considerable variation.

T. labiosa, Gask. (fig. 97), is a variety in which the marginal
ridge is exaggerated ; the ribs are fewer in number and of a
whitish color, while in T. cimex, H. Owen (fig. 96), there is an
increased tendency to crenulation in the dorsal ribs, and an
amalgamation of the dark spots on the right side into one
blotch.

Fossil, T. pediculus occurs in the Pliocene clay beds of Costa
Rica (W. M. Gabb).

T. SUFFUSA, Gray. PL 21, figs. 1, 2, 100,

0 blong ovate, ribs fine, promiscuously variegated and sprinkled
with brown, extremities pink, base whitish. Length, *3-*5 inch.

West Indies.

Described by Duclos, under the name T. Armandina.

T. pullata, H. Owen (fig. 100), presents the peculiarity of the
spots being amalgamated into a single tint.

T. PACIFICA, Gray. PL 21, figs. 3, 4.

.More attenuated than the preceding, with more produced
extremities ; the ribs are finer and the dorsal spots alternate on
each side of the sulcus. Length, -3-'4 inch.

Gulf of California (Stearns), Acapulco, Galapagos Is.

T. QUADRIPUNCTATA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 5, 6.

llotundly ovate, back ornamented with four conspicuous red
14

202 TRIVIA.

dots, two on each side of the dorsal groove, alternating one with
the other ; ribs fine. Length, '20-'35 inch.

The T. rotunda, Kiener. West Indies, Florida.

T. EXIGUA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 9, 10, 17.

Ovate, .extremities produced, beaked, white, stained and varie-
gated with bright rose, ribs fine. Length, -15--2 inch.

Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia.

A most beautiful little shell, described also by Duclos, as T.
tremeza, and by Dr. Gould, as T. gemmula.

T. corrugata, Pease (fig. 11), differs in having fewer and
stronger ribs ; the pink color is not so persistent, some of the
specimens being pure white.

5^*^ Shell brownish.
T. RADIANS, Lam. PL 22, figs. 13, 14, 11, 12.

Rotundly ovate, sides dilated, dorsal impression broad, nodose
on each side, the ribs diverging from the nodules, back stained
with a dark blotch, base depressed. Length, -65-'8 inch.

Lower California, Ecuador.

T. rota, WeinkaufF (figs. 11, 12), is a distant variety with a
color more diffused and nearer T. Solandri.

T. SOLANDRI, Gray. PL 22, figs. 15, 16.

More rounded at the base than the preceding, from which it
can be easily distinguished by its minute row of outer teeth,
there being an intermediate one between each of those termi-
nating the ribs. Length, -55--80 inch.

Santa Barbara, Cal. — Acapulco.

T. COSTIS-PUNCTATA, Gask. PL 22, figs. 7, 8.

Closely allied to T. radians. Its color is that of the ordinary
T. pediculus, the ribs are spotted, and the dorsal groove is
narrow, the base is rounded. Length, *6 inch. Hob. (?)

T. CALIFORNIA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 18, 19, 20, 3T.

Ovate, rather globose ; ribs distant, dorsal impression faint,
whitish ; teeth whitish. Length, '35-'55 inch. California.

The animal is vivid orange-scarlet, reddish brown at the end
of the proboscis. When the mantle is extended over the back
of the shell its color is neutralized by the purple of the latter.
T. depauperata, Sowb. (fig. 31), was described from a worn
specimen.

TRIVIA. 203

T. MAUGERI, Gray. PL 22, figs. 23, 24.

Pyrifonnly ovate, fulvous rose-color, closely ribbed, ribs
somewhat flexuose, dorsal line narrow, back obscurely stained
with a large faint brown blotch, right side pink.

Length, about '7 inch.

Galapagos Is.
T. PISUM, Gask. PI. 22, figs. 29, 30.

Spheroidal, light fawn, ribs large, prominent; aperture rather
wide, extremities slightly produced, dorsal impression long.

Length, about -45 inch.

Ceylon.
T. SANGUINEA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 21, 22.

Ovate, purple-brown, back stained in the middle with a blood-
red spot, whitish at each end, ribs whitish, dorsal impression
almost obsolete. Length, -35-'5 inch.

California — Ecuador.

Described by Dufresne as T. lathy rus.

T. FUSCA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 35, 36.

Smaller, narrower and more produced than the preceding,
ribs finer and of the same color as the shell.

Length, -15--30 inch. Galapagos Is.

T. SUBROSTRATA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 38, 39.

Globose, dark chocolate-brown, extremities slightly beaked,
dorsal line well marked. Length, -15--3 inch.

West Indies.

Locality given in Mazatlan Catalogue by Dr. Carpenter is
improbable. As before stated, the white variety of this species
mentioned in Krebs' Catalogue is most likely T. globosa, Gray.

b. Having no dorsal impression.

* Shell white.
T. CANDIDULA, Gask. PL 22, figs. 33, 34.

Globosely ovate, ribs strong, rather conspicuous.
Length, -25 inch.

Canary Is., Azores, Spanish Coast (Hidalgo), Mexico.
Credited also to several Pacific localities, the correctness of
which is somewhat doubtful.

This species was almost simultaneously described by Duclos
as T. olorina, and by Beck as T. approximans.

204 TRIVIA.

T. PRODUCTA, Gask. PL 22, figs. 25, 26.

Ovate, sides a little dilated, extremities peculiarly produced,
ribs fine. Length, -5 inch.

Borneo ; Agulhas Bank, S. Africa ; Australia.

T. PELLUCTDULA, Gask. PL 22, figs. 31, 32.

Ovate, extremities produced, ribs very fine, aperture narrow
and nearly straight. Length, '18--3 inch.

Pacific Ocean.

T. BREVISSIMA, Sowb. PL 21, figs. 90, 91.

Differs from T. globosa, which it closely resembles, in having

no dorsal impression. Length, -2 inch.

Hab. (?)

** Shell pinkish, sometimes spotted.

T. RUBINICOLOR, Gask. PL 22, figs. 27, 28.

Ovate, extremities obtusely produced and tinged rose-red,
ribs fine. Length, -25-'4 inch.

Ceylon, Borneo.
T. AFFINIS, Marrat. PL 23, figs. 40, 41.

Oblong-ovate, pale, with indications of color, extremities pro-
duced, broad, ribs rather coarse. Length, *3 inch.

Hab. (?)

The type specimens were found in a dealer's stock of West
Indian shells, but as no collectors have reported it from that
locality, and as the shell closely resembles T. Pacifica, except
in the absence of any dorsal impression, I am inclined to think
it belongs to a Pacific fauna.

T. RUBESCENS, Gray. PL 23, figs. 42, 43.

Globosely ovate, pale pinkish or reddish, ribs fine.
Length, -3-'4 inch.

Galapagos I.
Somewhat of the form of T. candidula, Gask.

T. FORMOSA, Gask. PL 23, figs. 44-47.

Globose, thin, rather inflated ; whitish, delicately suffused
with rose, ribs and teeth numerous, fine. Length, about *5 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

T. multilirata, Sowb. (figs. 46, 47), credited to the Adriatic,

TRIVIA. 205

the author says was first figured for T. formosa. It resembles
a more adult shell than our illustration of the latter, copied
from Thes. Conch., and is quite likely the same.

Dr. Weinkauff believes T. formosa to be close to T. Europsea,
Mont., if not identical.

T. EUROP^A, Montagu. PI. 23, figs. 48-51.

Ovate, flesh-color, tinged with fulvous, sparingly spotted with
brown, closely ribbed, base white. Length, -3-'5 inch.

Mediterranean Sea to Norway.

Found fossil to the Miocene, it being common in the Red Crag.

The fossil form was described as T. sphsericulata by Lam.,
and T. coccinelloides by Sowb.

While the shell of T. Europsea is plain, the animal presents a
striking contrast, it being predominantly yellow, brown and
pink ; the mantle is very large and more or less studded with
wart-like processes of a pale orange-brown with white or 3rellow
papillae, occasionally variegated by red spots and a few purplish
blotches.

It is found on stony and coral ground from low-water mark
to 100 fathoms.

According to I)r. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, the northern specimens
are usually unspotted, while those found south are smaller and
more frequently spotted.

T. arctica, Montagu, is the unspotted form ; T. bullata, of the
same author, represents the young shell (fig. 50). Bulla
diaphana, -Montagu (fig. 51), is a very young example of the
same ; so is the Bulla Candida, Macgillivray. The species was
also described by Lamarck as T. coccinella, and by Sars as T.
Norvegica, while Risso gave it the name T. Mediterranea.

The late Chas. Kingsley, Canon of Westminster, in a letter to
his friend H. P. GoSse, January 3d, 1854, says: "I have seen
T. Europxa during the last few days suspend itself from the
under side of low-tide rocks by a glutinous thread an inch or
more in length, and when in captivity float on the surface by
means of a similar thread attached to a glutinous bubble." —
(Life of Chas. Kingsley.)

206 CYPELEID.E.

T. NAPOLINA, Duclos. PI. 23, fig. 52.

Much narrower and more produced than the preceding, its
ribs are rather finer and more convergent ; its color is a dingy
white, and it has only two spots, one at each end of the dorsum.

Length, -35-'45 inch.

Senegal, N. W. Australia.

Credited also to St. Vincent, Cape Verd, by M. de Cessac.
Described by Gaskoin as T. obscura.

T. AUSTEALIS, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 53, 54.

Oblong-ovate, rather thin, irregularly painted with light brown
blotches, ribs fine, nearly obsolete on the back, extremities
tinted with rose, base white. Length, -4--15 inch.

New South Wales.

Common at this locality, living in from 10 to 15 fms.

**£ Shell brown.

T. PULEX, Soland. PI. 23, figs. 55, 56.

Ovate, ribs fine, smooth or obsolete on the back, sides and
base white. Length, '3 inch.

Azores, Mediterranean Sea.
Fossil in the Pleistocene.

T. PULLA, Gask. PI. 23, figs. 57, 58.

Ovate, extremities slightly produced, ribs fine.
Length, -25 inch.

Galapagos Is., Gulf of California (Stearns).
Is probably the Trivia mentioned in the Mazatlan Catalogue
as being T. subrostrata.

Unidentified Species of Gyprseidae.

C. CAPUT-ANGUIS, Philippi.

An unfigured species without known locality, less than one-
half inch in length, brown between the teeth, and white-spotted
at the extremities. Said to present a dorsal surface similar to
G. caput-serpenlis, Linn., which has led authors to incorrectly
place it in the synonomy of that species.

CYPFLEID^E. 20f

C. PARVULA, Philippi.

Another unfigured species, locality unknown; said to belong
to the group containing G. fimbriata, Gmel.

C. CASTANEA, Anderson.

Shell ovate, ventricose, chestnut-brown, with two wide obscure
bunds, margins thickened, white spotted with brown, aperture
at extremities rosy red.

Hab.?

C. TRTGONELLA, Dufr.

Shell oval, a little inflated, aperture narrow, dorsal surface
crimson-reddish, margin white, spotted with blackish brown.

New Holland.
TRIVIA ACUT-IDENTATA, Gask.

Ovate globular, dull white with a faint dorsal impression, ribs
rather thick, prominent but not crowded, columellar side more
gibbous than the outer, teeth more numerous on the lip than on
the columella.

Bay of Guayaquil.

Its nearest ally in shape is T. exigua.

The original type of this species was accidentally broken by
Mr. Gaskoin after description, and the fragments preserved in
the collection of Miss Saul are too incomplete for recognition.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Achatidea (Cypraea), Gray. C. 111., f. 179, 1837.

= C. physis, Brocchi.
Achatina (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 446, 1817.

= C. ventriculus, Lain.
Acicularis (Cypraea), Grael. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790.

= C. spurca, Linn.
Acutidentata (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 201, 1835.

Unidentified, . ' . 207

Adamsoni (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 7, 1832, . 196
Adelines (Cypraea), Roberts, . . ... . .168

Adusta, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 93, 1884, . 161
Adusta (C}rpr8ea), Ckem. Conch. Cab., x, p. 106, pi. 145,

f. 1341, 1 7 90. = C. onyx, Linn.
Affinis (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790.

= C. globnlus, Linn.
Affinis (Trivia), Marratt (non Gmel.) Ann. Mag. N. II., xx,

p. 215,1867, . . . 204

Albella (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 404, 1822.

= C. caput-serpentis, Linn.
Albida (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.
Albuginosa (Cypraea), Mawe. Zool. Jour., i, p. 510, pi. 7,

12, f. 2, 1824, 193

Alga (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 1, 1811.

= C. mappa, Linn.

Algoensis (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 498, 1824, . 189
Amabilis (Cypraea), Jouss. Le Naturaliste, p. 349, 1881.

= C. Walkeri, Gray, . . . . . . .185

Ambigua (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3409.

= C. tigris, jr., Linn.
Amethystea (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1174, 1767.

= C. Arabica, Linn.

Angustata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790, . 188

(208)

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 209

Anna' (Cyprrea), Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 250,

pi. 15, f. 4-6, 1868. = C. semiplota, Migh. . . .104
Annulata (Cvprrca), Gray. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 88, 1829, . 1(.>7
Annulus (Cypraja), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1179, 1767, . . 178

Annulus (Cypraea), Linn. Fry of, 179

Aperta (Trivia), Swn. Zool. jour., iii, p. 571, 1828.

= C. oniscus, Lain.
Approximans (Trivial, Beck. Zool. Proc., p. 201, 1835.

= C. candidula, Gask 203

Arabica, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 90,1884, 160
Arabica (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173,.1767, . .174
Arabicula (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 399, 1822, 175
Arctica (Trivia), Sol. MSS. Test. Brit., i, p. 201, 1803.

= C. Europaea, Mont 205

Arenosa (Cypraea), Gra}-. Zool. Jour., i, p. 147, pi. 7, 12,

f. 6, 1824, 166, 172

A; -us (Cypra>a),Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173 (12th ed.), 1767, 164
Argus (Porcellana), Humph. Amb. llarit., pi. 38, f. I), 1705.

= C. Argus, Linn.

Aricia, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 7, 1832, . .159, 162, 172
Arlequina (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, p. 145, f.

1346-7, 1790. = C. histrio, Meusch.
Armandina (Trivia), Duclos. Coq. Viv., p. 140, pi. 46, f. 2.

= T. suflusa, Gray, 201

Artuffeli, Jouss. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 81, 1876.

= C. clandestina, Linn. ....... 188

Asdli (Porcellana), Humph. Amb. Rarit., t. 39, f. M, 1705.

= C. asellus, Linn.

Asellus (Cjpraea), Linn. SysL. Nat., p. 1178, 1767. . . 187
Atava (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull de Soc. Malac. France,

p. 83, pi. 1, f. 4, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . . .178
Atheroma (Cyprsea), Meusch. Mus. Gevers, p. 402, 1787.

= C. cervus, Linn.
Atomaria (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790.

= C. punctata, Linn,
Aubreyana ( Cypraea), Jouss. Revue et Mag. Zool., p. 348,

pi. 18, f. 1-3, 1869. = C. bicallosa, Gray, . . .193
Aurantium (Cypraea), Martyn. Univ. C., ii, f. 59, 1782, . 180
Aurora Solandri (Cypraca), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 180,

f. 1737, 1738, 1795. = C. aurantinm, Mart.
Australis (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 404, 1822, 206
Autumnalis (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 21. f. 2, 1811.

= C. mus, Linn.

Badia (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3414, 1790, uniden-
tified.

210 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAOE.

Bandata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 2, 1811.

= C. arabica, jr., Linn.
Barclay! (Cypraea), Reeve. Zool. Proc., p. 208, pi. 38, f. 4,

1857, .....' 182

Barthelemyi (Cypraea), Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., p. 48,

pi. 1, 1861. = C. moneta, Linn. ... .178

Basterotia, Bayle MSS. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France1, ix, p.

95, 1884, 161

Becki (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 205, 1835, . .191
Bernaya, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 88, 1884, 160
Bicallosa (Cypraea), Gray. C. 111., sp. 50, f. 10, 1837, . . 193
Bicolor (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 92, 1848.

= C. piperita, Sol. . . ... 189

Bicornis (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., Index, 1870.

= C. mus, Linn. . . . . . . . .177

Bifasciata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3405.

= C. exanthema, Linn.
Boivini (Cypraaa), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 66, pi. 18, f. 2.

= C. gangraenosa, Sol. . • 196

Bregeriana (Cvprsea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xvi, p. 277,

1868; xvii, pi. 1, f. 2, 1869. = C. Walkeri, Gray, . . 185
Brevidentata (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 30,

f. 325, 326, 1870. = C. stolida, var. . . . .171
Brevissima (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 168, f.

523,524, 1870, . .204

Brocchi (Cypraea), Desh. An. sans Vert., x, p. 575, 1844.

= C. annulus, fossil.

Broderipi (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat., p. 3, No. 18, 1832, . 182
Bullata (Cypraea), Pultney. Test. Brit, i, p. 202. pi. 6, f. 1,

1803. = Trivia Europaea, Mont. . . '. . .205

Caledonica (Cypraea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p. 41,
pi. 1, f. 1, 1869. = C. lynx, Linn 183

California (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 365, 1827, . 202

Camelopardalis (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 5, 1811. 182

Camelorum (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France,
p. 86, t. 1, f. 7, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . . .178

Cancellata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3414, 1790. Un-
identified.

Candida (Bulla), Macgill. Moll. Aberd., pp. 68, 188, 1843.
= T. Europaea, Mont 205

Candida (Cypraea), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 515, 1865.

= C. clandestina, var. ....... 187

Candidula (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc,, p. 200, 1835, .

Capensis (Cypraeovula), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 573. 1828, 196

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 211

PAOB.

Caput-anguis (Cypnea), Philippi. Menke and Pfr., p. 24,

1849, 173, 206

Caput-serpentis (Cypnea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1767, 173
Carnea (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 569, 1828.

= Trivia costata, Gmel .199

Carneola (Cypnea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174, 1767, . .166
Carneola (Cypnea), Martyn (non Linn.). Univ. C., pi. 14,

1782. = C. ventriculus, Lam.
Carneola (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. K,

1705. — C. carneola, Linn.
Castanea (Cypnea), Anderson. Archiv fiir Nat., ii, p. 271,

1837. Unidentified 207

Castanea (Cypnea), Higgins. Zool. Proc., p. 178, pi. 14, f.

1, 1868. = C. similis, Gray, . . . . . .190

Caurica (Cypnea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1179, 1767, . .171
Cauteriata (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, pi. 144, f.

1332, 1788. = C. stercoraria, Linn.
Cernica (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 132, f.

238-240, 1870, ..... .195

Cervina (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Yert., vii, p. 375, 1822.

— C. cervus, Linn.
Cervinetta (Cyprsea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 74, pi. 6, f. 1, 2.

= C. exanthema, Linn 164

Cervus (Cypnea), Linn. Mantissa, p. 548, 1771, . . 164
Chalcedonia (Cypnea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 6, 1811.

= C. helvola, Linn.

Children! (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 518, 1824, . 198
Chinensis (Cypnea), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3421, 1790.

= C. lynx, Linn.

Chrysalis (Cyprsea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 92, pi. 54, f. 4, . 172
Chrysostoma (Cypnea), Brazier.

= C. Sophia, ibid., Proc. Zool. Soc. N. S. W., p. 445, 1880.
Cicatrosa (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 160, f.

458,459, 1870, 199

Cicercula (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . . 197
Cimex (Trivia), H. Owen. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp., index,

1870. = T. pediculus, Linn 201

Cincta (Cypnea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., i, p. 446, 1824.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.

Cinerea (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3402, 1790. . . 166
Cinnamoma3a (Cypraea), Oliv. Zool. Adriat., p. 134.

= C. pyrum, Gmei.
Citrina (Cypnea), Gray (non Kiener). Zool. Jour., i, p.

509, 1824, .194

Citrina (Cypnea), Kien. (as of Gray). Coq. Yiv., p. 70, pi.

43, f. 4. = C. helvola, Linn.

212 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Clandestina (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . 187
Clara (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 13, 1851, . . .166
Coccinella, Leach. Adams' Genera, i, p. 268, 1858.

= Trivia, Gray.
Coccinella (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Yert., vii, p. 404, 1822.

= T. Europaea, Mont. . . . . . . 205

Coccinelloides (Trivia), Sowb. Min. Conch., t. 378, f. 1.

= T. Europaea, Mont., fossil, 205

Ccerula (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 8, 1811.

= C. moneta, Linn.
Coffea (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Gyp., No. 26, f. 359,

360, 1870. = C. neglecta. Sowb. . ' . . . .170
Comma (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 21, f. 5, 1811.

= C. cribraria, Linn.
Commixta, Mawe. Wood, Index Supp., f. 11, 1828.

= C. lutea, Gronov.
Compta (Cypraea), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 189, pi. 51, f. 1,

1860. = C. Cumingi, Gray, 191

Comptoni (Cypraea), Gray. Juke's Yoy., ii, p. 356, t. 1, f. 3,

1847. = C. angustata, Gray, .188

Concava (Cypraea), H. Owen. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 318,319,

1870. = Distorted C. caurica, Linn.
Conoidea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3414, 1790.

= Oniscia tuberculosa.
Conspnrcata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3405, 1790.

= C. stercoraria, Linn.

Con taminata (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 11, 1832, 168
Contrastriata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 3, 1811.

= C. carneola, Linn.
Controversa (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 144 ; iv, p.

71. = C. Isabella, Linn 165

Corrosa (Cypraea), Gron. Zooph., p. 129, 1783.

= C. caurica, Linn.
Corrugata (Trivia), Pse. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 95, pi.

11, f. 14, 15, 1868. = T. exigua, Gray, . . . .202
Costata (Trivia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3418, 1790, . . 199
Costispunctata (Trivia \ Gask. MSS. Sowb. Thes. Cyp.,

No. 148, f. 452, 453, 1870, 202

Coxeni (Cypraea), Cox. Zool. Proc., p. 568, pi. 48, f. 10,

1873, 190

Coxi (Cypraea), Brazier. Zool. Proc., p. 617, pi. 44, f. 3,

1872, 184

Crassa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1788.

= C. carneola, Linn.
Crebricostata (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Cyp., p. 51, 1870.

= T. formosa, Gask.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 2l3

PAGE.

Cribellum (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 22, 1849, . . 190
Cnbraria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool., France, ix, p. 94, 1884, 161
Cnbraria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1178, 1767, . . 190
Crossei (Cypwea), Marie. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p. 16, pi.

l,f. 3, 1869. = C, stolida, Linn 171

Cruenta (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790, . . 171
Cumingi (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., No. 41, 1832, 191
Cylindrica (Gypraea), Born. Mus., p. 184, pi. 8, f. 10, 1780, 170
Cylindrica (Cyppea), Wood. Cat., pi. 17, f. 17, 1828.

= C. tabescens, Sol.

Cypraea, Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1172, 1767, . . . 159, 160
Cyprreacea (Fam.j, Troschel. Gebiss, i, p. 201, 1863, . 159

Cypraedia, Swn. Malac., p. 325, 1840.

= Luponia, Gray, . 161, 162

Cypraeidae (Fam.), 153

Cypraeinse (Sub-Fam.), Swn. Malac., 324, 1840.
Cypraeorbis (Sub-Gen.), Conrad. Amer. Jour. Conch., i, p.

31,1865 (Fossil), 162

Cypraeovula, Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 75, 1824, 159. 161, 163, 196
Cypriarius, Dumesil. Zool. Anal., p. 166, 1806.

= Cypraea, Linn.

Dama (Cypraea), Humph. Gal. Cat., No. 118, 1779.

= C. vitellus, Linn.
Dama (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 3, 1811.

= C. nivosa, Brod.
Decipiens (Cypraea), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 482, pi.

48, f. 8, 1880, 176

Declivis (Cypra?a), Sowb. Thes Conch. Cy'p., No. 103, f.

287, 328*, 329*, 1870, .... . 189

Dentex (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 116, 1779.

= C. canrica, Linn.
Depauperata (Trivia), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 130, f. 49, 1837.

= T. Californica, Gray, . . . . . . .202

Derosa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3416, 1790.

= C. caurica, Linn.
Derosa (Cypraea), Risso. Hist. Nat, de 1'Europe Merid.,

iv, p. 238. = C. helvola, Linn.
Diaphana (Bulla), Montagu. Test. Brit., p. 205, t. 7, 1. 8,

1808. = T. Europaea, Mont. . . .205

Diluculum (Cypraea), Rve. Icon., pi. 14, sp. 65, 1845.

= C. undata, Lam.
Dracaena (Cypraja), Born. Mus., p. 189, 1780.

= C. caurica, Linn.
Dubia (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3405.

= C. exanthema, Linn.

214 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Eburnea (Cypraea), Barnes. Ann. Lye. N. H., i, p. 133, pi. 9,

f. 2, 1824 .192

Eburnea (Cypraea\ Konig. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 72, 1828.

= C. cinerea (Fossil).

Edentula (Cyprsea), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 102, f. 26*, 1837, . 196
Eglantina (Cypraea), Duel. Guer. Mag., p. 28, 1833.
"= C. arabica, Linn. . . . . . . . .174

Eglantina (Cyprsea), Sowb. (as of Duclos). = C. niger,

Roberts. = C. arabica, ....... 174

Elongata (Cypraea), Perry. Coneh., pi. 22, f. 5, 1811.

= C. caurica, Linn.
Epona, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Mollusca, i, p.

269, 1858, . 163, 197

Erato, Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826. Now referred to

Marginellidae, 162

Erosa (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat, p. 1179, 1767, . . 192
Erosaria, Trosch. Gebiss i, p. 210, 1863.

= Aricia, Gray, 160, 161

Erronea, Trosch. Gebiss i, p. 210, 1863.

= Aricia, Gray, 160, 161

Erronea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790.

= C. errones, Linn.

Errones (Cypraea), Linn, Syst. Nat., p. 1178, 1767, . .183
Erythraea, Barrelier. Icon., 1714. = Cyprasa, Linn.
Erythraeensis (Cypraea), Beck MSS. Reeve, Icon., pi. 14,

sp. 63, 1845, ! 172

Esontropia (Cypraea), Duel. Mag. Zool., p. 26, 1833, . 190

Ethnographica (Monetaria), Rocheb. Bull. Soc. Malac.

France, p. 78, pi. 1, f. 2, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . 178
Europaea (Trivia), Montagu. Test. Brit. Supp., p. 88,

1808, 154, 205

Exanthema (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1172, 1767, . 164
Exigua (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 202
Eximia (Cypraea), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 124, 1849. Fossil.

Close to C. umbilicata, Sowb.
Exusta (Cypraea), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 25, f. 2*, 1837, . .167

Fabula (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 97, pi. 54, f. 3.

= C. felina, Gmel .169

Fallax (Cypraea), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 5th series,

viii, p. 441. = C. cribraria, Linn. . . . . '190
Fasciata (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, pi. 144, f. 1334,

1788. = C. stercoraria, Linn.
Fasciata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 9, 1811.

= C. erosa, Linn.
Felina (Cypraea). Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790, . . 169

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 215

PAGB.

Feminea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3409, 1790.

= C. tigris, Linn.
Ferruginea (Cypraea), Humph. Gal. Cat., No. 1.13, 1779.

= C. stolida, Linn.
Femigiiiosa (Cypraea), Combes' MSS. Zool. Jour., i, 385,

1824. = C. errones, Linn.
FuiTuginosa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst, Nat., p. 3403, 1790.

= C. erosa, Linn.
Ferruginosa (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 37, pi. 56, f. 3.

— C. Sowerbyi, Kien 185

Fimbriata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790, . 168
Fimbriatula (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Gyp., No. 138,

f. 518, 1870. = C. semiplota, Mighels 195

Flammea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3408, 1790.

= C. tigris, Linn.
Fhiveola (Cypraea), Born, (non Linn.). Mus., p. 190, 1778.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.
Flaveola (Cypraea), Lam. (non Linn.). An. sans Vert., vii,

p. 394, 1822. = C. spurca, Linn.

Flaveola (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1179, 1767, . . 195
Formosa i Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p 198,1835, . .204
Fragilis (Cypraea), Born. Mus., p. 179, pi. 8, f. 6, 1780.

= C. Mauri tiana, Linn.
Fragilis (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat, 1175, 1767.

= C. Arabica, jr., Linn. .
Friend i (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cvp., p. 5, 1832.

= C. Scotti, Brod.
Fuliginosa (Cypraea), Perry, Conch., pi. 22, f. 1.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.
Fulva (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p 3413, 1790.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.

Fusca (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 203
Fusco-dentata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 499, 1824, 189
Fuscomaculata (Cypraea), Graj- MSS. (non Pease). Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp., No. 90, f. 372, 373, 1870.

= C. Adelinae, Roberts 168

Fuscomaculata (Cypraea), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 515, 1865, . 168

Gangraenosa (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dilw. Cat., i, p. 465, 1817, 195
Gaskoinia, Roberts. Cat. Porcellanidae, p. 201, Amer. Jour.

Conch., v, 1869, 161,163, 196

Gnskoini (Cypraea), Reeve. Zool. Proc.. p. 23, 1846, . . 191
Gaskoini (Trivia), Roberts. Cat. Porcellanidae, p. 20(5, Am.

Jour. Conch., v, 1869. = T. sulcata. Gask.
Gemmosa (Cypr^a), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 5, 1811.

= C. nucleus, Linn

216 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Gemmula (Trivia), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 27, 1845.

= T. exigua, Gray, . . . ... .202

Gemmula (Cypraea/, Weink. M. Ch. ed., ii, pi. 1C, f. 1, 9,

1881, . .175

Gibba (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790.

= C. stercoraria, Linn.

Gisortia, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 88, 1884, 160
Globosa (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 14, 1832, . 200
Globuli (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit, pi. 39, f. L, 1705.

= C. globulus, Linn.

Globulus (Cypnea), Linn.- Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . . 198
Goodali (Cyprsea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 10, 1832, . 108
Gracilis (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 93, 1848, . .188
Grando (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 96, 1848, . . 200
Grando (Trivia), Duel. Potiez, Gal. des Moll., i, p. 481,

1838. Fossil. Probably grando, Gask.
Granulata (Cypraea), Pse. ' Zool. Proc., p. 278, 1862.

= C. Madagascariensis, Gmel. . . . . . .197

Granulata (Cypnea), Humph. Cal. Cat., p. 105, 1779.

= C. staphylsea, Linn.
Grayi (Cyprsea), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 20, pi. 26, f. 3.

= C. physis, Brocchi.
Gnimmulus (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 112, 1779.

= C. stercoraria, Linn.
Guttata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3402, reference to

Mart. Conch., i, pi. 25, f. 252, 253. = C. guttata, Gray.
Guttata (Cyprsea), Gmel., p. 3402, reference to Lister, pi.

676, f. 23. = C. tigris, Linn.

Guttata (Cypraea), Gray, Zool. Jour., i, p. 511, 1824, 157, 191
Guttata (Cyprsea), Lam. (non Gray). Ann. du Mus., xv, p.

453, 1810. == C. pantherimi, Sol.
Guttata (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. A,

1705. = C. tigris, Linn.

Hamyi (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p.

88, t. 2, f. 5, 1884. = C. annulus, Linn 179

Harmandiana (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac.

France, p. 90, t. 2, f. 4. = C. annulus, Linn. . . 179

Helena (Cyprsea), Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 250,

pi. 15, f. 7, 10, 1868.

= C. flaveola, Linn., var. labrolineata, Gask. . . .195
Helvola (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 194
Hirundo (Cyprsea). Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767, . . 169
Histrio (Cypraea), Meusch. Mus. Gevers, p. 404, 1787, . 175
Hordacea (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 149, pi. 54, f. 5.

= T. insecta, Mighels, 200

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. , 217

Humphreys! (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 480, 1824.
= C. lutea, Gronov ......... 187

Icterina (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 387, 1822.

= C. moneta, Linn. ........ 178

Indica (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p 3412, 1790.

= C. scurra, Chemn,
Ingloria (Cypraea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xxvi, p. 166,

pi. 3, f. 2, 1878. = C. bicallosa. Gray, . . . .193
Insecta (Trivia), Mighels. Proc. Boat. Soo., ii, p. 24, 1845, 200
Intermedia (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 77, 1824.

== C. reticulata, Mart. . . . . . .175

Intermedia (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Yiv., pi. 54, f. 1.

= T. scabriuscula, Gray = T. oryza, Lam.

Interrupta (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 376, 1824, . 167
Interstincta, (Cypraea), Wood. Index Supp., pi. 3, f. 9, 1828.

= C. staphylaea, Linn ........ 196

Ipsa, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 97, 1884, . 161
Irescens (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Gyp. Index, 1870.

= C. macula, Ad.
Irina (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 35, pi. 56, f. 2.

= C. ni^ropunctata, Gray.

Irrorata (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 80, 1828, 167
Isabella (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 165
Isabella Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 39, f. G, 1705.

= C. Isabella, Linn.

Jemieria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 98, 1884, 161
Jenningsia (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f, 4, 1811.
= C. guttata, Gray.

Kiinthi (Cypraea^, Audouin. Savigny, Desc. de 1'Egypt, ed.
ii, vol. 22, p. 190, pi. 6, f. 27, 1828. =-C, lurida, Linn.

Labiolineata (Cypraea), Sowb. (as of Gask.). Thes. Conch.

Gyp., f. 231, 1870. == C. gangraenosa, Sol.
Labiosa (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 202, 1835.

= T. pediculus, Linn ..... . 201

Labrolineata (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 97, 1848.

= C. flaveola, Linn. . . . . . • .195

Lacrymalis (Cypraea), Menke. Synop., p. 83, 1828.

= Trivia pulex, Sol.
Lactea (Cypraea), Wood. Supp., pi. 3, f. 2. 1838.

= C. eburnea, Barnes.
Lamarcki (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 506, 1824, . 192

15

218 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Lathyrus (Cypraea), Dufr. Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii,

p. 25, 1826. = C. sanguinea, Gray, 203

Lentiginosa (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 489, pi. 7,

12, f. 1, 1824, 186

Leopardalis (Cypraea), Humph. Cat. Call. No. 130, 1179.

= C. tigris, Linn.
Leucodon (Cypraea), Brod. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 163, pi. 6,

1828, . . .181

Leucogaster (Cypmea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790.

= C. lurida, Linn.
Leucopis (Cypraea), Shaw. Misc., xv, pi. 619.

== C. exanthema, Linn.

Leucostoma (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p, 25, 1843, . 177
Leiicostoina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790.

= C. lynx, Linn.
Lienardi (Cypraea), Jouss. Revue et Mag. Zool., p. 11, pi.

1, f. 1, 2, 1874. — C. cicercula, Linn 198

Limacina (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 400, 1822.

= C. staphylaea, Linn 197

Lineata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790.

= C. ziczac, Linn.

Listeri (Cypnea), Gray. Zool Jour., i, p. 507, 1824, . . 193
Livida (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.
Lrebbeckiana (Cypraea), Weink. M. Oh., ii, p. 82, pi. 24, f. 2,

3,1881. == C. carneola, Linn 166

Lota (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1759.

= C. spurca, Linn.

Luponia, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 12, 1832, 159, 160, 163, 180
Luria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 92, 1884, . 161
Lurida (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1767, . . 165
Lutea (Cypraea), Gronov. Zoophylac. fasc., 3, pi. 19, f. 17,

1781, 187

Lyncina, Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 208, 1863.

= Cypraea, Linn. . . . . . . . .160

Lynx (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . 183

Macandrei (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 129*,

f. 537, 538, 1870, 191

Macula (Cypraea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 206, 1867, . . 169
Maculata (Cypraea), Barnes. Ann. Lye. N. H., i, p. 132, 1824.

= C. reticulata, Marty n.
Maculata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 389, 1824.

= C. zonata, Chem.
Maculata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 5, 1811.

= C. angustata, Gray.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 219

PAGE.

Maculosa (Cypraea), Grnel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.
Madagascariensis (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3419,

1790, . . 197

Mandolina, Bayle MSS. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p.

89, 1884, . 160

Mappa (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173, 1767, . . 174
Margarita (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 87, 1828, 191
Marginata (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 91, 1848, . . 176
Marmorata (Cyprsea), Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii, p. 26,

1826. = C. carneola, Linn.

Maugeri (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 13, 1832, . 203
Mauritia, Troschel. Gebiss, i, p. 208, 1863.

= Cyprsea, Linn. . . . . . . . .160

Mauritiana (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . 173
Mauxiena, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89, 1884, 160
Mediterranea (Trivia), Risso. Eur. Merid., p. 239, 1826.

= T. Europaea, Mont. ... . 205

Melanostoma (Cypraea), Leathes. Tank. Cat. App., p. 31,

1825. = C. camelopardalis, Perry.
Menkeana (Cypraea), Desk. Conch. I. Reunion, p. 139, pi.

13, f. 21, 2-2, 1863. = C. Oweni, Sowb 169

Mercatorium (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac.

France, p. 80, pi. 1, f. 3, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. .178
Miciodon (Cypra-a), Gray. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 71, 1828, . 169
Miliaris (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790, . . 192
Minima (Cypraea), Dunker. Index Moll., p. 30, pi. 4, f. 5,

6, 1853. = C. lurida, Linn.
Misella (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 6, 1811.

= C. ziczac, Linn.
Modesta (Cyprsea), H. Owen. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 512;

1870. = C. Menkeana, Desh. = C. Oweni, Sowb.
Moneta (Cyprasa). Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1178, 1767, . 155, 177
Monetaria (Subgenus), Troschel. Gebiss, i, p. 212, 1863.

= Aricia, Gray, 160, 161

Moniliaris (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Yert.,vii, p. 396, 1822.

= C. clandestina, Linn.
Montosa (Porcellana), Humph. Amb. Rarit., p. 114, pi. 38,

f. B, 1705. — C. mappa, Linn.
Morbillosa (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Dillw., Cat., p. 461. 1817.

= C. cruenta, Gmel.
Multilirata (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 427, 428,

521,522,1870. = T. formosa, Gask 204

Mus (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . 177

Napolina (Trivia), Duel. Coq. Viv., p. 144, pi. 53, f. 3, . 206
Naria, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 12, 1832, . r . . 159, 161

220 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Nebulosa (Cypreeft), Gmel. (non Kiener). Syst. Nat., p.

3413, 1790.' — C. stercoraria, Linn.
Nebulosa (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 63, pi. 32, f. 3.

= C. zonata, Chem. . 186

Nebulosa (Cypraea), Sowb. (as of Kien.). Thes. Conch.

Gyp., f. 354, 355, 1870.

= C. Petitiana, Crosse and F. = C. pyrum, Gmel., var.
Neglecta (Cypraea), Sowb. Conch. 111., sp. 66, f. 12*, 1837, 170
Niger (Cypraea), Roberts = C. eglantina, Sowb. (non

Duclos^Thes. Conch.,f. 282,283,1870. = C.arabica,Linn., 174
Nigricans (Cypraea), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch., p. 220,

pi. 8, f. 5, pi. 9, f. 3, 1875. = C. mappa, Linn. . 174

Nigropunctata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 81, 1828, 185
Nivea (Cypraea), Gray (non Sol.). Zool. Jour., i, p. 420,

511, 1824. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 98, 1848.

= C. turdus, Lam 199

Nivea (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 199
Nivea (Cypraea), Mawe. Wood, Index Suppl., f. 12, 1828.

= C. lutea, Gronov.
Nivea (Cyprsea), Sol. Dillw. Cat, i, p. 466, 1817.

= Trivia nivea, Gray.
Niveria (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p.

100, 1884, .... 161

Nivosa (Cypraea), Brod. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 84, pi. 4, f. 1,

1827, 182

Norvegica (Trivia), Sars. = T. Europaea, Mont. . . 205
Notata (Cypraea), Gill. Ann. Lye. N. H., vi, p. 255, pi. 9,

f. 1-3, 1858. == C. macula, Ad.
Noumeensis (Cypraea), Marie. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p. 18,

pi. 2, f. 6, 1869. = C. annulus, Linn 178

Nuclearia (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix,

p. 98, 1884, 161

Nucleus (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . . 197
Nymphaea (Cyprrea), Duel. ? = C. onyx, Linn.

Oblonga (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3416, 1790.

= C. errones, Linn.
Obscura (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 94, 1848.

= T. napolina, Duel 206

Obscura (Cypraea), Rossiter. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.,

p. 821, 1881. = C. caurica. Linn 171

Obtusa (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 1, 1811.

= C. pantherina, Sol.

Obvelata (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 401, 1822, 179
Ocellaria (Section), Weink. Jahrb. Malak., 1881, . . 160
Ocellata (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . .193

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 221

PAGE.

Ochroleuca (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413.

= Ovulum verrucosum, Linn.
Oculata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790.

= C. cervus, Linn.
Olivacea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3408, 1790.

= C. stercoraria, Linn.
Olivacea (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 392, 1822.

= C. errones, Linn.
Olorina (Cypraea), Duel. Zool. Proc., 1835, p. 201.

= Trivia candidula, Gask. . .... . . 203

Oniscus (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 103, 1810, . 198
Onyx (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 183
Oryza (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 104, 1810, . 200
Otaheitensis (Cypraea), Sch. et Wag., p. 108, pi. 228, f.

4029-30, 1829. = C. carneola, Linn.
Ovata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3405, 1790.

= C. errones, Linn.
Ovata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 21, f. 3, 1811.

= C. turdus, Lam.

Ovulata (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 398, 1822, . 199
Ovum (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, L790.

= C. errones, Linn.
Oweni (Cypraea), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 64, f. 12**, 1837, . 169

Pacifica (Trivia), Gray. Desc, Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . 201
Pallida (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 287, 1824, . . 184
Pallidula (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 97, 1848.

= C. quadrimaculata, Gray, 167

Pantherina (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 449, 1817, 181
Pardalina (Cypraea), Dunker. Zeit. fur Malak., p. 126, 1852.

Probably C. turdus, Lam., var.
Pardalis (Cypraea), Shaw. Nat. Misc., vi, pi. 193.

= C. tigris, Linn.
Parvula (Cypraea), Philippi. Zeit. fur Malak., p. 24, 1849.

Unidentified 207

Pancilirata (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 175*, f.

502,526, 1870, ". 201

Peasei (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 113, f.

167, 168, 1870. = C. esontropia, Duel. . . . ,191
Pediculus (Trivia), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 201
Pediculus (Trivia), Linn, (in part). Syst. Nat., p. 1180,

1767. = T. oryza, Lam.
Pediculus (Trivia), Mont. Test. Brit., i, p. 200, 1803.

= T. Europaea. Mont.
Pediculus (Cypraea), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 39, f. P,

1705. =s Trivia oryza, Lam.

222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Pellucidula (Trivia;, Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1846, . . 204
Peribolus, Adans. Moll. Hist. Nat. Senegal, 1757.

= Cypraea, Linn.
Perrieri (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p.

92, t. 2,f. 6. = C. annulus, Linn. ...... 179

Petitiana (Cypraea), Crosse and F. Jour, de Conch., xx, p.

213, 1872. = C. pyrum, Gmel 183

Physis (Cypraea), Brocchi (in aet. foss.). Conch, foss.

Subapp., ii, p. 284, pi. 2, f. 3, 1814, 183

Picta (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 389, pi. 7, 12, f.

10, 1824, . . , . . .• . . .186

Picturata (Trivia), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 49, 1877.

= T. pediculus, Linn.
Pilula (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 151, pi. 54, f. 2.

= T. globosa, Gray, .200

Piperita (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., i, p. 498, 1824, 189
Pisum (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 24, 1846, . . .203
Pleuronectes (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull, de Soc. Malac.

France, p. 85, t. 1, f. 5, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . '. 178
Plumaria (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull, de Soc. Malac.

France, p. 87, t. 2, f. 2, 1884. == C. moneta, Linn. . . 178
Plumbea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790.

= C, exanthema, Linn.
Polita (Cypraea), Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 70, pi.

15, f. 1-3, 1868, 194

Ponda, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 95, 1884, . 161
Poraria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 193
Poraria (Cypraea), Mart, (non Linn.) Conch., i, p. 394, pi.

30, f. 324, 325, 1768. = C. gangrsenosa, Sol.
Porcellana, Klein. Tenta. Cochel., p. 83, 1753.

= Cypraea, Linn 161

Porcellanidae (Family), Roberts. Catalogue in Am. Jour.

Conch., v, 1869. = Cypraeidae, Linn.
Porcellus (Cypraea), Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., ii, p. 283,

t. 2, f. 2, 1814. = C. pyrum., Gmel., fossil, . . .183
Princeps (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 75, 1824, . 180
Producta (Trivia), Gask; Zool. Proc., 1835, p. 200, 1848, . 204
Pseudo-cassis (Genus), Pictet. Pal. Suisse, ser. iii, pt. 2,

361, 1863, 162

Pulchella (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 143, 1824.

= C. pulchra, Gray, ibid, p. 380, 165

Pulchella (Cypraea), Swn. Phil. Mag., Ixi, p. 376, 1823, . 184
Pulchra (Cyprgea), Gray. Zool. Jour.,i, p. 380, pi. 7, 12, f. 9, 165
Pulex (Trivia), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 368, 1827, . 206
Pulicaria (Cypraea), Reeve. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1846, . . 189
Pulla (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., 1846., p. 24; 1848, p. 97, 206

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 223

Pulla (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790.

= C. onyx, Linn.
Pnllata (Trivia), H. Owen MSS. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp.

Index, f. 446, 447, 1870. = T. suffusa, Gray, . . .201
Punctata (Cypraea), Linn. Mantissa, p. 548, 1771, . . 188
Punctulata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 387, 1824,. . 18G
Punctulata .(Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. C3rlindrica, Linn.
Purpurascens (Cypraea), Swn. Phil. Mag.,lxi, p. 376, 1823.

= C. sanguinolenta, Gmel.
Purpurascens (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.
Purpurata (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 445, 1817.

= C. sanguinolenta, Gmel.
Pusilla (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790.

= C. clandestina, Linn.

Pustularia, Swainson. Malacology, p. 324, 1840, 159,161,163, 196
Pustulata (Cyprae), Lam. An. du Mus., xv, p. 101, 1810, . 197
Pusiila, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 99, 1884, . 161
Pyriformis (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 371, 1824, . 184
Pyriformis (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 284,

1880. = C. turdus, Lam 192

Pyrula (Cypraea), Mich, (non Lam.). Fossil. Mioc. It. Sept.,

p, 329. = C. physis, Broc., fossil, . . . . . 183
Pyrum (Cypra3a), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790, . . 183

Quadrimaculata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 376, 1824, 167
Quadripunctata (Trivia), Gray? Zool. Jour., iii, p. 368, 1827, 201

Radians (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 402, 1822, . 202
Rattus (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 380, 1822.

= C. stercoraria, Linn. ..... . 176

Reentsi (Cypraea), Dkr. Menke and Pfr., 1852, p. 189, and

Nov. Conch., pi. 9, f. 3, 4, 1858. = C. gangraenosa, Sol., 196
Reevei (Cypraea), Gray. C. 111., sp. 15*, f. 52, 1837, . . 166
Regina (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, p. 101, 1788.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.
Regina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3406, 1790.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.

Reticulata (Cypnea), Martyn. Univ. C., pi. 15, 1782, . 174
Reticulum (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3407, 1790.

= C. caput-serpentis, Linn.
Rhinoceros (Cypraea), Souv. Jour, de Conch., p. 156, pi. 5,

f. 1, 1865. = C. interrupta, Gray, . . . . . .167

Rosea (Trivia), Duel. Potiez, Gall, des Moll., p. 477, 1838.

= T. Australis, Lam.

224 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Rosea (Cypraea), Wood. Index Supp., pi. 3, f. 15, 1828.

= Trivia costata, Gmel 199

Rota (Trivia), Weink. M. Ch., ii, t. 38, f. 13, 16, 1881.

= T. radians, Lam 202

Rotunda (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 141, pi. 53, f. 2.

= T. quadripimctata, Gray, . . . . . . 202

Rubescens (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Proc., p. 185, 1832, . . 204
Rubiginosa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790.

= C. stolida, Linn.

Rubinicolor (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 200, 1835, . 204
Rufa (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 388, 1822.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.
Rufescens (Cypraaa), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.

Salita (Porcellana), Rumph. Arab. Rarit., pi. 38, f. L, 1705.

= C. vitellus, Linn.
Sandwichensis (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Gyp. Index, 1870.

= T. scabriascula, Gray.

Sanguinea (Trivia), Gray. Pesc. Cat. Gyp., p. 14, 1832, . 203
Sanguinolenta (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3406, J790, 186
Saulse (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1843, . . 188
Scabiosa '(Cypraea), Humph. Cat. Call., No. 103, 1779.

= C. gangraenosa, Sol.
Scabriuscula (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 364, 1827.

== T. oryza, Lam. . . . . . . .200

Scabriuscula (Trivia), Kien. (non Gray). Coq. Viv., pi. 43,

f. 3. = T. nivea, Gray, 200

Scottii (Cypraea), Brod. Zool. Jour., v, p. 330, pi. 14, 1831, 176
Scurra (Cyprsea), Chemn. Conch. Cab , x, p. 103, pi. 144,

f. 1338,1788, .165

Semiplota (Cypraea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 24,

1848, .... . .194

Siciliana (Cypraea), Salis. Reisen Neapol., i, p. 364, 1793.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.

Similis (Cypraea). Gray. Zool. Miscel., p. 36, . . .189
Similis (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790.

= C. erosa, Linn.
Smithi (Cypraea), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 1881, p. 638, pi. 56,

f. 8. = C. pyriformis, Gray, 184

Solandri (Trivia). Gray. C. 111., sp. 128, f. 43, 1837, . . 202
Sophias (Cypraea), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i,

p. 7, 1875, . .184

Sordida (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 387, 1822.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.
Sowerbyi (Cypraaa), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 38, pi. 7, f. 3, . 185

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 225

PAGE.

Sowerbyi (Cypraea), Anton. Yerzeich. der Conch., p. 97,

1839. = C. carncola. Linn.
Sowerbyi (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 9, 1832.

= C. neglecta, Sowb.

k Spadicea (Cypraea), Swn. Phil. Mag., bri, p. 876, 1823, .182
Spadix (Cypraea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 25, 1848.

= C. semiplota, Mighels, ....... 194

Sphaerieulata (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., No. 14, 1810.

=i T. Europaea, Mont., fossil, ...... 205

Sphaerula (Trivia), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 24, 1848.

= T. erlobosa, Gray, . 200

Spurca (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767, . . 195
Spurca (Cypraea), Linn., var. flaveola, Sowb. Thes. C3Tp.,

f. 121, 1870. = C. Cernica, Sowb., pars.
Squalina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790.

= C. l}'nx, Linn.
Staphylaea, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 96,

1884, 161

Staphyhea (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . 196
Stellata, (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 2, 1811.

= C. erosa, Linn.
Stellata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790.

= C. cinerea, Gmel.
Stellata (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 107, 1779.

= C. helvola, Linn.

Stercoraria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174, 1767, . 175
Stercus-ranscarum (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p.

396, 1822. = C. pimctata, Linn 188

Stolida, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 94, 1884, 161
Stolida (Cypraea ^, Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3416, 1790.

= C. caurica, Linn.

Stolida (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767. . . 171
Striata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790.

Probably C. Staphylaea, Linn.
Subcylindrica (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 21,

f. 269, 270, 1870. = C. cylindrica, Born. . . .170
Subflava (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790.

= C. errones, Linn.
Subfuscula (Cypraea), Marty n. Univ. Conch., pi. 96, 1782.

= C. vitellus, Linn.

Subrostrata (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 363, 1827, . 203
Subrostrata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 369, 1824.

Fossil, undetermined.
Subteres (Cypraea), Weink. M. Ch., ii, pi. 8, f. 4 ; pi. 13, f.

1,4,1881. = C. teres, Gmel .170

Subviridis (Cypnea), Rve. Icon., pi. 12, sp. 48, 1845, . 184

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Succincta (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767.

= C. onyx, Linn.

Suffusa (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 16, 1832, . . 201
Sulcata (Trivia), Dillw. (non Gask.). Cat., i, p. 466, 1817.

= T. pediculus, Linn.

Sulcata (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 95, 1848, . . 199
Sulcidentata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 148, 1824, . 172
Sulcocypraea, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, p. 31, 1865.

= Cypraeovula, Gray, 162

Surinamensis, (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 4, 1811.

= C. nebulosa, Kien. = C. zonata, Chem.

Tabescens (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i. p. 463, 1817, 170
Talpa (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 135, 1779.

= C. testudinaria, Linn.

Talpa (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174, 1767, . . 167
Talpa (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. i, 1705.

= C. talpa, Linn.

Talparia, Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 206, 1863, . . . .160
Teres (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3405, 1790, . . 170
Teres (Cypraea), Wood. Index (Hanley's ed.), f. 1?, 1856.

Unidentified.
Tessellata, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 97,

1884, • .161

Tessellata (Cypraea), Swn. Zool. Jour., i, p. 150, 1824, . 173
Testudinaria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173, 1767, . 165
Testudinoea (Cypnea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 7, 1811.

= C. testudinaria, Linn.
Thatcheri (Cypraea), Cox. Zool. Proc., 1869, p. 358, pi. 26,

f. 1. = C. venusta, Sowb. . . . . . .177

Thersites (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 90, 1848, . .176
Thomasi (Cyprsea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, p. 57, pi.

6, f. 3, 1865, 195

Tigrina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. tigris, Linn.
Tigrina (Cypraea), Lam. (non Gmel.). An. sans Vert., vii,

p. 383, 1822. = C. pantherina, Sol.

Tigris (Subgenus), Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 207, 1863, . .160
Tigris (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . 180
Translucens (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. cincrea, Gmel.
Tremeza (Trivia), Duel. Mag. de Zool., pi. 25, 1833.

= T. exigua, Gray, . . . . . . . .202

Tricornis (Cypraea), Jouss. Revue et Mag. Zool., p. 9, pi.

1, f. 3, 4, 1874. == C. cicercula, Linn 198

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 227

PAGE.

Trifasciata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3405, 1790.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.
Trigonella (Cypraea), Dufr. Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii, p.

25, 1826. Unidentified, 207

Triticea (Trivia), Dufr. Blainv., Diet., xliii, p. 25, 1826.

= T. costata, Gmel.
Trivia, Gray. Desc, Cat. Gyp., p. 13, 1832, 159, 161, 163, 198

Triviacea, troschel. Gebiss, i, 1863, 159

Triviella, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 99, 1884, 161
Trivirostra, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 100,

1884 161

Trizonata (Cyprsea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Gyp., No. 951, f.

361, 362, 1880. = C. punctata, Linn 188

Trona (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p.

89, 1884, . . 160

Turbinata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.
Turdus (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 392, 1822, 192

Umbilia, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 90, 1884, 160
Umbilicata (Cypraea), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 30, pi. 7,

1825, 157, 181

Undata (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 393, 1822, 187
Undulata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3406, 1790.

= C. Mauritiana, Linn.
Undulata (Cyprsea), Wood (non Gmel.). Supp., p. S7, pi.

17, f. 16, 1828. = C. ziczac, Linn.
Unifasciata (Cyprsea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 25,

1848. = C.'fimbriata, Gmel.
Ursellus (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790.

= C. felina, Gmel 169V

Ursellus (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 2, 1811.

= C. hirundo, Linn. (?)

Valentia (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 2, 1811.

= C. princeps, Gray.
Vanelli (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1767.

= C. lynx, Linn.
Variolse (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit, pi. 38, f. 0,

1705. = C. cruenta, Gmel.
Variolaria (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 387, 1822.

= C. cruenta, Gmel.
Variolosa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413.

= C. pyrum, Gmel.

Ventriculus (Cypraea), Lam. An. du Mus.,xvi, p. 452, 1810, 172
Venusta(Cypra3a),Sowb. Ann. Mag. N. H.,xix,p. 346, 1847, 176

228 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Yenusta (Cypr^aa), Gask. MSS. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp.,

p. 19, 1870. = C. venusta, Sowb.

Vesicuiaris (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 203, 1835, . 199
Vestimenti (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc.Malac. France,

p. 81, t. 1, f. 6, 1884. == C. raoneta, Linn. . . .178
Vinosa (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790.

= C. pantherina, Sol.

Vitellus (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . 182
Vitrea (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 95, 1848, . . .200
Vulgusella, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 90, 1884, 160

Walked (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat., p. 11, 1832, . . 185
Xanthodon (Cyprsea), Gray. Desc. Cat., p. 10, 1832, . . 186

Zebra (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174.

= C. exanthema, Linn.

Ziczac (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 187
Ziczac (Cyprsea), Dillw. (non Linn.). Wood Index (Hanley

ed.), f. 33, 1856. = < '. undata, Lam.

Zoila, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89, 1884, . 160
Zonaria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 92, 1884, 161
Zonaria (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3414, 1788.

= C. zonata, Chemn.
Zonata (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, pi. 145, f. 1342,

1788, . 186

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. PAOB.

1, 2. Oypraea Argus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., 14, 15, . 164

3. Cypraea cervinetta, Kien. (= exanthema). Icon., t. 6,

f. 2, • . 164

4, 5. Cypraea exanthema. Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 182, 183, 164

6, 7. Cypraea Isabella. Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp.,

f. 16, 17, . 165

8. Cypraea Clara, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp., f. 91*, 166

9, 10. Cypraea testudinaria, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 83, 84, 165

PLATE 2.

11, 12. Cypraea cervus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 89*,

90*, 164

13, 14. Cypraea cervinetta, Kien. (= exanthema, var.).

Icon., t. 6, f. 1, . 164

15, 16. Cyprsea cinerea, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., f. 92*, 93, . 166
17, 18. Cypneapulchra,Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 62, 63, 165
19, 20, 21. Cypraea scurra, Chem. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

-f. 53,54, 55, 165

PLATE 3.

22, 23. Cypraea lurida, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 64, 65, .165
24, 25. Cyprsea Reevei, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 40, 41, 166
26, 27,28. Cypraea carneola, Linn. Kien., Icon., t. 37, f. 3,

t. l,f. 2, . . .166

29, 30. Cypraea Loebbeckeana, Weinkauff (= carneola).

Kiister, t. 24, f. 2; 3, 166

31, 32,33. Cypraaa talpa, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 74, 75, 76, 167
34, 35. Cyprsea exusta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 77, 78, . 167
36, 37. Cypra3ainterrupta,Gray. Sowb., Thes., f.^71, 272, 167

(229)

230 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 4.

FIGURE. 0 PAGE.

38, 39. Cyprsea rhinoceros, Boav. (= interrupts). Jour.

de Conch., 1866, t. 5, f. 1, 167

40, 41. C37preea quadrimaculata, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 276, 277, 167

42. Cyprsea pallidula, Gask. (= quadrimaculata).' Sowb.,

Thes.,f. 275, 167

43, 44. Cyprsea Goodalli, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 309,

310, . . . . ' 168

45. Cyprsea Ow.eni, Sowb. Specimen, . . . .169

46, 47. Cyprsea Adelinse, Roberts (=fuscomaculata, Gray,

non Pease). Sowb., Thes., f. 372, 373, . . .168
48, 49. Cyprsea contaminata, Gray. Sowb., Thes., f. 331,

332, . 168

50, 51. Cypraea irrorata, Soland. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 304,

305, 167

52, 53. Cyprsea felina, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 392,

395, 169

54, 55. Cypraea ursellus, Gmel. (= felina). Kien., Icon.,

t. 33, f. 4, . . 169

•56, 57. Cyprsea hirundo, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 382, 383, 169

58. Cyprsea Menkeana, Desh. (= Oweni). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 333. ......... 169

59, 60. Cyprsea fabula, Kien. (= felina). Icon., t. 54, f. 3, 169
61, 62, 63. Cyprsea neglecta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375,

377,378, . .170

64, 65. Cyprsea chrysalis, Kien. Icon., t. 54, f. 4, . .172
66, 67. Cyprsea coffea, Sowb. (== neglecta). Thes. Conch.,

f. 359, 360, . 170

68. Cypraea Oweni, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 367, . 169

69, 70. Cyprsea Menkeana, Desh. (= Oweni). Conch. I.

Reunion, t. 13, f. 21, 22, 169

71, 72. Cyprsea macula, Adams. Sowb., Thes., f. 380, 381, 169

PLATE 5.

73. Cyprsea Menkeana, Desh. (= Oweni). Thes. Conch.,

f. 333. (Duplicated figure), 169

74, 75. Cyprsea microdon, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp.,

f. 385, 386, . .169

76, 77, 78. Cyprsea fimbriata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 389, 390, 391, 168

79, 80. Cypraea cylindrica, Born. Sowb., Thes., f. 266,267, 170
81. Cyprsea subcylindrica, Sowb. (= cylindrica). Thes.

Conch., f. 269, . . 170

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 231

FIGTJRB. PAGE.

82, 83, 84. Cypraea tabescens, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f, 261, 263, 2U4, . . . . . 170

85. Cypraea brevidentata, Sowb. (= stolida). Thes. Gyp.,

f. 326, Hi

86, 87. Cypraea teres,Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 259, 260, 170
88, 89, 90. Cypraea caurica, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 188/189, 191, 171

91, 92. Cypraea stolida, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 327,

328, . . .... 171

93, 94. Cypraea Erythraeensis, Beck. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 323, 324, . 172

PLATE 6.

95, 96. Cypraea ventricnlus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 3, 4, 172

97. Cypraea cruenta, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 187, . 171

98, 99, 100. Cypraea caput-serpentis, Linn. Sowb., Thes.,

f., 72, 73, 539, .173

1, 2. Cypraea, arenosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 9, 10, 172
3, 4. Cypraea sulcidentata, Gray. Sowb., Thes , f. 21, 22, 172
5, 6. Cypraea tessellata, Swn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 99, 100, 173

7. Cypraea Crossei, Marie (= stolida). Jour, de Conch.,

1869, t. 1, f. 3, 171

/ PLATE 7.

8. Cypraea Mauritiana, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 48, f. 2, 173

9. 10. Cypraea Mauritiana, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 51, 52, 173

11. Cypraea Mauritiana (jr.). Linn. Reeve, Icon.,f. 1 a, . 173

12, 13, 14. Cypraea mappa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 26,

27,28, 174

15, 16. Cypraea gemmula, Weink. Kiister, M. Ch., t. 16,

f. 1, . 175

PLATE 8.

17. Cypraea nigricans, Mont. (= mappa). Jour, de

Conch., 1875, t. 9, f. 3, 174

18,19. Cypraea Arabica, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 60, 61, 174

20. Cypraea intermedia, Gray (= reticulata), Sowb. Thes.

Cyp., f. 68 (full size) 175

21, 22. Cypraea reticulata. Mfirtyn. Thes. Conch., f. 66, 67, 174

23. Cypraea niger, Roberts (Arabica, var.). Thes. Conch.,

f. 282, .... .... 174

24. Cypraea eglantina, Duel. (= Arabica). Guer. Mag.,

1833, t. 28, 174

25. 26. Cypraea histrio, Meusch. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

57,58, 175

232 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 9.

FIGURE. PAGE.

27, 28. Cypraea stercoraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 97, 98, 175

29, 30. Cypraea Scotti, Brod. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 47, 48, 176
31,32. Cypraea thersites, Gask. .Thes. Conch., f. 49, 50, . 176
33, 34. Cypraea marginata, Gask. Thes. Conch., f. 45, 46, 176
35, 36. Cypraea arable ula, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 60 a, 6, . 175

PLATE 10.

37, 38. Cypraea leucostoma, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f

36,37, 177

39, 40. Cypraea decipiens, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 1880

t. 48, f. 8, 8 a, 176

41, 42. Cyprsea mus, Linn. Thes. Conch. Gyp., f. 29, 30, 177

43. Cypraea bicornis (?== mus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 321 177

44, 45. Cyprsea venusta, Sowb. Zool. Proc., 1869, t. 26

f. 1, 1 a, . .... . 176

46. Cyprsea moneta, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 245, . 177

PLATE 11.

47. Cypraea princeps, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 2, . 180

48. Cypraea aurantium, Martyn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 8, 180

49. 50. Cypraea tigris, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 12 a, 6, . 180
51,52. Cypraea moneta, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 246, 247, . 177
53, 54. Cyprsea Barthelemyi, Bern. (== moneta, Linn.).

Jour, de Conch., 1861, t. 1, f. 3, 4, . . . .178
55, 56. Cypraea obvelata, Lam. Sowb,, Thes. Gyp., f. 254,

255, 179

57. Cypraea annulus, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 48, f. 14, . 178
'58. Cypraea annulus (fry). Voy. Samarang, t. 5, f. 4 a, . 179

59. Cypraea Noumeensis, Marie (= annulus). Jour, de

Conch., 1869, t. 2, f. 6, 178

60, 61. Cypraea annulus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., 252,

253, 178

PLATE 12.

62, 63. Cypraea pantherina, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

69, 70, 181

64. Cypraea Broderipi, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 88, 182

65, 66. Cypraea umbilicata, Sowb. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f.

43, 44, 181

67, 68. Cypraea nivosa, Brod. Thes. Conch. Gyp., f.

89, 90, 182

69, 70. Cypraea leucodon^ Brod. Thes. Conch. Gyp., f.

19,*20 181

71. Cypraea Barclay!, Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1857, pi. 38, f. 4,6, 182

REFEEENCE TO PLATES. 233

PLATE 13.
FIGURE. PAGB.

72, 73. Cyprsea vitellus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 32, 33, 182
74, 75. Cypraea physis, Brocchi. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f.'

200, 201, . .183

76. Cyprsea camelopardalis,JPerry. Thes. Conch., f. 34, . 182

77. 79, 80, 81. Cypraea onyx. Linn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f.

208,212,211,209, .' 183

78. Cyprsea spadicea, Swn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 82, . 182

82. Cyprsea Barclayi, Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1857, pi. 38,

f. 4 a, . . . .182

83, 84. Cyprsea pyrum, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., f. 202, 203, . 183

85. Cyprsea Petitiana, C. and F. (= pyrum). Jour, de

Conch., t. 11, f. 6, 183

PLATE 14.

86, 87. Cyprsea lynx, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 86*, 87*, 183
80, 89, 7. Cyprsea errones, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

15fi, 157, 158, .183

90, 91. Cyprsea pallida, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 159,

160, .184

92, 93. Cyprsea pulchella, Swn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 148,

149, . . 184

94, 95. Cyprsea Smithi, Sowb. (= pyriformis, var.). Zool.

Proc., 1881, f. 8, 184

96, 97. Cyprsea Coxi, Braz. Zool. Proc., 1872, t. 44, f.

3, 3 a, . . 184

98. Cyprsea Caledonica, Crosse (== lynx, var.). Jour, de

Conch., 18S9, t. 1, f. 1, 183

99, 100. Cyprsea subviridis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 177, 178, 184

1,2. Cyprsea amabilis, Jouss. (=: Walked, var.), From

sketch by author, 185

3, 4. Cyprsea Sophise, Brazier. Specimen, . . . 184
5, 6. Cyprsea pyriformis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

145, 146, .184

PLATE 15.

8. Cyprsea tigris, Linn. Lingual dentition. Trosch.,

Gebiss, t. 17, f. 6, 153

9. Cyprsea Sowerbyi, Kien. Reeve, Icon., f. 40, . . 185

10. Cyprsea Walkeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 123, . 185

11. Cvpraea nebulosa, Kiener (= zonata, var.). Sowb.,

"Thes. Cyp.,f. 198, .186

12. 13. Cyprsea ziczac, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 135,

136, . 187

16

234 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGB.

14, 15. Cypraea Bregeriana, Crosse (= Walkeri, var.).

J. C., 18G9, t. l,f. 2, . 185

16,17. Cypraea sanguinolenta, Gmel. Sowb.,Thes. Conch.,

f. 194, 195, . 186

18, 19. Cypraea nigropunctata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Gyp.,

f. 94, 95, . . . . ' . . . ' . 185

20, 21. Cypraea lentiginosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

152, 153, ... 186

22, 23. Cyprsea zonata, Chem. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

126, 127, 186

24, 25. Cyprsea xanthodon, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

196, 197, 186

26, 27. Cypraea stercus-muscarum, Lam. (—punctata, var.).

Sowb., Thes., f. 364, 365, 188

28, 29. Cypraea punctulata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

154, 155, 186

30, 31. Cypraea picta, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp.,

f. 179, 180, 186

32. Cypraea trizonata, Sowb. (= punctata, var.). Thes.,

f. 361, . 188

PLATE 16.

33. Cypraea undata, Lara. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 131, . 187

34. Cypraea asellus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 207, . 187

35. 36. Cypraea lutea, Gronov. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

142, 143, 187

37, 38. Cypraea clandestina, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

139, 141, 187

39, 40. Cypraea Candida, Pease (= clandestina). Am.

Jour. Conch., iv, pi. 11, f. 12, 187

41, 42. Cypraea Saulae, Gask. Sowb., Thes., f. 85, 86, . 188
43, 44. Cypraea gracilis, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 315,

316, • . . * . .188

45, 46. Cypraea Comptoni, Gray (== angustata). Sowb.,

Thes., f. 294, 295, 188

47, 48. Cypraea angustata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

296,297, 188

49, 50. Cyprsea piperita, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 285,

286, 189

51, 52. Cyprsea punctata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 279,

280, 188

53. Cypraea declivis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 328*, . 189

54, 55. Cypraea fuscodentata, Gray. Sowb., Thes., f. 298,

299, 189

56, 57. Cypraea Algoensis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

311,312, 189

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 235

PIGTTRK. PAGE.

58. Cypraaa bicolor, Gask. (= piperita). Sowb., Thes. f.

289, 189

59, 60. Cypraea pulicaria, Rve. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 290,

291, . 189

61. Cypraea Artuffeli, Jouss-. (= clandestina, var.). Sowb.,

Thes., f. 327*, 188

62, 63. Cypraea similis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 300,

301, 189

PLATE It.

64, 65. Cypraea Coxeni, Cox. Zool. Proc., 1873, t. 48, f. 10, 190
66, 67. Cypraea cribellum, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 1&5,

166, . . .190

68. Cypraea Walkeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 125, . 185

69. Cypraea castanea, Higgins (= similis). Zool. Proc.,

1868, t. 14, f. 1, 190

70. Cypraea compta, Pease (= Cumingi, var.). Zool.

Proc., 1860, t. 51, f. 1, ... 191

71. 72. Cypraea cribraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

163, 164, 190

73, 74. Cypraea Gaskoini, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

352, 353, .191

75. Cypraea Peasei, Sowb. (= esontropia). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 167, 191

76, 77. Cypraea esontropia, Duel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

169, 170, . .190

78, 79. Cypraea Cumingi, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

349, 350, 191

80. Cyprsea miliaris, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 109, . 192

81, 82. Cypraea margarita, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 337,

338, 191

83,84. Cypraea guttata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

104, 105, 191

85. Cypraea eburnea, Barnes. Sowb., Thes. Conch. , f . 108, 192

86, 87". Cyprsea Becki/ Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 341,

342, 191

88, 89. Cypraea Macandrei, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp.,

f. 537, 538, 191

PLATE 18.

90, 100, 1. Cypraea erosa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. Ill,

112, 115, 192

91, Cypraea turdus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 128, . 192

92, 93. Cypraea ocellata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

102, 103, ' . -193

236 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

94, 95. Cypraea Listeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

241,242, . . .193

96, 97. Cypraea Lamarcki, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch.

Cyp., f. 106, 107, 192

98, 99. Cypraea albuginosa, Mawe. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f.

256, 257, 193

2, 3. Cypraea poraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 236,

237, 193

7. Cypraea Atibreyana, Jouss. (= bicallosa), (| natural

size). Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1869, t. 18, f. 1, . . 193
5, 6. Cypraea bicallosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

220, 221, . . 193

4. Cj'praea ingloria, Crosse (= bicallosa), full size. Jour.

de Conch., 1878, t. 3, f. 2 a, 193

PLATE 19.

8, 9. Cypraea helvola, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 214,

215, 194

10, 11. Cypraea citrina, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 218,-

219, . 194

12, 13. Cypraea polita, Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., 1868,

t. 15, f. 1,3, 194

14, 15. Cypraea Thomasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1865,

t. 6,f. 3, . . . 195

16, 17. Cypraea spurca, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f, 118,

119, 195

18, 19. Cypraea gangraenosa, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

234,235, 195

20, 21. Cypraea Helenae, Roberts (— labrolineata, Gask.

— 'flaveola). Am. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 15, f. 8, 9, 195

22. Cypraea flaveola, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 95, . . 195

23, 24. Cypraea Cernica, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp.,f. 239,

240, . 195

25, 26. Cypraea Boivini, Kien. (= gangraenosa, Sol.). Coq.

Yiv., t. 18, f. 2, . 196

27, 28. Cypraea Reentsi, Dunker (= gangraenosa). Novit.

Conch., f. 3, 196

29, 30. Cypraea (Gaskoinia) edentula, Sowb. Reeve, Icon.,

f. 85, . . 196

31. Cypraea Annae, Roberts (= semiplota). Amer. Jour.

Conch., 1868, t. 15, f. 4, 194

32, 33. Cypraea (Cypraeovula) Adamsoni, Gray. Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp., f. 401, 402, .... .196

34, 35. Cypraea (Cypraeovula) Capensis, Gray. Sowb.,

Thes. Conch., f. 306, 308, . . . . .196

36. C}^pra3a spadix, Mighels (= semiplota). Specimen, . 194

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 237

FIGURE. PAGE.

37. Cypraea semiplota, Mighels. Specimen, . . . 194

38. Cyprsea (Pustularia) granulata, Pease (= Madagas-

cariensis). Specimen, . . . . . .197

PLATE 20.

39. 40. Cypraea (Pustularia) staphylsea, Linn. Sowb.,

Thes., f. 228, 229, 196

41. Cypraea (Pustularia) staphylaea, Linn. Dentition.

Trosch., Gebiss, i,t. 17, f. 18, 153

42, 43, 44. Cypraea (Pustularia) interstincta, Wood (=

staphylsea). Sowb., Thes., f. 223, 224, 227, . . 196
45, 46. Cypraea (Pustularia) pustulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp.,f. 396,397, 197

47. Cyprsea fuscomaculata, Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch.,

1868, t. 11, f. 11, 168

48, 49. Cypraea (Pustularia) nucleus, Linn. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 399, 400, . .... 197

50, 51. Cypraea (Epona) annulata, Gray. Sowb., Thes.
• Cyp., f. 339, 340, ....... 197

52. Cypraea (Pustularia) pustulata, young shell. Sowb.

Thes. Conch., f. 398, . . 197

, 53, 54. Cypraea (Epona) Children!, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 403, 404, . . .... 198

55, 56. Cypraea (Epona) cicercula, Linn. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 345,346, 197

57, 58. Cypraea (Epona) Lienardi, Jouss. (= C. cicercula).

Mag. de Zool., 1874, t. 1, f. 1, 2, . . . .198
59, 60. Cypraea (Epona) globulus, Linn. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 347, 348 198

61, 62. Cypraea (Epona) tricornis, Jouss. (== C. cicercula).

Mag. de Zool., 1874, t. 1, f. 3, 4, . . . .198

63. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Montagu. Dentition.

Trosch., Gebiss, i, t. 18, f. 4.

64. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Montagu. Portion of jaw.

Trosch., Gebiss, i, t. 18, f. 3, ... .153

65. 66. Cypraea (Pustularia) Madagascariensis, Grael.

Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 406, 407, 197

PLATE 21.

67, 68. Cypraea (Trivia) oniscus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 416, 417, 198

69, 70. Cypraea (Trivia) ovulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 410, 411, . 199

71, 72. Cypraea (Trivia ) costata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 414,415, 199

238 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

73, 74. Cypraea (Trivia) vesicularis, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 412, 413, 199

75, 76. Cypraea (Trivia) sulcata, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 454, 455, 199

77, 78. Cypraea (Trivia) cicatrosa, Sowb. Thes. Monog.

Cyp., f 458,459, ... ... 199

79. Cvpraea (Trivia) scabriuscula, Gray (=oryza). Sowb.,

" Thes. Conch., f. 472, . . . . . . .200

80, 81. Cypraea (Trivia) nivea, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 468, 4(59, .199

82, 83. Cypraea (Trivia) oryza, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 474, 475, 200

84, 85. Cypraea (Trivia) insecta, Mighels. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 478, 479, 200

86, 87. Cypraea (Trivia) grando, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 470,471, 200

88, 89. Cypraea (Trivia) vitrea, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 456, 457, . . 200

90, 91. Cypraea (Trivia) brevissima, Sowb. Thes. Conch.

Cyp., f. 523, 524, 204

92, 93. Cypraea (Trivia) globosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp.. f. 466,467, . . 200

94, 95. Cypraea (Trivia) pediculus, Linn. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 429,431, ... .201

96. Cy praea (Trivia )cimex,H. Owen (= pediculus). Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp., f. 436, .201

97. Cypraea (Trivia) labiosa, Gask. (= pediculus). Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp., f. 435, . . 201

98. 99. Cypraea (Trivia) paucilirata, Sowb. Thes. Conch.

Cyp., f. 502, 526, . 201

100. Cypraea (Trivia) pullata, H. Owen (= suffusa). Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp., f. 446, . 201

1 , 2. Cypraea (Trivia; suffusa, Gray. Sowb,, Thes. Conch.,

f. 444, 445, . . 201

3, 4. Cypraea (Trivia) Pacifica, Gray. Sowb., Tbes. Cyp.,

f. '441,442, 201

PLATE 22.

5, 6. Cypraea (Trivia) quadripunctata, Gray. Sowb.,

Thes. Conch., f. 460, 461, .... .201

7, 8. Cypraea (Trivia) costis-punctata, Gask. Sowb.,

Thes. Cyp.. f. 452, 453, 202

9, 10. Cypraea (Trivia) exigua, Gray. Sowh., Thes.

Conch., f. 510,511, . . . . . . .202

11, 12. Cypraea (Trivia) rota, Weink. (= radians). Kiister,

M. Oh., t. 38, f. 13, 16, . . . . .202

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 239

FIOURB. PAGE.

13, 14. Cypraea (Trivia) radians, Lam. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 420, 422, 202

15. 16. Cypnea (Trivia) Solandri, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp.,f. 418,419, 202

17. Cyprsea (Trivia) corrugata, Pease (= exigna). Amer.

Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 11, f. 14, . . . . 202

18, 19. Cyprsea (Trivia) Californica, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 425,426, 202

20. Cypraea (Trivia) Californica, Gray. Animal. Am.

Naturalist, vi, p. 733, f 146, . ' . . . .202

21, 22. Cypraea (Trivia) sanguinea, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 483, 485, 203

23, 24. Cypraea (Trivia) Maugeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 450,451, 203

25, 26. Cypraea (Trivia) producta. Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 495,496, 204

27, 28. Cypraea (Trivia) rubinicolor, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 500,501, 204

29, 30. Cypraea (Trivia) pisum, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

448, 449, 203

31, 32. Cypraea (Trivia) pellucidula, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 498, 499, 204

33, 34. Cypraea (Trivia) caudidula, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 508, 509, 203

35, 36. Cypraea (Trivia) fusca, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 487, 488, . . 203

37. Cypraea (Trivia) depauperata, Sowb. (= Californica).

Thes. Cyp., f. 423, . . .202

38, 39. Cypraea (Trivia) subrostrata, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 480, 481, 203

PLATE 23.

40, 41. Cypraea (Trivia) affinis, Marratt. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 464, 465, . .... 204

42, 43. Cyprasa (Trivia) rubescens, Gray. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 506, 507, .204

44, 45. Cypraea (Trivia) formosa, Gask. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 518*, 519, .204

46, 47. Cypraea (Trivia) multilirata, Sowb. Sowb., Thes.

Cyp., f. 427,521, 204

48, 49. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Mont. Sowb., Thes. •

Cyp., f. 503,504, .205

50, 51. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Mont. (Young Shells).

Sowb., Thes., f. 527, 528, 205

52. Cypraea (Trivia) napolina, Duel. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 505, 206

240 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

53, 54. Cyprsea (Trivia) Australis, Lam. Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 439, 440, 206

55, 56. Cyprsea (Trivia) pulex, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 493, 494, 206

57, 58. Cypraea (Trivia) pulla, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,

f. 490, 491, . . . . . ' . . .206

59. Cypraea, caput-anguis, Phil., of authors (= C. caput-

serpentis). Specimen, . . . . . . 173

60, 61. Cyprsea (Monetaria) Harmandiana, Rochebr.

(= moneta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 1, . . 177.

62. Cyprsea ( Monetaria) icterina, Lam. (= moneta). Kiener,

Icon., t. 34, f. 3, . 178

63. Cypraea (Monetaria) ethnographica, Rochebr. (= mo-

neta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 2, . . .178

64. 65. Cypraea (Monetaria) atava, Rochebr. (= moneta).

Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 4, . . . .178

66, 67. Cyprsea (Monetaria) pleuronectes, Rochebr.

(== moneta \ Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 5, . . 178

68. Cyprsea (Monetaria) camelorum, Rochebr. (= moneta).

Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 7, . . . . 178

69. Cypraea (Monetaria) plumaria, Rochebr. (= moneta).

Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 2 178

70. Cypraea (Monetaria) Hamyi, Rochebr. (= annulus).

Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 5, . . . . 179

71. 72. Cypraea (Monetaria)Perrieri, Rochebr. (=annulus).

Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 6, . . . .179

Families Pedicular iidae and Omdidse.
FAMILY PEDIC ULARIID^E.

Shell small, limpet-like, irregular, with a short spire which
becomes concealed with the growth, the surface rad lately ribbed
when young ; mouth large and wide, subcanaliculated in front,
the lips irregular, simple in the adult, the inner one callously
excavated, no operculum.

Animal with small foot, mantle-margin thickened, not reflected
over the shell, siphon not produced, eyes sessile at the external
base of the tentacles. Dentition 3*1 *3, the central tooth sub-
quadrangular, multicuspidate, the laterals transverse, multi-
cuspidate, the marginals long and narrow, with three profound
digitations ; exterior to the marginals is a small supplementary
plate (PI. 1, fig. 1).

Young shells have the regular form of Trivia (to which the
dentition approximates), with a plicate columella and dentate
lip, but its parasitic habits (on polyps) cause subsequent irregular
growth, so that its relationships were for a long period very
uncertain. The dentition fixes its place between Cyprseidae and
Ovulidte.

Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson, 1840.

Characters, those of the family. Very few species are known,
but the geographical range of the genus is world-wide in warm
seas. Fossil, miocene of Sicily.

The subgenus Dentiora, Pease. 186'2, which is founded on a
shell three and a half millimetres in length, is probably a juvenile
Pedicularia ; it is said to be ovate, with subinflected lip, which
is lirate, the columella plane or excavated, ridged above, com-
pressed below and sharply dentate, the outer surface spirally
subgranosely striated. Thy re us, Phil., is a synonym of Pedicu-
laria.

FAMILY PEDIGULARIID^.

Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson, 1840.
P. SICULA, Swainson. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3.

Adult irregular, more or less compressed at the sides, having
a limpet-like appearance, and modified as to outline by the
surface upon which it lives ; the spiral lines of the young shell
17 (241)

'242 PEDICULARIA.

are usually persistent on a portion of the back of the adult;
whitish, tinged with brown within. Length, 10 mill.

Sicily, Isle of Hyeres, France ; on polyps.
Thyreus paradoxus, Phil., and probably Gadinia lateralis,
Requien, are synonyms.

P. CALIFORNICA, Newcomb. PL 1, fig. 4.

Depressly globose, crimson-colored, minutely transversely
striated, above rounded, below broadly rounded ; lip expanded,
semicircular; columella thick, dilated within, straight ; aperture
elongately subovate ; extremities broadly notched.

Length, 10 mill. Southern California, on coral.

P. JAPONICA, Dall. PI. 1, fig. 5. .

Elongated, sinuated ; whitish, irregularly suffused with rose-
pink, apex yellowish pink, interior darker, livid pink; exter-
nally rather coarsely grooved and striated ; apex somewhat
mammillated, vertex umbilicated ; columella straight, incon-
spicuous ; lateral margins much produced, concave, effuse,
extremities narrow, canaliculate. Length, -5 inch.

Niphon, Japan, 60 fms., on Gorgonia.

Is more coarsely striate than P. Pacifica, and umbilicated, also
differing in color. P. Californica is shorter and more globose,
with a thicker columella.

P. PACIFICA, Pease. PI. 1, figs. 6, 7.

Rather solid, oblong, much contracted in the middle, irregular
in shape ; radiately ornamented with elevated granulose striae,
decussated by concentric striae; apex straight, involute, im-
mersed ; wholly of either reddish, violet, purple or yellowish
color. Length, 8 mill. Ins. Apaian.

Smaller than the next species, the apex oblique and not con-
tracted in the middle.

P. ELEGANTISSIMA, Desh. PI. 1, figS. 8, 9.

Ovate oblong, very convex on the back, elegantly transversely
striate, apex umbilicate ; vivid violaceous. Length, 6 mill.

Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius.
P. Lienardi, Robillard, is a synonym.

P. DECUSSATA, Gould. (Unfigured). Off Coast of Georgia.

P. ALBIDA, Dall. (Unfigured). West Indies.

P. (DENTIORA) RUBIDA, Pease. (ITnligiuvd). Sandwich Islands.

FAMILY OVULID&.

Shell ruin t I'd closely to the Cypnuidte in general form, but
diHering in being involute in all stages of growth, whilst the
Cowries exhibit a short spire when young, which becomes
involute and more or less concealed by the enlargement of the
body-whorl with ndvancing age; there is no epidermis, and the
porcellanons surface is usually smooth (sometimes lightly spirally
striate), sometimes gibbous, or transversely snbcarinated, whitish
or not richly colored ; extremities more or less beaked, canalic-
ulated or emarginated ; aperture the entire length of the shell,
rather narrow, the inner lip smooth, the outer lip usually toothed
or plicate, sometimes smooth, inflexed. Operculum none. Animal
covering the shell with its mantle-lobes after the manner of
Cyprsea, but the head furnished with a contractile snout rather
than a retractile proboscis. Dentition 3' 1*3, the central tooth
being subtiiangular, with several cusps, the laterals falciform,
with dentate margin, the marginals subflabelliform with finely
pectinated margins (PI. 1, fig. 10).

Genus OYULA, Bruguiere, 1789.

The characters are those of the family. H. and A. Adams, in
their " Genera of Recent Mollusca," have characterized a few
genera which it is convenient to retain, giving them the lower
rank of subgenera, however, as the main tVature distinguishing
them is the greater or less extension of the rostrated extremities,
a character of somewhat gradual development through the series.
The typical group, which .Messrs. Adams have distinguished as
Amphiperas, Gronov., has a Cyprseiform shell, ovoid, ventricose,
with but slightly rostrated extremities. The animal has a large
foot and the mantle-margin is simple. 0. ovum, Linn.

There are fifty recent species, distributed throughout the world,
in warm latitudes only. A few cretaceous species have been
described; all of which, with a single exception (0. antiquata,
d'Orb., Cret. of India), are either Cyprajas or doubtful. The
genus is moderately represented in the tertiary.

The genus Simula, Risso, is characterized by its sharp outer
lip, and is still retained b}- authors, although, as first shown by

244 OVULID^E.

myself (Am. Jour. Conch., i, 95), and afterwards confirmed by
the late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys and others, the animal, under
favorable circumstances, sometimes completes its shell by the
addition of a thickened lip, when the distinction from the typical
group disappears. Ordinarily Simnia has the sharp lip and it
may be considered a case of arrested growth, paralleled by that
of Planorbis trivolms — which only in northern waters takes on
its expanded lip along with more vigorous growth and larger size.

Subgenus CYPHOMA, Bolten, 1798.

Back of shell with a median transverse obtuse ridge, lip
smoothish or feebly crenulated. 0. gibbosa, Linn.

Ultimus, Montfort, and Carinea, Swainson, are synonyms.

Subgenus VOLVA, Bolten, 1798.

Shell ventricose in the middle, both extremities prolonged into
canals, aperture narrow, lip inflected and margined exteriorly,
without teeth, no columellar plication.

Mantle-margin with glandular tubercles, foot narrow, folded
lengthwise on itself, adapted for creeping on the narrow, rounded
branches of gorgonise and corals — on which it is supposed to feed.

Birostra, Swains., and Radius, Montf., are synonyms.

Subgenus NEOSIMNIA, Fischer, 1884.

Shell resembling in form the preceding group, but the
extremities less prolonged, the columella furnished behind with
an oblique callous plication. The habits of the animal appear to
be the same as Yolva.

? Subgenus CRITHE, Gould, 1860.

Shell ovuliform, rostrated at the extremities, aperture narrow,
arcuated ; outer lip simple, base with transverse ridges passing
into the aperture and making teeth on the columellar lip. Animal
with a long foot, truncate anteriorly, obtuse posteriorly, .tentacles
broad, short, triangular, with minute eyes at their exterior base.
Described from a single minute species obtained by Stimpson
in the China Sea. It is probably a juvenile, and must remain
a doubtful group until rediscovered — the types having been
destroyed.

245

Subgenus CALPURNUS, Montfort. 1810.

Shell gibbous, subcarinated across the back, with at either
extremity a dorsal tubercle encircled by a groove, outer lip
dentate on the margin.

Animal having a large foot, the mantle not tuberculate and
covering only a portion of the back of the shell.

Apparently rather closely related/to Cyprsea, but the dentition
being unknown, its definite place remains uncertain.

In addition to the above, the following fossil forms have been
described : —

TRANSOVULA, Gregorio, 1880. Shell oval, slightly rostrated,
lip denticulated, columellar margin crenulated. 0. Schefferi,
Eocene of Sicily.

DIAMEZA, Deshayes, 1865. Shell elongated, mucronated be-
hind, lip sharp, aperture oblong, hardly narrowed in front. 0.
media. Desh. Eocene, Paris basin. Somewhat resembles Tere-
bellum.

GISORTIA, Jonsseaume, 1884. Described as a group of Cyprse-
idse, but placed doubtfully under Ovula by Fischer. It includes
recent as well as Eocene species, and I think its affinities most
decidedly with Cyprsea, rather than with Ovula.

Several monographs of Ovula have been published : —

L. C. Kiener. Coquilles vivantes, 23 species.

G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, 1855, 48 species.

Lovell Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, 1865, 66 species.

H. C. Weinkauff. In Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 72 species.

Also catalogues by : —

S. R. Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., 1865, 72 species.

II. C. Weinkauff. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell.. 1882, 66 species.

The differences between Ovula and Cyprrea are carefully indi-
cated in a paper by Prof. Theodore Gill, entitled " On the rela-
tions of the Amphiperasidae," Am. Jour. Conch., vi, 183.

246 OVULA.

Genus OVULA, Brug., 178.9.

Typical Group.
0. OVUM, Linn. PL 1, figs. 11, 12.

White, brownish red within the aperture. Length, 2"5-4'5 inches.
East Africa, Indian Ocean, Japar>, Society Is., etc.
The animal is blackish, the mantle beset with short filaments.
It is 0. oviformis, Lam. (fiir. 12) and 0. alba, Schimi. In full
dress many of the Pacific Islanders are decked out with large
white Ovulum shells, appended to the waist, elbows, and ankles.
Throughout the islands inhabited by the crisp-haired Papuan
race, a large species of Ovulum of a very pure white color,
resembling porcelain, is employed with great effect by the
natives in decorating their houses, temples and canoes. — Sim-
monds, Commercial Products of the Sea.

0. TORTILIS, Marty n. PL 2, figs. 19, 20.

Smaller and more angularly ventricose than the preceding
species ; white, the interior of the aperture rose-color.

Length, 2 inches. Zanzibar, Moluccas, Friendly Is.

The synonyms are 0. imperialis, Dillw.; 0. columba, Schub.
and Wagn.; 0. angulosa, Lam.; 0. costellata, Lam.; 0. ovum,
var. /?, Gmel.
0. MARGINATA, Sowb. PL 1 , figs. 13, 14, 15; PL 2, figs. 21, 22.

Rather thin, semitransparent, white, encircled with an orange
line at the margin, very obscurely decussated, interior milk-
white. Length, 21-30 mill. Hongkong.

Described without locality. 0. Sinensis, Sowb. (figs. 21, 22),
from Hongkong, appears to be merely a larger shell of the same
species. 0. brevis, Reeve (not Sowerby) and Weinkanff (fig. 15),
is probably identical ; the back seems to be angulated in this
latter species, or else lightly marked with narrow bands.

O. PATULA, Pennant. PL 1, figs. 16-18.

White, thin, semitransparent, a little produced at the extremi-
ties, with very fine revolving striae, almost microscopic, lip-
margin rarely thickened in English specimens, more usually
thickened and slightly dentate in Mediterranean examples;
columella with a posterior callous fold when adult.

Length, 1 inch. Europe.

OVULA. 247

Fig. 17 represents the typical 0. i><it"la; iigs. 1(1, 18, the 0.
Adriatic a, Sowb. Additional synonyms are Bulla virginea,
Cantr., and 0 Nicaenxis, Risso.

The typical 0. patula, is the typo of the genus Simnia, Risso,
a liadl}* characterized group (see p. 243).

0. LACTKA, Lam. PL 2, figs. 23-28.

Rather solid, white, back finely transversely ribbed, with
several more or less distinct angles. Length, 20-25 mill.
East Africa, Mauritius, Japan,

Philippines^ N. Caledonia.

0. semistriata, Pease (figs. 25, 26), from central Polynesia,
appears to be only a variety having the striae a little stronger,
obsolete on the middle of the back. The type is a smaller and
more solid shell, but I have before me authentic specimens
which are larger, less solid and with the angles of 0. lactea.

0. cristallina, Kiener (figs. 27, 28), is smaller and narrower
than the 0. lactea, but may be only a variety thereof. The
species has1 not been identified by any author, and the habitat is
unknown.

0. PUDICA A. Ad. PL 2, figs. 29-31.

Pinkish white, smooth ; columella plicate below, callously
ridged above. Length, 18 mill.

N. Caledonia.

0. Caledonica, Crosse (fig. 31), appears to be a synonym.

0. NUBECULATA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 2, figs. 41, 42.
Pinkish, with three clouded pink-brown bands.
Length, 18 mill.

Isl. of Basilan.
May be only a banded variety of the preceding species.

0. PYRIFORMIS, Sowb. PL 2, figs. 43-45.

Yellowish white or pinkish, with three clouded darker bands,
extremities a little produced. Length, 21 mill.

Australia, Japan.

Distinguished (perhaps not sufficiently) from the preceding
species by its more pyriform contour and produced extremities.
Reeve's figure (fig. 45), probably from a worn specimen, has no
bands.

248 OVULA.

0. BREVIS, Sowb. PL 2, figs. 32, 33.

Thin, globosely inflated', whitish or purplish white, columella
plicate in front, with a callous ridge behind, and a connecting
longitudinal deposit. Length, 12 mill.

Australia.

The figures given by Reeve and Weinkauff do not represent
this species, but 0. marginata.

The shell is somewhat closely related to 0. margarita, Sowb.

0. MARGARITA, Sowb. PI. 2, figs. 34-40.

White, extremities somewhat beaked. Length, 10-13 mill.

Singapore, Japan, Philipjjines, Australia.

Less inflated, narrower, with more beaked extremities than
0. brevis. 0. bulla, Ad. and Reeve (figs. 36, 37), is a little
heavier form, and 0. umbilicata, Sowb. (figs. 38, 39), appears
to be not quite adult ; they do not seem to have any really dis-
tinctive characters. 0. ovoidea, H. Ad. (fig. 40 , from the Red
Sea, is only known by a short description and a figure of the
base of the shell ; I do not find distinctive characters in either.

0. BIMACULATA, A. Ad. PL 2, figs. 46, 47.

Livid white, obsoletely three- banded, back transversely
striate, extremities of aperture stained with red within.

Length, 13 mill.

New Caledonia.
0. CARNEA, Poiret PL 2, figs. 48-52.

Yellowish, reddish or violet flesh-color, transversely striated,
with frequently several angles or planes on the back, extremities
beaked, somewhat produced, lip thick-margined, finely dentate,
columella excavated below, with a callous ridge above, extremi-
ties of aperture often pink-tinged. Length, 12-15 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

0. lacteat and 0. triticea, Costa, are synonyms ; 0. triticea,
Lam., remains a somewhat doubtful species, the figures a;iven by
Kiener and Sowerby resembling 0. rhodia, Ads., whilst those
of Reeve (figs. 51, 52) and Kiister are like carnea. Reeve's figure
of 0. carnea looks more like 0. rhodia. The locality of 0.
triticea is supposed to be West Coast of Africa. Punker iden-
tifies a Japanese shell with it, but he has used Sowerby 's figures
for comparison. 0. lepida, Dillw., is a synonym of triticea.

OVULA. 240

O. RIIODIA, A. Ad. PI. 3, figs. 53, 54.

Shell rather narrow, produced at the extremities, flesh pink;
columella excavated below, with a conspicuous white callus
above, lip whitish. Length, 13 mill.

Japan.

See remarks under preceding species.

0. FRUTICUM, A. Ad. PL 3, figs. 55, 56.

Shell smooth, broadly banded with pinkish flesh-color, lip
thick, varicose, extremities rotundately emarginated, columella
callously ridged above and below, strongly one-plaited.

Length, 10 mill.

Malacca.

I am not acquainted with this species.

0. PYRULINA, A. Ad. Pi 3, figs. 57, 58.

Pear-shaped, constricted and produced at the extremities, back
rather gibbous in the middle ; columella callously ridged above,
lip moderately plicate ; yellowish- or livid-white. Length, 1 2 mill.

New Caledonia.
0 CONCINNA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 59, 60, 74.

Angularly prominently gibbous in the middle, constricted at
the extremities ; white, or fleshy-white. Length, 9 mill.

Philippines, Japan.
0. Gumingii, Morch (fig. 74), is a synonym.

0. PUNCTATA, Duclos. PI. 3, figs. 61-64, 73.

Rather solid, transversely striate, whitish, with three rows of
orange or carneous spots. Length, 10-11 mill.

China, Japan, Philippines^ Australia, Isl. Bourbon.
0. alabaster, Reeve (fig. 64), has the spots very faint.

Var. PULCHELLA. H. Ad. (fig. 73).

The spots connected longitudinally by waved bands of color.
One of Sowerby's figures of jwnctata represents this variety.

Mauritius.
0. ADAMSI, Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 65, 66.

Ovate, inflated, whitish ; back rather elevated in the middle,
transversely incisely striated ; extremities rather obtuse ; lip

250 OVULA.

moderately thickened ; aperture curved, rather broad, columella
scarcely plicated. Length, 8 mill.

New Caledonia.

A delicate, rather inflated bubble-shaped shell, elaborately
sculptured with engraved stride. The foregoing is Reeve's
diagnosis, the species being unknown to me. It is 0. marginata
of A. Ad., not Sowerby, and changed by Eeeve as above.

0. BULLATA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 3, figs. 67-70.

Pinkish or purplish or yellowish white, somewhat gibbous on
the back — which is smooth or transversely incisely striated ; lip
strongly margined, flesh-brown, somewhat squarely produced at
the extremities. Length, 8 mill.

Singapore, Japan, New Caledonia.

0. scitula, Ads. (figs. 69, 70), is a synon}rm.

0. STRIATULA, Sowerby. PI. 3, figs. 75-80.

Back strongly angularly gibbous in the middle, attenuately
produced at the extremities, striate or smooth ; lip strongly
margined ; pinkish- or yellowish-white. Length, 10 mill.

Straits of Malacca, Loo Choo Is., Philippines, Japan.

I unite with this 0. dorsuosum, Hinds (figs. 77, 78), and
0. dentata, Ad. and Reeve (figs. 79, 80). The following species
is also probably a synonym.

0. FRUMENTUM, Sowerby. PL 3, figs. 71, 72.

Smaller than the preceding, of which it may be a variety ; the
form is similar, but the back does not show the angle, although
evidently gibbous. Length, 6 mill.

Hab. unknown.
Subgenus CYPHOMA, Bolten, 1798.

0. GIBBOSA, Linn. PI. 3, figs. 81, 82.

Rather thick, smooth, polished ; pale straw-color or whitish,
stained on the sides with fawn-color; extremities obtuse; lip
callously margined, scarcely dentate. Length, 1-1 '25 inches.

Florida, West Indies.

Lamarck probably confounded 0. intermedia, Sowb., with this
species in giving Brazil as habitat, and Cuming in referring it to
Panama very likely mistook the next species for it. It is
0. pharetra of Perry and 0. dorsata, Bolten.

OVULA. 251

0. EMARGINATA, Sowl). PL 3, figS. 83, 84.

Flesh-white or whitish, the ridge sharper than in the preceding
species and white, lip heavily margined, also white, extremities
rostrate, narrower. Length, 1 inch.

Panama.

The back is often finely transversely striate.

0. INTERMEDIA, Sowerby. PI. 3, figs. 85, 86.

Rather solid, smooth, polished, whitish or tinged with yellow-
ish brown ; hack gibbous, with faint indication of a transverse
ridge or angle, and often showing a still fainter anterior one;
extremities narrowly produced ; lip strongly margined, scarcely
dentate ; columella with a callous posterior plication.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Brazil, West Indies.

Smaller specimens show the angle very plainly; sometimes in
these it is consp:cuously sh-irp. The shell connects this group
with Xeosimnia in such manner that it is difficult to decide where
it ought to be placed. 0. oblonga of Martini, and 0. spelta,
Dillwyn. are synonyms.

O. OBTUSA, Sowb. PL 3, figs. 87-89.

Yellowish- or pinkish-white, obtusely angulated on the back,
extremities produced, lip callously margined. Length, 16 mill.

China, Japan.

Something like a miniature 0. intermedia. 0. Indica, Reeve,
(fig. 89), from Bombay, appears to be a minor form.

0. TRAILLT, A. Ad. PL 3, figs. 90, 91.

Flesh-colored, smooth, back strongly angularly gibbous, ex-
tremities narrowly produced. Length, 11 mill.

Malacca.
0. FORMOSA, Adams and Reeve. PL 4, figs. 15, 16.

Gibbous, slightly angulated across the back. transversely striate,
purplish orange, the extremities orange-tipped ; aperture narrow,
but little widened below, the columella callous above, the outer
lip-margin conspicuously dentate. Length, 12 mill.

Borneo, Japan.

0. SEMPERT, WeinkaurT. PL 4, figs. 17, 18; PL 5, fig. 19.

Purplish yellow or orangefred, the margin orange-red ; back

252 OVULA.

angulated above the middle, lip conspicuously dentate, columella
dentate above. Length, 13 mill.

Borneo, Viti Isles.

The aperture is wider below, the angle of the back more pos-
terior than in the preceding species, of which it may nevertheless
be only a variety. It is 0. hordacea of Sowerby and Reeve, not
Lamarck.

Subgenus VOLVA, Bolten, 1198.

O. VOLVA, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 94, 95.

Pinkish or brownish flesh-color, back transversely incisely
striated, extremities with raised striae, lip thickly margined,
nearly smooth, interior flesh-colored or brownish.

Length, 3-5 inches.

China, Philippines, Japan.

0. LONGIROSTRA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 92, 93.

Yellowish white, moderately gibbously angled in the middle,
lip callously reflected. Length, l'75-2'5 inches.

Isl. of Bourbon.
O. RECURVA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 96, 97.

White, transversely minutely striated, gibbously angled in
the middle, lip callously margined. Length, 22 mill.

China, Japan.
Possibly a minor variety of 0. longirostra.

0. GRACILIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 98, 99.

Pale fulvous, maculated with red next the margin of the
thickened lip. Length, 11 mill.

East Coast of Borneo.

0. PHILIPPINARUM, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 100-9.

Livid flesh-color, rather thin, thickened margin of lip yellowish
white. Length, *75-l'25 inches.

Philippines, Japan, Australia.

With this species I unite as synonj-ms 0. Carpenteri, D linker
(fig. 2) ; 0. Angasi, A. Ad. (figs. 3, 4), and 0. depressa, Sowb.
(fig. 5), with its variety rosea, Rositer, from Australia ; 0. sub-
reflexa, Ad. and Reeve (figs. 6, 7) ; 0. deflexa, Sowb. (fig. 8), and
the Japanese 0. Adamsii, Dunkcr (fig. 9), which differs in no
appreciable degree from Angasi.

OVULA. 253

O. BTROSTRIS, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 10-14.

Reddish flesh-color, sometimes pale-banded in the middle,
smooth, shining, thickened lip-margin yellowish white.
Length, 1'5 inches.

Singapore, Japan, Philippines.

Larger, and wider in proportion than the last species ; yet I
doubt their distinctness. The synonymy includes 0. brevirostris,
Schum.; 0. aperta, Sowb. (fig. 12), a young shell, and 0. rosea,
A. Ad. (figs. 13, 14).

0. LANCEOLATA, Sowb. PI. 5, figS. 20, 21.

Xarrowly compressed, back densely transversely striated,
extremities rather blunt ; orange-pink ; lip and columella cal-
lously involute, aperture very narrow. Length, 21 mill.

Philippines.
O. COARCTATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 22.

Elongated, ventricose in the middle, fulvous, back transversely
minutely striated, extremities contracted, columella rather

depressed. Length, 7 mill.

Straits of Sunda.

This may possibly be a minor variety of the preceding species,
which it closely resembles in form.

0. ACICULARIS, Lam. PI. 5, figs. 23-25.

Yellowish to purplish, thin, smooth, narrow, extremities
rather bluntly produced, lip thinly margined, with a callous
margin on the columella. Length, 15 mill.

West Indies, South Carolina, Florida.

It is 0. secale of Dillwyn's Catalogue.

Subgenus NEOSIMNIA, Fischer, 1884.
O. SOWERBYANA, Weinkauff. PI. 5, figs. 26, 27.

Somewhat ventricose, short beaked, rosy flesh-color, sometimes
obscurely banded, rather thin, lip-margin thickened, smoothish,

yellowish. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

South Sea.

This is 0. spelta of Sowerby and Reeve, not Lamarck.

254 OVULA.

0. SECALIS, Sowb. PL 5, figs. 28-30.

Purplish white, extremities rather blunt, lip-margin yellowish
white. Length, 15 mill.

Eastern Seas, Friendly Isles.

The distinction between this and the preceding species is so
slight that I think they will prove identical. 0. seminulum,
Sowerby (fig. 30), from Friendly Islands, is a synonym.

0. BORBONICA, Desh. PI. 5, fig. 31.

Rosy white, ventricose in the middle, thin, translucent, trans-
versely striate, aperture very narrow. Length, 7 mill.

Isle of Bourbon.
I am not acquainted with this species.

0. ACUMINATA, Ad. and Reeve.

Rather stout, yellowish white, lip thickened. Length, 8 mill.

East Indies, Japan.
Perhaps a small variety of the preceding species.

O. SPELTA, Linn. PL 5, figs. 32, 33.

Whitish or flesh-color, smooth, polished, aperture rather wide
anteriorly, lip-margin and extremities of shell callously thick-
ened. Length, 15-20 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, Canary Is.

This is not 0. spelta of Sowb. and Reeve (see Sowerbyana,
above). The synonymy includes 0. kordacea, Costa; 0. pur-
purea, Risso, and 0. Leathesi of Wood's Crag Mollusca.

0. HORDACEA, Lamarck. PL 5, figs. 34-38.

Yellowish red to purplish, smooth, extremities obtuse.
Length, 12 mill.

Coast of Africa? Philippines.

Differs subgenerically from the species which Sowerby and
Reeve have figured under this name, and which Weinkauff calls
0. Semperi. O.formicaria, Sowb. (figs. 37, 38), may be included.

0. UNIPLICATA, Sowb. PL 5, figs. 39-50.

Yellowish white to purplish, rather thin, transversely very
minutely incised, or smooth, polished ; narrow, with the extrem-

OVILA. 255

ities bluntly produced ; lip narrow margined ; posterior plica-
tion prominent. Length, 15-18 mill.

North Carolina to West Indies, Brazil,

Panama to California (Var.)

In this species the color of its shell changes to correspond with
that of the gorgonia on which it feeds, either }rellowish white or
purple. The synonymy includes 0. Antillarum, Reeve (tig. 41);
0. Canadiensis, Morch ; 0. Carolinensis, Morch ; 0. subrostrata,
Sowb. (fig. 42) ; 0. arcuata, Reeve (fig. 43). The following species
occurring on the West Coast of America are added, as I can find
no distinctive characters. It may be remarked, however, that so
far as I am able to judge from the figures and numerous speci-
mens, these West Coast representatives are always dark purple
with a lighter purple lip-margin — coloring which somewhat rarely
obtains with the East Coast individuals ; on this account they may
be grouped under the best known, but not earliest name, as : —

Var. VARIABILIS, C. B. Adams (fig. 44).

With this I include 0. Calif ornica, Reeve (fig. 45); 0. aequalis,
Sowb. (fig. 46), 0. livida, Reeve (fig. 47); 0. rufa, Sowb. (fig.
4^ ; 0. inflexa, Sowb. (fig. 49), and 0. Loebbeckeana, Weink.
(fig. 5d), which probably does not come from Vancouver's Island.

0. AVENA, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 51-55.

Light purplish or rosy, wider than the preceding species, the
extremities shorter, often orange-tipped, lip-margin rosy-white.
Length, 12-20 mill.

Panama to Monterey, Gal.

The synonyms are 0. similis, Sowb. (figs. 52, 53), perhaps 0.
neglecta, C. B. Ad. (fig. 54), and 0. Vidleri, Sowb. (fig. 55).

Subgenus CRITHE, Gould, 1860.

0. ATOMARIA, Gould.

Very minute, gloss}- white, somewhat acute at the extremities,
with a delicate groove at the summit ; aperture very narrow, and
uniformly so ; rostrum short, slightly recurved ; ventral laminae
directly transverse, about eight in number, as they pass into the
a pert urc, li'ivino- the appearance of course denticles on the pillar.

256 OVULA.

Animal citron-colored, viscera slate-colored, eyes reddish black,
very small. L. 5 mill., diam. 3 mill.

China Seas (Stirnpson).
Unfigured, and the specimens destroyed by fire.

Subgenus CALPURNUS, Montfort, 1810.
0. VERRUCOSA, Linn. PL 5, figs. 56-58.

White, with fine incised transverse striae, extremities rosy
tipped. Length, 1*25 inches.

East Africa, Indian Ocean, Philippines, N Caledonia.

Unfigured and Doubtful Species.

O. BULLATA. Gould (sp. name preoccupied). Hob. unknown.

O. ALBA and O. NIGERRIMA, Dufo. Seychelles.

0. (CYPHOMA) ELONGATA, A. Ad. Japan.

0. (BIROSTRA) MoCoYi, Tenison-Woods. Australia.

0. GALLINACEA and 0. CORRUGATA, Hinds. = ERATO, Manual, v,
10, 11.

257

FAMILY DOLIID^E.

Shell thin, ventricose, ovate or subglobose, spire short, the
body-whorl very large, with revolving ribs or decussated. No
opereulum in the adult.

Animal very large ; the mantle dilated ; head wide, bearing two
elongated distant tentacles, dilated at the base, and having eyes
near the base ; proboscis cylindrical, greatly developed, extensi-
ble and flexible ; foot lobed and dilated in front, with a horizontal
groove.

Dentition. Central tooth short, wide, with an elongated
central and some shorter lateral cusps, lateral and first marginal
with simple or denticulated margin, sharp-pointed, outer marginal
tooth sharp, simple (PI. 1, fig. 1). Jaw (PL 1, fig. 2),

Some species at least, of Macgillivrayia, are known to be the
larva of Dolium. They have four tentacles, and the foot is pro-
vided with a float resembling lanthina ; the shell has a thin,
corneous operculum, afterwards lost.

The family resembles Cassididse rather closely, but differs by
the want of varices on the shell 'and the absence of an opercu-
lum ; but the subgenus Malea of this family, having a ringent
mouth, has much analogy with C3'prsecassis of the Cassididse,
which, according to Stutchbury, is equally deprived of an oper-
culum. The family Oocorythidse, containing a single species,
may be placed between the two ; it is in shell characters essen-
tially an operculate Dolinm. Prof. Morch and others place the
Tritonidie in intimate relation with the foregoing families on
account of a similar dentition ; and Morch points out that certain
species of Triton possess the revolving ribs and somewhat of the
form of Dolium. Oocorys itself is thought by Fischer to be
somewhat closely allied with Tritonid«?. The relations of Triton
with Murex are also evident. Thus it is that transition forms,
and complex relationships everywhere baffle the naturalist who
attempts to classify in a lineal series. The shells are mostly of
quite large size, and the species are few in number, inhabiting
warm seas ; fossil, a cretaceous form is known, with some tertiary
species.
18

258 DOLTID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.
Genus DOLIUM, Lam., 1801.

Shell thin, ventricose, globosely oval ; spire short, whorls with
spiral depressed ribs ; mouth very large, the lip crenulated, sil-
lonated within, columella canaliculated, anterior end of aperture
not produced obliquely, widely sillonated.

About fifteen species occur in the seas of China, Philippines,
Australia, Mediterranean, West Indies, etc.

The section Perdix, Montfort, 1810, has been used for the
separation of species with open umbilicus and (so-called) simple
lip, but the gradual gradation from this form to those with closed
umbilicus, and more strongly crenulated lip appears to deprive
the group of any real value. Another section, Doliopsis (pre-
occupied by Conrad), has been proposed by Monterosato for a
single Mediterranean species, imperforate, with expanded den-
ticulated lip.

Subgenus DOLIOPSIS, Conrad, 1865.

The figure of the type has a short canal, and appears inter-
mediate between Dolium and Pyrula. Two Oregon fossils subse-
quently referred to the group by Conrad are very similar to
recent Dolium.

DOLIOPSIS QTJINQUECOSTA, Conrad (PL 5, fig. 32). Eocene, Miss.

Subgenus MALEA, Val., 1833,

Form of Dolium, but the lip thickened, somewhat reflected
and strongly denticulated the inner lip with two calloused plicate
prominences. Cadium, Link, 1801, is said to equal this group.

The animal differs from Dolium by its foot being less dilated
in front, not angular laterally, and by its branchiae, which are
nearly equal.

Genus PYRULA, Lamarck, 1799.

Shell imperforate, thin, pear-shaped, spirally ribbed, or decus-
sated, terminating anteriorly in a moderate, open canal ; spire
very short ; lip thin, smooth on the margin. No operculum.
Dentition (PL 6, fig. 38).

Animal with a very large foot, truncated in front, produced
at the front angles, acuminated behind ; head and neck narrow

259

:ni(l long, tentacles Mibulati1, with eves at their exterior base ;
mantle-lobes large, n. fleeted over the shell; siphon very long
and narrow.

A few species inhabit the West Indies, Panama, Indian Ocean,
Philippines, etc. The genus appeared in the cretaceous, and
became widely spread in the tertiary, remains being found in
North and South America, Europe and Asia.

The generic name has been made to include a number of groups,
such as Hemil'usus, Melongena, etc., which have but little in
common with the present genus. The type cited by Lamarck is
Bulla jictin, Linn., which tixes its pertinence to the genus now
under consideration, and degrades to the synonymy such names
as Fiats, Klein, Ficula, Swains., and Sycotypus, H. and A.
Adams, not Browne.

Mr. Arthur Adams writes : —

" The employment of the dredge gave me an opportunity of
here first observing the animal of Ficula, which very much
resembles that of Dolium in the large, thin, flattened foot,
rounded in front, with two sharp, angular, lateral processes, and
extended and acuminated behind ; in the long, recurved siphon,
and slender, tapering tentacula ; in having a long, extensile and
retractile proboscis ; in the position of the organs of vision ; and
in the general shape, structure, and lightness of the shell; while
the singular fact of the mantle covering the sides of the shell,
would seem to approximate it to Calpurnus, Ovulum, Marginella
and the Cowries.

""Although exceedingly timid and sensitive, the Ficula is a
very lively animal, when observed in its native waters, crawling
along with considerable velocity, and, owing probably to the
lightness of its shell, able to ascend with facility the sides of a
glass vessel, which held it captive. The proboscis is rarely
exserted when the animal is in motion ; but the long, tapering
tentacles are stretched out to their full extent, and the siphon is
directed more frequently forwards than over the back of the
animal. The animal of Ficula ficoide* is light, marbled violet,
and the head and tentacles are white ; six white, opaque spots
are arranged round the upper surface of the edge of the foot ;
the rest of the body is light delicate pink, with marbled mark-
ings of a darker pink.

260 DOLTID.E.

" In another species which I observed, and of which I also
made a drawing (the Ficula Isevigata, Reeve), the mantle is
bright pink, mottled with white and deeper pink, the under
surface of the ventral disc being of a dark-chocolate color, with
yellow, scattered spots ; the head and neck are pink, and also
colored with 3Tellow spots.

"The Ficula shells, seen in cabinets, convey but a poor idea of
these handsome mollusks, observed in the living state, crawling
rapidly along, bearing their light, elegantly formed shells, easily
and gracefully, with their siphons erect, their foot expanded, like
a broad flattened disc, and their bodies ornamented with delicate
colors, beautifully marbled, and moving their long, flat heads,
and peering about with their large, black eyes, in a manner
which is surprising, when one considers the position these
animals occupy in the scale of creation, arid that but a very
small share of intelligence is, in general, supposed to be the lot
of most mollusca." — Narrat. Voy. Samarang, ii, 358.

Subgenus PTYCHOSYCA, Gabb, 1876.

Shell shaped like Pyrula ; inner lip with one anterior very
oblique fold.

P. inornata, Gabb. Cretaceous, Georgia (Fig'd S. & S. Conch.,
t. 62, f. 39).

Dr. Fischer thinks it allied to Liostoma.

Subgenus FICULOPSIS, Stoliczka, 1867.

Pyriform, attenuated in front, inflated behind ; spire very
short ; surface spirally and transversely striate or costulate ;
columella thick, angulated, plicate.

P. Pondicherriensis, Forbes, Cretaceous, So. India (Fig'd S.
& S. Conch., t. 62, f. 38).

The family has been monographed by Reeve, Kiener and
Kiister (Conchylien Cabinet). Kobelt has also published a
catalogue of the species of Dolium in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ii, 263,
and Hanley another, in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 491, 1859.
Sowerby monographed Ficula in the Thesaurus, iv, 1880, and
Kobelt catalogued it in the Jahrbiicher, 359, 1875, and published
a monograph in Kiister's Conch. Cab., 1874.

DOLIl'M. 261

Genus DOLIUM, Lam., 1801.
D. GALEA, Linn. PI. 1, fi-. 3.

Thin, narrowly uinbilicated, spire short, with sunken sutures;
whorls seven, spirally ribbed, the ribs flatty convex, close-set,
often with an intervening ridge on the upper portion of the
whorls; columolla somewhat twisted; pale fulvous, inner margin
of lip stained with chocolate-brown, upper part of columella and
the apex of the spire often chocolate also. Length, 8-9 inches.
Mediterranean Sea, Beaufort, N. (7., to West Indies, Brazil.

D. tenue, Menke, is the juvenile shell; it is also Buccinum
olearium, Linn, (not D. olearium,, Brug.). Morch has described
another juvenile as D. Antillarum. Gregorio has recently
described three varieties (spirintrorsum,terdina and epidermata)
from the vicinity of Palermo.

D. MELANOSTOMA, Jay. PI. 1, figs. 4, 5.

Ribs about half the number of those of D. galea, and much

broader, with narrow intervening smaller ridges and grooves;

fulvous white, columellar callus and a broad interior margin of

the outer lip both stained dark chocolate-brown. Length, 9 inches.

Elizabeth Reef, So. Pacific 0. (Brazier);

Friendly Island* ( J&\) ; Hawaiian Islands (Pease).

The shell which Reeve (fig. 5) has figured for this species
appears to be more nearly allied to the preceding, but possibly
the ribs are variable in number according to the size of the shell.
Tease saw a specimen 35 inches in circumference, and says that
those measuring 24 inches are usual. As Brazier refers to
Reeve's figure it is very likely that he has mistaken the species ;
as has also Kiister, who copies the figure in Reeve. The true
melanostoma may = the succeeding species, and if so, has priority
of publication.

D. LUTEOSTOMA, Kiister. PI. 1, fig. 6 ; PL 2, fig. 7.

Bod}^-wrhorl with fifteen to eighteen revolving, wide ribs and
narrow interstices, the latter 1 earing small ribs, paired on the
upper part of the whorl ; yellowish brown, variegated with
chestnut maculations ; interior of aperture deep yellowish brown.

Length, 7-8 inches.

Japan.

The description is made from D. Japonicum, Dunker (fig. 7),

262 DOLIUM.

which appears to he the usual fresh state of the species.
Kiister's earlier diagnosis was prepared from a faded or varietal
form in which the maculations have disappeared or are but
feebly shown. One of the figures (t. 63, f. 1) given by Kiister
for D. variegatum, appears to represent this species ; which is
certainly very closely allied to D. melanostoma.

D. VARIEGATUM, Lam. PI. 3, figs. 13, 14.

Umbilicated, whorls 7, the last bearing fifteen to eighteen
spiral ribs, the interstices nearly as wide, the upper ones bearing
an intermediate smaller rib ; whitish, maculated with chestnut
on the ribs, often with one or two ribs more yellowish in color,
upon which there are no maculations. Spire more elevated, and
suture less impressed than in the preceding species.

Length, 4-9 inches. North Australia.

D. Kieneri, Phil., is a synonym.

Var. CHINENSE, Dillwyn. Fig. 14.

Smaller, of lighter structure and more contracted growth,
most of the interstices of the eighteen to twenty ribs bearing a
smaller rib. Pine specimens are usually alternately banded
spirally with light yellow and whitish, the ribs of the latter only
showing chestnut maculations.

China.

This is D. australe of Morch.

D. OLEARIUM, Brug. PI. 2, figs. 8-11.

Spirally broadly ribbed, with very narrow, shallow interstices ;
fulvous chestnut maculated with white ; suture deep.

Length, 3-5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines.

A very frequent state of this species has the surface worn so
that the grooves are indicated more by darker spiral lines than
by their very shallow depression.

Var. CUMINGU, Hanley. PI. 2, fig. 9.

Ribs more numerous and, with the groove, more distinct,
whorls not so deep-sutured, maculations interrupted with spiral,

longitudinally lineated bands.

Philippines.
Var. DESHAYESII, Reeve. PI. 2, fig. 10.

Sutmv slightly impressed; pale fulvous chestnut, painted

DOLTUM. 263

with bands of rather distant conspicuous white spots, shaded

with brown.

Philippines.

My specimens indicate the pertinence of these forms to D.
olearium. Bulla canaliculata, Linn., is the young shell, as
determined by Hanley, from the type.

Yiir. TESTARDT, Montr. PL 2, fig. 11.

Ribs about twenty-three, with distinct narrow intermediate
grooves; pale fulvous, longitudinally clouded with darker color.

New Caledonia.
D. ZONATUM, Green. PI. 3, fig. 17.

Yellowish chestnut-color, ribs with an intermediate ridge,
which is divided into three ridges between the upper ribs.

Length, 4-7 inches.

China. Japan.

Allied to D. galea, but differs in the intermediate ridges. D.
crenulatum, Phil., is a synonym.

D. CROSSEANUM, Monterosato. PI. 2, fig. 12.

Yellowish brown ; with thirty-six ribs, the interstices with
from one to three lirse ; lip brownish flesh-color.

Length, 81 mill.

Near Palermo, Sicily.

I cannot count nearly thirty-six ribs on the figure of the
unique example of this species, and I am very much disposed
to believe it a synonym of the preceding, and that it has acci-
dentally become mixed with Mediterranean shells.

D. FAsciATUM,Brug. PL 3, fig. 10.

Interstices of the ribs without ridges; white, five-banded
with chestnut. Length, 4-5 inches.

Philippines, China, Japan.

D. sulcosum, Dillw., is a synon3Tm.

D. COSTATUM, Menke. PL 4, figs. 19-22 ; PL 3, fig. 18.

Ribs distant, prominent, nine to thirteen or fourteen in
number, the interstices broader, smooth, or faintly ridged in the
middle ; yellowish white, flesh-color or brownish.

Length, 3*5-6 inches. .

East Indies, Philippines, Mauritius.

2fi4 DOLIUM.

It is D. fasciatum, var., of Kiener (fig. 19); D. lactescens,
Martyn ; D.latesulcatum,'M.a.rt\n\} D.ampullaceum, Phil. (tig. 20).

Var. MACULATUM, Lam. PI. 4, fig. 21.

The costee, nine to eleven in number, maculated somewhat
regularly with chestnut. This has been regarded as a distinct
species, but a series before me connects the two ; intermediates
also connect this variety with

Yar. FIMBRIATUM, Sowerby. PI. 4, fig. 22 ; PI. 3, fig. 18.

The ribs usually vary in number from twelve to fourteen,
tessellated with chestnut. The name is derived from the fim-
briated margin of the outer lip, but this is common to all the
varieties wrhen fully grown.

Senegal, Manilla, Japan.

If these two varieties had not been recognized very generally
as distinct species, I would not have separated them as even
varietal forms, as their features want constancy. D. cassis
(Bolten), Morch; Buccinum dolium, Linn.; D. minjac, Adan-
son, and D. tessellatum, Encyc. Meth., are names given to the
two varieties, but not readily assignable to either separately.
The Senegal locality is given on the authority of Adanson. D.
Lischkeanum, Kiister (fig. 18 , is a full S37nonyn of var. fimbri-
atum, as are probably the unfigured D. JReevei, Hanley, and
possibly D. Favannei (likewise unfigured) of the same author,
and D. marginatum, Philippi (unfigured).

D. PERDIX, Linn. PI. 3, fig. 15 ; PI. 4, figs. 23-25.

Shell thin, inflated, with about twenty low ribs, and rather
narrow shallow intervening grooves ; fulvous brown or light
reddish bay, more or less plentifully marked with whitish lunate
spots or maculations. Length, 5-9 inches.

Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Polynesia,

\]re,sf Africa, West Indies, Brazil.

There can be no doubt of the immense distribution of this
species. Dr. Jacob Green, many years ago described a shell as
D. plumatum which has been supposed to be the West Indian
D. perdix, and Prof. Morch has called it D. pennatum; it has no
distinctive features. Other synonyms are Perdix reticulatus,
Montfort; Dolium mfurn, Bl.iinv. Fischer has described find

PYRULA. 265

figured c'mbryonic and young shells, in Jour, de Conch., 147,
1808 (fig*. 23, 24); they were diagnosed by Prof. C. B. Adams,
in error, as Heli.r sulphured.

Subgenus MALEA, Vol., 1833.
D. POMUM, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 26.

Ribs low, about twelve in number, with shallow interstices;
columella plicate, excavated in the middle, lip thickened within
and plicate ; fulvous bay, clouded and maculated with white.
Length, 3 inches.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Society Islands.
This shell is Cassis labrosa, Martini.

D. RINGENS, Swainson. PL 5, fig. 27.

Globose, rather thick, with about sixteen spiral ribs, the
interstices sometimes obscurely single ridged ; columella plicate,
excavated in the middle; outer lip wide-margined and dentate;
light fulvous, obscurely maculated with white when young.

Length, 4-8 inches.

Peru, Panama, Mazatlan.

The synonymy includes D. dentatum, Barnes; D. crasxilabris
and D. latilabris, Val. ; D. personatum and D. plicosum, Menke.

Un figured Species of Dolium.
D. BAIRDII, Verrill and Smith. Dredged living off Martha's

Vineyard, and off Delaware Bay, U. S.

D. AMPHORA, Philippi. Hob. unknown.

D. DUNKERI, Hanley. (Juvenile.) Natal.

D. ALBUM, Conrad. (Allied to D. perdix.) Nab. unknown.

Genus PYRULA, Lam., 1799.
P. RETICULATA, Lam. PI. 5, fig. 28 ; PL 6, fig. 33.

Cancellated by rather close, sharp, small longitudinal and spiral
ridges, the latter often alternately larger and smaller; yellowish,
clouded with light brown, with about five obscure whitish bands
bearing chestnut maculations. Length, -J'5-3'5 inches.

Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan.

Sowerby has in error figured this species as P. decussata,^Nood.
It is P.ficoides, Lam. (fig. 28); P. clathrata, Rousseau (fig. 33);
F.fortinr, Morch (assigned to West Indies in error).

266 PYRULA.

P. DECUSSATA, Wood. PI. 6, fig. 34.

Spiral ribs small, distant, the wide interstices with three or
four revolving threads, of which the middle one is usually more
prominent; closely longitudinally ridged, interrupted by the
spiral ribs; yellowish brown, maculated with chestnut on the
ribs. Length, 3-5 inches.

Panama to Cape St. Lucas, L. Gal.

A common and beautiful species, of which a short, swollen
variety was described by Sower by as P. ventricosa. Reeve gives
no habitat, and in the Thesaurus, whvre it is figured in error as
P. reticulata, it is assigned to the Indian Ocean.

P. PAPYRATIA, Say. PL 6, fig. 35.

Shell slimmer than P. reticulata, similarly but more delicately
sculptured ; brownish white, or blush white, deeper brown within
the aperture, sometimes faintly longitudinally strigate with yel-
lowish brown, but always without maculations.

Length, 3-4 inches.

Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies.

A common species on our Southern Coast. It is not figured
either in Reeve's Iconia or the Thesaurus, but Sowerby figures
it in his " Genera of Shells " in error for P. reticulata, Lam. It
is P. gracilis, Phil.

P. FICUS, Linn. PL 5, fig. 29 ; PL 6, figs. 3(>, 37.

Abbreviately pyriform, closely, minutely, spirally flat-ribbed,
longitudinal sculpture minute, scarcely visible; whitish, inter-
ruptedly maculated and clouded with faint chestnut, interrupted
by several faint white spiral bands upon which there are darker
chestnut maculations; interior brownish or purplish.

Length, 3-4 inches.

lied Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore.

Reeve changed the name to laevigata, because Linnaeus in-
cluded P. reticulata in his original description.

Var. PELLUCIDA, Desh. PL 6, fig. 37.

Orange-brown, with five or six equidistant spiral series of small
distant chestnut spots, somewhat regularly arranged.

P DUSSUMTERI, Valeric. PL 5, fig. 30.

Narrowly pyriform, encircled by numerous small spiral flat-

OOCORYTHID^E. 267

topped ridges, and nearly equal interspaces, the latter longitudi-
nally striate : pule fawn-color, with undulating, longitudinal
darker streaks. Length, 3-6 inches.

China.
P. elongata, Gray, is probably a synonym.

P. TESSELLATA, Kobelt. PI. 5, fig. 31.

Pyriform, spire subimmersed, clathrate ; whitish, regularly
distantly spotted with chestnut in spiral series.

Length, 1-5-1-75 inches.

Rosemary Is., Australia.

A beautiful species, of which a fine series is before me.

FAMILY OOCORYTHlDjE, Fischer, 1884.

Shell bucciniform, aperture semioval, lip varicose externally,
columella obliquely truncate at base. Opercnlum corneous,
paucispiral.

Animal with broad head and large, sharp tentacles, no eyes,
siphon short, foot short and wide, obtuse behind, with an anterior
marginal excision, branchiae very unequal. Dentition 2*l*l'l*2,
the central tooth multicuspid. the laterals multicuspid, arcuated,
the marginals simple and sharp (PL 6, fig. 39). Appears to con-
nect Dolium with the Linatella group of Triton.

Genus OOCORYS, Fischer, 1884.

Characters those of the family. Benthodolium, Yerrill and
Smith, is a synonym.

O. SULCATA, Fischer. PI. 6, figs. 42, 40, 41.

Shell ventricose, thin, spirally closely sculptured, with growth-
lines crossing both ribs and interspaces ; epidermis thin, brownish-
yellow, not hairy ; color white and translucent beneath the
epidermis, inner lip thinly callous. Length, 45 mill.
Deep Sea, off Southern Coast of Neiv England.

Off West Africa and Azores, from 1258 to 4000 metres.
Benthodolium abyssorum, Verrill and Smith (figs. 40, 41), is a
synonym.

268 CASSIDID^E.

FAMILY CASSIDID^.

Shell solid, sttbglobular or triangular, with short spire ; whorls
sometimes varicose ; aperture terminating anteriorly in a short,
recurved canal ; columella callous, spread out, usually plicate ;
outer lip-margin thickened, dentate within.

Operculum corneous, concentric, elongated, semilunar, the
nucleus at the centre of the inner margin (PL 1, fig. 43).

Animal with large head, eyes at the exterior base of the ten-
tacles, proboscis cylindrical, extensible, mantle and foot large.
Dentition (PL 1, fig. 44\ The Cassides are active and voracious,
living in sandy localities and preying on bivalve mollusks. The
varices of the shell persist in its interior.

Synopsis of Genera.
Genus CASSIS (Klein, 1753), Lamarck, 1799.

Shell usually rather solid and thick, with the last whorl very
large, often varicose ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; outer lip
with a thickened, reflected margin, and dentate within ; inner lip
rugosely plicate. On the use of species of Cass'S in cameo cut-
ting, see Structural and Systematic Conchology, ii, 200. About
twenty-five species are known, inhabiting warm seas. The genus
first appeared in the tertiary.

Section 1. CASSIS (sensu stricto = Goniogalea, Morch, 1857).

Spire short, mouth narrow, dentate, lip externally margined,
columella plicate. C. Madagascar iensis, Lam.

Section II. LEVENIA, Gray, 1847.

Shell oval, subcylindrical, spire short, conic ; aperture narrow,
contracted in the middle, columellar lip plicate throughout, outer
lip without external rib, dentate, inflected above. C. coarctata,
Gray.

Section III. CYPR^CASSIS, Stutchbnry, 1837.

Shell ovate, spire short ; mouth narrow, subcanaliculate behind,
columella plicate its entire length ; varices none or obsolete. ? No
operculum. C. rufa, Linn.

Subgenus SEMICASSTS (Klein, 1753), Morch, 1852.
Spire moderate, sharp ; shell oval with revolving sulci ; lip

CASSIDID^E. 269

reflected, plicate ; coluinella obliquely plicate. C. saburon,
Adanson.

Caxsidea, Swains., is reiiTred to this group.

Section 1. SEMICASSIS (xcnxtt stricto).

Section II. BEZOARDICA., Schum.. 1817.

Shell varicose, angular behind, oval, with moderate spire ;
outer lip often spinously dentated in front. C. glauca, Linn.
Phalium, Link, is another name for this section.

Section I IT. CASMARIA, H. and A. Adams, 1853.

Shell smooth or longitudinally subplicate, spire moderate ;
inner lip smooth, callous; outer lip margined, smooth or slightly
crenulated on the inner edge. C. pyrum, Lam.

Genus CASSIDARIA, Lam., 1812.

Shell nodulous, not varicose, ovate or oval-oblong, somewhat
attenuated in front to a moderate, reflected, subascending canal;
inner lip more or less spread over the body-whorl, tuberculated
or plicate, outer lip reflected, ribbed, plicate within. Operculum
corneous, the apex median and marginal, outer edge sinuous.

Animal similar to Cassis.

The few species are Mediterranean and West Indian. The
genus appeared in the cretaceous period, and reached its maxi-
mum in the tertiary. Murio, Montfort, 1810; Echiriora, Schum.,
1817 ; Galeodaria, Conrad, 1865, and Galeodea, Link, 1807, are
synonyms. C. echinophora, Linn.

Subgenus SCONSIA, Gray, 1847.

Shell oval-fusiform, with revolving stride, and a single longi-
tudinal varix opposite the aperture; aperture long, canal short
and slightly reflected ; inner lip regularly plicate ; outer lip
rather thick, subreflected. plicate within. Animal and operculum
unknown. A single recent, and some cretaceous and tertiary
species. C. striata, Lam.

Genus ONISCIA, Sowerby, 1824.

Shell cylindrical, with short, conical spire and canal reflected
at the base, surface tuberculated, mouth linear, lip reflected,
thickened and plicate within, columella plicate.

These little shells are known by their transversely ribbed

270 CASSIS.

nodulous whorls, and prominent, recurved siphonal canal ; when
fresh the surface is covered with a fine velvety epidermis.
Morum, Bolten, 1798 ; Ersina, Gray, and Lambidium, Link, are
synonyms.

The few species occur in the West Indies, Galapagos, China,
etc. It is found in the eocene of Europe and miocene of N.
America.

Section I. ONISCIA (sensu stricto). 0. oniscus, Linn. Plesio-
niscia, Fischer, 1884, should be considered synonymous.

Section II. ONISCIDIA, Swainson, 1840. *0. cancellata, Sowb.

Genus PACHYBATHRON, Gaskoin, 1853.

Shell small, subcylindrical, longitudinally striated ; spire very
short, but with sharp apex ; aperture narrow, very long, the inner
lip spread over the body-whorl and transversely plicate, the outer
lip thickened and denticulated within. 2 sp. West Indies. P.
marginelloideum, Gask.

Some conchologists place this group in the family Marginel-
lidae ; the dentition is unknown.

Genus CASSIS (Klein, 1753), Lamarck, 1799.

Section I. CASSIS, sensu stricto.
C. CORNUTA, Linn. PL 2, fig. 49 ; PI. 1, figs. 45, 46.

Honey-combed between the revolving ridges, with three spiral
rows of distant compressed tubercles — those of the shoulder the
most prominent ; yellowish white, more or less tinged with yel-
lowish brown, varices and belts sometimes brown-spotted ; colu-
mellar and lip expansion much produced and rounded behind,
yellowish cream-color, orange-brown within the aperture and
between the teeth, which are whitish. Length, 8-12 inches.
Indian Ocean, Tranquebar, Mauritius, Japan,

Philippines; West Indies.

Conrad distinguishes the West Indian specimens under the
name of C- labiata, Chemn., as being more oblong, with the lip
more widely expanded posteriorly into a flattened plane; the
suite of specimens before me does not confirm this distinction.

CASSIS. 271

Other synonyms tire C. Amboinensis, Petiver, and Buccinum

hr>' ri rostrum, Petiver.

C. CAMEO, Stimpson. PI. 2, fig. 50.

This fine species has the same ground-coloring as C. cornuta,
but may be recognized at once by the interstices of the teeth and
ridges on the lip and colnmella being deep chocolate-brown.
The outer suriace is irregularly spirally ridged like C. cornuta,
but is not honey-combed. Length, 7-10 inches.

Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies.

First described by Lamarck as C. Madagascariensis, but there
is no evidence that it inhabits oriental waters,

C. TUBEROSA, Linn. PI. 2, fig. 51.

Triangularly ovate, spirally ridged, and very closely longitu-
dinally minutely plicate-striate, with three rows of distant spiral
tubercles; yellowish brown, thickly marbled and spotted with
chestnut and chocolate color, enameled face of columella, and
outer lip flesh-white, the former chocolate between the plicae,
with a bright chocolate stain in the centre, the latter with choco-
late transverse blotches. Length, 6-8 inches.

Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies, Brazil.

Said to have been collected by Cuming, at the Philippine
Islands, and I have a specimen before me stated to have been
obtained in Japan ; yet these eastern localities must be considered
very doubtful. It is Bucc. striatum, Gronov. ; C. undulata,
Humph.; C. rotiindata,Periy.

C FLAMMEA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 47, 48.

Oblong-oval, with three or four spiral rows of distant, large,
obtuse tubercles, spire, and body-whorl, usually at the base only,
distinctly rudely longitudinally ridged; cream-colored, clouded
and crescent-marked with chestnut and chocolate; these markings
are often apparent on the face, which is stained with chocolate
in the middle and between the ridges, interstices of teeth on the
outer lip also chocolate-stained, lip sometimes banded across.

Length, 4-6 inches.

West Indies.

This species has also, like some of its predecessors been
ascribed to East Indian localities — probably in error.

272 CASSIS.

C. SPINOSA, Gronov. PI. 4, fig. 62.

Shoulder with small, short, rather close spinous tubercles,
occasionally slightly indicated in two or three rows on the body-
whorl, which else is smooth, or marked by rugose growth-lines ;
above the shoulder are one or two necklace-like rows of small
tubercles, appearing on the spire-whorls also ; fleshy or orange-
white, with obscure whitish bands, bearing lunate, shaded choco-
late spots ; shell rather thin, the columellar callus transparent,
showing the color-markings beneath it. Length, 4-8 inches.

West Africa, Australia.

The synonyms are C. Rumphii, G. tessellata and G. maculosa,
of Gmelin, and C.fasciata, Brug.

C. FIMBRIATA, Quoy. PI. 3, fig. 55.

More strongly longitudinally ridged by growth-lines than the
preceding species ; it has the same shoulder-row of spines, but
has none above, whilst below, on the body-whorl are two rows of
rather prominent rude tubercles ; flesh-white, marbled with light
chocolate, with several distant rows of interrupted chocolate or
chestnut lines ; the latter show through the columellar callus,

and the outer lip is chocolate-banded. Length, 3-4*5 inches.

Australia.
C. bicarinata, Jonas, is a synonym.

Section II. LEVENTA, Gray, 1847.
C. COARCTATA, Gray. PI. 2, fig. 52.

Shell with three or four spiral rows of obtuse tubercles, and
intermediate spiral ridges, which are sometimes broken up into
granules; whitish, thickly marbled and spotted with chestnut;
columellar callus thin above, showing the color-markings beneath,
below stained with orange-brown, as is also the toothed lip-margin.

Length, 2'5-3'5 inches.

Galapagos 7s. , Panama.

Distinguished at once by its outer lip, without external varix
or expansion, and contracted above.

Section III. CYPR^ECASSIS, Stutchbmy, 1837.
C. TENUIS, Gray. PI. 2, fig. 53.

Rather thin, whorls nodulous on the shoulder, smooth, or
indistinctly nodose in spiral series below, spirally regularly

r

CASSIS. 273

grooved, groove's usually in pairs, the interstices obsoletely
longitudinally ridged, strongly so at the base; whitish, thickly
clouded and streaked with orange-brown or chestnut, often with
four somewhat obscure bands of brown, with white lunate spots;
columellar callus transparent above, orange-brown below, lip
banded across with orange-brown. Length, 3-5 inches.

Galapagos Is.

When young, this species has a lip somewhat approximating
to C. coarctata; when adult it is fully reflected. It is C. Masseuse,
Kiener.

C. TESTICULUS, Linn. PL 2, fig. 54 ; PI. 4, fig. 63.

Shell strongly longitudinally ridged, the ridges cut by regular
spiral grooves ; flesh-color, spotted with chocolate upon the
interspaces of the grooves ; columella plicate its whole length,
outer lip strongly dentate, both yellowish white, the iirst shaded
with orange-brown below, the latter cross-banded with orange-
brown, external lip-margin marked with dark chocolate.

Length, 2-3 inches.

West Indies.

C. CHUMENA, Brug. PI. 3, fig. 56.

Spiral snlcations obsolete, upper part of body-whorl with one
or two rows of low tubercles.

West Africa, Cape Verd Is., West Indies.
Is probably a variety only of C. testiculus.

C. RUFA, Linn; PL 3, figs. 57, 58.

Shell cowiy-shaped, very thick, with three or four spiral rows
of prominent nodules, and incised lines between them, decus-
sated by longitudinal ridges ; whitish or purplish flesh-color,
stained and marbled with orange-red or chocolate ; both lips
very thick, yellowish or salmon-colored, orange-red to chocolate
in the interstices of the ridges. Length, 5-7 inches.

Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Japan.

It is fiuccw'im pennatum and B. ventricosum, of Gmelin; B.
, of l>orn ; the first and last-named for the juvenile shell.
19

274 CASSIS.

Subgenus SEMICASSIS (Klein, 1153), Morch, 1852.

Section I. TYPICAL.
C. SULCOSA, Bruguiere. PI. 4, fig. 64-67 ; PL 3, figs. 59, 01.

Whorls, usually without varices, but often with rugose or
tuberculate growth-lines, especially on the spire and upper part
of body-whorl, equidistantly spirally groved ; yellowish while,
longitudinally streaked with light chestnut, sometimes the
streaks are interrupted, forming spiral bands of tessellations;
columella rugose and granulate, outer lip plicate-dentate, often
enormously thickened. Length, 3-4 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, W. Coast of Africa,

West Indies, Brazil, W. Coast N. America

from Panama to Guaymas.

A somewhat variable species as to form and sculpture, giving
rise to several specific names — some of which I have retained in
n. varietal sense, although these forms grade one into another.
The typical sulcosa has a somewhat elevated spire, the whorls
well-rounded above. It, as well as the varieties, occurs at all the
localities for the species. It is C. undulata and C. gibba,
Gmelin ; C. decussata, Pennant ; and Brugnonia pulohella,
Jeffreys, is probably the fry. Possibly Buccinum inalum, B.
cepa and B. globulus, Bolten, are also synonyms.

Var. INFLATA, Shaw. PI. 4, fig. 65.

Somewhat thinner and more inflated than the t}^pe, often
singly varicose, the lip not so much thickened, coloring more
generally in tessellations, frequently one-varicose.

This variety is the usual form of the West Indies, although it
occasionally occurs in Mediterranean specimens. It is C. gran-
ulosa, Brug. ; C. tessellata, Pfr. ; C. trifasciata, Gmelin ; C. Isem-
gata, Menke ; C. cicatricosa, Gronov. ; C. granulata, Born ; C.
ventricosa, Mart.

Var. ABBREVIATA, Lam. PI. 3, figs. 61, 59; PI. 4, figs. 66, 67 ;
PI. 5, fig. 71.

Spire shorter, the upper part of the whorls nodulous and
somewhat angular.

This variety is very characteristic of specimens from the West
Coast of North America, but it also occurs in the West Indies

CASSIS. 27f>

and Europe. It is G. granulosa, var., and G. lactea (fig. 59),
Kiener; G. injlata, var. /9, of Reeve; G. minuta, Menke ; C.
biline.ata, Gmelin, and G. <-c))(i<//iadrata, Yal.

G. recurvirostrum, Wood (figs. 66, 67), said to conic from
Australia, varies between this variety and var. inflata.

Var. LEVILABIATA, Gregorio. Unfigured. Mediterranean.

C. SEMIGRANOSA, Wood. PI. 3, fig. 60.

Upper portion of whorls granose, lower part obsoletely spi-
rally grooved, outer lip smooth within, columella obliquely
plicate below ; whitish or ilesh-color, often stained with fulvous
rust-color. Length, 2 inches.

So. Australia, Tasmania.

C. CANALICULATA, Bruguiere. PI. 5, figs. 72, 73.

Suture broadly, deeply channeled, whorls without varices,
spirally engraved, columella plicately ridged below, lip toothed
within ; whitish or flesh-colored, with four rows of light chest-
nut tessellations, often obsolete. Length, 1-5-2 inches.

Ceylon, Philippines.
C. SABURON, Adanson. PI. 5, figs. 74-78.

Shell with pretty close, engraved spiral grooves, lip irregu-
larly dentate within ; columella rugosely ridged below ; flesh or
brownish white, with four or five spiral rows of square chestnut
spots, sometimes obsolete. Length, 2 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coast of Spain to Senegal.

It is C. pomum, Wagner; G. nucleus, K lister ; C. reticulata,
Bellardi ; C. striatella and C. incrassala, Grateloup ; C. texta,
Bronn. ; and C. tlilurri, G. injtnlu and G. sfriata, Serres.

Var. PI LA, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 7.r>.

Appears to differ only in being thinner, and usually smaller.

China, Philippines, Australia.
Var. J.vi'ONicA, Reeve. PI. 5, tigs. 76, 77.

Very like the type, but usually varicose, the interstices of the
grooves, especially on the spire and upper part of the body-
whorl somewhat granular. Length, 2-2-5 inches.

Japan.

C. Pfeifferi, Hidalgo (fig. 77), is a not unusual form of this
variety, with somewhat depressed spire and deep suture.

276 CASSIS.

Yar. BISULCATA, Schub. et Wagn. PI. 5, fig. 78.

Thin and swollen like var. pila, with the granular spire of var.
Japonica, the shoulder of the body-whorl with a couple of strong,
shallow grooves.

Philippines.

Section II. BEZOARDICA, Schum., 1817.
C. GLAUCA, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 79, 80.

Whorls sraoothish, malleated, angulated above, the angle de-
fined by a row of short spines, upper whorls decussated, last
whorl one-varicose; columella plicately wrinkled below; outer
lip toothed within, four-spined at the base ; livid glaucous,
sometimes indistinctly banded, lips cream-color to orange-brown,
interior light chestnut-color. Length, 3-4 inches.

Singapore, Philippines.

This was re-named by Schumacher Bezoardica vulgaris.

C. CORONULATA, Sowerby. PL 6, fig. 81.

Smooth, not malleated, spinous processes of the base of the
lip only faintly indicated; color yellowish flesh, irregularly,
undulately banded longitudinally, and regularly so spirally with
light chestnut, the intersections of the bands forming darker-
colored tessellations. Length, 2'5-3'5 inches.

Japan, Philippines, Australia.

Is possibly a well-marked variety only of the last species.

C. EXARATA, Reeve. PL 6, figs. 82, 83.

Whorls one -varicose, smooth, regularly spirally grooved,
slantingty shouldered, shoulder and spire nodulous; whitish,
with five rows of square chestnut spots. Length, 3 inches.

Isl. Bourbon (Deshayes).
C. AREOLA, Linn. PL G, fig. 84.

Whorls one-varicose, obtusely concavely shouldered, smooth,
shining, spire decussated, body-whorl with incised lines towards
the base ; lip toothed within, columella rugosely plicate below ;
whitish or purplish flesh-color, five-banded with large square-
lunate chestnut or chocolate spots. Length, 2'5-3'5 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. S. Wales.
C. STRTGATA, Gmelin. PL 7, fig. 85.

Whorls encircled throughout, or only at the base by engraved
lines, one-varicose, striated and decussated on the spire and

CASSIS. 277

shoulder of the body-whorl ; yellowish white, with longitudinal
streaks of chestnut. Length, 3-3'5 inches.

Moluccas, China, Japan, Philippines.

The synonyms are C. zebra, Lam. ; G. undata, Desh. ; C. areola,
v;i r., Brug. ; C. rugosa, Gmelin.

C. PLICATA, Linn. PI. 7, fig. 86.

Spire and shoulder of body-whorl decussated, rest of body-
whorl longitudinally plicate, encircled by engraved lines, usually
obsolete except towards the base, one-varicose ; whitish, longi-
tudinally undulately strigate with pale chestnut, the varices with
chestnut macnlations ; interior chestnut-brown.

Length, 2'5-3 inches.

Moluccas.

It is G. plicaria, Lam.; C.fimbria, G-mel.

C. DKCUSSATA, Lam. PI. 7, figs. 87, 88.

Decussated throughout by elevated longitudinal strife, and
engraved spiral lines, one varicose, the varices spinous on the
shoulder; yellowish flesh-color, with longitudinal streaks or
quadrate spots of chestnut. Length, 2 inches.

Habitat ?

Tnite.s the coloring of C. areola and C. strigata with the form
of C.plicata; varies from either in the sculpture, and spinous
varices, from the two former in form.

Section III. CASMARIA, II. and A. Adams, 1853.

C. YIBEX, Linn. PL 7, figs 89-91.

Shell smooth, without varices, lip four-spined at the base ;
fleshy ash-color, obscurely banded, and painted longitudinally
with light chestnut flames continued from darker sutural mark-
ings; lip tessellated with chocolate externally; sometimes the
body-whorl is encircled by indistinct series of short chocolate
lines; interior orange-brown. Length, 2-3 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, Society Islands, Paumotus.

Var. ERINACEA, Linn. PL 7, fig. 90.

Shell thicker, smaller, with a tuberculate shoulder and plications
descending below them.

The synonyms include Buc. nodulosum, Gmel., and B. bianna-
turn, Dillw.

278 CASSIS.

Var. KALOSMODIX, Melvill. PI. 7, fig. 91.

Smooth as in typical vibex, but without the spines :it the base
of the outer lip. The shell is obscurely three-banded, with
numerous longitudinal chestnut stripes, which become darker in
crossing the bands, and arise from darker sutural flames ; lip
externally tessellated with brown. Length, 3'75 inches.

C. TORQUATA, Reeve. PL 7, figs. 92, 93.

Smaller and wider than G. vibex, the volutions less oblique,
smooth, without varices ; lip sparsely spinose throughout ; flesh-
color, with a row of square chestnut spots at the suture and-
another near the base, back of lip tessellated with chestnut.

Length, 1-35-1-75 inches.

Port Jackson, Australia.

This is perhaps only an extreme variety of 0. vibex ; like that
species, it lias a spi nose-shouldered variety.

C. ACHATINA, Lam. PI. 8, figs. 94-98 ; PI. 9, fig. 7.

Smooth, without vjiric-es ; flesh-colored, longitudinally flamed
with dark chestnut, often with narrow spiral bands of chestnut
and white articulations ; lip dentated throughout, or only below,
externally banded with chocolate. Length, 2'5 inches.
Cape of Good Hope (Cuming) ; Mauritius;

Australia, N. Zealand, Philippines.

C. turgida, Reeve (fig. 95), is a slight variety having a lighter
shell, and which has not the articulations sometimes found on
the type.

Var. PYRUM, Lam. PJ. 8, figs. 96-98 ; PI. 9, fig. 7.

Smooth, often thick, with a superior line of more or less promi-
nent nodules ; these, when well developed, sometimes define a
regular shoulder, and in such cases there are often inferior lines
of less developed nodules; coloring much as in the type, the
revolving bands of maculations usually more prominent, the
longitudinal streaks less so.

Australia, Mauritius, Natal, Cape Verd Is. (Dunker).

This holds the same relationship to C. achatina that the var.
erinacea does to the typical vibex.

The synonyms are C. paucirugis, Menke (fig. 7); C.zelanica,
Lam.; C. striata, Hutton, and C. nivea, Brazier (fig. 98), a white
variety.

CASSIKAIMA. 279

C. SOPHIA, Brazier. I'l. 8, lig. 99.

Globosely inflated, rather solid, tabulately sliouldered, spi-
rally engraved, more distinctly so at the base ; white, with
several rows of distant, large chestnut blotches.

Length, 2'75 inches.

N. S. Wales, Australia.
C. GLABRATA, Duiikcr. 1*1. 9, fig. 8.

Rather thin, without varices, smooth ; white, with rare light
chestnut flames at the suture. Length, 2*75 inches.

Zanzibar.

Appears to be sufficiently distinguished by its narrow form,
elevated spire, coloring, and especially the absence of brown
maculations on the lip varix.

Un figured Species of Cassis.

C. DOLIATA, Yal. W. Coast Central America.

C. CORRUGATA, Swauison. Galapagos Is.

C. NANA, Tenison-Woods. Australia.

C. THOMSONI, Brazier. N. S. Wales.

C. UMBIUCATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands.

(1. YKXiLLUM, Kiener. = Vexilla (Purpurae).

C. GLOBULUS, Menke. = Desmoulea.

C. SCROBICULATA, C. TENUiLABRis, C. MURiCATA, Menke. Java.

Genus CASSIDARIA, Lam., 1812.
C. ECIIINOPIIORA, Linn. PL 9, figs. 9-11.

Globosely ovate, with five or six spiral tuberculated ribs on
the body-whorl, and two or three smaller spiral ridges between
each rib ; light fulvous white, more or less stained with rusty
bi-own ; lip dentate within, and with the columellar callus white,
interior of aperture rusty brown. Length, 2'5-4*25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea.

Varieties occur with two to four rows of tubercles, thus con-
necting it more closely with C. Tyrrhenes, which has no
tubercles — or, at most, a single superior row — and in which the
revolving riblcts are sulu'qual, numerous and cord-like.

It is Buccwum ru<jo*uin, Linn, a variety with a single nodose
band; (7. <l<'prc**a, Phil. (fig. 10), a variety with the prominent
ribs not tuberculate ; C. tuberculosa, Schum.; C. Tyrrhena, Sowb.

280 CASS1DA11IA.

Gcncrti ; B. nodosum, Dillw.; B. strigos-unij Gmi'lin ; Pi/ruld pru-
vincialis, Martin (fig. 11), is an abnormal form. The opcrciilum
differs from that of Cassis in not having radiating ridges.

C. CORONADOI, Crosse. PL <), figs. 12, 13.

Globose oval, rather thin, with rather close spiral riblets, two
or three of which are a little more prominent than the others,
and distantly tuberculate ; yellowish brown, lip, columellar callus
and interior whitish. Length, 4 inches.

Matanzas, Cuba.

A single specimen only is known. Mr. Crosse has described
it as a Cassis, although recognizing its resemblance to C. echi-
nophora.

C. DESHAYESII, Duval. PL 9, fig. 6.

Ovate ventricose, strongly shouldered, longitudinally plicate,
spirally sulcate, tuberculate on the shoulder ; violaceous brown,
with chestnut lines and spots ; spire acute, mucronate ; aperture
white, lip dentate within, columella rugose above and below.

Length, 32 mill.

W. Coast of Africa.

The unfigured C. acuta, Gray, may be the same species.

C. TYRRHENA, Lam. PL 10, fig. 14.

Pear-shaped, thin, regularly corded with ridges with nearly
equal interstices, sometimes an obscure shoulder is defined by a
tuberculated ridge, yellowish brown ; lip obsoletely plicate, and
with the columellar callus, white. Length, 3-5'5 inches.

Mediterranean Sea,, Atlantic Coast of France and Spain.

Is supposed by some conchologists to be a variety only of
C. echinophora. It is Buccinum ochroleucum, Gmel.

Subgemw* SCONSIA, Gray, 1847.

C. STRIATA, Lam. PL 10, figs. 15, 16.

Closely spirally thread-striate, decussated into nodules above
and on the spire by rugose growth-lines, lip and columella both
strongly plicate throughout ; whitish or brownish, showing a
few light chestnut quadrangular spots on the upper part of the
columellar callus. Length, 2-2'5 inches. West Indies,

C. Isevigata, Sowb., and C. subl&uigata, Guppy, are fossil
representatives of this shell.

oN'IsriA. 281

G'. (Ird'ji. A. Ad. (fig. 1(5). is said to be thinner and more
vent ricose, more finely grooved, the spire less acute, outer lip
not so much thickened and inflexed, and plicate, not eremite
internally. I suspect that it is a synonym ; and probably the
next species is at most only a variet}7.

C. BAIUJUDKNSIS, Higgins and Marrat. PI. 10, fig. 17.

Ovate, light yellowish brown, with longitudinal light chestnut
flames; indistinctly spirally striate, decussated towards the lip
and varix. Differs from G. striata in the plications of the inner
lip being confined to the anterior portion, in the striations, which
are not crenulated above, and in its flamed color pattern.

Length, 2 75 inches.

Isl of Barbuda, W. I.

A single empt3T shell dredged in fifteen fathoms. Possibly
only a variety of G. striata.

Genus ONISCIA, Sowb., 1824.
Section 1. ONISCIA, *>r/w strirlo.

O. ONISCUS, Linn. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19.

With three spiral, tuberculated ribs, and a number of spiral
raised lines between them, the ribs cut by revolving impressed
lines; columellar callus minutely tuberculate, outer lip denticu-
lated within ; whitish, dotted and spotted with chestnut or choco-
late, the dots sometimes approaching blue-black, lip white.

Length, 1-1 '2o inches.

West Indies.

0. triseriata, and perhaps 0. quadriseriata, Menke, are syno-
nyms.

Yar. LAMARCKI, Desh. PL 10, fig. 19.

Columellar callus rose-pink, the grannies upon it white, outer
lip often peppered with chestnut spots.

It is Cyprs&a conoidea of Scopoli.

O. TUBEBCULOSA, Sowb. PL 4, figs. 68, 69.

Whorls encircled by five rows of large blunt tubercles and
numerous intermediate ridges; columellar lip finely granulated,
outer lip somewhat contracted in the middle, dentate within ;

282 ONTSCIA.

t

marbled and reticulated with chestnut or chocolate and white,
interior white or sometimes bright saffron-colored.

Length, 1-25-1-5 inches.

Galapagos Js., Mazatlan, La Paz, L. C.

0. xanthostoma, A. Ad., is a synonym, being the variety with
yellow aperture.

0. STROMBIFORMIS, Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 70.

Spire elevated, pointed, whorls angulated above, encircled by
numerous narrow nodulous ridges ; columellar lip minutely
granulated, outer lip ridged within, with a short interrupted rib
in the interstices ; white, dotted and spotted with chestnut, lips
white. Length, 22 mill.

West Indies.

I have not seen this species.

Section II. ONISCIDIA, Swainson, 1840.
O. DENNISONI, Reeve. PI. 10, fig. 20.

Whorls angulated above, longitudinally compressly plicated,
crossed and cut into short spines by numerous revolving riblets;
columellar lip minutely granulated, outer lip irregularly denticu-
lately ridged ; whitish, obscurely three- or four-banded with
chestnut, lips orange-red, with the granules and plications
whitish. Length, 2 inches.

Guadeloupe, W. I. (Beau).

I find no other authority for the habitat of this very beautiful
species.

O. CANCELLATA, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 21.

Whorls rounded above, longitudinally narrowly plicated,
decussated by regular equidistant revolving riblets, the inter-
stices spinose ; whitish or brownish white, three-banded with
light chestnut, aperture white. Length, 1-5-2-5 inches.

China.
0. EXQUISITA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 8, fig. 100.

Whorls shouldered, encircled by rows of papillary tubercles,
with intervening ridges; whitish, sparingly dotted, and behind
the lip three-spotted with orange-brown, lips pink, the granules
and plications white. Length, 1*5 inches.

Sooloo Sea; Australia.

0. ponder osa, Hanley (PI. 10, fig. 22), is a synonym.

283

of Otiiscia.

(). (iiiAXDis, A. Ad. (perhaps = exquisita). China Sea.

(). (MTU AHA, Watson. Ke Inlands, W. of Papua.

O. LAMAHCKII, Lesson. Australia.

Genus PACHYBATHRON, Gaskoin, 1853.
P. CASSIDI FORME, Gaskoin. PI. 8, figs. 1-3.

White, with three ash-colored bands, longitudinally plicately
striate, whorls ridged around the suture. Length, G mill.

7s. of St. Vincent, Bonaire, Cura^oa, West Indies.

P. MAIKJINELLOIDEUM, Gaskoin. PL 8, figs. 4, 5.

Yellowish white, with three or four spiral rows of chestnut-
colored sagittate markings ; whorls smooth at the suture, chest-
nut margined. Length, 5 mill.

West Indies.

In Chen u 's "Manuel" the names of the species illustrated
have been transposed.

I1SDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PEDICULARIID^E, OVULID^E, DOLIID^E, CASSIDIDJ].

PAGE.

Abbreviata (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Yert., x, p. 30.

= C. sulcosa, Born., var. ....... 274

Abyssorum (Benthodolium), Verrill and Smith. Trans.

Conn. Acad., vi, 177, 1884. = Oocorys sulcata, Fischer, 267
Achatina (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Yert., x, p. 33, . . . 278
Acicularis (Ovula), Lam. An. du Mus., xvi, p. 102, . . 253
Acnminata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Sam., p. 21, pi.

6, f. 1, 1850, . . .254

Acuta (Cassidaria), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Yoy., p. 121, . 280
Adamsi (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 24, 1865, . . .249
Adamsii (Yolva), Dunk. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 75, 1877.

= C. Philippinarum, Sowb. . . . . . .252

Adriatica (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 470, pi. 99, f. 13-14.

= .0. patula, Pennant, ....... 246

yEqualis (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 174.

= 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad 255

Alabaster (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 23, 1865.

= O. punctata, Duclos, ....... 249

Alba (Cassis), Perry. Conch., t. 33, f. 2. = C. flammea, Linn.
Alba (Ovula), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 258, 1817.

= 0. ovum, Linn 246

Albida (Pedicularia), Ball. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, 39,

1881, 242

Album (Dolium), Conrad. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1854, p. 31, 265
Album (Ovulum), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1840, p. 186, . 256
Amboinensis (Cassis), Petiv. Gaz., t. 151, f. 14.

= C. cornuta, Linn. . . . . . . .271

Amphiperas, Gronov. Zooph., 293, 1781. = Ovula, Brug.
Amphora (Dolium), Phil. Abb., iii, p. 12, . . . .265

Ampullaceum (Dolium), Phil. Zeit. Mai,, 1845, 147 ; Abbild.,

iii, t. 2, 1849. = D. costatum, Menke, . . . .264
Angasi (Ovula), A. Ad., MS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., No. 43,

1865. = O. Philippinarum, Sowb 252

(284)

INDEX AND SYNONYM*. 285

PAGE.

Ano-nlosa (Ovula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, 361.

= 0. tortilis, Mart 246

Antillarum (Dolium), Morch. Mai. Blatt.. xxiv, p. 41.

= D. galea, Linn . . .261

Antillarum (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1865.

= O. nniplicata, Sowb. ....... 255

Aperta (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 418, pi. 101, f. 106,107.

= O. birostris, Linn 253

Arcuata (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 58, 1865.

= 0. uniplicata, Sowb. ....... 255

Areola (Cassidea), var., Brug. = Cassis strigata, Gmel. . 277
Aivola (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . . 276
Areolata (Bezoardica), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 248, 1817.

= Cassis areola, Linn.

Atomaria (Crithe), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 385, 1860, . 255
Australe (Dolium), Morch. Cat. Yoldi.

= D. Chinense, Dillw 262

A vena (0 vnla), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc.,1832,p. 173; Conch.

111., p. 17, . . 255

Bairdii (Polium\ Verrill and Smith. Am. Jour. Sc., .-id

ser., xxii, p. 299, 1881 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, 515 ; Proc.

Nat. Mus., 329, 1882, 265

Barbu<.U»nsis (Cassidaria), Higgins and Marrat. Liv. Mus.,

Rep. i, pi. 1, f . 1 ; Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Liverpool,

xxxi, 411, 281

Benthoclolium, Yerrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 177, 1884.

= Oocorys, Fischer, 267

Bezoardica, Schum. Essai Nouv. Gen., 248, 1817, . 269, 276
Biarmatum (Buccinum), Dill. Cat., t. 2. p. 599.

= Cassis vibex, L., var. erinacea, ..... 277
Bicarinata (Cassis). Jonas. Arch. f. Naturg., 1839, i, p. 343,

t. 10, f. 2. = C. fimbriata, Quoy, 272

Bilineatum (Buccinum), Gmel. P. 3476, No. 23.

= Cassis sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 275

Bimaculata (Ovula), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, 131, . 248
Binovoluta, Schliit, Verz., 24, 1838. = Cyphoma, Bolt.
Birostra, Swainson. Malacol., 325. 1840. = Radius, Montf.
Birostris (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1182, 1767, . . 253
Bisulcata (Cassis), Schub. and Wagner. Forts., xtii, t. 22:5,

f. 3081,3082. = C. saburon, Adans, var. .' . .276
Borbonica (Ovula), Desh. Moll. Reunion, p. 136, pi. 13, f.

18-20, 1863, .254

Brcvirostris (Ovula), Sclmni. Nouv. Syst., p. 2f>9, 1817.

= O. birostris, Linn. ....... 253

286 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Brevirostrum (Buccinum), Petiv. Gaz., t. 151, f. 9.

= Cassis cornuta, Linn. . . . . . . .271

Brevis (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 169, pi. 101, f. 70, 71, . 248
Brevis (Ovula), Reeve. Icon , sp. 5 (not of Sowb.), 1862.

= 0. marginata, Sowb.
Brugnonia,' Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 399, xii, 67,

1883. ?= Cassis, fry.
Bulla (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6, f. 5,

1850. = O. margarita, Sowb 248

Bullata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 23, pi. 6,

f. 13, 1850, ' 250

Bullata (Ovula), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 385, . 256

Cadium, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 113, 1807. = Malea,Val. 258
Caledonica (Ovula), H. Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1871, p.

206; 1872, p. 62. = 0. pudica, A. Ad 247

Californica (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 50, 1865.

= 0. variabilis, Ad. . . . 255

Californica (Pedicularia), Newcomb. Calif. Proc., iii, 121,

1864; iv, 322, t. 1, f. 9, . . . 242

Galpurna, Fleming. Brit An., 331, 1828. = Simnia,Risso.
? Calpurnus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 638, 1810, . 245, 256
Cameo (Cassis), Stimps. Sillim., Am. Journ., 1860, p. 443, 271
Canadiensis (Amphiperas), Morch. Weink., Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell., 178, 1882. = Ovula uniplicati, Sowb. . . 255
Canaliculata (Bulla), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x ; Hanley, Proc.

Zool. Soc., 489, 1859. = Dolium olearium, Brug. . . 263
Canaliculata (Cassis), Brug. Diet. No. 7, . . . . 275
Cancellata (Oniscia), Sowb. Genera of Shells, . . 270, 282
Carinea, Swains. Malacol., 326, 1840. = C3'phoma,Bolten.
Carnea (Ovula), Poiret. Voy. en Barb., ii, p. 21, 1789, . 248
Carolinensis (Ovula), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 54, 1877.

= 0. uniplicata, Sowb. 255

Carpenteri (Yolva), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 75, 1877.

= 0. Philippinaru-m, Sowb. ...... 252

Casmaria, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 216, 1853, . 269, 277
Cassidaria, Lain. Extr. d'un Cours, 1812, . . 268, 269, 279
Cassidea (Pars), Bruguiere. Encyc. Meth., 1, 414, 1789.

= Cassis, Lam.
Cassidea, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 111, 1807.

= Cypraecassis, Stutchb.
Cassidea, Swainson. Malacol., 66, 299, 1840.

= Semicassis, Mo'rdi, ... ... 209

Cassidiforme (Pachybathron), Gask. Ann. Mag. N. IT.,

1S53, p. 2, t. 12, f. 1-3, 283

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 287

PAGE.

Cassidiformis (Pacbybathron), Chenu. Manuel, f. 1142.

== P. Margin elloideum, Gask.
Cassis (Dolium), Bolten. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 111.

: D. fimbriatum, Sowb 204

Cassis (Klein, 1753), Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, . .208,270
Centiquadrata (Cassis), Valen. Voy. Humb. and Bonp., p.

183, No. 320. = C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. . 275
(Ypa (Bucciuum), Bolt. Mus., No. 372.

= Cassis sulcosa, Brag. ....... 274

Cepa (Dolium), Martini. Conch. Cat., iii, p. 401, pi. 117, f.

1076 and 1077. = D. olearium, Brug.
Chinense (Dolium), Dillvv. Cat., p. 585.

= D. variegatum, Lam., var. . . . . . . 262

Cicatricosa (Cassis). Gronov. Zoopli., Fasc. 3, p. 303;

Meusch., 1778, n. 1158. = C. sulcosa, Brug. . . .274
Cithara (Oniscia), B. Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 266, . 283
Clathrata (Ficus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111. Conch, iii, pi. 2,

f. 3. = Pyrula reticulata, Lam. ..... 265

Coarctata (Cassis), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Supp., t. 4,

f. 5, .... 268, 272

Coarctata (0 vula), Ad. and Reeve. V<oy. Samarang, f. 2, p.

21, pi. 6, . 253

Coccineus (Calpurnus), Ad. Reeve, Icon., sp. 21.

= 0 vula concinna, Ad. and Reeve.
Colnmba (Ovula), Sch. et Wag. Suppl., 40, 43, 40, 44.

= 0. tortilis, Mart. . 246

Concinna- (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yo3r. Sam., p. 22, pi. 6,

f. 8, 1850, .249

Conoidea (Cypnea), Scopoli. Delic. Insubr., 1786, t. 24, f. 3.

= Oniscia Lamarcki, Desh. ...... 281

Cornuta (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12. p. 1198, . . 270

Coronadoi (Cassis), Crosse. Jour. Conch., xii, 1867, p. 64,

t. iv, v, f . 1 280

Coronulata (Cassis), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 20, . . 276
Corrugata (Cassis), Swainson. Exotic Conchology, p. 35, . 27(.)
Corrugatum (Ovuluni), Hinds. Moll. Voy. Sul., pi. 16,

f. 5,^6. = Erato. Manual Conch., v, 11, . . .250
Costatum (Dolium), Menke. Syn. Meth., 1828, . . 263

Costellata (Ovula), Lam. An. du Mus., xvi, p. 110, 1810.

= 0. tortilis, Mart 246

Crassilabris (Dolium), Yal. Humb. and Bonpl., livr. 14.

= D. ringens. Swains. ....... 265

Creiiulatum (Dolium), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1845, p. 148 ; Abb.,

t. l,f. 1. = D. zonatum, Green, . . . . .263
Cristallina (Ovula), Kien. Coq. viv., 14, pi. iv, f. :j, . . 247
Critho, Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, .'{84, 1X00, . . . 254, 255

288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Crosseanum (Dolium), Allery de Mont. J. C., xvii, p. 228,

t. 12, f. 1, 1809, 263

Crumena (Cassis), Brag. Diet, No. 12, . . . .273
Cumingii (Dolium), Hanley. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 13,

1849. = D. olearium, Brug., var 262

Cumingi (Ovula), Morcli. Cat. Kjerulf, p. 30, t. 1, f. 11,

1850. = 0. concinna, Ad. and Reeve, .... 249

Cypboma, Bolten. Mas., 1798, 244, 250

Cypraecassis, Stutchbury. London's Mag. N. H., N. S., 1,

214, 1837, 268, 272

Cypraella, Swains. Malacol., 325, 1840.
= Calpurims, Montf.

Decussata (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . 277
Decussata (Pedicularia), Gould. Bost. Proc., v, 126, 1855, 242
Decussata (Pyrula), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. . .265,266
Decussatum (Buccinum), Pennt. Brit. Shells, t. 79, f. 2.

= Cassis sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 274

Deflexa (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 136.

= 0. Philippinarum, Sowb. ...... 252

Dennisoni (Oniscia), Ree,ve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 21, 282
Dentata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6, f.

4, 1850. =.0. striatula, Sowb 250

Dentatum (Dolium), Barnes. Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, i, p. 135,

pi. ix, f. 3. = D. ringens, Swains. ..... 265

Dentiora, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 240, 1862.

= Pedicularia, Swains .241

Depressa (Cassidaria), Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sic., pt. ii,

pi. 27, f. 3. = C.echinophora, Linn 279

Depressa (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, p. 128, pi.

xxiv, f. 1. =0. Philippinarum, Sowb. .... 252
Deshayesii (Cassidaria), Duval. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1841,

p. 278; Jour, de Conch., 70, t. 1, f. 9, 1863, . . .280
Deshayesii (Dolium), Reeve. Conch. lc., sp. 15, 1849. . 262
Diameza, Deshayes. Foss. bassin de Paris, iii, 572, t. 105,

f. 9-10, 1865, 245

Diluvii (Cassis), Serres (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad: . . 275
Doliata (Cassis), Val. Voy. Humb. and Bonpl., p. 183,

No. 320, 279

Doliidtc, 256, 257

Doliopsis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 141, 150, 18(55, . 258

Doliopsis, Monterosato, 1872, 258

Dolium, Lam. Syst. an., 79, 1801. . . . . 258, 261
Dolium (Buccinum), Linn. (Morch). = D. maculatum, . 264
Dorsnta (Cyphoma), Bolt. Mus., p. 15, n. 254.

= Ovula gihbnsa, Linn. ....... 250

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 289

PAOK.

Dorsuosa (Ovula), Hinds. Toy. Sulphur, p. 47, pi. 16, f. 3, 4,
1844. = 0. striatula, Sowb. . . . . . .250

Dunkeri (Dolium), Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 431, 265
Dnssumieri (Pyrula), Valenciennes. Kien.,Coq. Viv., p. 25,
pi. 11, ... 266

Echinophora (Cassidaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 735, 269
Echinora, Sebum. Essai nouv. gen., 249, 1817.

= Cassidaria, Lam . . . 269, 279

Eleuantissima (Pedicularia), Desh. Moll. Reunion, 50, t. 6,

f.^23-26, 1863, 242

Elongata (Ficula), Gray. Zool. Beech., p. 115.

? = Pyrula Dnssumieri, Val 267

Elongatum (Cyphoma), A. Ad. Proc. Linn. Soc.,vii, p. 96, 256
Emarginata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, p. 7, f. 54, 55,

1830, 251

Epidermata (Dolium galea, var.), de Gregorio. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital.,x, 115, 1884, 261

Erinacea (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199.

= C. vibex, var. Linn 277

Ersina, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 137, 1847. = Oniscia, Sowb. 270
Exarata (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 32, 1848, . . 276
Exquisita (Oniscia), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 35,

pi. 5, f. 3 o-&, . . 282

Fasciata (Cassis), Brug. Diet. No. 14. = C. spinosa, Gronv. 272
Fasciatum (Dolium), Brug. Diet. No. 5, . . 263

Fasciatum (Dolium), var., Kien., t. 4, f. 6.

= D. costatum, Menke. Ku'ster, 2, . . . . . 264
Favannei (Dolium), Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 430.

? = D. costatum, Menke, var. fimbriaturn, . . . 264
Ficoides (Pyrula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. ix, p. 511.

= P. reticnlata, Lnm • 2(55

Ficula, Swainson. Malacol., 85, 307, 1840. = Pyrula, Lam. 259
Ficulopsis, Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, 84, 1867, . . .260
Ficus, Klein (in part). Ostrac., 78, 1753. = Pyrula, Lam. 259
Ficus (Pyrula), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1184, . . 266
Fimbria (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat,, p. 3479.

= Cassis plicata, Linn. ....... 277

Fimbriata (Cassis), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr , p. 596,

t. 42, f. 7-8, .272

Fimbriatum (Dolium), Sowb. Genera, f. 2, . . . 264
Flammea (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199;

Kiener, 2, 271

Fonnicaria (Ovula), Sowb. Sp. Conch., pt. 1, p. 8, f. 39,

1830. = 0. hordacea, Lam. . ... 254

20

'290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGK.

Formosa (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Toy. Sarnarang, p. 22,

pi. 6, f. 6, 251

Fortior (Ficus), Mo'rch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 43.

= P. reticulata, Lam 2(55

Frumentum (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. f , f. 37,

1830, . 250

Fruticnm (Ovula), Ad., MS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., No. 16,

18G5, 249

Galea (Dolium), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1197, . . 261, 268
Galeodaria, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 26, 1865.

= Cassidaria, Lam 269

Galeodea (Link), H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 216, 1853.

= Cassidaria, Lam. ........ 269

Gallinaceum (Ovulum), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, p. 47, pi. 16,

f. 1-2. = Erato. Manual Conch., v, 10, . . .256
Gibba (Cassis), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3476, n. 24.

= C. sulcosa, Brug. ........ 274

Gibbosa (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1183, 1767, . 244, 250
? Gisortia, Jousseaume Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 88, 1884, 245
Glabrata (Cassis), Dunk. Menke, Zeit., 1852, p. 62 ; Novit.,

p. 35, t. 11, f. 1,2, ' . . . 279

Glauca (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat.. 12 ed., p. 1200, . 269, 276
Globulus (Cassis), Bolt. Mus., 1798, p. 22, n. 371.

? = C. sulcosa, Brug. ....... 274

Globulus (Cassis), Menke- Syn., edit. 1, No. 807, 1828.

= Desmoulea ventricosa, Lam. Mo'rch., Mai. Blatt.,

xviii, 126, 279

Goniogalea, Mo'rch. Cat. Svensen, 21, 1857.

= Cassis, Lam.
Gracilis (Ovula), Ad. and Kct've. Voy. Sam., p. 22, pi. 6,

f. 11, 1848, 252

Gracilis (Pyrula), Philippi. Zeits. fur Malak., v, 1848, p.

97. = P. papyratia, Say, 266

Grandis (Oniscia), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1853, p. 185, . 283
Granulata (Cassis), Born. Index, 1778, p. 239.

= C. sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 274

Granulosa (Cassis), Brug. Diet., No. 5.

= C. sulcosa, Born, ........ 274

Granulosa, var. (Cassis), Kien., t. 16, f. 34.

= C. snlcosa, Born, var. abbreviata, .... 275

Grayi (Sconsia), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 136, 1854.

? = C. striata, Lam. . . . . . . .281

Hordacea (Ovula), Costa. Arad. et Ben., Moll. Sicil., 303.
'= 0. spelta, Linn 254

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 291

PAGE.

Hordacea (Ovula), Lam. (non Reeve nee Sowb.). Ann. du
Mus.,xvi,p. 112, 1810, 254

Hordaceum (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., p. 10, f. 53.

== 0. Semperi, Weink. . . ... 252

Imperials (Ovtilura), Dill. Cat., p. 473, 1815.

= 0. tortilis, Mart ... 246

Incrassata (Cassis), Grat. = C. saburon, Ad. . . . 275
Indica (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 47, 1865.

= 0. obtusa, var., Sowb 251

Intiata (Cassis), p. Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 22 a, b.

= C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. .... 275

Inflata (Cassis), Serres. (Fossil.) = C. saburon, Ad.
Innata (Cassis), Shaw. Nat. Misc., v, 22, pi. 959, 1789.

= C. sulcosa, Born, var. . . . . . . .274

Inflexum (Ovulum), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 173;

Conch. 111., p. 18. = 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad. . . .255
Intermedia (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. 9, f. 32,

33, . 250, 251

Japonica (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Ic., fig. 23, 1848.

= C. saburon, Adanson, var. ...... 275

Japonica (Pedicularia), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 121,

t. 16, f. 12, 1871, . 242

Japonicum (Dolium). Dunk. Novit. Conch., t. 35, 36.

= D. luteostomum, Kiist 261

Kalosmodix (Cassis), Melvill. Jour, of Conch., vol. iv, 43,
1883. = C. vibex, Linn., var 278

Kieneri (Dolium), Phil. Abb. Neuer Conch., iii, p. 36.

= D. variegata, Lam. . . . . . . . 262

Labiata (Cassis), Chem. Conch. Cab., xi, p. 71, t. 184, 185 ;

Conrad, Jour. Acad. Philad., 2d ser., i, 211.

= C. cornuta, Linn 270

Labrosa (Cassis), Mart. Conch. Cat., ii, t. 36, f. 370, 371.

= Dolium pornum, Linn. ....... 265

Lactea (Bulla), Costa. Arad. et Benoit, Moll. Sicil., 302.

= Ovula carnea, Poir. ....... 248

Lactea, (Cassis), Kien. Coq. viv., t. 16, f. 35.

= C. sulcosa, abbreviata, Lam. ..... 275

Lactea (Ovula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, 368, 1822, . . 247
Lactescens (Dolium), Mart. Univ. Conch., teste Kobelt,

Jahrb., ii. 204. = D. costatum, Menke.
Laevigata (Cassis), Menke. Syn., 1828, p. 87.

= C. sulcosa, Brug 274

292 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Lrevigata (Ficula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. i, f. 4.

= Pyrula ficus, Linn 250

Laevigata (Sconsia), Sowb. Geol. Jour., vi, p. 47, t. x, f. 2.

= S. striata, Lam 280

Lamarckii (Cassidaria), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 212, . 282
Lamarckii (Oniscia), Desh. An. s. Vert., x, p. 12.

= Oniscia oniscns, Linn. ....... 281

Lambidium, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 112, 1807.

= Oniscia, Sowb 270

Lanceolata (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 135, 253
Lateralis (Gadinia), Requien. Moll. Corse, 39.

? = Pedicnlaria, Sicula, Swains. ..... 242

Latesulcatum (Dolinm), Mart. Conch. Cab., iii, p. 396,

f. 1072, 1082. = D. costatnm, Menke, . . 264

Latilabris (Dolium), Yal. Humb. and Bonpl., livr. 14.

= D. ringens, Swain. . . . . . . . 265

Leathesi (Ovula), Wood. Crag Moll., p. 14, t. 2, f. 1.

= 0. spelta, Linn., var. ....... 254

Lepida (Ovula), Dill. Cat., p. 474, 1815. =O. triticea,Lam. 248
Levenia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 137, 1847, . . 268, 272
Levilabiata (Cassis undulata, var.), de Gregorio. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital., x, 113, 1884. = C. sulcosa, Born., var. . . 275
Lienardi (Pediculnria), Robillard. Trans. Roy. Soc. Maur.,

v, 1871. ? = P. elegantissima, Desh., . . . .242
Lischkeanum (Dolium), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 71. t. 62, f. 1.

= D. costatum, var. iimbriatum, Sowb. .... 264
Livida (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1865.

= 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad 255

Loebbeckeana (Ovula), Weink. Kiist., 197, t. 50, f. 6,7, 1881.

= 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad 255

Longirostrata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, f. 46, t. 48,

1830, . 252

Luteostomum (Dolium), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 66, t. 58, f. 2, 261

Macgillivrayia, Forbes (in part). Voy. Rattlesnake App.,

383. 1851. = Larval condition of Dolium.
Maculatum (Dolium), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., Edit. Desh.,

x, p. 140. = D. costatum, Menke, var. .... 264
Maculosa (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., iii, 78.

= Cassis spinosa, Gronov. . . . . . .272

Madagascariensis (Cassis), Lam. Edit. Desh.,x, p. 20.

= C. cameo, Stimpson, . . . ... . . 268

Malea,Valenciennes. Zool. Voy. Humboldt,ii, 324,1833, 258, 265
Malum (Cassis), Bolt. Mus., p. 222, N. 370.

= Cassis sulcosa, Brug 274

Margarita (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 469, pi. 101, f. 93, 94, 248

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 293

PACK.

Marginata (Ovula), Ad. (non Sowb.). Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854,

p 130. = Amphiperas Adamsii, Reeve, . . . 250

Marginata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C.,pt. l,p. 5, f. 15, 16, 1830, 240
Marginatum (Dolium), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1845, p. 147.

= D. fimbriatum, Sowb. '. . . . . . . 204

Marginelloideum (Pachybathron), Chenu. Man., f. 1141.
. = P. Cassidiformis, Gask.
Marginelloideum (Pachybathron), Gask. Ann. and Mag.,

1853, p. 2, t. 12, f. 4-0, . . . 270, 283

Marmoreum (Dolium), Schroter. Index to Mart.

= D. oleariuni, Linn.
Masseme (Cassis), Kien. Iconog, t. S, f. 14.

== C. tennis, Gray, . . . 273

McCoyi (Bi rostra), Tenison-Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc.

Victoria, xiv, 50, 1878, 250

Melanostoma ( Dolium), Jay Cat., 1839, p. 124, t. 8, 9 ; Brazier,

Zool. Proc., 585, 1871 ; Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 23, 201
Minjac (Dolium), Adanson. Seneg., t. 7, f. 0.

= D. fimbriatum, Sowb. ....... 204

Minuta (Cassis), Menke. Syn., 1828 ; Morch, Mai. Blatt.,

xviii, 120. = Young C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. . 275
Morio, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 478, 1810.

= Cassidaria, Lam. ........ 209

Morum, Bolten Mus, 1798. = Oniscia, Sowb. . . .270

Mnricata (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis, 80, 1828, . . .279

Nana (Cassis), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. S. N. S. W.,

iv,p. 108, 279

Neglecta (Ovula), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lye. N. H., v, p. 255,

1850. = 0. avena, Sowb. . . . . . .255

Neosimnia, Fischer. Manual de Conch , 004, 1884, . 244, 253
Nicaensis (Ovula), Risso. Eur. Merid, iv, p. 235, f. 150.

= O. patula, Penn 247

Nigerinum (Oviilum), Duib. Ann. Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 180, . 250
Nivea (Cassis), Bra/k-r. Proc Zool. Soc., 1872, p. GIG, pi.

xliv, f. 1. = C. achatina, var. pyrum, .... 278
Nodosum (Buccinum), Dillw. Cat. 2, p. 580. nr. 10.

= Cassidaria echinophora, Lam. ..... 280

Nodulosum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3479.

= Cassis vibcx, Linn., var. erinacea, Linn. . . . 277
Nodosus (Rhomboides), Petiv. Guzophyl., t. 48, f. 10.

= Oniscia Strombiformis, Reeve.
Nubeculata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p.

23, pi. 0, f. 12, 1850, 247

Nucleus (Cassis), Kiist. Mart., Ch. ii, t. 52, f. 3, 4.

= C. saburon, Ad 275

294 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Oblonga (Bulk), Mart. Conch. Cab,, 1, f. 215, 216.

= Ovula intermedia, Sowb. ...... 251

Obtusa (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. 8, f. 34, 1830, 251
Ochroleucum (Buocinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3477.

= Cassidaria Tyrrhena, Lam. . * . . . . 280

Olearium (I)olium), Brug. Diet. No. 1 (non Linn). . . 262
Olearium (Buccinum), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1196.

= Dolium galea, Linn. ....... 201

Oniscia, Sowb. Genera of Shells, 1824. . . 269, 270, 281
Oniscidia, Swainson. Mai., 70, 299, 1840. . . . 270, 282

Oniscus (Oniscia), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210. . . 270, 281
Oocorys, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xxiii, 392, 1884. 267
Otus, Risso. Hist, i, 122, 1826. = Pyrula, Lam.
Oviformis (Ovula), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, 110, 1811.

= 0. ovum, Linn. ........ 246

Ovoidea (Ovula), H. Ad. Proc. Zool, Soc., 1872, p. 10, t. 3,

f , 4 248

Ovula, Brugulere. Enc. Meth., 1, xv, 1789. . . 243, 246

Ovulidte 243

Ovulum, Sowerby. Zool. Jour., iv, 145, 1828.

= Ovula, Brug.
Ovum (Ovula), var. f), Gmel. Syst. Nat. Ed., xiii, p. 3422.

= 0. tortilis, Martyn 246

Ovum (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767. . 246

Pachybathron, Gaskoin. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 356,

1853 ... 270, 283

Pacifica (Peducularia), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 516, 1865 ;

Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 96, 1868. 242

Papyratia (Pyrula), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 238, 1822. 266
Paradoxus (Thyreus), Philippi. Moll. Sicil., ii, 92, 1844.

= Pedicularia Sicula, Swains. ... . 242

Patula (Ovula), Pennant. Biit. Zool., iv, p. 117, pi. 70, f.

85, 1777 246

Paucirugis (Cassis), Menke. Moll. Nov. HolL, sp. p. 23,

No. 107. = C. achatina, var. pyrum. .... 278
Pedicularia, Swainson. Malacol., 245, 357, 1840, . . 241
Pellucidus (Ficus), Deshayes. Jour, de Conch., 1856, p. 184,

pi. 6, f. 1, 2. = Pyrula ficus, var. Linn 266

Pennata (Cochlea), Rumph., t. 27, f. 6.

= Dolium perdix, Linn.
Pennatum (Buccinum), Gmel. Linn., p. 3476, No. 21.

= Cassis rufa, Linn., juv. 273

Pennatum (Dolium), Morch. Cat. Yoldi, 2058.

= D. perdix, Linn 264

Perdix, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 447, 1810, . . . 258

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 295

PAGE.

Perdix (Dolium), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1197, . . .264
Personatum (Dolium), Mke. Syn., ed. 2, 1830.

= D. ringens, Swains. . . ..... 265

Pu-ifleri (Cassis), Hidalgo. Jour. Conch., 1871, p. 226 ; 1872,

p. 143, t. 7, f. 2. = C. saburon var. Japonica. . . 275

Phalium, Link. Rost. Sam ml., iii

= Bezoardica, Schum., 1817.
Pharctra (Ovula), Perry. Conch.

112, 1807.
t. 53, f. 2.

269
250

= 0. gibbosa, Linn.
Philippinarum (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 136, 252
Pila (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Ic., sp. 21, 1848.

== C. saburon, Ad 275

Plesioniscia, Fischer. Man. de Conch., 660, 1884.

= Oniscia, Sowb 270

Plicaria (Cassia, Lain. An. s.Vert., x, 25. = C. plicata, Linn. 277
Plicata (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1198, . . 277
Plicosum (Dolium), Mke. Zeit. fur Mai., 1845.

= D. ringens, Swains. ....... 265

Plumatum (Dolium), Green. Trans. Alb. Inst., i, 132.

= D. perdix, Linn 264

Pomum (Cassis), Wa^n. Conch. Cab. Forts., xii, t. 223,

f. 3084 and 3085. = C. saburon, Ad 275

Pomum (Dolium), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1197, . . .265
Ponderosa (Oniscia), Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1858, p. 225,

pi. xlii, f. 9, 10. = O. exquisita, Ad. and Reeve. . . 282
Provincialis (Pyruln), Martin. Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 249,

pi. 8, fig. 4, 1851. Abnormal (\issidaria echinophora,

Linn. 280

Ptychosyca, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 294, 1876, . . 260
Pudica (Ovula), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 131, . 247
Pulchella (Brugnonia), Jeff. Ann. Mag., xi, 399; xii, 67,

1883. ? = Cassis sulcosa (fry), Brug 274

Pulchellus (Amphiperas), H. Ad. P. Z. S., 1873, p. 206,

pi. 23, f. 5. = 0. punctata, Duclos, var. . . .249

Pullum (Buccinum), Born. Mus. C.V., p. 245.

= Cassis rufa, Linn., juv. ...... 273

Punctata (Ovula), Duclos. Mag. de Zool., 1830, p. 7, pi. 7, f. 1, 249
Purpurea (Ovula), Risso. Kur. Merid., iv, p. 235, 1826.

= 0. spelta, Linn 254

Pyriformis (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, p. 5, f. 21-23,

1830, 247

Pyrula, Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, 258

Pyrulina (Ovula), Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1854, p. 131, 249, 265
Pyrum (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., p. 33.

= C. pyrum, Lam., var 278

296 . INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Quadriseriata (Oniscia), Menke. Syn., p. 145.

? = 0. oniscus, Linn. ....... 281

Quinquecosta (Doliopsis), Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i,

141, 1865, 258

Radius, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 626, 1810.

== Yolva, Bolt 244, 252

Recurva (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6,

f. 3, 1848, 252

Recurvirostrum (Cassis), Wood. Ind. Test., t. 22, f. 30, . 275
Reevei (Dolium), Hanley. Zool. Proc., 493, 1859.

? = D. costatum, Menke., var. fimbriatum, . . . 264
Reticulata (Cassis), Bell (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad. . 275
Reticulata (Pyrula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. ix, p. 510, . 265
Reticulata (Pyrula), Sowb. Genera of Shells, f. 1.

= Pyrula papyratia, Say, . . . . . . 266

Reticulatus (Perdix), Montf., ii, p. 447.

= Dolium perdix, Linn. ....... 264

Rhodia (Ovula), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 130, 248, 249
Ringens (Dolium), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat., p. 21, '. 265
Rosea (Ovula)., A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 130, 1854.

= 0. birostris, Linn. ....... 253

Rosea (Ovulum depressum, var.), Rossi ter. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W., vii, 323, 1882. = 0. Philippinarum, Sowb. 252
Rubida (Dentiora), Pease. Proc. Zool. Sot., 240, 1862, . 242
Rotundata (Cassis), Perry. Conch., t. 33, f. 1.

= C. tuberosa, Linn. . . . . . . .271

Rufa (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat, ed. 12, p. 1198, . 268, 273
Rufa (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 173 ; Conch.

111., p. 17. = 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad 255

Rufum (Dolium), Blainv. Die. Sc. Nat. livr., p. 503.

= D. perdix, Linn., var. ....... 264

Rugosum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3476, nr. 127.

= C. strigata, Gmel. 277

Rugosum (Buccinum), Linn. Mantissa, 549.

= Cassidaria echinophora, Linn. . . . . . 279

Rumphii (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3476.

= Cassis spinosa, Gronv. ...... 272

Saburon (Cassis), Adanson. Seneg., t. 7, f. 8, . . . 275
Scitula (Ovula), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 131.

= 0. bullata, Ad. and Reeve, . . . . . 250

Sconsia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 137, 1847, . . . 269, 280
Scrobiculata (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis, 86, 1828, . . 279
Scymnia, Leach. Risso, 438 ; Adams' Genera.

= Simnia, Risso.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 297

PAOE.

Secale (Bulla), Dill. Cat., i, p. 474, 1815.

= Ovula acicularis, Lam 253

Secalis (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. i, f. 36, 1830, . 254
Semicassis (Klein, 1753), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 112, 1852,

268, 269, 274

Semigranosa (Cassis), Wood. Ind. Test., pi. 4, f. 2, . . 275
Semiimlum (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. i, f. 40, p. 8,

1830. == 0. secalis, Sowb 254

Semiporcellana, Da Costa. Elem., 176, 297, 1776.

= Ovulum, Brug.
Semistriata (Ovula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 96,

pi. 11, f. 16, also P. Z. S., 1862, p. 241.

= 0. lactea, Lam., var. ....... 247

Semperi (Ovula), Weink. Kiister, p. 190, t. 48, f. 14, 15,

1882, 251, 254

Sicula (Pedicularia), Swainson. Treatise, 245, 1840, . . 241
Similis (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 136, 1848.

= 0. avena, Sowb 255

Simula, Leach. Risso, Hist. Nat., iv, 235, 1826.

= Ovulum, Brug 243

Sinensis (Ovula), Sow. P. Z. S., 1874, p. 599, pi. Ixxii, f. 1, . 246
Sophia (Cassis), Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 617,

pi. xliv, f. 2, 279

Sowerbyana (Ovula), Weink. Kiister, 202, t. 51, f. 10-11,

1881, . . . • 253

Spelta (Bulla), Dill., 2, p. 775, 9, 1815.

= Ovula intermedia, Sowb. ...... 251

Spelta (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1182, 1767, . 254

Spelta (Ovula), Sowb. (non Linn.). Spec. Conch., p. 2, f. 43.

1830. = 0. Sowerbyana, Weink 253

Spinosa (Cassis), Gronov. Zooph., p. 302, t. 19, f. 9, 1781, 272
Spirintrorsum (Dolium galea, var.), de Gregorio. Bull. Soc.

Mai. Ital., x, 114, 1884, .... .261

Striata (Cassidaria), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 10 ; Gabb,

Proc. Phil. Acad., 361, 1875, . . . . .269,280
Striata (Cassis) Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zeal., 8.

= C. p3rrurn, Lam., juv. ....... 278

Striata (Cassis), Serres (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad. . . 275
Striatella (Cassis), Grat. (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad. . 275
Striatella (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. i, p. 7, pi. 38, 1830, 250
Striatum (Buccinum), Gronov. Zoophyl., p. 302, t. 19, f. 18.

= Cassis tuberosa. Linn. . . . . . . .271

Strigata (Cassis), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3477, . . 276

Strigosum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3472.

= Cassidaria echinophora, Lam. ..... 280

298 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Strombiformis (Oniscia), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842,

p. 91, 282

Subleevigata (Sconsia). Guppy. Geol. Jour., xxii, p. 287,

pi. 19, f. 10. = S. striata, Lam. . . . . 280

Subreflexa (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 22, pi.

6, f. 10. = 0. Philippinarum, Sovvb 252

Subrostrata (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 136, 1848.

= O. uniplicata, Sowb.
Sulcuta (Oocorys), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xxiii,

392, 1884, .' 267

Sulcosa (Cassis), Brug. Diet., No. 6, 274

Sulcosum (Buccinum), Dillw. Cat., 2, p. 584, nr. 5.

= Doliuin fasciatum, Brug. ...... 263

Sulphurea (Helix), Ad. Contr. Conch., 33, 41, 98.

= Fry of Dolium perdix, L 265

Sycotypus, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 198, 1853.

= Pyrula, Lam. ........ 259

Symnia (Risso), Kiener. Iconog. Ovulum, 24.

= Simnia, Leach.
Syninia (Risso), Deshayes. Anim. s. Vert., x, 474, 1844.

= Simnia, Leach.

Tardina (Dolium galea, var.), de Gregorio. Bull. Soc. Mai.

Ital., x, 114, 1884, 261

Tenue (Dolium), Menke. Syn., ed. ii, p. 143, 1830.

= D. galea, Linn 261

Tenuilabris (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis, p. 87, 1828, . . 279
Tenuis (Cassis), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Supp., t. 4, f. 5, . 272
Tessellata (Cassis), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3476.

= C. spinosa, Gronv. ....... 272

Tessellata (Cassis), Pfr. Register, p. viii.

= C. sulcosa, Born, var. inflata, 274

Tessellata (Pyrula), Kobelt. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Pyrula,

t. 2, f. 3, 1874, 267

Tesellatum (Doliurn). Encycl., t. 403, f . 3 a and b.

Pars = D. fimbriatum, Sowb.

Pars = D. maculatum, Lain 264

Testardi (Doliuin), Montr. Jour. C., 1863, p. 75 and 166,

t. 5, f. 6. = D. olearium, Linn., var. .... 263
Testiculus (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . 273
Texta (Cassis), Bronn. (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad. . . 275
Thomson! (Cassis), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i, 279
Thyreus, Philippi. Moll, Sicil., ii, 92, 1844.

= Pedicularia, Swains. ... . . . . .241

Torquata (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Ic., *p. 1, 1848, . . 278
Tortilis (Ovula), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 60, 1782, . 246

INDUX AND SYNONYMY. 29$

PA OK.

Trailli (0 vnla), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 222, 1855, . 251
Tmnsovula, Gregorio, 1880, ... . 245

Trifasciata (Buccinura), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3477, nr. 30.

= Cassis sulcosa, var. inflata, Shaw, .... 274
Triseriata (Oniscia), Menke. Syn., p. G4.

= O. oniscus, Linn 281

Triticea (Bnlla), Costa. Arad. et Benoit, Moll. Sicil., 302.

= Ovula carnea, Poir. ....... 248

Triticea (Ovula), Lam. An. du Mus., xvi, p. Ill, 1810, . 248
Tuberculosa (Cassidaria), Schumacher. Nouv. Syst., p.

240. = C. echinophora, Brug. 279

Tuberculosa (Oniscia), Sowb. Gen. Shells, Oniscia, p. 2, . 281
Tuberosa (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1198, . .271
Turgida (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 25, 1848.

= C. achatina, Lam. . . . . . . . .278

Tyrrhena (Cassidaria), Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. vii, p. 8, . 280
Tyrrhena (Cassidaria), Sowb. Gen. Shells, f. 2.

= C. echinophora, Lam 279

Ultimus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 642, 1810.

= Cvphoma, Bolten.

Umbilicata (Cassis), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1800, p. 436, 279
I'mbilicata (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 135, 1848.

= 0. margarita, Sowb. ....... 248

Undata (Cassis), Desh. Lam., Hist. Nat., ed. ii, Bd. 10,

S. 28, Note. = C. strigata, Gmelin 277

Undulata (Cassis), Humphr., p. 19, n. 317.

= C. tuberosa, Linn. . . . . . . . 271

Undulata (Cassis), Gmel. Syst. Nat. = C. sulcosa, Brug. 274
rniplieata (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 135, 1848, . 254

Variabilis (Ovula), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lye. N. H., v, p. 255,

1850, 255

Vuriegatum (Dolium), Kiister. Conch. Cabinet, t. 63, f. 1.

= D. luteostornum, Kiist. ....... 262

Vanegiitum (Dolium), Lam. An. s. Vert., edit. Deshayes, x,

p. 143, 262

Ventricosum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3476, nr. 25.

= Cassis rufa, Linn 273

Ventricosa (Cassis), Mart., 2, 1771, f. 344-45.

= C. suk-ata, Brug ... 274

Ventricosa (Ficula), Sowb. Tank. Cat., xvii.

= Pyrula decussata, Wood 266

Verrucosa (Ovula), Linn. Syst, Nat., p. 1182, . . .256
Vexillum (Cassidaria), Kien. Coq. Viv., pi. ii, f. 6.

= Vexilla vexillum, Chenu, Manuel, ii, 181. . . . 279

300 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Yibex (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . . 277
Vidleri (Ovulum), Sowb. Proc. Zool. SQC., 1881, p. 038,

pi. Ivi, f. 1. = 0. avena, Sowb 255

Virginea (Bulla), Cantraine. = Ovula Adriatica, Sowb. . 247

Volva, Bolten. Mus., 1798, 244,252

Volva, Fleming. Hist. Brit. Anim., 331, 1828.

= Sirania, Risso.

Volva (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1182, 1767, . . .252
Vulgaris (Bezoardica), Schnm. Nouv. Syst., p. 248, 1817.

= Cassis glauca, L. ........ 276

Xanthostoma (Oniscia), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1853, p. 174.
= 0. tuberculosum, Sowb. 282

Zebra (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 28.

= C. strigata, Gmel 277

Zelanica (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 33.

= C. pyrum, Lam 278

Zonatum (Dolium), Green. Trans. Alb. Inst., i, p. 131, pi. 4, 263

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

OVULID^E, DOLIID^E AND

PLATE 1.

KHJKKK. 1'AQB.

1. Pedicularia Sicula, Swainson. Dentition. Fischer's

Manual, pt. 7, f. 425, 241

2, 3. Pedicularia Sicula, Swains. Adams' Genera, t. 29,

f. 3, 3 a, . . . . . . . .241

4. Pedicularia Californica, Newc. Proc. Cal. Acad., iv,

t. l,f. 9, . 242

5. Pedicularia Japonica, Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii,

t. 16, f. 12, . 242

6. 7. Pedicularia Pacifica, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv,

t. 11, f. 17, 18, ....... 242

8, 9. Pedicularia elegantissima, Desh. Moll. Jleunion,

t. ('., f. 23, 24. 242

10. 0 vula gibbosa, Linn. Dentition. Fischer's Man. de

Conch., pt. 7, f. 420, 243

11. Ovula ovum, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, f. 2, . . 246

12. Ovula oviformis, Lam. (= ovum). Kiener, Iconog.,t. 1, 246

13. 14. Ovula marginata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 9, 10, . 246

15. Ovula brevis, Rve. (= marginata). Conch. Icon., f. 5 6, 246

16. 18. Ovula Adriatica, Sowb. (= patula). Thes. Conch.,

f. 13, 14, 247

17. Ovula patula, Pennant. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 30 a, 246

PLATE 2.

19, 20. Ovula tortilis, Martyn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 4, 5, 246
21, 22. Ovula Sinensis, Sowb. (= marginata). Zool. Proc.,

t. 72, f I, 1874, 246

23, 24. Ovula lactea, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1, . 247

(301)

302 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGB.

25, 26. O vula semistriata, Pease (= lactea). Am. Jour.

Conch., iv, t. 11, f. 16, .... . 247

27, 28. Ovula cristallina, Kiener (= lactea). Kiener,

Iconog., t. 4, f. 3, 247

29, 30. Ovula pudica, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon , f. 6, . 247

31. Ovula Caledonica, Crosse (= pudica). Jour, de Conch.,

t. 2, f. 1, 1872, 247

32, 33. Ovula brevis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 70, 71, . 248
34, 35. Ovula margarita, Sowb. Ibid., f. 93, 94, . . 248
36, 37. Ovula bulla, Ad. and Rve. (= margarita). Conch.

Icon., f. 20 .248

38, 39. Ovula nmbilicata, Sowb. (== margarita). Reeve,

Ibid., f. 14, .... . . 248

40. Ovula ovoidea, H. Ad. (= margarita). Zool. Proc.,

t. 3,f. 4, 1872 248

41,42. Ovula nubeculata, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icon.,

f. 12, 247

43, 44. Ovula pyriformis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 72, 73, . 247

45. Ovula pyriformis, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 9 a, 247

46, 47- Ovula bimaculata, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

f. 11, 248

48-50. Ovula carnea, Poiret. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

74-76, 248

51-52. Ovula triticea, Lam. (= carnea). Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 51, 52, . 248

PLATE 3.

f>:5, 54. Ovula rhodia, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 18 a, 6, 249
55, 56. Ovula fruticum, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 16 a, 6, . 249
57, 58. Ovula pyrulina, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 19 a, 6, . 249
59, 60. Ovula concinna, Ad. and Reeve. Reeve, Ibid., f.

21 a, 6, 249

61-63. Ovula punctata, Duclos. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

90-92, 249

64. Ovula alabaster, Reeve (== punctata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 23 6, 249

65, 66. Ovula Adamsi, Reeve. Ibid., f. 24 a, ft, . . 249
67, 68. Ovula bullata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 26 a, 6, . 250
69, 70. Ovula scitula, Adams. (= bullata). Reeve, Ibid.,

f. 29 a, 6, 250

71, 72. Ovula frumentum, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 25 a, 6, . 250

73. Ovula pulchella, H. Ad. (= punctata, var.). Zool.

Proc., t. 23, f. 5, 1873, 249

74. Ovula Cumingi, Morch (= concinna). Morch, Cat.

Kjerulf.,t. l,f. 11, 249

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303

FIGUKK. PAGE.

75, 76. Ovula striatula, Sowerby. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

28 a, 6, 250

77, 78. Ovula dorsuosum, Hinds. (= striatula). Ibid., f.

27 a, ft, 250

79, 80. Ovula dcntata, Ad. and Reeve (= striatula). Ibid.,

f. 36 a, ft, 250

81, 82. Ovula gibbosa. Linn. Reeve, Ibid., f. 32 a, ft, . 250

83. 84. Ovula emargirfata, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid.,f. 34 a. ft, . 251

85, 86. Ovula intermedia, Sowb. Ibid., f. 33 a, ft, . . 2.~>1

87, 88. Ovula obtusa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 22, 23, . 251
89 Ovula Indiea, Reeve (== obtusa, var.). Conch. Icon.,

f. 47ft, 251

90, 91. Ovula Trailli, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 38 a, ft, . 251

PLATE 4.
92, 93. Ovula longirostra, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

40 a, c, 252

1)4,95. Ovula volva, Linn. Thes Conch., f. 67, . . 252
96, 97. Ovula recurva, Ads. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f.

54 a, ft, 252

98, 99. Ovula gracilis, Ads. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 61 a, ft, . 252
100, 1. Ovula Philippinarum, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 46 a, ft, 252
2. Ovula Carpenteri, Du-nker (= Philippinarum). Moll.

Maris Japon., t. 13, f. 1, 252

o, 4. Ovula Angasi, A. Ad. (= Philippinarum). Conch.

Icon., f. 48 a, ft, 252

5. Ovula depressa, Sowb. (= Philippinarum). Zool. Proc.,

t. 2-1, f. 1, 1875, 252

6, 7. Ovula subreflexa, Ad. and Reeve (== Philippinarum).

Conch. Icon., f. 55 a, ft, 252

8. Ovula deflexa, Sowb. ( =Philippinarum). Ibid., f. 56 ft, 252

9. Ovula Adamsii, Bunker (= Philippinarum). Moll. Ma-

ris Japon., t. 13, f. 3, .... 253

10, 11. Ovula birostris, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 45 a, ft, 253

12. Ovula aperta, Sowb. (= birostris). Thes. Conch., f. 107. 253

13, 14. Ovula rosea, A. Ad. (= birostris). Reeve, Conch.

Icon.,f. 44 a, ft, 253

15, 16. Ovula Formosa, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 39 a, ft, . 251
17. 18. Ovula hordacea(=Semperi,Weink.). Reeve, Ibid.,

f. 37,o,6, . ... 251

PLATE 5.

19. Ovula hordacea (= Semperi, Weink). Thes. Conch.,

f. 112, 251

20, 21. Ovula lanceolata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

59, a, 6, 253

304 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

22. Ovula coarctata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 57 a, . . 253

23. Ovula acicularis, Lain. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 43, . 253

24. 25. Ovula acicularis, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 53

a, 6, 253

26. Ovula spelta (= Sowerbyana, Weink.). Ibid., f. 42, 6, 253

27. Ovula spelta (= Sowerbyana, Weink.). Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 63, 253

28. 29. Ovula secalis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 26, 27, . . . 254

30. Ovula seminulum, Sowb. (= secalis). Conch. Icon., f.

48 a, 254

31. Ovula Borbonica, Deshayes. Moll. Reunion, t. 13, f. 18, 254

32. 33. Ovula spelta, Linn. Kiener, Coq. viv., t. 5, f. 4, . 254
34-36. Ovula hordacea, Lam. Ibid , t. 6, f. 6, . . . 254
37, 38, Ovula formicaria, Sowb. (= hordacea). Conch.

Icon.,f. 52 a, 6, 254

39. Ovula uniplicata, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 51 a, . . 254

40. Ovula uniplicata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 31, . . 254

41. Ovula Antillarum, Reeve (= uniplicata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 64 a, 254

42. Ovula subrostrata, Sowb. (= uniplicata). Thes. Conch.,

f. 39, . 255

43. Ovula arcuata, Reeve (= uniplicata). Conch. Icon.,

f. 58 6, 255, . 255

44. Ovula variabilis, C. B. Ad. (= uniplicata, var.). Kiis-

ter, Conch. Cab , t. 53, f. 2, . ... . 255

45. Ovula Californica, Reeve. (= uniplicata, var.). Conch.

Icon., f. 50 6, 255, 255

46. Ovula iequalis, Sowb. (= uniplicata, var.). Conch. 111.

Cypraea, f. 61, . 255

47. Ovula livida, Reeve (== uniplicata, var.). Conch. Icon.,

f. 63 6, 255

48. Ovula rufa, Sowb. (= uniplicata, var.). Conch. 111. Cy-

praea, f. 58, ' . 255

49. Ovula inflexa, Sowb. ( =uniplicata, var.). Ibid., f. (50, 255

50. Ovula Lobbeckeana, Weink ( = uniplicata, var.). Kiis-

ter, Conch. Cab., t. 50, f. 7, 255

51. Ovula avena, Sowb. Conch. 111. Cyprrea, f. 59, . . 255

52. Ovula sirailis, Sowb. (= avena). Thes, Couch., f. 29, 255

53. Ovula similis (= avena). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 49 a, 255

54. Ovula neglecta, C. B. Ad. (= avena). Reeve, Ibid., f.

62 a, . 255

55. Ovula Vidleri, Sowb. (= avena). Zool. Proc., t. 56, f.

1, 1881 255

56. 57. Ovula verrucosa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f.

78, 79, . 25(5

58. Ovula verrucosa, Linn. Quoy, Yoy. Astrol, t. 47, f. 8, 256

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

D O L I I D

i

FIGURE. PAGE.

1. Dolium perdix, Linn. Dentition. Troschel, Gel

.
ix, Linn. Jaw. Ibid., t. 19, f. 1, . . 257

3. ; a, Linn. Kiener, Iconog.,t. 2, f. 2, . . 261

4. Dolium i . Jay. ,' ., 3d edit., t. 9, . 261
Dolium melanostom: e, Conch. Icon., f. 2, 261

•: •oiu-h. Cab., t. 58, . . 261

PL A

Dolium Japonicum, Dunker (=luteostoma). Dunker,

Novitates Conch. 261

Dolium olearium, Br ner, Iconog., t. 1, f. 1 a, . 262

im Cunr ;um). Conch. Icon.,

f. 3, - - - - 262

rium, var.). Conch.

tt., f. 13 tf, ... . .262

11. Dolium Testardi, Morch (= olearium, var.). Jour, de

Conch., t, 5, f. 6, 1863, . .262

•iterosato. Ibid., t. 12, f. 1,

. 263

PLA;

>im, Lam. K< rve, Conch. Icon., f. 7 6, 262
Dolium Chinense, Dilhv. (= variegatum).

.

17. L2a, 263

,rum, var. fhnbri-
., t. 02, f. 1, . 264

PJ

Doliuni( .i:\tum).

t. i

20. Dolium ampull:1 ", Men!

Neii- • 2113

21. Dolium >or,

Icoiio.u'., t. 3, f. 4,

22. Dolium '

Icon., f

306

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

23,24. Dolium perdix, Linn. Embryo and young. Fisci

Jour, de Conch., t. 6. f. 7, 1863,
25. Dolium perdix. Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 41, f. 1,

PLATE 5.

2(>. Dolium pomum, Linn3 Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 6,

27. Doliurn

t. 4, f. 7, .

28. Pyr (= reticulata, Lam.), Ibid.,

.

29. Pyrula ficus, Linn. Ad: 1!1g)t. 9,

Dussumieri, Yal. Reeve, Icon., Ficula, f. 2, .

llata, Kobelt. K la, t, 2, f. 3, . 2«7

32. Doliopsis quinquecosta, Coin -lour. Conch., i,

t. 10, f. 15,

33. Pyrula clathrata Rouss. (= roticulata). Chenu, 111.

Conch., t. 2, f. 3,

34. Pyrula ventricosa, Sowb. (= decussaata). Kiei;

Pyrulajt. 12, f. 2,

35. Pyrula reticulata, Lam. (== papyratia). So^vb., G<

Shells, Pyrula, f.

36. Pyrula ficus, Linn. ' So\vb., Thcs. Conch., iv,t. 423, f. 4, 206

37. Pyrula pellucida, Desh. (-. Jour. deCon<

ier.,i, t 6, f. 1, . . .

38. Pyrula licoides, Lam. (= reticulata). Dentition.

schel, Gebiss Schneck., t. 20, f. 1*2, . . .258
39-41. Ooeo d Smith (= sulcati

Trans'. Conn. Acad., vi, t. 31, f. 12,
42. Oocorys sulcata, .Fischer. Manuel de Co 8,

•36, .267

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307

CASSIDID^E.

PLATE 1.

'IOURE. PAGE.

43. Opcrculum of Cassis. Fischer's Manuel, pt. 7, f. 413, . 268

44. Cassis saburon, Adans. Dentition, Fischer's Manuel,

pt. 7, f. 412, i>fi8

45. 46. Cassis cornuta, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, f. 3, . 270
47, 48. Cassis flammea, Linn. Ibid., t. 3, f. 5, . . .271

PLATE 2.

40. Cassis cornuta, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 2, . . . 270

50. Cassis cameo, Stimpson. Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., t.

8, f. 67, 271

51. Cassis tuberosa, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 7, .271

52. Cassis coarctata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 14, • 272

53. Cassis tennis, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 13 c, . 272

54. Cassis testiculus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 17, • 273

PLATE 3.

55. Cassis fimbriata, Quoy. Kiener, Iconog., t. 4, f. 6, . 272
50. Cassis crumena, Brug. Reeve, Icon., f. 10 a, . . 273
57, 58. Cassis rufa, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, f. 12, . 273

59. Cassis lactea, Kiener (= sulcosa, var. abbreviata).

Ibid., t. 16, f.35, 274

60. Cassis semigranosa, Wood. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 3, 275

61. Cassis abbreviata, Lam. (=sulcosa, Brug.). Ibid.,f. 18a, 274

PLATE 4.

62. Cassis spinosa, Gronov. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 96, . 272

63. Cassis testiculus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 17, . 273

64. Cassis sulcosa, Brug. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 30, . 274

65. Cassis inflata, Shaw (= sulcosa, var.). Ibid., f. 22, . 274

66. 67. Cassis recurvirostrum, Wood (= sulcosa, var.).

Ibid., f. 16 a, 6, 274

68, 69. Oniscia tuberculosa, Sowb. Ibid., f. 5 6, . .281

70. Oniscia Strombiformis, Reeve. Ibid., f. 2, . . . 282

PLATE 5.

71. Cassis abbreviata, Lam. (= sulcosa, Br.). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 186, . . . . . .274

72. Cassis canaliculata, Brug. Ibid., f. 8, . . . . 275

73. Cassis canaliculata, Brug. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 28, 275

308 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAOB.

74. Cassis saburon, Adans. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11 a, . 275

75. Cassis pila, Reeve (= saburon. var.). Ibid., f. 21, .275

76. Cassis Japonica, Reeve (= saburon, var.). Ibid., f. 23, 275

77. Cassis Pfeifferi, Hidalgo (= saburon, var.). Jour, de

Conch., t. T, f. 2, 1872, 275

78. Cassis bisulcata, Schub. et Wagn. (= saburon, var.).

Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. ('» b, ... 275

PLATK 0.

79. Cassis glauca, Linn. Reeve. Conch. Icon.,f. 33, . . 276

80. Cassis glauca, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol , t. 43, f. 9, , 276

81. Cassis coronulata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 31, . 276

82. 83. Cassis exarata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 32, . .276

84. Cassis areola, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 10, f. 19, . 276

PLATE 7.

85. Cassis zebra, Lam. (= strigata). Kiener, Iconog., t.

10, f. 18, 276

86. Cassis plicaria, Lam. (= plicata). Ibid., t. 6, f. 11, . 277

87. 88. Cassis decussata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

46,c-, . 277

89. Cassis vibex, Linn. Ibid., f. 156, . . . .277

90. Cassis vibex, var. erinacea, Linn. Ibid., f. 15 d, . 277

91. Cassis vibex, vnr. kalasmodix, Melvill. Author's

drawing, • . . . 278

92. 93. Cassis torquata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 1 6, c, . 278

PLATE 8.

94. Cassis achatina. Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 286, . 278

95. Cassis turgida, Reeve (= achatina). Ibid, f. 25 c, . 278

96. 97. Cassis pvrum, Lam. (= achatina, var.). Ibid., f.

29 a, &, , . .278

98. Cassis nivea, Brazier (= achatina, var. pyrum). Proc.

Zool. Soc., t. 44, f. 1, 1872, 278

99. Cassis Sophia, Brazier. Ibid., t. 44, f. 2, 1872, . . 279
100. Oniscia exquisita, Ad. and Reeve. Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 3, 282

1-3. Pachybathron Cassidiforme, Gaskoin. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., t. 12, f. 1-3, 1853, . . . .283

4, 5. Pachybathron Margin elloideum, Gaskoin. Ibid., t.

12, f. 4, 0, 1853, 283

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 309

PLATE 9.

FIGURE. PAGB.

('.. Cassidaria Deshayesii, Duval. Jour, de Conch., t. 1,

f. 9,180:*. . 280

7. Cassis paiutiruiyis, Mke. (= achatina, var. pyrum).

Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 19 a, . . . ' . .278

s. Cassis glabrata, Bunker. Novit. Conch., t. 11, f. 1, . 279

9. Cassidaria echinophora, Linn. Kiener,Iconog.,t. l,f. 2, 279

10. Cassidaria echinophora, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t.

54, f. 5, 279

11. Cassidaria provincialis, Martin (= echinophora, mon-

str.). Jour, de Conch., ii, t. 8, f. 4, . . . 279

12. 13. Cassidaria Coronadoi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t.

4, f. 1; t. 5, f. 1, 1807, 280

PLATE 10.

14. Cassidaria Tyrrhena, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 1, f. 1, 280

15. Cassidaria striata, Lam. Ibid., t. 2, f. 3, . . .280

16. Cassidaria Grayi, A. Ad. (= striata, Lam.). Zool.

Proc., 1854, t. 28, f. 6, 280

17. Cassidaria( Barbudensis, Higgins and Marrat. Proc.

Lit. Philos. Soc. Liverpool, xxxi, t. 1, f. 1, . .281

18. Oniscia oniscus, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 55, f. 5, 281

19. Oniscia Lamarckii, Desh. (= oniscus, var.). Reeve,

Conch. Icon., f. 1, 281

20. Oniscia Dennisoni, Reeve. Ibid., f. 6, ... 282

21. Oniscia cancellata. Sowb. Ibid., f. 4, . . . . 282

22. Oniscia ponderosa, Hanley (=exquisita). Zool. Proc.,

1858, t, 42, f. 10, . " 282

TEREBRID^E.

PLATE 1.

TEREBRID^E.

PLATE 2.

26

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TEREBRIDJE.

PLATE 3.

44- 4-6

TEREBRIDuE.

PLATE

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71

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TEREBRIDvE. PLATE 5.

4

73 ,^_ ^^

m^m zamM 7Z

74 '''

76

79

80

82

85

89 90 91

TEREBRIDvE. PLATE 6.

W9 94

95

98
97

100

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TEREBRID^E.

PLATE 7.

TEREBRID.E.

PLATE 8.

TEREBRIDJE.

PLATE ©-

54

69

70

TEREBRID^E

TEREBRID^E.

PLATE 11-

10

13

18

c; IT?

TEREBRIDJE.

PLATE 12.

I

25

29

CANCELLARHD^E.

PLATE 1.

CANCELLARIIDyE.

29

CANCELLARIIIX<E.

\w

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CANCELLARIID^E.

67

CANCELLARIIE^E.

CANCELLA RIID^E.

PLATE 6.

CANCELLARIID^E.

PLATE 7.

10.

14-.

12.

13.

19

w

16.

24.

28.

30.

STROMBID.E.

PLATE 1.

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STROMBID^E

STROMBID^^E.

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PLATE 3.

#iiTV\ >

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30.

if

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PLATE 4.

45.

41.

44.

42.

STROMBID^E

53.

STROMBIDJE.

STROMBID^E.

PLATE 7.

STROMBID^E

STROMBID^E.

STROMBLDJE.

PLATE 1O.

STROMBIDJE.

PLATE 11.

STROMBIDJE.

A

CYPRJEID^E

PLATE 2.

13

CYPRJEID^E.

CYPRJEID^E.

PLATE 4.

38

w

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43 44

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PLATE e.

PLATE 7.

CYPR^EID^E.

CYPRJEIDvE.

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14 DAY USE