UC-NRLF B 3 3m 713 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS FRONTISPIECE SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY STRUCTURSL UND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTKATIONS OF THE SPECIES. POUNDED BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc. D., CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. XIII. AUSTRALASIAN BULIMULID^E : BOTHRIEMBRYON, PLACOSTYLUS. HELICID^E : AMPHIDROMUS. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conehologieal Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1900. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS THE present volume contains only Oriental and Australasian Bulimi, of the families Bulimulidce and Helicidce. The classifi- cation of Pulmonates is now in a transitional stage, and it was impossible to see, a few years ago, that the genus Bulimus would become merely a name suggestive of a certain shell-contour, aiid standing for no natural group. Hence, some genera which should have been intercalated in the Helicid series were left for treatment with the Bulimulidce. Amphidromus, a genus undoubtedly belonging among the epiphallogonous Hclicidce, near Papuina, Chlorites, etc., thus finds place in this volume. The genera Bothriembryon and Placostylus are true Bulimulidce, allied to the South American series. This family is a typically " Austral " group. In the preparation of this volume I have received material assist- ance from Dr. J. C. Cox,^ Prof. W. H. Ball, Prof. F. W. Button, Mr. Charles Hedley, and Mr. H. Suter, who have supplied specimens or notes bearing on Bothriembryon and Placostylus. Specimens of Amphidromus have been received from Messrs. C. F. Ancey, G. H. Clapp, John Ford, John B. Henderson, Jr., Chas. W. Johnson and H. E. Sargent, and Mr. Hugh Fulton favored me with colored figures of some forms of which only uncolored illustrations had been published. To all of these gentlemen my most hearty thanks are due. H. A. P. Philadelphia, November, 1900. CONTENTS. Family BULIMULID^E (continued). Subfamily BULIMULIN^ (continued). Genus Bothriembryon Pilsbry, . . . . .1, 234 Genus Placostylus Beck, . . . . . . .19 Species of New Zealand and Lord Howe I., . . 22 Species of New Caledonia "' .28,235 Species of the New Hebrides, . . . . .69 Species of New Guinea, . . . . . .76 Species of the Solomon Islands, . . . 77,236 Species of the Fiji Islands, . . . . .98 Subgenus Diplomorpha (New Hebrides), . . . .114 Bulimoid HELICID^E. Genus PAPUINA (Australia), . . 120 Genus PANDA (Australia), .... .122 " Genus CARYODES (Tasmania \ . . 125 Genus AMPHIDROMUS Albers, . . . 127 Is. from Sumbawa to Tenimber, . . . 200-216 Java, Bali and adjacent islands, 133-140,147-156,201, 216 Celebes, Saleyer and Kalao, . 140, 147-156, 203, 232 Borneo, 158, 167, 220-228 Philippines, . . . 130-133, 142-146, 228-231 Sumatra and Islands northward from Sunda Strait, 157, 160,201,217-220 Mainland of S.-E. Asia, . . . . 156,161-199 Dates of issue of parts of Vol. XIII. . 253 MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Vol. yi\l\—BULlMULlD^—(Bulimidin(z}. Genus BOTHRIEMBRYON Pilsbry, 1894. Bothriemlryon PILS., Nautilus viii, p. 36 (July, 1894), type B. melo. Liparus MARTENS in Albers, Die Heliceen, 18GO, p. 229, type B. inflatus Lam. (Proposed as a subgenus of Buliminus Ehrenb.). PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 282. Not Liparuf ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 172 (for B. atomatus and favannii)) nor PFR., Malak. Bl., 1855, p. 157 (B. atomatus, favannii* crassilabris'), nor of H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 13$ (as a subgenus of Limicolarid]. Not Liparus OLIVIER, En- tomologie, ou Hist. Nat. des Insectes, vol. v, pp. 73, 283, 1807 (Coleoptera). Australian Bulimulidce with ovate- or oblong-conic shell of moder- ate solidity or thin, perforate or closed umbilicus, and simple unex- panded outer lip ; the columellar lip dilated or reflexed, not calloused or folded ; apex with 1 J to 2 whorls finely pitted, like a thimble, or vertically wrinkled or costellate, the subsequent whorls differently sculptured. The jaw is arcuate and plaited, the median segment triangular or wedge-shaped. Radula about as in Bulimulus. Genital system sim- ple, much as in Bulimulus. The sculpture of the apex (plate 4) varies considerably, passing from a pattern of subvertical wrinkles, which may be close and waved (gunni, onslowi), or more spaced (spenceri), to wrinkles so much crimped as to anastomose and form a network (gratwicki, first whorl of inflatus); thence the transition to a regular pitted pattern (as in conispira, kingi, dux) is by gradual and easy steps. This series of changes is almost exactly paralleled in the American genus Bull- mulus ; and as in that genus, the vertically wrinkled pattern is prob- BOTHRIEMBRYON. ably the primordial sculpture ; the finely netted or thimble-like pat- tern of kingi and its allies having been derived therefrom. B. gunni and B. spenceri retain the ancestral nepionic sculpture, and are exactly like some American species in pattern. The nepionic sculpture of B. phytoides, brazieri, bullet, baconi, angasianus and mastersi is unknown to me. The name Liparus, by which this group has been known hitherto, was originally proposed for B. atomatus Gray, a species of Panda, and B. fuvannii Lam., the type of the later .genus Leucotanius. Pfeiffer and the Adams brothers retained the group in Albers' sense ; but in von Martens' edition of Albers' Die Heliceen, the type is stated to be B. inftalus (a species not in the group as at first con- stituted), and Liparus is 'subordinated to Buliminus, following; the erroneous theory that the Bulimulm group was not represented in the Eastern Hemisphere. Were Liparus a valid name in Mollusca, it would supersede Leucotcenius or Panda; but being long preoccupied for a genus of weevils, it need occupy us no longer. The name Botliriembryon refers to the pitted sculpture of the shell within the egg- The species are confined to the southern portion of Western Aus- tralia, with the exception of a few forms following the coast eastward along South Australia, and a species in Tasmania. Tropical Australia (the Northern Territory of South Australia and Queensland), and eastern Australia (New South Wales and Victoria), are without representatives of the genus. That the group is an immigrant from South America seems to be the only tenable hypothesis to account for its geographic location and BuUiuuLus-\\kQ characters. Like the Bulimuli of Argentina, the shell in Bothriembryon has retained the simple ancestral form, probably because of the perpetuation of the terrestrial, or at all events non- arboreal, habits of its South American forefathers. The Placosiylus branch of the same stock, under the influence of subtropical condi- tions, has meantime become greatly modified in its later stages of growth, while the stage of infancy remains nearly unchanged. The most prolific group of species is that of B. inflatm ; and here the specific lines are more than usually arbitrary. Hedley groups melo, physoides, castanens, bulla and rhodostoma under B. wflatus as varieties. Perhaps this may be a more synthetic treatment than present knowledge warrants; but it is significant of the broad range BOTHlllEMBUYON. 3 of variation and the indistinctness of lines of demarkation between the various nascent species. Reeve quotes Bulimus obtusus from Australia, but this is an error for Austria (Conch. Icon, species 583). B. DUX (Pfeitfer). PI. 3, fig. 62. Shell large, narrowly and partly covered umbilicate, ovate, solid and strong, opaque, pale flesh-tinted. Surface lustreless, sculptured with irregular growth wrinkles, decussated by spiral incised lines on the spire. Spire conic, the apex small, earlier lj whorls densely and finely pitted, the pits arranged in more or less regular vertical rows. Whorls 6, but slightly convex, the last one large and oblong. Aperture ovate, but slightly oblique, the interior, columella and parietal wall of a pale purple tint ; outer lip simple, blunt ; columella broadly reflexed above. Alt. 52, diam. "29, longest axis of aperture 30—31 mill. South coast of Western Australia : King George Sound (Masters) ; Israelite B. — BKDXALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, xvi, p. 66 (1892). — Bub' minus dux Pfr., SIIACKLEFORD, Journ. of Conchology, ix, no. 7, p. 219 (July, 1899). — Bulimus (Liparus) dux Pfr., E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud, i, p. 94. The largest species of the genus. B. INFLATUS (Lamarck). PI. 1, figs. 1-5. Shell narrowly umbilicated, of a compact ovate form, rather solid, white under a thin straw-yellow cuticle, unicolored, or with a small brown umbilical patch, and often a brown band below the suture; sometimes with irregularly spaced brown longitudinal streaks and some buff striae. Surface rather shining, irregularly but not strongly striated longitudinally, obsoletely decussated on the spire, and some- times showing a few faint decussating spirals below the suture of the last whorl. 1^ to 1^ apical whorls low, the first one. sculptured with rather coarse oblique wrinkles, more or less anastomosing, and changing on the last half whorl to a subregular and increasingly finer pitted pattern (pi. 4, fig. 72, 73, 74). Spire short, convexly 4 BOTHRIKMBRYON. conic ; apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5£, slightly convex, the last oval, ventricose. Aperture ovate, but slightly oblique, white within ; peristome simple and acute : columella well reflexed, white or purple brown. Alt. 23.5, diam. 15.5, longest axis of aperture 14.8 mill. Alt. 29, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture, 18 mill. Alt. 23.5, diam. 14.5, longest axis of aperture, 13.4 mill. Western Australia: King George Sound (Quoy & Gaimard, Mas- ters)-, Free.mantle (Bacon); between Victoria Spring and Eraser Range, and Fraser Range (Elder Exped.). Bulimus inflatus LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt, 2, p. 122 (April, 1822).— DELESSERT, Recueil, pi. 28, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 189 ; iii, p. 418 ; iv, p. 478 ; vi, p. 124. ? Helix (Cochlogena) costulata FER., Prodr., p. 54 (nude name).— ? Bulimus costulatus POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 138, pi. 12, f. 17, 18 ? Bulimus inflatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 70, f. 512. Helix melo QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. Voy. Astrolabe, ii, p. 109, pi. 9, f. 4, 5 and Var., 6, 7 (1832) Bulimus melo DESHAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 245, with var. castaneus. — SOWERBY, Beechey's Voy. H. M. S. " Blossom," p. 145, pi. 38, f. 16.— MENKE, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 7.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Vic. ii, p. 188 ; iii, 418 ; iv, 477 ; vi, 124; viii, 160. — Cox, Mon. Australian Land Shells, p. 74, pi. 13, f. 6. — BEDNALL, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, xvi, pt. 1, p. 66 (l$9'2).—Bulimulus melo BECK, Index Moll., p. 68. — SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., iii, p. 154, pi. 15, f. 14 (geni- talia), pi. 17, f. 13 (teeth). — Orthalicus melo TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Viaggio int. al globo della R. Fregata "Magenin," Malacologia, p. 86. — Bulimus (Liparus) melo E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 94 — Helix melones FERUSSAC, Prodr. p. 54 (nude name). — Bulimus melones POTIEZ & MICHAUD, Galerie des Moll. Mus. de Douai, i, p. 147, pi. 13, f. 15, 16 — Bulimus ovum Quoy, DESHAYES, in Le Regne Animal, edit, par une reunion de disciples de Cuvier, Moll., pi. 23, f. 1 a, 1 b (shell), 1 c, d, exterior and in- ternal anatomy). (Published prior to 1838 ; this name never used by Quoy). The typical B. inflatus is distinguished from the ordinary forms of " B. melo " by its more compactly ovate form, the spire being less conic, by the lighter interior, and less variegated color-pattern, and by having the stria? almost uncut by spiral lines on the last whorl, BOTHRIEMBRYON. 0 while in several varieties grouped under B. melo there should be quite a wide granose belt below the suture. This varies by imper- ceptible degrees. Figures 1, 2, are copies of Delecsert's figures of Lamarck's type. My artist has exaggerated the vertical streaks a good deal. Figures 3, 4, represent what I take to be the typical form of the species, being drawn from specimens from King George Sound. Figure 5 represents the largest specimen I have seen, drawn from a shell in Dr. J. C. Cox's collection. The citation of Helix costulata Fer. as a synonym rests solely upon Lamarck's authority. I have doubts of the shell figured as infiatus by Reeve. Var, melo (Quoy & Gaimard). PI. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Similar to B. inflatus, but with numerous irregularly spaced red- dish-brown streaks running with the growth-lines, and usually with some whitish longitudinal threads in their intervals; often having a dark subsutural band and umbilical patch. Aperture light (not white) and streaked within, columella purple-brown or tinted. The merest color-variety, admitted here chiefly because the name is in ordinary use. Quoy and Gairrvard distinguish a variety of melo, described below, which differs in the darker color and white cinc- ture. Figures 9, 10, are the typical melo of Q. & G. Figures 7, 8, are specimens from King George Sound. Var. castaneus Desh. (pi. 1, figs. 11, 18). Less inflated than B. inflatus ; length about 22—25 mill.; purplish-chestnut, with a light belt above, and more or less numerous whitish stria ; granulation below the suture of the last whorl weak or almost obsolete. King George Sound. This form is but weakly differentiated from the streaked variety melo of B. infiatus. Alt. 23, diam. 12.5, longest axis of aperture 12.5 mill. Alt. 22, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 12.5 mill. King George Sound (Q. & G.) and Recherche Archipelago (Dr. Cox). This is Quoy and Gaimard's " varietas castanea, vitta alba cincta," figures 6, 7 of the Astrolabe Zoology (my figure 11). Var. maculiferus, n. v. (pi. 1, figs. 12, 13, 14). Larger, alt. 28-32 mill.; purplish-chestnut copiously streaked and maculated with whitish; no light belt; the aperture dark ; more or less granose 6 BOTHR1EMBRYON. below the suture and on the spire. Whorls 5^ (B. nielo Reeve, C.onch. Icon. pi. 39, f. 243, is this form). Alt. 28, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 16.5 mil'. Alt. 31.5, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. King George Sound. Figure 13 is from a specimen in coll. Dr. J. C. Cox. Fig. 14 represents a very solid, cretaceous form with conspicuous subsutural granulation and purplish aperture, the exterior mainly white. Alt. 23, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 14 mm. It is from Dr. Cox's collection, precise locality not known. Var. CONISPIKA, n. v. PI. 1, figs. 15, 16, 17. Length 22 to 25 mill.; last whorl wide ; spire more conic ; densely marked with opaque white or yellow stria} on a reddish-brown or pale amber ground, often with an ill defined light belt above ; the aperture purplish-fleshy or somewhat ochraceous within. Surface distinctly striated, conspicuously grimose below the suture, which is more or less conspicuously marginate. Apex with more elevated whorls than B. inflatus or the preceding varieties, distinctly reticulated throughout, the pits of the net-work arranged in more or less distinct vertical rows ; an abrupt change of sculpture at inception of the post-nepionic stage (pi. 4, fig. 71). Alt. 25, diam. 14.5, longest axis aperture 13 mill. King George Sound. Fig. 17 shows a form in which there is a very broad light zone extending from the periphery to near the umbilicus. Fig. 15 is an albino, with white aperture. The difference in the nepionic sculpture between this form and B. inflatus is considerable, the present variety more nearly resembling B. dux in this respect. B. SPENCERI (Tate). PL 1, figs. 19, 20. Shell narrowly perforate, broadly ovate, thin and not strong, chestnut brown lightening in places to yellowish, uniform except for some inconspicuous darker streaks. Surface shining, sculptured with low, irregular growth wrinkles, which near the suture and on the spire are cut into granules by spiral incised lines. Spire very short, the apex obtuse, somewhat involute at the tip ; nepionic 1^ whorls delicately sculptured with "oblique, slightly raised, wavy threads, narrower than the interspaces," and running vertically (pi. BOTHRIEMBRYON. 7 45, fig. 1, a young shell of 2^ whorls, and 4.3 mill, greatest diameter, showing nepionic shell and first whorl of the neanic stage, with spiral cuticular threads); the succeeding whorl showing fine raised cuticular spirals in young, unrubbed shells. Whorls slightly over 4, quite convex, the last one inflated. Aperture oblique, ovate, brown within; outer lip thin and simple, the columella rather broadly reflexed above, nearly closing the per- foration. Alt. 19, diam. 13.5, longest axis of aperture 11.3 mill. Alt. 17.6, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 11.3 mill. Alt. 20, diam. 12.5, longest axis of aperture 11.5 mill. (type). Central Australia : Glen of Palms, by the junction with Palm Creek, burrowing in loose earth under the shade of fig trees (Tate). Liparns spenceri TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc S. Australia, xviii, p. 192 (1894); Rep. Horn Exped. to Central Australia, pt. 2, Zoology, p. 202, pi. 18, f. 13 (1896).— HEDLEY, t. c., p. 226, f. N (jaw), O (teeth), P (genitalia). Similar in shape to the short and broad variety of B. inflatus, but differs by its thin shell, more convex whorls, and oblique, wider aperture, as well as by the entirely different sculpture of the em- bryonic whorls, which resembles that of B. gunni, though the riblets are much more widely spaced. The figures are from part of the original lot, kindly sent by Professor Ralph Tate. B. KINGII (Gray). PI. 2, figs. 21 to 28. Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-ovate, the diameter varying from slightly more than half, to less than half the length of the shell ; thin, sometimes strong and solid but usually weak and brittle. White, cream-tinted below, sparsely or copiously streaked with strongly contrasting dark chestnut stripes, or with pale, grayish, translucent stripes; rarely uniform straw tinted, or with the stripes split into lines ; a dark umbilical patch generally present. Surface hardly shining, rather irregularly striated, the striaB stronger near the suture, somewhat decussated by spiral incised lines on the spire, but not so on the last whorl. Spire long, conic, the apex obtuse, corneous, 1| to over 2 earlier whorls with pitted sculpture, the pits very fine, distinct, arranged in longitudinal rows (pi. 4, figs. 77, 78). Whorls 5-J to 5 j, slightly convex, the last either tapering or some- what saccate below. Aperture small, white or purplish-brown 8 BOTHRIEMBRYON. within, and more or less variegated ; outer lip simple arid acute, columellar lip dilated above, white. Alt. 21.5, diam. 11.5, longest axis of aperture 12 mill. Alt. 22.5, diam. 11, longest axis of aperture, 11.3 mill. Alt. 28, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture, 13.4 mill. Alt. 30. 5, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture, 14.5 mill. Alt. 1, diam. J inch (Gray). Western Australia: King George Sound, abundant on the hills in the vicinity of Bald Head (King, Quoy and Gaimard, Masters). Bulimus kingii GRAY, Ann. of Philos. (n. ser.) ix, 1825, p. 414. REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 51, f. 336. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 174; iii, p. 410; iv, p. 468; vi, p. Ill; viii, p. 148 — Cox, Monogr. Australian Land Shells, p. 75, pi. 13, f. 7 — Helix kingii WOOD, Index Testae., Suppl., pi. 7, f. 27. — Bulimus (Liparus} kingii Gray, E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 5, p. 95 — Helix trilineata QUOY and GAIMARD, Zool. Voy. Astrolabe, ii, p. 107, pi. 9, f. 1-3 (1832). — Bulimus trilineatus DESHAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 248; in Fer. Histoire, pi. 150, f. 11, 12 — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 59, f. 397 ; pi. 48, f. 310 PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 174; iii, 412; iv, 471; vi, 114; viii, 152 M. E. GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim. pi. 74, f. 2 (copied from Quoy) Bulimus sayi PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 114 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 65, f. 458.— B. quoyi Cox, Catal. Australian Land Shells in coll. J. C. Cox, M. D., p. 23, based on Helix trilineata Quoy (1864). — Orthalicus quoyi Cox, TAPPARONE- CANEFRI, Viag. 'k Magenta," p. 87. Much more elongated than B. inflatus, melo, and the allied forms, the diameter and long axis of aperture being about halt' the total length of the shell. The exceptionally large, high, and very finely pitted nepionic shell is characteristic. No subspecies can be dis- tinguished with present knowledge, but there are several well- marked variations. Figures 21 to 26 represent the typical form, of which B. trilineatus (figs. 25, 26, type) and B. sayi (fig. 24, type) are synonyms. It varies chiefly in the number and intensity of the stripes, which vary from deep chestnut to translucent gray. Fig. 29 is drawn from a King George Sound specimen (Dr. Cox's collection) of a straw yellow color, varied only by a small dark umbilical crescent. Fig. 27 represents a large specimen from King George Sound {Cox collection), which is quite swollen, not tapering, below. BOTIIRIEMBRYON. 9 Fig. 30 is a small specimen from Cape Naturalist. There are 5 whorls, the last inflated below, almost imperforate. It is beautifully streaked with opaque, glossy white on a corneous and purplish-brown ground. Alt. 20, diam. 11, longest axis of aperture 10.7 mill. The aperture is decidedly more oblique than in the typical form from King George Sound. It is not unlikely that this will prove a geographic race or variety. From the Cox collection. Var. solidus, n. var. Fig. 28 represents a very solid, strong, opaque shell, with 0^ whorls, the aperture less than half the alt. The surface is dull, rough, and obscurely streaked with ochraceous and purplish on a dirty white ground. It is from Western Australia, exact habitat unknown. The type is in Dr. J. C. Cox's collection. The en! ire series is remarkable for the beautifully distinct pitting of the nepionic shell, which has a fraction of a whorl more than usual in the genus. The last nepionic whorl is quite high, and more or less variegated on the latter part. B. PHYSOIDES (Reeve). PL 2, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell ventricosely ovate, thin, inflated, scarcely umbilicated. Whorls 5, longitudinally roughly -striated, plicately crenulated at the sutures; columella reflected, lip simple, yellowish, mottled with white. (Reeve.) Western Australia (Mus. Cuming.) Bulimus physoides Menke MSS., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 70, f. 507 (July, 1849) — B. physodes Menke MSS., according to Pfr.— Bulimus (Liparus) physoides Reeve, E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 95, pi. 7, f. 30 and var., f. 31, (including B. brazieri as a variety). " This species has been considered by Pfeiffer and Cox a variety of B. melo. I am inclined to think that it is sufficiently distinct for specific separation. It is of thinner texture, not quite as broad and robust, has a thinner white columella with a purplish brown zone around the closed umbilical region. In B. melo the umbilicus is slightly open, the columella more thickened, more reflexed, and of a purple-brown tint, and there is no basal zone of that color. In the latter character B. kingii agrees with the present species, but is more elongate in form. " The variety brazieri is rather more coarsely granular than the typical form, but agrees in other respects. 10 BOTH III EMBRYON. "Another variety (pi. 2, fig. 37) is like the type, excepting in color. It is of a rich purple-brown, with only a few irregular streaks of creamy-white, and a sub-basal yellowish band, which appears quite white within the aperture." (E. A. Smith.) Var. BRAZIERI (Angas). PI. 2, figs. 38, 39, 40. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, straw-color, frequently with reddish- brown, irregular spots and flames, and sometimes nearly all brown ; longitudinally rugosely plicately ribbed and transversely striated, the intersections strongly granular, whorls 5, rather convex, sutures im- pressed. Aperture ovate : outer lip thin ; columella nearly straight, white, with a narrow dark-brown band behind. Length 8, breadth 4 lines. (Angas.) Stirling Range, about 40 miles inward from King George Sound. Bulimulus (Lipanis) bra'zieri ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 19, pi. 1, f. 28 BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 807.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 144. — SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 95 (as a variety of B. physoides) — HEDLEY, t. c., p. 260. " This pretty longitudinally rugosely plicated species belongs to the same group as B. angasiana Pfr., B. baconi Bens., and B. mas- tersi Cox, all from the southwestern region of the Australian conti- nent" (Brazier). I have not seen specimens of this form, which would seem from the figures to be much more slender than B. physoides, as wrell as more roughly sculptured. It is here subordinated to B. physoides in deference to the opinion of Mr. E. A. Smith. Var. HUMILIS Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 2, figs. 33, 34. Shell very narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, thin ; white, with some corneous-brown streaks on the last whorl, more on the spire, the apical whorls sometimes dull reddish ; no dark umbilical patch. Surface somewhat shining, longitudinally wrinkled, the wrinkles stronger near the suture, weaker towards the base, more or less dis- tinctly cut into long granules below the last suture and on the spire by decussating spirals. Spire short, the apex obtuse ; nearly 2 ne- pionic whorls, deeply, finely and distinctly pitted, as in B. Icingii. Whorls 41, the last one rather inflated. Aperture oblique, ovate, white, or with some corneous and ochrey streaks within ; outer lip simple, columellar lip reflexed rather nar- rowly above. BOTHRIEMBRYON. 11 Alt. 16.5, diam. 9.4, longest axis of aperture 9.5 mill. Alt. 17.5, diam. 10, longest axis of aperture 9.7 mill. Western Australia (Hedley); King George Sound (Cox). Allied to B. kingii, but the spire is much shorter, and the aper- ture larger. The granulation on the upper portion of the last whorl varies from distinct to ill-defined. B. physoides, as figured, by Reeve and Smith, has a different contour, but I have not been able to compare specimens. B. GRATWICKI (Cox). PI. 2, figs. 31, 32 ; pi. 45, figs. 2, 3. 4. Shell perforate, oblong turreted, rather solid, pure white throughout. Surface lusterless, very strongly and irregularly wrinkled and plicate in the direction of growth lines, the wrinkles everywhere cut by spiral grooves into rounded grains, which are somewhat scale-like where the wrinkles are crowded or small. Spire long, the apex ob- tuse ; nepionic whorls 2, densely and finely wrinkled^ the wrinkles irregularly waved and anastomosing. Whorls '6J, convex, the last tapering below. Aperture slightly oblique, small, narrowly ovate, acute above and somewhat narrowed below, white within; outer lip simple; colu- mella broadly dilated above; parie°tal callus white, thick or mod- erate. Alt. 24.7, diam. 10.7, longest axis of aperture 10.7 mill. Alt. 24, diam. 10.4, longest axis of aperture 12 mill. Western Australia : 50 miles east from Israelite Bay, very abun- dant (Cox). Buliminus (Liparui) gratwicki Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales xxv. p. 435, figs. 1-3 (Dec. 9, 1899). Compared with B. brazieri (Angas), this form differs in the greater elongation and solidity, absence of color and stronger sculpture. Whether intermediate forms occur remains to be seen ; but mean- time this seems to deserve recognition. The specimens were sent me for illustration by my liberal friend Dr. J. C. Cox, who has pub- lished an excellent account of the species. It was found at the locality stated above, about two miles from the edge of the cliffs, which there rise about 200 feet above the sea. Dr. Cox's type (pi. 45, figs. 2-4) measures 30 mill, in length, 10 in diameter. B. ONSLOWI (Cox). PI. 3, figs. 43, 44, 48. Shell perforate, broadly ovate, rather solid, somewhat shining, 12 BOTHRIEMBRYON. striated, surrounded by spiral decussating lines, giving the surface a rough granular appearance on the upper half; whitish, with numerous deeply-reddish longitudinal irregular bands and blotches ; spire very short, broadly conical, obtuse, suture crenulated ; whorls 4, rather convex, last much inflated, longer than the spire ; aperture elliptic- ally-ovate, reddish-brown, and cloudy within ; peristome simple, acute, columeilar margin white, expanded and reflected, covering and nearly concealing the narrow perforation. (Cox.) Length 0.85, breadth 0.6 inch : [ = 21.2, 15 mill.] (Cox, type.) Length 0.8, breadth 0.55, length of aperture 0.55, width 0.3 inch [ = 20, 13.7, 13.7, 7.5 mill.] (Cox.} Western Australia : Dirk Hartog Island (Capt. Onslow, "Gazelle" Exped., J. J. Walker). Bulimus onslowi Cox, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xiv, 1864, p. 185; Catal. Austr. Land Shells, p. 24 (1864); Monogr. Austra- lian Land Shells, p. 74, pi. 13, f. 13 PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, p. 113. — Buliminus (Liparus) onslowi Cox, MARTENS, Monatsber. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 279 (1878) — Bulimus (Liparus) onslowi Cox, E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 95, pi. 7, f. 28, 29. One and one-half apical whorls, in the small form (pi. 4, fig. 75), show a dense sculpture of crimped or zigzag wrinkles, much as in Rhinus pubescens Moric., the pattern being very much more minute than that of members of the B. injlatus group. Mr. Smith remarks of the specimens collected by Mr. Walker: "They are adult and larger than that figured by Cox, which has the appearance of being somewhat immature. The largest is 24 mill, long and 16 in diam- eter, aperture 14 mill, in length, 8 wide" (fig. 48). " Five other examples are considerably smaller, averaging only 15 to 18 mill, in length. They are a trifle less globose, and more strongly granular just below the suture" (fig. 47). Apparently adult specimens (pi. 3, figs. 45, 46) of this small form before me are even smaller than the dimensions given by Mr. Smith, two measur- ing : Alt. 13.5, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 8 mill., whorls 4^ ; and alt. 14.5, diam. 8.2, longest axis of aperture 8 mill., whorls a trifle over 5. They are strongly granose below the suture, and striped longitudinally with pale reddish or gray and opaque white. This small form may be called var. minor. Figures 43, 44 are copies of Cox's original illustration. BOTHRIEMBRYON. 13 B. LEEUWINENSIS (E. A. Smith). PI. 3, fig. 49. Shell perforate, long-ovate, acuminate above, whitish, more or less streaked and spotted with brownish- corneous. Whorls 5 to 6, a little convex, separated by a rather deep suture, the upper two brownish, minutely punctate, the rest longitudinally wrinkle-striate, ornamented with several transverse series of granules, the last whorl elongated, scarcely granulated below the middle, slightly descending obliquely in front. Aperture vertical, inversely auriform, pale brown tinted, scarcely half the entire length of the shell ; peristome white, thin, simple and acute, the basal margin somewhat effuse ; columellar margin dis- tinctly reflexed, half covering the narrow umbilicus, joined to the lip by a thin callus. Length 27, diam. 12.5, length of aperture 12.5 width 6.5 mill. (Smith). Southwestern Australia : Cape Leeuwin. Balimus (Liparus*} leeuwinensis SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 94, pi. 7, f. 27 (1894). The apical whorls of this and the allied species, B. melo, B. kingii, and a few others, are punctate, like a fine thimble, and the extreme and rather obtuse apex is introverted, as it were, within the next whorl. The specimens vary somewhat in length, the dirn.ensions given above being those of an average specimen. B. melo is a broader and more bulky species, and B. kingii is more acuminate above, less granular, and exhibits more coloration both externally and within the aperture. The umbilicus is more closed than in the present species, and is surrounded by a brown zone (Smith). B. INDUTUS (Menke). PI. 3, figs. 58, 59, 60, 61. Shell perforate, oblong-conic, solid ; color either greenish-yellow, yellowish-olive (nearly uniform or with reddish-brown streaks), or reddish-brown with some lighter streaks; the earlier whorls either white or red-brown, the interior of the umbilicus sometimes red- brown. Surface slightly shining, sculptured with slight growth- wrinkles which are stronger near the suture ; the whorls of the spire granulous, by being decussated with spirals, which are wanting or very weak on the last whorl ; spire conic, stout, the apex obtuse, nepionic 1| whorls finely and densely pitted, the pits somewhat arranged in vertical series, and in places passing into fine vertical 14 BOTHKIEMBRYON. wrinkles. Whorls 5J, but slightly convex, the last one oblong, tapering below. Aperture, slightly oblique, long-ovate, varying from white to livid flesh-colored within ; outer lip simple, columella rather widely re- flexed, white or flesh-tinted. Alt. 36, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 20.5 mill. Alt. 34, diam, 18, longest axis of aperture 19.5 mill. Alt. 37, diam. 17, longesi axis of aperture 18.5 mill. Western Australia : Summit of the Darling Range, and at Mt. Eliza, near the Swan River (Preiss) ; Perth (Bacon). Bulimus indutus MENKE, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 6 (1843) — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 186.— Cox, Mon. Austr. Land Shells, p. 73, pi. 13, f. 10 (good) Bulimus (Liparus) indutus Mke., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 94. — Bulimus rhodostoma Gray, REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 49, f. o23.—£tdimns rJtodostomus Gray, PFK., Monogr., ii, p. 186. ? ? ? Bulimus rhodostomus GIIAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 65. A well-known species, distinguished by its lengthened contour — the length usually about equal to twice the diameter — and the con- spicuous olive-yellow, tawny or reddish cuticle. The aperture is quite long, its length exceeding the diameter of the shell, and acuminate above. B rhodostomus-a of Pfeiffer and of Reeve (pi. 1, fig. 6) is probably a synonym. Reeve's figure representing an unusually short example streaked with rose-brown, and with the aperture colored, as usual in specimens with brown outside. The original rhodostomus of Gray is of doubtful identity. The description follows: Shell ovate, per- forate, solid, striate, whitish marbled with rose, cuticle thin, olivace- ous; suture delicately crenulated ; whorls with two obscure, wide, posterior bands, the throat roseate; peristome a little thickened, the axis deep brown anteriorly. Axis 1^, diam. f inch. Hab. in New Holland? (Gray). The dimensions, length 31.2, diam. 18.7, agree almost perfectly with Reeve's figure of a specimen in Cuming's collection, which however, Reeve ascribes to rhodostoma " with considerable doubt." Gray states that he described a specimen in his own collection, so that it is not likely that Reeve had the type. Upon the whole, it would be inadvisable to. reject the name indutus for the earlier but doubtful rhodostomus. BOTHRIE.MBRYON. 15 Var. PALLTDUS Tate. PI. 3, figs. 63, 64, 65. Smaller than indutus> oblong- or ovate-conic, with only an ex- tremely narrow umbilical chink, white (in the only specimens known to me, which have been denuded of any cuticle they may have had). Surface sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles becoming stronger and puckered at the finely crenulated suture ; the spire and upper part of the last whorl decussated by spirals cutting the wrinkles into oblong granules ; this decussation disappearing on the middle and lower part of the last whorl, and sometimes partly obsolete below the last suture. Whorls yj to 5-J-, separated by sutures a little deeper than in indutus. Aperture white within. Alt. 25, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 14.5 mill. Alt. 23.5, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 13.5 mill. Alt. 28, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 16 mill. South Australia: "Widely diffused over the Bunda Plateau, and the dead shells are to be met with in such prodigious numbers in many places that a barrow-load could be gathered within an hour, and over the less sterile portions a foot can hardly be set down without crushing one. Westward it extends to the Roe Plains [Port Eucla], and eastward to Co^mbra, and inland thence for a few miles. It does not inhabit the country east from Fowler's Bay" (Tate"). Bulimus indutus Menke, var. paUidus TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soc. Adelaide, S. Australia, for 1878-9, p. 135 (1879). Of this form I have received only dead specimens, from P^ucla, on the border between South Australia and Western Australia, whence the form has been traced eastward around the head of the Great Australian Bight, by Professor Tate. It differs from indulus in be- ing somewhat less oblong, with the aperture wider, and surface more granulated. It is widely separated geographically, indutus being reported only from the Darling River region, in the extreme west, while the whole range of the immediate allies of B. inflatus lies between that region and the Bunda Plateau. I do not know that living specimens have been found. B. BULLA (Menke). Shell elliptical-ovate, perforate, rather solid, longitudinally striate; whitish under a thin greenish-yellow epidermis, painted with stripes 16 BOTHRIEMBRYON. or bands of brown. Whorls 6, convex, submargined and crenulated ("fimbriatis") above at the suture. Spire moderate and obtuse. Aperture elliptical-ovate, the throat white ; columella straight, outer lip acute. There are two varieties : (a) Shell with a brown band below the suture and at the base, and scattered, somewhat fasciculated, con- tinuous brown stripes; length 10, width 6 lines (about 20, 12 mill.). (b) Shell with a single obsolete, interrupted, brown band below the suture, and two in the middle of the last whorl; length 7, width 5 lines (14, 10 mill.). (Menke^ Western Australia: Summit of Darling's Range (Preiss). Bulimus bulla MENKE, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 7 (1843). Cf. Cox, t. c., p. 73, and SMITH, t. c., p. 95. This species has not been figured, and is unknown to later authors except by Menke's description. It is probably near B. baconi. B. BACONI (Benson). PL 2, fig. 42. Shell perforate, ovate, thin, closely striate, the upper part of the whorls granulated by spiral strias, silky, pellucid ; buff', with two chestnut bands. Spire convexly conic, the vertex obtuse, papillar. Whorls 5, a little convex, crenulated at the suture, the last one in- flated, slightly longer than the spire. Aperture slightly oblique, oval, colored within like the outside, but paler; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin somewhat spreading above, columellar margin brown-purple, dilated and reflexed above. Length 24, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 13^, width 8 mill. (Pfr.). Alt. 23, diam. 15, alt. of aperture 12, diam. 9 mill. (Bens.). Western Australia : Darling's Range, six miles from Henley Park, on the Avon River (Dr. Bacon). Bulimus baconi BENSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2 ser.), xiii, p. 99 (Feb., 1854).— PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 479.— Cox, Mon. Austr. L. Sh. p. 73, pi. 19, f. 13.— Bulimus (Liparus) baconi E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Snc. i, p. 95, pi. 7, f. 32. Granulate below the sutures, as in most Western Australian forms, but conspicuously banded, and with silky luster. I have not seen specimens. Jt may be the B. bulla of Menke. B. ANGASIANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 54, 55. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, sculptured with close longi- BOTHUIEMBRYON. 17 tudinal folds and interrupted spiral sulci ; chestnut colored, orna- mented with two white bands. Spire convexly conic, the apex rather obtuse, white. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the last longer than the spire, lightly striated below the middle, rotund at base. Aperture little oblique, angular-oval, pearly within and banded with white ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin some- what curving forward, columellar margin white-calloused, arcuate, entering. Length 25^, diam. 14, length of aperture nearly 16, width 9 mill. (Pfr.) South Australia : Port Lincoln, on an open heath (Angas). Bulinms angasianus PFR., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 528 ; Monogr. vi, p. 106.— Cox, Mon. Austr. Land Shells, p. 70, pi. 13, f. 2. " Among the numerous specimens collected by Mr. Masters of this species, a striking variety occurs. It is of a beautiful bright yellow color, with indications of a single reddish spiral line" (Cox). B. MASTEUSI (Cox). PI. 3, figs. 56, 57. Shell irn perforate, ovately-eonical, rather solid, rugosely-plicate, sculptured principally at the suture with interrupted spiral furrows; shining yellow or reddish-brown, adorned with longitudinal bands, formed by coalescent lines, mostly white and porcellaneous; spire small, convexly-conical, obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4, mod- eratelv convex, the last 4 times exceeding the spire, base rounded ; aperture moderately oblique, angularly oval, faintly showing within the external bands; peristome simple, straight, slender, white, columellar margin slightly thickened above. (Cox.) Length 0.74, diam. 0.45 inch [= 18.5, 11.25 mill.] (Cox.) South Australia : Port Lincoln (Masters ); Streaky Bay (Bednall). BuHmiis master si Cox, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 39: Monogr. Australian Land Shells, p. 77, pi. 13, f. 14. — PFK. Monogr. Hel. Viv. viii, p. 144 (description from Cox) — HEDLEY, Proc. Hoy. Soc. Queens- land, vi, 1889, p. 250. pi. 14, lower two figures (teeth and jaw). " The coalescent porcellaneous bands on a darker ground, consti- tute the most prominent feature of this pretty species, whose nearest ally is B. trilineatus of Western Australia" (Cox). The specimens before me (pi. 2, fig. 41) differ from Dr. Cox's type in being perforate and stouter in form. There are 4§ whorls, the earlier somewhat irregularly, finely pitted, the rest strongly granose below the sutures, elsewhere wrinkled. The color is tawny, 18 BOTIIRIEMBRYON. streaked and lineate with opaque white. Alt. 20^, diam. 14^, longest axis of aperture 12^ mill. B. GUNNI (Sowerby). PI. 3, figs. 50, 51, 52. Shell imperforate, oblong-pyramidal, thin but somewhat solid, opaque white, almost uniform or wtih inconspicuous grayish (or pinkish- or bluish-gray) streaks, the early whorls flesh-colored. Surface lustreless (in the typical form), rather rudely marked with slight growth-wrinkles in places, usually with some stronger wrinkles at irregular intervals. Spire long, highly conic, the apex rather obtuse, If earlier whorls densely and very minutely but shaliowly striolate, the striae waved (pi. 4, fig. 76). Whorls 5 to 5J, but slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture long-ovate, oblique, more or less deeply ochre tinted within; outer lip simple and acute, columella narrowly reflexecl and adnate above. Alt. 2G, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 13, width 7.2 mill. Alt. 23, diam. 13, longest axis of aperture 12.5, width 7.5 mill. Tasmania: fossil in Yellow Limestone (travertine), probably of Pliocene age, near Hobart Town (Strzelecki ; type locality of B. gunnii) ; Kent's group, Bass' Straits, in travertine (W. J. Stephens). Recent on the East coast of Tasmania, confined to a narrow belt of coast country, and the adjacent Maria Island (Petterd, Hedley). Habits arboreal. Bulinus gunnii SOWB., in Strzelecki's Physical Descript. of N. S. Wales and Van Diemen's Land, p. 298, pi. 19, f. 5 (1#45).— Buli- mus gunnii Sby., R. ETHERIDGE, Jr., Catal. -Austr. Foss., p. 177. (1878). — JOHNSTON, Papers and Proc. and R, Roy. Soc. Tas- mania for 1879, p. 90 (1880) — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vii, p. 121 (1882). — R. M. JOHNSTON, Geol. Tasmania, pi. 24, f. 7 (1888) Liparus gunni Sby., HARRIS, Catal. Tertiary Moll. B. M., pt. 1, The Australasian Tert. Moll., p. 3 (1897). Bulimus tasmanicus PFR., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 260; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 406; iv, 466; vi, 107; viii, 144 — Cox, Monogr. Aus- tralian Land Shells, p. 72, pi. 13, f. 1 (1868) HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi, p. 21, pi. 2, f. 2 (jaw), 3 (teeth), 4 (geni- talia) (1891). — Buliminus (Caryodes) tasmanicus MARTENS in Alb., Die Hel., p. 228 (1861). Originally described as a fossil (fig. 52), from the " Yellow Lime- PLACOSTYLUS. ItJ stone" of Hobart Town : subsequently Pfeiffer described recent spe- cimens as B. tasmanicus. The identity of the fossil form with the living was suspected by R. M. Johnston in 1880, and confirmed by John Brazier a few years later. The fossil as originally figured in Strzelecki's work corresponds in contour with the elongated whitish specimens described by Pfeiffer, and the name tasmanicus therefore becomes a synonym of typical gunni. In this form there is no spiral striation in the specimens before me, even on the spire. Yar. brachysoma n. v. (PI. 3, fig. 53). Much shorter and comparatively broader, thin, somewhat shining,, sculptured with rough, irregular, whitish growth wrinkles on a greenish-yellow ground; spiral incised strise cutting the wrinkles above. Whorls nearly 4^, more convex. Aperture larger. Alt. 20, diam. 12.8, longest axis of aperture 13, width 8 mill. East Coast of Tasmania (Petterd). This may be only the short extreme in a continuous series of varia- tions, but no intermediate examples are in the series examined. Ac- cording to Cox the white typical form has a reddish-brown epidermis in the young. Genus PLACOST^LUS, Beck, 1837. ' Placostylus BECK, Index Molluscorum, p. 57, sole species P. bootis Mke. (a composite of P. fibratus and P. shongi} MARTENS, Die Hel., 1861, p. 185, type B. fibratus Marty n. Aspastus ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 149, sole species Buli- mus miltocheilus Rve. Charts ALBERS, t. c., p. 152, for B. malleatus and B. fulguratus. Not Charts Hiibner, 1816 (Lepidoptera) or of Newm., 1841 (Cole- optera). Eumecostylus ALBERS, Die Heliceen edit. v. Martens, p. 186, 1861, type Bulimus cleryi Petit. Euplacostylus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 9, for B. koro- ensis, kantavuensis, seemani, moussoni, elobatus and hoyti. Poecilocharis KOBELT, Conchylien Cabinet, edit. 2, Placostylus, p. 79, for P. hartmanni Kob. Leucocharis, Placocharis and Callistocharis PILSBRY, this volume. Diplomorpha ANCEY, 1884, q. v. 20 PLACOSTYLUS. Placostylus KOBELT, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. Mart, and Chemn., edit. 2 (monograph) HEDLEY, The Range of Placostylus; a study in ancient geography, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (3), vii, 1893, p. 335 ; and A Zoogeographic Scheme for the Mid-Pacific, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1899, p. 391 (distribution). Melanesian Bulimulina with thimble-punctate nepionic whorls, and ovate or oblong, dextral, usually perforate shell, solid or ponderous and dark brown in the terrestrial species, thin and paler or variegated with zigzag streaks in the arboreal ; often spirally malleated or corrugated. Aperture ovate or ear-shaped, frequently of a charac- teristic orange-red color; the outer lip blunt and unexpanded or reflexed, with a tendency to become abruptly narrower above; colu- mella generally with a spiral fold, often calloused; parietal wall cal- loused and bearing a tooth, or simple. Type P.fibratus Martyn. A genus comprehending species quite diverse in appearance, often cannot be diagnosed from the shell alone, even when the general as- pect is characteristic. Most Placostyli have a brown olive or green- ish cuticle, but in some it is white, in others wanting. The particular tone of red-orange of the aperture is very characteristic when devel- oped, but is wanting in many species. The shallow sinus of the outer lip posteriorly in the region of the lung-pore and anus, is a prevalent tendency, but imperceptible in most of the thinner species; and the apical punctation is generally worn off in the larger species, and indistinct in a few small forms. The affinities of the group are nearest with Bothriembryon. The resemblance to Partula noticed by Dr. Kobelt and others is purely superficial, and does not indicate the relationship claimed by these authors. The earlier monographers had but few species of this genus, the monograph by Kobelt in the Conchylien Cabinet, 1891, being the only one worthy of especial mention. The materials for a mono- graph were largely brought together by Crosse, who has compiled several very useful catalogues. Kobelt's work includes most of the species, which are described and figured in his usual careful manner ; but it is marred by the total absence of classification, either biologic or geographic ; the result being that closely allied forms are scat- tered at wide intervals through his pages and plates. The distribution of Placostylus has been the subject of an able PLACOSTYLUS. 21 memoir by Charles Hedley, who advances the theory that "the various islands inhabited by Placostylus would seem to have been joined, if not into one continuous and contemporaneous whole, yet into larger fragments, which temporarily united, allowing the passage of snails from one tract to another." He bases this conclusion upon "the essential unity of the Placostylus area as a zoological province, embracing the archipelagoes of Solomon, Fiji, New Hebrides, Loyalty, New Caledonia, Lord Howe and New Zealand ; a unity explicable only on the theory that they form portions of a shattered continent, and are connected by shallow banks formerly dry land. This continental area I propose to call the Melanesian plateau." In the dismemberment by subsidence of this land mass, it is likely that the New Zealand, Lord Howe and New Caledonian area were first divided from the rest, then the Fiji and New Hebrides areas were segregated, leaving the Solomon group united to Papuan land for a longer period. The Placostylus of New Zealand, Lord Howe and New Caledonia are closely allied. Those of the other island groups are about equally isolated one from the other, so far as this genus is concerned. Prob- ably all the species of the Solomons are more closely related inter se than any of them to those of other island groups, and the same applies to the Fijian and possibly to the New Hebrides groups, excepting some species of these islands which seem closely allied to New Caledonian forms. For this reason, I have arranged the species geographically in the following pages, following this sequence and classification : Archipelagoes. Sections. New Zealand and ) L -d H I ) PLACOSTYLUS Beck, typejibratus. (PLACOSTYLUS S. Stl*. New Caledonia. . |LEUCOCHARIS Pils., type pmcher{. f PLACOSTYLUS. New Hebrides. . -I PCECILOCHARIS Kob., type hartmani. (DIPLOMORPHA Anc., type layardi. New Guinea. . . P remotus Hedley. ( PLACOCHARIS Pils., type macyillivrayi. Solomon Islands. •< ASPASTUS Alb., type miltocheilus. ( EUMECOSTYLUS Alb., type cleryi. (EUPLACOSTYLUS Crosse, type seemanni. Viti or Fiji Islands. (CALLISTOCHARIS Pils.( type maUeatus. 22 FLACOSTYLUS, NEW ZEALAND. SPECIES OF NEW ZEALAND AND LORD HOWE ISLAND. These forms are closely allied to those of New Caledonia, and be- long strictly to the typical section of the genus. P. SHONGII (Lesson). PI. 11, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell imperforate or rimate, oblong-conic^ quite solid and strong; varying from yellow with numerous narrow chestnut streaks, fading at their edges, and crossed by fainter spiral lines and narrow bands, to chestnut with some darker streaks; paler or denuded on the earlier whorls, and with a whitish subsutural border, denuded of cuticle. Surface smoothish, with low longitudinal wrinkles, stronger below the suture. Spire elongate, the apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 7 (or in small shells, 6-J), moderately convex, the latter part of the last somewhat swollen below and obliquely produced. Aperture less than half the length of the shell, vertical, scarlet within, fading to yellow in the throat; peristome whitish, the outer lip expanded, thickened and angular on its face, thickened within, and typically bearing a tubercle near the upper insertion, separated by a short interval from a low or strong flange, which may be either smooth or denticulate, and which terminates in a strong tubercular tooth close to the base of the columella ; the teeth and flange often subobsolete. Columella scarlet, sloping, concave, sometimes indis- tinctly folded above, far within ; parietal callus strong, scarlet, with whitish outer edge. Alt. 84, diam. 38, length of aperture 41 mill. Alt. 75, diam. 34, length of aperture 36 mill. Alt. 67, diam. 29, length of aperture 32 mill. New Zealand : Northern part of the North Island, at North Cape, Cape Maria Van Diemen, Bay of Islands, and Wangoroa. Bulimus shongii LESSON, Voy. autour du Monde la Corvette S. M. "La Coquille," Zool., ii, p. 321 (1830), pi. 7, f. 4, 5 (1826) Kus- TER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 55, pi. 16, f. 14, 15. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 140; iii, 378; iv, 447 — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 24, f. 159 GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 79, f. 85 (1852).— ALB.- MART., Die He!., p. 185 — Placostylus shongii H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 153 — FRAUENFELD, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 874. — Bulimus fibratus Gray, in Dieffenbach's New Zea- land, ii, p. 247 (excl. syn.) — Bulimus bovinus Brug., PETIT, Journ. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW ZEALAND. 23 de Conchy!. 1853, p. 404. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 124 (with var. Candida}. — PFEiFFER,Monogr. vi, p. 82 ; viii, p.118. — HECTOR, CataLLand Moll, of N. Z. p. xx (18f3). — Placostylus bovinus Brug., MARTENS, Critical List of Moll, of N. Z., p. 13 (1873) ; Monatsber. K.-P. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 279.— HUTTON, Man. of N. Z. Moll., p. 14 (1880) ; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiii, p. 200 (teeth); xiv, p. 152, pi. 4, f. K, pi. 3, f/D (raduhi), pi. 3, f. o (jaw), 1882 ; Tr. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 190 (1884). — HEDLEY & SUTER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vii, p. 632 (1892). — SUTER, Journ. de Conchy!, xli, 1893, p. 236.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 36, pi. 9, f. 1 Bulimus auris-bovina PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl. 1853, pp. 403- 405 CROSSE, Revue Zool. 1855, p. 82. Allied to P. bivaricosus of Lord Howe's Island, and P.Jibratus of New Caledonia. The former differs in the distinctly truncate base of the columella, lack of a light subsutural border, flatter lip, etc.; P. fibratus has a strong columellar fold and a differently formed lip and columellar margin. The type of P. shongii was taken by Gabert " at the cascade of Kiddi-Kiddi, under the trees bordering the river of the same name," in the neighborhood of the Bay of Islands. It was named after a celebrated chief of that region. Figure 6 represents a typical speci- men, the upper and basal tubercles being well developed, and the lateral callus smooth. In some other shells, apparently quite mature, tfie teeth are obsolete and the callus very low (fig. 7) ; while others have the callus very strong and beset with low tubercles (fig. 5). In immature shells the lip is of course thin and merely expanded, and the rich color of the mouth is wanting. Two varieties are ad- mitted by Professor Hutton and Mr. Suter, but their status is rather uncertain. M. Petit de la Saussaye, in 1853, rejected the name shongii) pre- viously in use for this species, in favor of that of bovinus or auris- bovina of Bruguiere ; and he was followed by Crosse, Pfeiffer, and all modern students. By the terms of Bruguiere's description, as well as by the figures he cites (to which, however, I attach no great weight), it is impossible that he could have had the present shell before him. He states that in B. bovinus the length of the aperture is half that of the shell ; the columella has a single quite projecting fold, placed obliquely, etc., all of which applies to P.Jibratus but not to P. shongii. Bruguiere refers to an illustration in Lister (pi. 1058, 24 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW ZEALAND. f. 8), and a copy of it in Favanne (pi. 65, f. v), which does not represent a Placostylus, but probably an Amphidromus, and to figures in Chemnitz's Conchylien Cabinet which represent a form of 'Placo- stylus fib ratus. Melania aurantia Perry (Conchology, pi. '29, fig. 1, 1811), has been referred to this species as a synonym, largely because Perry gives the locality " New Zealand." The figure represents a short species with strong columellar fold, and is totally incompatible with B. shongi. I cannot identify it with anything — not a rare dilemma in dealing with Perry's preternaturally bad figures. Professor Hutton lias figured the jaw and teeth of this species. He was also the first to unite B. novoseelandice Pfr. as a variety or syn- onym. There are several errors in the bibliographic references given by Suter and Kobelt. Bulimus antipodarum Gray (Dieffenbach's New Zealand, ii, p. 247, 1843) was formerly thought to be a young specimen of P. shonyi, but recent investigations by Mr. Suter have shown it to be a young Heli- costyla, probably H.fulgetrum. Gray's type has been figured by Mr. E. A. Smith in the Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Ter- ror, Mollusca, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 5, under the name "Bulimus antipodum." It was said to have been procured at Kaitaia, N. Z., by Dr. Dieffen- bach. Var. NOVOSEELANDICUS (Pfr.). Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, solid, irregularly rugose-striate ; tawny-brown, here and there streaked with chestnut ; spire ovate- conic, flesh-colored above, the apex rather acute, suture uneven, widely white-margined. Whorls 6, moderately convex, the last as long as the spire, somewhat attenuated basally, columella vertical, scarcely twisted. Aperture subvertical, rhombic-semioval, bujf-whitish inside ; peri- stome thickened, white% the margins joined by a whitish callus, the right margin a little, expanded, slightly arcuate above, very feebly sinuated within ; basal lip forming an angle with the dilated, adnate columellar margin. Length 77, diam. 31, aperture 35 mill, long in- side, 15 wide. (Pfr.} Whangaruru, Bay of Islands (Hochstetter) ; Whangarei (Suter). Bulimus novoseelandicus PFR., Malak. Bl. viii, p. 149 (1861); Monogr. Hel. Viv. vi, p. 83. — CKOSSE, Journ. de Conchyl, 1864, p. PLACOSTYLUS, LORD HOWE ISLAND. 25 128 HECTOR, Catal. Landmoll. N. Z., 1873, p. 20 — HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 14 (1880) Placostylus bovinus var. neozelani- cus Pfr., BUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, p. 190 — P. bovinus var. novoseelandica SUTER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1893, p. 237. Probably a mere phase of variation rather than a true sub-species. I am unable to see that the following form differs in any respect save absolute dimension «, which vary widely in all species of this group. Var. candidus (Crosse). Columella subvertical, peristome white ; aperture buff- whitish within, the basal margin with a single tubercle, right lip slightly siriuated within, above. Length 86, diam. 36 mill. ( Crosse. ) Resembles the typical form in size and contour, but differs in that the columella is a little more vertical, and more especially, the peristome is completely white. The interior of the mouth is very light yellowish white. P. BIVARICOSUS (Gaskoin). PI. 12, figs, 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, rather solid; cuticle tawny chestnut colored with dark chestnut streaks, paler or lost on the buff or flesh tinted earlier whorls. Surface scarcely shining, with moderate growth-wrinkles, stronger near the suture, and sometimes faint, low, coarse spiral sulci ; the spire occasionally decussate. Spire rather long, the apex obtuse. Whoris 5^ to 6, the nepionic 21 whorls sculptured with fine, close, waved and somewhat branching and anastomosing vertical wrinkles, becoming finer and more crowded on the latter portion ; distinctly demarked from the subsequent growth when unworn. Last whorl oblong, tapering above and below. Sutures parallel, or the last one more oblique. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, red-orange within the outer lip, ochraceous in the throat ; peristome reddish with a dull white outer edge, thickened and slightly refiexed, flattened on the face, the outer lip with a blunt, thick flange within, interrupted near the upper termination, and lower toward the base. Columella and parietal callus cherry-red, the former oblique, more or less folded above, abruptly truncated basallv. Alt. 61, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture + peristome 31 mill. Alt. 51, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture -f- peristome 27^ mill. Lord Howe Island, in sheltered places under stones, abundant. Bulimus bivaricosus GASKOIN, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 152, pi. 29, f. 4, 26 PLACOSTYLUS, LORD HOWE ISLAND. 5. — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 447 ; vi, 83 — GASSIES, Faune N. Gated., p. 47, pi. 3, f. 2.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 128 ; 1894, p. 171 ETHERIDGE, Austr. Mus. Mem. no. 2. Lord Howe Island, p. 27 Placostylus bivaricosus Gask., HEDLEY, Records of the Australian Museum, i, no. 7, p. 140, pi. 21, f. 4 (jaw), pi. 22, f. 3 (teeth) (1891).— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 53, pi. 13, f. 4, o. The typical form of this species is smaller than P. shongi of New Zealand, with less convex whorls and abruptly truncated columella. It also lacks the white subsutural border of P. shongi and P.jibratus, which seem to be its nearest allies. " This species speaks eloquently of a recent land connection ex- tending on the one side to New Caledonia and on the other to New Zealand. It is confined to Lord Howe Island." (Hedley.) The variability of the species is great, as the works of Hedley and Etheridge show ; there being three recent forms and one fossil found within the confines of an island less than seven miles long and about a mile wide. Var. CUNICULINSUL^E (Cox). PI. 11, fig. 5, pi. 10, fig. 1. Shell broadly rimate, small, thin and light, olivaceous yellowish with brown streaks. Whorls 5^, aperture ovate, the outer lip a trifle expanded, with slight, reddish, internal thickening ; columella concave, not calloused or truncate below, and with the parietal wall, cherry-red. Alt. 42, diam. 20 mill. Rabbit, or Goat Island, in the lagoon of Lord Howe Island. Bulimus cuniculinsulce Cox, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 19, pi. 4, f. 3.— PFR. Monogr. viii, p. 118 — B. bivaricosus var. cunictdoides Cox, BRAZIER in Etheridge, Austr. Mus. Mem. no. 2, p. 30 — Placostylus bivaricosus var. cuniculinsulce Cox, HEDLEY, Rec. Australian Mus. i, no. 7, p. 141. — Placostylus cuniculinsula Cox, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 71, pi. 17, f. 2, 3. Var. ETHERIDGEI (Brazier). PI. 12, figs. 9, 10. A large, thin, elongate form, exhibiting transverse malleated furrows. On the last whorl the epidermis is nearly black, the bright cherry-red of the typical aperture has almost disappeared, only the columellar plication retaining a trace ; the nacreous lining of the in- terior and the callus on the body-whorl are tinged a greenish-blue. Length 65, breadth 27, length of aperture 30, breadth 20 mill. (Hedley.) Under the wall of Mount Ledgbird, Lord Howe Island. PLACOSTYLUS, LORD HOWE ISLAND. 27 Bulimus ^JBurytus) etheridgei BRAZIER, Australian Mus. Mem., no. 2, 1889, explanation to pi. 5 (name only), pi. 5, f. 1, 2, 7, 8 (figures reversed). — Placostylus bivaricosus var. Etheridgei Braz., HEDLEY, t. c., p. 141. A thin, obliquely ovate form. Var. SOLIDUS (Etheridge). PL 12, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell larger than the species proper, thick, and to some extent rugged from the roughness of the oblique semi-imbricating sculpture which irregularly crenulates the edges of the sutures. Spire rela- tively longer, jmd to some extent more acute ; sutures at times some- what channeled ; last whorl more inflated. Peristome enormously thickened ; the callosity extending between the outer and the pillar lips across the body of the whorl in a very marked manner, exposing many concentric laminae of growth ; the outer edge of such thick- ening often projecting like a varix ; inner edges of the lips sinuous and sometimes deeply emarginate, or channeled at the anterior and posterior ends of the peristome, the latter more or less sharply angled ; callosity of the pillar lip rising into tubercles, usually well pronounced, opposite the anterior -emargi nation and posterior angle of the aperture, the posterior tubercle being the largest. (Etheridge.) Coral rock and overlying calcareous sand dunes, Lord Howe Island. J3. bivaricosus var. solida ETHERIDGE, Austr. Mus. Mem. no. 2, p. 27 (1889). — Placostylus bivaricosus var. solidus ETH., Rec. Austr. Mus. i, no. 7, p. 131, pi. 20, f. 1-6. Fig. 2 of pi. 12 is a recent specimen approaching the var. solidus, the typical form of which occurs only fossil, though in a very recent, probably pleistocene deposit. Mr. Etheridge further observes as follow? : The above characters are, to a very much less extent, visible in some one or other of a large assemblage of the species proper, but in the var. solidus, all are of a very pronounced nature, so much so that had these shells been met with in an older fossiliferous formation, they would at once have been erected into a separate species. No doubt there is a tendency to occasionally thicken the shell in some living examples, in fact, one such is before me ; but the extent to which this extra secre- tion of lime proceeds is not often met with in recent specimens of P. bivaricosus. The most marked differences, however, between the latter and var. solidus lie in the peristome, where the outer and inner 28 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. lips broaden, exposing repeated laminae of growth, the callosity on the body whorl thickens greatly, supporting strong tubercles and emarginations, whilst a roughening of the surface occurs on the outer lip, almost amounting to an immature denticulation, and the pos- terior angle of the peristome becomes much more acute, and is deeply channeled. Great variability is also noticed in the state of the umbilicus, this aperture in some cases becoming completely closed and overlapped by the spreading lamina of the pillar lip. SPECIES OF NEW CALEDONIA AND THE LOYALTY Is. The terrestrial species attain their acme in this area, some of them being the thickest and heaviest of all land shells. The very close relationship existing between the forms of New Caledonia proper and those of the Loyalty Islands probably indicates that the whole archipelago was united in comparatively recent times into one much larger land mass, upon which the heavy typical group of Placostylus and the thin whitish Leucocliaris were developed from the common ancestral stock. The peculiar nepionic characters of the arboreal Leucocharis show that it is not allied to Solomon or Fijian groups, as Crosse held, but is an independent branch. The terrestrial species live in the woods, generally in cool, moist places. They only crawl around after rains. Pairing occurs in April, and elliptical eggs which in P. porphyrostomus measure 4 by 5 mill., and are pure white, are laid in a shallow pit, in a moist spot, and covered with dead leaves. They hold an important place in the native cuisine, P. souvillei being the chief species eaten in the south, P. porpltyrostomus around Noumea. Properly prepared they recommend themselves to the European palate, but are rather leathery and not easy of digestion, according to M. Marie — the young ones being softer, and not un- like Helix pomatia. The species are polymorphic to a degree, and their identification is often excessively difficult and uncertain. There cannot be much doubt that too many species have been described from specimens which represent merely individual or racial variations; but it would seem that forms of all stages of differentiation occur in bewildering abundance, and in the apparent absence of conditions adverse to the perpetuation of intermediate forms, there is more than the usual dif- ficulty in the limitation of conventional species. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 29 There lias been a large amount of work done on the New Cale- donian forms, chiefly by French authors. The critical examination of tl.-at fauna began in 1845, when the missionary, R. P. MONTROU- ZIER, who had been driven from Woodlark Island, one of the Louisi- ades, Ijy the natives, took up his residence in New Caledonia. Then followed a notable series of discoveries extending over twenty-two years ; the researches of this devoted and enlightened apostle bring- ing to scientific knowledge one of the most remarkable island faunas of the world. Part of his discoveries were published by Montrouzier himself, part by Souverbie, Gassies, Fischer and Crosse. Another missionary, Lambert, shared in the work during the later part of Montrouzier's life, and it was he who discovered the re- markable quaternary deposits of land shells on the islet Koutoumo. Among the more recent collecting naturalists, G. Dupuy, Saves, Bavay and E. Marie have done excellent work, and their names have been attached to species of Placostylus discovered by them. Layard, British Consul for many years at Noumea, also added to our knowledge of the fauna by extensive collections. The most extensive special work on the New .Caledonian fauna is J. B. Gassies' Faune Conch yliologique terrestre et fluvio-lacustre de la NouveUe-Culedonie,\n three volumes, issued in 1863, 1871 and 1880; originally published in the Acfes de la Sociefe Linneenne de Bordeaux, on the same dates. Nearly all the other work on the fauna appeared in the Journal de Conchytiologie ; and it was therefore peculiarly fitting that the latest and most complete treatment of the fauna, Crosse's Fauna malacologique terrestre et Jluviatile de la, Nourelle- Cdledonie et ses dependances, should appear in the same periodical for 1894. The following account is based chiefly upon that of this most competent malacologist, amplified, of course, by reference to all other literature, and controlled by the series of shells in the collection of the Academy. SYNOPSIS OF GROUPS. 1. Arboreal species; shell thin, slender and white; lip expanded, thin, without apertural teeth or callosities (Leucocharis). a. Ovate-fusiform, closely wrinkled spirally. pancheri. a1. Fusiform, more slender ; spiral sculpture inconspicuous, loyaltyensis. 2. Terrestrial species ; shell solid, covered with a dark cuticle or denuded (typical Placostylus). 30 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. a. Shell not very thick, the aperture openly ovate, outer lip hardly or not calloused, the columella without a strongly project- ing fold, not calloused. Group of P. bavayi, p. 30 a1. Shell usually large, solid and often compressed ; lip and colu- mella generally heavily calloused, but the aperture open and usually large. Group of P.fibratm, p. 35 a2. Shell moderate sized, of compact, ovate contour ; the lip, colu- mi'lla or hoth bearing heavy callosities, more or less contract- ing the rather small aperture. Group of P. porphyrostormis, p. Group of P. bavayi. These forms are the least specialized of the New Caledonian species, retaining the generalized features of the species of the New Hebrides (P. fuligineus, etc.) and the Solomons (P. founaki). P. EDDYSTONENSJS (Pfeiflfer). PI. 6, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, closely striate and sub- obliquely malleated, deep chestnut ; spire exactly conic, the apex acute, suture lightly impressed, somewhat crenate. Whorls G, a little convex, the last a little longer than the spire, rounded at base. Columella thin, receding, subplicate, orange. Aperture a little oblique, subangulate-oval, pearly and greenish-livid within ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, obtuse, dull orange- colored ; columellar margin slightly dilated. Alt. 74, diam. 34, length of aperture 42 ' Hienguen (Montrouzier, Magen, Marie) ; Ouagap (Rossiter) ; environs of Balade (Magen), and of Pouebo (Magen). Bulimus Eddystonensis PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 88 (1855) ; Malak. Blatter, ii, p. 157, 1855 (Eurytus} ; Novit. Conch., i, p. 54, pi. 16. f. 1, 2 (1856) ; Monogr. iv, p. 363 ; vi, 8 __ GASSIES, J. de C., vi, p. 274, 1857 ; Faune Nouv. Gated, i. p. 49, 1863 ; ii, p. 88, pi. 7, f. 3 — CROSSE, J. de C., xii, p. 146, 1864 __ Bulimus hien- guenensis CROSSE, J. de C., vol. xix, p. 181, 1871; xviii, p. 218, pi. 8, f. 3, 1875 — Bulimus servaini EUTHYME, in Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, p. 244, 1885 — Placostylus hienguenensis KOBELT, Conch. Cab. Placostylus, p. 113, pi. 27, f. 5, 6, 1891.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 288. "The shell and peristome are comparatively thin in this species; the peristome, usually orange, tends sometimes to become reddish." Pfeiffer originally described a specimen in the Cuming collection, PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 31 supposed to be from Eddystone Island in the Solomon group ; but subsequent researches locate the species in New Caledonia. To obviate the error as to locality implied in Pfeiffer's specific name, Crosse re-named the species B. hienguenensis ; and Frere Euthyrne, thinking the New Caledonian shell different from the supposed Solo- mon Island species, called it B. servaini. P. BAVAYI (Crosse & Marie). PI. 7, iigs. 13, 14. Shell nearly covered perforate, ovate-conic, somewhat inflated, rather thick, solid, very delicately striated and closely rugate- malleate. Dirty whitish rose under a chestnut epidermis, which is largely deciduous in adults. Spire conic, the apex sub-acute, suture somewhat crenulated. Whorls G, convex, somewhat inflated, the last not descending, longer than the spire, ventricose, receding toward the right, obliquely rotund at base. Columella subplicate, receding. Aperture very oblique, broadly subangulate-oval, glossy and pale orange-livid inside ; peri^tome simple, thickened, of a rather bright orange color, the terminations joined by a thick and prominent parietal callus which bears a strong, median, deeply placed tooth. Columellar margin expanded, dilated, partly covering the perfora- tion ; basal and outer margins somewhat thickened. Length 74, diam. 43, length of aperture with peristome 41^ mill. (Crosse). Summit of Mt. Mou, New Caledonia (Marie). Bulimus bavayi C. & M., CROSSE, J. de C. 1868, p. 161, pi. 8, f. 1. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. .121 — GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 89, pi. 8, f. 1 MARIE, J. de C. 1870, p. 383. — Placostylus bavayi KOBELT, t. c., p. 42, pi. 10, f. 1.— CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 290. " It is one of the thickest of the thin-lipped group of New Cale- donian Placostylus. The last whorl has a tendency to be inclined to the right ; the aperture is quite markedly oblique." It is a rare and local species. Var. dupuyi Kobelt. PI. 7, figs. 15, 16. Shell rimate-perforate, acutely ovate, comparatively thin but solid, dark brown, the cuticle becoming yellowish-chestnut on the penult, whorl, those earlier being nude and roseate. Surface with slight, irregular growth-wrinkles, and conspicuously malleated throughout. Spire small, conic, slightly attenuated above ; whorls 5^ or 6, the last very large. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate, bluish inside ; peri- stome simple, but slightly thickened, pale orange ; columella concave, dilated; parietal callus thin, whitish and toothless. 32 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Alt. 68, diani. 42, length of aperture 43 mill. Alt. 68, diam. 43, length of aperture 45 mill. Summit of Mt. Mou, New Caledonia, 1219 meters elevation. Bulimus bavayi, un individu jeune, CKOSSE, J. de C. 1868, p. 162, pi. 8, f. la. — PlacostyJus dupuyi KOBELT, Conch}7!. Cab. p. 43, pi. 10, f. 2, 3, 4.— CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 291. It is somewhat less solid than P. bavayi, wants the parietal tooth and the spire differs somewhat in shape. P. BONDEENSIS (Crosse & Souverbie). PI. 8, figs. 20, 21. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, subcompressed, longitudinally rugate-striate ; pale flesh-whitish covered with a deep chestnut epi- dermis streaked with brown-black. Spire conic, the apex subacute ; suture impressed, slightly striate-crenulate, generally denuded of cuticle arid whitish. Whorls 7, a little convex, the first 4 wanting cuticle, fleshy-whitish, the penultimate obliquely and obsoletely mal- leate-striate ; last whorl slightly ascending in front, a little longer than the spire, more or less conspicuously spirally substriate, slightly inflated in the middle, a little attenuated basally. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate piriform, livid yellowish-blue within, the throat sometimes peculiarly granose ; peristome obtuse, hardly reflexed, thickened, whitish-buff, the margins joined by a thick parietal callus, which usually bears a moderate sized median tubercle, rather deep within. Columellar margin slightly vertical, outer lip slightly sinuate above. Length 75, diam. 40, length of apert. inside 33 mill. (£££). Bonde, in the interior of New Caledonia (Lambert, Marie). Bulimus bondeensis C. & S., J. de C. 1869, p. 270, pi. 8, f. 1.— GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 84, pi. 7, f. 3. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 118. — Placostylus bondeensis KOHELT, t. c., p. Ill, pi. 27, f. 3, 4. — B. b. var. edentula C. & 8., 1. c., pi. 8, f. la, Ib — Placostylus bondeensis and var. edentula CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 290. " This species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the livid blue tint of the interior of the aperture, and the yellowish- whitish peristome." It is thicker than P. bavayi and the other forms here associated, and possibly belongs rather to the P. fibratus group. Var. edentula C. & S. (pi. 8, fig. 22) lacks the parietal tubercle, the peristome is white and the interior slate blue. The cuticle is also darker, blackish-brown. It is from the same locality. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 33 P. CURTUS, (Crosse). PL 7, fig. 17 ; pi. 8, figs. 23, 24. Shell imperforate, oval or oval-conic, comparatively not thick but solid, irregularly and coarsely striate longitudinally, and transversely malleate, especially on the last whorl. Rose-yellowish under a per- sistent epidermis of a more or less intense brown color. Spire con- vexly conic, the summit rosy yellow, denuded, smooth and glossy. Suture impressed. Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last moderately swollen and exceeding three-fifths the total length of the shell, a little ascending in front. Aperture subvertical, a little receding toward the base, acutely oval, glossy and orange-purple inside ; peristome of the same color, but becoming yellowish outwardly ; margins united by a thin callus colored like the peristome ; columellar margin a little dilated near its insertion, with an almost imperceptible fold. (Crosse for P. layardi). Length 76, diam. 39, aperture 43 mill. (Crosse). Length 76, diam. 44, aperture 43 mill. (KobelC). Mont Tiebaghi, near Coumac^ in northwestern New Caledonia (Rossiter). • Placostylus layardi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 110, pi. 27, f. 1, 2. —CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 292, pl.-9,f. 1, with var. curia, p. 293, pi. 9, f. 2. Though thinner than most New Caledonian species of Placostylus, this species is thicker, more solid and broader than P. eddystonensis. It differs from P. bavayi in the fine color of the aperture and less inflated last whorl. Typical curtus Crosse (pi. 7, fig. 17) is smaller than the specimens originally described as layardi, (pi. 8, f. 23, 24), somewhat inflated, scarcely submalleate, fleshy-whitish under a pale chestnut cuticle; aperture ovate, orange-purple, paler inside. Alt. 69, diam. 37, apert. 40 mill. It is from Coumac. The name layardi is preoccupied in the subgenus Diplomorpha, and Crosse's varietal name must be substituted. P. SAVESI Crosse. PL. 6, figs. 4, 5. Shell nearly covered-rimate or imperforate, oblong, moderately thick, rather solid, malleate-wrinkled ; pale fleshy-whitish under a thin, deciduous, chestnut epidermis. Spire rather long, the apex slightly obtuse, nearly smooth, glossy, whitish ; suture irregularly im- pressed. Whorls 6£, a trifle convex, the earlier 4 destitute of epi- 34 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. dermis, the last whorl longer than the spire, somewhat inflated in the middle, tapering at base. Aperture ovate-angulate, red within, paler in the throat ; peri- stome somewhat thickened, vivid red, margined with whitish, the margins connected by a livid whitish parietal callus. Columellar margin dilated, expanded, subreflexed, nearly straight; basal mar- gin narrowly rounded ; outer margin a little thickened, the thickening not extending to the posterior insertion. Length 56, diam. 28, apert. 30 mill. (Crosse.) Pouembon (Marie) ; fossil at Artillery Point, Noumea (Save"s). Placostylus savesi CROSSE, J. de C., 1886, p. 163, pi. 7, f. 3, 3a ; 1894, p. 294. Differs from P. eddystonensis by the shorter, more compact form and the coloration ; from P. bavayi by the less dilated last whorl and narrower aperture, with no trace of a parietal tubercle. It may per- haps be allied more closely to P. ouveanus and other small members of the fibratus group. P. ROSSITERI (Brazier). PI. 24, figs. 12, 13. Shell imperforale, oblong, moderately solid ; chestnut with many darker streaks, the suture white-bordered. Surface smoothish, with irregular growth-wrinkles, the penultimate whorl generally malleated transversely. Spire convexly conic. Whorls 6, several earlier ones denuded, fleshy-yellow tinted, the last whorl oval, not inflated, taper- ing below. Aperture subvertical, ovate, brilliant scarlet or yellow within ; peristome distinctly thickened with a deep scarlet callus within, the edge obtuse, flesh-colored and dull outwardly ; columella deep scarlet, with a moderate fold above ; parietal callus moderately thick, of the same color, toothless. Alt. 58, diam. 28, aperture with peristome 31 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 26, aperture with peristome 29 mill. Nehone Bay, northwestern coast of New Caledonia (Rossiter). Bulimus rossiteri BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vi, June, 1881, p. 586 Bidimus (Placostylus) rossiteri Brazier, CROSSE, J. de C., 1881, p. 338, pi. 12, f. 6 — Placostylus rossiteri Braz., Ko- BELT, t. c., p. 39, pi. 9, f. 4, 5.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 294. Distinguished by its oblong, not inflated form, dark-streaked cuti- cle, and the intense red of the aperture. The last whorl is not at all, or but little, malleated. Type in coll. A. N. S. Phila. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 35 Group of P. fibratus. This is the most prolific New Caledonian group in species and vari- eties. The latter are apparently endless ; and as no distinction has yet been made between individual variations and racial divergence, the subject is in almost inextricable confusion. Milton's line " All hope abandon ye who enter here " serves as well for those entering upon the study of these Placostyles as in its original application. Only very extensive local series collected by an observant and careful naturalist can illuminate this subject. P. ALEXANDER (Crosse). PL 13, figs. 1,2; pi. 14, figs, 6, 7, 8. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thick, strongly compressed from front to back, the two sides subangular ; white under a reddish- chestnut cuticle ; smoothish or irregularly wrinkled-striate. Whorls 6, the last large, much wider, flattened. Aperture large, whitish- yellow within, the peristome pale orange-yellow ; outer lip reflexed, strongly thickened, slightly sinuated within, above ; columella thick- ened, bearing two low callosities. Length 85, diam. 50 mill. Length 103, diam. 65, length of aperture 69 mill, (largest seen). Length 78, diam. 51, length of aperture 52 mill, (smallest seen). New Caledonia: Ina, near Ougap (Wagap] ; also at Kanala (?) Bulimus alexander CHOSSE, Revue Zoologique, (2), vii, pp. 34, 83, pi. 4, f. 2, 3 (1855) ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 108— GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled. i, p. 42, pi. 3, f. 1 (1863) PFR. Monogr. iv, p. 369 ; vi, p. 13 ; viii, p. 18 (varieties). Placostylus alexander KOBELT, Conch. Cab. Placostylus, p. 27, pi. 7, f. 1, pi. 8, f. 1 (1891). Var. PROCERULA : Bvlimus alexander, var. a. CROSSE, Revue Zool., p. 34, 83, pi. 4, f. 1 (1855). GASSIES, Faune, i, p. 43, 1863. — Bulimus alexander, var, b. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xii, p. 109 (1864) — GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 74 (1871.)— B.a. \ar.procerula PFR., Monogr. viii, 18. — Placostylus alexander var. procerula KOB- ELT Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 29. Var. OUAGAPENSIS ; Bulimus alexander, var. g, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, p. 179 (1869) — var. ouagapensis PFR., Monogr. viii, 18. — Placostylus alexander var. ouagapensis Kobelt, Conch. Cab. Placostylus, p. 29. Var. CRASSA : B. alexander var. d CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, p. 243, 414 (1870). GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv. Caled., 36 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. ii, p. 74 (1871) MARIE, J. de C. xviii, p. 382 (1870) — var. crassa PFR., Monogr. viii, 18. Var. LEUCOSTOMA : B. alexander, var. e, CROSSE J. de C., xxii, p. 108, 182 (1874); xxiii, p. 139, pi. 6, f. 4, (1875). Placostylus alexander, var. leucostoma, KOBELT, Conch. Gab., Placostylus, p. 29, (1891). Var. NIGRICANS : Bulimus souvillei var. B nigricans, CROSSE, J. de C. ii, p. Ill, (1864). Var. procerula Crosse, 1864 (pi. 14, fig. 8). More lengthened, the aperture paler ; callosities of the inner lip almost wanting ; lip reflexed but less thickened. Length 90, diam. 55 mill. Var. ouagapensis Crosse, 1869. A little smaller and shorter, hardly shining, whitish-roseate under a pale chestnut cuticle, which is very deciduous especially on the earlier whorls. Aperture vivid orange inside, becoming buff-whitish in the throat ; peristome pale orange, the margins strongly thickened, the basal one somewhat pro- jecting, showing an obtuse tubercle. Length 78, diam. 48, aperture with peristome 49 mill, long, 30 wide (Crosse). Wagap. Var. crassa Crosse, 1870 (pi. 14, fig. 7). Larger, wider; dirty white under a blackish chestnut cuticle which is obscurely marked with minute, almost inconspicuous, transverse narrow bands. Last whorl much longer than the spire (as 66 to 34), ascending, broadly ventricose, the sides compressed, angular. Aperture orange ; peri- stome buff-orange, thickened, the margins joined by a thick callus bearing an obtuse tubercle ; columellar margin broadly expanded, lightly twist-folded. Length 119, diam. 66, aperture with peristome 65 mill, long, 42 wide (Crosse). Wagap (Ouagap). Var. leucostoma Crosse. (PI. 14, fig. 6). A little smaller than the typical form ; whorls 6, the first 4 whitish, nude, the penultimate and last covered with a chestnut cuticle, obscurely and slightly flex- uously transversely lineolate. Aperture milk-white inside ; peristome milk-white, at the edge ivory-yellowish. Length 75, diam. 47 mill. ; aperture with peristome 54 mill, long, 34 wide (Crosse). Var. nigricans Crosse. Blackish, with somewhat undulating nar- row bands. A form of large size and with nearly black epidermis, formerly referred to P. souvillei. It has the lateral angulation of P. alexander, however. The typical form of P. alexander is short, with whitish aperture, PLACOSTTLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 37 and light yellow peristome. It is a variable species, and the number of varieties could easily be extended, but without advantage to science, so far as I can see. The prominent feature of the species is its extreme compression, shown in fig. 2 of pi. 13. The last whorl ascends a little anteriorly ; the columellar fold proper is not large, but there is a callus of greater or less extent superposed upon it. The parietal tooth varies a good deal in degree of development, fig. 1 representing one extreme, fig. 8 the other. I suspect the latter is not adult. P. CORPULENTUS (Gassies). PL 9, fig. 27. Shell imperforate, large, somewhat ponderous, rather thick, globose, a little compressed, ovate pyramidal, longitudinally rugose-striate, chalky (being fossil and destitute of epidermis) ; suture impressed, the apex acute. Whorls 6-7, convex, the last two-thirds the total length, slightly compressed. Aperture long-ovate, contracted, auriculate, angular above, where the outer lip is strongly sinuous, reflexed at the base. Columella thick, a trifle concave, folded, the fold of moderate size, ascending and entering. Parietal wall with a» thick callus bearing a conic tooth. Peristome thick, reflexed, the right margin deeply sinuate above, prominently calloused in the middle. Alt. 100, greater diam. 55, lesser 50 mill. ; length of aperture 52 mill. (Gass.) Fossil ; Isle of Pines and islet of Koutoumo, in company with P. senilis but scarcer (type locality Lambert); superficial strata at Artillery Point, near Noumea (Layard). Bulimus corpulentus GASSIES, Faune N. Caled. ii, p. 183 (1871). — Placostylus corpulentus KOBELT, t. c., p. 121, pi. 30, f. 1. The figure is copied from Kobelt, whose specimen came from Artillery Point, near Noumea. It is more inflated than P. senilis or P. goroensis, less so than P. alexander. P. ABBREVIATES (Gassies). PL 20, fig. 45. Imperforate, ponderous, thick, globose-rotund, conic-pyramidal, longitudinally striate. Whorls 6J, the last globose. Aperture auri- culate, contracted, round-ovate, angular above, the outer lip strongly sinuated ; columella thick, slightly concave, with a moderate sized ascending fold ; parietal callus thick, bearing a large conic tooth. Length 68, diam. 37 mill. Fossil; Lifu, Loyalty Js. (Lambert). .38 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. B. abbreviates GASSIES, Fanne ii, appendix, p. 192 (1871) ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 334; Faune iii, p. 41, pi. 4, f. 1 — Plac. abbreviatus KOBELT, t. c., p. 122, pi. 30, f. 2 (copied from Gassies). Apparently a well-marked species. I have not seen specimens. P. KANALENSIS (Crosse). PL 23, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell imperforate, ovate-pyramidal, quite solid. '« The spire is long and somewhat subulate ; the last whorl is subcompressed, per- ceptibly angular at the sides, as in P. alexander, and it is widest nearer the base than in most of its allies ; the earlier whorls are whitish and denuded, the following ones covered with a chestnut epidermis. The peristome is ivory white or orange tinted yellow; aperture a more or less purplish orange shade. Columellar fold #nd parietal tooth only moderately developed." Whorls 6J to 7, but slightly convex. Alt. 81, diam. 40, length of aperture with perist., 46 mill. (Crosse.) Alt. 100, diam. 58, length of aperture with perist., 60 mill. (fig. 1). Environs of Kanala, New Caledonia (Marie). Bulimus souvillei var. kanalensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 69 — Placostylus kanalensis Cr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 99, pi. 24, f. 1-3 (1891).— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 264, pi. 10, f. 1. — Bulimus cicatricosus GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. C., ii, p. 72 (exclusive of figure), 1871 — Placostylus kanalensis var. tchioensis KOB., t. c., p. 100, pi. 24, f. 4, 5 — P. k. var. thioensis CROSSE, J. de C.\ 1894, 264.— P. (kanalensis var.?) subefusus KOB., t. c., p. 101, pi. 24, f. 6. The slender, almost acuminate spire is characteristic. The lip is thicker than in P. souvillei. Fig. 2 is a copy of Crosse's figure of his type. Var. tchioensis Kobelt (PI. 22, figs. 1, 2). Shell imperforate, long-ovate, compressed, rather solid, not very thick, rudely ctriate or scarred malleate ; whitish, covered with a greenish-chestnut epider- mis. Spire convexly conic, denuded, bufif, the apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 61, convex, separated by an impressed rather irregularly margined suture, regularly increasing, the last scarcely inflated, elongated, compressed, nearly double the length of the spire, scarcely ascending in front. Aperture vertical, long-ovate, acuminate above, PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 39 purplish-orange within, with brownish streaks ; peristome orange- whitish, obtuse, slightly thickened, the terminations joined by a thin, brownish, nearly toothless callus ; outer margin produced in the middle, basal margin effuse, columellar margin arcuately ascending, slightly dilated, with a very obsolete fold. Length 69, diam. 36, aperture 40 mill. (Kobelt.) Tchio (probably Thio or Tio], on the east coast of New Caledonia. Probably not quite fully adult, as Crosse holds. Var. subeffusus Kobelt (pi. 23, fig. 4). Shell ex-umbilicate, ovate-acuminate, not very thick, subtranslucent, compressed, rudely striated and malleate, obsoletely spirally lirate and even striate ; whitish, covered with a greenish-chestnut epidermis, indistinctly spirally fasciolate. Spire conic, worn, the upper whorls buff, apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 6^, slightly convex, separated by a some- what ragged, white-spotted suture, regularly increasing ; the last whorl more convex, slightly inflated, compressed, angular along the left margin, exceeding three-fifths the total length, more rapidly de- scending near the aperture. Aperture vertical with receding base, broadly oval, deeply excised by the penult whorl above, orange- brownish inside, pale-edged; perisfeome brownish-orange, obtuse, slightly thickened, lightly expanded, very distinctly effuse at the base, the terminations joined by a thin callus, somewhat thickened in the middle ; outer lip not sinuated above, columellar nearly straight in the middle, and nearly parallel to the slightly arcuate, scarcely dilated columellar margin, which is not folded. Alt. 65, diam. 36, aperture 38 mill. (Kobelt.} Tchio, east coast of New Caledonia. A form of doubtful relations, known by a single specimen, and chiefly distinguished by the foldless columella, thin texture, and effuse basal lip. P. FIBRATUS (Martyn). PI. 15, figs. 15, 16; pi. 16, figs. 21, 22, 24. Typical P. fibratus is a rather uncommon form with a strong parietal nodule, the contour rather slender. Martyn's type figure is copied, pi. 15, fig. 15 ; the other figures referred to above illustrat- ing more or less similar specimens. Southern New Caledonia and Isle of Pines. Limax fibratus MARTYN, The Universal Conchologist, pi. 25 (1789) ; reproduced by Chenu, Biblio. Conch, ii p. 21, pi. 7,f. 3.— 40 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Bulimus fbratus Mart., PFR., Monogr. ii, 139 ; iii, 377 ; iv, 446 ; vi, 82 ; viii, 115.— GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., vi, p. 273, 1857; Faune Conch. Nouv-Caled., p. 39, pi. 4, f. 1, 1863; vol. ii, p. 57, 1871.— CROSSE, J. de C. xii, p. 112, 1864 — E. MARIE, J. de C. xviii, p. 385, 1870. — Placostylus jftbratus KOBELT, Conch. Cab., (ed. 2). Placostylus, p. 47, pi. 11, fig. 2-6, 1891. — CROSSE Journ de Conchyl. 1894, p. 251. — Bulimus danieli CROSSE, in Rev. Zool., p. 84, pi. 4, f. 4, 5, 1855 — Bulimus ouensis GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl. xviii, p. 142, 1870; Faune Conch, N.-C., ii, p. 68, pi. 3, f. 5 — PFR. Monogr. viii, p. 20.— P. ouensis KOBELT, t. c., p. 118, pi. 29, f. 3, 4, 1891.— CROSSE, t. c., p. 260. Bulimus falcicula GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.- Gale" d., ii, p. 190, 1871. — Bulimus albo-roscus GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 189, 1871 Bulimus bulbulus GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 193, 1871 ; and in Journ. de Conchyl. xxvi, p. 337, 1878 ; Faune Conch. Cale'd., iii, p. 47, 1880, (young shell). — Bulimus carbonarius GASSIES, Journ, de Conchyl., xxvi, p. 337, 1878; Faune Conch. Cale"d., iii, p. 47, 1880. — Bulimus necouensis GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xxvi, p. 337, 1878; Faune Conch. N.-Caled., iii, p. 47, 1880. — Bulimus infundibulum GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xxvi, p. 337, 1878; Faune Conch. N. Caled., iii, p. 47, 1880, (monstrosity). Bulimus superfasciatus GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xxvi, p. 337, 1878 ; Faune Conch. Nouv. Caled., iii, p. 47. 1880.— Bulimus patens GASSIES, Journ. de Convchyl., xxvi. p. 337, 1878. — Bulimus iibratus var. sinistrorsa CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xxix, p. 340, pi. 9, f. 2, 1881 ; 1894, p. 254. Bulimus fibratus var. b. CROSSE, Journ. Conchyl., xii, p. 113, 1864. Bulimus pinicola GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 142, 1870; Faune Conch. Nouv. Caled., ii, p. 59, pi. 4, f. 1, 1871.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 20. — Bulimus insignior EUTHYME, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, p. 242, 1885 — Placostylus fibratus var. pin- icola KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 89, pi. 21, f. 3, 1891. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 255. Voluta auris malchi b. GMELIN, Syst Nat. p. 3437. — Bulimus bovinus BRUG. Encycl. Meth. i, p. 345 (1792) KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 18, pi. 4, f. 5,6. — Placostylus jibratus var. pallidula CROSSE J. C., 1894, p. 253 (based upon Auris Midce, CHEMNITZ, Conch. Cab., vol. xi. part 2, p. 42, pi. 121, f. 1039-1040 (1786). — Voluta australis DILLWYN, Descript. Catal. i. p. 500 (1817) Auricula bovina LAMARCK, An. s. Vert, vi, p. 139; edit. Desh., viii, p. 328. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 41 — Helix auris bovinus FER., Prodr. p. 57 ; Histoire, pi. 159, f. 1-5 (exclusive of " monstrum") Pupa auris bovina GRAY, Ann. of Philos., n. ser., ix, p. 413. — Auricula aurantiaca SCHUMACHER, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst., p. 228 (1817) Bulimus bootis MENKE, Syn. Method., edit. 2, p. 26 (1830). — Placostylus bootis BECK, In- dex Moll., p. 57 (in part). Placostylus (fibratus var. ?) knoblauchi KOBELT, Conch. Cab., (ed. 2), Placostylus, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1891. — P. fibratus v. knoblauchi CROSSE, 1. c. Bulimus imbricatus GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Caled., ii, p. 187, 1871 ; Journ. de Conchyl., vol. xxi, p. 50, pi. 2, f. 5, 1873 Bulimus fibratus var., GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv. Caled., iii, p. 47, 1880 — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 26 — Placostylus imbricatus var., KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 129, pi. 32, f. 1, 1891 CROSSE, t. c., p. 254. Bulimus bairdii REEVE, Conch. Icon., Bulimus, f. 272, 1848 — P. fibratus var. bairdi, CROSSE, t. (;., p. 253 — Placostylus fibratus var. peculiaris KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 86, pi. 20, f. 4-5, 1891. Placostylus fibratus var. crassa, LAYARD MS., in KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 85, pi. 20, f. 3, 1891. — Placostylus fibratus var. ventricosa KOBELT, t. c., p. 88, pi. 21, f. 1, 1891 — Placostylus fibratus var. ovalis KOBELT, t. c., p. 88, pi. 21, f. 2, 1891. — Bulimus auiis- midce REEVE, Conch. Icon., Bulimus, f. 170, 1848. — Placostylus fibratus var. ovata CROSSE, t. c., p. 253, 1894. Bulimus lalannei GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cale"d., ii, p. 185, 1871. — P. lalannei CROSSE, t. c., p. 259. Bulimus insignis PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., i, p. 57, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1850.— GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv. Cal£d., i, p. 40,1863 — Placostylus insignis KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 46, pi. 11, fig. 1, 1891. — P. fibratus var. insignis CROSSE, t. c., p. 253. Bulimus fibratus var. mareana, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 242,413. 1870; GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cal£d., ii, p. 58. 1871 — P. f. var. gareana PFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 215. — Placostylus ouveanus var. turrita KOBELT, t. c., p. 89, pi. 21, f. 4,5. 1891. Bulimus fibratus var. grammica, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy]., xviii., p. 242, 412, 1870. — Bulimus souvillei var. grammica GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv. -Caled., ii, p. 71, 1871. 42 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Bulimus edwardsianus GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cale'd., i, p. 40, pi. 4, f. 2, 1863. Var. pinicola Gassies. (PI. 17, fig. 2(5.) Distinguished from typical fibratus by the smooth epidermis, without wrinkle strias, and having some white dots below, and the very deep blood red color of the interior. Type measures: length 90, diam. 44, aperture 45 mill. Seems a very weakly characterized form. Perhaps the shell figured on plate 15, fig. 17 belongs to this race. Isle of Pines. Crosse has figured a sinistral monster, apparently belonging to this variety. See pi. 17, fig. 27. Var. lovinus Brug. (PI. 20, fig. 41). Elongate, pale olivaceous with brownish streaks ; lip whitish with a pale orange submargin, the throat light ochreous ; columellar fold small, the parietal tubercle scarcely noticeable. This variety includes var. pallidula Crosse. Var. BAIRDI Reeve. (PI. 19, figs. 35, 38). Much elongated, turreted, solid, the cuticle varying from yellow with brown streaks to chocolate-brown. Aperture small, yellow or orange-red within, the peristome heavily calloused, white ; parietal tubercle high and conic ; columellar fold strong ; lip usually with a thickening and shallow sinus above. Length 76, diam. 33 mill. PI. 15, fig. 18 and pi. 16, fig. 25 are also forms referable to or near bairdi, though not typical. Var. peculiaris Kobelt. (PI. 17, figs. 28,29). Much elongated fusiform, solid and thick, irregularly transversely wrinkled, the wrink- les oblique, confluent. Whorls 8J, the last ascending to the aperture,, which is small, much contracted and buff-white ; peristome ex- tremely thick, the outer lip deeply sinuated above, then thickened;, columella with a very thick fold-like tubercle, the heavy parietal callus bearing a strong, acute tubercle. Alt. 78, diam. 32, length of aperture 38 mill. Isle of Pines* Described from one dead shell, incrusted with calcareous ma- terial. Var. LEUCOLENUS (Crosse). PI. 45, fig. 6. Shell very narrowly and covered perforate, oblong-conic, rugose- striated ; whitish under a chestnut epidermis, which is longitudinally radiated with darker; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a little convex, the earlier 3 wholly destitute of eutide, whitish, the last whorl a little shorter than the spire (in the ratio of 32: 38). Aperture ob- long-oval, milk-white within ; peristome thickened, sub-reflexedr PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 43 milk-white, the ends joined by a moderately thick white callus, bear- ing a median tubercle ; collumellar margin a trifle folded, dilated, almost completely closing the umbilical chink ; basal and outer margins thickened and somewhat reflexed. Length 70, diam. 36 mill.; aperture with peristome, 33 mill, long, 25 wide (Crosse). Isle of Pines (Lambert). Placostylus leucolenus CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xliii, 1895, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 6. This form bears some resemblance to P. fibroins and its variety cicatricosus, but with the following differential characters : the shell substance under the cuticle is entirely white, as are the peristome and interior; the columellar fold is but slightly developed, and there is a minute umbilical chink. As it was described from a single shell, which, moreover, had suffered an injury in the third whorl, somewhat altering the form of those following, I do not think the specific rank given by M. Crosse likely to be sustained. Var. danleli Crosse. (PI. 15, figs. 13, 14.) Cuticle olivaceous- chestnut, persistent ; lip thickened, slightly sinuous above and below ; parietal nodule slight, the columellar fold rather strong ; last whorl peculiarly contracted backward and to" the right. Aperture vivid red within, the peristome ivory-like. Length 80, diam. 33 mill. Var. knoblauchi Kobelt. (PI. 18, fig. 34). A very large form, rudely rugose-strjate, malleated and indistinctly lirate spirally ; fleshy -reddish under a thin brown epidermis which is indistinctly banded above ; suture white-edged, strongly ascending toward its termination. Aperture vinous-brown inside ; columella with a strong twisted fold, separated from the parietal wall by a distinct sulcus ; peristome fleshy-orange, thick ; the orange parietal callus bearing a conic tooth. Length 124, diam. 56, aperture 68 mill. Var. insignis Petit. (PI. 25, figs. 17, 18). A very small form, length 65 mill., with 6-7 whorls, the columella with a strong fold, parietal wall bearing a nodule ; apex more or less deep colored in- side ; lip moderately thick. Var. ouensis Gassies (PI. 45, fig. 7). An elongate form with pale aperture, measuring 86 mill, long, diam. 41, aperture 44 mill. Its prominent features are said to be the acute spire and dilated base, the expansion of the peristome, and the yellow striate arid malleated epidermis, with triangular white spots. It is said by Gassies to be from the Islet of Uen, south of New Caledonia. Layard procured it at the Isle of Pines. 44 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Var. IMBRICATUS Gassies, 1871. (pi. 21, fig. 47). Shell perfor- ate, obese-ovate, ventricose with conic spire ; surface coarsely and deeply plicatulate longitudinally, the wrinkles cut by fine, deeply en- graved spiral lines. Earlier whorls yellowish, the last covered with a rather thin yellow cuticle streaked with brown, a subsutural band white. Aperture wide, red-orange within, paler in the throat, the lip whitish, thickened, sinuous above ; columella wide, with a fold above, a small projection at its junction with the basal lip. Parietal callus bearing a moderate tubercle. Length 78-80, diam. 40, length of aperture 42 mill. ; or smaller, length 69, diam. 40 mill. Boulari Bay (Lambert). The specimen before me is more strongly decussated than the type figure shows. Var. LALANNEI Gassies. Imperforate or rimate, fusiform, acumi- nate, solid, longitudinally and transversely streaked, obliquely mal- leated, reticulate ; white under a buff-brown, olivaceous epidermis, ornamented with obliquely longitudinal brown stripes and blackish transverse narrow lines ; apex buff, punctate, shining ; spire conic, ovate-elongate, suture impressed, denticulate, with a buff or white hair-margin. Whorls 7-8, a little convex, the last two-thirds the total alt. ; aperture ear-shaped, long, angular above, rounded below, narrow in adults; columella very thick, strongly reflexed over the .umbilicus, rather flattened, with a long ascending and entering fleshy-rose-colored fold ; parietal fold conic, subhorizontal, reddish ; peristome thickened, reflexed, whitish rose, the outer lip sinuous above, expanded at the base ; the margins joined by a moderate rose- white callus ; interior orange-scarlet, pearly. Length 87 to 100, diam. 45, length of aperture 54, width 18 mill. (Gassies). Boulari, quite abundant. A var. minor, length 80, diam. 33, apert. 37 mill., has the peri- stome white. Gassies seems to think that this may be one of the varieties of B. fibratas, and he points out no distinguishing characters. Var. GRAMMICUS Crosse. Large, elongate, pale chestnut, ob- scurely painted with brown, sub-undulating, close, transverse, narrow bands ; suture whitish. Whorls 7^, the first 4J roseate, destitute of cuticle, the last whorl slightly ascending, as long as the spire. Ap- erture pale orange, becoming buff-whitish in the throat ; peristome pale orange-ivory tinted, the margins joined by a thick callus bear- PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 45 ing a strong whitish tubercle ; columellar margin strongly folded ; outer margin slightly sinuated above. Length 111, diam. 47, aper- ture with peristome 56 mill, long, 33 wide. (Gassies.) Yate, Conception, Bay de Sud, Mont Coqui (Marie), Goro (Lam- bert). Widespread in the south, but not at Balade or Kanala. This form attains a length of 150 mill, at Goro. It is referred to P. souvillei by Gassies. Var. CRASSUS " Layard " Kobelt (PI. 18, fig. 30). Imperforate, ovate, solid, thick, rudely and subregularly costate-striate, indis- tinctly spirally rugose or malleated, covered witji a greenish-brown epidermis ; spire shortly conic, the apex acute. Whorls 7, convex, separated by an impressed, crenulated and white-bordered suture, the last whorl large, compressed, ascending in front. Aperture large, ovate, vivid purplish-orange within, the peristome paler or pale orange, very glossy ; peristome thickened, a little reflexed, margins joined by a thick glossy callus, which is toothless or with a very slight tooth, the outer margin produced in the middle, columellar margin dilated, appressed, armed with a paler tuberculiform fold. Alt. 88, diam. 48, length of aperture with peristome 54 mill. (Ko- belt.) , Isle of Pines. Var. ventricosus Kobelt (pi. 17, fig. 25). Near var. crassus, but the shell is thinner, wider, last whorl more compressed, nearly angu- lated along the left side, the parietal callus bearing a tubercle. Alt. 90, diam. maj. 50, min. 36 mill. • Isle of Pines. Var. ovalis Kobelt (pi. 18, fig. 33). Differs from the type in the ovate, thinner shell with short spire, the last whorl exceeding two- thirds the total length of the shell, compressed below. Aperture large, nearly entire ; throat blood-orange colored, the peristome paler. Alt. 85, diam. 43, aperture 54 mill. (Kob.). Isle of Pines. Var. ovata Crosse (pi. 16, fig. 20). Rather large and ventricose, with open aperture and small columellar fold and parietal nodule. Scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding variety, which is prior. Var. EDWARDSIANUS Gassies, (pi. 19, figs. 39, 40). Umbilicated, small, length about 60-65 mill., white under a decidedly deciduous black streaked chestnut cuticle, compact, the spire rather short and conic. Aperture small, contracted, red within, peristome ivory- white, very much thickened, built forward, having a deep sinus above, the columella with a moderate fold; parietal tooth whitish, deep- seated. Nekete, Kanala, and Pot Island. 46 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Var. strigatus u. v. (pi. 15, fig. 19, and pi. 19, fig. 36, 37). This form is similar to v. edwardsianus in size and contour, and in the more or less deciduous chestnut and black streaked cuticle. It is usually umbilicated or perforate, often spirally malleated. The aperture is similar to that of edwardsiana but with far less developed peristome. Var. mareanus Crosse, 1870, (pi. 18, figs. 31, 32). Small, thick, rosy-whitish under a chestnut-brown, partly deciduous cuticle. Whorls 7, the earlier 3^ roseate, the last whorl slightly ascending, about as long as the spire. Aperture beautiful violet-purple inside, parietal callus thick, bearing a tubercle ; columellar margin strongly twisted-plicate, outer margin strongly sinuated above. Length 66, diam. 28, length of aperture wtth peristome 33 mill. (Crosse). Mare and Ouvea, Loyalty Is. The figures represent P. ouveanus var. turrita Kob., which Crosse holds to be identical. P. ARENOSUS (Gassies). PI. 20, fig. 44. Imperforate, thick, malleated ; whorls 6, the apex rather obtuse ; aperture contracted, auriculate, the peristome thick, slightly reflexed; columella thick, plicate ; a descending dentiform parietal fold above. Length 75, greater diam. 55, lesser diam. 30, aperture 28 mill, long, 10 wide. Fossil; Lifu, Loyalty Is. (Lambert). Bulimus arenosus GASSIES, J. de C., 1878, p. 333; Faune iii, p. 40, pi. 3, f. 1. — Plac. arenosus. KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 123, pi. 30, f. 3. (Copied from Gassies.) Allied to some forms of P. fibratus, and perhaps referable to that species as a variety. P. FALCICULA (Gassies). Unfigured. A fossil form from South Bay (Baie du Sud), New Caledonia. Destitute of cuticle and color, long-oval, ovate, noticeably perforate, strongly striate longitudinally, cut by transverse striae and " imbri- cated," the suture margined and ruffled. Whorls 7, slightly convex, the last f the total length. Aperture ovate, very angular above and rounded at the base, ends of the peristome connected by a thick cal- lus bearing a median, conic tooth. Columella subvertieal, without external twist. Outer lip strongly notched above, sickle-shaped, the lower termination of the notch forming an almost acute angle. Peri- stome very convex, light yellow with nacreous reflections ; interior PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 47 retaining some trace of orange color. Length 80, diam. maj. 40, aperture 44 mill, long, 15 wide. Fossil at South Bay (Lambert). Bulimus falcicula GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 190 (1871). Apparently distinct by the sickle-shaped upper termination of the outer lip. It has not been figured, the above account being compiled from Gassies. P. OUVEANUS (' Dotzauer,' Mousson). PI. 9, figs. 25, 2G. Shell covered perforate, long-ovate, irregularly and strongly wrinkle-striate, decussately impressed with some elongate wrinkles; deep brown or streaked with paler. Spire regular, the apex rather obtuse, denuded ; suture irregularly crenate and with a plicate-striate margin below, white. Whorls 6, the earliest elegantly punctulate, the following somewhat convex, last whorl larger, a little ascending, ovate, compressed around the umbilical perforation. Aperture verti- cal, as long as the spire, ovate-auriform, pale orange or livid whitish- brown ; peristome buff-whitish, somewhat expanded, thickened, lipped within ; the margins remote, joined by a one-toothed callus, the upper margin slightly protracted at -the insertion, lightly sinuated, arcuate in the middle ; columellar margin with a tuberculose long oblique callus within, the outer edge broadly reflexed, covering the perforation. Alt. 51, diam. 26-J- mill. (Mou»s.) Ouvea, Loyalty Is. (Dotzauer). Bulimus ouveanus DOTZAUER, in MOUSSON, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, p. 60, pi. 4, f. 4, 4a, 1869.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 116.— GAS- SIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cal£d., ii, p. 62, 1871 — Placostylus ouveanus KOBELT, Conch. Cab. (edit. 2), Placostylus, p. 11, pi. 1, f. 4, 5, 1891. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 260. — Bulimus ouveanus, var. /3, lifouana, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, p. 180, 1869 — GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cal£d., ii, p. 63, 18T1. — Placostylus ouveanus var. lifouana KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 12, 1891. — Bulimus ouveanus var. y, alba, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxii, p. 109, 184, 1874; xxiii, p. 218, pi. 8, f. 4, 1875. — B. ouveanus var. albida CROSSE, J. de C., 1884, p. 330. — Placostylus ouveanus var., KOBELT, t. c., p. 12 — Bulimus ouveanus, monstr. sinistrorsa CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxii, p. 328, pi. 7, f. 3, 3«, 1884. — Bulimus ouveanus, monstr. scalaris CROSSE, t. c., p. 329, pi. 7, f. 4. 4«. — Balimus cesopeus GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.-Cal£d., ii, p. 87, 1871; Jour. 48 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. de Conchyl., xxi, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 6, 1873 ; Cf. Faune Conch. Nouv.- Cal6d., iii, p. 47, 1880 (as monstr. of B. ouveanus). — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 121 — Placostylus tzsopeus KOBELT, t. c., p. 82, pi. 19, f. 7 (??), 8, 1891. — P. ouveanus var. asopea CROSSE, t. c., p. 261. P. ouveanus is smaller, thinner and rougher than P. Jibratus, but Crosse is probably right in considering it a form of that species dwarfed by the lack of lime, and produced with substantially the same appearance, independently, in several distinct localities. Some specimens are orange within the aperture. Var. lifouanus Crosse. Smaller, hardly thickened, dirty white, not shining, under a brown, almost wholly deciduous cuticle. Length 46£, diam. 26 mill. (Crosse). Lifu, Loyalty Is. (Marie). Var. albus Crosse (pi. 27, fig. 25). White, destitute of epidermis, the aperture and peristome uniform milk-white ; columellar fold tooth-like ; parietal fold small, scarcely noticeable. Length 48, diam. 23J, aperture 24 mill. Siande, New Caledonia (Marie). Form sinistrorsus Crosse. A sinistral form from Lifu. Monst. scalaris Crosse. Turreted, with abnormally deep sutures, long spire and rounded whorls. From Lifu. Monstr. asopeus Gassies (pi. 20, fig. 43) is an abnormally depressed form, described from the Isle of Pines. It is probably not correctly referred to ouveanus, but belongs rather to Jlbratus. It is a " sub- fossil " shell, not yet found living, and apparently a mere individual monster. P. SOUVILLEI (Morelet). PI. 22, fig. 4. Shell imperforate, very large and capacious, ovate, solid ; dark yellowish-chestnut, with numerous darker reddish-chestnut belts and lines. Surface sculptured with moderate growth-wrinkles, but with- out spiral sculpture ; sometimes somewhat malleated in places. Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 6J, but slightly convex, the last large and oval, hardly compressed between the front and back. Aperture vertical, ample, deep red-orange within the lip, fading in the throat to pale ochre or blue-white; peristome obtuse but not much thickened, the outer lip whitish, a little sinuous ; columella bearing a large callous fold above ; parietal wall with a rather low blunt tooth, and with the columella, of a red orange color. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 49 Length 120, diam. 65, length of aperture 76 mill. Sometimes as long as 150 mill. Southern part of New Caledonia, especially at South Bay and Tate (Marie); Goro (Lambert). Bulimus souvillei MORE LET, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, April 2, 1857; separate copies of the same, "Test. Nov. Austr.," p. 1 — GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., vi, p. 273, 1857 ; Faune Conch. Nouv.- Cated., i, p. 41, pi. 7, f. 1, 1863 ; ii, p. 70, 1871 ; with var. eximius. — FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., vi, p. 300, pi. 4, f. 13, 1857. — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 81 ; viii, p. 114 (exclusive of varieties in footnote). — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xii, p. 110, 1864. — Placostylus souvillei Kobelt, in Conch. Cab. (edit. 2), Placostylus, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 1 ; pi. 2, f. 1, 1891 CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 62 Bulimus eximius AL- BERS, Malak. Bl., iv, p. 96, May 20, 1857 (not of Reeve).— PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 446 ; Novit. Conch., i, p. 118, pi. 33, f. 1, 2. A large, dark; capacious and distinctly banded species, with the lip but little thickened, not calloused within nor noticeably sinuated above. The spire is always more or less denuded. P. LAMBERTI (Gassies). PI. 22, fig. 8. Shell large, i in perforate, ovate-oblong, solid, longitudinally strigate and circularly malleated ; covered with a brownish-buff, glossy, evan- escent epidermis ; suture impressed, crispate, white. Spire fusiform, the apex obtuse, pale corneous, shining. Whorls 7, convex, the last two-thirds the total length. Aperture vertical, oval, dark buff-orange within, glossy; parietal fold small, tubercular ; columellar fold thick, ascending, flesh-colored and glossy, blood-red above ; peristome thickened, scarcely reflexed, buff-white, the margins joined by a brownish callus, bearing a tubercle in the middle; slightly angulate above, a little expanded below. Length 100, diam. 50, aperture 48 mill, long inside (Gassies}. Uvea, Loyalty Is. (Lambert). Bulimus lamberti GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. xvii, p. 72 (1869); Faune, ii, p. 69, pi. 3, f. 6 (1871).— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 19 Placostylus lamberti CROSSE, t. c., p. 268 (1894). Like typical P. souvillei in the simplicity of the outer lip and the open aperture, but more elongated and without spiral bands. Gas- sies' figure does not show the parietal tubercle alluded to in the text. 50 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. P. BOULARIENSIS (Souverbie). PL 13, fig. 4. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, elongate, solid, subcompressed, longitudinally rugose-plicatulate, striate ; pale fleshy, covered with a tawny-chestnut cuticle, streaked with darker, and encircled with a few inconspicuous blackish spiral lines. Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines, the apex sub-acute ; suture impressed, delicately crenulated, more or less denuded of cuticle, and whitish. Whorls 7, but little convex, the earlier 3 or 4 denuded of cuticle, pale fleshy, the penultimate whorl spirally obsoletely malleate striate ; last whorl ascending, longer than the spire (being three- fifths the total length), rather long ovate, tapering basally, spirally inconspicuously striated or more or less malleate. Aperture nearly vertical, rather long ear-shaped, angular above, vivid purplish-orange inside, becoming paler and somewhat green tinted far within, very glossy ; peristome obtuse, scarcely reflexed outwardly, somewhat orange-tinted fleshy ; the ends joined by a thick callus which bears a strong and rather acuminate tubercle in the middle ; the right margin obtuse, thickened within at the insertion above the aperture, then narrower, broadly sinuated, and again thick- ened vertically ; columellar margin nearly flat, bearing a long fold ascending to the tubercle. Length 96, greater diam. 43, lesser 34; aperture 45 mill, long, 19 wide. Length 95, greater diam. 44, lesser 36 ; aperture 48 mill, long, 18 wide. Length 78, greater diam. 38, lesser 29; aperture 37 mill, long, 14 wide. Woods around the Bay of Boulari (Lambert). Bulimus boulariensis Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 417; 1870, p. 81, 422. — GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. C., ii, p. 60, pi. 1, f. 12, 1871. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 18. — Placostylus boulariensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 265.—? ? KOBELT, 1. c., p. 83, pi. 20, f. 1, 2, 1891. This may prove to be a form of P.fibratus. Souverbie's type in the Bordeaux museum has not been figured, but Gassies figures a specimen from the same locality and doubtless authentic. I share Cross e's doubts of the authenticity of the specimens figured by Ko- belt. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 51 P. GUESTIERI (Gassies). PL 10, fig. 27 ; pi. 24, figs. 9, 1] ; pi. 25, figs. 15, 16. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, compressed from front to back, solid ; white under a yellowish-chestnut cuticle, streaked with darker reddish or blackish chestnut. Surface sculptured with longitudinal growth-wrinkles (much too prominent in the figures) and lightly malleated spirally. Whorls 6J-7, but slightly convex, the last one oval, ascending in front. Aperture ovate, deep orange within or pale and ochreous in the throat; peristome yellowish-white or fleshy-white, broad, though hardly reflexed. thick, and blunt or keeled ; the outer lip with a shallow sinus above ; columella whitish, having a strong callous fold ; parietal callus whitish, with a small or moderate whitish tubercle. Length 86, cliam. 40 mill. (type). Length 97, diam. 53, aperture 63 mill. Ouvea, Loyalty h. (Lambert); Mont-Dor (Marie). Bulimus guestieri GASSIES, J. de C., 1869, p. 72 ; Faune Conch. N.-C., ii, pp. 74, 192, pi. 3, f. 11 ; iii, p. 46. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 20. — Placostylus guestieri KOBELT, t. c., p. 69, pi. 17, f. 1. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 266. — Bulimus souvillei var. gatopensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1870, p. 242 and 414 Plac. guestieri v. gato- pensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 267, pi. 10, f. 2. — Bulimus cica- tricosus GASSIES, Faune, ii, pi. 4, f. 2 (but not the descriptive text). Placostylus cicatricosus KOBELT, t. c., p. 90, pi. 22, f. 3, with var. orientals, f. 1, 2. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 269. — ? Placostylus (bavayi var.?) rhinocheti KOBELT, t..c., p. 75, pi. 18, f. 1 (1891). A smaller species than P. souvillei, with thicker peristome, and pallid columella and parietal callus. It is closely allied to P. boul- ariensis, goroensis and buccalis, and its union with the latter two may become necessary. Fig. 11 of pi. 24 is a copy of the original figure, which however represents a small form rather than the usual develop- ment of the species, which ordinarily attains a length of 90 to 100 mill. The var. alba is merely a white-lipped specimen ; var. major being larger, length 110 mill. It is from Mont Dor. Which of the two localities given supplied the type is not known. Var. gatopensis Crosse. (PI. 24, fig. 10.) " A shell of medium size, with the spire denuded and roseate, the latter two whorls (and particularly the last) covered with a very peculiar greenish-olive epidermis, upon which some brownish and inconspicuous transverse 52 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. streaks may be distinguished. The peristome is orange excepting the columellar fold and the basal and outer margins, which are ivory white. The aperture is of a fine fire color, shading toward orange. Length 88-95, diam. 47-56 mill.; aperture with peristome 54-61 mill, long." (Crosse.) Gatope and the " model farm" New Caledonia (Marie). ?Var. confusus Pilsbry. (PL 21, fig. 48.) Shell imperforate, solid, roughly striate, malleated throughout, the impressions some- times in spirals ; reddish, covered with an adherent greenish-brown cuticle more or less banded spirally. Last whorl slightly or hardly compressed, ascending in front. Aperture dark brown within; peri- stome white, unexpanded, lightly thickened, the margins joined by a thin, translucent callus ; columella with an obsolete compressed white fold. Alt. 80, diam. 43, greatest length of aperture 45 mill. Moindu, on the west coast of New Caledonia (Layard)'. This is P. cicatricosus of Kobelt's monograph (p. 90). Possibly Gassies' figure pertains to the same form, but his description applies unquestionably to P. kanalensis. It. differs from P. guestieri chiefly in being banded and more malleated. ? Var. orientals Kobelt. (PI. 21, figs. 49, 50.) Larger, thicker, the lip more thickened, lightly sinused above, the columellar fold stronger; bands more decided. Length 87, diam. 45, aperture 56 mill. Huaila on the east coast (Layard). ?Var. rhinocheti Kobelt, (PI. 21, fig. 46). Shell imperforate, compressed, angular along the two sides, solid, roughly and irregularly striate, covered with somewhat oblique, irregular and not very dis- tinct transverse wrinkles ; epidermis chestnut- brown. Whorls 6-^, the last one flattened below the suture and then inflated, slightly as- cending in front. Aperture orange-brown within, white-margined; peristome unexpanded, thickened, a little expanded at the base, whit- ish, the terminations joined by a rather diffused, toothless callus; the outer margin angular and sinuated above, then straight, produced in the middle; columella subvertical, with an oblique, obsolete fold. Alt. 80, diam. 44, length of aperture with peristome 47 mill. Kanala ( Rossi ter). Placed by Kobelt in the group P. bavayi-, by Crosse under P. cicat- ricosus Kob. as a variety. The toothless parietal wall and strong spiral sculpture are its chief differential characters. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 53 P. SENILIS (Gassies). PL 10, fig. 30. Shell much compressed, similar in general characters to P. gues- tieri, but larger, enormously thick and ponderous, the face of the lip built forward in a huge flange. Alt. Ill, diam. 58 mill, (specimen). Alt. 129, diam. 65 mill. (Gassies' type). fossil ; Islet Koutoumo and Isle of Pines, very abundant. Bulimus senilis GASS., J. de C., 1869, p. 71 ; Faune ii, p. 65, pi. 2, f. 15 ; J. de C., 1880, p. 327, pi. 10, f. 3 (sinistral form).— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 19; Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 216. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1873, p. 52. — Placostylus senilis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 20, pi. 4, f. 1 ; pi. 5, f. 1, 2 (var. minor). This extraordinary form scarcely differs specifically from P. gues- tieri, and the " var. minor " (pi. 20, fig. 42) figured by Kobelt, meas- uring 90 mill, in length, practically unites the two. Gassies has fig- ured a sinistral example. The specimens occur in a layer of sand which overlies the coral and is covered by humus. This layer is exposed by the uprooting of trees, as well as where the sea has encroached upon the land. The orange-red color of the interior often shows dimly, though the cuticle is lost and the surface more or less chalky. Var. subsenilis (Gassies). PI. 9, fig. 28. Narrower and Jess compressed than P. senilis, the aperture more contracted by larger teeth. Length 110, diam. 55 mill. Fossil, Isle of Pines (Lambert). Bulimus subsenilis GASS., J. de C., 1878, p. 331 ; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 1880, p. 39, pi. 2, f. 1 ; Faune iii, p. 39, pi. 2, f. 1.— Placo- stylus subsenilis KOBELT, t. c., p. 49, pi. 12, f. 1 (copied from Gas- sies). P. BUCCALIS (Gassies). PI. 25, fig. 14. Shell imperforate, ovate, long, solid, shortly acuminate, longitudi- nally streaked ; transversely striate, strongly malleated; dirty whitish- roseate, the apex rose-tawny, obliquely streaked, shining, covered with a chestnut-buff epidermis ornamented with irregular brown lon- gitudinal stripes, and worn off on the apex and ventral face ; suture appressed, white. Whorls 7, convex, the last two-thirds the total length. Aperture large, long-ovate ; peristome fleshy, thick, sinu- ated above, excavated, expanded and dentiform in the middle ; colu- 54 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. mella spreading, with a conical descending fold, and connected with the outer lip by a thick callus ; throat orange. Length 85, diam. 42, apert. 46 mill. (Gassies). Ouen Island, New Caledonia (Deplanches, type locality) ; Isle of Pines (De" planches). Bidimus buccalis GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 141 (1870); Faune Conch. Nouv.-Caled., ii, p. 58, pi. 5, f. 1 (1871).— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 20. — Bulimus buccalis var. ft scalaris, GAS- SIES, Journ. de Conchyl., xviii, p. 141 (1870) ; Faune Conch. Nouv.- Caled. ii, p. 58 (1871). — Placostylus buccalis Gass., CKOSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 268. A " var. scalaris " (undescribed) and a sinistral specimen are on record. The color varies from that described to white under a yel- low epidermis with spaced and strongly contrasting brown stripes, the epidermis being usually much worn. The peristome is very thick, the outer lip strongly thickened within in the middle, often more than shown in the figure, and the short columellar fold and parietal tooth are well developed. The peristome and parietal callus are sometimes almost white, and the interior a fine brownish-orange color. It is close to P. guestieri, but the epidermis is far paler, and the callosities of the somewhat less open mouth are better developed. P. GOROENSIS (Souverbie). PI. 13, fig. 5. Shell imperforate (subrimate), ovate-conic, compressed, solid, lon- gitudinally rugulose-striate ; white, covered with a somewhat oliva- ceous tawny epidermis, with occasional darker brown or more green streaks. Spire rather long, sub-convexly conic, the apex subacute ; suture impressed, destitute of cuticle. Whorls 7, a little convex, the first 4 destitute of cuticle, whitish, the penultimate whorl subspirally malleate-striate, last whorl slowly ascending, longer than the spire (in the type, being 13-21 the length of the shell), spirally malleated, compressed, tapering basally. Aperture subvertical, auriform, bluish-white within, porcellanous ; peristome obtuse, scarcely reflexed, thickened, dull yellowish, glossy, the ends joined by a thick callus bearing a strong, rather deeply placed tubercle in the middle ; right margin broadly sinuated above, basal margin produced forward, columellar margin subvertical, with a long fold above. (Souv.) Length 105, diam. 54, length of aperture within 52 mill. Goro, New Caledonia (Lambert). PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 55 Bulimus goroensis Souv., J. de C., 1870, p. 76. — GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 76, pi. 4, f. 3, 1871. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 120 — Placostylus goroensis KOBELT, t. c., p. 103, pi. 25, f. 1, 2. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 266. Differs from P. souvillei chiefly in the peculiar coloration, heavy lip and strong parietal tubercle. Group of P. porphyrostomus. P. SUBMARIEI (Souverbie). PI. 26, figs. 19, 20, 21. Shell imperforate, short-ovate, very solid, brownish under a yel- lowish-chestnut cuticle, which is streaked with chestnut and some- times spirally lineolate. Aperture flesh-tinted inside, shaped like that of P. mariei, except that at the base of the columella there is a deep, rounded sinus, abruptly truncating the calloused outer lip ; often having some acute denticulation below the columellar fold. Length 59, diam. 36 mill. Length 63-64, diam. 37-39 mill. Bonde, New Caledonia (Lambert). Bulimus subm.ariei Souv., Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 273, with var. abbreviata; 1870, p. 76, pi. 9, f. 2 — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 119. — GASSIES, Faune ii, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 2 (not typical). — Placostylus submariei KOBELT, t. c., p. 115, pi. 28, f. 2-4. Shorter than P. mariei, from which it differs in the remarkable channel cut through the basal lip at the base of the columella. The "variety abbreviata " includes shorter specimens, length 51, diam. 37 mill. P. MARIEI (Crosse & Fischer). PI. 26, figs. 22, 23, 24. « Shell rimate, ovate, extremely solid and thick ; whitish under a chestnut or yellowish-chestnut cuticle, which is obscurely streaked with darker, and in the typical color-form is multilineate spirally with brown. Surface nearly smooth, marked with slight growth- wrinkles. Spire conic, short. Whorls 5|, but slightly convex, the last usually somewhat compressed from front to back, rather swollen. Aperture vertical, its longest axis oblique, narrow and contracted, pure white or pale brownish within ; peristome white, flesh-tinted or edged with yellowish -brown, excessively thickened and built forward, the outer lip extremely wide at the upper insertion, then excavated to form a rounded sinus, below which it gradually thickens to the base,, 56 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. where the lip again becomes narrower ; parietal callus extremely heavy, bearing a strong median fold ; columella with an oblong and very strong callous fold. Length 68, diam. 40 mill. Length 67, diam. 36 mill. Length 65, diam. 34 mill. Gatope, west coast of New Caledonia (Marie). Bulimus mariei C. & F., Journ. de Conchyl. 1867, p. 187, pi. 7, f. 1, 2, and variety, f. 3. — GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 3 — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 83. — Placostylus mariei KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 19, pi. 3, f. 2-5 ; pi. 6, f. 5._CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 277, with var. simplex Crosse and curta Gass. — J9_ mariei var. y curta GASSIES, J. de C. 1869, p. 274; Faune, ii, p. 78. — Placosty- lus submariei KOBELT, t. c., p. 17, pi. 3, f. 2 (1891). A very solid species, allied to P. porphyrostomus but shorter, with the peristome more thickened, the mouth pure white or very pale within, and the much smoother surface covered to a far greater ex- tent with epidermis. The basal lip has no trace of the notch which distinguishes P. submariei. Variety simplex Crosse is based on specimens -without brown spiral lines. Var. curta Gassies is shorter, length 60, diam. 38 mill., with the aperture narrower, the columellar fold approaching the callus of the lip. Both are from Gatope, and neither, probably, are true var- ieties in the sense of subspecies. P. NECKLIAIENSIS Kobelt. PI. 27, figs. 29, 30. Shell slightly rimate, long-ovate, solid and thick, somewhat regu- larly costate-striate, sculptured with short spiral lines between the striae; compressed; covered with a rather light olive-green, hardly streaked, cuticle. Spire conic, somewhat turreted, worn, flesh-colored ; the apex small, slightly obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly crenate, white-margined impressed suture, the last whorl elongate but scarcely inflated, nearly double the length of the spire, irregularly compressed, ascending in fronl. Aperture slightly oblique, narrow, contracted, brown inside; per- istome very much thickened, bright fleshy-buff, margins connected by a very thick callus bearing a compressed crest in the middle, and an acute, somewhat entering tooth ; the outer lip sinuated above, then rather straightly thickened ; columellar margin vertically as- PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 57 cending, dilated, armed at its insertion with a thick, indistinctly doubled fold. Length 92, diam. 46, length of aperture with peri- stome 53 mill. (Kobelt.^ Neckliai, on the west coast of New Caledonia. (Unique type in Layard's collection.) Placostylus (mariei var.?) necUiaiensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 116, pi. 28, f. 5, 6 (1891). — P. neckliaiensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 279. More lengthened than P. mariei, and differing in the spiral sculp- ture, which resembles that of P. imbricatus. It is probably nearest to P. porphyrostomus. P. PORPHYROSTOMUS (Pfeiflfer). PI. 28, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, very solid and heavy, whitish or flesh-pink, with slight traces of a thin yellow or brownish cuticle, which is completely or almost worn off in adults. Surface dull, rudely wrinkle-striate. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls about 6J, slightly convex, the last not ascending in front. Aperture vertical, contracted, deep blood-red or chocolate inside ; peristome white, somewhat expanded, very much thickened and built forward, the outer lip with a moderate rounded sinus above, thicker toward the insertion, calloused again below the sinus ; columella very broad, with a very heavy oblong tubercle above ; parietal callus white, bearing a rather narrow tubercle, which is deeply placed and sometimes is small or wanting. Alt. 74, diam. 32 mill. Alt. 72, diam. 34 mill. Alt. 59, diam. 28 mill. Southern New Caledonia, from Bourail on the west to Goro on the east coast, including the southern islets, but wanting in localities de- ficient in lime, notably at South Bay. Common at Noumea and the I. of Nou (Marie). Bulimus auris-bovina REEVE, Conch. Iconica, Bulimus, f. 185, 1848 (not of Bruguiere). — Bulimus porphyrostomus PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 261 (1851); Monogr. iii, p. 377; iv, p. 446; vi, 82; viii, 117 — Bulimus lessoni PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., iv, p. 404, pi. 11, f. 6 (T853). — Bulimus porphyrostomus GASSIES, Faune, Conch. Nouv.-Cal6d., i, p. 43, pi. iv, f. 3, 1863; ii, p. 77, 1871.— CROSSE, J. de C., xii, p. 119, 1864 — MARIE, in J. de C., xviii, p. 58 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 384, 18TO — Placostylus porphyrostomus KOBELT, Conch. Cab. (edit. 2), Placostylus, p. 50, pi. 12, f. 2-5 ; pi. 13, f. 2, 3, 1891 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 270. Bulimus singular's -MORELET, Test. Nov. Australian, p. 2, in Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, 1857 — Bulimus porphyrostomus, var. singularis, GASSIES, Faune, i, p. 44, pi. 4, f. 4, 18G3 ; ii, p. 77, 1871. — Buli- mus porphyrostomus, var. ft constricta, CROSSE, J. de C., xii, p. 119, 1864. Bulimus porphyrostomus, var. abbreviata, GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 77, 1871. The original specimen was immature, resembling my fig. 32 of pi. 28. With full maturity the cuticle completely disappears, or only some shreds remain ; the lip thickens, the columella develops a heavy oblong or squarish callous tooth, and a tubercle appears on the parietal wall. The form from the island of Nou is smaller, with darker, more persistent epidermis. Gassies mentions a var. abbreviata as "ovi- form, with buff-brownish epidermis." Var. singularis Morelet. (PI. 28, fig. 36.) The type is an old shell with strongly oblique aperture, narrowed and constricted by the thickening of the peristome ; parietal tooth and columellar fold want- ing. It is more extreme than the figure from Gassies shows, ac- cording to Crosse. Var. DEBEAUXI (Gassies). PI. 28, fig. 35. Always perforate, with more regular, wider and open aperture, which is not placed so obliquely as in porphyrostomus ; outer lip and columella less calloused, the former hardly sinused above. Alt. 78- 80, diam. 36 mill. Isle of Pines (Lambert). Bulimus debeauxi GASS., Faune, ii, p. 184 (1871); Journ. de Conchyl., p. 337, pi. 9, f. 4 (1881).— P. debeauxi CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 272. P. MONACKENSIS (Crosse). PI. 27, figs. 26, 27. u Larger than P. duplex, with the aperture paler inside, pale tawny ; peristome strongly thickened, milk white. Length 79, diam. 35, apert. with perist. 38 mill, long, 25 wide." Monack Island (type locality, Rossiter); Isle of Pines (Marie). Placostylus duplex var. monackensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 59 1887, p. 305 P. monackensis Cr., KOBELT, t. c., p. 104, pi. 25, f. 3-5 (1891).— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 275, pi. 9, f. ^.—Bulimus porphyrostomus var. <5, Candida, CROSSE, J. de C., 1874, p. 108, 183; 1875, p. 218, pi. 8, f. 2 — Placostylus dautzenbergi MARIE MS., ac- cording to Kobelt. This form is considered by Crosse as combining the characters of P. porphyrostomus and P. duplex. It differs from porphyrostomus in its less dull shell, covered with rugosities and malleation more nu- merous and more pronounced ; by its darker and more persistent epidermis ; by the development of a very prominent columellar fold, sub-bifid interiorly and abruptly truncated at the base, instead of gradually tapering as in the other species ; and finally, it differs by the broader aperture, which is less obliquely placed, and differently colored ; the color of the interior of the aperture of P. monackensis being light, and varying between pure white, citron yellow and light orange yellow, while that of P. porphyrostomus is [generally] deep purple brown. " P. monackensis differs from P. duplex in being more lengthened, more strongly malleated, the last whorl of the spire proportionally less inflated ; by the development of the columellar fold, which is very prominent, sub-bifid interiorly and abruptly truncated below instead of being ta'pering as in P. duplex, and finally by the light color of the aperture, which in P. duplex is deep purple-brown as in P. porphyrostomus." Fig. 26 is Crosse's type. Fig. 27 a rare white-mouthed form, originally described as a variety of P. porphyrostomus. P. DUPLEX (Gassies). PI. 29, fig. 41. Shell imperforate, solid, longitudinally rugose-striate, strongly malleated ; grayish-white under a yellowish-chestnut epidermis, or- namented with rippled chestnut lines which disappear above. Whorls 7. Aperture oblong-ovate, auriform, columella thick, spread- ing, with an oblong fold ; the white parietal callus bearing a conical tubercle ; outer lip deeply sinused above, very thick and reflexed below. Interior violet-purple, peristome white. Length 63, diam. 32 mill. Island of Nou, New Caledonia (Marie). Bulimus duplex GASS. Faune, ii, p. 64. — Placostylus ^duplex CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1894, p. 273, pi. 9, f. 3 (figure of type 60 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. specimen). — B. duplex var. major GASSIES, 1. c — P. duplex KO- BELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 124, pi. 30, f. 4, 5. Near to P. porphyrostomus Pfr., but the spire is more conic, the last whorl relatively more developed, epidermis more persistent, the surface less dull, and especially differing in the wider and less ob- liquely placed aperture. Var. major Gassies. A subfossil form, chalky and white, destitute of epidermis, ponderous, thick and a little larger. Length 77, diam. 45 mill. Alcmene Island, New Caledonia (Marie). This variety can hardly be identical with a specimen in Layard's collection from Nyapagio, in the vicinity of Bourail, which Kobelt figures as P. duplex. His figures are copied on my pi. 30, figs. 45, 46. This form seems to be broader and heavier, with a distinct superior lip sinus, and only a low columellar fold. It is solid and ponderous, and measures length 80, diam. 43 mill. It may be called var. nyapagionis ; though whether referable to duplex or por- phyrostomus is doubtful. Kobelt mentions a P. dautzenbergianus in this connection, but no such species seems to be described. Fig. 41 of pi. 29 represents Gassies' type specimen of duplex. P. CALEDONICUS (Petit). PI. 29, figs. 37, 38, 39, 40. Shell imperforate, irregularly ovate, very solid and thick ; reddish under a strong cuticle, which varies from light yellowish green to blackish-chestnut. Surface rather glossy, with slight growth wrink- les and more or less conspicuous, shallow, spiral impressions. Spire conic, denuded. Whorls about 6, slightly convex, the last compressed from front to back, gibbous on the right side, sometimes even humped there ; suture impressed, white-edged. Aperture small, contracted, dark purplish-crimson or somewhat ochraceous within ; peristome white or brownish, greatly thickened and built forward ; the outer lip moderately or deeply sinuated above, below which a lobe of the margin is bent inward, widest above ; basal margin narrow ; columella heavy, thickened by a stout callus which is continuous or somewhat bilobed, and truncate above and below ; parietal callus heavy, bearing a strong tooth. Alt. 63, diam. 35-36 mill. Alt, 69, diam. 38 mill. Northern New Caledonia : Hienguene, Congouma, Art Island, Balade (Marie); Pouebo (Lambert); Oubatchie (Hedley). PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 61 Bulimus caledonicus PETIT, Revue Zoologique, 1845, p. 53. — PFR., Monogr. ii, 140; iii, 378 ; iv, 447 ; vi, 83. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 25, f. 163. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 95, Bui. pi. 9, f. 2.— DESHAYES in Fe>., Hist,, p. 117, pi. 138, f. 3, 4.— GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p. 273 ; Faune i, p. 44, pi. 5, f. 3 ; ii, p. 77.— MARIE, J. de C., 1870, p. 382 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 121. — Placostylus caledonicus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 153. — TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Viag. "Magenta," p. 85. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soo. N. S. Wales, v, p. 190 (1881), with var. edentula. — KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 24, pi. 6, f. 1, 2 — CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 280.— HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, xxiii, 1898, p. 104. P. pseudocaledonicus resembles this species, but it has no parietal tooth, the sinus of the lip is less deep, and neither the outer lip nor columella bear such heavy callosities. The color of P. caledonicus varies extremely. Var. edentula Brazier. Wants the parietal tooth ; peristome much thicker, and slightly reflected, a broad sinus above, aperture con- tracted in the middle. Columella, lip and interior of aperture bright dark red. Coumac or Kumac, west coast of New Caledonia, in the Tiebagi mountain ranges. ( Rossi ter.) P. POYENSIS Kobelt. PL 30, figs. 43, 44. Shell im perforate, ovate-conic, compressed ; solid, ponderous ; irregularly plicate-striate, the last whorl marked with very fine waved spiral lines, visible under the lens, and here and there malleated and scarred; buff-whitish, covered with a chestnut-greenish epidermis, nearly uniform on the last whorl but streaked with darker on the penultimate. Whorls 7, suture white-edged, the penultimate whorl distinctly obliquely rugulate, the last compressed, somewhat gibbous on the left side, tapering at base. Aperture vertical, brownish inside; peristome slightly expanded, doubly or triply thickened with a white, porcellanous callus ; parietal callus toothless, brownish internally, rose-whitish outwardly; outer lip broadly sinuated above, then with a somewhat projecting tooth, and more thickened. Columella with a prominently truncated fold, twisted above, and interiorly peculiarly flatly-excavated and entering. Length 78, diam. 44. apert. 48 mill. Poya, west coast of New Caledonia (Layard). \ 62 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Placostylus (pseudocaledonicus var.?) poyensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 107, pi. 26, f. 3, 4 (1891).— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1894, p. 276, with var. goyettensis, 1. c., pi. 8, f. 5. "An extremely critical form. E. A. Smith considers it a variety of P. porphyrostomus ; Layard, on account of the columellar fold, a P. mariei. From the general form and peculiar coloration of the parietal wall, I can only place it in the immediate vicinity of P. pseu- docaledonicus" (Kobelt). Var. goyettensis Crosse. (PI. 30, fig. 42.) Last whorl less inflated in the middle ; aperture a little wider toward the base. Length 77, diam. 36 mill. (Crosse.^) Goyetta, near Cone, west coast of New Caledonia. (Marie.) P. PSEUDOCALEDONICUS (Montrouzier). PI. 31, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Itn perforate or nearly so, ovate, solid ; varying from reddish- chestnut to nearly black, the earlier whorls denuded and yellowish. Sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles and shallowly malleated cir- cularly. Whorls nearly 7, the last usually compressed from front to back, and' gibbous on the left side. Aperture vertical, dark blood-red or purple-black within, the peri- stome white, brown-tinted or flesh-colored, with an inner border of orange-red; outer lip thick, with a slight or distinct sinus above, a moderate callous thickening below it, the basal lip narrow, columella wide, more heavily calloused above and below ; parietal callus white, becoming red and then very dark within, toothless. Alt. 6fc, diam. 33 mijl. Alt. 68, diam. 39 mill. Alt. 60, diam. 30 mill. Islands of Art (Montrouzier), and Belep (Marie) ; Balade (Mon- trouzier); Bonde (Marie). Bulimm pseudo-caledonicus MONTROUZIER, Journ. de Conchyl., vii, p. 379, pi. 14, f. 3, 1859 — GASSIES, Faune Conch. Nouv.- Caled., i, p. 45, pi. 5, f. 1, 1863 : 5i, p. 81 CROSSE, J. de C., xii, p. 122, 1864; xv, p. 192, 1867.— PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 84.— MARIE, J. de C., xviii, p. 385, 1870. — Placostylus pseudo-caledonicus KO- BELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 22, pi. 4, f. 2, 5, 1891 CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 280, with the following varieties: Var. intermedia : Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. /?, CROSHE, J. de C., xv, p. 193, 1867. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 63 Var. subulata: Bulimus pseudo- caledonicus, var. 7, CROSSE, J. de C., xx, p. 193, 1867. — Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. nigra, GAS- SIES, Faune, ii, p. 82, pi. 3, f. 7, 1871. Var. dentata : Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. /3, GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 81, pi. 7, f. 1, 1871. Var. pala: Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. <*, GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 82, 1871. Var. rw/a: Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. /', GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 82, 1871. Var. incerta: Bulimus pseudo-caledonicus, var. ?, KOBELT, Conch. Cab., Placostylus, p. 26, pi. 6, f. 3, 4, 1891. Var. hybrida : Placostylus pseudo-caledonicus, var. Rybrida, KO- BELT, Conch. Cab., p. 93, pi. 22, f. 6, 1891. Var. poumeana : Placostylus (pseudo-caledonicus, var.) Pouenanus, KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 92, pi. 22, f. 4, 5, 1891. Easily distinguished from P. caledonicus, by the far less developed callosities upon the outer lip and columella, and the absence or com- paratively small development of the parietal tooth. Var. interntedius Crosse, 1867. Rather elongated and a little larger, with 7 whorls. Length 73, diatn. 42^ mill. Var. subulatus Crosse (nigra Gassies, pi. 31, fig. 11) is slender, a little smaller, with 7 whorls. Length 68, diam. 32 mill. Art Island. Var. dentalus Gassies (pi. 31, fig. 14) has a small parietal tooth. 'Art Island. Var. palus Gassies is gray, destitute of cuticle, with the aperture livid violaceous. Art Island. Var. rufus Gassies, is covered with a yel- lowish-brown cuticle, the suture white, generally with two zones and ornamented with irregular lines. It is from Art Island, and may be a form of P. scarabus. Var. incertus Crosse (pi. 10, figs. 28, 29), " unites the marking and form of the last whorl of P. scarabus, the form of the outer lip of P. caledonicus, and the characteristic concave columellar fold of P. pseudo-caledonicus" Var. hybridus Kobelt (pi. 31, fig. 13) " differs from the type by its more ovate, noUovate-conic, shell, lighter olive-brown epidermis, and subobsolete columellar fold and callus of the outer lip. Alt. 57, diam. 33, apert. 35 mill.." Var. pouenanus Kobelt (pi. 31, fig. 12) has the mouth characters of pseudocaledonicus, but differs markedly in the more cylindric spire, want of oblique wrinkle-sculpture on the penultimate whorl, and it lacks the characteristic color of the aperture, which in pouenanus is light brown within, the peristome brownish, paler outwardly, or 64 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. rarely the aperture and lip are white, as in P. mariei. It is from the Poume peninsula, on the west coast of New Caledonia, and the name is emended to v. poumeana by Crosse. Var. chrysochila (Crosse). PI. 32, figs. 22, 23. " Imperforate, ovate-acute, covered with a black-chestnut epider- mis, nude and buff-whitish above. Whorls 6^ ; aperture irregularly oblong, slightly narrowed and somewhat rectangular at the base, orange within, vivid purplish-orange just within the peristome ; peri- stome orange, less thickened than in the typical form of pseudocale- donicus. Length 65, diam. 34, apert. with perist. 40 mill, long." Gutope (type locality; Marie), Ouagap ; Nekete (Vieillard, De- planches). Bulimus pseudocaledonicus var. chrysochila CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 243. — B. annibal GASSIES, Faune, ii, pi. 6, f. 3 (1871). — B. gaudryanus GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 335; Faune iii, p. 38, pi. 1, f. 24 (1880) Placostylus gaudryanus Gass., KOBELT, t. c., p. 95, pi. 23, f. 3, 4 (1891) — P. annibal var. chrysochila CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 285. Fig. 23 is Gassies' illustration of the synonymous B. gaudryanus. Var. annibal (Souverbie). PI. 32, figs. 19, 20, 21. Imperforate or subrimate, somewhat compressed, longitudinally wrinkle-striate or wrinkle-plicatulate, pale flesh colored under a brownish-chestnut epidermis, which is more or less dark, and streaked with a darker shade, very rarely with some blackish spiral lines. Whorls 7, the penultimate and preceding ones obliquely striate- malleate, the last whorl more or less conspicuously submalleate. Aperture purplish-orange near the lip, bluish in the throat ; peri- stome obtuse, thickened inside, pale fleshy-white, sometimes rather buff or somewhat orange, the terminations joined by a thick callus bearing a small, deeply situated tubercle in the middle ; outer lip broadly sinused above, columella straightened, sometimes tuberculate below. Alt. Zl, diam. 36 mill.; alt. 64, diam. 32 mill.; alt. 75, diam. 34 mill. Bonde (Lambert). BuUmus annibal Souv., Journ. de Conchyl., 1869, p. 416; 1870, p. 78, pi. 9, f. 3, 3a.— GASSIES, Faune, ii, p. 83, pi. 6, f. 1, 2 (1871). PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 116. — Placostylus annibal KOBELT, t. c., p. 94, pi. 23, f. 1, 2 (1891).— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 284. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 1 13 15 16 18 19 20 BULIMULID>EL 35 a BULIMULIDvE. PLATE 3 65 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 4 MACROOGONA PLATE 3. BULIMULID>E. PLATE 6- ^r_^ BULIMULIDyE. PLATE 7, 16 BULIMULID^C. PLATE 8 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 9. 26 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 1O BULIMULID^. PLATE 11 BULIMULID^E PLATE 12. BULIMULID>E. PLATE 13 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 14 11 12 BULIMULID>E. PLATE IS 17 19 /& PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 65 Var. saxtoni " Layard " Kobelt. PI. 33, figs. 8, 9. Very narrowly rimate, solid and ponderous, compressed from front, to back, siroothish, irregularly wrinkled with growth-lines, and slightly malleated circularly ; covered with a chestnut cuticle streaked with darker and yellowish, the spire and a subsutural band denuded. Whorls 6-jr or 7, the last gibbous on the left side. Aperture con- tracted, orange-red within ; peristome whitish, shading to a peculiar golden-orange color toward the inner edge of lip, columella and pari- etal wall. Outer lip very much thickened, having a deep rounded sinus above, below which the outer lip bears a heavy, inflexed callus ; columella straight in the middle, with a tubercle at each end. Parietal wall toothless. Alt. 75, diam. 40 mill. Alt. 70, diam. 41 mill. Alt. 58, diam. 34^ mill. Coumac, west coast of New Caledonia (Layard). Placostylus saxtoni Layard, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 97, pi. 23, f. 5, 6 (1891) CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 283. The decidedly different tint of the inner edge of the peristome, and the stronger callus of the outer lip, distinguish this variety from P. pseudocaledonicus. P. SCARABUS (Albers). PI. 31, figs. 16, 17 ; pi. 27, fig. 28. Imperforate or rimate, ovate, solid and ponderous ; light brown, with many conspicuous encircling chestnut lines and bands, the spire denuded. Surface sculptured with low growth-wrinkles. Whorls 6^, the last rather obese, ascending in front. Aperture oblong, dark purplish within, usually becoming red- orange in the throat; peristome thick and obtuse, white; the outer lip more or less sinused above, thickened below the sinus ; columella oblique or vertical, generally bearing a short fold close to the upper insertion, and separated from it by a groove ; the base more or less distinctly truncated. Parietal wall covered with a strong white callus, which becomes abruptly thin within, and bears the small rudi- ment of a median tooth. Alt. 57, diam. 33 mill. Alt. 60, diam. 32 mill. Art Island (Montrouzier); Belep Is. (Marie); Arama, to the N. of Balade ; Poume peninsula (Gassies); Baaba /., west coast of New Caledonia (Debeaux). 5 66 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. Bulimus scarabus ALBERS, Malak. Bl. i, p. 219 (1854). — PFR., Novit. Conch, i, p. 12, pi. 4, f. 12, 13 ; Monogr. iv, p. 447 ; vi, 84; viii, 120. — GASSIES, Faune, i, p. 46, pi. 5, f. 2; ii, p. 82. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 123.— MARIE, J. de C., 1870, p. 385.— FISCHER, J. de C., 1871, p. 161-166, pi. 7, f. 5-8) (jaw, teeth and genitalia). — Placostylus scarabus SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy Catal. v, p. 93.— KOBELT, t. c. p. 10, pi. 1, f. 2, 3 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 286, with var. tanouensis, pi. 10, f. 3 — B. scarabus var. tanouensis CROSSE, J. de C., 1869, p. 179. A more compact, stouter species than P. pseudocaledonicus, always ornamented with bands and lines. Kobelt mentions a specimen 65 mill. long. Var. tanouensis Crosse (pi. 31, fig. 15). Aperture pale buff inside, the peristome entirely milk white, except that the interior of the columella is purple-brown. Length 53, diam. 31 mill. Tanou, one of the Nenemas Is., New Caledonia (Marie). Var. Smithii Kobelt. PI. 33, figs. 5, 6. Shell imperforate, ovate, thick, ponderous, rudely obliquely pli- cate-striate, the lower whorls made granulous by very delicate, waved lines, visible under the lens ; whitish covered with a greenish- brown, well-preserved epidermis, which is indistinctly zoned spirally and distinctly streaked and banded with chestnut-brown on the ante- penultimate whorl. Spire convexly conic, the apex buff, slightly obtuse. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed, strongly crenulate and white-margined suture ; the last whorl sub- angular, slightly compressed, strongly ascending in front. Aperture vertical, the base receding, elongate, ovate-auriforrn, vivid orange-brown within ; peristome reflexed, very much thick- ened, white, the ends joined by a very thick, toothless callus, ridged longitudinally; white outwardly, brownish inwardly; outer lip sin- uated above; columellar lip depressed, dilated, armed with a com- pressed, but little prominent columellar fold, white outwardly, orange- brown within. Alt. 73, diam. 45, alt. aperture 48 mill. (Ifobelt). West coast of New Caledonia (Saxton.) Placostylus smithii KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, pi. 26, f. 1, 2 (1891).— CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 287. Described from a single specimen in Layard's collection. It differs from P. scarabus in wanting distinct spiral color bands on the last whorl, in the convex columellar fold and in the larger size. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. 67 In many specimens of P. scarabus the parietal callus has a low longitudinal ridge, inside of which the color abruptly changes. Var. goulvainensis Kobelt. PI. 33, fig. 7. Rudely and irregularly costate-striate, malleated ; rose-white cov- ered with a yellowish-brown epidermis streaked with darker. Last whorl compressed, distinctly angulated on the left side, ascending in front. Aperture bright orange-brown inside, peristome scarcely expanded, thickened, white ; parietal callus reddish changing to brownish within. Columellar margin dilated, bearing a prominent, compressed, hardly entering fold. Alt. 64, diam. 38, alt. apert. 39 mill. Near Gape Goulvain, west coast of New Caledonia (Saxton). Placostylus goulvainensis KOBELT, t. c., p. 109, pi. 26, f. 5, 6 (1891). — P. smithii var. goulvainensis CROSSC, J. de C., 1894, p. 287. Section Lcucocharis Pilsbry, 1900. Slender, thin, arboreal forms, white or but slightly guttate, only lir apical whorls pitted. These forms have no close relationship with Charis and Aspastus, with which Crosse associates them. They are peculiar in the reduc- tion of the nepionic pitted shell to 1^ whorls. They seem to have no closer affinity with species of other island groups than the common bond uniting all the Placostyles ; the slender contour, light texture and pale color being purely adaptive characters, assumed with arbor- eal habits and independently, by various species of Placostylus and of other groups of land snails. P. PANCHERI (Crosse). PL 33, figs. 1-4. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, thin, gr ay- white ; surface shining, sculptured with slight growth -striae and on the last whorl, close, irregular, frequently anastomosing or interrupted, spiral, white wrinkles. Spire rather slender, the apex rather obtuse ; early whorls hardly punctate. Whorls 4^, quite convex, the last more in- flated ; suture often narrowly margined. Aperture oval, gray-white inside ; peristome thin, narrowly re- flexed, white ; columella dilated above, typically orange-brown; the fold not visible from in front, being slender and deep-seated. Alt. 36, diam. 16J, length of aperture 21 mill. New Caledonia : Boulari, in the mountains (Pancher) ; environs 68 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW CALEDONIA. of Mont Dor, in the interior (E. Marie) ; Prony Bay (Brazier); ar- boreal. Bulimus pancheri CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 137, 411, pi. 13, f. 7 ; var. /J, CROSSE, J. de C., 1872, p. 226 ; 1874, p. 102, pi. 2, f. 5.— GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled. ii, p. 91, pi. 8, f. 17 (1871). — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 60 — Placostylus pancheri KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 12, pi. 1, f. 6, 7, and var. /?, p. 13, pi. 1, f. 8, 9.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 295, with var. Candida. Not closely allied to any other species except the more slender P. loyalty crisis. In the typical form the columella is orange-brown, but in the more abundant color-var. Candida Crosse (pi. 33, figs. 1, 4) the whole peristome and shell are white. P. LOYALTYENSIS (Souverbie). PI. 43, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Shell perforate, fusiform, thin, grayish-white with sparsely scat- tered translucent gray dots and spots or streaks, bordered on the left with opaque white. Surface shining, lightly striate, and inconspicu- ously grooved spirally, the spirals often subobsolete. Spire slender, the apex obtuse ; early whorls very superficially pitted. Whorls 4J, moderately convex, the last oblong, slender. Suture narrowly margined. Aperture oblong-ovate, white within; peristome expanded, white ; columella dilated above, with a weak entering fold. Alt. 29-32, diam. 13, length of aperture 17-18J mill. Mare, Loyalty Is. (Montrouzier). Bulimus loyaltyensis Souv., Journ de Conchyl., 1879, p. 25, pi. 3, f. 1, and var., f. 2 — GASSIES, Faune, iii, p. 42, pi. 4, f. 2 (var.). — Placostylus loyaltyensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 32, pi. 7, f. 6-9. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1894, p. 296, with varieties subaurantiaco- fulvida and lactea. Allied to the preceding species, but of much more slender form. The typical form is white with an orange-brown collumella ; the variety subaurantiacofulvida is a pale orange-fawn tint with numer- ous small fawn or transparent white spots, the columella orange- brown ; var. lactea is milk white with inconspicuous translucent spots, the entire aperture white. These are doubtless mere varia- tions, not truly varieties. In one of the specimens before me there is a faint sulphur tint within the outer lip. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 69 SPECIES OF THE NEW HEBRIDES ARCHIPELAGO. These imperfectly explored islands have representatives of three groups of Placostylus : terrestrial species of the fuligineus group, allied to the New Caledonian P. bavayi and its allies; second, pre- sumably arboreal species of the P. hartmani group, resembling Vitian and Solomon forms in their ovate contour and slender, conic spire, but smoothish, with longitudinally lineolate cuticle, sometimes cut into spiral bands or eroded ; and third, the subgenus Diplomorpha, consisting of forms of reduced size and short, compact, Partula-like shape, but retaining the apertural characters and color, and the apical sculpture of true Placostylus. 1. Shell solid and strong, imperforate or merely rimate ; peristome not much expanded. Section Placostylus. 2. Shell thin, perforate, the aperture ovate, lip well expanded. Section Pcecilocharis, p. 73. Section Placostylus (Group of P. fuligineus). The species are figured on plates 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, smaller figures only. a. Base of shell rounded or tapering, without a spiral ridge around the umbilical region. b. Columella rather slender, adnate ; shell distinctly mal- leated or lirate spirally ; spire conic, rather acute ; length about equal to or exceeding twice the diam. fuligineus, p. 70. bl. Columella heavy, concave above, truncate below, the outer edge adnate ; sculpture indistinct ; spire short and obtuse. keterostylus, p. 72. 62. Columellar lip rising free, flattened on its inner face ; diameter over half the length. salomonis, p. 69. a1. A ridge encircling the umbilical region, and producing a fold on the inner lip ; penultimate whorl bulging ; form rather slender. alienus, p. 72. P. SALOMONIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. Shell rimate, oblong-conic, rather solid and strong, streaked chest- nut and yellowish, becoming pale or reddish on the earlier whorls. Surface slightly glossy, irregularly and closely wrinkle-striate, the wrinkles usually more or less cut into spiral rows of long granules in places, though such spiral sulcation as exists is very shallow. Spire 70 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4J to 5, convex, the last one large, somewhat obliquely produced, convex, sometimes shallowly furrowed at the periphery. Aperture subvertical or slightly oblique, ovate, orange colored within, becoming pale in the throat ; peristome a little expanded, more or less thickened within and on its face, orange with whitish edge ; outer lip straightened and sloping, often strongly arcuate above, Columella nearly straight, concave above, twisted or weakly plicate below the middle, slightly or not truncated at the base ; its edge greatly thickened, flattened within, rising high and free above the um- bilical chink. Parietal callus thin or moderate. Alt. 36, diam. 20, length of aperture 22 mill. Alt. 33, diam. 19, length of aperture 22 mill. New Hebrides : Erromanga. Partula salomom's PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p.. 137 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 446; iv, 510 — Bulimus salomonis PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 276, pi. 66, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. vi, 85 DOHRN, Malak. Blatter 1862, p. 213 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 131, pi. 7, f. 5. — Bulimus pyrostomus PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137; Mai. Blatter, 1861, p. 15. — Placostylus salomonis TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Viaggio "Magenta," p. 85. — Placostylus pyrostomus Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 68, pi. 16, f. 5-8. The orange color of the lip and columella within is more extens- ively diffused than in P. fuligineus^ and the columellar lip is flattened on its inner face and rises free above the umbilical chink. The variation in form is great, as the figures show. Sometimes the outer lip is built out far beyond the expansion ; and the columellar chink may be either wide or closed. A shell referable to P. salomonis as a variety is shown in fig. 9 of pi. 6. It has somewhat over 5 whorls, a heavy parietal callus and small aperture, other features being as in salomonis. Alt. 36J, diam. 18, length of aperture 20 mill. The aperture is quite oblique. Kobelt mentions specimens 43 mill. long. The identity of salomonis and pyrostomus is generally acknowl- edged. It was originally thought to be from the Solomon Is. P. FULIGINEUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 11, figs. 2, 3, 4 ; pi. 14, figs. 9-12. Shell imperforate, oblong, solid though not very thick, chestnut- brown or dark brown, with some darker and lighter streaks, the spire PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 71 paler, brown or olivaceous ; earlier two or three whorls denuded and dull red. Surface dull or somewhat shining, irregularly wrinkled longitudinally and more or less distinctly decussated by coarse, shal- low spiral sulci ; a strong lens showing a dense, minute, criss-cross scratching of the whole surface. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 4^ to 5, convex, the last a little compressed peripherally, and usually having a depression or sulcus plowed along the periphery, following it for some distance behind the lip. Aperture subvertical, more than, half the shells length, bluish in- side, the peristome Slightly expanded, a trifle thickened within, yel- low or orange colored ; outer lip straightened or even bent in near the middle. Columella nearly straight, moderately reflexed and adnate, a little twisted, not truncated below, but with a more or less obvious projecting angle where it meets the somewhat retracted basal lip. Parietal callus thin and colorless. Alt. 40, diam. 19, length of aperture 24 mill. Alt. 37, diam. 17-J, length of aperture 21 mill. Alt. 37, diam. 19, length of aperture 22 mill. New Hebrides : Aneiteum (Macgillivray). Bulimus fuligineus PFR.; P. Z. S., J852, p. 85 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, pi. 48, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. iii, 301 ; iv, 363 ; vi, 85.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 129, pi. 7, f. 4. — Placo stylus fuligineus KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 44, pi. 10, f. 5-8, and var., p. 74, pi. 17, f. 8. A thinner shell than P. salomonis, with the columellar lip simply reflexed and adnate, not elevated as in the other species. P. fuli- gineus is moreover usually darker and more conspicuously sulcate spirally. PI. 11, fig. 2, is Pfeiffer's type, which is an unusually narrow ex- ample, while figures 9, 10 of pi. 14 shows a shell more swollen below the suture than the average. Figures 3, 4 of pi. 11 are perhaps the more normal form. Kobelt's figures (copied on my pi. 14, figs. 11, 12) look considerably like my P. heterostylus. Pfeiffer describes a var. /3 as tawny with reddish apex, the peri- stome pale, columellar margin dilated and appressed. It is from Aneiteum. Kobelt figures a specimen in the Berlin Museum which Mr. E. A. Smith refers to Pfeiffer's variety (see pi. 6, fig. 10). It is 35 mill, long, and resembles Strophocheilvs rosaceus in appearance. I would consider it a doubtful member of the species. 72 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. P. HETEROSTYLUS Pilsbry. n. sp. PL 7, figs. 11, 12. Shell imperforate, oblong-oval, solid and strong, uniform olivaceous brown, or yellowish with brown streaks, the earlier whorls and usually a subsutural strip denuded of cuticle, the spire dull red. Surface smoothish, with slight growth-wrinkles which in places are interrupted, giving the appearance of subobsolete spiral sulci, and often with some impressed sulci plowed upon the surface of the last whorl ; a strong lens showing a dense criss-cross scratched micro- scopic pattern. Spire short, the apex obtuse, whorls 4£ to 4J, con- vex, the last oval. Aperture oblong-ovate, blue in the throat, dirty yellowish or nearly white near and upon the peristome ; peristome blunt, slightly ex- panded, thickened within ; columelJa heavy, concave above, decidedly truncated at base, its edge reflexed and adnate. Parietal callus mod- erate or heavy, transparent or white. Alt. 35£, diam. 18J, length of aperture 22 mill. Alt. 32, diam. 17, length of aperture 20 mill. New Hebrides. Allied to P. fuligineus, but less wrinkled, the spiral sulci almost obsolete, and with much shorter, more obtuse spire, only 4^ to 4J whorls, and much heavier and truncated columella. P. ALIENUS Pilsbry. PL 8, figs. 18, 19. Shell imperforate, subcylindrical, with conical spire, very solid, the body-whorl buff (denuded of cuticle in the type), spire tawny. Surface with slight growth-wrinkles, stronger below the sutures. Whorls 4J, convex, the penultimate whorl much more convex, bulg- ing, the last whorl contracted, with a shallow peripheral sulcus on its latter third, tapering toward the base, where a strongly convex ridge or basal fasciole borders the umbilical region. Aperture slightly exceeding half the total length of the shell, somewhat oblique, oblong ovate, ochre tinted inside, becoming orange toward the lip; peristome expanded, thick, very heavily calloused within, the callus orange ; face of the lip convex, thickened ; columella arcuate, reflexed, a little flattened as in P. salomonis ; just above its junction with the parietal wall there is a strong fold, produced by the strong crescentic ridge which encircles the columella immediately behind the reflexed columellar lip. PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 73 Alt. 29, diam. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 16^, width 10 mill., in- clusive of peristome. New Hebrides (Cox). Placostylus alienus PILS., Nautilus vi, p. 116 (Feb., 1893). Smaller and narrower than any other species of the New Hebrides, and with a conspicuous cord encircling the columella, producing a fold just above the junction of the columella with the parietal wall. Only remnants of a thin yellowish cuticle remain on the type speci- men, but Dr. J. C. Cox states that he has "one specimen with a thin brown epidermis on it, another with the mouth quite pale colored." Section Pcecilocharis Kobelt. Group of P. hartmani. These forms somewhat resemble the arboreal members of the Sec- tion Placocharis, of the Solomon Islands. a. Cuticle longitudinally streaked, P. hartmani, bicolor, francoisi. a1. Cuticle spirally banded, P. turneri, hebridarum. P. HARTMANI Kobelt, PL 45, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Shell compressed-umbilicate, long-ovate, rather thin ; whitish under a pale brown cuticle, streaked with chestnut, the spire denuded, bright orange colored. Surface smooth* save for slight growth-striae. Spire conic, the apex slightly obtuse ; whorls 4J convex, the last in- flated. Aperture purplish-white within, ovate, acuminate above ; peris- tome thin, broadly expanded and reflexed, white, the outer lip evenly arcuate, columellar lip reflexed, vertical ; columella concave below, with a weakly convex long fold above ; parietal callus trans- parent, white. Alt. 31, diam. 18, length of aperture 23 mill. (Hartman's type). Alt. 40, diam. 21, length of aperture 25 mill. (Kobelt). New Hebrides; " Aura " Island (Layard); Santo Esperito (Dr. Francois). Charts rossiteri HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 91, pi. 5, f. 2, 2 a (June 18, 1889); not Bui rossiteri Brazier, 1881. — Placostylus (Charis} hartmanni KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, pi. 18, f. 7-9.— J. MABILLE, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, viiie Bulletin, p. 410, (1895). My description and figures 8-10 are from Dr. Hartman's type in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Kobelt describes fine spiral striae, which are wanting on this specimen, and his shell has a stronger columellar 74 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. fold. He proposes a subgenus Pcecilocharis for the species. The doubling of the terminal n of Dr. Hartman's name is evidently an error (quite pardonable in a German), which I have not thought it amiss to correct. P. BICOLOR (Hartman). Frontispiece, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell broadly and deeply rimate, ovate, thin but moderately strong ; the type denuded, the last whorl whitish, the spire orange-red, but showing traces of a thin, pale-yellow cuticle with narrow dark brown streaks or lines. Surface rather irregularly wrinkle-striate, with faint, fine spiral striation in places. Spire short, conic, the apex acute. Whorls slightly exceeding 4, rapidly widening, moderately convex, the last quite convex below the suture and at the sack-like base, the suture less oblique anteriorly. Aperture vertical or even with the base a little produced forward, ovate, bluish-white within ; peristome buff, expanded and very narrowly recurved, a little thick- ened ; the columellar margin reflexed, a little sinuous. A small, deep-seated fold may be seen by looking obliquely into the aperture. Parietal wall bearing a transparent, whitish callus, faintly thickened in the middle. Length 34^, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture with peristome 21^ mill. Alt. 41, diam. 21, alt. aperture 27 mill. (Kobelt). Aura Island, New Hebrides (Layard). Charis bicolor HARTM., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1889, p. 91, pi. 5, f. 1, la. — Placostylus (Charis) bicolor KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 81, pi. 19, f. 5, 6.— J. MABILLE, Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d'Autun, 1895, p. 410. The figured type is here described and illustrated (figs. 1-3). Like all the specimens known, it is weathered and almost totally denuded of cuticle, with the surface somewhat corroded. Kobelt figures and describes a larger specimen, more slender, with 4^ whorls and a much more distinct parietal nodule (fig. 4). The lineolate cuticle and orange spire allies this to P. hartmani, which differs in being more slender with broadly flaring lip and a far longer aperture. It is only superficially similar to the Vitian P. ochrostoma. Hart- man's label reads " Santo Island, near Aura Island." P. FRANCOISI J. Mabille. Unfigured. Shell broadly or rather narrowly perforate, ovate-oblong, but PLACOSTYLUS, NEW HEBRIDES. 75 little thickened, subpellucid, rather shining. Very delicately longi- tudinally striated and a little malleated, seen under the lens to be marked with subimpressed descending lines. White under a brown epidermis marked with chestnut wrinkles. Spire short, high-conic, slightly obtuse, roseate or corneous, slightly exceeding a third the total length of the shell. Whorls 5, convex, the first decorticated, punctulate and shining, the last large, long-ovate, a little inflated, the suture slowly and regularly descending in front. Aperture ovate, nearly vertical, dull whitish inside ; peristome a little thickened, spreading, reddish inside ; columellar margin ex- panded, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 32-38, diam. 16-18 mill. (Mab.). New Hebrides : Santo Island (Dr. Francois). Placostylus (Charts) f ran foisi ^AB., Societe d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, viii, Bulletin, 1895, p. 410, no. 89. P. TURNERI (Pfeiffer). PL 45, fig. 5. Shell imperforate, ovate-acute, succinea-like, thin, striatulate ; corneous-whitish, ornamented with olive-brown bands, streaked with darker. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 4, a little convex, the last more than two-thirds the total length of the shell, slightly nar- rowed at the base. Columella compressed, callous, thread-like. Aperture a little oblique, acuminate-oval, glossy within ; peristome simple, thin, narrowly expanded, the right margin somewhat flexu- ous, columellar margin adnate. Length 32, diam. (above aperture) 17 mill. (P/K). New Hebrides : Erromanga 1. (Mr. Turner). Bulimus turneri PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 138, pi. 51, f. 10 ; Malak. BL, 1861, p. 11 ; Monogr. vi, p. 9 ; Nomencl. Hel. Viv. p. 284 (as Rachis). P. HEBRIDARUM J. Mabille. Unfigured. Shell perforate, subturreted-elongate, thin, subpellucid, longitudi- nally very delicately striated, marked with inconspicuous descending impressed lines, somewhat shining; reddish-gray, the last whorl ornamented with more or less wide, brown zones. Spire raised, red- dish, much exceeding a third of the shell's length. Whorls 5, con- vex, little impressed at the sutures, regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture; the last whorl large, rather cylindric and lengthened, regularly descending. 76 PLACOSTYLUS, NEW GUINEA. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, white and obscurely zoned within; peristome somewhat thickened, rose-bordered, a little reflexed, the outer margin a little reflexed at first, then curved ; columellar mar- gin dilated, thickened, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 36-38, diam. 16-17 mill. (Mab.). New Hebrides : Santo Island (Dr. Fran9ois). Placostylus (Charts) hebridarum MAB., Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d' Autun, viii e Bulletin, 1895, p. 410, no. 90. Seems to have the color-pattern of P. turneri. SPECIES OF EASTERN NEAV GUINEA. P. REMOTUS Hedley. Pi. 11, fig. 9. Shell an elongated cone, narrow in proportion to length, thick and strong, anteriorly broad and blunt, posteriorly tapering slowly; scarcely perforate. Color pale ochre with a darker broad peripheral band, which is edged above and below with a pale border, and a narrow, dull white margin below the suture. Whorls 6, rounded ; apex blunt, nepionic shell a whorl and a half. Suture impressed. Sculpture : everywhere irregularly crossed by oblique growth lines, both fine and coarse, which interrupt and distort a series of minute, numerous, irregular spiral scratches which are not to be perceived without a lens (see detail fig. 9). Aperture oblique, rudely hex- agonal, subchannelled anteriorly. Columella thickened, externally folded over a narrow umbilical chink, internally sharply bent, the upper limb a flat, deeply entering and obliquely ascending plate, the lower swelling into a slight but distinct tubercle. Outer lip inter- nally much thickened, but neither thickened nor reflected externally, forming a sharp angle at the insertion. A thin callus is spread on the body whorl. In the specimen described, the anterior corner of the aperture is externally surrounded by a series of imbricating lamellae ; this may, however, be an individual feature or repair of breakage. Length 26, breadth 12 mill. (Hedley). British New Guinea : the Mambara Goldfield (Coll. Dr. J. C. Cox). Placostylus remotus HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S. Wales (2), xxiii, p. 97 (May 25, 1898). " It is the smallest known Placostylus, and is remarkable besides for its narrow shape, blunt anterior extremity and peculiar aperture." The single specimen was found by Dr. Cox in the aperture of a large Rhysota hercules, in a collection of land shells purchased from a digger returned from New Guinea. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 77 SPECIES OF THE SOLOMON ARCHIPELAGO. The species of the Solomons fall into three moderately well-char- acterized groups : 1. Placocharis, including ovate, smooth or spirally corrugated species, with plain brown or variegated cuticle, 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, and a moderate or strong columellar fold. Type P. mac- gillivrayi. 2. Aspastus, with the shell white, elongated and thin, without noticeable spiral sculpture ; 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, the columellar fold very weak, not calloused. Arboreal. Type P. miltocheilus. 3. Eumecostylus, having the shell much lengthened, the spire slen- der, with 3^ pitted nepionic whorls, the columella ascending with a long strongly spiral trend. Type P. cleryi. From the phylogenetic point of view, all of these are doubtless more nearly related inter se than any of them to forms of other islands ; Aspastus and Eumecostylus being derivatives from the Placocharis group, which consists of generalized forms not much modified from the ancient common stock of all the archipelagos. The differentiation of Aspastus and Eumecostylus has probably been since the period when the islands were united into a single land mass, supposing that to have been once their condition, as the species of these sections are confined to the two southern islands of the group, while the parent stock, Placocharis, is spread over the whole archi- pelago. All of the species are confined to single islands or their contiguous islets ; and as the larger islands are but little known, and some of the smaller wholly unknown malacologically, there will doubtless be many more species of Placostylus found in the group. San Chris- toval Island posesses the most divergent forms, perhaps indicating more prolonged isolation than the other islands. The distinction between arboreal and terrestrial species is less marked in the Solomon Islands than in New Caledonia. Key to Species. A. Surface densely corrugated spirally. a. With maculate color pattern. b. Fusiform, 3| early whorls punctate ; yellow with brown or olive maculation, lip more or less red ; fold moderate. sanchristovalensis, p. 97. 78 PLACOSTTLUS, SOLOMON IS. b1. Oblong, 21 early whorls punctate ; light reddish-brown, with triangular chestnut spots ; lip pinkish-brown. uliginosus and hobsoni, p. 91. i2. Oblong, 2J early whorls punctate ; white or yellowish with yellow or brown spots or patches, the aperture and lip pure white ; columellar fold and parietal tubercle moderate hargravesi, p. 93. a1. Yellow or greenish, somewhat streaked with brown. b. Lip expanded; aperture and lip white; columellar fold strong; a parietal tooth developed; corrugation of the surface rather coarse. scottii^ p. 90. bl. Lip well reflexed ; columellar fold weak ; spiral sculp- ture fine. stutchburyii p. 88. B. Surface not corrugated spirally. a. White or very pale, thin, openly rimate or umbilicate, the spire slender ; columellar fold weak or wanting, no parietal tubercle. b. Aperture decidedly more than half the length of the shell ; surface coarsely plicate, columellar fold often subobsolete. miltocheilus, p. 94. b1. Aperture about half the total length ; surface smooth ; columellar fold moderate. sellersi. p. 95. a1. Reddish or tawny, denuded of cuticle, solid, 3J early whorls punctate ; columella concave with a strong spirally coiled fold, leaving a " false umbilicus " which penetrates to the apex. cleryi, p. 96. a2. Covered with a brown, yellow or olive cuticle ; umbilicus narrow or closed ; about 2J early whorls punctate. b. Outer lip decidedly reflexed, recurved at the edge. c. Spire decidedly attenuated above ; lip white. strangei, p. 87. c1. Spire conic, not attenuated ; lip brown ; smooth- ish. palmurum, p. 85. c2. Spire conic, stout ; surface densely and finely malleate spirally. stutchluryi* p. 88. b1. Outer lip expanded, or not, hardly reflexed, though often thickened within. c. Surface with microscopic waved spiral lines, weak but visible in places. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 79 i. Lip narrow, white, not much thickened within, hardly expanded. e. Slender and long, the columellar fold weak, no parietal tooth. kreftii, p. 81. e1. Stouter in figure, with moderate fold and a parietal tooth, founaki, p. 79. dl. Lip wide or moderate, expanded, gener- ally colored or tinted. e. Shell rather thin, the last whorl in- flated ; columellar fold and tooth (when present) rather weak. palmarum var. p. 86. e1. Solid, oblong, the lip strongly thick- ened within ; columellar fold and par- ietal tooth strong. calus, p. 83 ; macgittivrayi, p. 84. e1. Surface without microscopic crowded and wavy spiral striae ; columellar fold and parietal tooth well developed. d. Oblong; aperture and lip white. macfarlandi, p. 83. dl. Stouter; aperture and lip reddish. ffuppyi, p. 82. Section Placocliaris Pilsbry, 1900. Group of P. macgillivrayi. This is a group of smooth or but faintly malleated species ; living on the ground ; colors not bright, uniform or with darker streaks, rarely with zigzag or triangular markings. P. FOUNAKI (Hombron & Jacquinot). PI. 34, figs. 10-14. Shell imperforate, oblong-fusiform, rather thin but strong, glossy, dark chestnut or olive with narrow dark streaks and zigzag yellow lines (sometimes wanting); the spire dull red or pallid and whitish ; surface beneath the cuticle white. Surface smooth, with slight growth-wrinkles and usually traces of transverse malleation. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, occasionally lost by autotomy. Whorls 5-J, the earlier 2-J punctulate, or smooth by erosion, the last convex. 80 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. Aperture blue-white within ; peristome white, hardly expanded, slightly thickened within, often lightly sinuate above. Columella broadly concave below, passing into a moderate or rather strong fold above ; parietal callus thin and translucent, bearing a white tubercle (sometimes obsolete or nearly so) near the columellar fold. Alt. 69, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 40 mm. Alt. 64, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 39 mm. Alt. 50, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 32^ mm. Ysabel I. (Brazier, Cox, Pease) and Faro 1. (Guppy), Solomon group. Bulimus founaki H. & J., Voy. au Pol Sud, Zool., Atlas (livr. 23), Moll., pi. 8, f. 13-15 (1842-1853); ROUSSEAU, text of same, p. 32 (1854).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 407 (1853); iv, 467 ; vi, 85; viii, 122.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 955.-—^. stutchburyi Pfr., var., CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 142 — Bulimus hombroni CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. xix, 1871, p. 178; 1894, p. 171. — Bulimus pale- tuvianus GASSIES, Journ. de Concliyl., 1859, p. 370 ; Conch. Nouv. Caled., i, p. 48, pi. 2, f. 2. — B. rhizophorarus GASSIES, Faune Conch. N. Caled., ii, p. 91 (proposed as a substitute for B. paletuvianus) ; B. rhizophorarceus GASSIES, index to same vol., p. 204; B. rhizo- phorareus GASSIES, Recapitulation, vol. iii, p. 100. — B. rhizophor- arum GASSIES, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 337 (as Fijian) Pla- costylus founaki KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, pi. 18, f. 2-6. — Placostylus macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 33, pi. 8, f. 2, 3, not of Brazier. Varies considerably in figure, markings, size, and prominence of the parietal tubercle. Sometimes the color-pattern would be better described as triangular spots, more or less confluent into longitudinal streaks, on a greenish-yellow ground. The markings vary from olive-green to reddish-brown. The lip is always white, sometimes slightly cream-tinted, and the interior blue-white. The species was described from a young but very characteristic specimen (fig. 14). Crosse changed the name to B. hombroni be- cause "founaki" is not Latin — a trivial reason, which other authors have justly disregarded. According to Gassies, founak is a native word for chief. Var. paletuvianus Gassies. PI. 34, figs. 18, 19. Similar to the type but wanting zigzag markings, the cuticle being brownish-yellow with some narrow brown streaks. Described as PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 81 from the island Nou, New Caledonia, but rejected by Crosse from that fauna. It probably came from the Solomons, though the single specimen before me, probably received from Gassies, is labelled " New Caledonia." It is clearly not stutchburyi Pfr., as at one time claimed by Crosse, but only a color-variety of founaki. The name is in allusion to the supposed occurrence of the form among mangroves, from the French name, paletuviers, of these shore trees. P. KREFTII (Cox). PI. 35, figs. 23, 24, 25. Shell compressed perforate, oblong fusiform, moderately solid, yellow, streaked and more or less suffused with chestnut, the spire yellowish or reddish. Surface glossy, smoothish, having slight growth-striae and an excessively minute, close, wavy spiral striation, the earlier 2^ whorls punctate as usual. Spire a little convexly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 5J, slightly convex, the last with a very narrow, somewhat plicate white subsutural margination. Aperture oblong-ovate, whitish within, becoming light brown to- ward the lip; peristome a little and slowly expanding on the outer and basal margins, white, and very little Calloused within; columellar margin broadly dilated and reflexed above, the outer edge passing into the parietal callus, inner margin forming a long spiral fold. Parietal callus milky near the edge, not toothed. Alt. 58, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 33 mill. Alt. 54, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Alt. 2.1, diam. 0.92 inch (Cox). Solomon Islands. Bulimus (Charis)kreftii Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 19, pi. 4, f. 4 — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 27. — ? Placostylus kreftii Cox, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 132, pi. 32, f. 4, 5. P. kreftii has some resemblance to P. macgillivrayi in the rich yellowish-chestnut cuticle and microscopic waved striaB. It differs in the white peristome, the gradually widening and bifurcate columella, much less prominently folded, and in wanting a parietal tubercle. Cox's original figure (pi. 35, fig. 23) is a little more ventricose below than the specimens before me in the collection of the Academy (fig. 24) and National Museum (fig. 25). Kobelt's P. kreftii is of doubtful identity, but may be a variety of Cox's species. His comparison with P. scottii (p. 133) is due to a 6 82 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. misidentification of the latter ; and in translating Cox's English inches into millimeters he makes an error. P. GUPPYI Smith. PI. 35, fig. 26. " Shell rimate, long-o\7ate, acuminate above, rather solid ; rufes- cent, covered with a brown cuticle which is more or less worn off above ; longitudinally wrinkle-striate, sometimes obsoletely malleated on the last whorl. Whorls 5 to 6, rapidly increasing, the earlier 3 rather flattened or slightly convex, the penultimate a little convex, the last whorl more convex, large, oblong, submarginate and lightly corrugate-plicate below the oblique suture. "Aperture inversely ear shaped, exceeding half the total length of the shell, pale reddish within, becoming darker towards the lip ; peristome thickened, slightly expanded, reddish, the margins joined by a thin whitish parietal callous ; columellar margin broadly ex- panded in the umbilical region, forming a strong white fold in the aperture, which is armed with a prominent white tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 80, diam. 37, aperture 40 mill, long inside, 19 wide" (Smtth). Solomon Is. (Brazier). Placostylus guppyi E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 489, pi. 40, f. 6. " The species does not compare closely with any other form. It is rather ventricose, but less so than P. eddystonensis, but in other respects it is quite different. The epidermis is of a rich brown color, here and there striped with a darker tint. The columellar fold and the tubercle above are strongly developed. I have named this in- teresting species after Dr. H. B. Guppy, who has considerably ad- vanced our knowledge of the fauna of the Solomon Islands " (Smith). I have seen a single specimen referable to this species. It agrees well with Smith's description and figure, except that the strong in- ternal thickening of the outer lip is whitish and extends only about two-thirds up the lip, the upper third being conspicuously thinner, and the free edge of the columellar fold is rather thin, sharp, and bent outward, making a sort of flange. It measures 79 mill, long, 38 wide, and the length of the aperture witli peristome is 44 mill. There remain less than 5 whorls, the apex being amputated and plugged. This specimen was received from Dr. J. C. Cox with the locality Solomon Is. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON JS. 83 P. MACFARLANDT (Brazier). PL 35, figs. 21, 22. Shell perforate, oblong-fusiform, moderately solid; tawny -yellow with many narrow chestnut streaks, or sometimes of an olivaceous- brown tone ; the suture usually bordered by a white line, spire dull red, the apex self-amputated. Surface somewhat glossy, with slight growth-wrinkles and a variable amount of coarse spiral malleation. Whorls remaining about 5, slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture ivhite throughout; peristome white or slightly brown- tinted at the outer edge, the outer lip somewhat sinuous, slowly expanded below the middle, not reflexed, thickened within, the thickening heavier at and below the middle. Columella suddenly dilating at its junction with the body, produced inward in a very strong, rounded, ivhite, callous fold; parietal wall covered with a strong white callus, which bears an oblong tubercle near the colu- mellar fold. Length 76, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 42| mill., whorls 5. Length 72, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 40 mill., whorls 4-J. Solomon Islands (Capt. Macfarland). Bulimus (Eumecostylus] macfarlandi BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i, p. 4 (1875). — B. macfarlandi Braz., PFR., Monogr,, viii, p. 604.— Cox, P. L. S. N. S. Wales (2), ii, p. 1063, pi. 21; f. 7 (1888) B. macfarlanei Cox, PAETEL, Catal., p. 98 Placostylus macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, Conchy]. Cab., p. 67, pi. 16, f. 3, 4. Not P. macfarlandi Braz., KOBELT, t. c., p. 33, pi. 8, f. 2, 3. Somewhat allied to P. macgillivrayi, which it resembles in the thickened, not reflexed lip, and strong folds, but distinct by its larger size, wholly white aperture and some details of form. Moreover, P. macfarlandi lacks the microscopic spiral striolation of the other species. It is named for Captain Macfarland who collected the original specimens, but of whom nothing else is known to me. Three specimens seen, as well as those figured by Cox and Kobelt, are amputated at the apex. I have seen specimens bearing the MS. name B. brodiei Braz. P. CALUS Smith. PL 35, fig. 20. Shell elongate, perforate, reddish above, the last whorl paler, cov- ered with a thin yellowish-olivaceous cuticle ; striated with delicate growth lines, and under the lens seen to be microscopically and irregularly striate transversely. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the; 84 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. upper but little convex, the last elongate, large, very obliquely de- scending, peculiarly swollen or gibbous at the left side. Aperture long, inversely ear-shaped, about three-fifths the length of the shell, dirty white within, becoming reddish or brownish to- wards the lip, provided with a strong white parietal tooth; columellar fold very prominent, white ; lip expanded, subreflexed, fleshy-reddish, the margins joined by a thin parietal callus ; columellar margin mueh reflexed, half covering the umbilicus. Length 78, diam. 33, length of aperture inside 44, width 14^- mill. (Smithy. Solomon Is. Placostylus coins E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 489, pi. 40, f. 7. This species is about the size and general form of PL macfarlandi of Brazier, but differs in having the body-whorl a little longer in pro- portion to the spire, and the aperture is also more elongate, and the peristome is fleshy red and more expanded. It is more elongated than PL macgittivrayi Pfr., and has a less acuminate spire, but it agrees with it in the character of the columellar fold and the tubercle above it on the body-whorl (Smith). P. MACGILLIVRAYI (Pfeiffer). PL 36, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, rather solid and and strong, tawny-brown, with narrow darker streaks, becoming pink or flesh-tinted on the spire (sometimes pale yellow with olive streaks, the spire flesh tinted); suture bordered with a white or pink band. Surface glossy, sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles, and under a strong lens showing crowded, very fine and waved spiral stritz, very superficial and sometimes lost by erosion or cleaning. Spire conic, rather stout, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5-J, slightly convex, the last not ascending in front, somewhat compressed and perceptibly cylindrical. 2^ early whorls punctate. Aperture flesh-colored within, deepening to a livid reddish toward the lip (but nearly white in yellow specimens); peristome thick, flesh- colored or brownish-pink, somewhat expanded but not reflexed, strongly thickened within on the outer, basal and columellar margins, the thickening reduced toward the posterior termination of the lip, form- ing a wide, shallow posterior sinus. Columella broadly reflexed above, folded, the fold bearing a very strong white callus, which is curved outwaid forming a rounded channel along the root of the columella. Parietal callus thin and transparent, bearing a strong, erect, oblong, PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON 18. 85 obliquely entering nodule near the columellar fold, and separated from it by a deep and rather narrow sinus. Alt. 57, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 33 mill. Alt. 51, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Alt. 45, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 26 mill. Wanderer's Bay, Guadelcanar 7., Solomon group (Macgillivray). Bulimus macgillivrayi PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 108, pi. 32, f. 2; Monogr. iv, p. 379 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 134 — Placostylus macgillivrayi Pfr., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 72, pi. 17, f. 4, 5 (not characteristic). The strong development of the columellar and parietal folds, the decided callous rib widening the merely expanded lip, and excavated above in characteristic Placostyline manner, are the more striking features of this species, the microscopic sculpture being a further character of value, though shared with some other forms. The nude white or pink band below the suture is occasionally indistinct through partial loss of the cuticle on the rest of the shell. One of the specimens before me is white under a pale yellow cuticle (fig. 28) and the spire is short. The aperture, however, is typically developed. Pfeiffer's type (fig. 30) measures 59 mill, long, and is figured as being more conspicuously streaked than the specimens I have seen, but the figure may be exaggerated. Named in honor of John Macgillivray, naturalist of H. M. S. " Rattlesnake," which surveyed portions of the Louisiades and Torres Straits, 1846-1850. P. PALMARUM (Mousson). PL 36, figs. 31, 32. Shell ri mate-perforate, ovate-oblong, somewhat solid, striate, with a few slight spiral wrinkles ; shining, chestnut-brown. Spire high- conic, regular, the apex worn, suture irregular, somewhat crenulated, broadly white-margined. Whorls 4J, regularly increasing, the nuclear punctate, the rest moderately convex, last whorl a little ascending, as long as or longer than the spire, somewhat tapering basal ly. Aperture vertical, oval, gray-brownish inside, provided with an oblique, oblong, parietal tubercle ; peristome brown, thickened, evenly reflexed, slightly thickened within ; the right margin arcuate above, nearly straight and more thickened in the middle ; basal 86 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated. Columella thickened, white, obliquely folded. Alt. 60, diam. 25 mill. (Mouss.). Makito, San Christoval /., Solomon group, on palms (Rietman). Bulimus palmarum Mouss., Journ. de Conchy]., 1869, p. 62, pi. 4, f. 5. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 28. — Placostylus palmarum Mouss., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 41, and var. minor, p. 42, pi. 9, f. 6-9. P. palmarum differs from P. macgillivrayi in having the lip strongly reflexed, less thickened within, and in the less developed parietal and columellar folds. It may prove to be a variety of that species. The var. minor of Kobelt differs from palmarum chiefly in the narrower lip, and might as properly, perhaps, be referred to P. macgillivrayi. Var. MINOR Kobelt. PI. 36, figs. 33, 34. - The shell varies from greenish-yellow with olive streaks to a tawny yellow with chestnut streaks, the spire fleshy or red, in one shell white; a light subsutural band in all. The sculpture consists of growth-wrinkles and an excessively fine, dense spiral striation, obso- lete in places, and some very shallow spiral sulci, rather inconspicu- ous. Whorls fully 5^-, the first often amputated ; the suture not rising at its termination. Aperture bluish-white or livid within, becoming yellowish or brownish within the lip ; peristome flesh-colored or fleshy-brown (in one shell white), the outer lip hardly expanded above, becoming well expanded below, or even narrowly reflexed. Columella brown, with a white callus superposed on the fold; parietal callus a mere transparent film, in adults usually bearing a small, low white tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 50, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Length 45, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 25 mill. Besides its smaller size and paler color, this form differs from typical palmarum in the decidedly less reflexed peristome. It differs from P. macgillivrayi in being thinner, without the callous thicken- ing of lip and columella so pronounced in that species. I have seen over twenty specimens in the collections of the Academy, the National Museum and Mr. John Ford, showing it to be reasonably constant. Mr. Hedley informs me that Brazier regards it as a dwarf mac- gillivrayi^ and gives the locality Savu, Solomon group. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 87 P. STRANGEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform-oblong, thin, varying from straw yellow or paler to a somewhat tawny yellow with numerous inconspicuous darker streaks, the suture bordered below by a white band ; spire paler, sometimes pink-tinted. Surface glossy, sculptured with growth-wrinkles which sometimes become thread-like, and obsoletely decussated with a very shallow spiral malleation. Spire slender, with slightly concave outlines, the apex very obtuse, often amputated ; earlier 2-^ whorls punctate, the last suture rising a little at its termination. Whorls 5 to 5-J-, slightly convex, the last swollen. Aperture slightly oblique, white or yellowish within, becoming tinted with egg-yolk yellow toward the outer lip in adult shells ; peris- tome white, reflexed and recurved at the edge throughout ; columellar margin broadly dilated above. Columella passing into a long fold above, this fold bearing a moderate callus on or near its convex edge; parietal callus thin and transparent, in most fully adult shells bearing a small tubercle near the columellar fold. Alt. 43, diam. 19 J, longest axis of aperture 26 mill. Alt. 48, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 28 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture 29 mill. Eddy stone (or Narovo) Island, Solomon group. Bulimus strangei PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 8 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 54, pi. 16, f. 11, 12 ; Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 148 ; Monogr. iv, p. 378 ; vi, p. 23; viii, 28 — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 135. — Placostylus strangei FFLD., Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 874 — TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Malac. Viaggio della R. Fregata "Magenta," p. 86, pi. 2, f. 11 KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 23, pi. 5, f. 4, 5, 6. The obvious differential character of this species is its noticeably more slender spire than that of allied species, the more lengthened examples recalling P. sellersi in this respect. Pfeiffer's type was a rather small form, length 46 mill., which had not developed the par- ietal tubercle, the epidermis being somewhat tawny. • The tubercle varies a good deal in size, and is added only after the adult aperture is otherwise completely formed. In P. stutchburyi the spire is shorter and stouter, the aperture larger, and the spiral malleation much more pronounced. In P. macgillivrayi the lip is not reflexed and recurved, but is decidedly thickened within, the columellar and parietal projections are stronger, and the mouth is reddish. 88 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. The species is named for a naturalist who contributed shells to Cuming's collection. Eddystone, Simbo or Narovo Island is a small volcanic islet, about four miles long, and lying west of the north end of New Georgia. P. STUTCHBURYI (Pfeiffer). PL 36, figs. 35, 36, 37. Shell subumbilicate, ovate fusiform, rather thin, striate, slightly decussated by very fine spiral striae, shining, tawny, with radiating darker [longitudinal] lines. Spire almost regularly conic, somewhat obtuse; suture white edged. Whorls 5, a little convex, the last three-fifths the length of shell, shortly and arcuately ascending in front, tapering at the base. Aperture reversed ear-shaped, acute above, usually with a par- ietal nodular tubercle, pearly within ; columelia white, moderately folded; peristome of a flesh-tawny color or white, the right margin almost regularly arcuate, expanded and reflexed, the columellar mar- gin dilated, flat, nearly adnate. Length 53, diam. [25], length of aperture inside 30 mill. (Pfr.). New Georgia, Solomon h. (Brazier). Bulimus stutMuryi PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137, pi. 51, f. 8; Malak. Bl. 1861, p. 12; Monogr. vi, p. 23; viii, 27 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 142 (first reference only, exclusive of synomymy and remarks) — Placostylus stutchburyi Pfr., KOBELT, Conchy]. Cab. p. 135, pi. 32, f. 8 (copy from Pfeiffer). Pfeiffer's description is translated above, and his figure copied on pi. 36, fig. 35. The specimens before me are somewhat smaller than the type: Alt. 48J, diam. 22£, longest axis of aperture with peristome 29^ mill. Alt. 46^, diam. 22^, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. Alt. -50, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture with peristome 30 mill. The lip is white or faintly brown-tinted. In one old specimen (fig. 36) the lip is thickened within, much as in P. macgillivrayi^ but there is no such callous on the columella as in that species. Three out of five specimens have a small nodule on the parietal wall above the columellar fold. 2^ or 2-| nepionic whorls have the usual pitted sculpture, and in some the first whorl has been self-amputated. The sculpture is a combination of moderate growth wrinkles or some- PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 89 times fine riblets on the middle and base of last whorl, with a very fine malleation across them, produced by close, shallow, spiral de- pressions ; these impressions sometimes obvious, sometimes reduced to mere shallow depressions between growth-strise. It is of the nature of the sculpture of P. elobatus, etc., but on a very small and superficial scale, and is not like that of P. macgillivrayi or palmarum. With the well-reflexed and slightly recurved lip of P. strangei, this species has another sculpture and a stouter spire. Fig. 36 is No. 159494 U. S. Nat. Mus.; fig. 37 is 4667 of the Academy collec- tion. The localities " Erumanga, New Hebrides," and "New Cale- donia," formerly given by Pfeiffer, are incorrect. It is evidently a Solomon Island species, the locality "New Georgia" being on Brazier's authority. In my opinion the shells described by Kobelt as P. (scottii, var.) mendance belong to stutchburyi. It should be noted that Kobelt had specimens of neither scottii nor stutchburyi for comparison, and might thus readily think his form a new one. The original descrip- tion follows: Var. MENDANCE Kobelt. PI. 37, figs. 40, 41. Shell rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid, roughly striate-costate, and made granose or decussated by transverse wavy striae; yellowish- brown with darker streaks, the apex paler. Spire conic, apex obtuse, beautifully granulate. Whorls 6, convex, separated by an impressed, crenulated, slightly whitish-margined suture, the last whorl large, rather inflated, double the length of the spire, descend- ing, a trifle ascending in front. Aperture large, ovate-acuminate, dilated at base, the throat whitish-brown ; peristome white, slightly thickened, moderately expanded, the margins joined by a very thin callus, outer lip very slightly sinuous above, then produced ; colu- mellar margin dilated, bearing a strong, compressed, white entering fold. Alt. 52, diam. 26, alt. of aperture 32 mill. (Kobelt). Solomon Is. Placostylus (scottii Cox var.) mendance KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 133, pi. 32, f. 6, 7 (1891). Described from two specimens, one in coll. Dohrn,.the other in the Berlin Museum. Named for Mendana, the discoverer of the Solomon Islands. 90 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. P. (?) coxi (Pease). Shell thick, ovate, perforate, dextral, longitudinally roughened with growth strise, whitish suffused with roseate, the spire yellowish. Whorls 4, somewhat swollen, the last three-fifths the total length of the shell. Spire short, somewhat obtuse, the suture well impressed. Aperture vertical, oval, reddish inside ; peristome pale orange, thick, the margins joined by a callus, the columellar margin nearly closing the perforation. Length 25, diam. 15 mill. (Pse.). Solomon Islands (Cox). Bulimus (? Borus) coxi PEASE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 197 (1871). "The above, in shape and general proportions, as well as in color, is a miniature B. rosaceus (King). The last whorl is whitish, suf- fused with rose color, spire yellowish, aperture reddish, and margin of the peristome light orange color. Its surface is not granulose, but roughened by incremental striae. I attach to this species the name of Dr. J. C. Cox, through whose active researches, during the past few years, we are indebted for an extended knowledge of the mollus- cous fauna of the Australian and Papuan provinces." (Pease.) Known by the above description only. The type is not in the Pease collection at Cambridge (Mus. Comp. Zool.), and it has not been figured. Seems to resemble P. ochrostoma Garrett, somewhat. Group of P. scotti. Shell distinctly wrinkled spirally. P. SCOTTII (Cox). PL 37, figs. 38, 39. Shell perforate, oblong-fusiform, moderately solid, of a slightly greenish-yellow, with narrow olivaceous or olive-brown streaks, suture narrowly white-margined, the spire white above. Surface glossy, having growth-wrinkles, and covered with a rather coarse obliquely spiral corrugation of anastomosing wrinkles (fig. 39); the earlier 2^ whorls punctate as usual. Spire conic, rather slender, the apex obtuse, whorls slightly exceeding 5, somewhat convex, the last long-oval. Aperture white throughout, ovate ; peristome white, the outer lip blunt, becoming expanded below, moderately thickened within. Col- umella suddenly dilated above, forked, the inner edge forming a strongly convex fold, the edge of which is somewhat curved outward; PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 91 parietal wall bearing a white callus, translucent in the middle, and provided with an oblong tubercle above the columellar fold. Length 52, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 30 mill. "Length 2.1, diam. 1, length of aperture 1.18 inch." (Cox) = 521, 25, 29J mill. Solomon Is. Bulimus (Eumecostylus} scottii Cox, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 152. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 28. The figure and description are from a specimen received from Dr. Cox, which, except in being two mil.1. narrower than the dimensions assigned to the type, agrees excellently with Cox's description. Kobelt's P. (scottii Cox. var.) mendance evidently has nothing to do with this species. P. scottii is not remote from P. hargravesi, but the columellar fold is stronger, the whorls less convex, and the cuticle not figured, being merely streaked. P. ULIGINOSUS < Heimb.' Kobelt. PL 37, figs. 46, 47. Shell covered-perforate, long-ovate, rather thin but solid, irregu- larly and quite rudely striate, sculptured with fine, confluent, trans- verse wrinkles ; covered with an adherent buff-brown glossy cuticle, ornamented with very distinct streaks and flames of chestnut. Spire conic, buff, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 5 to 6, a little convex, separated by a distinct though scarcely impressed suture, the last whorl large, a little inflated, occupying two-thirds the length of the shell, almost lirate at the base, flattened behind the aperture, neither descending nor ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate- acuminate, brownish-white within ; peristome unexpanded or very narrowly reflexed, white-lipped within, the margins hardly united ; outer margin but slightly arcuate, basal margin spreading, columellar margin dilated, reflexed, provided with a compressed entering white fold, the parietal wall of the aperture sometimes having a small whit- ish tooth, sometimes toothless. Alt. 50, diam. 23, alt. aperture 29 mill. (Kobelt}. Solomon Is. Placostylus uliginosus von Heimburg, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., Placostylus, p. 73, pi. 17, f. 6, 7 (1891). The following form is probably identical with or a variety of P. uliginosus : P. hobsoni (Cox). PI. 37, figs. 44, 45. " Shell deeply and openly rimate, comparatively thin and light for 92 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMOX IS. its size, translucent, the sculpture and markings are very visible on the body whorl through the wall of the shell by transmitted light \ shining and lustrous, of a light reddish-brown color, the whorls of the spire becoming lighter in shade and more of a pinkish-brown ; orna- mented with many irregularly-sized and irregularly-distributed chestnut-colored tentoriform markings ; whorls slightly inflated, causing the suture to assume an impressed character. Suture mar- gined by a narrow, opaque, slightly raised, knotted, selvaged margin (not smooth and straight as represented in the figures) ; whorls lon- gitudinally irregularly marked with lines of growth and transversely subcostately ridged with rather coarse raised undulating lines, which frequently anastomose (a character quite omitted in the figures, but which is very characteristic), becoming much less distinct on the whorls beyond the body whorl, till, on the third whorl from it, they are almost invisible, and are gradually replaced by a granular punc- tation, which increases in distinctness quite to the apex ; these gran- ular punctures are disposed in two distinct transverse slanting rows, one running from right to left, the other from left to right. Aperture oblong-ovate, of a pinkish-brown color ; peristome only slightly thick- ened and everted, pinkish-brown throughout, except at the columella which is of an opaque white only very faintly tinted with pink-brown; columella broadly expanded and dividing at its insertion, as in all the shells of this group, into two processes, the outer and smallest grad- ually blending with a thin transparent glassy callus, which runs to- wards the insertion of the upper end of the peristome, which is rather arched out from the side of the shell as it leaves its insertion (more so than is represented in the figure), the larger process of the divided columella enters spirally the interior of the shell. In the several specimens of this species which I have seen, there is no disposition to the formation of a callosity or tooth on the body whorl in the aper- ture between tlie inserted ends of the peristome. Length 58, breadth 27 mill." (Cox.} Maleita Island, Solomon Archipelago (Hobson). Bulimus (Placostylus} hobsoni Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (Series 2), vi, pt. 3, p. 567, pi. 20, f. 2, 3 (May 23, 1892). Allied to P. scottii Cox, but differing in being marked with tri- angular spots, and in the less strong columellar fold. The figures of this form published by Dr. Cox are defective ac- cording to him in not showing the sculpture nor margination of the PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 93 sutures and in representing the outer lip as less arcuate towards its upper insertion than it really is ; but as I have no specimens, these figures are reproduced on my plate. The type is in Dr. Cox's col- lection. P. HARGRAVESI (Cox). PL 38, figs. 49, 50, 51. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, thin but moderately solid ; white under a thin yellowish cuticle, spotted with triangular, oblong and irregular spots and dots of chestnut or olivaceous yellow- brown ; the markings disappearing on the spire which is more or less rose or yellow tinted. Surface slightly shining or dull, densely corrugated spirally, the wrinkles anastomosing, less pronounced than in P. sanchristovalensis, subobsolete on the spire, the earlier 2-J- whorls of which are punctate. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Whorls nearly 5-^, quite convex. Aperture white throughout, long- ovate ; peristome white, reflexed and recurved, the outer lip thickened a little within ; columella dilated above, passing into a convex, spirally entering fold ; parietal callus transparent, bearing a strong callus nodule near the columellar fold. Length 62, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Length 55, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 31^ mill. Treasury Island, Solomon group. Bulimus hargravesi Cox, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 323, pi. 34, f. 3.— Pfr., Monogr. viii, p. 43 — Placostylus hargravesi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 38, pi. 9, f. 2, 3, and var. heimlurgi, p. 38, pi. 8, f. 6, 7 (1891). The color-pattern of P. hargravesi reminds one of P. malleatus of the Viti Is. The whorls are much more convex than in P. san- christovalensis., the nepionic shell is smaller, the lip wider, and a parietal tooth is well developed. The color-scheme varies a good deal, but is much less intense than in P. sanchristovalensis, and the aperture is white. Figs. 50, 51 are from a specimen in the collec- tion of the Academy ; fig. 49 from one in the National Museum, no. 159493. Var. heitnburgi Kobelt. Frontispiece, fig. 5. Shell much smaller, more slender, rose-white with buff-brown streaks, cuticle almost absent. Alt. 47, diam. 21, length of aperture 27 mill (Kobelt}. 94 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. Section Aspastus Albers, 1850. White, arboreal species of long contour, without spiral sculpture, inhabiting the southern two islands of the Solomon group. P. MILTOCHEILUS (Reeve). PI. 38, figs. 53, 54. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, thin, white, covered with a thin pale lemon-yellow cuticle which is generally wholly lost in adult shells. Surface glossy when unworn, strongly and coarsely plicate lengthwise, the spire and base nearly smooth. Spire long and slender, the apex obtuse. Whorl 5^ (or in small forms 5), but slightly convex, the last oblong, swollen or gibbous, somewhat sack- like, at the base. Aperture fusiform, white within, the peristome ver- milion narrowly reflexed, scarcely thickened within ; parietal callus, thin and transparent, pale yellow from the underlying cuticle; colu- mella dilated, with a weak fold above. Alt. 68, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 40 mill. Alt. 53, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 30 mill. San Ghristoval, Solomon Is., at Port Maker a, Wanga Bay, Recherche Bay and Port Achard, on the leaves of bushes and trees (Brazier), southeast part of San Christoval (Guppy); varieties on Ugi or Gulf Island, Sesarga, Ulana or Contrariete Island, and Santa Anna Island. Bulimus miltocheilus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 49, f. 322 (Novem- ber, 1848) — PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1848, p. 120; Monogr., Hi, p. 371; iv, 440; vi, 77; viii, 108; Conchyl. Cab., p. 147, pi. 45, f. 18, 19 DESIIAYES, in Fer. Hist., ii, p. 105, pi. 154, f. 3, 4 PHILIPPJ, Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 98, Bui, pi. 9, f. 7 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy]., 1864, p. 148. — BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 162 — Otostomus miltocheilus ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 151. — Aspastus miltocheilus CHENU, Man. de Conch., p. 437, fig. 3216. — Bulimus (Placostylus) miltocheilus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 595 — B. (Aspastus) miltocheilus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales (Ser. 2), ix, p. 569, with varieties stramineus (p. 569), minor, albolabris(p. 570) — Placostylus miltocheilus KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 63, pi. 15, f. 2-5. A beautiful species, arboreal in habits. The mantle is said to be green, giving the living mollusk the appearance of a lanceolate leaf. The typical form (figs. 53, 54) is denuded of the very thin cuticle in adults, and the base is more or less markedly sack-like. PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 95 Var. stramineus Brazier (pi. 38, fig. 55). A pale straw-yellow cuticle retained in adults; shell rather short and less sack-like below, with 5 whorls; peristome very dark red, the columellar fold usually yellow. Ugi (Gulf or Golfe) Island, close to S. Christoval to the north- ward, on the trunks of palms, four or five feet from the ground (Brazier). Var. minor Brazier. Shell small, narrow, white; peristome pale orange-yellow. Length 45 mill (Braz.}. Ulana (Ulaua or Contrariete) Island, north of S. Christoval, on palm trunks (Brazier). Ulana Island is some distance from San Christoval, but closely allied to it faunally, and probably was connected therewith later than with any other islands. The other islets inhabited by varieties of this species are immediate dependents of the larger island. Var. albolabris Brazier (pi. 38, fig. 52). White with a very pale yellow cuticle ; peristome opaque white ; form rather short, and base less sack-like than in the type. Length 55 mill. Specimen figured measures length 50, diam. 23, length of aperture 33 mill. San Christoval and Santa Anna 1. (or° U-ah I., close to the S.-E. end of S. Christoval), on trunks and leaves of trees (Guppy, Brazier). According to Brazier, only the var. albolabris is found on Santa Anna, a small island at the soiith end of San Christoval* It is very common there. P. SELLERSI (Cox). PI. 38, figs. 56, 5t. Shell compressed-umbilicate, fusiform, thin but moderately solid ; white, the lip, apex and sutural border opaque white, the rest of the shell somewhat grayish-white ; surface shining, smooth except for slight growth lines. Spire slender, with slightly concave outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5J, but slightly convex, the earlier 2-J forming a long punctate nepionic shell ; last whorl rather inflated at the base. Aperture ovate, white; peristome expanded, thickened within ex- cept at the upper third, white. Columella dilated above,, with a moderately convex fold ; parietal callus white, toothless. Length 44^, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 23^ mill. " Length 1.9, breadth 0.66 inch " (Cox). Gaudalcanar Island, Solomon Archipelago. 96 PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. Bulimus sdlersi Cox, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 644, pi. 52, f. 3.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 31. — Placostylus sellersi Cox, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 55, pi. 13, f. 6, 7. An isolated species, resembling P. miltocheilus in color, the ample umbilical rimation and slender spire, but with the lower two-thirds of the outer lip more or less thickened within, and having a stronger columellar fold. Fig. 57 is copied from Dr. Cox's type figure. Section Etimecostylus Albers, 1860. Much elongated, with 3| early whorls pitted ; lip a little reflexed; columella curved in a long spiral fold. Other Solomon species have but 2^ pitted nepionic whorls, and a somewhat differently formed columella. Both of the species are confined to San Christoval, the most southern island of the group. P. CLERYI (Recluz). PL 40, figs. 68, 69, 70. Shell minutely rimate, oblong- fusiform, more or less compressed laterally and cylindrical, rather solid. Pink or flesh-colored, becom- ing purplish-red on the spire and destitute of cuticle throughout ; the surface lusterless, sculptured with low, coarse growth-wrinkles and an inconspicuous fine spiral rnalleation. Whorls 6^, the first often amputated and plugged, the earlier 3^ densely pitted, the last one or two whorls^more rapidly descending^ Aperture auriform, somewhat effuse or retracted below ; outer lip hardly expanded, somewhat thickened within ; basal lip broadly arcuate, somewhat expanded ; columella broadly concave below, curving in a strong spirally enter- ing fold (often obscurely bifid) above; parietal wall covered with a thin callus, sometimes bearing a small tubercle far within and near the columellar fold (fig. 69). Alt. 100, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 58 mill. Alt. 103, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 50 mill. San Christoval, Solomon group, at Makira Harbor (Macgillivray) and the Koofeh district on the north coast (Guppy). Bulimus cleryi PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., 1850, p. 56, pi. 4, f. 1. — PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 243, pi. 65, f. 3 ; Monogr., iii, p. 306 ; iv, 369; vi, 13; viii, 27.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 133. — E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 594 — Placostylus cleryi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 57, pi. 15, f. 1 ; pi. 14, f. 1. This large and very distinct species somewhat resembles, but is PLACOSTYLUS, SOLOMON IS. 9f not allied to P. seemanni in the Viti group. It varies remarkably in contour, as Mr. Smith has noted, and is sometimes greatly length- ened, a specimen taken by Mr. Guppy measuring 104 mill, long, 29 wide, while that shown in fig. 70 is almost as long. The other ordi- nary variation is illustrated in fig. 69, the shell being shouldered and constricted. The type (fig. 68) was a regularly oblong shell. The callus of the outer lip is more or less excavated above, as usual in the genus. PfeifFer states that young shells have a green epidermis, but this is wholly lost in adults. The species is named for M. Hanet-Clery, who collected the first specimens. P. SANCHRIS*TOVALENSIS (Cox). PI. 37, fig. 48. Shell perforate, fusiform, thin but moderately strong; yellow or olive-yellow, spotted with irregular longitudinal blotches, sometimes triangular, and small oval spots of blackish-brown, becoming more diluted, dusky-olive, on the latter half of the last whorl, or some- times the spots are rather large and pale olive or olive-brown throughout ; the spire roseate. Surface glossy, densely corrugated spirally, the wrinkles occasionally confluent, this sculpture fainter on the penult, whorl ; the earlier 3^ whorls densely punctate. Spire slender, elongate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5J to 6, but slightly convex, the last oblong. Aperture long-ovate, white within ; peri- stome broadly bordered with red-orange, narrowly or rather widely re- flexed, hardly thickened within. Columella expanded and forked at the insertion, produced in a long spiral fold ; parietal callus thin and transparent. Alt. 66, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 36^ mill. Alt. 63, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 36J mill. Alt. 71, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 38-J- mill. San Christoval, Solomon Group. Bulimus san-christovalensis Cox, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 172, pi. 16, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 27. — Placostylus sanchristovalensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 34, pi. 8, f. 4, 5. A charming snail, somewhat like P. hargravesi in pattern, but more brilliantly colored, more strongly sculptured, and differing in form. Moreover, this species has 3J nepionic whorls, while P. hargravesi is like the majority of the Solomon Island species in hav- ing but 2^. Viewed from the base, the spiral trend of the columella 7 98 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. leaves a " false-umbilicus " penetrating the axis. Dr. Cox states that some specimens have a parietal tooth, and his figure shows a promi- nence within the middle of the outer lip, evidently abnormal, as it is not alluded to in his description, and is wanting in the specimens be- fore me. These show some variation in the blotches, which may be either rather intense and defined, or paler, larger and less definite at the edges. Moreover, the pink of the spire and lip is sometimes diluted to a flesh tint. It is undoubtedly allied to P. cleryi. SPECIES OF THE VITI OR FIJI ARCHIPELAGO. The species of this group of islands are allied rather to those of the Solomons than to New Caledonian forms. They are a coherent group of doubtless common ancestry, though the differentiation into dull terrestrial and more brilliant arboreal forms masks the similarity to some extent. Hedley adduces considerable evidence of the alliance of the Fiji and Solomon faunas (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vii, p. 339; xxiii, 1898, p. 99). "Recent soundings have developed a plateau of a depth not greater than 1,500 fathoms in a general depth of from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms, including Tonga and Fiji, and extending westward to Santa Cruz and Solomons." Our knowledge of Fiji land snails is chiefly due to the well-directed energy of the renowned South Sea naturalist Andrew Garrett, who not only collected most of the species, but also published two valuable papers, in 1872 and 1887, upon them. Most of the specimens described and illustrated in the present account were received from Garrett. Key to Vitian Species. a. Shell solid, dull brown or decorticated ; oblong, the last whorl more or less cylindric ; not spirally iqrinkled ; columella very strongly spiral. b. Large and solid, usually covered with a yellowish or brown cuticle; alt. 67-77 mill. seemanni, p. 100. b1. Smaller, wanting cuticle in adults ; alt. 47-54 mill. koroensis, p. 101. b2. Smaller, cuticle olive-yellowish ; alt. 43 mill. kantavuensis, p. 101. a1. Ovate or oblong, with more or less spiral corrugation or malka- tion ; brown or maculate with green. b. Brown or olivaceous, with a heavy parietal callus ; aper- ture whitish. PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 99 c. Ovate, the columella bearing a heavy callous lobe far within. paeteli, p. 102. e1. Ovate, columellar fold moderate ; olivaceous, with bluish-white aperture. graeffei, p. 104. c2. Oblong, the columellar fold rather weak. garretti, p. 103. 51. Striped or spotted with green on a yellowish or pale ground, the parietal callus normally thin and transparent. c. Columellar fold bearing a strong callous lobe in adults; mouth pale ; lip strongly reflexed. gracilis, p. 110. c1. Columellar fold moderate ; lip expanded rather than reflexed. d. Short and obese, the diam. more than half the alt.; aperture very large with well expanded orange lip. hoyti, p. 105. d1. Diam. about half the alt. or less. e. Cuticle yellowish maculate with green ; lip but slightly expanded, usually orange colored ; alt. about 58 mill. elobatus, p. 105. el. Olivaceous, unmarked, the mouth bluish- white, graejfei, p. 104. e2. Shell more slender, smaller, with continu- ous zigzag stripes ; alt. 41-49 mill. guanensis, p. 107. e3. Shell ovate, more or less maculate or de- nuded of cuticle ; alt. 30-41 mill, pfeifferi, p. 109 ; vitiensis, p. 110 ; ochrostoma, p. 108. a2. Shell thin, ovate, uniform white or with brown or olive variega- tion ; lip broadly reflexed, white. b. Large, alt. 50-59 mill., roughly malleated, variegated. malleatus, p. 112. bl. Smaller, alt. 44-50 mill., wrinkle-striate, white. morosus, p. 113. Section FMplacostylus Crosse, 1875. Terrestrial species, with the shell solid, dull brown or denuded of cuticle, oblong and more or less cylindrical, the columella with a strong spiral trend ; 2 to 2^ apical whorls pitted when unworn.. Type P. seemanni. 100 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. P. SEEMANNI (Dohrn). PL 39, figs. 58, 59, 60. Shell perforate or umbilicate, oblong-fusiform, solid and strong ; flesh-tinted or yellowish under a yellowish-brown, olivaceous or chestnut cuticle, which is wanting on the spire, denuded below the suture, and usually shows zigzag paler and denuded stripes radiating from above. Surface scarcely shining, roughened by moderate growth-wrinkles, the earlier 2^ whorls punctate. Spire high-conic, often yellow above, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5 to 5^, moderately -convex, the last whorl long, often cylindrical. Aperture ear-shaped, white, flesh-colored or brown within, acumi- nate above ; peristome rather thick, reflexed, broad, its convex face white, buff or pale flesh-tinted ; outer lip more or less bent inward about the middle, its upper third distinctly narrower ; columella with a strong, calloused fold above ; parietal callus varying from thin to irather heavy. Alt. 77, diam. 30 ; aperture with peristome 46 mill. Alt. 67, diam. 28 ; aperture with peristome 40«mill. Kandavu Island, Viti group , on the ground (Garrett). Bulimus seemanni DOH&N, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 207, pi. 26, f. 6.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 123; 1875, p. 10.— PFR., Monog. vi, p. 13 ; viii, 27 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 474, pi. 102, f. 18. — GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1872, p. 232 — Placostylus seemanni MOUSSON, J. de C. 1870, p. 126. — TAPPORONE-CANEFRI, Viag. "Magenta," Zool., p. 85.— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 270.— GARRETT, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 181.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 14, p. 2, f. 2-5. — Otostomus seemanni SEMPER, Reisen in Archip. Phil., Land-moll., p. 150, pi. 16, f. 9. " Though subject to considerable variation in size and shape, it may be distinguished by its rather slender form, whitish horn-color beneath a yellowish or olive-brown epidermis, which is sometimes ornamented with waved or zigzagged stripes. The surface, though coarsely striated with lines of growth, is seldom marked by trans- verse corrugation. The auriculate-shaped aperture is narrow, white, though sometimes tinted with fulvous, and the white lip is consider- ably expanded and slightly reflected, and frequently contracted above. Length from 52-77 mill. Like all the ground species, it is very frequently decorticated" (Garrelt). PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 101 P. KANTAVUENSIS (Crosse). PI. 39, fig. 66, 67. Shell almost covered perforate, cylindric-fusiform, rather solid, longitudinally wrinkle-striate, obsoletely submalleate ; rose-whitish under an olivaceous-yellowish cuticle which is here and there zigzag- streaked with whitish. Spire somewhat cylindrically conic, the suture somewhat irregular, impressed. Whorls 5, a trifle convex, the earlier three rose colored, the last descending, longer than the spire, subcylindrical, a little compressed in the middle, slightly taper- ing basally. Aperture ear-shaped, whitish inside, effuse at the base; peristome white, broadly expanded, reflexed, the margins joined by a parietal callus, outer margin subcompressed in the middle, flexuous, becom- ing narrower toward its insertion above ; columellar margin with a strong twisted fold. (Crosse.) Alt. 43, diam. 16^; aperture with peristome 26 mill. long. Kandavu Island, Viti group (John Brazier). Bulimus kantavuensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 250 ; 1871, p. 105, pi. 5, f. 3 ; 1875, p. 10. — MOUSSON, J. de C., 1870, p. 229 (no description). — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 29. — Placostylus kan- tavuensis GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, °p. 182. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 128, pi. 31, f. 7, 8 (copied from Crosse). Closely allied to P. koroensis, but differing in the smaller size and persistence of the cuticle. None but the original specimens are known. Type in coll. of the Journal de Conchyliologie. P. KOROENSIS (Garrett). PI. 39, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65. Shell imperforate or rimate, oblong and narrow, thick and solid. Surface lusterless, dull pink-tinted, sometimes becoming pale-orange toward the apex ; totally denuded of cuticle in adults, or retaining only small shreds, the young covered with a thin, pale yellowish- brown cuticle ; sculpture of irregular growth-wrinkles, and sometimes a faint, subobsolete spiral corrugation. Apex obtuse, slightly over two earlier whorls punctulate. Whorls about 5, at first but slightly convex, the penultimate more swollen, last whorl compressed laterally^ more or less cylindrical, sometimes girded in and distorted. Aperture white or flesh-tinted within, ear-shaped; outer lip mod- erately expanded (sometimes reflexed), strongly thickened within, white or dirty -yellowish, bent in near the middle. Columella with a very strong spirally -entering fold. 102 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. Length 54, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture with lip 30 mill. Length 47, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture with lip 30 mill. Koro Island, Viti Archipelago, in the central valleys, on the ground (Garrett). Bulimus koroensis GARRETT, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 236, pi. 18, f. 9.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 5. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 29. — SCHMELTZ (?), Journ. des Mus. God- effroy xii, p. 161. — SCHMELTZ, Verhandl. Vereins f. Naturwissensch. Unters. zu Hamburg ii, 1875, p. 215 (1876). — Placostylus koroensis SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy Catal. v, p. 92. Of. Journ. de Conchyl., 1881, p. 73.— P. koroensis GAJRRKTT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 182. — Ko- BELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 26, pi. 6, f. G, 7. "This singular species is peculiar to the island of Koro, where it is very abundant in the central valleys. They were found lurking under loose stones, rotten wood, and among decayed leaves. About one specimen in a hundred exhibits slight traces of a brownish horn- colored epidermis, disposed in irregular longitudinal stripes. They are often much more attenuated than the dimensions [53, 18 mill.] given above. Very old specimens are frequently denticulated on the peristome " (Garrett). The figures sufficiently show the variations mentioned by Garrett. The original figure was from a scarcely mature shell which retained traces of the cuticle. Type in coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences. Dr. Schmeltz considers koroensis and kantavaensis specifically identical. In the large series I have seen of shells collected by Gar- rett, there are none agreeing with Crosse's figures and description in size and pattern of cuticle, but it is not unlikely that koroensis might well be subordinated to kantavuensis as a variety. Further investi- gation of the Kandavu fauna is necessary, to confirm the locality of the latter species, and its range of variation. Section Callistocharis Pilsbry, 1900. Arboreal species, with yellow and green variegated or white shells, and convex body-whorl. Type P. malleatus. P. PAETELI Kobelt. PI. 44, figs. 11-15. Shell covered rimate, long, ovate-conic, solid, rudely and irregularly striate-costate, the upper part of the last whorl being scarred and malleate ; yellowish-brown, the spire more yellow, the penult, and PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 103 part of last whorl very prettily marked with zigzag whitish streaks. Spire turrited-conic, with small, scarcely blunted apex. Whorls 6, separated by a deep and lightly crenate suture, the early whorls but little convex, the later flattened above, more convex below ; the last whorl about three-fifths the total length, slightly compressed below, descending to the aperture. Aperture slightly oblique, slightly longer than the spire, acumin- ate above, bluish within ; peristome unexpanded, thickened, obtuse, buff-whitish, the terminations joined by a thin parietal callus with thickened outer edge. Columella arcuate, with a regularly curved, not much projecting fold above, superposed upon which there is a very strong, projecting white callus, visible by rolling the shell and looking obliquely into the aperture. (Kobelt.) Alt. 72, diam. 35, alt. aperture 38 mill. (Kobelt, figs. 11-13). Alt. 65, diam. 29, alt. aperture 34 mill. (Specimen, figs. 14, 15). Viti Is. (Paetel coll.). Placostylus paeteli KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 65, pi. 16, f. 1, 2 (1891) — Bui. moussoni Graeffe, in Berlin Mus. Not closely allied to any other Vitian species. The unusually heavy callous fold upon the columella i.s not visible from the front, but may be seen only by looking obliquely into the aperture. The single specimen before me is somewhat smaller than the type in the Berlin Museum, though evidently older, the inner lip being very heavily calloused and straighter than in Kobelt's figure. Figure 14 represents an obliquely basal view of this shell. P. GARRETTI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 44, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell perforate, oblong-fusiform, moderately solid, flesh-tinted under a persistent and rather strong chestnut or olive-brown cuticle, somewhat streaked, and usually with a series of darker brown blotches below the suture, from which paler or denuded zigzag stripes descend upon the penultimate whorl. Surface somewhat shining, moderately striate and wrinkled, rather coarsely corrugated spirally, the corrugation becoming obsolete near the termination of the last whorl ; 2^ early whorls punctate. Whorls slightly over 5, moderately convex, the last oblong. Aperture long-ovate, somewhat oblique, brown inside ; peristome narrowly reflexed, pure white or brown-tinted ; columella dilated above, with a long gentle fold ; parietal callus thin and translucent, becoming heavy in old shells. 104 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. Alt. 70, diam. 25 ; aperture with peristome 36 mill. Alt. 62, diam. 25 ; aperture with peristome 35 mill. Habitat unknown. Much more slender than P. elobatus, with coarser corrugation, entirely different coloration and very narrowly reflexed lip. It lacks the internal callous fold of P. paeteli, which is a species of stouter contour. The general aspect of the shell inclines me to believe it from the Viti group. P. GRAEFFEI (Crosse). PI. 43, fig. 6. " About the same size as elobatus, but is much less rugose, the base less produced, and is of a yellowish-olive color with a bluish- white aperture. " About the same size and shape as P. elobatus, but is a smoother shell, and the color of my two specimens is olivaceous without any markings. The aperture is whitish, and the columellar fold is more horizontal than in the latter species" (Garrett). Viti Levu, in the central portion at Vuni-Vatu (Dr. Graeffe). B. colubrinvs Pfr., Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 125, footnote — Placostylus moussonii Graeife, in SCHMELTZ, Mus. God- effroy Catal. v, p. 93 (1874); no description. — Bulimus sp., GAR- RETT, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 232 Bulimus moussoni Graeffe, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 11, pi. 1, f. 6 (not Bulimus moussoni Pfr.). — Bulimus (Placostylus} grceffei CROSSE, t. c., p. 13 (exclusive of var. minor; no description). — Bulimus graff'ei Crosse, PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 30. — Placostylus graeffei Gar- rett, P. Z. 8. 1884, p. 184. — Placostylus (Charis) moussoni Graeffe, KOBELT, Conch. Cab. p. 125, pi. 31, f. 1 (copy from Crosse). This species has not been formally defined, but is known by Gar- rett's descriptive notes and Crosse's figure. The name Placostylus moussoni Graeffe in Schmeltz, is prior to graeffei, and not preoccupied, but was absolutely without definition, and so far as the record goes, was based upon P. elobatus of Mousson. It would really be a synonym of elobatus, for Mousson did not call the present species elobatus, but colubrinus, previous citations having been erroneous on this point. Crosse, in 1875, supplies a figure, and uses the name Bulimus moussoni, which was preoccupied by Pfeiffer ; but he pro- poses B. grceffei as a substitute. This name has properly been accepted by Pfeiffer and Garrett. PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 105 P. HOYTI (Garrett). PI. 42, figs. 85-88. Shell umbilicate or compressed umbilicate, obese-ovate, rather solid ; flesh-pink under a thin and partly deciduous yellowish cuticle, copiously zigzag-streaked with dark green or olive-green ; the spire nude, red or orange-red. Surface marked with growth lines and densely, finely corrugated spirally. Spire short, the apex obtuse, early whorls punctate. Whorls 4|, the last one inflated. Aperture large, ovate, yellowish inside ; peristome broadly ex- panded, reflexed, pale-edged, orange-red within ; columellar margin broadly dilated above, orange-red ; columella with a strong spiral fold above. Parietal callus moderate, orange -red. Alt. 51, diam. 28; length of aperture 40 mill. Alt. 56, diam. 30 ; length of aperture 41 mill. Alt. 45, diam. 24 ; length of aperture 29 J mill. Vanua Levu, southward of Natawa Bay ; terrestrial (Garrett). Bulimus hoyti GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 234, pi. 18, f. 7 (1872) — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 30. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 17, pi. 1, f. 8. — Placostylus hoyti SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy Catal. vi, p. 81 GARRETT; P. Z. S. 1887, p. 182.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 79, pi. 19, f. 1, 2. Readily distinguished from P. elobatus by its short, obese form, large aperture and expanded lip. P. ELOBATUS (Gould). PI. 43, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell perforate or umbilicate, long-ovate, moderately solid ; yellow or reddish-yellow, with irregular, often interrupted green or olive stripes and spots; the spire denuded of cuticle, flesh-colored, yellow- ish or white. Surface rather dull, sculptured with slight growth- lines and a dense conspicuous spiral corrugation, the wrinkles oblique above, often anastomosing. Apex obtuse, 2-| early whorls pitted when not eroded. Whorls 5 to 5^, slightly convex, the last moder- ately inflated, tapering below. Aperture oblong, typically reddish-yellow inside, becoming orange toward the peristome, which is pale-edged, blunt, and a trifle ex- panded ; columella obliquely folded above, a spiral callous ridge of whitish color being superposed in old shells ; the cokimellar margin dilated above; parietal callus thin and transparent. Alt. 59, diam. 27; longest axis of aperture 33 mm. 106 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. Alt. 57, diam. 26 ; longest axis of aperture 34^ mm. Alt. 58, diam. 25 ; longest axis of aperture 32 mm. Vanua Levu, Viti Is. Bulimus elobatus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1846, p. 190; U. S. Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 72, fig. 84.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 184; iii, 419 ; iv, 479 ; viii, p. 30 — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy]., 1864, p. 140 (excl. var.); 1875, p. 13 — GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch., 1872, p. 232, pi. 18, f. 2 — Placostylus elobatus Mouss., J. de C., 1870, p. 124 — SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy v, p. 93. — GAR- RETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 180.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 59, pi. 14, f. 2, 3 — Otostomus (Placostylus) elobatus SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., iii, p. 157, pi. 15, f. 5 — Bulimus colubrinus PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 138, pi. 51, f. 4; Malak. Bl., 1861, p. 13; Monogr. vi, p. 29. Conf. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy]., 1875, p. 13, pi. 1, f. 7 ; 1894, p. 171. — P. elobatus var. colubrinus KOBELT, Con- chyl. Cab. p. 129, pi. 31, f. 9 (copy from Crosse) ? Bulimus (Chans') roseus Gld., H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 147. The B. colubrinus of Pfeiffer was a small specimen, alt. 56 mill., but without varietal characters. Garrett writes as follows : " This fine species is found abundantly on the ground, and is con- fined to that part of Vanua Levu lying to the northward and west- ward of Natawa Bay, and ranges the whole length of the island. The finest examples were procured in the interior." " This species is restricted to the island of Vanua Levu, where it occurs beneath decaying vegetation. Examples inhabiting the in- terior of the island are larger and much finer than those found in the forests near the sea-shore. My largest specimens taken in the former location are 66 mill, long, and my smallest (adults) from near the sea -shore are only 46 in length. The shape varies from oblong-ovate to elongate-ovate. It is solid, white or ruddy beneath a fulvous epi- dermis, and ornamented with longitudinal dark green waved or zig- zagged stripes, which are more or less interrupted. The apical whorls are usually reddish. The aperture and lips are usually orange-red, and the throat frequently whitish. The last two whorls are minutely corrugated." Color- var. albino (pi. 43, fig. 5). Substance of the shell white under the cuticle. Aperture bluish-white, the peristome white. PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 107 P. GUAXENSIS (Garrett). PI. 42, figs. 93, 94; pi. 41, fig. 84. Shell urnbilicate, oblong-ovate, rather thin but strong, pale buff, zigzag-striped longitudinally with olive or olive-brown, the cuticle so thin as to be often eroded along the front edge of each dark stripe, wanting on the spire, which is buff or reddish-tinted. Surface nearly lustreless, sculptured with growth-wrinkles and densely corrugated spirally, on the spire decussated by impressed spirals cutting fold-like striae. Apex obtuse, earlier 2J whorls pitted. Whorls 5, convex, the last variable in degree of elongation. Aperture long-ovate, whitish or light orange within ; peris tome expanded, thickened within, varying from orange to white ; columella bearing a strong, compressed, white or whitish callous fold above ; the outer margin dilated. Alt. 49, diam. 20^; longest axis of aperture 28J mill. Alt. 41, diam. 20; longest axis of aperture 24^ mill. Gnau (Guari) island, Viti group. (A. J. Garrett.) Bulimus guanensis GARII., Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 235, pi. 18, f. 8 CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 19. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 36. — Placostylus gnauensis SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, vi, p. 81.— GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 184.— Placosty- lus guanensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 64, pi. 15, f. 6, 7 (not char- acteristic). The shell is smaller than P. elobatus and less strongly sculptured spirally ; P. rambiensis is more delicate and differently colored ; and P. gracilis has the lip decidedly broader. The variation in size and contour is remarkable, some shells being much elongated, as in the original figure, while others are short and shaped like P. rambiensis, as in Garrett's type, which is only 41 mill, long (fig. 93). The extremes are connected by numerous intervening sizes in the .series before me. Garrett writes as follows : " This graceful species is common and peculiar to Gnau Island, where it lives on trees and shrubs. It may be recognized by its rather thin texture, oblong-ovate or elongate-ovate form, whitish, yellowish, or reddish horn color, ornamented with longitudinal un- dulating olive green stripes, which are frequently shaded off with white. The surface is rugose, with small transverse corrugations. The aperture is tawny yellow or reddish, rarely white, and the lips, which are but slightly expancfed, are more intensely colored than is the throat. Length 45 mill." Types in coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences. 108 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. P. OCHROSTOMA (Garrett). PL 40, figs. 73, 74. Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovate, thin but moderately solid, pink- tinted white, in great part denuded of cuticle, which where retained is very thin, pale buff, with greenish or pale olive streaks or spots. Lustreless, the last whorl or part of it sculptured with rather coarse and irregular but low spiral and descending wrinkles ; the spire short, nude and ruddy, apex obtuse. Whorls 4-|, the earlier 1^ punctate when not deeply eroded ; the last whorl moderately inflated, tapering below. Aperture ovate, yellowish inside*, becoming darker, somewhat yolk-colored toward the lip. Peristome expanded, with pale blunt edge ; the basal margin somewhat effuse, columellar margin dilated above, reflexed ; columella with a strong regularly curved fold above. Alt. 32, diam. 17 ; longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Alt. 33^, diam. 16^; longest axis of aperture 20 mill. Alt. 31, diam. 16 ; longest axis of aperture 20 mill. Taviuni and Gomea, Viti Is. (Garrett). Bulimus ochrostoma GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, 1872, p. 232, pi. 18, f. 3 — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 36.— CROSSE, J. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 19. — Placostylus ochrostoma SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy vi, p. 81. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 56, pi. 13, f. 8, 9 (not characteristic) — Placostylus ochrostomvs (including ram- biensis'} GARRETT, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 183. Var. RAMBIENSIS (Garrett). PI. 40, figs. 71, 72. Larger than typical ochrostoma, with the shell-substance white or nearly so, the cuticle generally much more persistent, pale, profusely marked with triangular green spots, or sometimes merely streaks, on the last whorl or half whorl ; spiral wrinkle-sculpture the same. Aperture white within, the lip more or less yellow or saffron tinted. Alt. 38, diam. 20 ; longest axis of aperture 25J mill. Alt. 39, diam. 20 ; longest axis of aperture 24 mill. Rambi Island, Viti group (Garrett). Bulimus rambiensis GARRETT, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 233, pi. 18, f. 4. — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 36 CROSSE, J. de Con- chyl. 1875, p. 19. — Placostylus rambiensis SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy vi, p. 81.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 125, pi. 31, f. 2, 3 (not characteristic). PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 109 In this variety the basal lip is often narrowly reflexed. In his latest paper, Garrett unites rambiensis and ochrostoma, a conclusion in which I heartily concur, though there has apparently been some divergence which may render the retention of rambiensis in a varietal sense advisable. The species is obviously allied to P. guanensis, but differs in the thinner shell and cuticle, usually more inflated form, the less angular columellar fold, and different color-pattern. Garrett found two specimens on that part of Vanua Levu opposite to Rambi Island. He writes as follows : "It is the smallest species, so far known, in- habiting the group. It is rather variable in size, ranging from 28 to 40 mill, in length, and its shape varies from ovate to oblong-ovate. The texture is rather thin, the sculpture the same as on P. rugosus \_rugatus~], and the color ruddy corneous or whitish, often with a red- dish spire. Though very frequently wholly decorticated, the epi- dermis, when present, is very thin, light fulvous, and usually beauti- fully mottled with green, which is occasionally disposed in zigzag pattern. The aperture and lips are more or less intense saffron- yellow, paler in the throat. The columellar fold is not so conspic- uous, and is more vertical than in the preceding species (P. rugatus). The peristome, though usually simple, is often slightly expanded, particularly so in the Rambi shells, some of which have the lip slightly reflected." Garrett's types of ochrostoma and rambiensis are in the collection of the Academy. P. PFEIFFERI Kobelt. PI. 37, figs. 42, 43. Shell small, covered-perforate, ovate-fusiform, solid, and thick, striate, the last whorl closely sculptured with obliquely spiral wrinkles ; reddish flesh-colored, the last whorl whitish with olive- green markings, which are partly arranged in flammule-streaks, partly in spiral bands. Spire rather high conic, eroded, of a hand- some red color, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 5, separated by a lightly impressed suture, becoming deeper below, lightly crenu- lated and white edged; penultimate whorl more convex, the last whorl descending in front, scarcely inflated, a little longer than the spire. Aperture scarcely half the length of the shell, acutely ovate, some- what ear-shaped, nearly vertical, but retracted a little below, yel- 110 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. lowish inside ; peristorne thickened, spreading below, but scarcely reflexed, yellowish, the margins approaching and connected by a thin but distinct callus; columellar margin scarcely reflexed, bearing a strong, twisted and compressed whitish fold above. (Kobelt.) Alt. 38, diam. 20, aperture 20 mill. Viti Levu, in the interior. Bulimm elobatus PFR., Novit. Conch, iii, p. 418, pi. 95, f. 7, 8 (not of Gould) — Placostylus pfeijferi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 130, pi. 32, f. 2, 3 (1891). A small, solid species, probably near P. ochrostoma ; considered by Pfeiffer a variety of P. elobatus, and by Crosse referred to P. graeffei as a var. minor. It is shorter and wider than P. vitiensis Garrett. The type is in Dohrn's collection. P. VITIENSIS Garrett. Unfigured. " Shell umbilieated, oblong-ovate, rather solid, slightly shining ; rosy flesh color beneath a thin translucent epidermis, which is decor- ated with longitudinal olive-green zigzag stripes; surface of the last two whorls with small longitudinal stria3 and small transverse corru- gations ; spire obtuse, decorticated, minutely punctured, two-thirds the length of the shell ; whorls 5, moderately convex, the last one attenuated at the base ; aperture slightly oblique, oblong, auriform, light-fulvous ; peristome white, rather widely expanded and some- what reflected ; columellar lip dilated, and the fold oblique and prominent." Length 41, diam. 17 mill. (Garrett.) Placostylus vitiensis Garr., SCHMELTZ, Mus. Godeffroy Catal. vi, p. 81 (no description) — GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 184. " I obtained 20 living examples of this species, which were col- lected by the natives at Na Viti Levu Bay, on the N.-E. coast of Viti Levu. It is smaller and a more graceful species than P. fulgu- ratus and the base is more contracted." (Garrett). P. C4RACILIS (Broderip). PI. 41, figs. 80, 81, 82, 83. Shell openly compressed-umbilicate, oblong, rather solid, pink or white under a pale olive-buff, yellow or rufous-buff cuticle, marked with irregular or zigzag olive flames, streaks and spots ; the spire uniform red or yellowish-white. Surface somewhat glossy, closely striated and strongly, densely corrugated spirally. Apex obtuse ; whorls 4J to 4J, moderately convex, the last oblong, inflated. PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. Ill Aperture ovate, white or brown-tinted inside; peristome white, well reflexed, the columellar margin dilated, encroaching upon the parietal wall ; columella with a moderate or strong and heavily cal- loused fold above. Length 51, diam. 25 ; longest axis of aperture 33 mill. Length 42, diam. 20^ ; longest axis of aperture 27-J- mill. Viti Levu and Ovalau 7s., Viti group, on trunks and foliage of trees (Garrett). Plekocheilus gracilis BROD., P. Z. S., 1840, p. 182. — Bulimus ful- guratus JAY, Revue £ool., 1842, p. 80 ; Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1843, pi. 62 — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conch., ii, p. 10, pi. 3, f. 2. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 55 ; iii, 316 ; iv, 378 ; vi, 23 ; viii, 34 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 29, f. 175.— GLD., U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 80, fig. 77.— Mouss., J. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 195.— CROSSE, J. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 137 ; 1875, p. 17. — GARRETT, Amer. Journ. of Conch., 1872, p. 231, pi. 18, f. 1. — Placostylus fulguratus Mous- SON, J. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 125 — SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godef- froy v, p. 92. — GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 180.— KOBELT, Con- chyl. Cab., p. 60, pi. 14, f. 4, 5, 6 — Charis fulguratus FFLD., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 874. — Otostornus fulguratus SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 158, pi. 17, f. 10 .(teeth). — Bidimus eximius REEVE, Conch. System, ii, p. 81, pi. 173, f. 2 (1842). Bulimus crossiiabrum GARRETT, Amer. Jour. Conch., vii, 1872, p. 233> pi. 18, f. 5 — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 35. — CROSSE, J. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 18. — Placostylus crassilabrum SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy v, p. 93.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 61, pi. 14, f. 7, 8 — Placostylus rugatus var. crassilabris GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 183. Bidimus rugatus GARRETT, Amer Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 234, pi. 18, f. 6. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1875, p. 18. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 35. — Placostylus rugatus SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, vi, p. 81 — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 126, pi. 31, f. 4, and var. minor, f. 5, 6.— GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 183.— P. vugatus PFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 217. This was the first Vitian Placostylus to be described ; and as the name gracilis is pre-occupied in neither Plekocheilus or Placostylus, the propriety of restoring it will be apparent. The spiral corrugation, while varying a good deal in degree of 112 PLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. coarseness, is perhaps never so fine as in the variety rugatus, and the lip is less developed than in var. crassilabrum. In P. elobatus the lip is merely a little expanded, not reflexed as in gracilis. • Var. RUGATUS (Garrett). PL 42, figs. 89, 90. Rather shorter than P. gracilis, and with perceptibly finer spiral corrugation ; whorls 4^ ; aperture large, white, the lips white or faintly cream-tinted ; cuticle pale buff, with olive spots and streaks, the spire pink or whitish. Alt. 43, diam. 22^ ; longest axis of aperture 69 mill. Alt. 41, diam. 22 ; longest axis of aperture 27^ mill. Alt. 40, diam. 21-J; longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Vanua Levu, Yiti Is.; arboreal (Garrett). Distinguished from P. gracilis chiefly by the somewhat larger aperture, the last whorl being larger and rather more inflated, the outer lip consequently more evenly arched ; these differences being correlated with geographic isolation. Kobelt's var. minor of P. rugatus has no differential characters, being merely a moderately small shell, alt. 40.5 mill. Var. CRASSILABRUM (Garrett). PI. 42, fig. 91, 92. Similar to var. rugatus in the short spire and fine corrugation, but more solid, the peristome is strongly recurved and heavily thickened ; columellar fold stronger. Alt. 43, diam. 22-J ; longest axis of aperture, including peristome, 30 mill. Alt. 41, diam. 20^ ; longest axis of aperture, including peristome, 28 mill. Vanua Levu, in the interior, at about the middle of the island ; arboreal. Some shells are almost wholly denuded of the thin cuticle, expos- ing the white or slightly pink -tinted substance of the shell ; the spire is buffer flesh-tinted. The types of rugatus and crassilabrum are in the collection of the Academy. P. MALLEATUS (Jay). PI. 41, figs. 75, 76, 77. Shell compressed-umbilicate, oblong-ovate, rather thin ; white, with brown or olive-brown irregular blotches, often arranged in longitudinal stripes, sometimes triangular or zigzag, smaller spots being scattered BULIMULID>E. PLATE 16. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 17, PLATE 18 33 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 19. 38 40 BULI^ULID^E. PLATE 2O. BULIMULID>E. PLATE 21. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 22. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 28. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 24. 12 13 11 BULIMULID^. PLATE 28. BULIMULIDyE. PI-ATE 26. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 27. BULIMULIDyE. PLATE 28. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 29. 39 38 40 BULIMULID^E. PLATE SO. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 31 BULIMULID^. PLATE 32. 21 \ 20 22 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 33 8 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 34 f *v FLACOSTYLUS, FIJI IS. 113 among the larger ; the, spire white. Surface nearly lusterless, sculp- tured with irregular growth-wrinkles, and either conspicuously or lightly malleated spirally. Whorls nearly 5, slightly convex, the last inflated. Aperture long-ovate, white, faintly -brown-tinted, or with gray markings within ; peristome broadly reflexed, especially below, white ; columellar margin dilated, free. Columella having a rather angular fold above. Alt. 59, diam. 30 ; aperture 39 mill. Alt. 50, diam. 25 ; aperture 34 mill. Viti Levu and Ooalan 7s., Viti group ; arboreal (Garrett). Bulimus maHeatus JAY, Revue Zool., 1842, p. 80; Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1843, pi. 61. — PHTLIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. ii, p. 10, Bui, pi. 3, f. 4.— PFK., Monogr. ii, p. 55 ; iii, 316 ; iv, 378 ; vi, 23 ; viii, 34 GARRETT, Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, 1872, p. 231. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 29, f. 174. — DESK, in Fer., Hist., p. 47, pi. 144, f. 11, 12 — GLD., U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll. p. 81, f. 78 CHENU, Man. Conch., i, p. 436, f. 4201 — CROSSE, J. de C., 1864, p. 136; 1875, p. 20. — Placostylus malleatus Mouss., J. de C., 1870, p. 125. — 'ScmiELTz, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, v, p. 92. — GARRETT, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 179.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 29, pi. 7, f. 2, 3. The malleation is inconspicuous in some shells, and the character- istic olive-brown blotches are sometimes wanting or very sparse. Such specimens resemble P. morosus, but may be known by the larger size, more oblong aperture, flattened basal lip, etc. In a series of fifteen specimens before me, no two are alike in markings. P. MOROSUS (Gould). Pi! 41, figs. 78, 79. Shell compressed-umbilicate, rather acutely ovate, thin, pure white throughout. Surface but slightly shining, rudely, coarsely and irreg- ularly wrinkled longitudinally, slightly malleated in places. Spire rather slender, the apex obtuse, the earlier whorls punctate. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the last inflated. Aperture large, ovate, vertical, white ; the peristome broadly re- flexed and recurved at the edge, its face convex ; columellar margin dilated, the columella having a rather strong fold above. Alt. 50, diam. 26 ; aperture with peristome 33 mill. Alt. 44, diam. 23J ; aperture with peristome 30 mill. 8 114 PLACOSTYLUS DIPLOMORPHA. Vanua Levu, Rambi, Koro, Taviuni, Gomea, Lanthala (Garrett) and Viti Levu (Graeffe), Viti Is. Arboreal. Bulimus morosus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1846, p. 190; U. S. Expl. Exped., Shells, p. 72, fig. 82 — PFR.,Monogr. ii, p. 56 ; iii, 316; iv, 373; vi, 86; viii, 37. — GARRETT, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, 1872, p. 232 — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 20, pi. 8, f. 1. — KOBELT, Jahrb. d. d. malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 225, pi. 7, f. 7, 8. — Placostylus morosus Mouss., J. de C., 1870, p. 125 SCHMELTZ, Catal. Mus. Godeffroy v, p. 93 SMITH, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 270 GARRETT, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 181.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 30, pi. 7, f. 4, 5. — Bulimus elobatas var. minor CROSSE, J. de C. 1864, p. 140. This very distinct arboreal species has a wider range than any other species inhabiting the Vitian group. The pointed-ovate form, irregularly wrinkled and dead white surface and large aperture with broadly spreading and reflexed lip, are its prominent features. It is less elongated and less malleated than P. malleatus. According to Garrett " There exists a rare abbreviated variety on the west end of Vanua Levu, which exhibits a few olivaceous markings similar to those on the latter species." Subgenus DIPLOMORPHA Ancey, 1884. Diplomorpha ANCEY, II Naturalista Siciliano, iii, p. 344 (Sept. 1, 1884). Type Partula layardi Braz — HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, p. 35 — Not Diplomorphw Giraud, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), i, p. 409, 1871 (ffymenoptera). Shell small, compactly ovate, umbilicate or rimate, solid, composed of 3^-5^ convex whorls, the earlier 1J densely sculptured with waved or crinkled wrinkles when not eroded. Cuticle thin and lineolate when present. Aperture ovate, the peristome thickened or reflexed, usually stained with orange or red within. Type D. layardi. Distribution, New Hebrides. A group of small species, mostly described by Dr. W. D. Hart- man, intermediate between Partula and Placostylus in appearance, but shown to belong to the latter group by the characteristic orange- red color usually dyeing the interior, and the apical sculpture, which is very unlike that of any Partula (pi. 72, fig. 17). The lineolate cuticle is also a bond between these species and the PLACOSTYLUS DIPLOMORPHA. 115 Placostyli of the P. hartmam group. The statement of Dr. Hart- man that the anatomy is like that of Partula was evidently not based upon an adequate knowledge of the subject. I do not regard the present group as in any true sense intermediate between Partula and Placostylus. If Diplomorpha be held to be preoccupied by the prior Diplomor- phus, it may be replaced by Hebridaria. Key to Species, a. Length of aperture much exceeding half that of the shell; whorls 31-41 b. A parietal tooth and columellar fold developed. layardi, p. 115. b\ No parietal tooth or distinct columellar fold. c. Aperture vertical. d. Ovate, outer lip hardly expanded, orange-red ; whorls 3f. brazieri, p. 116. c?1. Obese ; outer lip -well expanded or refiexed ; cuticle lineolate. e. Last whorl much dilated ; umbilicus very ample. peasei, p. 117. c1. Last whorl less dilated, umbilicus smaller. delutouri, p. 117. c1. Aperture oblique ; peristome reflexed ; whorls 4-J. coxiana, j>. 118. a1. Length of aperture about half that of the shell, or less ; whorls 5^. b. Strongly plicate at the sutures. ruga, p. 119. b1. Not plicate. bernieri, p. 1 1 i). P. L \YARDI ('Brazier' Hartman). PI. 72, figs. 1-5, 17. Shell umbilicate, oval, very solid and strong, dull and lusterless, wanting cuticle, the surface coarsely, irregularly wrinkled in harmony with growth-lines, usually stronger, fold-like below the suture ; white throughout, or yellowish ; orange-tinted or dull brown, deepen ing to purplish or dull red behind the lip. Whorls 3^ to 3|, the apex small, rather obtuse, earlier 1J whorls densely and finely sculptured with waved and anastomosing wrinkles ; sutures deeply impressed ; last whorl large, inflated. Aperture ear-shaped, but slightly oblique, and either with the peristome entirely white, or 116 PLACOSTYLUS — DIPLOMORPHA. deep orange-scarlet, paler in the throat and on the face of the lip ; peristome expanded or subreflexed, its face moderately or very much thickened; thickened within, but somewhat excavated and sinuous near the upper insertion ; columellar margin reflexed, partially clos- ing the umbilicus, thickened within, forming a more or less distinct angle with the basal margin ; bearing a. very strong, tooth-like callous fold a7>ove. Parietal callus rather heavy, bearing a high, compressed tooth in or near the middle, situated well inward. Alt. 22, diam. 13.7, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 18. 2, diam. 12.7, longest axis of aperture 12.7 mill. New Hebrides : Vate Island. Partula layardi Brazier, ANCEY, II Naturalista Siciliano iii, p. 344 (Sept. 1, 1884), no description. — HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 18 (no description). This species has not hitherto been described, as Ancey gave only a diagnosis of his group Diplomorpha, and Hartman gave a figure. The latter however may be held to define the species. I cannot find that Mr. Brazier ever described the species, and Hartman, who gave me his MSS. bibliographic catalogue of Partula and Diplo- morpha, revised within a year or two of his death, leaves a blank in place of a reference to Brazier. Some apparently fresh specimens are quite white throughout (fig. 5), while others are richly colored. None in a considerable series before me seems to have any trace of the cuticle, though it may pos- sibly be present on some dark specimens (figs. 1, 2). The typical form plate 72, figs. 1, 2, has the lip only moderately thickened, and the exterior of a dull brown color. Other specimens have the lip greatly thickened and white or brilliant orange, and the exterior is either orange, purplish or white. P. BRAZIKRI (Hartman). PI. 72, fig. 6. Shell umbilicate, ovate, moderately solid, the specimens yet known without cuticle, whitish-yellow, becoming bright yellow arid then red- orange behind the lip, the spire orange. Surface rather coarsely wrinkle-striate. Whorls 3J, convex, the last inflated, very slowly and slightly ascending in front. Aperture ovate, vertical, yellowish within ; peristome red-orange throughout, the outer lip very slightly expanded, becoming expanded below, the columellar margin reflexed. Columella concave below, straightened above, not truncate ; parietal PLACOSTYLUS D1PLOMORPHA. 117 callus rather thin, yellowish. Alt. 18.2, diam. 12.8, longest axis of aperture 11.6 mill. New Hebrides : Aura Island. Diplomorpha brazieri HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 93, pi. 5, f. 6 (June, 1889). This very distinct species differs from others in the almost unex- panded outer lip. It is probably nearest P. layardi, which is very different in the aperture. Described and figured from the type. P. PEASEI (Cox). PI. 72, figs. 7, 8, 9. ** Shell deeply and openly umbilicated, ovately conical, very broadly inflated toward the base ; spire short, broadly conical ; whorls 5, convex, last rapidly increasing in size and inflated ; suture im- pressed ; aperture squarely ovate, obliquely produced, lip and colu- mella white, thickened, and broadly reflected, interior of aperture orange-red ; covered with a striated dark chestnut epidermis. Length 0.94, breadth 0.70 of an inch." (Cox.) Solomon Is. (Rainbird). Partula peasei Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 644, pi. 52, f. 2.— PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 208. Named in honor of W. Harper Pease. I doubt the locality as- signed to this species. It is evidently very near P. delatouri Hartm., from which it differs in the more inflated last whorl and far more ample umbilicus. The single specimen before me (pi. 72, figs. 7, 8) is denuded of cuticle, the last two whorls being flesh-tinted, those above orange-tinted. Whorls 4J, convex, the last much inflated, ascending in front, the later half obliquely produced below ; a distinct groove is seen behind the lip, running backward, indicated internally by a slight ridge and a distinct prominence within the middle of the outer lip. The aperture is vertical, and the peristome broadly flaring throughout, almost reflexed. There is no prominence on the colu- mella, which is oblique and straight in the middle, and the moderate parietal callus bears no tooth. Alt. 23, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 16-J mill. P. DELATOURI (Hartman). PI. 72, figs. 10, 11, 12. Shell umbilicate, obesely ovate, moderately solid, slightly shining. Gray-whitish, deepening to fleshy-purple behind the lip, under a thin yellowish cuticle with narrow darker or reddish-brown streaks. Sur- face smoothish, with slight growth-wrinkles and some spiral stria- tion, usually rather faint. Whorls 4£-4|, convex, the last very 118 PLACOSTYLUS DIPLOMORPHA. large, inflated. Aperture subvertical, pale within, becoming red or orange within the lip, the parietal callus dull crimson within ; peri- stome reflexed and recurved, ivory white, thickened within, especi- ally at and below the middle of the outer lip, there being a projec- tion or blunt tooth just above the middle, and a distinct though wide sinus above. Columella obliquely truncated at base, straight above; parietal wall covered with a heavy, white-edged callus. Alt. 20, diam. 14, length of aperture 12 mill (type). Alt. 24-J, diam. 17, length of aperture 16f mill. Alt. 16J, diam. 11J, length of aperture 11 mill. New Hebrides : Aura Island, in the Malo Pass, on the ground (De la Tour). Partula (Diplomorpha) De la Touri HARTMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1886, p. 35, pi. 2, f. 19 MABILLE, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, viii Bull., 1895, p. 411. Allied to P. peasei (Cox), from which it differs in the much less obese last whorl and narrower umbilicus. In other respects the two species are closely allied. P. delatouri varies remarkably in size. Hartman's type (fig. 10) is intermediate between the largest and smallest examples. P. COXIANA Pilsbry, n. n. PL 72, figs. 13, 14. Shell umbilicate, ovate, solid and strong, denuded of cuticle, white, faintly flesh-tinted, becoming fleshy near the lip, the earlier three whorls dull reddish, fading to an obscure yellow toward the suture above. Surface somewhat glossy, irregularly wrinkle-striate, with- out spiral striation ; the first 1^ whorls densely and minutely wave- wrinkled. Spire rather short, the apex obtuse, whorls 4J, rather convex, the last excavated behind the columellar lip, forming a rather open umbilicus, which however scarcely penetrates beyond the last whorl, and is grooved within. Aperture decidedly oblique, ovate, white within, becoming orange toward the lip; peristome broadly reflexed, white, its face convex, thickened within, the outer lip regularly arcuate. Columella orange within and slightly con- cave, making an angle with the basal margin; its edge very broadly expanded and reflexed ; parietal callus rather heavy, white edged, orange within. Alt. 27, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 16.3 mill. New Hebrides: Aneiteum (Dr. J. C. Cox). PLACOSTYLUS DIPLOMORPHA. 119 Diplomorpha coxi HAKTMAN, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi, p. 571, pi. 21, f. 1, 3, 6 (Sept. 30, 1891). Not P. coxi Pease, see p. 90. Not nearly allied to any other species, though P. bernieri and P. ruga resemble it somewhat. What relation it holds toward P. coxi Pse. (see p. 90), said to be from the Solomon Is., remains to be ascertained ; but there is evidently some resemblance. De- scription and figure from the type, in coll. Dr. J. C. Cox. P. RUGA (Hartman). PI. 72, fig. 15. " Shell moderately thick, translucent, ovate-elongate, body-whorl somewhat inflated. Whorls 5J, rounded, suture impressed, crenulate. Four apical whorls with minute spiral stria3, aperture rounded oval, spire half the length, epidermis absent, oblique lines of growth coarse, umbilicus compressed, lip white, reflected, flat, with a heavy deposit on the pillar lip. Color white. Height 28, width 15 mill.; height of aperture 10, width of aperture 6 mill." (Hartm.) New Hebrides : Segon Island. Bulimus ruga HARTM., Proc. Acad. Njat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 284, pi. 3, f. 1. — Diplomorpha ruga ANCEY, Nautilus xi, p. 26 (July, 1897). " This shell, of which I have seen but two weather beaten exam- ples, has the facies of a Partula, to which it may eventually be as- signed. At every stage of growth the upper angle of the labium leaves a fold on the suture, giving it the appearance of a ruffle, hence the name." (Hartman.) P. BERNIERI (Hartman). PL 72, fig. 16. " Shell moderately thick, translucent, ovate-elongate, whorls 5-J, rounded, suture impressed, surface with fine elevated, regular longi- tudinal striae. Spire more than half the length, epidermis absent. Color white, umbilicus compressed, aperture irregularly oval, of a beautiful reddish-orange color within, lip white, reflected and con- cave ; pillar lip with a heavy deposit. Height 23, width 15 mill.; height of aperture 10, width of aperture 7 mill." (Hartm.} New Hebrides : Segon Island (Bernier). Bulimus bernieri HARTM., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 284, pi. 3, f. 2 Diplomorpha bernieri ANCEY, Nautilus xi, p. 26. Neither P. ruga or P. bernieri are known to me by specimens. 120 PAPUINA. Dr. Kobelt, ten years ago, referred them to the Partulidce (Bericht ueber die Wissensch. Leistungen in der Malak., 1890, p. 374). Mr. C. F. Ancey later writes as follows concerning them : " I succeeded when in Paris in December, 1896, in procuring specimens. My opinion was they were not at all " Bulimi," as suggested by Dr. Hartman, but modified forms of the Diplomorpha type. I now think there can be but little doubt they belong to the latter genus. The texture of shell, outline and external characters are not dissimilar, and in the best preserved specimens of Diplomorpha ruga and ber- nieri both have the throat tinged with blood-red color as in the typi- cal D. layardi, although the describer mentioned the fact in one of them only. No epidermis remains on the shells, not very numerous indeed, observed by me, but it may be very deciduous, and its absence gives the shells a rough and uneven appearance. I am indebted to Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg for a nice example of berm'eri, and the shell is somewhat straw-colored like ruga. Of the latter, I procured two specimens, one much larger than the type, the other, on the contrary, considerably smaller. The parietal denticle is wanting in the species under consideration, as well as in Diplomorpha delatouri" ^AUSTRALIAN BULIMOID HELICID^. Various Australian species, originally described as Bulimus, have proved to belong to groups of Helicidce already described in this work. As the contour is suggestive of Bulimulidce, this seems an appropriate place to supply the omitted descriptions. They are fig- ured on plates 4 and 5. Genus PAPUINA Martens. (Vol. IX, pp. 136, 141). P. FOLICOLA Hedley. PI. 4, figs. 69, 70. " Shell nearly imperforate, of a lengthened oval form, rather thin, smooth, very indistinctly striated, not shining, white, with numerous black and reddish spiral bands, and, on each whorl, more or less distinctly, a band of elongated black or reddish markings ; spire acutely conical, bluish at the tip ; whorls 6, very slightly convex, last not ventricose, deeply and irregularly stained with black and red ; aperture uprightly oval ; peristome simple, regular, thin, colu- mellar margin white, slightly expanded and reflected, but not quite covering the umbilical orifice. Length 0.77, breadth 0.40, length of aperture 0.40 inch" (Cox). PAPU1NA. 121 Queensland, Australia: Burnett River, in the tops of trees (Bid- will). Miriam Vale, Warro, on leaves of trees in the scrub (Musson); Maryborough (Hedley). Bulimus bidwilli Cox, Monogr. Australian Land Shells, p. 72, pi. 13, f. 11 (1868).— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. viii, p. 147 HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, v, p. 64 (1888) Bulimus (?) bidwilli Cox, HEDLEY & MUSSON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi, p. 557 (1892). — Papuina folicola. HEDLEY, Nautilus vii, p. 74 (1893) PILSBRY, Man. Conch, ix, p. 141. Not Papuina bidwilli Pfr., 1853. This species has the appearance of a Rachis, but is held by Hedley to be a member of the conscendens group of Papuina. P. MACLEAYI (Brazier). PI. 4, figs. 66, 67, 6.8. Shell minutely perforated, ovate-conic, extremely thin and fragile, translucent, corneous-brown. Surface shining, sculptured with fine, slight growth-wrinkles, and faintly engraved traces of spiral lines. Spire conic, the apex small, slightly obtuse, smooth, whorls 5-J-, quite -convex, the last inflated. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique ; outer lip thin and simple, columellar lip rather broadly reflexed above, nearly closing the umbilical chink. Alt. 12.5, diam. 8, longest axis of aperture 6.5 mill. Alt. 7-^, breadth 4, length of aperture 4^ lines (Brazier). East side of Tide Island, British New Guinea, oh trees in the wet season, at their roots in crevices of coral in the dry (Brazier, type locality for B. macleayi); Mount Ernest Island, Torres Strait, on small trees (Beddome, type locality for B. beddomei); Thursday Id. (Brazier). Also on the Australian mainland, Port Darwin, at Fannie Bay (Edw. Spalding). Bulimus macleayi BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales i, p. 108 (1876) TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Annali Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat. di Geneva, xix, p. 104, pi. 2, f. 16, 17 (1883) Bulimus beddomei BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales i, p. 127 (no description); P. L. S. N. S. W. iv, p. 395, 1880.— TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. S. Australia v, p. 50 (1882) — HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. .Soc. Queensl. v, p. 64 (1888); Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vi, p. 97 (1891). This species is evidently a member of the folicola group of Papuina. B. beddomei was never formally described, but Mr. Brazier states 122 PANDA. that it differs from B. macleayi only in being a little smaller, thinner, pale yellowish-brown irregularly streaked with darker yellow, ob- lique, narrow lines, the umbilicus smaller. Figures 66, 67 are from Tapparone Canefri's illustration of the typical form from Yule Island, fig. 68 being drawn from a specimen from Mt. Ernest Island, supplied by Dr. J. C. Cox. The type is in the Macleay Museum. Genus PANDA Albers. Man. Conch, ix, p. 163 ; viii, p. 293 ; vi, p. 74. The amplification of the limits of this genus by Mr. Hedley and myself, renders further treatment of the group necessary, to find place for the Bulimoid forms. P. FALCONERI (' Reeve ' Gray). Vol. vi, p. 75. Helicophanta falconeri Reeve MSS., GRAY, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 63. — Helix falconari REEVE, Con<:h. Syst. ii, p. 69 (1842). P. maconelli Reeve (Vol. vi, p. 76) is considered a variety of fal- coneri by Hedley, who has illustrated the connecting links (Rec. Austr. Mus. ii, p. 30, pi. 4, 1892). Dr. Cox has illustrated the liv- ing animal of maconelli^ Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2), vi, p.. 570, pi. 20, fig. 1. See vol. viii, p. 293 for other varieties of this species. P. ATOMATA (Gray). PI. 5, figs. 81, 82. Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, rather thin but solid. Yellow with fine, crowded, interrupted or waved reddish lines, and usually some more conspicuous blotches, rarely uniform reddish. Surface smoothish, somewhat shining, sculptured with slight growth-wrinkles and very fine, close, undulating spiral striae. Apex obtuse ; nearly two nepionic whorls with close spiral series of small granules. Whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last oblong. Aperture ovate, purplish, fleshy or bluish tinted within with some pearly luster; but slightly oblique ; outer lip simple and blunt; col- umella subvertical, a little arcuate, reflexed and adnate above. Alt. 58, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 32 mill. Alt. 44, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 25.5 mill. New South Wales, Australia : Near Scone (Cox, Hedley); 70 miles from Port Macquarie (Cunningham); Ash Island and ffexham, Hun- ter River (Scott); Port Stephens ; Manning River (King). PANDA. . 123 Bulinms atomatus GRAY, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 64. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 30, f. 184.— PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 171 ; iii, 407; iv, 467; vi, 108 ; viii, 145.— Cox, Mon. Austr. L. 8. Sh., p. 71, pi. 13, f. 8 ; pi. 18, f. 15. — Panda atomata HEDLEY, Abstract Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, April, 1892.— PILSBRY, Nautilus vi, p. 9 (1892).— HEDLEY, Rec. Austr. Mus. ii, p. 26, pi. 5, f. 10 (apical sculpture), 11 (jaw), 13 (genitalia); pi. 6, f. 14, 15 (teeth) PILSBRY, Man. Conch. (2), ix, p. 164. P. atomata is variable in coloring, the dark blotches conspicuous on some shells being almost or quite absent on others ; and sometimes a sombre chestnut tint obscures the finer markings. There is also a clear yellow form lacking the chestnut lines (v. azonata), and a nearly uniform tawny-chestnut or " rich olive-brown " form, in which the chestnut pigment is generally diffused over the shell, not segre- gated in lines and blotches (v. ponsonbii). Var. KERSHAWI (Brazier). PI. 5, fig. 84. " Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, diaphanous, shining, dark. yellow- ish brown, marked with numerous longitudinal and irregular dark yellow and brown lines, some broad and some very narrow, rather running one into the other ; and under the lens are to be seen longi- tudinal and transverse small granulations ; spire moderately conical, rather obtuse at the apex ; suture crenulated ; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated, equaling more than one-half of the length of the whole shell ; aperture broadly ovate, interior bluish-white ; peristome sim- ple, acute, straight, thin, the anterior and outer margins arched; columella straight, nearly vertical above, slightly expanded and re- flected, with a thin deposit of callus on the columellar side and joined at the upper, part of the peristome. Length 2, breadth 1 J, alt. 1 ; aperture 1£ long, breadth f inch." (Brazier.) Snowy River ) Gipps Land, Victoria (Mr. W. Kershaw). Bulimus (Liparus) kershawi BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 641. — Panda atomata var. kershawi Braz., HEDLEY, Rec. Austr. Mus. ii, p. 29, 31, pi. 5, f. 9 (1892). " This fine species I have named in honor of its discoverer, Mr. W. Kershaw, of Victoria, to whom I am indebted for a specimen. It approaches in appearance to B. larreyi Brazier, and B. atomatus Gray. It differs from those species in not having the dark spots and zigzag lines that are so characteristic in them." (Braz.) 124 PANDA. Var. elongata Hedley. PI. 5, fig. 82. More elevated than the type, and represented by Mon. Austr. L Shells, pi. 18, f. 15 (Hedley, t. c.9 p. 31). Var. azonata Hedley. Bandless, entire shell straw-yellow colored (Hedley, 1. c.). Thii seems to differ but little from the next variety. Var. ponsonbii (Angas). PI. 5, fig. 83. " Shell imperforate, elongately ovate, solid, shining, everywher< marked with very fine decussated transverse stria? crossing the linei of growth, rich olive-brown without any markings, paler towards th< apex; whorls 5, slightly convex; spire conical, blunt at the apex aperture pale lilac within, longer than the spire, wider towards th< base, outer lip simple ; columella arcuate, the margins united by i strong spreading callus. Length 2 inches 2 lines, breadth, 1 inch.' (Angas.) Western Australia Bulimus ponsonbii ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 170, pi. 26, f. 1 Bulimus (Liparus) ponsonbii Ang., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. i, p 94. — Conf. HEDLEY, t. c., p. 260. *' This seems to have been hitherto overlooked by authors, or con founded in some unaccountable manner with the Bulimus atomatus o Gray, from New South Wales, from which it is altogether distinct I found three examples in the British Museum labelled B. atomatu, var., with a note on the back of the tablet stating that they wen obtained by Mr. John Gould in Western Australia in 1830." (Angas.\ The imperforate axis, pale lilac color of the mouth, and the con tour, all incline me to adopt Hedley's opinion that this is merely i form of P. atomata, and from New South Wales, not Western Aus tralia. A specimen before me from Ash Island, N. S. W., agrees exactly with Angas' figure in color and form, entirely lacking tin chestnut lineolation of the ordinary form. P. LARREYI (Brazier). PL 5, figs. 79, 80. Shell imperforate, long-ovate, thin; pale yellowish or pale red closely marked with fine, very short, irregular, obliquely descending lines or dots forming spiral zones alternating with bands of arrow- shaped or obliquely rhombic blackish-chestnut spots, the subsutural row squarish. Surface lusterless, faintly marked with growth-Stria! Spire short, conic, the apex very obtuse with sunken tip. Whorls CARYODES. 125 3^, the first keeled above, with concave crown, first 1^ densely gran- ose in spiral series, next half-whorl longitudinally striate, the striae more or less granulous. Aperture very large, ovate, showing the markings within ; outer lip thin and simple; columella concave, thin, with a sharp, thread- like edge. Alt. 24, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Alt. 28J, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 20 mill. Bulimus larreyi BRAZ., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 32l.—Bulimma (Le- parus} larreyi Braz., Cox, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales (2), ii, p. 1062, pi. 20, f. 1, 2 (1888).— Panda larreyi Braz., HEDLEY, Rec. Austr. Mus., ii, p. 29. — PILSBRY, Man. Concli. ix, p. 164, pi. 46, f. 13, 14 (after Cox). Queensland, Australia: Manarm Creek, Bellengen (Bellenger) River, under burnt logs (King Larrey). Northern N. S. W.: Clar- ence River (Cox). The specimen illustrated is not quite mature. Brazier's type meas- ured one inch two lines long. I have lately received very beautiful specimens nearly 30 mill, long, from Dr. J. C. Cox, showing varia- tion in the girdles of blackish spots. The surface in fresh specimens has a velvet-like appearance. Mr. Hedley writes: "I have lately seen an extensive series of Panda larreyi. It seems to constantly differ from atomata in the smaller size, narrower form and more vivid coloration. Its geographic range is different. Going north it immediately succeeds atomata, and inhabits the coastal area between the Hunter and the Clarence Rivers, N. S. W." Named for a native chief. Genus CARYODES Albers. Manual, vol. ix, p. 161. C. DUFRESNII (Leach). PI. 5, figs. 85-93. Shell imperforate, oval or oblong, solid ; typically dull reddish- brown, paler on the spire, with a peripheral pair of olive-yellow bands enclosing a dark girdle. Surface varying from dull to glossy, densely and minutely punctate throughout (or with this sculpture ob- solete on the last whorl or its lower half). Spire convexly conic, with extremely obtuse apex. Whorls 4J to 5J. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, the columellar margin sinuous; 126 CARYODES. outer lip light edged, blunt and simple ; columella vertical, expanded and adnate, white, subtruncate at its junction with the deeply arcuate basal lip. Alt. 35, diam. 20, length of aperture 19 mill, (typical). Alt. 45, diam. 24, length of aperture 23 mill. Alt. 23, diam. 11, length of aperture 11.5 mill. (Cataract Hill). Alt. 17. diam. 10.5, length of aperture 9 mill. (Georgetown). Tasmania : Hobart and Swansea, on the East coast ; JBothwell, about 50 miles N. of Hobart ; Ringarooma, in the extreme N.-E.; St. Leonards, near Launceston, Georgetown, and Pattersonia, in the North; PortDavey, in the Southwest, and Macquarie Harbor, on the west coast. Probably inhabits the whole island. Bulimus dufresnii LEACH, Zoological Miscellany, ii, p. 154, pi. 120 (1815) Chenu's reprint, Bibl. Conch., iii, p. 11, pi. 9, f. 7. — DESH., in Larn., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 246. — PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 168; iii, 406; iv, 466; vi, 105; viii, 143 — REEVE, Conch. Icon. p. 37, f. 319.— Cox, Mon. Austr. Land Shells, p. 70, pi. 13, f. 12.— Helix dufresnii FEB., Prodr. p. 48; Histoire, pi. 113, f. 1, 2,3.— QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. Voy. Astrolabe, ii, p. 118, pi. 10, f. 1-3. — TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii, p. 81, pi. 7 (variations of shell, etc.j — HEDLEY P. L. S. N. S. W. (2), vi, p. 19, pi. 3,f.l (living animal). — Orthostylm dufresnii BECK, Index Moll., p. 50 — Bulimus \ Caryodes} dufresnii ALBERS, Die Hel., p. 141 — Caryodes dufresnii FRAUENFELD, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xix, 1869, p. 874 — SEMPER, Reisen in Archip. Phil., Landmoll., p. 103, pi. 12, f. 23-25, pi. 16, f. 7 (anatomy).— HEDLEY, Rec. Austr. Mus. ii, p. 29 (1892). — PILSBRY, Man. Conch, ix, p. 162, pi. 46, f. 15 (living animal, after Hedley), f. 16 (shell), pi. 42, f. 41-46, pi. 49, f. 24 (anatomy) Placostylus (Caryodes} dufresnii H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 154. — P. (Cariodes} dufresnii TAP. -CAN., Viaggio " Magenta," p. 86. While strongly individualized, this species varies excessively in contour, color and sculpture. Fig. 91 represents a typical specimen, exact locality unknown. Fig. 16, of pi. 46, vol. ix, is another from the same lot. The ground color is chestnut, punctation strongly de- veloped. Fig. 90 is more olivaceous-chestnut, and the largest shell I have seen. Fig. 87 is a small blackish form. Fig. 86 is a small dark form with scarcely any micro-sculpture, from Georgetown. Fig. 88 is three banded, olivaceous-brown and densely punctate AMPHIDKOMUS. 127 above, yellow and smooth below. Pattersonia. Fig. 85 is clear greenish-yellow with a single dark belt; sculpture faint. Cataract Hill. Fig. 92 is a very long shell from Port Davey, on the extreme southwest of the island (Tenison-Woods). Figs. 89, 93 are extreme forms from Ringarooma (Tenison-Woods). It is extremely probable that a number of distinguishable local races exist, but they should be studied by some one familiar with the local conditions, and with ample geographic series. Genus AMPHIL>ROMUS Albers, 1850. Amphidromus ALBERS, Die Hel. 1850, p. 138 (in part). — MAR- TENS in Die Hel. 1860, p. 184, type B. perversus Linn.; Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 332. — SEMPER, Reisen, p. 146 FULTON, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (6), xvii, pp. 66-94. Shell of moderate size, dextral or sinistial, long-ovate, with 6-8 moderately convex whorls ; smooth (rarely ribbed) and light or bright-colored, yellow predominating, often with green or brown streaks, flames or bands. Apical whorls smooth or obsoletely pitted. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate, not contracted by teeth or folds; peristome more or less thickened, expanded or reflexed, the colu- mellar margin reflexed, with a very weak fold or none. Jaw thin and weak, with flat ribs crenulating the edges. Radula with broadly V-shaped rows, the teeth of "arboreal" type, with the side cusps brought near the median cusp, all the cusps broad ; out- wardly the side cusps are split. Kidney extremely long and narrow, with reflexed ureter and closed secondary ureter. Genitalia of typi- cally epiphallogonous structure; receptaculum seminis on a long, simple duct; penis short, with the retractor muscle inserted low, and ending in a flagellum and the vas deferens. Nervous and retractor systems Helicine. Type Helix perversa L. Distribution, Sylhet Hills and Indo- China to Timor, east to Mindanao and possibly the Moluccas. Without ample illustration the internal anatomy cannot be fully discussed ; but from the data supplied by Semper, Wiegmann and Jacobi, it is clear to me that the genus does not belong to the Buli- inuUdce but to that group of Helicidce called Ephiphallogona,Qf which the genera Ohloritts, Obba, Planispira and Papuina are leading mem- bers. The exact inter-relationships of the genera of this group require further elucidation. We know that Planitpira, Chloritis and Thersites 128 , AMPHIDROMUS. are very closely allied, in fact, not everywhere clearly differentiated, and Xonthomelon and Albersia seem also to be near them. Camcena and Obba form another group within the subfamily, while Ganesella, Papuina and Amphidromus, the latter two arboreal, stand somewhat isolated. In the angulated rows of teeth and their broad cusps, Am- phidromus approaches Papuina and Polymita, Whether these fea- tures are purely adaptive or indicate a relationship with the former genus, remains to be seen. In most of the species of Amphidromus the nepionic shell appears quite smooth ; but in a number of the smaller sinistral forms, such as the A. sylheticus group, some sparse, elongate, shallow pits or punc- tures may be seen. While Amphidromus had formed the subject of special studies by PFEIFFER and MOUSSON, it was Professor E. VON MARTENS who produced the first essay of marked ability. In his volume on the land snails of the "Prussian Expedition to East Asia" (1867, pp. 77 and 332), the general characteristics of the group are discussed, and a large number of species reviewed with masterly grasp of the subject. This sound and sane work of the Berlin savant remains to-day undiminished in value. In the " Annals and Magazine of Natural History " for January, 1896, Mr. Hugh Fulton published "A list of the species of Amphi- dromus Alb., with critical notes and descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species and varieties " (pp. 66-1)4, pi. v, vi, vii), in which the sixty-four known species are classified in some nineteen "groups," with many useful notes, descriptions and figures of species and varie- ties not before illustrated, among them the types of Pfeiffer's unfig- ured species. This catalogue is a work of great practical utility and lias been very serviceable to subsequent investigators. The variability of species of Amphidromus has been discussed by von Martens, whose observations go so directly to the point that I partially transcribe them in the two paragraphs following. The group owes its name (Amphidromus , running both ways) to the peculiar circumstance that several species occur either dextral or sinistral, with equal frequency ; others are sinistral only, still others dextral ; so that the difference in direction of the coil, which usually is characteristic of whole genera, or appears as a rare monstrosity in a species, sinks here to sometimes only an individual characteristic, sometimes merely specific. . • AMPHIDROMUS. 129 To distinguish species in this group is a difficult matter, largely dependent upon subjective considerations. What one would hold to be merely an individual variation, sometimes proves, with more ample knowledge, to be a species, well defined geographically ; and what one might think from a single example to be a sharply-characterized species, may appear, when it comes to be collected on the spot, to be merely the extreme of an uninterrupted series of individual varia- tions, living together, as in the forms of A. interruptus. Form, mark- ings and tint of the ground-color may be constant in all specimens from one locality, or they may vary. Thus, form and markings vary in the specimens of A. interruptus from Maros, but the ground-color remains the same ; but in A. purus from Bandjar, Java, the ground- color varies. Only series of specimens from known localities can permit conclusive opinions. An analogous case is found in the American genus Liguus, where coloration is equally variable. To some extent certain patterns char- acterize local colonies ; and frequently the same pattern occurs in several, probably many, separated localities. Thus, near Miami, Florida, I found only green-striped specimens in one wood, while in another, a hall mile distant, many of the shells had broad brown markings. To some extent the patterns are racial in some cases, but these races are of but slight value, being analogous to the slight characteristics common to human families of common parentage. Of course in some species of Amphidronrus, special color patterns seem to be characteristic ; but even in these, a wide variation may be expected, when districts other than the type locality come to be searched. Under these circumstance* it is almost impossible to con- struct satisfactory keys for the ready identification of species. Amphidromus was divided by von Martens into two groups: (1) rather large and broad species, as a general rule indifferently dextral or sinistral, and usually having varices, or periods of growth-arrest marked by the deposition of an oblique pigmented stripe, and (2) smaller and more slender forms, always sinistral, and without varices. This is doubtless a natural division, though not indicated by any con- siderable difference in the soft anatomy so far as known. Further subdivision is largely a matter of opinion, and must be expected to vary as the relationships of particular species become more definitely appreciated. 1 have grouped the species into 20 groups, in part 9 130 AMPHIDROMUS. agreeing with those of Fulton. If the present groups are more natural than his, it must be due to my having his work as a basis. I. AMPHIDROME DIVISION. Shell rather stout in figure, either dextral or sinistral, usually solid, and with periodical color-stripes or '* varices." Species of this division do not invade the island chain lying east of Java, but extend east to Celebes and Mindanao, and north into Anam and Burma. Species of the Second Division extend further north and southeast, but do not reach so far into the Philippines. Key to Groups. a. Peristome white or nearly so. b. Surface costulate or strongly striate. c. Form stout, compact; Java. Group of A. javanicus, No. II. c1. Form slender, diam. less than half the alt. Celebes. Group of A. beccarii, No. III. 61. Surface smooth or nearly so (rarely with spiral welts, or a projecting varix). c. Umbilicate, large, early whorls dark-margined. Min- danao, Leyte. Group of A. maculiferus, No. I. c1. Imperforate or rimate, uniform yellow or white, or variously marked. d. Plain, streaked or striped species of the Philip- pines, Borneo, Celebes and Java. Group of A. perversus, No. IV. d1. Similar or rarely banded species from north of Sunda Strait, Group of A. aureus, No. V. d1. Spirally zoned species. Group of A. janus, No. VI. a1. Peristome colored, usually purple or rose. Group of A. schomburgki, No. VII. I. Group of A. maculiferus. A. MACULIFERUS (Sowerby). PI. 49, figs. 19, 20, 21. Shell generally sinistral, narrowly umbilicate, oblong-conic, mod- erately solid, glossy, variable in color, but typically grayish-brown, shading to white just below the suture, irregularly streaked with dull AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP I. 131 purple and more or less dappled with white and dull purple by dis- location of the streaks, which on the median whorls of the spire are typically zigzag, but often straight; the apical whorls white or with a blue-black band above the suture. Whorls 6^, convex. Aperture oblique, the streaks or spots showing darkly through ; peristome while or creamy, expanded and reflexed, thickened and slightly re- curved at the edge ; columella heavy, straight, its edge broadly di- lated above, nearly covering the umbilicus; parietal callus thin, whitish-transparent. Alt. 62, diam. 28 mill. (Sowerby's figure). Alt. 57, diam. 28, longest axis of aperture 28 mill. Alt. 60, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 31 mill. Mindanao : province of Misamis, on trunks of trees (Cuming, Sem- per). Bulimas maculiferus SOWERBY, Conch. Illustr., p. 8, fig. 100 (1841)— BRODERIP, P. Z. S., for 1841, p. 14 (Sept., 1841).— Buli- mus perversus e PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 38. — B. maculiferus Sowb., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 6, f. 26 PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 134; Conchyl. Cab. p. 117, pi. 36, f.-l, 2; Monogr. iii, p. 319; iv, p. 381 ; vi, p. 25; viii, p. 39. — Amphidromus maculiferus SEM- PER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., iii, p. 146, 148, pi. 14, f. 1 (genitalia). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 74 — MOELLENDORFF, Abhandl. Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 149. — HIDALGO, Obras Malacologicas, in Mem. Real Acad. Ciencias.xiv, pi. 100, f. 1-6. The original figures, like Hidalgo's f. 5, 6. show a distinctly spotted form (fig. 19), with rather faint streaks, but the ordinary specimens are rather profusely streaked with purplish-brown and less spotted, as in fig. 21, or the figures of Reeve (fig. 20) and Pfeiflfer, and Hidalgo's figs. 1-4. Var. OBSCURUS Fulton. " In form like typical maculiferus, but of a dirty white color, ob- liquely striped and sparsely spotted with faint reddish-brown. Apical whorls filleted as in strigata." Occurs both dextral and sini- stral. Mindanao. B. maculiferus var. g, PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 319. — A. m. var. obscura FULTON, t. c., p. 75. Subsp. MULTICOLOR v. MoellendorfF. Smaller ; yellowish with streaks of light red, brown and greenish, usuallv flammulate. 132 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP I. Leyte : Maasin (Semper) and Bato (Koch, Quadras). Camotes (Koch). A. maculiferus var. multicolor v. MOELL., Bericht Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft, 1893, p. 99. — A.maculiferus, Exemplars von Maasin, SEMPER, t. c., p. 149. Subsp. GRACILIOR Fulton. PI. 49, fig. 22. Elongated; white with horn-colored streaks, the base often faintly yellowish ; apical whorls white with black or gray band above the suture ; lower half of the last whorl strongly striate. Alt. 70, diam. 33, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Alt. 52, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Mindanao (eastern): valley of the Agusan River; Pasian Mts. (Semper); Davao (Quadras). JB. maculiferus var. b, PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 319 ; Conchyl. Cab. pi. 40, f. 9 — A. maculiferus var. gracilior, Pfr., FULTON, t. c., p. 74, 1896. A. maculiferus, var. strigata MollfF. MSS., FULTON, t. c., p. 75.— v. MLLDFF., Abhandl. Nat. Ges., Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 149. — A. nigrofilosus Rochebr., HIDALGO, Obras Malac., in Mem. Real Acad. Ciencias, xiv, pi. 101, f. 1-4 (good!). Var. strigata is described as "like gracilior, except that the ground color is light reddish brown, with oblique stripes of the same color, only darker." The two names are of even date, but gracilior has precedence of one page, and has been figured, so that it should be retained, both on the ground of priority and of better definition. There are transitions between the brown-streaked and the corneous- streaked forms in the series before me, and von Mollendorff has already united them. One specimen shows a dark purple varix on the penultimate whorl, lacking on all other maculiferus I have seen. Semper mentions a similar specimen from the Rio Agusan. Semper took specimens at Batuanan, Bohol, somewhat smaller than those from Mindanao, 55-60 mill, long; the apical whorls were either white or banded with blue-gray. The A. nigrofilosus of Rochebrune, described as from Cambodia, is said to be identical with this variety. If so, the name will take precedence. I have thought it best to insert the description of that form among the Cambodian species, pending positive information upon its identity. Dr. Hidalgo separates gracilior from maculiferus as a species, under the name nigrofilosus, on his plates, but I have not yet seen the text, which may clear up the uncertainty. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP 11. 133 Subsp. INFLATUS Fulton. PI. 49, figs. 25, 26, 27. Large and ventricose, with shortly conic spire and inflated body- whorl. Surface glossy, striatulate and spirally striate. Yellow or fleshy yellow, with a pale or white band below the suture often faintly brown-spotted, and with some faint light and dark streaks, the apex white with a black or gray band ; back of the peri 'stome orange. No varices. Aperture large, pale yellow within ; peristome white or flesh-tinted, the inner border of the outer lip and the columella gen- erally reddish ; broadly reflexed and strongly recurved, Alt. 66, diarn. 38 mill. (type). Alt. 62, diam. 35, longest axis of aperture 35 mill. Alt. 64, diam. 32-|, longest axis of aperture 36 mill. Alt. 54, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 32^ mill. A. maculiferus var. g, HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 31, pi. 6, f. 1 ; Obras Malacologicas, pi. 99, f. 1, 2. — A. m. var. inflata FULTON, t. c., p. 75 (1896). Reported merely from the Philippines by Hidalgo on the authority of Baranda, and so far no definite locality is known, those before me collected by Steere and others bearing the same indefinite label. It is quite a distinct race, though varying widely in size, proportions and solidity. 2. Group of A . javanicus. Large species with coarse wrinkle-striation and usually open umbilicus, the lip reflexed and narrowly recurved at the edge, but never in the least adnate on the back. Either dextral or sinistral. The forms vary a good deal, and may eventually all be reduced to subspecies of two or three species. a. Lip flatly reflexed, wide, broader at base. inauris, p. 138. a1. Lip normal, reflexed, and recurved at the edge. b. Shell conspicuously streaked. javanicus, p. 140; heerianus, p. 138. bl. Shell spirally banded. robustus, p. 139. b1. Shell unicolored or with one or two varices. c. Pale yellow, no varices ; much inflated, the spire short. teysmanni, p. 134. e1. Pale yellow, no varices; a white, crenate band at the appressed suture ; long-conic, solid, appressus, p. 136. 134 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. c2. Pale yellow, tawny or white, usually one varix ; flatly striate. palaceus, p. 134. e3. Strongly wrinkle-striate and plicate. winteri, p. 137. A. TEYSMANNI (' Mousson ' Pfr.). PI. 47, figs. 8, 9. Shell nearly covered-perforate, ovate-conic, ventricose, short, rather thin ; irregularly wrinkle-striate, seen under the lens to be sculptured with close, obsolete spiral striae ; sulphur yellow and rather glossy abov7e, whitish below the middle. Spire broadly conic, the vertex minute, rather acute ; suture a trifle marginate. Whorls 6, a little convex, wanting varices, the last rather inflated, about as long as the spire, rounded below. Aperture a little oblique, truncate-oblong or somewhat rhombic oval, white and glossy inside ; peristome white, calloused, rather widely expanded and delicately recurved, the mar- gins joined by a white entering callus; columellar margin vaulted, reflexed, dilated, more or less covering the narrow umbilicus (Pfr.). Length 46, diam. 30, or length 56, diam. 32 mill. Moluccas (?) Teysmann, in coll. Mousson. Bulimus teysmarmi Mouss., MSS. PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 32, pi. 116, f. 2, 3 (1871); Monogr. viii, p. 40. Of. Martens, Malak. Bl., 1873, xx, p. 154. — A. teynsmanni (sic) FULTON, t. c., p. 73. Allied to A. palaceus and A. winteri, but thin, more globose, with short spire. Only the types are known. Von Martens considers it a variety of winteri. A. PALACEUS ('v. d. Busch ' Mousson). PI. 47, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6. Shell oblong-ovate, perforate, transversely [in the direction of growth-lines] strongly striate, glossy, yellow or buff- tawny, the apex a little obtuse, white ; suture subcrenulated, white-margined. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last as long as the spire, somewhat inflated, the penultimate ornamented with a transverse brown band [varix]. Aperture ovate; columella straight, subinflated ; peristome white, reflexed, thickened, the columellar margin expanded, parietal margin white-calloused. (Mousson.) Alt. 53, diam. 30 mill. (Mouss.) f Java : Pardana and Tijkoya, in coffee plantations (Zollinger ; Mousson types); Palabuan (v. Martens). Bulimus palaceus v. d. Busch MS., MOUSSON, Land- und Susswasser- Moll. Java, pp. 28, 108, pi. 3,'f. 1 (1849).— PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 135 1849, p. 136; Conchyl. Cab., p. 134, pi. 40, f. 6, and var., f. 5, 7, 8 : Monogr. iii, p. 320. — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 352 (ex- clusive of syn. B. mundus}. — B. perversus var. it PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 39 — Amphidromus palaceus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 72, with var. subaurantia, appressa and pura. The coarse striation and non-appressed outer lip readily separate this species from A. perversus and its allies. It differs from A. winteri in the flatter striae, less roughened and more glossy surface, etc., but these species approach one another very closely. The color varies from sulphur or citron-yellow of the type (pi. 47, figs. 1, 2) to somewhat orange-colored or pale salmon-pink with a reddish peripheral band (pi. 47, figs. 4, 5); the latter being the var. subaurantia of Fulton, which he incorrectly credits to von Martens. Some specimens quite bridge over the gap to var. purus, and it is not easy to tell which they are nearest to. In figures 13, 14 of pi. 46, two specimens (Clapp coll.) are illus- trated showing variations. Fig. 13 is lemon yellow with white su- tural border, a chestnut varix on the penult, whorl, and a pale reddish line below the suture on the fourth whorl. Fig. 14 is pale cream color with white suture, a purple-black varix on the last whorl, and a dark subsutural band on several early whorls. White, sulphur-yellow and light reddish-brown specimens were, collected together, by G. Schneider, upon the island Nusa Gembangan (also written Kembangan and Kambangan), on the south coast of middle Java. (Martens, Naclibl., 1900, 17.) Var. purus Mousson. PI. 47, fig. 3. Solid, narrowly umbilicate or subperforate, glossy, white, faintly yellow-tinted or roseate, strongly and irregularly striate ; whorls 6^-7^ ; peristome broadly expanded, especially the columellar margin ; a brown varix on the ventral face of the last whorl, or on the pre- ceding whorl. Alt. 54^, diam. 28^ mill.; alt. 49, diam. 26 mill. Java: Hakka,prov. Probo/inao ; Pardana (Zollinger). B. purus Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 2 — PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 41 ; Novit. Conch, iv, p. 33, pi. 116, f. 6. — B. palaceus var. b, PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 136; Monogr. iii, p. 320.— A palaceus v. pura FULTON, t. c., p. 73. In some specimens the brown varix is wanting, moved back upon the penultimate whorl, or vestigial ; and in one before me from the 136 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. collection of G. H. Clapp, a couple of brown stripes precede the varix stripe. The size varies within wide limits, some being as small as 43 mill. long. Var. appressus ('Mousson' Martens). PL 47, fig. 7 ; pi. 46, fig. 15. Shell dextral [or sinistral], nearly covered perforate, conic-elon- gate, solid, closely, regularly and delicately striate, glossy, pale isa- belline, whitish above, lacking varices. Spire long, almost regularly conical, the apex rather acute, buff; suture oppressed, white, more distinctly striate. Whorls 7 to 7-|, a trifle convex, the last two-fifths the total length, not inflated, rounded basally. Aperture rather ob- lique, oblong-semi-elliptical, whitish and glossy within ; peristome callous, white, broadly expanded and narrowly revolute, the margins joined by a rather thick milk-white callus ; right margin regularly and slightly arched, columellar margin slightly receding, somewhat twisted and very much dilated above, almost appressed, nearly clos- ing the narrow umbilicus. Length 50—54, diam. 23 mill. (Pfr.). Java (Zolliriger); at Gunung Gedeh (Strubell). Bulimus appressus Mousson in coll., MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p. 353 (1867) — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 26 (quoting v. Mart.); Novit. Conch, iv, p. 34, pi. 116, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. viii, p. 41 — Amphidromus appressus (v. Mts.) BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. naturforsch. Ges. in Frankfurt a. M., 1890, p. 145, pi. 5, f. 8. — A. polaceus var. appressa (Mouss.) Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 72. The type was dextral (pi. 47, fig. 7), but Boettger figures a sinistral example from Gunung Gedeh (pi. 46, fig. 15), of a pale sulphur color. I have not seen the species, which may well prove to be, as Mr. Fulton holds, a small-mouthed, elongate variety or subspecies of A. palaceus. Subsp. TENER Martens. A delicate, thin shell, with the last whorl comparatively large ; pale brimstone yellow. Alt. 46, diam. 28, aperture 25^ mill. (Martens). Both sinistral and dextral. Bulimus perversus tener MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 350 — ?? Bulimus aureus SWAINS., Zool. Illustr. i, pi. 47, upper and lower figures. I refer to this form, which was described as a variety of perversus, a series of shells (pi. 46, figs. 16, 17, 18) from Java which are thinner and far paler than A. perversus, whitish toward the apex and AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 137 below the sutures, im perforate, and with the last whorl more or less swollen. They are brilliantly glossy, and show faint traces of the sculpture of A.palaceus, purus or appressus, though this is scarcely noticeable unless looked for. The degree of inflation is variable. Aperture pale yellow within, not white, as in perversus, and the spire is distinctly attenuated near the apex. A. WINTERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 48, figs. 13. 14, 15. Shell either sinistral or dextral, openly perforate, ovate-conic, rather ventricose, solid, hardly shining, strongly and irregularly wrinkle-striate, and typically plicate, the folds wave-like, irregular, and obsolete below the periphery ; white, pale straw- or sulphur-tinted or pale rufous, usually unicolored but sometimes streaked. Whorls 6-7, moderately convex. Aperture slightly oblique, whitish or pale yel- low within ; peristome white, reflexed and recurved at the edge ; columella thick, vertical ; parietal callus white. Alt. f>6, diam. 30 mill. (Pfr's type, figs. 13, 14). Alt. 47, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 26^ mill. Alt. 43, diam. 22, longest axis of aperture 24 mill. Java (Winter); Tjikoya, Pardana arid Hakke, in the assistant- residency Probolingo (Zollinger); Tjisurupan (Martens); Bandjar, in Banjumas (F. Jagor). Bulimus winteri PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 135 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 134, pi. 40, f. 3, 4 ; Monogr. iii, p. 319 ; iv, 382; vi, 25 MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 353, pi. 20, f. 4, 10 (var.), pi. 21, f. 12 (young). — Amphidromus winteri FULTON, t. c., p. 74. — A. winberi Pfr., Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind. Mus., i. p. 126. — Bulimus mycros- toma HASSELT, Algemene Konsten Letterbode, 1823 ; Bull, des Sci. Nat. et de Geol. (2 sect.), iii, 1824, p. 83, and an unpublished plate in Berl. Mus. 13, f. 2, according to von Martens. Typical winteri is very strongly sculptured with deeply-cut wrinkle- striae and coarse, wave-like folds, and is of a uniform pale color; but the variations apparently include forms hardly more striate than A. javanicus, and without undulations. The material before me consists of several extreme forms only, from which an independent judgment cannot be formed ; but I am disposed to agree with von Martens, who claims that these several forms being united by intermediate exam- ples, do not admit of specific discrimination. In a lot of 20 speci- mens from one locality, collected by Jagor, he found 11 white, 4 dextral and 7 sinistral. 138 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 2 pale yellow, 1 dextral and 1 sinistral. 6 reddish, 1 dextral and 5 sinistral. 1 banded, 0 dextral and 1 sinistral (" robustus " Fulton). The yellow ones are uniform colored, the white show traces of streaks, the reddish have numerous decidedly-pronounced narrow streaks of slightly darker, reddish-brown color ; and one specimen (pi. 46, fig. 21) shows four sharply-defined and rather wide pale- reddish spiral bands upon a white ground (this being Fulton's A. robustus, see below) ; the variceal streaks are sometimes blackish- brown, sometimes lighter brown. Transitions between those with more evenly and those with more irregularly folded sculpture exist, so that no division into two sets by this character can be made. If von Martens was right in referring the specimens commented on above to the one species winteri, we can scarcely allow that A. heerianus and A. robustus are specifically distinct. B. junghuhni is a museum name pertaining to this species, accord- ing to von Martens. Subsp. inauris « Bttg.' Fulton. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17, 18. Umbilicate, oblong, wrinkle-striate or costulate and sometimes malleate, pale sulphur-tinted or lemon, uniform, or yellow with red- dish streaks, the darker color sometimes predominating. Peristome flatly reflexed or recurved, broad, wider below. Java (Fruhstorfer). A. winteri var. inauris Bttg. MSS., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 74 (1896).— j5. winteri var. b, PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 382 (1859). Varies a good deal in form, color and sculpture, and occurs both sinistral and dextral. A. HEERIANUS ('Mousson' Pfeiffer). PL 48, fig. 10 (type), figs. 11, 12. Perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, rudely striate and sculptured with very fine and close spiral striae; pale tawny-whitish, densely streaked with cinnamon; but slightly shining. Spire broadly conic, the apex rather acute, suture superficial, somewhat hair-margined. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last more swollen, a little shorter than the spire, with a narrow white umbilical patch. Aperture slightly oblique, somewhat rhombic-oval, white and glossy ihside; peristome rather broadly expanded and narrowly recurved, white, the margins AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP II. 139 joined by an entering milk-white callus; columellar margin dilated, reflexed, alt. 43-53, diam. 24-28 mill. (Pfr.). Bulimus heerianus Mouss. MSS., PFR., Novit. Conch, iv, p. 31, pi. 116, f. 4 (1871); Monogr. viii, p. 40. Conf. v. Mart., Malak. Bl. xx, 1873, p. 154. — A. heerianus FULTON, t. c. p. 73. The reddish specimens of winteri reported upon by von Martens, from Bandjar, Java, apparently belong to this race ; and I refer here also a pink specimen with some yellow streaks, purple-black varices, pale spire and yellow apical whorls (pi. 48, figs. 11, 12). Fulton remarks as follows : "The color of this species varies from yellow with only two or three reddish-brown stripes to specimens that are almost covered with variegated green and red-brown oblique mark- ings. The spiral lines, as seen in the type specimen, are in most specimens not so distinct, but traces of them can be found in nearly All. This species has been distributed under the manuscript names of Prillwitzi and pcecilus, both of Boettger." A specimen from coll. G. H. Clapp (pi. 46, figs. 19, 20) is yellow on the spire, becoming obscure olive with some purplish streaks on the last whorl, and with the umbilical area and a sutural zone pale yellow ; there are also faint traces in places of several light bands. The penultimate whorl has a dark varix and some brownish streaks. Spiral striae distinct in places. This specimen is referable to Boettger's unpublished variety pcecilus, and establishes a transition toward A. robustus. A. heerianus seems closely allied to both palaceus and winteri, and specimens probably occur uniting the three. Var. robustus Fulton. PI. 46, fig. 21. " Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely striate, almost im- perforate, white, with two brown spiral bands commencing at third whorl, above and below the suture, and continued to last whorl, which has in addition one, and sometimes two other bands on its lower half; whorls 7, convex; lip and columella white, expanded, margins joined by a white callus. Long. 50 mill., maj. diam. 31 mill." (Fulton). Bandjar, Java. B. winteri, gebandertj MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn. p. 354, pi. 20, f. 4.— A. robustus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 73 (1896). This is the form von Martens considered an individual variation of A. winteri. 1 have not seen specimens. 140 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP III. A. JAVANICUS (Sowerby). PI. 61, figs. 50, 51. Shell either sinistral or dextral, im perforate or nearly so, solidr ovate-pyramidal, closely streaked with dull crimson, chestnut and blackish on an olivaceous buff, ochre-tinted or livid ground, the streaks often broken into a mottled pattern ; early whorls and a border below sutures white, pink or pale; several blackish varices followed by whitish streaks generally present, but inconspicuous in the general strigation. Surface glossy, distinctly striate. Spire rather straightly conic; whorls 6-J— 7 -J, slightly and equally convex, separated by moderately impressed sutures marked with a white hair-line. Aperture but slightly oblique, ovate, bluish inside ; peri- stome white, expanded, subreflexed, blunt at the edge; columella nearly straight; parietal callus white, deeply entering. Alt. 50, diam. 26^, longest axis of aperlure 26^ mill, (dextral). Alt. 52, diam. 26, longest axis of aperture 26^ mill, (sinistral). Alt. 62, diam. 31, longest axis of aperture 32 mill, (sinistral). Java : near Palabuan, in the southwest (Prof. E. v. Martens). Bulinus javanicus SOWB., Conch. Illustr., Bulinus p. 6, fig. 35,. 35* (1841). — Amphidromus javanicus Sowb., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 73 Bulimus loricatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 293; Mono'gr., iv, 3-72; vi, 16. — MARTENS, Ostas. Land- schn., p. 339, pi. 22, f. 2. The much and evenly streaked and often in places mottled color- pattern, distinguishes this from other striate Javan species, while the streaked forms of A. interruptus, inversus, etc., are distinctly smoother. Sowerby did not describe javanicus, but his illustration is character- istic, the locality Java being given. No locality for loricatus PfK was known until Dr. von Martens found it near Palabuan. 3. Group of A. beccarii. A. BECCARII (Tapparone Canefri). PI. 68, figs. 21, 22 Shell compressed-subumbilicate, fusiform-oblong, sinistral, longi- tudinally obliquely wrinkle-plicate, rather glossy, whitish-buff. Spire elevated-conic, the upper whorls more or less maculated with brown- ish, apex rather acute. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by an oblique, appressed and submarginate suture, the last whorl large, rather convex, somewhat tapering below. Aperture ovate-oblong, nearly vertical, as long as the spire, whitish in the throat ; peristome AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 141 white, the margins joined by a very thin parietal callus, the outer and basal margins expanded and reflexed, columellar margin dilated, nearly straight, nearly forming an angle with the basal margin. Length 43, width 19, alt. of aperture 22 mill. (T. (?.) Celebes: Kandari, on the southeast peninsula. (Beccari.) Bulimus (Amphidromus] beccarii T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. di Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 170, pi. 1, f. 10, 11.— A. beccarii FUL- TON, t. c., p. 74. A peculiar species, resembling the A. winteri group of Java in its plicate surface, but distinguished by the narrow, elongate' mouth, oblique sutures and slender contour. Possibly belongs to the second division of the genus, which includes thin, exclusively sinistral species. 4. Group of A. perversus. Considerations of utility no less than probable phylogenetic rela- tionship induce me to segregate the species of the Philippines, Bor- neo, Celebes and Java from those living north of Sunda Strait, though the latter are not separated from these by any characters of more than specific weight. The senior species of the group, A. per- versus, lias been understood to cover many and diverse species or varieties by Pfeiffer and others, and not without reason ; but it is now restricted to a solid, yellow or black- varixed form of southern Celebes and Java, around which a number of closely related forms group themselves. There seem to exist more or less complete tran- sitions between perversus, interruptus, sultanus, etc.; and even the more northern forms, melanomma, atricallosus, leucoxanthus, which I group separately, are united to perversus by various authors, as Mr. E. A. Smith and Mr. H. Fulton. Others, as Prof. E. von Martens and Dr. 0. von Mollendorff, take a more analytical view. The fact seems to be that while most specimens are readily assignable to one or other of these names, there exist transitions between perversus and the interruptus group inhabiting the same area ; and there may be transitions where the ranges of the several closely allied forms meet or overlap. In general, I consider it best in a genus like this, where specific values are notoriously discounted, to recognize as species those forms which have a consistent or harmonic distribution, and readily recognizable characters in the vast majority of specimens. Exactly similar cases are encountered in the American genera Oxy- styla and Cerion. 142 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. The distribution and chief or typical characters of the members of the perversus group are as follows: a. Peristome reflexed, more or less adnate, thick, and usually dark- edged behind in adults; dark varices usually present ; imperforate or nearly so. b. Yellow, with or without dark varices, but not flammulate ; rarely white. perversus, p. 14*7. bl. Yellow, often greenish below, with or without brown streaks interrupted by a median light girdle • solid, rather straightly conic. Celebes, Borneo, Java. interruptus, p. 150. b*. Yellow, with broad zigzag or straight stripes and a median golden girdle ; ventricose and thin. S. Celebes. sultanvs, p. 154. b*. Pallid, copiously streaked and with black varices the streaks not interrupted ; outer lip narrow, mostly adnate ; form narrow and high ; often perforate. emaciatus, p. 153. a1. Peristome not adnate behind, not dark-edged ; no dark varices; shell not distinctly streaked or banded. b. Imperforate, yellow or white, sinistral, solid; yellow inside except in white shells. Palawan, etc. entobaptus, p. 145. b1. Imperforate or nearly so, rather thin, glossy, yellow, the peristome narrow, white. Java. alticola, p. 147. b'*. Perforate or umbilicate, more or less distinctly decussate, uniform or somewhat streaked. Mindanao, Sulu Is. chloris, p. 142; roeseleri, p. 142. A. CHLORIS (Reeve). PI. 50, figs. 28-38. Shell usually sinistral, umbilicate or rimate, oblong-ovate, variable in color, but typically clear bright yellow, with a narrow pale or white band below the suture; no dark varices; solid, smoothish, being weakly striatulate and faintly striate spirally. Spire long, a little convexly conic, the apex obtuse, whitish. Whorls 6J, but slightly convex, hardly compressed below the sutures. Aperture small, ovate, white or slightly rufous yellowish tinted within ; peri- stome white throughout, the outer lip thickened, reflexed and recurved but not adnate behind, the edge white ; columellar margin dilated above, with a thickened white edge passing up the parietal margin some distance; the parietal callus elsewhere translucent and showing the underlying color, rarely thicker and whitish. AMFHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 143 Alt. 43, diam. 21, longest axis of aperture 21 mill. Philippines: Samboanga^ S.-W. Mindanao ; also Bastion. Bulimus chloris REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 37, f. 223 (Sept. 1848). — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 108 PFR., Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1849, p. 137 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, 320 ; iv, 382 ; vi, 26 ; viii, 42 ; Conchyl Cab. p. 183, pi. 49, f. 7, 8 — ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. Samarang, Moll., p. 58, pi. 14, f. 10 (living animal, Mindanao). — Amphidromus chloris Rve., SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., iii, Landmoll., p. 148 HIDALGO, Journal de Conchyl., 1888, p. 32; Obras Malaco- logicas, Mem. Real Acad. Ciencias de Madrid, xiv, pi. 99, f. 3, 4. — MOELLENDORFF, Verzeichniss der auf den Philippinen lebenden Land-moll usken, in Abhandl. Naturfbrsch. Gesellsch. zu Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 149 Bulimus sulphuratus HOMBRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pol Sud, pi. 8, f. 10-12 (? 1848-1853); and text by Rous seau, p. 29 (1854) Bulimus (perversus var.} sulfuratus MARTENS, Ostas. Zool. p. 351. Not A- chloris Jacobi, see A. melanomma natunensis. Well distinguished from A. perrersus by the more or less open umbilicus, non-adnate lip, want of dark varices, elongate form and smaller aperture; and different in its cycle of variations, as well as geographically segregated. The specific rank of A. chloris rests upon a basis wholly different from interruptus, and far less question- able. Pfeiffer, Semper and Hidalgo have affirmed the identity of B. sul- phnralus with chhris. The type locality of the former is Samboanga, in southwestern Mindanao, while chloris was from " Eastern Islands." Fulton and some others have reported chloris from the Malay Pen- insula ; but I am disposed to consider this locality a«mistake, or based on a similar but distinct form. If it should be correct, then the species described above will take the name sulphuratus. Semper found it rather common in marsh and mountain region about Samboanga, but not on the adjacent island of Basilan. All were sinistral, some being yellowish-white, others the typical straw color. Arthur Adams collected ua bushel" of them on the moun- tains of Mindanao, all " of the same elongated form and deep yellow color throughout, with no indication of bands or marking." The animal is of a pale brown color. The J. B. Steere expedition to the Philippines collected specimens at Samboanga typical in form and coloring (pi. 50, figs. 29, 30), and 144 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. others of stouter contour, of a very pale buff tint, almost white (pi. 50, figs. 31, 33, 34). This may be called color var. pallidulus. Two specimens measure : the stoutest, alt. 44, diam. 26^, longest axis oi aperture 24^ mill.; and the most slender, alt. 46, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 23^ mill. A dextral specimen of this color-form (fig. 31) is more slender, alt. 40, diam. 20, aperture 20 mill. This is the only dextral chloris I have seen or heard of, and may perhaps be re- garded as an atavistic individual. Another shell (fig. 30) is quite small, and pale lemon-yellow. BASILAN. The Steere Expedition also collected examples of chloris on Basilian island (figs. 32, 35, 36-38), where Semper did not find it. They aie identical in form with Samboanga shells, but vary in color as follows : (a) Color of the typical yellow tint, but rapidly fading to white on the spire, pi. 50, fig. 35. (b) Pale citron or greenish-yellow, the spire white, fig. 37. (c) Similar to color-var, pallidulus, but with a slightly darker sutural border and no white band, (d) Pure white throughout, color-var. purissimus, fig. 32. (e) Pale yellow or rufous, with oblique reddish-brown streaks on the spire or throughout, the suture narrowly marked with the same, color-var. calista, fig. 36. (f) Brilliant rose-pink, with white sub- sutural band and darker sutural line to the apex, color-var. rosa, fig. 38. Figure 28 is a copy of Reeve's type figure. Figs. 29-31, 33, 34 are from Samboanga, 32, 35. 36-38 from Basilan specimens. A. ROESELERI Moellendorff. Shell sinistral, half-covered perforate, ovate-conic, solid, trans- versely lightly striatulate, decussated by delicate and close but very dis- tinct spiral lines; satin-like, white. Spire moderately long, with slightly convex sides and obtuse apex. Whorls 6, moderately con- vex. Aperture moderately oblique, subauriform ; peristome rather widely expanded, white-lipped, a little reflexed, columella straight, forming a rather distinct angle with the basal margin, heavily cal- loused, dilated above, revolute, nearly covering the perforation. Alt. 47, diam. 27, aperture 24.5 mill, long, 18 wide (Mlldff.}. Sulu Island (I. Roeseier). A. roeseleri MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges. xxvi, p. 210 (Dec. 1894), FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 75.—^!. maculiferus var., SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, p. 55, pi. 4, f. 9, 9a (Jan., 1894). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP IV. 145 Remarkable by its pure white color, very distinct spiral striation and satin luster. Differs from A. maculiferus also by the shorter, more obese contour, somewhat more convex whorls and comparatively wider aperture. Fulton refers A. maculiferus var. of Smith (pi. 49, figs. 23. 24), from Bilatan I. (one of the southwestern or Tawitawi group of the Sulus), to roeseleri. They are " either pale lemon-yellow or pinkish- white," from about 50 to 55 mill, long and all sinistral, according to Smith. Fulton remarks " smaller than maculiferus^ of uniform cream-color, with a very narrow golden band at suture of lower whorls, very closely and (under the lens) distinctly spirally striated." Although A. roeseleri has been grouped with maculiferus by authors, it may prove more closely allied to A. chloris of southwestern Min- danao and Basilan, which is also umbilicated and, especially on Basilan, densely though shallowly striated spirally. It is named for a well-known collector of orchids in the East Indies. A. ENTOBAPTUS Dohrn. PI. 51, figs. 42-46. Shell sinistral, itnperforate, conic-ovate, rather solid, striatulate, a little shining; [deep yellow], pale citron or whitish, the apex and sometimes a narrow sutural band white [or the whole shell white]. Whorls 5^ to 6, a little convex. Aperture acuminate-oblong, deep yellow within [or white in white specimens]; peristome thickened, narrowly reflexed, white; columella vertical, straight. (Dohrn.} Length 46, diam. 27, aperture 24 mill. Length 44, diam. 29, aperture 26 mill. Length 47, diam. 27, aperture 26 mill. Length 43, diam. 24, aperture 25 mill. Paragua (Palawan): Puerto Princesa (Dr. Platen); Forest of Cani- goran, near Puerto Princesa, white specimens from the same place ; and the forest of De.stacamento de Bahile (Quadras). Linaeakan, Busuanga (var. gracilis) and Koran, Calamianes (var. contracta). Bidabac Id. (Everett). Aniphidronms perversus L., HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 32 — A. entobaptus DOHRN, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 62. — MOKLLENDORFF, Verzeich. Phil. Land-moll., p. 148, with var. gracUis and contracta (undescribed), 1898. — SMITH, P. Z. S. 1895, p. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Ser. 2, Bulletin i, p. 141. — A. inversus subsp. annamiticus C. & F., MLLDFF., Nachbl. 1898, p. 73. Well distinguished from typical inversus by the thick spire of al- most flat whorls, faintly margined but not impressed at the sutures. The specimens examined by Crosse and Fischer and myself are dextral, but a single sinistral example is on record. It seems to be a well marked subspecies, confined so far as known to the lower Mekong drainage in lower Cochin China and Cambodia. A color-variety roseotincta of von Mollendorff is without the dark border above the sutures of the early whorls, which are of a uniform rose color. (Nachrbl., 1898, p. 73, and Fulton, /. c., p. 70, 1896.) A. COMES (Pfeiffer). PI. 57, figs. 1-5. Shell dextral or sinistral, nearly imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, striatulate, glossy. Spire almost straightly conic, rather acute ; whorls [6-J- to] 7, a little convex, the earlier 5 flesh-tinted, the upper one black-margined above the suture, last 2 whorls buff, variously banded, streaked or clouded with livid-greenish, [or whitish fleshy above, becoming banded with reddish-brown along the suture both above and below, interrrupted on the penult, whorl by a broad light yellow varix or two, apical whorl white with a purple band above the suture ; the last two whorls mingled yellow and greenish, clouded or banded with reddish brown shading to olive ; a broad yellow stripe behind the outer lip. Or with the spire similarly colored, the last two whorls may be bright yellow, unicolored except for narrow olivaceous or brownish streaks ; apex sometimes wanting the dark band]. Last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rotund below. Aperture ob- lique, irregularly semioval, [faintly] subangulate at base, white within ; peristome spreading and a little reflexed [the edge white, recurved but not appressed] ; parietal callus white, entering ; colu- mella rather thick, subvertical, white. Alt. 46, diam. 27, longest axis of aperture 25 mill. Alt. 51, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture 27 mill. Alt. 44, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 23 mill. Cambodia (Pfr.): in the pepper plantations of Kampot, Compentra^ AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. Ill in southern Cambodia near the Ha-tien frontier ; Tram-Klma betw. Kampot and Pnom-Penh ; Kebal-Khmoch, Kassan-Pno (Pavie). Cochin China (Morelet). Siam : environs of Battambang ( Pavie). Bulimus comes PFR., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 193; Novit. Conch, p. 311, pi. 75, f. 10, 11 ; Monogr. vi, p. 19 MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 78. — Amphidromus comes Pfr., MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 126 FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 72 FISCHER, Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv, 1891, p. 115 — Gochlostyla comes SCHAUFUS in Paetel's Catal., p. 78. — B. perversus var. comes, MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 258. ? Bulimus virescens SWAINSON, Catal. of the rare and valuable Shells which formed the celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh, Appendix, p. 13 (1822); Exotic Conchology (edit. 2), p. 37.— Bulimus cit.rinus var., SWAINSON, Zool. Illustr. iii, pi. 166, f. 1, 2, 3 (1822-3). The typical form of comes (well named the companion, for its intimate relations with several other species) is slightly perforate, with recurved but not adnate lip, peculiarly blended greenish and yellow coloring on the later whorls, or wanting the green ; the flesh tint of the spire arrested by a wide but not distinctly defined yellow varix on the next to the last whorl, with a wide stripe of the same behind the outer lip. There is no white zone below the suture, sucli as marks various forms of A. aureus. Pfeiffer's description is given above, supplemented with bracketed notes on the series of specimens before me. PI. 57, figs. 1, 2, are from Pfeiff'er ; fig. 3 is a specimen from Cochin China (from Morelet) ; fig. 5 is a dextral shell from Siam, and fig. 4 a yellow individual from Cambodia. I have not much doubt that Swainson's Bulimus virescens was a specimen of comes, but until all doubt is removed, it will be better to retain the well established name. Subsp. POLYMOUPHUS (Tapparone-Canefri), PI. 57, figs. 6-10. Shell either dextral or sinistral, usually im perforate and larger than comes, solid and strong ; greenish-yellow, with reddish brown flames on the spire, changing on the last whorl to greenish or brownish- green stripes which do not quite reach the sutare above, or becoming merged in a general dusky greenish-yellow color ; almost always with a pale streak behind the outer lip ; one or two black-brown varice 172 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. developed, rarely wanting ; apex white or yellowish. Whorls 7, tlie earlier without streaks or hands. Outer lip reflexed, recurved, adnate to the back of the lip or imperfectly so, the adnate edge fre- quently brown or even blackish bordered. Parietal and columellar callus pure white throughout, broadly spreading, extending well downward ; columella straight, or somewhat folded, stout. Alt. 55, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture 30 mill, (dextral.) Alt. 56, diam. 27^, longest axis of aperture 27-J mill, (sinistral). Alt. 60, diam. 29, longest axis of aperture, 30 mill, (dextral). Alt. 53, diam. 30, longest axis of aperture, 27-J mill, (sinistral). Alt. 44, diam. 23-|, longest axis of aperture 23 mill, (sinistral). Singapore (" Magenta " voyage) ; Saigon (Counillon) and Prov. Bale, Cochin China. Cochlostyla polymorpha T.-C., Zoologia del Viaggio intorno al Globo della R. Fregata Magenta, Malacoiogia, p. 82, pi. 2, f. 4 (1874); C. polimorpha in expl. of plate — Bulimus polymorphus PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 23. — Amphidromus polymorphus DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 387 FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xviii, 71 — ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille, Ser. 2, Bull., i, p. 141. Of 13 specimens before me, 8 are dextral. Canefri based the species upon 3 specimens, twro of them sinistral. I very much doubt the locality "Singapore;" probably the original specimens were brought there from Cochin China, wrhich is the locality of some five lots of the species I have seen from various sources. It differs from comes in being more solid, in the color-pattern, especially the absence of spiral bands on the spire, and in having black varices, also in the more or less adnate outer lip. In this respect it stands between comes and dohrni. When denuded of cuticle the markings are seen to be reddish or purplish brown ; and the same color is prominent inside the aperture in young shells. Each varix is usually preceded by a yellow and followed by a whitish stripe, and usually the reddish flammules are narrower and closer before than after a varix. The last whorl occa- sionally has a dark spiral band, or traces of a pale peripheral band. There seems to be always a small white basal patch, but on some shells the pale stripe behind the lip is wanting, though it is as con- spicuous in some others as in A. comes. Var. polymorphus was figured in Ferussac, pi. 161, f. 3, 4, but ap- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. parently not referred to in the text. Figures 9, 10 are Canefri's originals, 6-8 representing specimens in the collection of the Academy. A. DOHRNI (Pfeiffer). PI. 58, figs. 11, 12, 13; pi. 59, figs. 24-27. Shell either dextral or sinistral, ovate-pyramidal, imperforale, rather solid, smoothish, lightly striatulate. Bright straw or greenish- yellow^ the base of the last whorl green, or in some shells the darker color invades most of the last whorl or even the penultimate whorl ; shell-substance purple under the green, white under the yellow. One or two black varices usually present. Spire high-conic, the apex white or yellow. Whorls 7, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, purplish and white inside ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, re volute and closely adnate upon the reverse of the lip, the adnate edge conspicuously black-bordered. Parietal callus rather strong, white. Alt. 45, diam. 24, longest axis of aperture 20-J mill. Alt. 39, diam. 23, longest axis of aperture 19^ mill. Alt. 47, diam. 25, longest axis of aperture 23 mill. Cochin China (Pfr., coll. A. N. S.); Pgulo- Condor (Morelet). Bulimus Dohrni PFR., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 525; Novit. Conch, p. 312, pi. 75, f. 12, 13 ; Monogr. vi, 20. — B. perversus var. dohrni MORELET, Ser. Conchyl. iv, p. 260 — A. dohrni FULTON, t. c., p. 72 (exclusive of synonym). The completely adnate, black-edged lip reminds one of A. per- versus and interruptus. The typical form is rather pyramidal, \vith only the base green (pi. 59, figs. 26, 27), and is usually dextral ; but much shorter specimens than those figured are before me, both d?x- tral and sinistral. A more solid, more ovate form also occurs (pi. 58, figs. 11, 12, 13) in which the green color is more extended, and sometimes be- comes brownish on the penultimate whorl ; there is often a dark line along the edge of the parietal callus, and as in the typical shells it coils either way, and varices may be present or absent. These shells approach certain forms of A. comes, though the development of the lip and brighter yellow of the spire sufficiently distinguish them. The name is to honor Dr. Anton Dohrn. The quotation of A. interruptus infraviridis as a synonym of dohrni by some authors, is an error. There is no direct connection between them. 174 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. A. MUNDUS (Pfeiffer). PL 61, figs. 57, 58, 50. Shell imperforate, ventricose-ovate, rather solid, nearly smooth, uniform white, glossy, without cuticle. Spire convexly conic, the apex somewhat teat-shaped ; suture simple, whorls 63 a little convex, the penultimate one subangulate, last whorl slightty shorter than the spire, colurnella vertical, somewhat compressed. Aperture oblique, oval, somewhat effuse at base ; peristome slightly thickened, nar- rowiy expanded and reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus ; columellar margin dilated, adnate. Length 35, diam. 19, aperture 17 mill, long inside (Pfr.}. Singapore (Gruner. type) ; Borneo? (Cuming). Bulimus mundus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1853, p. 57 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 261, pi. 70, f. 21, 22; Monogr., iii, p. 651 ; viii, p. 24.— Amphidromus mundus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. (6), xvii, p. 71. — This work, vol. viii, pi. 11, f. 20 (not good). I have given Pfeiffer's description and figures (f. 57, 58), as well as his apochryphal localities. The specimens before me agree with his, part being from an unknown locality, part marked k' Philip- pines." They are either dextral or sinistral, glossy white through- out, rather swollen, the -subangular periphery of the penult, whorl visible at the suture. The lip is moderately thickened on its face, and is narrowly recurved but not adnate. From the whiteness of the parietal wall I conclude that there is no colored cuticle; in fact the specimens before me have no appearance of being denuded of their cuticle. Pfeiffer mentions larger specimens, " giganteus, dex- trosus, long. 50, diam. 23 mill. Nova Caledonia? Mus. Cuming;" and these are also probably what Fulton refers to. The name alludes to its clean, white appearance. A. METABLETUS Mollendorff. Shell imperforate, dextral or sinistral, ovate conic, rather solid, decussated throughout with minute but distinct spiral lines, scarcely shining ; white or yellow, uniform or ornamented with three brown bands, at suture, periphery and around the columella. Spire almost regularly conic, the sides nearly straight, apex obtuse. Whorls 7i, the upper 5 nearly flat, lower ones a little convex, separated by a nar- rowly pale margined suture, the last whorl about two-fifths the total alt. Aperture moderately oblique, oval, slightly excised, somewhat effuse at base ; peristome moderately expanded, thickened, reflexed, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 17f) almost revolute. Columella straightened, hardly twisted, forming an indistinct angle with the basal margin. (Mlldff'.) Alt. 49, diam. 26 ; length of aperture 23, width outside 17, inside ll.o mill. Alt. 43.5, diam. 23.5 ; length of aperture 21, width outside 16.5, inside 11 mill. Annam : " Mother and child" mountain (Roebelen). A. metablelus MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. d. Malac. Gesellsch. xxxii, p. 22 (Feb., 1900). " In this beautiful form I at first thought to recognize A. cochin- chinensis Pfr., known to me by description only ; but that is decidedly narrower, 39 by 17 mill., the ratio of length to breadth being 100 :43.6, while our new species has the ratio 100:53. The spire is not so straightly conic, the sides being distinctly convex in cocltin- cliinensis, and moreover Pfeiffer calls his species smooth and glossy, while A. metabletus is distinctly striate and rather dull, and also lias fine, close spiral lines. It has al?o a wider peristome, with thicker 15}), and recurved. Mr. Fulton has been so kind as to compare with the type of A. cochinchinensis in the British Museum, and confirms the distinctness of the two, especially on account of the more slender, almost cylindrical contour of Pfeiffer's species. The latter has spiral sculpture, but it is hardly visible because the cuticle is nearly worn oft'. Of color- and band-variations it occurs (a) uniform, either pure white or yellow, and (b] banded, on a white or yellow ground." (Aflldff.) ' A. ING ENS Mollendorff. Shell shortly rimate, dextral or rarely sinistral, ovate-conic, solid, lightly plicate-striate, decussated with minute spirals; whitish? Spire high conoid, with convex sides, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7, the upper nearly flat, impressed at the sutures, the last encircled by three elevated girdles, of which the median one is wider and higher, below the middle excavated in a rather deep furrow, generally mal- leated in places. Aperture but little oblique, subauriform, the base rather effuse ; peristome widely expanded, strongly thickened, colu- mella nearly straight, strongly thickened with callus above, forming a rather distinct angle with the basal margin ; margins joined by a very thick callus. (Mlldff'.} Alt. 75, diam. 40 mill. 176 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. . Ah. 61, diam. 47.5 mill. Annam : "Mother and child" mountain (Roebelen). A. m^/zsMLLDFF., Nachrbl. xxxii, p. 23 (Feb., 1900). " This very remarkable form exceeds the largest species known to this time, A. cambojiensis Rve. in size, and is very notable for the singular girdling with three strongly raised welts, and the deep fur- row below the middle welt. This structure is lost upon the penulti- mate whorl, and is represented on the earlier whorls only by a grad- ually weakening impression along the suture. The rather prolonged base of the mouth somewhat recalls A. inauris Bttg. of Java. Noth- ing certain can be said of the color, but it appears to be pure white. The specimens, though obviously collected alive, are partly covered with alga?, and show no trace of a colored cuticle." (Mlldjf.) A. COSTIFER Smith. PI. 59, figs. 22, 23. Shell rimate, ovate, dextral, solid; whitish, the last whorl more or less streaked and variegated with purple-brown above. Whorls 6, a little convex, separated by a slightly oblique suture, striated with growth-lines (rugose on the last whorl), cut by obsolete spiral striae, the last whorl having a very oblique* strong white varix on the back. Aperture widely suhauriform, half the total length of the shell, whitish within ; peristome white, thickened, the right margin slightly reflexed, columellar margin widely dilated, joined to the lip by a very broad, thick, white callus; columella subperpendicular, slightly twisted. Spire conoid, with convex outlines. Length 47, diam. 24, aperture inside LM mill. long. (Smith.) Annam: "dans les montagnes boitees du Huyen de Triphuoc, pro- vince Binh-dinh" (E. Eudel). Amphidromus costifcr E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 12, figs, in text (1893). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 91, pi. 7, f. 6, Qa (1896). "This species is remarkable for its short, ovate form, the some- what rugose lines of growth, and its irregular auriform aperture ; but (.•specially for the varix or former lip on the back of the body-whorl. This apparently indicates a period of arrested growth, probably of th« previous year. It occurs in all the specimens as yet known, seven in number, with the exception of one of immature growth. This is in nice fresh condition, and shows that the color of the species is much brighter in the young shells. Beneath the suture the whorls BULIMULID^E. PLATE 35. BULIMULIO/E. PLATE 36. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 37. BULIMULID^E. PLATE 88. BULIMULID>E. PLATE 39. 6G 64 65 BULIMULID./E. PLATE 4O. A I BULIMULID^E A PLATE 41, BULJMULID^E. PLATE 42. 91 92 BULIMULID^E. PLATE 43. PLATE 44. BULIMULID^C- PLATE 4B. -AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 46. 13 16 •I • f 14 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 47. ^ 6 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 48. X 1 . f i 16 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. 177 are faintly margined with pale yellow, arid between the varix on the back of the last whorl and the lip the surface is whitish, the purple- brown markings which occur on the rest of the whorl ceasing at the varix. This species sometimes attains larger dimensions than those given above, the finest specimen having a length of 54 mill," (Smith.} A. COCHINCHINENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 54, fig. 69. Shell im perforate, fusiform-ovate, solid, smooth, glossy, pale sul- phur-colored or whitish. Spire a little convexly turreted, the apex somewhat obtuse, suture light, pale. Whorls 6 to 7, the upper a little flattened, the following more convex, last whorl about two-fifths the total length, tapering at base, subcompressed. Columella cord-like, slightly twisted. Aperture a little oblique, elliptic-oval ; peristome somewhat thickened, the right margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin dilated, adnate. Length 39, diam. 17, aperture 18-19 mill. (Pfr.). Cochin China (Pfr.). Bulimus cochinchinensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 331 ; Monogr. iv, p. 373 — Amphidromus cochinchinensis Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 69, pi. 6, f. 6°. Mr. Fulton has figured the type of this species. He remarks : "A cylindrical elongated form of a uniform pale yellow color. May pos- sibly prove to be but a variety of per versus." A. CAMBOJIENSIS (Reeve). PI. 59, fig. 32. Shell dextral or sinistral, oblong-conic, solid, striatulate; whitish, irregularly marbled with flames and streaks of brown. Spire thick, terminating in a rather obtuse cone. Whorls 8, the upper ones flat- tened, last 3 more convex, the last whorl about equal to three-sevenths the length, distinctly striate. Columella thick, somewhat twisted, white. Aperture oblique, oval, deep pui^le inside, glossy; peristome thickened, expanded, white, the margins joined by a thick, white cal- lus. Length 70, diam. above aperture 32, aperture 33 mill, long (Pfr.). Brelinn, in the Stiengs country, or Moi, on the eastern frontier of French Cochinchina, 60 leagues north of Saigon (Morelet) ? Cam- bodia (Mouhot). Bulimus cambojiensis RKEVE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), vi, p. 204 (Sept., 1860); and in Mouhot's Travels in the central parts of Indo- China, etc., ii, p. 185 PFR., Malak. Blatter, 1861, p. 11; MoinM>r- 12 178 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VI. vi, p. 16. — B. perversus var. B. cambodiensis Rv., MORELET, Ser. Conch iv, p. 260 (1875) — A. canibojensis Reeve, FISCHER, Soc. d' Hist. Nat. d' Autun, 4me Bull., 1891, p. 114. — A. cambojiensis Rve., FULTON, t. c., p. 91, pi. 7, f. 7. A very large, solid species, with pure white peristome and parietal callus, and purplish within the mouth. Morelet remarks that of seven specimens, four were dextral and three sinistral; the smallest one measuring 64 mill. long. According to the same author, the •species does not occur in Cambodia. I do not remember that it has been noticed that the wood-cut given for Helix cambojiensis in Mouhot's Travels, ii, p. 184, is Camcena illustris. A. PLACOSTYLUS Mollendorff. Shell dextral, notrimate, ovate-oblong, solid, lightly plicate-striate ; olive-brown, with wide brown streaks. Spire moderately elevated for the genus, swollen-conoid. Whorls 6|, a little convex, impressed below the margined suture, the last whorl quite convex, about four- sevenths the total alt. of shell. Aperture moderately oblique, ample, subauriform, the peristome rather broadly expanded and reflexed, thick lipped ; columella nearly straight, forming an obtuse angle with the basal lip, the callus widely appressed. Alt. 70, diam. 41, length of aperture 42, width, with callus, 31, inside 17^ mm. (Mlldff".) Phuc-son, Annain. A. placostylus MLLDF., Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., Oct., 1900, p. 132. This fine species, next to A. ingens the largest of the genus, recalls Placostylus in its general form. I know of no other Amphidronius nearly allied to it, but evidently it belongs in the same group as A. ingens. There are numerous citations in the literature of the mollusks of Indo- China, of southern, insular species, such as A. perversus, chloris and sultanus, from localities in the Malay Peninsula or Cambodui. It is almost certain that these were based upon species different from those of Java, Celebes, etc.; and probably the specimens would prov» identical with some of the known Cambodian or peninsular species if they could be re-examined in the light (or darkness) of present knowledge. The chief citations of this sort here follow : AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 179 " BuUmus perversus L.," MABILLE and LE MESLE, J. de C. 1866, p. 129. Poulo Condor and Saigon; with the following varieties: ventricosa, shell short, with the last whorl extremely obese, shell thick. Elongata, shell thick, narrow, lengthened, nearly subulate the whorls of the spire a little swollen. Viridescens, shell of the typical form, with inconspicuous striae, of a deep green color with yellowish zones ; the summit reddish violet. Littoral of Cochin China and Siam MORELET, Ser. Conchy 1. iv, p. 257. Perak (P. Townsend) ; Siam (Richthofen) ; Saigon and Poulo Condor, French Cochin China (Michau) ; Singapore (J. Irwing). CROSSE, Jour, de Conch. 1879, p. 337. Throughout the territories of Perak and Patani, from the plains to 1500 meters ; either sinistral or dextral, and very often white, but the yellow variety often met with. J. DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, p. 386. Luang-prabang, Laos ; dextral, imperforate, of a light yellow color with white, relatively oblique aperture, and quite short contour. ANCEY, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Marseille (2), i, p. 133, 1898. ^Bulimus sultanus Lam.," MABILLE & LE MESLE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1866, p. 129. Saigon ; Poulo-Condor. Also MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, 258, Cochinchina (Vesco). ''Bulimus chloris Reeve," MABILLE & LE MESLE, Journ. de Con. cliyl., 1866, p. 129. Saigon and Poulo-Condor (Le Mesle). MORE- LET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 259. Saigon. J. DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, x, 1885, p. 387 (Larut plain and Kinta valley, Perak); cf. MLLDFF., P. Z. S., 1891, p. 336. "A. perversus var. chloris" FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 67 (Malay Peninsula). 7. Group of A. schomburgki. Rather solid species, either dextral or sinistral, with dark or bril- liant coloring, the peristome rather wide, and purple or pink. Dis- tribution, Burma, Siam and Annam, to the upper Mekong Valley. A. MONILIFERUS (Gould). PL 62, figs. 73, 74. Shell conic-oblong, usually sinistral, smooth ; ashen buff' with lon- gitudinal flames, a linear sutural band and an interrupted band be- low the suture, of brown ; umbilical tract brown, divided by a buff line. Whorls 7, the last subcarinated. Aperture subovate, angulute 180 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. at the base, subeffuse ; lip reflexed, reddish-purple, dilated at the columella ; throat purple. Length 1.2. width .7 inch. (Gld.) Tavoy, Burma (Rev. F. Mason); Mortaban (W. Theobald); Yangtaw, Tenasserim (W. Theobald). Bulimus moniliferus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 99 (1846): Otia Conch., p. 198. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 384 (exclusive of syn- onymy); vi, 32. — Amphidromus moniliferus Gld., NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 126.— MLLDFF., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 150 FULTON, t. c., p. 90, pi. 7, f. 9 — Bulimus theob aid i anus BENSON, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xix, p. 329 (April, 1857). — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. xi, footnote 8, and p. 10, pi. 19, f. 10 — PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 473. — A. schomburgki var. theobaldi Bs., NEVILL Hajidlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 126. — A. theobaldianus Bs., THEOBALD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, xlv, pt. 2, p. 187, pi. 14, f. 8(1876). " Differs from B. contrarius and B. Icevus Mull., by its angular aperture, and the color of its lip and throat. The interrupted line just in front of the suture, exists in all the specimens I have seen. It does not always occur reversed. Compare B. theobaldianus " (Gld.). The identity of moniliferus (fig. 73) with theobaldianus (fig. 74,) hinted by Gould, Pfeiffer, and the authors of the Concholoyia Jndicay is confirmed by Fulton. It is a smaller shell than others of the j>wup. Dr. von Mollendorff reports a single dead specimen which semis to agree with this species, from the Samui Islands, near the neck of the Malay Peninsula on the east side. A. moniliferus evidently stands near A. glaucolarynx . A. GLAUCOLARYNX (Dohrn). PL 60, fig. 49. Shell (dextral or sinistral) rimate, ovate-turreted, rather thin, smooth, buff under a corneous cuticle, broadly streaked and banded with blue-brown or purple-brown. Spire conic, rather obtuse, purple, rarely livid; suture submargined, broadly encircled with white. Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, the last three-ninths the total length, the base subangular and encircled by a wide straw-colored hand. Aperture oblique, semi-oval, effuse at base, violaceous within; peri- stome expanded, violaceous, the margins joined by a thin callus (Dohrn}. Length 45, diain. 17 mill., aperture 17^ mill, long inside (Dohrn). Siam (Cuming coll.) : " Pexaburi" (Bocourt). • AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 181 Bulimus glaucolaryux DOHRN, P. L. S., 1861, p. 207, pJ. 26, f. 7. — PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 31 — MORELET, Ser. Conchy], iv, p. 264. — Amphidromus glaucolarynx ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomath, vi, p. 71. — A. glauco larynx Dohrn, FULTON, t. c., p. 90 — Bulimus schomburgki var. fasciatus MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., p. 80, pi. 21, f. la, \b (1867). — A. glaucolarynx var. fasciata Mart., FULTON, t. c., p. 90, pi. 7, f. 3. The dark interior and lip are doubtless constant characters. Ful- ton mentions a specimen in the British Museum 48 mill. long. A young shell before me (fig. 45) has the last whorl olive-brown, with a bright blue-green sutural border edged below with white, and a buff umbilical patch. The spire changes to a pink tone, the earlier whorls deep pink, paler below the sutures, the apex purplish. There are some darker streaks on the spire, and some early whorls have an interrupted brownish line below the suture. Form fasciatus (Martens). PI. 60, figs. 46, 47, 48. Greenish- yellow with broad brown streaks ; a white or light-green band at the suture, and usually a second along the periphery of the last whorl. Peristome between rose red and violet ; whorls but little convex (Mart.). Length 37, diam. 20, alt. of aperture 18 mill. Length 34, diam. 20, alt. of aperture 16 mill. Siam: Petshaburi (Martens) Scarcely distinguishable from the typical form except in the shorter contour and smaller size. The localities given " Pexaburi " and " Petshaburi " are merely variations of spelling for a place near the head of the Gulf of Siam, on the west side, sometimes spelled Phayt-che-booree. Var. PERRIERI Rochebrune. Dr. Jousseaume compared a specimen of fasciatus with the type of A. perrieri, for Mr. Fulton, and stated that he could not separate them. The description of perrieri follows: Shell sinistral, elongate- conic, very solid, delicately striatulate, painted with spaced, wide, square spots arranged in two spiral series. Spire elongate, the vertex rather acute, reddish. Whorls 7, convex ; suture deep, blue- zoned. Last whorl elongate, half the length of the shell, the base with two wide violet-blue bands. Aperture narrow, long, somewhat narrowed anteriorly ; peristome white, inflexed, somewhat calloused; 182 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. columellar margin straight. Length 38, diam. 14, length of aper- ture 17, width 9 mill (Rochebrune}. Cambodia: Forests of Prek-Scholl, south of Cratate (Dr. Har- mand). The biserial arrangement of spots and white peristome do not agree well with the Siamese species ; more information is needed. A. SCHOMBURGKI (Pfeiffer). PI. 59, fig. 30. Shell subimperforate, dextral or sinistral, solid, striatulate ; green with darker streaks when fresh (violaceous when worn), the apex purple-black. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, the upper ones banded with violaceous, last whorl shorter than the spire, tapering at base. Columella inflated, somewhat straightened, violaceous. Aperture a little oblique, truncate-oval, white within ; peristome thickened, reflexed, lilac colored, the margins joined by a blackish-chestnut parietal callus ; columellar margin dilated, reflexed and overhanging, subadnate. Length 48, diam. above aperture 23, aperture inside 21 mill. long. (Pfr.) Siam : Srakao ; mountains of the Elephant chain, on bamboos (Pavie). Bulimus schomburgki PFR., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 137, pi. 51, f. 9 ; Malak. Blatter 1861, p. 12; Monogr. vi, p. 18. — MORELET, Ser. Conch, iv, p. 262 (includes B. crossei). — MARTENS, Ostas. Zool. ii, pp. 79, 80, with varieties legitimus (== typical schomburgki), crossei, mouhoti,fasciatus. — Amphidromus schomburgki Pfr., MORLET, Journ- de Conchyl. 1889, p. 127.— FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 90 (1896) Bulimus crossei PFR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 43? pi. 5, f. 1 ; Monogr. vi, p. 26. The typical schomburgki is " a stout shell with a well-developed and thickened lip, the last two whorls almost covered with oblique bright green stripes ; lip, columella and callus of a purple color " (Fulton). It was named for Sir Robert Schomburgk, Her Majesty's Consul-General to Siam, 1857-1864, who first obtained specimens. Var. crossei Pfr. PI. 59, fig. 31. Roseate under a fugacious greenish cuticle ; outer lip violet, colu- mella and parietal wall dark brown. Length 37-35^ mill. It occurs both dextral and sinistral. Siam. The type was in coll. Bernardi. A. H^EMATOSTOMA Moellendorff. Shell imperforate or rimate, sinistral, ovate-conic, rather solid, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VII. 183 delicately striatulate, glossy. Whorls 6J-7, a little convex, the upper 3 punctate-granulate, the last somewhat inflated. Aperture rather oblique, subauriform, the peristome broadly expanded, a little reflexed, labiate, bright purple, outwardly margined with black; colu- mella twisted, excavated above, broadly appressed, joined with the outer margin of the lip by a broad purple callus. Alt. 37, diam. 20-jr, length of aperture 19, width 14 mill. (Mlldff.} Boloven Plateau, in western Annam, on the left bank of the Mekong (C. Roebelen). Amphidromus hcematostoma MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., xxx, p. 74 (June, 1898). Von Moellendorff records two color-forms, of which the green one may be considered typical. "A. viridis. Shell green, becoming pale above, with a narrow dark line at the suture and a slightly wider yellow band disappearing above; the early whorls whitish, the last one with a rather wide bright yellow zone around the columella. "J5. varians. Shell bright yellow, the upper 3 whorls pale red- dish, succeeding whorls with very wide, curved, chestnut streaks, last whorl uniform yellow. " There lie before me three entirely similar examples of the green, two of the yellow form. Notwithstanding the conspicuously diverse color and pattern, they belong together specifically, for the contour, the characters of the aperture and all the rest are quite identical. By the fine blood-red lip, which especially in the green form con- trasts beautifully with the ground-color, it certainly belongs to the group of A. schomburgki, with which it also shares the finely punctate embryonal whorls ; but still in form, color and marking they are very different." (Mlldff.) A. LAOSIANUS Bavay. PI. 62, figs. 60, 61. Shell either sinistral or dextral, oblong-conic, imperforate. Whorls 1\, a little convex (the last more so), joined by a distinct, slightly margined suture, which is sometimes black-bordered on thd earlier whorls, sometimes not bordered, or with a white sutural band on the last whorl ; longitudinally minutely striate ; the first ones of a buff-white tint, two or three later whorls closely striped longitudinally with brown, the stripes of unequal intensity, extending to the suture ; last whorl with a brown varix-band. Aperture oval, long, angular 184 AMPHIDROMUS. above, rose colored inside. Columella a little twisted, brighter rose tinted ; peristome reflexed, roseate, the ends joined by a rose-tinted eallus. Length 52, diam. 25. aperture 24 mill. (Bavay}. Rhone, on the upper Mekong river (Massie). A. laosianus BAVAY, Journ. de Conchyl. xlvi, 1898, p. 15, pi. 2. f. 1, 1 a; with var. albo-ccerulescens , p. 16, pi. 2, f. 2, 2 a. The pink aperture and peristome give individuality to this species. There is a single black-brown varix on the last or penultimate whorl, and in this it differs from the species with which I have provisionally associated it. Color-var. alboccerulescens Bavay. PL 62, figs. 62, 63. Bluish- white, with paler streaks representing the brown ones of the typically colored form. Aperture roseate, but paler. One or two black varix-bands on the last whorl. Occurred with typical laosianus. II. SINISTRAL DIVISION (Section Syndromus). Shell always sinistral, usually thin, and never marked with varix- stripes; the parietal callus usually thin and transparent. The epiphallus and flagellum are much shorter than in typical Amphi- dromus. Species of this division extend along the island-chain from Java east to the Tenimber Islands, in Celebes, Borneo and the adjacent extreme of Paragua, Sumatra, and on the continent northward to the Sylhet Hills and the southern border of China. The species are excessively variable, and some forms from continental Asia are sin- gularly like species of Java and even Timor. The xiengensis and porcellanus groups are thus merely continental and insular forms of the same type. The species are if possible more arbitrary than among the large forms of the genus. The following key to groups is quite artificial. Groups of Southeastern Asia (mainland}, a. Shell longitudinally ribbed, thin, the peristome brown. Group of A. begmi, p. 188. a1. Not ribbed. b. Peristome colored ; shell yellow or with green lines. Group of A. mouhoti, p. 185. bl. Peristome white ; shell yellow or with two bands at base ; columella with a shallow groove at its insertion. Group of A. sylheticus, p. 188. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. 185 b1. Peristome white , no noticeable groove at root of colu- mella ; spire with longitudinal flames bisected by a me- dian light line, or without markings. Group of A. xieiigensiS) p. 193. Groups of the East Indian Islands. a. A small nodule at the posterior angle of aperture, separated from the outer lip by a groove. Group of A. contrarius, p. 210. a1. No such nodule developed. b. Yellow, with two orange bands and usually 3 or 4 dark bands; no flames; umbilicate, solid. . Group of A. Icevts, No. xvii. b1 Elongate, umbilicate, more or less streaked, not banded ; colors dull. Northern Celebes. Group of A. sinistralis, No. xix. £a. Flammulate, striped, or spotted in spiral series. c. Lip roseate or black ; no roseate umbilical tract ; flames of spire when .present bisected by a light spiral. Islands east of Java. Group of A. latestrigatus, p. 205. c1. Lip white ; spire with flames cut by a median light girdle ; base generally with two dark zones. Java, S. Celebes and islands southward. Group of A. porcettanus, p. 200. c2. Plain yellow or whitish, or with 2 spot-bands above and 2 continuous bands below. Allor and Pura Is. Group of A. inconstans, p. 209. cs. Species of Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Paragua. Group of A. adamsi, No. xviii. 8. Group of A. mouhoti. Eather small sinistral species with green-lineate or yellow cuticle, the peristome pink, brown or purple. Siam to Annam. a. Shell whitish or yellow, the last whorl or more covered with green lines. b. peristome pink. c. form narrow ; upper whorls often maculate with brown. mouhoti, p. 186. 186 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. c.1 form broader ; spirally striate, not maculate above. roseolabiatus, p. 188. bl. peristome dark brown • diam. less than half the length. smithii, p. 186. a1. Shell pale yellow with roseate apex ; last whorl obtusely an- gular, with an orange sutural border ; peristome purple. cruentatus, p. 187. A. MOUHOTI (Pfeiffer). PL 60, figs. 33, 34, 35. Shell sinistral, subperforate, oblong-conic, thin, very delicately striatulate, little shining ; buff', closely painted with hair-like green streaks. Spire long-conic, the apex rather acute, reddish. Whorls 7, scarcely convex, the upper ones sometimes tessellate with brown; last whorl three-sevenths the total length, subangulate in the middle, tapering basally and subcompressed. Columella little thickened, twisted, pale lilac. Aperture oblique, semi-oval, the base somewhat effuse; peristome thin, expanded, lilac-rose colored. Length 34, diam. 14, aperture 15 mill (P/r.). Siam (Mouhot) ; Brelum^ in the Stiengs country, Cochinchina (Massin). Bulimus mouhoti PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 170, pi. 46, f. 5, 6; Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 30 MORELET, Series Conchyliologiques iv, p. 263 — B. schomburyki var. mouhoti MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 80. — Amphidromus mouhoti Pfr., FISCHER, Soc, d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv Bull., 1891, p. 116.— FULTON, t. c., p. 88, pi. 7, f. 11 (1896). The light green strias of the last whorl vary from numerous to merely vestigial. The species is named in honor of M. Henri Mouhot, the intrepid Cambodian traveler, who lost his life by fever in exploring the Mekong valley. A. SMITHII Fulton. PI. 60, figs. 37, 38. u Shell sinistral oblong-conic, imperforate, rather thin, white ; suture impressed and slightly crenulated, last one and a half whorls covered with close-set oblique green lines, which are crossed by fine spiral lines of a darker color ; a narrow, dark green band at the suture of the lower whorls fading to yellow above ; whorls 7, slightly convex, third whorl with two spiral rows of light-brown spots j columella straight, scarcely expanded above ; lip narrowly expanded and reflected ; lip and columella dark brown " (Fulton). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP VIII. 187 Long. 35 millim., maj. diam. 16 millim (mature specimen). Long. 39 millim., maj. diam. 17 millim (lip not expanded). Annam (Eudel). A. smithii FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 88, pi. 7, f. 12, 12« (Jan., 1896). " This species is described from two specimens in my collection. One is evidently full-grown, except that the lip is not expanded ; this specimen has its green epidermis in fine condition. The other specimen is perfect in form, but rather worn, and only shows traces of the epidermis. It chiefly differs from Mouhoti in its dark brown lip and columella, its longer form, and in not being subangulate at the periphery. Named after Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum " (Fulton). Var. ventrosulus Mollendorflf. Fruhstorfer collected a magnificent Amphidromus at Phuc-son, Annam, which agrees very well with Fulton's description ; but he does not mention that the apex, about 3 whorls, is brownish-red. The fourth whorl shows brown, partly zigzag, spots, at the suture, but no second row of them. The lip and columella are not dark brown, but red-brown or violet-brown. The contour is stouter, diam. 211, ait. 40, to 25, 48 mm. (Mlldff., Nachrbl. 1900, p. 132). A. CRUENTATUS (Morelet). PL 60, figs. 39, 40. Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-conic, smooth, glossy. Pale ttraw colored, washed with pale green at the base, the apical two whorls roseate, the third dotted with reddish-brown. Whorls 6^ to 7, a little convex, the last swollen, obtusely angular, delicately costu- late on the back, a little shorter than the spire ; suture marked with an orange line. Columella vertical or slightly receding. Aperture oblong, angular below, white within ; peristome well expanded, deeply stained with carmine outwardly, purple inwardly, the margins joined by a thin purple callus, columellar margin dilated. Length 33, diam. 15, aperture 16 mill. (Morel.). Cambodia. Bulimus cruentatus MORELET, Series Conchyliologiques, iv, p. 264, pi. 13, f. 5 (April, 1875) PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 24.— A. cruentatus Morel., FISCHER, Soc. d. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, 4 Bull., p. 115 — FULTON, t. c., p. 89. The purple peristome is a characteristic feature of this species. 188 AMPH1DROMUS, GROUPS IX, X. A. ROSEOLABIATUS Fulton. PI. 60, figs. 36. ** Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, moderately umbilicated, rather solid ; whorls 6J, slightly convex ; obsoletely angulated at the periphery ; white above, lower whorls pale lemon, with oblique close-set light green lines; spirally striated; lip and columella pink, expanded, lip somewhat reflected ; interior of aperture white. Long. 36 mill., maj. diam. 21 mill" (Fulton}. Siam. A. roseolabiatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 89, pi. 6, f. 8 (January, 1896). " This species is described from two specimens (young and adult); they were upon a tablet with the type of Mouhoti, from which they can be separated by the much broader form, the more distinct spiral striae, and by the absence of markings on the upper whorls" (Fulton}. 9. Group of A. begini. A. BEGINI (L. Morlet). PL 59, figs. 28, 29. Shell sinistral, almost covered rimate, fusiform, thin, shining ; white, ornamented with irregular brown flames, and covered with irregular longitudinal ribs, some of them forked. Spire elevated, composed of 6—7 convex and rapidly increasing whorls, separated by a noticeably crenulate suture ; the first three whorls smooth, with bright brown apex, the others ribbed ; last whorl swollen, two-thirds the entire length of the shell. Aperture subangular below, white within, showing the flames by transparence; peristome brown, rounded, a little thickened and reflexed ; columellar margin straight, bright brown, dilated and in large part covering the umbilical chink. Length 25, diam. 13, aperture 12 mill. (Mori.}. Cambodia : Plateau of Stung-Trang (Pavie). Bulimus (Amphidromus} begini L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxiv, 1886, p. 74. — Amphidromus begini L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxvii, 1889, p. 128, 177, pi. 6, f. 4.— FULTON, t, c., p. 88. The corrugated surface readily distinguishes this from all other species known. 10. Group of A. sylheticus. Small, sinistral species, uniform pale yellow or with two bands on the base, the peristome white, a shallow groove or gutter at the junction of the columella with the body. Apex punctate. Khasi Hills to the Mergui Is. and eastward. AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. 189 A. SYLHETICUS (Reeve). PI. 63, figs. 97, 98. Shell sinistral, umbilicate. ovate conic, polished, striatulate, the first whorl weakly punctulate ; greenish-yellow below the periphery, paler above, fading on the spire, the early whorls and apex whitish. Whorls 5-J, slightly convex, the last but weakly convex above, very convex, full and sack-like below. Aperture ovate, oblique, slightly brown or ochre tinted within; the peristome white, rejlexed; colu- mella with slightly convex inner edge, broadly dilated, guttered at its union with the body of the shell; the dilated edge overhanging a rather large umbilicus, arid a little thickened where it passes upon the parietal wall. Parietal callus thin and translucent. Alt. 26, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 14 mill. Alt. 24, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 12^ mill. Western India : Southern slopes of the Khosi and Garo Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; southward to Sylhet ? (Reeve). Bulimus sylheticus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 564 (Aug. 1849) PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 322; viii, 42; Conchyl. Cab., p. 68, pi. 20, f. 25, 26. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Imlica, pi. 19, f. 9. — GODWIN-AUSTEN Journ. Asiatic, Soc. Bengal, xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 316. — Amphidromus sylheticus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 79 (1896) — Buliminus (Napanis) sylheticus MAKTKNS in Albers, Die Hel., p. 234 A. sinensis var. sylheticu Hens., NEVILL (in part), Handlist Moll. I nil. Mus., i, p. 127. One of the most northwestern species in distribution. God \\in- Austen doubts its occurrence at Sylhet, but perhaps the district, not the town was intended, in which case the name is appropriate enough. Fulton considers B. lepidus (rid. a synonym. The distinctly greenish yellow color of the lower portion, s;ick- like base (particularly noticable in a rear view), and the sort of gutter at the root of the columella, are characteristic features. A. MASONI (Godwin-Austen). PL 62, fig. 72. "Shell sinistral, acuminately oblong, thick, side of spire rather flat, whorls 7, smooth and shiny, under lens finely and spirally striate, color sea-green, intenser below the keel, paling towards the apex, the columella dark purple, a narrow fillet of same color borders the suture closely below, commencing at the upper and outer angle of the aperture. Aperture oval, angular above, lip slightly reflected. The last whorl slightly keeled " (G.-A.). 190 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. Alt. 1.2, diam. 0.5 inch (30, 12J mill.). Assam : Dihiri Parbat, Dafla Hills, 2000 ft. elev. (Godwin- Austen). Bulimus masoni G.-A., Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, xlv, 1876, pt. 2, p. 316. — A. masoni FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 81, pi. 6, f. 2. — Amphidromus daflaensis Godwin- Austen, NEVILL, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 127 (1878). This handsome Bulimus is very similar in form to B. sylheticus Reeve, but this latter shell is smaller, exhibits no trace of spiral stri- ation, has its surface more polished, while the columellar margin and outer lip is pure white ; and in dozens I have collected no trace of a band is ever seen. In color too B. sylheticus differs from the new form in being lemon-yellow with a greenish tinge on the body whorl (G.-A.). It is named in honor of Mr. J. Wood Mason. A. LEPIDUS (Gould). PL 63, fig. 99. Shell small, usually sinistral, slightly perforate, ovate-conic, ele- vated, polished, citrine. Whorls 6, convex, the last ventricose ; suture well impressed. Aperture subcircular ; peristome white, re- flexed, dilated at the columella, the ends approaching. Length of axis seven-eighths, diam. one-half inch (Gld.). Mergui Islands (Rev. J. Benjamin). Bulimus lepidus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, p. 12 (Oct., 1856) ; Otia Conch, p. 219 PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 33. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conchologia Indica, p. 34, pi. 80, i'. 6. 4< A pretty shell, grouping with Icevis, adamsii and moniliferus , but smaller, proportionally shorter and more ventricose, and differing en- tirely in coloring, texture and the broadly rounded form of the aper- ture " (Gld.). The authors of the Conchologia Indica remark that " except in being shorter, with more rounded whorls, and without a notch at the commencement of the pillar-lip, it might be taken for sylheticus." Fulton considers it a synonym of A. sylheticus; but as that is a species of the hills and this inhabits a region rather differ- ent faunally, I allow it to stand pending further comparisons of a good series of the Mergui form with Reeve's species. A. SINENSIS (Benson). PL 62, figs. 64, 65. Shell sinistral, narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, rather AMPHIDROMUS,. GROUP X. 191 smooth ; buff-whitish, with two reddish bands on the base. Spire conic, the apex rather acute, suture deep, whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, the base rounded. Columella short, subvertical. Aperture oblique, oval ; peristome somewhat thickened, pale lilac colored, the margins converging, outer margin expanded, a brown streak back of it; columellar margin reflexed, overhanging, channelled transversely at its upper termination. Length 31, diam. above the aperture 16 mill. (Pfr.) " Southern China " ^Benson) ; Pegu (Theobald, Stoliczka) ; Khasi Hills (Nevill). Balimus sinensis BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1851, viii, p. 264. — PFR , Monogr. iii, p. 320 ; iv, 382 ; vi, 27 ; viii, 42 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 67, pi. 20, f. 1, 2 (description and figures from Benson's type) Amphidromus sinensis NEVILL, Hand-list Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 126, with var. globosa Nevill, flava Pfr., and sylhetica Rve FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 80, with var. vicaria and gracilis. I have not seen this species, and the type is said to be lost from Benson's collection in the Cambridge museum. Perhaps it was not returned by Pfeiffer, and is now in Dohrn's collection. It resembles A. sylheticus in the globose base and groove at root of the columella, but differs in being stouter in form, two-banded be- low, and with a brown streak behind the lip, which is said to be pale lilac colored. Nevill mentions but does not describe a var. globosa from Chittagong, probably identical with the following: Var. vicarius Fulton. PI. 62, figs. 67, 68, 69. Differs from A. sinensis " in being not so broad in proportion to its length and in coloration. It is broader than sylheticus, and in- stead of being an uniform green color, it is yellow, with two (some- times three) more or less distinct dark brown bands encircling the lower part of the last whorl. This variety varies a great deal in size and form. I give here dimensions of two specimens out of a series in the British Museum : length 33, diam. 17 mill.; length 21, diam. 14 mill." (Fulton-}. ^Sheeoay Gheen" or Shivegyeen, Pegu (figs. 67, 68); Chittagong (fig. 69). B. sinensis HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 11, pi. 21, f. 5, 6. — A. sinensis var. vicaria FULTON, 1. c. The specimen from Chittagong before me is more plender t' an 192 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP X. A. sylheticus, not "baggy" below, and almost white with a faint ochre band above each of the purple-black ones. The apical whorls are corneous-white, and weakly punctate, and there is a perceptible groove at the root of the columella. The peristome is pure white, and there is no dark stripe behind the lip. Alt. 26, diam. 14^, longest axis of aperture 13 mill. (fig. 69). Var. GRACILIS Fulton. PI. 62, fig. 71. "A very narrow, solid form ; pale yellow with two purple-brown bands at lower part of last whorl ; the third and fourth whorls encir- cled v?h\}four rows of light brown spots; lip and columella thickened and expanded." {Fulton.} Pegu (British Museum). A. sinensis var. gracilis FULTON, t. c., pi. 6, f. 10 (1896). This may belong nearer A.Jlavus. I have not seen specimens. Var. INDISTINCTUS n. v. PI. 62, fig. 70. Pale yellow, with a subperipheral bluish band and a circumcolu- mellar dusky reddish one ; bluish above the periphery with faint pale line?, and a buff band below the suture; the spire bluish, 1^ early whorls white, sparsely punctate, with a black apical spot. Whorls 6, the last rather baggy below. Peristome white, reflexed, the colu- mella dilated and recurved, its face convex; noticeably grooved at the root; the umbilicus quite small. Alt. 30^, diam. 16-|, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. Laos Mts. A. ROEMERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 95, 96. Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid ; lightly striate and somewhat decussated by very close spiral striae visible under a lens ; flesh-colored with a pale band at the suture. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last about as long as the spire, subangulate and with two reddish bands below the mid- dle, the base rounded. Aperture oblique, auriform ; peristome sim- ple, the outer margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin subver- tical, dilated, reflexed and overhanging above. Length 23-^, diam. above aperture 13^, aperture 12 mill. long. (Pfr.). Laos Mts. (Mouhot). Bulimus roemeri PFK., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 274, pi. 36, f. 4; Mou- hot's Travels in the central parts of Indo-China, ii, plate opp. p. 186, f. 4 (1864); Novit. Conch., p. 217, pi. 57, f. 10, 11; Monogr. vi, p. 44.-^-(?)MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn.. p. 81. — A. roemeri Pfr., Fu-L- TON, t. c. p. 80. AMPHIPROMUS, GROUP XI. 193 On first view similar to A. sinensis Bens., but differs by its flatter whorls, spiral striation, non-thickened peristome, etc. (Pfr-) A. HEMICYCLUS Rocliebrune. Testa obtuse perforata, elliptice pyramidata, seniicircularis, solida, politissima, alba, fasciis latis violaceis spiraliter cincta ; anfractibus 6 ; penultimo sub quadrato ; ultimo spiram superante, intense cur- vato ; apertura elliptica, interne acuta ; peristomate sub recto, labro reflexo, albo ; columella reflexa, obliqua, curvata. Long. 30, lat. 10 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 117. Bangkok (Bocourt). Dr. Jousseaume, who examined the type, thinks this species near A. l&vis Miill., but distinct. The description does not seem very lucid, and is given without translation. 11. Group of A. xiengensis. Farther- Indian representatives of the Java- Timor group of A. por- cellanus. Rather slender and thin, the spire with flames bisected by a median light line, the base with two. spiral bands; or with some modification of this fundamental pattern, or rarely without markings. Apex tipped with a blackish dot. Peristome usually white. Suture generally with a colored border or line below. A number of identifications by various authors of Javan or Bor- nean species from Indo-China, were apparently based upon forms of the present group, though the literature, in the absence of descrip- tions, gives no certain clue. The chief references follow : • A. furcillatus Mou«s., ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 71. Bords du Prek-Scholl, Cambodia (Dr. Harmand). A. ICEVUS Miill., ROCHEBR., 1. c. Montagues de Chaudoe [Chau- doc] (Dr. Harmand). A. adamsi Reeve, ROCHEBR., t. c., p. 72. Prek-Scholl, au sud de Cratate (Dr. Harmand). Bulimus adamsii Reeve, MABILLE & LEMESLE, Journ. de Con- chyl., 1866, xiv, p. 129. Banone, near Battambang ; Phnum- Kretch, Cambodia. A. contraries Miill., MORLET, Journ. de Conchy 1, 1889, p. 127, Mountains of the Elephant Chain, Cambodia. 13 194 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP XI. A. SEMITESSELLATUS (L. Morlet). PI. 60, figs. 41, 42, 43, 44. Shell sinistral, slightly rimate, rather solid, smootliish, striatulate. Pale buff, fading to white on the spire, the first 1^ whorls uniform white minutely marked with brown at the apex, following whorls of the spire with two spiral series of brown spots, those of the upper series square or rhombic, the lower elongated ; the suture with a conspicuous black or purplish border below ; last whorl uniform buff without mark- ings other than the sutural band, or with a wide purple-black band below the periphery and another encircling the columella. Aperture white, half-oval, the peristome reflexed, white ; columella rounded, dilated above and partially appressed ; parietal callus a transparent film. Length 35, diam. 16, aperture with peristome 16^ mill, (type, figs. 41, 42). Length 29^, diam. 15J, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. (figs. 43, 44). Cambodia: Mountains along the Mekong river below Stung- Trang ; forests and mountains of Kampot at Kompong-Son ; Mountains of the Elephant chain. Siam: Srakeo (Pavie). Bulimus (Amphidromus} semitessellatus L. MORLET, Jonrn. de Conchyl., 1884, xxxii, p. 387, pi. 11, f. 2, 2« — A. semitessellatus MORLET, J. de C., 1889, p. 128 — FISCHER, Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, iv, 1891, p. 117 — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 87. Rather more solid than most members of its group, and with a special pattern of its own. The basal zones of the last whorl (figs. 43, 44) do not continue to the lip, or may be entirely absent, as in Morlet's type (figs. 41, 42). A. XIENGENSIS L. Morlet. PI. 63, figs. 75, 76. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, elongate, conoid, subfusiform, glossy. Growth-striae very fine on the upper whorls, gradually becoming more prominent on the last whorl, near the aperture. Spire conic, the apex bluish; whorls 6-^-7, the two earlier yellow, those following ornamented on a light yellow ground^with long radial brown and curved flames, cut in the middle by a narrow yellow spiral zone; the suture bordered by a narrow yellowish zone below which there is a series of little brown spots. Last whorl having a continuous reddish- brown sutural zone, and on its upper part, a crowded series of brown AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 195 flames cut by a median yellow spiral, its lower or basal part having three concentric zones (a yellow one between two brown ones). Aperture suboval, somewhat angular below, whitish inside, the margins joined by a very thiu and transparent callus ; columella thick, rounded, white ; lip widely reflexed, white. Length 38, diam. 17^-18, length of the aperture 14-16 mill (Morlet). Laos : Plateau of Xieng-Moi, and the forest on the banks of the Menam-Pinh (Pavie) ; Luang-prabang (Counillon) ; Prang (W. L. Abbott). Amphidromus xiengensis L. MORLET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 27, 232, 240, pi. 5, f. 4.— Ancey, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Mar- seille (Ser. 2), Bulletin, i, 1898, p. 134.— DALL, Nautilus, xi, p. 37. — A. porcellanus var. xiengensis Morlet, FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 79 (1896). Very closely allied to the Javan A. porcellanus, but somewhat more solid and a little larger, with a subsutural series of dots on the upper whorls and a reddish line below the narrow pale sutural border on the last whorl. The dark apical dot is also larger. I am quite unable to agree with Fulton in his reference of this form and multi- fasciatus to porcellanus and contrarius respectively. Unless the whole porcellanus group be lumped, as some authors have treated the perversus group, the present species (as herein constituted to include color-varieties) has as good a right to stand as any of those recognized. Ancey reports specimens less elongated than the figured type, but agreeing with it in coloration and other characters. I suppose "A. porcellanus Mouss." of Rochebrune (Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, vi, 1881-2, p. 71), from the forests of Owglu, Cochinchina, collected by M. Pierre, is really xiengensis. Var. multifasciatus Fulton. PI. 63, fig. 77. " Like maculatus, but more solid ; the umbilicus almost covered. Pale lemon color, with oblique brown stripes interrupted by three or four narrow yellow bands; a narrow red band just below and encirc- ling the suture " (JFW&on). Cambodia (British Museum). A. contrarius var. multifasciata FULTON, Ann. Mag. N, H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 5 (January, 1896). Var. clausus n. v. PL 63, figs. 79, 80, 81, 82. Imperforate or nearly so, sinistral, thin but moderately solid, glossy, striatulate. Buff, with oblique or longitudinal brown flames not reach- 196 AMPHIDKOMUS, GROUP XI. ing to the suture above, obsolete on the latter half of the last whorl ; cut into oblong spots by a light band revolving midway between sutures and sometimes a number of other less complete bands; the base en- circled by a brown or purplish band below the periphery and a broad circum-columellar band, brown toward the outer edge, fleshy within ; the space between the two bands and a very narrow umbilical patch yellow. A narrow red band revolves very near the suture, but is re- placed on the earlier whorls by a series of brownish spots ; apex black. Whorls 6^, slightly convex, the last somewhat tapering be- low. Aperture banded or white inside, the peristome reflexed, white; columella dilated and oppressed above, closing or nearly closing the perforation ; parietal callus very thin and transparent. Length 32, diam. 15^, longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Length 31, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15 mill. Laos Mts., Cambodia (coll. A. N. S. P.). This form differs from xiengensis and multifasciatus in the obsoles- cence of the pattern on the last half whorl, and the less interrupted flames. The ground color might be called light fawn rather than buff, especially on the last half whorl of some of the specimens ; the light basal band being yellow. Var. TRYONI n. v. PI. 63, fig. 78. Similar to var. clausus in the narrow or closed perforation, form, black apex and buff or pale yellow ground-color. Spire pale ; third and fourth whorls with a subsutural row of brown dots, and several narrow brown lines, continuous or interrupted ; last two whorls with an orange line below the suture ; the base with two red-brown or blackish bands, one subperipheral, the other around the columella, a yellow space between them. Columella spreading and rounded above, not in the least grooved at its root. Length 32, diam. 15^, longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Length 33, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 16^ mill. Laos Mts., Cambodia (coll. A. N. S.). Somewhat like the smaller A. fultoni in color, but in my opinion allied to the preceding forms, from which it is differentiated chiefly by the total loss of flammules on the last two whorls. The subsutural line has become yellow, as in A. porcellanus, but it is,not crowded to 5 he suture as in that species, but separated therefrom by a pale line, as in xiengensis. In some specimens the lower band is bisected or divided into two bands. Compare A. flavus var. proximus Fulton, AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 197 which probably belongs to xiengensis rather than to flavus, if indeed the whole series does not intergrade. A. FULTONI Ancey. PL 63, figs. 83, 84. Shell sinistral, short, ovate-conic, minutely perforate, thin, ob- liquely striate, subangulate at the periphery, chiefly at the beginning of the last whorl. Spire rather shortly conic, apex with a quite small dark brown dot, the first 1J whorls minutely and sparsely punctulate. Whorls 6, the first ones distinctly, the later barely con- vex, last whorl rather ventricose ; 3^ earlier whorls white, lower of a pale lemon color ; the third whorl ornamented with two series of pale brownish and very small spots ; the last whorl with a narrow yellow zone below the suture, circumscribed by an indistinct broad white band, and furnished with two fine brown revolving lines more or less evanescent towards the aperture, the upper one just below tfee periphery, the other around the yellow umbilical area ; the immedi- ate vicinity of the umbilicus flesh-tinted. Aperture strongly oblique ; columella straight, thin, triangularly expanded, white. Lip thin, white, narrowly expanded. Length 23 J, diam. 14, length of aperture 11 mill. Length 22, diam. 13, length of aperture 11 mill. Cochinchina. Amphidromus fultoni Axe., Nautilus xi, p. 62 (Oct. 1, 1897). " This, as well as the following \_A. eudeli\ are members of the group of A. flavus Pfeiffer, according to Mr. Hugh Fulton, who kindly examined the specimens and declared them to be new species. From the former it differs in being shorter, in having 6 whorls only, a dark-colored apex, two narrow revolving bands on the last whorl and other particulars. Named in honor of Mr. Fulton, who has very thoroughly and carefully monographed this difficult genus." (Ancey). The pale biserial dotting of the third whorl, yellow line below the suture of the last, black dot at the apex and two basal bands, show this form to be near var. tryoni of A. xiengensis ; but that shell is more solid, more elongate, with less oblique, longer aperture, etc. Figured from the type specimen kindly lent by Mr. Ancey. A. FLAVUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 92, 93. Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, ovate-conic, thin, nearly smooth, 198 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. somewhat glossy ; uniform sulphur yellow. Spire conic, the vertex white, rather acute. Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last nearly three- sevenths the length of the shell, the base swollen. Columella scarcely inflated, subvertical. Aperture oblique, inverted auriform ; peristome thin, expanded and a little reflexed. Length 25, diam. above aper- ture 12, aperture 11^ mill. (Pfr.}. Siam (Mouhot); Laos: Luang-prabang (H. Counillon); Cochin- china: Thu- Dan-Moth (Eyries), and the arroyo of Long-ho, near Ving-Long (Le Mesle). Bulimus flavus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 171, pi. 46, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. vi, p. 32. — MORELET, Series Conchyl. iv, p. 265 (1875) — Amphidromus flavus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 81. — ANCEY, Annales Mus. d.'Hist. Nat. Marseille (2), Bull. I, p. 134 (1898). I have not seen this species, which seems near the banded and maculate multifasciatus and xiengensis. Fulton remarks that it is more solid than adamsi var. inornatus, with a faint reddish band at lower part of last whorl. The locality " Siam " is doubtful, or pos- sibly correct for the eastern edge of that country. Var. PROXIMUS Fulton. PI. 63, fig. 94. ts Differs from flavus in being more elongate, has two indistinct bands at basal part of last whorl, and has a spiral line of equidistant light brown spots just below suture of third and fourth whorls. A single specimen in my own collection, locality unknown " (Fulton}. This variety may perhaps be referable to A. xiengensis rather than flavus, and near my var. tryoni. A. AREOLATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 85, 86. Shell sinistral, subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, striatulate some- what glossy ; buff-whitish, painted with brown flames which generally fork above. Spire conic, the apex minute, brown ; suture submargi- nate. Whorls 6^, moderately convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, rounded beneath, having a roseate patch at the columella, surrounded by a brown and a buff band. Columella somewhat swollen, slightly twisted. Aperture oblique, inverted auriform ; per- istome thin, rather broadly expanded, the columellar margin nar- rowly reflexed. Length 23, diam. above aperture 11, length of aperture 10^ mill. (Pfr.}. Siam (Mouhot). Bulimus areolatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XI. 199 p. 172, pi. 46, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr. vi, p. 33. — Amphidromus areolatus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 81. lf A thin shell somewhat like porcellanus, but with close forked markings on the upper whorls" (Fulton'). A. ZEBRINUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 63, figs. 90, 91. Shell sinistral, subperforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, lightly striate ; white, closely painted with rather ivide, nearly straight or some- what waved black-brown stripes. Spire slender, conic, the vertex a little acute, and black ; suture shallow, white. Whorls 6^ the upper convex, the rest slightly so, last whorl two-fifths the total length, a trifle tapering below. Columella subinflated, rather straightly re- ceding. Aperture oblique, semi-oval ; peristome simple, rather broadly expanded, the columellar margin reflexed, overhanging. Length 25, diam. above aperture 10^, length of aperture 11 mill. (Pfr), Siam (Mouhot). Bulimus zebrinus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 194; Novit. Conch., p. 172, pi. 46, f. 9, 10 ; Monogr. vi, p. 32 — Amphidromus zebrinus Pfr., FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 1896, p. 81. Var. EUDELI Ancey. PI. 63, figs. 87, 88. Shell sinistral, rather solid, oblong-conic, obliquely striate, narrowly rimate ; spire conic, apex dark brown ; whorls 7, convex, the first ones dull white, the fourth and lower ones cream, with oblique bluish-gray stripes, becoming reddish-brown on the spire, interrupted at the middle on the penultimate and preceding whorls by a submedian light spiral line, and evanescent at the suture ; last half-whorl bluish-gray, with a cream-yellow band around the middle of the base, and an umbilical area of the same tinge ; a narrow infra-sutural line of a reddish-brown color on the last and penultimate whorls. Aperture small, oblique, expanded, interior greyish. Colum- ella thick, reflected, paler at the upper part. Lip thickened, dark- brown externally, purple inside, particularly so near the umbilicus. Length 28, diam. 14, length of aperture 11 mill. (Ancey}. Length 26, diam. 12J, length of aperture 12 mill, (specimen). Annam: near Binh-Dinh, in forests (E. Eudel). A. eudeli ANC., Nautilus xi, p. 63 (Oct. 1, 1897). — A. zebrinus subsp. fuscolabris MLLDFF-, Nachrbl., 1898, p. 75. This is allied to A. zebrinus Pfr., but is apparently larger and 200 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. more solid, and differs in having a purple peristome, externally black -brown, wider stripes, and a reddish subsutural line. Figured from one of the types, kindly sent by Mr. C. F. Ancey. Dr. von Mollendorff describes an A. zebrinus subsp. fuscolabris as somewhat larger than typical zebrinus, length 27, diam. 13 mill., the lip less expanded, dark brown ; otherwise the same. It is from the Boloven Plateau, western Annam, on the left bank of the Mekong River (C. Roebelen). This form is apparently identical with A. eudeli Ancey. 12. Group of A. porcellanus. Spire decorated with flames or stripes bisected by a submedian light line. Distribution, Java, Southern Celebes and islands to the southward of Celebes, above the Timor-Java chain. The separation of this from the preceeding group is merely one of convenience. A. POECILOCHROA < Bttg.' Fulton. PL 64, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell nearly or quite imperforate, sinistral, thin, ovate-conic, polished and glossy, faintly striatulate. Pale lemon-yellow, fading to whitish on the spire, marked above the periphery with wide purple- brown stripes not reaching to the suture, and bisected by a yellow spiral band running about midway between sutures, on the last half- whorl changing to reddish, and accompanied by a narrow dark band ; many of the stripes on the spire forked above ; base with two wide purple-brown spiral bands and an umbilical patch, separated by two paler bands, the upper one narrow and yellow, the lower wider and reddish. "Whorls 6-|> the earlier 1 J uniform fleshy brown ; suture moderately impressed, narrowly edged with black-brown below, this bordered again by a whitish margin. Aperture showing the color pattern within ; peristome narrowly expanded, flesh-tinted. Columella vertical, its edge rather narrowly reflexed. Alt. 35, diam. 19 mill. (type). Alt. 34, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Sumbawa Island. A. poecilochroa (Boettger MSS.) FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 77, pi. 6, f. 7 (Jan., 1896) — Bui. contrarius MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 115. Evidently allied to A. porcellanus, differing in the more ventricose shape and consequently longer aperture, narrower columella, and AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. 201 some details of color pattern. It has not the thickened parietal callus of A. contrarius, but is evidently the form Mousson reported as an immature contrarius from Dompo, near Bima, Sumbawa (not Celebes as Mousson says), having " Ausgezeichnet starker in quadra- tischen Flecken bestehender Zeichnung." A. PORCELLANUS (Mousson). PI. 64, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell sinistral, perforate or sometimes closed, long-conic, thin, glossy, striatulate. White or buf, with two broad brown zones on the base and flames or stripes of the same color above and on the spire, cut in the middle by a narrow white spiral band, usually obsolete above this band on the last whorl ; suture narrowly yellow-bordered, a small black-brown dot at the apex. Whorls 6-^-7, convex. Aperture small, banded within ; peristome narrowly reflexed, white'; columella dilated above ; parietal callus scarcely visible. Alt. 33, diam. 14^. longest axis of aperture 14^ mill. Alt. 30, diam. 14^, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Alt. 27, diam. 13^, longest axis of aperture 12 mill. Western Java : Warong Kapqngdangan f (v. Hasselt); Buitenzorg (Weber, Strubell). Sumatra : Deli, on the north coast (Leop. Mar- tin). Bulimus zebra VAN HASSELT, Algemeerie Konst en letterbode, 1823, p. 233 (no description), and an unpublished plate 13, f. 1, copied in Schlegel's Handleiding, atlas, Weekdieren, pi. 1, f. 10. Not B. zebra Brug — Bulimus pore ellanus MOUSSON, Die Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken von Java, p. 33, 110, pi. 3, f. 4 (1849).— PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 328 ; iv, 384 ; vi, 32 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 138, pi. 41, f. 14, 15 (?). — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 365. — Amphi- dromus porcellanus (Mouss.). MARTENS in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse, ii, p. 241 — WIEGMANN, in the same work, vol. iii, p. 204, pi. 15, f. 2-11 (anatomy). — BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Naturforsch. Ges., 1890, p. 146. This species differs from A. contrarius in its thin parietal film, without a denticle above. In color-pattern it is much like the larger and more ventricose A. poecilochroa, though the lower band is wider and extends to the root of the columella. The chief variation is in the flames or stripes of the last whorl, which may be narrow and extend upward nearly to the suture, or short, even completely want- ing. This is sufficiently shown in the figures. The length of the shell varies more than the diameter. 202 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. A. FILOZONATUS (' Mousson ' Martens). PI. 64, fig. 4. Shell sinistral, long-conic, rather solid, lightly striatulate, glossy ; the last whorl grayish-brown with narrow whitish bands and a [per- ipheral] black-spotted band ; the whorls above buff- whitish with squarisli blackish blotches cut by a band, the upper whorls white with black apex. Aperture oblong-ovate, angular below, brown inside, about two-fifths the length of the shell ; peristome rather thickened, white, narrowly reflexed ; scarcely any parietal callus ; columellar margin nearly straight, dilated (Martens). Alt. 35, diam. 17, aperture 15 mill. Java : near Grisse, not far from Surabaya, in eastern Java (Mar- tens), and on the neighboring island Madura (Zolling.er). Bulimus ICBVIS var. DESH. in Fer. Hist., pi. 161, f. 9. — PFR., Con- chyl. Cab., pi. 41, f. 5, 6. — B. Jilozonatus Mousson in coll., MAR- TENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 358, pi. 21, f. 4 — A. Jilozonatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 78. Von Martens mentions two varieties: the typical, with distinct blackish blotches and black-spotted band, and a paler form, orange- Isabelline, with the band and blotches obsolete. The whorls are less convex than in contrarius, and there is no nodule or thickening on the parietal wall. The coloring of one or several narrow whitish bands on- the last whorl and maculate spire is characteristic, the peripheral tessellated band being sometimes obsolete. A. MACULATUS (Fulton). PI. 64, figs. 9, 10, 11. "A shorter shell than contrarius, somewhat thinner, and the whorls less convex. In maculata the interrupted markings are smaller and more distant from each other, and fade away on the last whorl, the last half volution being quite plain except for two basal bands. Below and encircling the suture of the upper whorls there is a spiral band of equidistant small brown spots (Fulton). Celebes: Macassar (type locality, Fulton); Macassar and Ban- timurong (Sarasins); Bua-Kraeng (Fruhstorfer). A. contrarius var. maculata FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 4 (Jan., 1896).— P. & F. SARASIN, Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 211, pi. 26, f. 259, 260 (shell); pi. 31, f. 302 (radula). — MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. Malak.Ges., 1896, p. 146. — A. con- trarius Mull, var., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 102. — A. maculatus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102, 103, under A. kalaoensis (1896). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. 203 Described as a variety of A. contrarius, but as von Moellendorff has pertinerftly pointed out, it differs from that species in the import- ant character of having a weak, thin-edged parietal callus, and no nodule near the posterior angle of the aperture, nor raised ledge below. I do not think it especially related to contrarius. A. JUCUNDUS (Fulton). PL 64, fig. 8. " Smaller than typical filozonatus, rather more solid ; last whorl grayish-brown, with a yellow band around lower part ; upper whorls white, with dark brown stripes interrupted by a narrow pale yellow band. Alt, 28, diam. 14 mill." (Fulton). Celebes: Macassar (Fulton); Bua Kraeng (Fruhstorfer). A. filozonatus var. jucunda FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 78, pi. 7, f. 8 (Jan., 1896). — A.jucundus Fulton, MOELLENDORFF, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges. 1896, p. 146 — A. filozonatus SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. ii, 102. I agree with von MoellendorfF that there is little ground for unit- ing this with the Javan A. filozonatus. It may prove a variety of maculatus. A. ANN.E Martens. PI. 64, figs. 13-16. Shell sinistral, elongate-conic, rather thin. Very lightly striatu- late, rather glossy. Pale yellow with diluted-brown streaks, interrupted by one or several zones of the ground color above, continuous on the last whorl, the apex violet black, following 1J whorjs uniform red- dish. Whorls 7-j, rather flat, the suture narrowly appressed. Aper- ture three-sevenths the length of the shell, the parietal wall covered with a rather broad reddish callus, palatal interior pale, showing the bands through ; peristome slightly thickened and expanded, whitish ; base slightly rose-tinted, columellar margin rather wide, white, dis- tinctly differentiated from the parietal callus (Mortens). Length 44, diam. 17, aperture 15 mill. Saleyer Islands (Weber). A. annae v. MART., in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 240, pi. 14, f. 19-22 (1891) — FULTON, t. c., p. 87. — SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 149, pi. 10, f. 11 (1896). "Variable in color; plain yellow with flesh-colored apex and rose columellar callus, or obliquely striped with black, the stripes being 204 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XII. more or less interrupted. Some specimens are stronger and heavier than the type " (Smith). Named for Anna Weber, who accompanied her husband in his East Indian explorations. A. OSCITANS v. Martens. PI. 67, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell sinistral, ovate-conoid, rather thin ; yellow, painted with rather wide brown stripes, which are continuous, nearly straight or a little bent, and below the suture rarely forked. Apex minute, reddish- brown. Whorls 7, the upper ones nearly flat, the suture appressed and whitish, last whorl rather convex beneath. Aperture about half the shell's length or a little more, acutely ovate ; peristome rather thin, the columellar margin vertical, appressed, the outer lip a little expanded, white ; throat pale yellow showing the brown stripes through (Martens). Length 40, diam. 19^, aperture incl. peristome 22 mill. Length 40, diam. 18, aperture incl. peristome 20 mill. Allor Island (Rolle, Everett) ; Pura or Poera 1. (Everett). A. inconstans var. D, FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 10, 213 — A. oscitans MARTENS, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Ixv, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 3, 4 (April, 1899). " Most nearly allied to A. sumbaensis Fulton, from Sumba, but easy to distinguish by the white, not red, color of the peristome. The streaks are never interrupted by light spiral bands, as the rule is in A. contrarius, but only below the suture in places are dislocated ; mostly simple, seldom forked above " (Mart.). A specimen before me, from Allor Island (pi. 64, fig. 17) has 6 whorls, the last whitish above, retaining a thin greenish-yellow cuticle below ; decorated with many purplish stripes, which on all but the last whorl are cut by a narrow white spiral band, as in A. contrarius. The stripes are dislocated above on the fourth whorl, forming a spot-band below the suture. Length 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 18^ mm. A. KALAOENSIS Fulton. PI. 67, figs, 4, 11. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, long conic, thin but moderately solid, glossy and lightly striattilate. Pale yellow, lighter on the spire, with two belts of squarish or oblong dark brown spots and some- times a dark suprasutural line on the" spire, Jive on the last whorl, that around the umbilicus and the next one nearly or quite continuous AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. 205 bands. Whorls about 6J, rather convex, the earlier 1^ white with a black-brown apical spot ; suture with a faint white line. Aperture ovate, white and showing the spots within ; lip expanded, white ; columella dilated above, white or lilac tinted ; parietal callus light red, thin and translucent. Alt. 32, diam. 16 mill. (type). Alt. 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15^ mill. Kalao Island (A. Everett). A. kalaoensis FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102 (July, 1896) SMITH, same vol., p. 148, pi. 10, f. 10. This species is intermediate between A. anna and A. inconstans, having the pink parietal wall of the former, and the spot-bands of some forms of the latter species. A. maculatup, annee and kalaoensis are doubtless closely allied and derived from a common ancestor. Fig. 4 is Fulton's type, fig. 11 a more elongate specimen differing a little in markings. 13. Group of A. latestrigatus. Shell solid for this group, with well-expanded, reflexed or recurved lip, which is rose-colored or black. Coloring various, but spots of the spire, when present, are cut by a median pale band, and there is a tendency to split the continuous stripes of the last whorl or two into narrow spots forming interrupted bands. There is no pinkish or rosy umbilical tract. a. Lip black ; Flores Island. A. floresianus, p. 205. a1. Lip pink or purple-rose. b. Lip reflexed and recurved; Timor; reflexilabris, p. 206. bl. Lip moderately expanded or slightly reflexed. c. Broadly striped ; form rather stout ; Sumba I., latestrigatus, p. 207. c1. Striped ; form more slender ; Sumba I., sumbaensis, p. 208. c2. No stripes, but a narrow basal band ; Sumba and S. Flores, consobrinus, p. 208. A. FI.OKESIANUS Fulton. PL 65, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. Shell narrowly perforate, sinistral, oblong-conic, solid and opaque, smooth but rather lustreless, weakly striatulate. Color and pattern exceedingly variable ; the first 1^ whorls are uniform pink with a 206 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. black-brown apical dot ; the next whorl is paler with a series of brown stripes or spots bisected by a median light girdle ; the ground- color then changes to whitish, and then pale straw-yellow, which becomes more intense toward the base, and may be either uniform or with "one to ten brown spiral lines, which are sometimes contin- uous, sometimes interrupted." In some specimens the brown flames of the early whorls continue to the last, where they spread over the whole surface (figs. 19, 20). Whorls about 6^, a little convex- Aperture white or tinted within, becoming brown or lilac near the reflexed, intensely black-brown peristome. Columella dilated, black- brown outwardly, lilac within, continuous with the parietal callus, which is brownish toward the edge, translucent lilac or nearly color- less within. Alt. 44, diam. 20 mill. (type). Alt. 42, diam. 20J, longest axis of aperture 20^ mill. Southern F lores (Everett). A. floresianus FULTON, Ann. Mag: N. H. (6), xx, 211, pi. 6, f. 2 (August, 1897). Although extremely variable in color, the black lip is constant in the specimens collected. To the type figure (fig. 17), I add others representing varying phases of coloration, figs. 19, 20 representing a pattern of which only very few specimens occurred. A. REFLEXILABRIS Schepman. PI. G5, fig. 21. "Shell sinistral, elongately conical, slightly striated, imperforate, varying much in color, yellow with green streaks, pale or orange yellow, with the upper whorls yellowish or brown, apex yellow or black brown, upper whorls nearly always with brown flames or blotches, lower whorls commonly with a white zone beneath the sutures ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; aperture elongately-ovate, angular above, angularly rounded and slightly effused beneath, occu- pying with the peristome about half the length of the shell, interior white ; lip strongly reflected, so as to reach and even partly to cover the back side of the shell and forming a canal having the appearance of a very thick peristome; columella thickened, like the lip of a pale rose-color, margins connected by a thin callosity " (Schepm.). Alt. 39J, diam. maj. 18J, ap. alt. incl. perist. 29J mill. Alt. 42, diam. maj. 21, ap. alt. incl. perist. 21 mill. Alt. 50, diam. maj. 23J, ap. alt. incl. perist. 27 mill. Timor: Amarassi (Dr. Ten Kate). AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. 207 A. reflexilabris SCHEPM., Notes Leyden Mus. xiv, p. 152 (1892). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 89, pi. 7, f. 2 (1896). "This species varies very much in size and color, no two speci- mens being ^alike; the largest (somewhat bleached) one is totally yellow except the peristome, the smallest is yellowish orange, with white sutural zone, a dark apex and a few faint brown blotches ranged in two rows on the upper whorls; a third full-grown speci- men and a juvenile one are yellow with more or less green, disposed in streaks on the last whorl, and have a white sutural zone; the full- grown specimen has a yellowish apex and two rows of brown blotches on the next whorls, which cease abruptly on the penultimate whorl; th(3 younger specimen has a dark apex and dark flames, of which only a few are divided by a narrow white spiral zone ; the penulti- mate whorl is partly brown-shaded. This species shows affinities to many other species of the East Indian Archipelago, the upper whorls of some specimens recall in mind A- contrarius Mull., the green whorl resembles some varieties of A. furcillatus. They differ from every known species by the uncommon development of the peristome, which is most characteristic and suffices to recognize the species at first sight " (Scheprn.}. A. LATESTRIGATUS Schepman. PI. 67, fig. 10. " Shell sinistral, ovately-conical, nearly smooth, perforated, apical whorl blackish-brown, next whorl rose-color, the following whorls are white, then pale yellow, last whorl darker yellow, total number of whorls about 6J ; they are slightly convex, the four last with broad brown flames, which on the last whorl become greenish gray and are often confluent towards the base, sutures with a narrow white margin, accompanied by a blackish one (wanting in one specimen) ; aperture ovately oblong, angular above, rounded beneath, occupying less than half the length of the shell, bluish white in- teriorly ; lip moderately expanded ; columella nearly straight ; like the lip dark rose-colored, margins connected by a thin callosity of the same color. Alt. 36^, diam. maj. 21, apert. alt. incl. perict. 18J mill. Alt. 37, diam. maj. 19, apert. alt. incl. perist. 17 mill." (Schepm.). Sumba (Soemba) Island : Massoe, in the central southeast, and near Waingapoe on the north coast (Dr. H. Ten Kate). A. latestrigatus SCHEPMAN, Notes from the Leyclen Museum, xiv, 208 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIII. p. 151 (1892) — A. latistrigatus Schepmann, FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 89, pi. 7, f. 1 (1896). ** This species differs from all the allied ones, by the broad flames, and the fine rose-color of the aperture ; this last peculiarity is also found in A. suspectus Martens, A. annce Martens and in the next species, but they differ in so many other respects that they may be easily recognized. " The measurements taken from specimens from Massoe, show that they vary in form. . In nearly all the specimens the flames of the upper whorls are traversed by a narrow zone of the ground color ; the yellow color of the last whorl is more or less bright. " A juvenile specimen from Massoe has the space near the umbi- licus rose-color, with two brown spiral bands beneath the periphery. This and two adult specimens from the same locality, are in the finest condition, the other are more or less bleached " (Schepm.}. A. SUMBAENSIS Fulton. PI. 67, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell sinistral, perforate or umbilicate, rather solid, opaque, smooth- ish. Whitish, becoming cream or pale yellow on the base and pink on the upper whorls, 1^ earliest uniform reddish-purple with a black tip, the subsequent whorls striped with reddish-brown changing on the last whorl or two to bluish-gray, these stripes rarely bifurcate above, often showing traces of spiral color-lines, not reaching quite to the white- edged suture, and on the early whorls generally cut by an indistinct median pale spiral. Whorls 6-6^, rather convex. Aperture ovate white with bluish stripes within, the lip rather narrowly expanded* purple-rose colored; columella purple, dilated above; parietal callus thin, rose tinted. Length 34, diam. 16 mill. (type). Length 34^, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Length 26^, diam. 13J, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Sumba Island (Fulton). A. sumbaensis FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 102 (July,. 1896); xx, p. 214, pi. 6, f. 1 (1897). Allied to A. latestrigatus Schepman, but narrower, with darker apical whorls, and less solid. A. CONSOBRINUS Fulton. PI. 67, fig. 9. "Shell sinistral, oblong-conic, slightly perforate; whorls 6, con- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIV. 209 vex, yellow below fading to dirty white above, first three whorls of a semi-transparent flesh color, tipped at the apex with dark brown, last whorl obsoletely keeled at the periphery ; there is a narrow greenish- blue band just above the umbilical area, which is continued spirally upon the parietal wall ; lip and columella pale purple, connected by a thin reddish-brown callus ; lip slightly expanded and reflected; in- terior of aperture white. Long. 32 mill., maj. diam. 15 mill." (Fulton). South Flores Island (Everett); Sumba Island. A. consobrinus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 211, pi. 6, f. 3 (August, 1897). Probably a, variety of A. sumbaensis, but as I have not seen speci- mens I follow Fulton's estimate of its rank. " Some specimens have an additional narrow spiral band just be- low the periphery. This species is very closely allied to my A. sum- baensis, but can easily be distinguished by its different coloration. Type in British Museum " (Fulton). 14. Group of A. inconstans. A. INCONSTANS Fulton. PI. G7, figs. 12-17. Shell sinistral, perforate, oblong-conic, glossy, striatulate. Ground color yellow, fading to white on the spire, the early whorls and apex uniform white; typically the last whorl has four spiral bands, the upper two composed of squarish blackish-cltestnut spots alternating with pale intervals, and ascending the spire ; the lower two bands continu- ous or irregularly interrupted. Or in some shells (a) all bands are absent, the shell yellow, or (b) with a single band below the periph- ery, or (c) with two basal bands. Spire slender, the summit very obtuse. Whorls about 6, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, effuse at the base, white or banded within. Columella straight, rounded, convexly reflexed and rolled back above, tapering and very slender at its base, usually with a more or less pronounced angle at its junc- tion with the basal lip. Parietal callus a mere translucent film. Length 38, diam. 19, aperture 19 mill. (type). Length 35, diam. 17, aperture 16^ mill. Length 3(H, diam. 15^, aperture 15^ mill. Length 29, diam. 16, aperture 16 mill. Allor ^ Ombai) Island, north of Timor ; Pantar /., west of Allor ; Pur a (Poera) Island (Everett). A. inconstans FULTON, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lorid., iii, p. 10, fig. in 14 210 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. text (April, 1898); p. 213 (Mar., 1899). — A. inconstans var. gracilis MARTENS, Conchologische Miscellen, in Archiv f. Naturg. Ixv, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 2 (April, 1899). This species is near A. kalaoensis, but the aperture is somewhat longer and more effuse below, the earlier whorls and apex are invar- iably white, with no dark apical dot, and the parietal callus and um- bilical area show none of the pink color of kalaoensis. The figures, drawn from specimens of the original lot, sufficiently show its varia- bility in markings. The uniform yellow form with white top (a) occurred upon Allor, Pantar and Pura Islands, the other stripe- varieties upon Allor, and form b on Pura also. Professor von Martens has distinguished the shells with only a peripheral band or none, and rather slim contour (forms a and b of Fulton) as var. gracilis (pi. G7, fig. 16); but there seems a minimum of use in such distinction, as it is quite impossible to draw a line between b and c, and the latter is equally near the typical form. If used at all, the varietal name gracilis should apply to figs. 14—17, while figs. 12, 13 represent the typical inconstans. The striped form, " var. D" of Fulton, while probably of common ancestry with inconstans, may not be actually connected therewith, and will probably stand. See A. oscitans. 15. Group of A. contrarius. Slender, sinistral forms, in which the parietal wall bears a small callous nodule near ihe posterior angle of the aperture, separated from the lip by a narrow channel. The coloring is similar to the patterns of the group of A. porcellanus. A. CONTRARIUS (Muller). PI. 68, figs. 22-27. Shell umbilicate or perforate, sinistral, oblong turreted, thin but moderately solid, polished and glossy, faintly striatulate above, some- what coarsely wrinkle-striate on the base. Ground-color of a pale flesh-tint, white on the spire, flammulate with oblique purple-brown stripes which do not reach to the suture above, and are bisected by a yellow band (white on the spire] which revolves midway between sutures, and frequently has dark borders on the last whorl ; the flames abruptly terminating at a wide yellow band revolving below the peri- phery,and bordered above and below with narrow dark bands ; a large flesh-colored ba.cal area below the band. Whorls about 6, quite con- AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. 211 vex, the first one black ; penultimate and last whorls strongly convex; suture impressed, marked by a white line below, which is often bordered by an indistinct pink band. Aperture small, oblique, show- ing the bands within ; peristome white both inside and out, reflexed, thin ; columella oblique, its outer margin triangularly reflexed above, continued some distance as a thickened ledge upon the parietal wall. Parietal callus thin, showing the bands through, thickened at the edge below and near the posterior angle, where there is a subtriangular tuber- cle, separated from the termination of the outer lip by a deep but narrow channel, which continues along the suture inside (fig. 25). Alt. 36, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. Alt. 34, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 16 mill. Alt. 24^, diam. 15 mill. Timor: Southern part of the island from Kupang and Babauw in- land to Okabita, not uncommon (v. Martens); Pariti and Taimanan (Gazelle Exped.); Amarassi (Dr. H. Ten Kate; a variety?) Rotti (a small island near the west end of Timor): Talae (A. Wichmann). Helix contraria MULLER, Verm. Hist, ii, p. 95. — GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3644. — FEUUSSAC, in Freycinet's Voy. autour du Monde, 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zool., p. 474, pi, 67, f. 8, 9 — Helix interrupta sinistrorsa, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, p. 101, f. 938, 939 (Mailer's type). — H. interrupta var. DILLWYN, Catal., ii, p. 937. — Bulimus intemiptus var. BRUG., LAM. — KCSTER, Conchyl. Cab. p. 14, pi. 9, f. 5, 6 (copied from Chemnitz). — HOM- BRON & JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pol Sud, Moll., pi. 8, f. 1. — Bulimus contrarius DESH, in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 226 ; in Fer. Hist., p. 19, pi. 161, f. 10, 12, 13. — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 110 — PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 138 ; Conchyl. Cob. p. 136, pi. 41, f. 3, 4; Monogr. iii, p. 327 ; iv, 384; vi, 30; viii, 46 (always exclusive of varieties) MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn, p. 363, pi. 21, f. la,b,c, 10, and var. subconcolor, p. 365, pi.' 21, f. 9 (1867) ; Mai. Blatt, x, 1863, p. 171 ; Monatsber. K.-P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 278 (1878). — Orthosfylus contrarius BECK, Index Moll. p. 50. Amphidromiis contrarius WALLACE, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 412 — SEMPER, Reisen in Archip. Phil., iii, p. 147, pi. 16, f. 24 (denti. tion) — SCHEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus. xiv, 1892, p. 153. — MARTENS, in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nieder. laudisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 241 ; and F. WIEGMANN, iii, p. 208, pi. 15, f. 12-17 (anatomy). — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 77 (exclusive of varieties). 212 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XV. The long spire, very convex whorls, and especially the nodule on the parietal wall close to the posterior angle of the aperture, are char- acteristic; and while the color-pattern varies within rather wide limits, it does not merge into that of porcellanus. Generally there are two distinct yellow bands on the last whorl, the lower one much wider and bounded by dark bands ; but there is a good deal of varia- tion in the flame markings, and the rose color of the base and sub- sutural band fades rapidly after death, as von Martens remarks. Fig. 23 is the typical coloration. Var. subconcolor Martens. PI. 65, fig. 28. Entirely like slender individuals of contrarius in contour, thick- ness and gloss of the shell, and peristome, but nearly uniform yellow- ish white, more yellow toward the base, where the two pomegranate- yellow bands of suspectus appear, similar in position to the two citron- yellow ones of contrarius. No trace of streaks or black bands, but the apex is purple-black, as in contrarius, suspectus and Icevis. Kupang, Timor, one adult and three young specimens (Martens). B. contrarius var. subconcolor MARTENS, 1. c — A. Icevis, part, Fulton, t. c. p. 76. The ledge and superior nodule of the parietal wall show this to belong to contrarius^ not to Icevis as Fulton stated. The specimens were collected by von Martens himself. Var. crassus Fulton. PI. 65, fig. 29. ''This shell is similar in shape to the typical form, but is a much more solid shell ; the columella is thick and round, not thin and ex- panded as in the type ; whilst the aperture is somewhat higher in proportion to the height of the shell, and the interrupted oblique color-stripes of the type are absent on the last whorl of this species. Diam. 20, alt. 40 mill." (A. contrarius var. crassa Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 213, 215, pi. 11, f. 8, March, 1899.) Omainisa, southwestern Timor (Everett). The typical form also occurred at the same place. A somewhat remarkable variety of contrarius is represented by a single specimen before me bearing the locality " Pegu," probably in- correct. It has the characteristic tubercle at the posterior angle, but the shell is very solid, abnormally elongated, with the two basal bands interrupted and the light band of the upper surface obsolete on the last whorl (pi. 65, fig. 24), AMPHtDROMUS, GROUP XVI. 213 » SUSPECT us (von Martens). PI. 65, fig. 30. Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, rather solid, lightly striatulate, glossy ; buff- whitish, with two black bands on the base and two sulphur-yellow ones, the umbilical region roseate, apex broadly marked with brown- black. Whorls 6, rather convex. Aperture ovate, three-sevenths to four-ninths the length of the shell, peristome moderately thick, nar- rowly expanded, violaceous-brown ; columellar margin broadly dilated, reflexed, paler ; parietal callus forming a little tooth above at the insertion of the lip. (Mart.) Alt. 31, diam. 17^, aperture 14 mill. Alt. 27-J> diam. 14, aperture 13 mill. Alt. 24^, diam. 12=L, aperture 11^ mill. Alt. 341, diam 18, aperture 16^ mill. Timor : Kupang, in company with A. contrarius (Martens, Wich- mann. Bulimus suspectus MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch., Ber- lin, 1864, ]). 526 ; 1877, p. 279; Ostas. Zool. Landschn., p. 362, pi 21, f. 8. — PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 27. — A. siispectus SCHEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 153 (SoembaL). — MARTENS, in Weber's Zool. Krgebnisse einer Reise in Jsiederlandisch Ost-lndien, ii, p. 241. — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 78, with var. albvlabiata, p. 79, pi. 6, f. 9. Close to A. contrarius in having a nodule at the posterior angle of the aperture, but, as Fulton says, it "differs in coloration, being white above with two dark brown and two pale yellow bands on the last whorl, the topmost yellow band being continued above ; lip and columella pink." I think it would be more justly ranked as a variety of A. contrarius. Schepman's single young specimen from Sumba Island may not be this species, as the characteristic tubercle at the mouth angle is not developed until maturity. Var. albolabiatus Fulton. PI. 65, fig. 31. " Differs from suspectus in being larger, in having a white lip and columella, and only two dark-brown bands on last whorl, the upper being continued at the suture of the upper whorls." (frulton.) Timor. 16. Group of A. colmtiellaris. A. COLUMELLARIS MoellendorfF. PI. 65, figs. 32, 33. Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, slenderly conic-oblong, rather 214 AMPH1DROMUS, GROUP XVII. solid, very lightly striatulate, glossy. Pale yellow, painted with rather wide green stripes, sometimes interrupted, and brown above, and encircled by three rose colored bands, one at the suture, another below the periphery, and a third at the umbilical region ; with gen- erally other green, rarely brown bands. Spire turreted-conic, the apex rounded, black. Whorls 7, rather flat, slowly increasing, sepa- rated by an appressed, white-margined suture ; the last whorl a little ascending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, narrow, somewhat auriform ; peristome but little expanded, white-lipped within, the margins joined by a thin, pellucid callus. Columella strongly spirally twisted, revolute at the perforation. (Mlld-ff.} Length 32, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 14 mill. (Mlldjf.} Tenimber Is. (W. Micholitz.) A. columellaris MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1892, p. 99, pi. 1, f. 9 — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). xvii, p. 79. The particular island whence the types came is not recorded. Dr. von Moellendorff found the specimens, about 24 in number, to vary but little in form or coloration. The three roseate bands were present on(all of them. The convexly twisted columella is a remark- able character. Fulton writes that he has " some light colored specimens without the narrow red band at suture, under the manuscript varietal name of gloriosa Bttg." Other specimens have red bands at suture and columella, but none at the periphery, the base with two bluish-green zones separated by a yellow band ; the stripes above bluish-green or black-brown, bisected midway by a narrow light band, the first whorl black, the next brown. Lip and columella are white, the latter with only slightly convex edge (fig. 33). This may be called var. sierah- ensis. It is from Sierah Island. 17. Group of A. Ice vis. A. L^EVIS (Miiller). PI. 66, figs. 49-54. Shell sinistral, umbilicate, ovate-turreted, rather solid, nearly smooth, glossy. Yellow, varying from lemon to tawny (or rarely almost white), frequently fading to white on the spire, encircled by two orange bands, sometimes very faint, and occasionally with a third, subsutural band. In addition to these, three or four purple or red-brown or greenish bands are often developed between the orange ones, and there may be a red line below the suture and a fleshy- AMPHlDROMUS, GROUP XVII. 215 purple umbilical area. Apical whorls reddish, fleshy or white, usually with a terminal black spot. Whorls 6 (to nearly 7), convex-, the last inflated. Aperture small, oblique, flesh-tinted inside ; per- istorne white, narrowly reflexed, the columellar margin triangularly dilated ; columella oblique, a little convex ; parietal callus thin and quite transparent. Alt. 29, diam. la, longest axis of aperture 13^ mill. Alt. 36, diam. 17^, longest axis of aperture 17 mill. Alt. 43, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 18 mill. Moluccas : Keffing 7s., off the eastern end of Ceram (Capt. Schulze). Helix Icera MULLEK, Verm. Terr. Hist., ii, p. 95. — CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, p. 103, pi. Ill, f. 940-949 GMELIN. Syst. Nat., p. 3644. — DILLWYX, Descript. Catal., ii, p. 935 — Bull- mus Icevis BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 317. — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 15, pi. 9, f. 9-16. — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 39; Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849, p. 138 ; Monogr., iii, 321 ; iv, 382; vi, 27 REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 37, f. 216 b — MOUSSON, Moll. Java, p. 110 — DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 18 — MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn., p. 359 (1867). — Bulimus (Amphidromus) l&vis Miill., TAPPARONE-CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Storia nat. di Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 146. — Amphid- romus Icevis Miill., MARTENS, Monatsber. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 279, and in Weber's Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 251 (1891) FUL- TON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, 76. Usually banded in rather gaudy colors on a yellow ground, two rather faint orange bands being especially constant; and further differing from its allies in never being flammulate or obliquely striped. It varies interminably in color and band-pattern. Although known to naturalists of the last century, the locality of this species still remains uncertain. Timor, the Tenimber islands, and the Moluccas have all been given as its habitat, but lack con- firmation by recent collectors. The locality Keffing Is. is upon the authority of a German who, returning from the Dutch East Indies, assured Prof, von Martens that it came from thaf place. The speci- mens in collections wera collected by Malays, and obtained at the seaports, from Singaj ore down. It must be abundant where found. The name Icevis wrould be as appropriate to most Amphidrontus, as nearly all the species are smooth. 216 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. Amphidromus kobelti Rolle (Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., April, 1893, p. 34) is considered a synomyn by Fulton, but from his re- mark on its coloration it is evident that he had not seen a typical specimen. The original description is as follows : shell rimate-per- forate, sinistral, ovate-conic, obliquely striatulate ; bujf with two brown bands on the whorls of the spire, a very narrow one above the suture and a wider one in the middle ; the last whorl having a third and wider band below the periphery ; spire whitish, apex small, sub- mammillate. Whorls 6, regularly increasing, a little convex, sepa- rated by a linear suture, the last whorl nearly as long as the spire, a little inflated. Aperture very oblique, angularly ovate-sernilunar, buff in the throat; peristome callous, white, the margins joined by a very thin callus; left margin well arched, reflexed, forming an angle with the columellar margin, which is vertical, callous, and dilated above, roofing over the perforation. Alt. 32, diam. 20 mill. The locality is unknown. The form and coloring described lead me to agree with Fulton that this is identical with leecis, though the dimensions differ a little from ordinary specimens ; a normal lonvis before me 32 mill, long is only 16 mill, in diameter. However, von Martens gives alt. 30^. diam. 19 mill, as the measurements of a specimen, and this is as wide as kobelti. 1 8. Group of A . adamsi. Rather small, sinistral, im perforate or but slightly rimate shells, varying enormously in color and pattern, but no doubt of common ancestry ; characteristic of Borneo, but spreading across Balabac Strait to the islands or mainland of southwestern Paragua (Palawan), and on the other side reaching Sumatra and Java. Illustrated on plates 66, 69, 70, 71. A wonderful series of forms, remarkable even in Amphidromus for the instability of coloration. The species are largely arbitrary, for while extreme forms may be remarkably distinct, there are many connecting specimens. In the group of forms included under A. quadrasi the intergradation is demonstrated by series before me ; but the subspecies of the A.adamsi group probably have true racial value. A. FURCILLATUS (Mousson). PI. 66, figs. 38, 39, 40. Shell sinistral, long-conic, subperforate, smooth, glossy ; buff-white with grayish-brown flames. Whorls 7, a little convex, regularly in- AMl'UIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 217 creasing, the tip of the apex black ; last whorl two-fifths the length, uniform or spirally two-banded below, flammulate above, the flames bifurcate or tri furcate, disappearing at the suture. Aperture ovate, white, showing the bands through ; parietal wall yellowish ; peristome thin, reflexed, white, joining the straight and slender columella at an angle, nearly covering the perforation. Alt. 35, diam. 18.2 mill. (Mousson). Java : Coffee plantation of Pangang-Lele (type locality) ; Litgin and jRogodjampi, in the Banjuwangi residency (Zollinger); Mt. Lamongan Probolingo residency (F. Jagor) ; and Balong, Bezuki residency (Dr. Semmelink). Bimah I. (Zollinger). Helix 1ubuni color, but with a band composed of square dark-brown spots encircling the periphery and continued at the suture of upper whorls ; ground-color may be either yellow or reddish-brown." Form duplocinctus Fulton (pi. 69, figs. 37, 38). Ground-color either yellow or reddish-brown, with two narrow purple-brown bands, one peripheral, often showing above the suture on the spire, the other on the base, generally split. Columella and area carmine, lip and apical whorls pink. The brown form has a light-red subsutural bor- der, and sometimes there are two series of brown spots on some early whorls. Form simplex Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 44). " Ground-color lemon, which is sometimes suffused with orange; a pink spiral band below the suture ; upper whorls either plain or with some brown spots above the suture of third and fourth whorls. Length 26, diam. 15 mill." AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 223 Form ornatus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 41). " Ground-color either yel- low or reddish- brown, with a broad spiral band of short oblique equi- distant dark-brown stiipes at the periphery, continued above at the suture ; lip, columella and umbilical area pink." Form luteofasciatus Fulton (pi. 69, figs. 39, 40). Yellow bands below the suture and above and below the periphery, and a pale band around the purple columellar tract, the intervals between bands of a peculiar drab or bluish color, sometimes with distant white spots along the peripheral ba,nd ; two series of brown spots on some early whorls ; a dark apical dot. Lip and columella pink. Allied to the following. Form superbus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 43). "A most beautiful variety of a bluish-grey ground-color, ornamented with three spiral color- bands, a pink one just below the suture, one, either yellow or pink, at the centre of the whorls, and the third (a yellow one) at the lower part of the last whorl ; on the upper whorls are oblique stripes, which are interrupted by the spiral bands ; lip, columella and umbilical area pink." (JFWtaw.) Form mangsianus Pilsbry (pi. 66, figs". 44, 45). Short and ventri- cose, thin ; whitish with yellow suffusion toward the base and lip, and a golden subsutural band ; marked with deeply branching brown flames interrupted on the base by a yellow belt, the columellar area reddish. Another color-form has the same ground-color, but with merely traces of the flames appearing as spots above the suture and on the upper part of some early whorls, the last whorl with a sub- peripheral and a basal dark interrupted line. Island of Many si, Balabac Strait. Bornean forms. Form rufocinctus Fulton (pi. 69, fig. 42). " Ground-color fawn or light brown, with three pink spiral bands, one immediately below the suture, and the other two above and below the periphery, the upper one continued above." Columellar patch carmine, lip and columella pink. Form inornalus Fulton. PI. 69, fig. 45. u Thin, pale lemon color, first three whorls semitransparent, and with some oblique and more or less indistinct brown stripes ; suban- gulate at the periphery ; suture slightly channelled ; lip and columella white ; umbilical area sometimes tinged with pink." North Borneo. 224 AMPIIIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. Subsp. AUREOCINCTUS Fulton. PI. 69, figs. 46, 47, 48. Shell more solid and often more elongated than adamsi ; yellowish fawn, rather streaked below, fading to whitish on the upper part of the last whorl and the spire, the suture with a golden border below ; umbilical region golden or purple. Aperture, lip and apex white : columella white or purple. Length 41, diam. 16 mill. Length 36, diam. 18 mill. Length 29, diam. 14 mill. • North Borneo. Subsp. RUBIGINOSUS Fulton. PI. 69, figs. 49, 50. Imperforate or nearly so, oblong-conic, rather solid, striatulate, hardly striated spirally. Dead-leaf brown, streaked with darker, fading to whitish on the upper part of last whorl and on the spire. Sometimes having irregularly bent brown stripe markings on the spire and some spots at the periphery, the suture plain or with a reddish brown line near it below ; apex white, sometimes with a dark dot. Lip and columella white, the latter surrounded by an obscure or blackish area. Whorls 6J. Length 38, diam. 20, longest axis of aperture 17^ mill. Length 33, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 15J mill. North Borneo. A. adamsi var. rnbiginosa FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 84 (Jan., 1896). — Bulimus Icevis, in part, DESHAYES, in Fer., Hist. pi. 161, f. 11, 14, 15, 18. This very distinct variety resembles var. aureocinctus in solidity and the dull coloration. It is sometimes irregularly striped above, sometimes stripeless save for some basal streaks. The absence of a sutural border is noteworthy. It is a wider shell than A. sinistralis, with different columella and closed umbilicus. Subsp. HAMATUS Fulton. PI. 70, figs. 51-60. Minutely rimate or subimperforate, thin ; yellowr or flesh colored, with a sub peripheral brown band from which short curved flames arise, the surface above th m unicolored, or the flames may be continued in irregular stripes to the suture, and some short ones intercalated above; varying to forms without flames or without any markings. But there is never a band bordering the suture beloic, as in adamsi. A small purplish umbilical crescent or none. Periphery usually AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 225 noticeably angular in front. Aperture marked within, the lip thin, white. Length 27, diam. 15 mill. Length 221, diam. 12 mill. Labuan Island, off north coast of Borneo. A. hamaJtus FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 84, pi. 5, f. 13 (Jan. 1896). — Bulimus adamsi, var. E and F, ISSEL, Molluschi Borneensi, in Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Geneva, vi, p. 413, pi. 5, f. 28, 29 (1874). Rather more fragile than adamsi, but differing chiefly in the dif- ferent development and variations of the color-pattern. It has not the three yellow bands so frequent in adamsi. The flames along the periphery are usually hooked, from which character the name was given. , In the large series before me there is every gradation between uniform yellow or fleshy specimens and elaborately striped and banded. Beginning with examples striped above and one or two banded below (fig. 51), the pattern changes by loss of the narrow stripes on the upper surface, then diminution of the peripheral hooked flames (figs. 53-57), and finally narrowing and disappear- ance of the spiral bands (fig. 58). Enough figures are given to show the chief stages in the loss of brown pattern, but in the series before me the change is seen to progress by such gradual steps that it would be absurd to define ''varieties." This Labuan form was first noticed by Issel, who gives two good figures. Schepman has noted the occurrence of a similarly marked specimen collected by the Dutch Borneo-Expedition at Sintang (Notes Leyden Mus. 1895, xvii, p. 156), where one would expect the forms of subsp. pictus ; but doubtless the Sintang form is what von Martens records from Mandhor, as transitions between the spot- girdle form and that with wide green-gray stripes. PI. 70, fig. 60, is Fulton's type of hamatas. Form placidus Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 64. " Shell sinistral, broadly conical, slightly perforate, thin, obliquely striate, somewhat angulate at the periphery; whorls 6, slightly con- vex, apex brown, apical whorls white, lower of a pale lemon color; columella straight, rather thin, slightly expanded, white at upper part; lip pale purple-brown, expanded and slightly reflected. Long. 31 mill., maj. diam. 16 mill." (Fulton). East Borneo, 15 226 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. A. placidus FULT., t. c., p. 84, pi. 5, f. 11 (1896). Seems to be hardly separable from the last except by the tinted lip. Type in British Museum. Subsp. ANGULATUS Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 61. "Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, thin, more or less sharply ungulate at the periphery, obliquely striate, umbilicus almost covered ; whorls 6J to 7, slightly convex ; color either fawn with oblique brown stripes on upper whorls or pale yellow with bluish-green stripes, banded at lower part of last whorl; columella white, straight, rather thin ; lip somewhat expanded, white ; interior of aperture dark brown." (Fulton.) Long. 37 mill., maj. diam. 20 mill. Long. 35 mill., maj. diam. 19 mill. Sarawak, Borneo. A. angulalus FULT., t. c., p. 84, no. 42, pi. 6, f. 3 (1896). " Chiefly distinguished by its dark coloration and angular per- iphery. I think it probable that hamatus, placidus, and angulatus are only varieties of Adamsi." (Fulton.) A. PICTUS Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 62. Shell sinistral, subimperforate, conic, moderately solid, polished. Ground color yellow, fading to corneous on the earlier 1^ whorls, the next whorl with reddish- brown stripes, following whorls covered with broad, oblique bluish-gray or brownish-gray stripes, which but rarelv fork, the lost whorl broadly striped above, having a more purple- gray band below the periphery and another on the base, a red crescent encircling the whole columella. Suture with a very narrow light bor- der below. Whorls 6J, the apex with a brown dot. Aperture deep purple-brown within, with white bands and stripes ; peristome re- flexed, white. Columella triangularly dilated, white or tinted. Length 34^-37^, diam. 19, longest axis of aperture 17-18 mill. Length 37, diam. 17 mill. Kina Bain, North Borneo ; also Sarawak territory (Doria & Bec- cari). A. pictus FULT., t. c. p. 85, pi. 5, f. 8 ; with var. concinna pi. 5, f. 9 (1896).— B. adamsi Martens, Ostas. ZooL, p. 357, pi. 21, f. 5b. — ISSEL, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 1874, p. 413, " individuo raccolto a Sarawak." Form concinnus Fulton. PI. 70, fig. 63. " Color bluish-grey, with a dark-green zone encircling lower half AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 227 of the upper whorls, interrupted by equidistant, short, oblique stripes ; this interrupted band is continued on last whorl at the periphery ; lip and columella pink. Compared with pictus the whorls are more convex, the aperture smaller; the basal bands are sometimes absent in this variety." (Fulton.) Kina Balu. Form . . . (pi. 64, fig. 18). With very broad and confluent greenish-gray stripes, leaving very narrow vertical buff intervals ; an indistinct whitish sutural zone. Singkawang, on the west coast of Borneo (Martens). B. adamsi var. C. MARTENS, Ostas., p. 357, pi, 21, f. 5 a. Differs from the preceding by its want of spiral bands on the base. It is very widely separated geographically. Further inland, at Mandhor, von Martens obtained pale buff speci- mens (" var. B ") with greenish-gray rather wide continuous stripes, forked above, without a sutural zone. They occurred with transi- tions toward the above described form, and toward the marking of typical adamsi. Schepman (Notes Leyden Mus., xvii, 1895, p. 156) reports speci- mens agreeing with this form from the foot of Mt. Tiloeng (Biitti- kofer), and Mounts Dadap and Sekedau, Ketoengau River (Moret), collected during the Dutch Borneo Expedition (A. adamsi ; Notes Leyden Mus., xvii, 1895, p. 156). These localities are in the in- terior of Dutch Borneo west and southwest. It is clear that forms referable to the general type of pictus occur in the interior, from Mt. Kina Balu in British North Borneo to western and southwestern Borneo ; and at the present stage of our knowledge it is probably inadvisable to give names to isolated color- forms, which are likely to prove mere individual phases of no truly racial character. Color-form connectens Fulton. PJ. 70, fig. 69. " Differs from everetti in being larger and having no basal color-bands ; body-color of a light yellowish-brown. Like versicolor in size and form, but distinguished from that species by its dark-colored lip and its narrow reddish -brown sutural band." (A. everetti var. connectens Fulton, t. c., p. 87, pi. 5, f. 17.) North Borneo. A Bornean specimen before me (pi. 66, fig. 46) agrees with con- nectens in the dark lip and red-brown sutural band, but retains nar- row traces of yellow stripes on the yellowish-umber last whorl, and 228 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. has a couple of yellow bands on the base. It is merely a somewhat less developed pattern of the same form. I doubt whether connectens has any direct connection witli everetti, of which Fulton makes it a variety, but think it holds a i elation to A. pictus parallel to the relation between dubius and everetti. FORM FROM SUMATRA, probably referable to A. sumatranus. A single specimen collected at Singkarah by Dr. Max Weber " agrees best with my var. B. from Mandhor [see above]. It shows quite dis- tinctly the pale uninterrupted greenish gray stripes on all the whorls, but no spots and no specially colored sutural band ; on the base of the last whorl there is only one narrow dark-brown band, which stops a half whorl short of the aperture. The immediate vicinity of the perforation shows the characteristic dark rose-red color well developed, and the interior of the aperture is light. It cannot well be doubted that this specimen belongs to A. adamsi and not to A. sumatranus, which has the same smooth, glossy shell with very superficial sutures, but only quite slight traces of stripes, and regular spots at the periphery," etc. (Martens, in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, ii, p. 241. Wiegmann, op. cit., iii, p. 191-204, pi. 14, f. 1-19; pi. 15, f. 1, anatomy of same.) Mr. C. Bock collected specimens at Sidjoendjoeng, Paio, etc., in the Padang district of Sumatra, which he refers to A. adamsi, with- out giving any information on their characters (P. Z. S., 1881, p. 630). A. LINDSTEDTI (Pfeifferj. PI. 70, figs. 70, 71. Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, striatulate, glossy, white [see below]. Spire long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6^, a little convex, the last about three-sevenths the total length, obsoletely angulated, the base rounded. Columella subver- tical, slightly twisted. Aperture oblique, somewhat semi circular, the peristome slightly thickened, expanded, margins joined by a cal- lus of the same color. Length o9, diam. above aperture 17 mill. (Pfr.) Balabac Island (Everett). Bidimus lindstedti PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 388 ; Monogr. iv, p. 374 ; vi, p. 20 — A. lindstedti FULTON, op. cit. p. 85, pi. 5, f. 15, 15a (1896). " The type specimen of this species is in a bleached state ; when AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XVIII. 229 in good condition it is yellow at lower whorls, fading to white above ; sometimes the lower whorls are ornamented with oblique narrow pale green stripes, with a narrow orange band at the suture" (Fulton). The locality given by Pfeiffer is "Malacca (F. W. Lindstedt) ;" but if Fulton's identification of the species from Balabac Island is correct, the original locality must have been mistaken. It has not been confirmed by any later collector. I have not seen the species, which may probably not prove specifically separable from A. quadrasi. A. QUADRASI Hidalgo. PI. 71, figs. 72-78. Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-conic, somewhat solid, rather glossy and striatulate. 2^ later whorls yellow, densely covered with green lines and streaks, with a carmine border below the suture and patch encircling the columella, both usually bordered with clear yellow ; the upper whorls and apex white or faintly pink tinted, immaculate.. Aperture oblique, white within; peristome expanded, white ; columella lilac tinted or white; parietal callus thin and trans- parent. Length 35, diam. above aperture 15 mill, (type, fig. 77). Length 33^, diam. 17 mill. (fig. 78). Islet Candaramanes near Balabac (Quadras) and Balabac 1. (Everett). A. quadrasi HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchy]. 1887, p. 3G, pi. 2, f. 2; 1888, p. 33; Obras Malacologicas, pi. 101, f. 5, 6 (1900) SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, 1893, p. 350, pi. 18, f. 10 (typical form), 11-13 (varieties) — FULTON, Ann. Mag. 1896, p. 85; with var. solida, p. 86, pi. 5, f. 16 — -A. versicolor Fulton, torn. cit. p. 86. — A. dubius FULTON, t. c., p. 86, pi. 6, f. 1, 1 a — HIDALGO, Obras, pi. 101, f. 7, 8. — A. everetti FULTON, t. c., p. 87 — A. contrarius Mull., HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 34. Close to certain Bornean forms of A. adamsi from which it may be distinguished chiefly by the different color-patterns, green lines on a yellow ground, with red at the suture and columella being especially characteristic of the typical A. quadrasi. Mr. E. A. Smith described a number of color variations from Balabac Island, his specimens having been collected by Alfred Everett. Mr. Fulton has given a part of these specific rank ; but having before me specimens received from Fulton, as well as a quan- tity collected some years ago by Mr. J. B. Steere, I find that the 230 AMPHIDUOMUS, GROUP XVIII. latter shells connect the supposed species in every direction. Selected specimens may be classified according to Mr. Fulton's arrangement, but the intermediate forms repudiate it as unnatural. My plates were arranged before the forms were completely studied, and so do not show the connections as well as might be desired ; but as an in- stance of the color-form chains occurring, I would mention one con- necting quadrasi and versicolor through pi. 71, fig. 78, f. 75, pi. 66, f. 47, f. 43, pi. 71, f. 91 ; or from pi. 66, f. 47, we may pass to pi. 71, f. 89. And the immature shells of this last form are exactly like some dubius, in stripe and band marking. The latter form (dubius) also connects directly with the maculate form of quadrasi (pi. 71, f. 74, 75) through several specimens before me. Color-form solidus Fulton. PI. 71, fig. 76. " Smaller and more solid than typical quadrasi, subangulate at the periphery ; last whorl either white, reddish-brown or yellow, with a broad white spiral band just below the suture; upper whorls either plain white or with narrow, oblique, interrupted, light brown stripes" (Fulton}. Palawan. Fig. 76 is Fulton's type. Specimens before me (pi. 71, figs. 72, 73, 74, 75 ; pi. 66, figs. 47, 48), have the last whorl yellow except for a broad white belt below the suture, \vith close blue-green lines or scarcely any, the suture with a yellow or red margin or none; the spire whitish with purplish flames forked above, or cut by a median whitish line into two series of purplish spots, the upper series split or forked, apex with a small dark dot; the columella with a small reddish area or none. Some- times the purplish rnaculation of the early whorls extends upon the last ; and in most of the shells the parietal wall shows a basal spiral band visible on looking into the aperture, but not reaching the last whorl. The specimens figured are from Balabac. This series forms a practically complete transition to versicolor and dubius. Color-form versicolor Fulton. PI. 71, figs. 84—91. Variable in form from oblong- to ovate-conic, imperforate. Apex usually with a blackish dot, the spire either plain whitish or fleshy or striped with brown flames forked or dissected above; the last whorl either (fig. 87) cream-buff, the tint deeper below, or (fig. 86) yellow, suffused toward base and suture with carmine, and with some greenish spiral lines, the lip pink, columella red-purple, or (figs. 90, 91) buff with wedge-shaped dark green bands behind tlie lip, or (figs. 88, 89) AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIX. 231 streaked with reddish-brown except for a pale belt below the suture, and with a greenish belt below the periphery, or (fig. 85) pale yellow with faint green oblique lineation, interrupted at periphery. Aperture and lip white except in the red stained form ; the columella and its vicinity either white or pink-tinted. Length 47, diam. 20. Length 43, diam. 22. Length 38, diam. 18. Length 35, diam. 18-19. Length 33, diam. 161. Length 24J, diam. 14 mill. Balabac Island. In a series of four specimens from Fulton, collected by Everett, and six collected by Steere, no two are alike in markings or size. The smallest specimen before me is figured, pi. 66, fig. 42. It has 5^ whorls and a peripheral brown band. The largest shells have fully 7 whorls. Steere collected green-lineate specimens with and without a red sutural line connecting with the typical quadrasi. Color-form dubius Fulton. PI. 71, figs. 79-83. Ground-color yellow below, whitish on the spire, copiously striped above the peri- phery with bluish gray, becoming brown on the spire, the stripes con- tinuous or branching above ; the base with a band below the periphery and usually another midway,. the columellar region pale or stained with Ted ; suture with a pale or a red margin. Aperture usually dark within, the lip white, columella white or pink. Some- times the stripes coalesce to a uniform bluish band over the whole upper surface of the last whorl. Dimensions variable. Balabac Island. Figures 79, 80 are Fulton's types, figs. 81-83 other specimens col- lected by Steere. The periphery may be subangular or as rounded as in qtiadrasi) indifferently. It is distinguished from A. adamsi pictus by the locality ; from A. everetti by the white lip. Color-form everetti Fulton. PI. 70, figs. 65, 66, 67, 68. Yellow, fading to white on the earlier whorls, the apex black, copiously striped with purple-brown on the spire, olive on the last whorl, the stripes simple or branching above ; the base with two wide blackish- olive girdles and a reddish columellar area. Suture with either a pale or red border. Aperture dark within ; lip blackish-brown, ex- panded. Length 40, diam. 18-20. Length 30, diam. 16 mill. Palawan. 19. Group of A. sinistr alis. Elongate forms with convex whorls and rather dull coloring, char- acteristic of northern Celebes. 232 AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIX. A. SINISTRALIS (Reeve). PI. 68, figs. 23-31. Shell sinistral, umbilicate, long-conic, rather slender, moderately solid, glossy, usually fleshy buff or yellow, fading to whitish on the spire, marbled or dotted with translucent-gray, and often more or less streaked obliquely with gray or pinkish gray. Slightly striatulate and obsoletely striate spirally. Spire long and straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6^ to 7, convex. Aperture small, oblique, while, yellow or brownish inside; peristome white, expanded, the columellar margin triangularly dilated above, the edge thickened at the insertion above the umbilicus. Alt. 37, diam, 18, longest axis of aperture 16J mill. Alt. 39, diam. 16, longest axis of aperture 15^ mill. Celebes: northern peninsula from Paguat westward. Bulimus sinistralis REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 81, f. 603 (Decem- ber, 1849).— PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 137, pi. 41, f. 11-13; Monogr. iii, p. 321 ; iv, 382; vi, 23 — MARTENS, Ostas Lamlschn., p. 355, pi. 21, f. 2a, b, c, 11 ; Malak. Bl., xx, 1872, p. 173.— TAPPARONE- CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. dLGenova, xx, 1884, p. 147 (with var. decolor)-, 169. — Helix Iceva QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. As- trolabe, ii, p. 120, pi. 10, f. 4 (living). — Bulimus laevis DESH. in Fer. Hist., pi. 161, f. 11, 14-18 — Amphidroiuus sinistralis WAL- LACE, P. Z. S., 1865,' p. 412. — SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Hi, p. 146, pi. 16, f. 22 (teeth) — BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1891, p. 269. — FULTON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). xvii, p. 76, with vars. rosea and lutea. — KOBELT, Abhandl. Senckenb. Natu- forsch. Gesellschaft, xxiv, p. 79, 80, pi. 7, f. 8, 8.— P. &. F. SARA- SIN, Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 212, pi. 31, f. 303 (teeth), 1899. The translucent -grayish dots, blotches or streaks on a pale yellow or pinkish ground are characteristic, though a wide range of coloring obtains. Reeve's type (pi. 68, fig. 23) was decidedly streaked. It has been reported from Java, Timor and the Moluccas, but no doubt erroneously. Sarasins give the following localities and color-forms: Menado : yellow with reddish apex and sparse translucent flecks ; yellow, with dark greenish streaks. Kema ; yellow or reddish, with numerous dark flecks, the origin of which by dissolution of streaks is shown by a few shells. Tomohon ; uniform yellow, reddish, yellow with a lighter spiral band upon the last whorl, or upon the others, with AMPHIDROMUS, GROUP XIX. 233 flecks, or dark-streaked. Limbotto Lake ; two yellow specimens, alt. 40J and 34 mill., one with d-ark streaks. Coast of Paguat, west of Gorontalo ; small, alt. 32 and 29 mill., uniform reddish. Var. fasciata Sarasin (pi. 68, fig. 26). Gorontalo. " Last whorl very richly banded with chestnut brown, yellow, reddish and clear green, the penultimate with two bands, passing into streaks above ; peristome bluish, a dark margin behind it, passing into the chestnut brown umbilical band ; alt. 33, diam. 14^ mill. A similar shell is described by Kobelt from Minahassa (fig. 27, 28), this having the last half whorl streaked, the rest of the shell banded, peristome dark as in our specimen." It occurred among other forms of sinistralis. Tapparone-Canefri proposes the name var. decolor for a yellowish white shell with transparent spots above. Fulton distinguishes a var. rosea, " the same form as sinistralis, but of a pale rose-color, and without the dark color inside aperture," and var. lutea, *' a fawn col- ored variety with white interior." He credits the names of these varieties to von Martens, who however did not name them, but merely distinguished them by the letters C and B respectively. In view of the wide range of individual variation in color demonstrated by the Sarasins, the utility of naming these mutations is questionable. Figs. 24, 25 represent a specimen received from Mr. Fulton as var. rosea ; fig. 30 as var. lutea. P. bataviiz Grateloup. (PI. 65, fig. 34.) Shell reversed, ovate- ventricose, imperforate, smooth, glossy, chestnut, obliquely banded. Aperture subovate, the lip whitish, reflexed. Columella twisted inward (intorta}. Partula batavia GRAT., Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xi, p. 425 (39 of separate copies), pi. 2, f. 12 (1840) — Bulimus batavice PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 40. Said to be decidedly lighter colored than Partula otaheitana Fer., and ornamented with slightly oblique, longitudinal tawny flames, the columella nearly straight and short, whorls 6. Alt. 30, diam. 18 mill. Said to be from Batavia, Java; but as many of the localities given by Grateloup in the same paper are glaringly false, no great dependence is to be placed upon this. A. KRUIJTI P. & F. Sarasin. PI. 68, figs. 18, 19, 20. Shell large, always sinistral, narrowly conic, with round, half- covered umbilicus, solid. Whorls 7J, convex, separated by deep 234 APPENDIX. sutures, sometimes somewhat angular near the suture, with a narrow impressed margin, the last whorl comparatively short. Aperture less than half the shell's length, vertical, long-oval, the lip thin but broadly reflexed like the mouth of a trumpet, white, with a thin parietal callus ; the basal margin forming an angle with the columel- lar margin, the latter triangularly dilated above. The sculpture consists of growth-lines crossed by very closely-crowded, fine spiral lines. Color either uniform yellowish white, the interior yellow, or secondly, uniform pale greenish-yellow, with a few translucent dark dots (as in A. sim'stralis), or thirdly, reddish-white, with darker streaks, also reddish, and a few translucent dark spots. (Sarasins.} Length 53.5, diam. above aperture 21, height of aperture 24.5 mill. Length 44, diam. above aperture 20, height of aperture 22 mill. Celebes, northern and north-central, at Karoa ; Mintinang chain, 500-1500 meters ; Buol ; northern shore of Posso Lake. A. kruijti P. & F. SARASIN, Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 213, pi. 26, f. 263, 263a, 264 (shell), and pi. 31, f. 304 (radula). 1899. Resembles the smaller A. sinistralis Rve., also from northern Cel- ebes. Figs. 18, 19 from a Buol specimen ; fig. 20 from Karoa. SPURIOUS AND UNDEFINED SPECIES. Bulimus (A.) cosmandanus Crosse, Pa3teFs Catalog, Edit. 4, p. 210= Helicostyla cossmanniana Crosse. B. (A.) crichtoni Brod., ibid. = Drymceus. B. (A.} imbricatus Gass., t. c., p. 212 = Placostylus imbricatus. B. (A.) rhombostomus Pfr., t. c., p. 216 = Buliminus. B. (A.) tenellum Dall, t. c., p. 218 = Buccinum. B. (A.} trifasciatus Ch., t. c., p. 218= Beddomea, see vo). XIV. Bulimus quagga van Hasselt, Algemeene Konst en letterbode, 1823, p. 233 (see Ferussac's Bull, des Sci. Nat. iii, 1824, p. 83), is a nude name applied to a Javan species of Amphidromus. APPENDIX TO VOL. XIII. BOTHRIEMBRYON. B. PHYSODES (Menke). Page 9. Mr. Charles Hedley has called my attention to the fact that the above name was published by Menke in 1848, and therefore will re- APPENDIX. 235 place Reeve's name physoides. Being buried in the text under B. melo, I overlooked the name when consulting Menke's work. Menke considered physodes one of four varieties of melo, which he collected and defined ; giving the following description : "a. Testa ovato-elliptica, rufa, in anfractu infimo vitta una vel altera albida vel fusca, basi fascia nigra, huic fascia albida superius adnata picta, spira mediocri. Long 9, lat 5 lin. — Bulimus physodes, m. olim, in lit." (Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae Specimen, p. 7.) Menke's var. b. was probably typical melo ; c. and d. may have been inflatus. All were collected in October, 1840, in the Hay dis- trict. PLACOSTYLUS. P. SHONGII (Less.). Page 22. I am informed by Mr. II. Suter that this name is incorrect, and should stand hongii, as the chief for whom the species was called, was named Hongi, not " Shongi." This information is valuable and interesting from an historical standpoint ; but even those who cannot endure halting Greek in nomenclature, would probably not insist upon elegant and correct Maori, when it involves the alteration of a specific name. P. FIBRATUS (Martyn). P. 39. The type locality of the original P. fibratus has been unknown, and as its discovery is of importance in connection with the study of the distribution of the varieties, I quote the following interesting ex- tract from a letter received from Charles Hedley : "It may be worth mentioning what has escaped the notice of Crosse and everybody else, that we can recover the exact original locality of P.fibratus. At the time of Marty n's Universal Concholo- . Amphidromus quadrasi solidus Fulf. After Fulton, 230 77. Arnpliidromus quadras! Hid. J. de C., 1887, 229 78. Amphidromus quadrasi Hid. Shepperd, del., . 229 79, 80. Amphidromus quadrasi dubius Fult. After Fulton, 231 81, 82, 83. Amphidromus quadrasi dubius Fult. Shepperd, del., 231 84-91. Amphidromus quadrasi versicolor Fult. Shepperd, del.. 230 PLATE 72. 1-5. Placostylus (Diplomorpha) layardi Braz. Shepperd, del., 115 6. P. (D.) hrazieri Hartm. Shepperd, del., . . .11(5 7,8. P. (D.j peasei Cox. Shepperd, del 117 9. P. (D.) peasei Cox. P. Z. S., 1871, . . . .117 10-12. P. (D.) delatouri Hartm. Shepperd, dei 117 13, 14. P. (D.) coxiana Pils. Shepperd, del., . . .118 15. P. (D.) ruga Hartm. Proc. A. N. S., 1890, . . .119 16. P. (D.) bernieri Hartm. Proc. A. N. S., 1890, . .119 17. P. (D.) layardi Bra/. Apex. Shepperd, del., . .14, 115 18. P. hargravesi Cox, Apex. Pilsbry, del., . . .93- DATES OF ISSUE OF VOLUME XIII. Part 49, pp. l-f>4. plates 1-15, April 23, 1900. Part 50, pp. (',5-1 12, plates 1(5-34, August 3, 1900. Part 51, pp. 113-176, plates 35-48, October 17, UMio. Part 52, pp. 177-253, plates 49-72, December, 11KML Title-page, Preface and Contents, December, 11)00. AMPHIDROMUS AMPHIDROMUS PLATE SO. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 81, 50 52 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 82 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 68. AMPHIDROMUS PILATE 54. 77 AMPHIDROMUS AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 86. w 91 95 93 97 :?.>- • 98 99 100 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 87. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 58. 11 19 21 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 59. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 6O, AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 61 56 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 62 69 70 AMPHIDROMUS AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 15 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 66 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 66 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 67. AMPHIDROMUS PL-ATE 68. AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 69. 50 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 7O. 70 71 AMPHIDROMUS PLATE 71 PLATE 72 18 15 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-25m-6,'66(G3855s4)458 N9 551381 Tryon, G,W. Manual of eonchology. QLU03 T?6 ser.2 v.13 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS