Glass Book ma ps: eg Ea — ~~ a CR YON t MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 War DEPARTMENT, Document No. 611. Office of The Adjutant General. D-. of: Dd. DEC. Be AStZ att ae A WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, June 14, 1917. The following Manual for Stable Sergeants, prepared at the Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kans., is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. : [2046213 A. G. O.] BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: TASKER H. BLISS, Major General, Acting Chief of Staff. OFFICIAL: ; Re a McCAIN, The Adjutant General. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Adams: A Text Book of Horseshoeing. Bureau of Animal Industry: Special Report on Diseases of the Horse. Chauveau: Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated Animals. Dun: Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and Uses. Fitzwygram: Horses and Stables. Flemming: Operative Veterinary Surgery. Friedburger and Frohner: Pathology and Therapeutics of Domestic Animals. Gay: Productive Horse Husbandry. Goubaux and Barrier: The Exterior of the Horse. Hayes: Points of the Horse. Hayes: Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners. Henry: Feedsand Feeding. Hutyra and Marek: Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Jordan: The Feeding of Animals. Law: Veterinary Medicine. Liautard: Manual of Veterinary Surgery. Moller: Operative Veterinary Surgery. Merillat: Veterinary Surgical Operations. : Neumann: Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Ani- mals. Quitman: Notes on Veterinary Materia Medica. Sisson: A Text Book on Veterinary Anatomy. Smith: Veterinary Hygiene. Smith: A Manual of Veterinary Physiology. Strangeway: Veterinary Anatomy. Veterinary Department, English Army: Animal Management. White: Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. Williams: Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery. ‘ Winslow: Materia Medica. Woodhull: Military Hygiene. Wyman: Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse. CONTENTS. MAME DAVELOLOPY oo ks. eee cede woe Names and conformation of external regions. ..... . Stable hygiene—Care of the sick and injured. .... . Restraint and control of animals.............._.. . Administration, actions and uses of medicines. ... Pa oundsand their treatment... osc a) Le: . Detection of lameness—Diseases OL DORs 1.00 oy: . Diseases and injuries of muscles, tendons, and (a2 1 Sie Sago We Ie, 8 eae Sie . Diseases of the digestive system................ . Diseases of the respiratory system..............-. . Diseases of the urogenital system............... . Diseases of the circulatory and lymphatic system. . Diseases of the nervous system.................. pubmneases OL tbe 6yer.. 2.22. ee peesiscased GL £N@ AkiM. 222-5202 4. sce ss ee PeIRES OF 1G 1006... Sos eae . Isolation, quarantine, and disinfection........... . Contagious and infectious diseases. . Figure 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Skeleton of | LCoS) OY RR Aron eh ales ee a ta aber saate eel Sehr SEINOINCHG ee ee RON? ee re eae ne a ppeructal muscles Of Horse... - 2252.4 452,.0.4-52 2-2. Peeerer MUSICS OF DOTS. 0... So Sec se en eee ae . Muscles of fore limb, outside view...............-- . Muscles of fore limb, inside view. ..........-...-- Peeieclosay mm dene. Oe. Piso Se eal ine . Synovial sheaths “and bursae of right fore limb, UAT LOWES g 25 corsets et at MISMO To . Synovial sheaths and bursae of the right fore limb, SIRO ae ee ea te On ee Nt pe . Synovial sheaths and bursae of hock, inside view. . Synovial sheaths and bursae of hock, ‘outside view. - PPE eIWeE Ap PALAbUSs: 2.2. Ls). a- ss tc eens aes Stomach ERE AGRE OSS ROLAND CEASE EES Pee eopertlory Bppargwus: 8. 5s .252. 4.45.06... se Ppieeiaabary: Ap arabye...'- 0, 20022 ots 2 a. oe tg - see pee GUE CATs ot es Ae este oe oe 2s seek csc Ee ee eer wonrise Eom. © oi eos Sh eas oe eee MCC ULM: GE BYE. sce sc a2 ADU RAC G deetsepaledel: Boars coe = Sa MECH AOT OF LO tone nc loner see eee ose Sade NITES 03), FOUN oe ae Ae en ere on el Ek ch tS be atch <2 ELTIESS UB OLE C1 Sa pe a ORO cee tee ater an Sc ae ae OO MIG VIEW 5.5% ode oe su oan eek eee Saat an eMOITII PUITIACE.2 = 2403 se dares ed. hace ee ss . Foot, relation of bones and GOMIBAD Eon Pe nos . Hoof, ER RUTIRGCE 5c se Nan eo oe see oe mooi, snowing. blood. vessels: 5.2.2. 2..025...2.52-- . External régions Bi ie ARERR neice Ste ote Bae oes MORES Cente rc eA Me ye i LN 1. 0 re ait RE Pain Ae ae Sac) So BERS SB eit en Riana cote ei a . Securing a hind leg forward by side line. ........- 9 10 Figure 33. 34 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Securing a hind leg forward by side line. ........- . Securing a hind leg backward by side litte. 9 35. Securing the fore and hind limbs in standing posi- TONS. o225. 5 , Fistulous withers: .......241-. 3.2 70) a » BOM eva. ooo 2 oS os ag Poe oe ee . Ringbone.. ....5-.20655 2252). ee ee . SIGEDOHE.-. 6s eS eee a . NpasModic Colic. .- =... 220.0. an ae . Acute lymphangitis. 42.0) Sosa PRR ae ¢ . Gr@Ase. oS od hao tek be cee oe ee ar . Contagious stomatitis. 2 ol... . Contagibus stomatitis: oo... oo. 3. ee . Glandets:. 0 Ce ee . Chronic epizootic lymphangitis..-..............- . Chronic epizootic lymphangitis................-- a etanisy oie. ee ~ Trypanosoma €vanel. 2.2.20. 22. 2.3 ee .\ Purpura hemorrhagiéa: :._...../.s2 See MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. CHAPTER I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 1. Anatomy is the study of the parts and organs of the animal body with regard to their structure, shape, and position. Physiology is a description of the functions or uses of these parts. Anatomy embraces the study of the skeleton, the articulations, the muscles, the digestive system, the respiratory system, the uro- genital system, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, the ~ nervous system, the eye, the ear, the skin. THE SKELETON. 2. The skeleton is the framework of hard structures of the body which supports the soft parts and vital organs. In the horse it con- sists of 205 bones, all of which are held together by means of ligaments and muscles in such a manner as to form a series of joints, levers, and pulleys. It is divided into trunk and limbs. The trunk consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breast bone. The limbs, two anterior and two posterior, support the body and furnish the levers of propulsion. 3. Bones are classified as long, flat, short, and irregular. Long bones are found in the limbs, where they support the weight of the body and act as levers of motion. Flat bones help inclose cavities containing vital and important eo In this manner the ribs and scapula protect the heart and ungs. Short bones occur in the knee and hock and in the fetlock joints. Their function is that of breaking concussion. Irregular bones are such as those of the spinal column and certain bones of the cranium. The bones of the cranium inclose and pro- 11 12 MANUAL. FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Fic. 1.—Skeleton of horse, with outline of contour of body. 1.H., Atlas; 7.H. seventh cervical vertebra; 1.R., first thoracic vertebra; 17.R., seventeenth thoracic vertebra; 1.L., first lumbar vertebra; 6.L., sixth lumbar vertebra; K, sacrum; | 1.8., first coccygeal vertebra; 16.S., sixteenth coccygeal vertebra; 6.R., sixth rib; 6.K., costal cartilage; 18.R., last rib; 1, scapula; 1’, cartilage of scapula; 2, spine of scapula; 4, humerus; 4’ lateral epicondyle of humerus; 5, lateral tuberosity of humerus; 6, deltoid tuberosity; 7, shaft of ulna; 8, olecranon; 9, radius; 10, carpus; 11, accessory carpal bone; 12, metacarpus; 13, digit; 14, sternum; 14’’, xiphoid cartilage; 15, ilium; 16, 16’, angles of ilium; 17, ischium; 18, femur (shaft): 19, trochanter major; 20, patella; 21, tibia (shaft); 21’, lateral condyle of tibia; 23, fibula; 22, tarsus; 24, tuber calcis; 25, metatarsus; 26, digit; 27, trochanter minor of femur; 28, trochanter tertius of femur. (After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fiir emnetler) hae Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. aunders Co. . MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 13 tect the brain, while those of the spinal column inclose and protect the spinal cord. All bones are covered with a tough membrane, the periosteum, except at their articular surfaces, where there is a layer of cartilage. ccipital Parietal Squamous temporal Frontal ; Lacrimal Mf axilla : Ni asal Fic. 2.—Skull of horse, right view. 1, occipital condyle: 2, paramastoid process; 3, mastoid process; 4, posterior process of squamous temporal bone; 5, external acoustic process; 6, zygomatic process of temporal bone; 7, postglenoid- process;- 8, glenoid cavity of squamous temporal bone; 9, condyle of same; 10, supraorbital process of frontal bone; 11, temporal part of frontal bone; 12, orbital part of frontal bone; 13, fossa sacci lacrimalis; 14, orbital surface of lacrimal bone; 15, lacrimal tubercle; 16, zygomatic process of malar bone; 17, maxillary tuberosity; 18, facial crest; 19, infraorbital foramen; 20, naso-maxillary notch; 21, body of premaxilla; 21’, nasal process of same; 22, body of mandible; 23, mental foramen; 24, 25, hori- zontal and vertical parts of ramus of mandible; 26, condyle of mandible; 27, coronoid process of mandible; 28, angle of mandible; 29, vascular impression; 30, interalveolar margin; 31, incisor teeth; 32, canine teeth; 33, hyoid bone (great cornu). (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders.) 4. The skull (fig. 2) is the bony framework of the head. It con- sists of 34 irregularly-shaped flat bones, and is divided into two parts, the cranium and the face. 14 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. (a) The bones of the cranium inclose the brain, and, together with the bones of the face, form the orbital and nasal cavities, in which are situated the organs of sight and smell. (b) The bones of the face form the skeleton of the mouth and nasal cavities, and support the tongue and larynx. The most important bones of this region are the mazillae (upper jaw) and the mandible (lower jaw), each of which, on either side, presents six irregular cavities for the reception of the cheek (molar) teeth. From the orbital cavities forward the upper jaw gradually becomes narrower and terminates in the premazilla, which contains the six upper incisor teeth; these six, with the corresponding teeth of the lower jaw, help form the anterior boundary of the mouth. (c) In each mazilla, just below the orbit, is an inclosed irregular- shaped cavity known as the mazillary sinus. It connects with the nasal cavity and contains the roots of the last three cheek teeth. 5. The teeth are 40 in number, and are of three kinds, viz: (a) The incisors, 12 in number, are situated in the front part of the mouth, 6 in the premaxilla and 6 in the anterior extremity of the lower jaw. (b) The canines (tushes), 4 in number, are situated in the inter- dental space just back of the incisors. In the mare these teeth are usually very small or wanting entirely. (c) The cheek teeth (molars), are 24in number, and are situated in the back part of the mouth, 6 above and 6 below on each side of each jaw. The space between the incisors and molars is called the inter- dental space. 6. The spinal or vertebral column may be regarded as the basis of the skeleton from which all other parts originate. It extends from the base of the skull to the tip of the tail, and consists of a chain of irregular bones called vertebrae, ali solidly united by ligaments and cartilage. According to their position in the column, they are di- vided into five regions, which are, naming them from front to rear, the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. (a) In the cervical region there are 7 bones, which form the frame- work of the neck, the first being called the atlas and the second the axis, the remaining 5 having no special names. (b) The thoracic vertebrae are 18 in number. They furnish attach- ment for the upper ends of the ribs, and their superior spines, from ee oe to the eighth, inclusive, form the framework of the withers. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. oe) (c) The lumbar region consists of six bones forming the skeleton of the loins. (d) In the sacral region there are five segments which become united to form a single bone, the sacrum. (e) The coccygeal vertebrae are the Jast of the series. They number from 13 to 20 and form the skeleton of the tail. (f) Throughout the length of this bony chain from the atlas to the fourth coccygeal vertebra, inclusive, is a tubular passage called the spinal canal, which is continuous with the cranium and which con- tains the spinal cord. 7. The bony thorax (chest) is a large cavity formed by the thoracic vertebrae above, the ribs on the sides and the sternum (breast bone) below. It contains the lungs, the heart, some large blood vessels and nerves, and a part of the trachea and the esophagus. 8. The ribs are 18 on each side, and are attached above to the thoracic vertebrae. Below, the first eight are attached to the sternum by means of cartilage, and are called true or sternal ribs. The remaining 10 are attached indirectly to the sternum and are called false or asternal ribs. 9. The bones of the fore limb, named from above downward, are the scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna; the carpus (knee) consist- ing of seven or eight small bones; the large metacarpal (cannon) bone; two small metacarpal (splint) bones; the first phalanx (long pastern bone); the second phalanz (short pastern bone); the third phalanx (coffin bone); two proximal sesamoids, and the distal sesamoid or navi- cular bone. 10. The bones of the hind limb, named from above downward, are the os coxvae (hip bone), femur (thigh), tibia, fibula, and patella (stifle); the tarsus (hock), consisting of six or seven small bones; the large metatarsal (cannon bone); the two small metatarsals (splint bones); the jirst phalanx (long pastern bone); the second phalanx (short pastern bone); the third phalanx (coffin bone); two proximal sesamoids, and the distal sesamoid or navicular bone. 11. The os coxae (hip bone) consists of three parts, the iliwm ischium, and pubis, all of which meet and unite to form a large cup- a te cavity for articulation with the head of thefemur. ‘The right and left hip bones are connected above with the sacrum and below they are united with each other to form the floor of the pelvic cavity. This bony arch, together with the first three coccygeal vertebrae, is called the pelvis and forms the framework of the hips and croup. 16 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. THE ARTICULATIONS. ' 12. An articulation (joint) is the union of two or more bones or cartilages by strong fibrous bands called ligaments. Joints are of three types—immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. (a) In movable joints the contact surfaces of the bones are covered with a thin, smooth layer of articular cartilage, the latter being lubri- cated with synovia or joint oil. 13. Synovia is a thin oil-like fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. Itis confined within and protected by the joint capsule, which completely surrounds the joint. 14. Ligaments, with the exception of the ligamentum nuchae (neck ligament), are composed of inelastic white fibrous tissue which bind the bones together. 15. Ligaments which hold the bones in position are known as binding ligaments. They are placed just outside the joint capsule with which they are closely related. 16. The suspensory ligament (figs. 5, 6, 7) isa long, wide band of white fibrous tissue, originating on the back part of the lower bones of the knee (hock bones in the hind leg) and the upper end of the cannon bone. It then passes downward between the splint bones and divides near the lower end of the cannon into two branches, which are attached one to each sesamoid bone. From these bones the branches pass downward and forward, one on the inner and one on the outer side of the long pastern bone, to become attached to the tendon of the muscle which extends the foot. Its function is to brace the fetlock joint and support a large portion of the body weight. 17. The ligamentum nuchae (neck ligament) is composed of yellow elastic tissue, and extends from the withers forward, above the cervical vertebree, to become attached to the top of the skull. It supports the head and neck. 18. The plantar ligament is located on the outer posterior border of the hock. It is one of the important binding ligaments of the hock joint. 19. The joints of the fore limb, named from above downward, are the shoulder joint, formed by the scapula and humerus; the elbow joint, formed by the humerus, radius, and ulna; the carpal (knee) joint, formed by the radius, the bones of the carpus, and the large and the two small metacarpal bones; the fetlock joint, formed by the large metacarpal bone, the proximal sesamoids, and the first phalanz; the pastern joint, formed by the first and second phalanges; and the MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 17 coffin joint, formed by the secondand third phalanges and the navicular bone. 20. The joints of the hind limb, named from above downward, are the sacro-illiac joint, formed by the sacrum and ilium,; the hip joint, formed by the hip bone and the femur; the stifle joint, formed by the femur, the patella, and tibia; the tarsal (hock) joint, formed by the tibia, the bones of the hock, and the large and small metatarsal bones. The joints below the hock are named and formed the same as in the fore limb. Tue MUSCLES. 21. Muscles are the active organs of motion and are classified as voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscles are those under direct control of the will, as the muscles of the leg and tail. Involuntary muscles are those not under direct control of the will, as the heart and the muscles of the intestines. The voluntary muscles form about 45 per cent of the weight of the body. 22. Muscles are composed of.a contractile part, which is red in color and forms the flesh; and a tendinous part, which is usually attached to the bones but may be attached to other muscles. Ten- dons are similar in structure to ligaments, being composed of white inelastic fibers. Their function is to treansmit to the point of attach- ment the power generated by the contraction of the fleshy portion of the muscle. 23. With regard to their form muscles are classified as long, wide, and short wide muscles surround the body cavities. Short muscles are found near the joints and irregular shaped bones. Long muscles are found in the limbs, in the neck, and along the back. ; 24. A muscle is an extensor when its action is to extend, or straighten, a joint; it is a flevor when its action is to flex, or bend, a joint. The following paragraphs (25 and 26) contain a brief descrip- tion of a few important extensors and flexors of the limbs. 25. Muscles of the fore limb (fig. 5, 6). (a) The common digital extensor (common extensor of the foot) (fig. 5c). Thisis the principal extensor of the fore leg and foot. It originates at the lower extremity of the humerus, and its fleshy por- tion continues to the lower end of the radius, at which point it becomes tendinous, passes downward over the knee, and continues 106233 °—17——2 18 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. along the front of the cannon to become attached to the upper and front part of the third phalanz. Action.—To extend the joints of the foot and knee. Fic. 3.—Superficial muscles of horse. The cutaneous muscle, except the cervical part, has been removed. a, Trapezius cervicalis; a’, trapezius thoracalis; c, ¢ brachiocephalicus; d, sterno-cephalicus; e, deltoid; f,long head of triceps: f',latera head of triceps; g, anterior superficial pectoral; h, posterior deep pectoral; h’, an- terior deep pectoral; i, serratus thoracis; i’, serratus cervicis; k, latissimus dorsi; 1, obliquus abdominis externus;l’, aponeurosis of 1; m, serratus dorsalis; m’, lumbo- dorsal fascia; o, tensor fasciae latae; o’, fascia lata; o’’, gluteus superficialis; p’, gluteal fascia; g, g’, g’’, biceps femoris; 7, semitendinosus; s, sacro-coccygeus dor- salis; t, sacro-coccygeus lateralis; w, coccygeus; v, cervical cutaneous muscle; w, splenius; 2, rhomboideus; y, tendon of longissimus capitis et atlantis and brach- iocephalicus; z, supraspinatus; 2’, external intercostal; x, wing of atlas; 2, spine of scapula; 4’, lateral epicondyle of humerus; 6, deltoid tuberosity; 8, olecranon; 16, tuber coxae; 20, patella; 21’, lateral condyle of tibia. (After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fiir Kiinstler.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; Copy- right, W. B. Saunders Co.) (b) The superficial digital flexor (superficial flexor of the foot) (fig. 6). This muscle originates from the lower and inner part of the humerus. It passes down the back part of the leg, becoming tendinous just above the knee; from the knee it passes downward to the fetlock where it expands and forms a ring for the passage of the MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 19 deep flexor tendon. At the lower end of the first phalanx the tendon divides into two branches which become attached one on either side of the upper end of the second phalanx. The tendon of this Fia. 4.—Deeper muscles of horse. d, Sterno-cephalicus; f,long head of triceps; j' lateral head of triceps; g, anterior superficial pectoral; h, posterior deep pectoral h’, anterior deep pectoral; i, serratus thoracis; 7’, serratus cervicis; 2, obliquus abdominis externus, and 1’, its aponeurosis, the posterior part of which has been removed; m, serratus dorsalis posterior; p, gluteus medius; 7, semitendinosus ; s, sacro-coccygeus dorsalis; ¢, sacro-coccygeus lateralis; wu, coc¢ygeus; v’, biceps brachii; xz, rhomboideus; y, y’, longissimus capitis et altantis; z, supraspinatus; 2’, infraspinatus; 1’, cartilage of scapula; 2, spine of scapula; J, lateral tuberosity of humerus; 6, delfoid tuberosity; 8, olecranon; 16, tuber coxae; 1/9, trochanter ' major; 20, patella; 21’, lateral condyle of tibia; 26, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae; 27, parotido-auricularis; 28, vastus lateralis; 28’, rectus femoris; 28’’, trochanter tertius; 29, semimembranosus; 30, gastrocnemius; 31, sacro-sciatic ligament; 32, omo-hyoideus; 33, complexus; 34, rectus capitis ventralis major; 35, spinalis dorsi; 36, longissimus dorsi; 37, longissimus costarum; 38, teres minor; 89, brachialis; 40, external intercostal; 41, obliquus abdominis internus; 42, iliacus; 43, transyersus abdominis. (After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fiir Kunstler.) oe Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders oO. muscle lies behind the cannon, immediately under the skin, and covers the deep flexor tendon. Action.—To flex the knee, fetlock, and pastern. 2 20 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. ~ Olecranan — Ulnar head of deep flexor - Lateral extensor — - Deep flecor (humeral head) Extensor carpi obliquus - Tendon of adnaris lateralis Accessory corpal bone AMetacar pal tuberosity —\) b bie Tena oe : lateral €3 “ AG $3 endon from common to lateral extensor “% Check ligament # i s } i! pai fi ae 1 iat Suspensory ligament _ Lateral small metacarpal bone 4. ‘Wexor tendons Branch of suspensaty figament to Is eg oS e . extensor tendon , Ne FS Flecor tendons A. Cartilage of third phalanx Fic. 5.—Muscles of left thoracic limb of horse from elbow downward, lateral view. a, Extensor carpiradialis; g, brachialis; g’, anterior superficial pectoral; c, common digital extensor; e, ulnaris lateralis. (After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fiir Kiinstler.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 21. b = Ulnar head of deep flexor — | Stump of flexor carpi radialis- |, Stump of flexor carpi ulnaris Su perficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor - eS . _» Pendon of ulnar head - Radial head of superficial flexor ee 2 is nt dnsertion of fletor carpi ulnaris -*. sAccessory carpal bone a en fe Deen flexor tendon “Superficial flexor tendon Cheek-ligament a Suspensory ligament Annular ligament -— % Deep flexor tendon ————____. Cartilage of third phalanz Biceps brachii Brachiahs Lang medial ligament —— Extensor carpi radialis Radius - Tendon of flexor carpi radialis —- Tendon of extensor carpi obliquus— MeoTi] =! EE Fetlock joint ~. Extensor branch of suspensory ligament - Fig. 6.—Muscles of left thoracic limb of horse, from elbow downward, medial \view. Parts of superficial muscles have been removed, carpal canal opened up, and flexor tendons drawn backward. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) a8 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. (c) The deep digital flecor (deep flexor of the foot) (fig. 6). This muscle originates with the superficial digital flexor. _ Its tendinous portion begins at the knee, passes down the leg between the cannon bone and the tendon of the superficial flexor, over the back part of the fetlock, through the ring formed by the superficial tendon, and is attached to the under surface of the third phalanz. Action.—To flex the knee and all joints below it. 26. Muscles of the hind limb (fig. 7). (a) The long digital extensor (long extensor of the foot) (fig. 7). This muscle originates from the lower and front part of the femur; its fleshy portion passes downward along the front surface of the tibia to the hock, where it becomes tendinous; from the hock it passes down the front of the leg to become attached to the upper and front part of the third phalanz. Action.—To extend the foot and flex the hock. (b) Tibialis anterior (anterior tibial). This muscle lies in front of the tibia. . Origin.—From the front and outer border of the tibia. Insertion.—By two tendons, one to the upper and front part of the large metatarsal bone; the other to one of the small bones on the inner side of the hock. Action.—To flex the hock joint. (c) Peroneus tertius.—This is a strong tendinous cord, extending from the lower end of the front part of the femur to the hock where it terminates in two branches—a large one inserted in the front part of the upper end of the large metatarsal bone, and a small one passing outward to become attached to one of the small bones of the hock. eager ee to flex the hock when the stifle joint is flexed. (d) The superficial digital flexor (superficial flexor of the foot) (fig. 7) of the hind leg originates at the back and lower part of the femur. It.extends downward back of the tibia to the point of the hock over which it passes; thence down the back of the leg to be dis- posed of in the same manner as the superficial digital flexor of the front leg. Action.—To extend the hock and flex the fetlock and pastern. (ce) The deep digital flexor (deep flexor of the foot) (fig. 7) of the hind leg originates from the upper and back part of the tibia, near the lower third of which it becomes tendinous and passes downward over the inner and back side of the hock to become attached to the third phalanx in the same manner as the deep flexor of the fore leg. Action.—To extend the hock and flex the joints below it. “"~ Gastrocnemius, lateral head Crest of tibia a == Soleus => Pendon of gastrocnemius Long digital cxtensor : ee YT Larsal tendon of biceps femoris Lateral digital extensor --—- --..--.. ae Mae \ - > Decp flexor — Superficial 7 flexor tendon Proximat arviuudlar ligament: Lateral malleolus Middle annular ligament Distal annular ligament Tendon of long extensor----.0 Tendon of lateral extensor-....____ {ff 4 | Superficial flexor tendon Deep flexor tendon Suspensory ligament ~ Branch of suspensory ligament to " exlensor tendon.” Fic. 7. Muscles of lower part of thigh, leg, and foot of horse, lateral view. o’, Fascia lata; q, q’, g’’, biceps femoris; 7, semitendinosus; 21’, lateral condyle of tibia. The extensor brevis is visiblein the angle between the long and lateral extensor tendons, but by an oversight itis not marked. (After Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. fiir Kiinst- ler.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saun- ders Co.) 3 24 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. (f) Gastrocnemius (fig. 7). This muscle originates at the lower and back of the femur and is attached to the point of the hock. At the back part of the leg the tendon of this muscle becomes closely asso- ciated with the tendon of the superficial digital flexor, the two form- ing the tendon of achilles, or hamstring. Action.—To extend the hock and flex the stifle joint. 27. Synovial membranes (synovial burse and_ synovial sheaths) of tendons and muscles (figs. 8, 9, 10, 11) are thin-walled sacs, similar to the synovial membranes of thejoints. They secrete synovia for the prevention of friction and are placed at points where one structure moves upon another, as where a tendon plays over a bone. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 28. The digestive organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus; all lined with mucous membrane. 29. The mouth extends from the lips to the pharynx and is bounded on the sides by the cheeks and above by the hard palate. Its floor is formed by the tongue and other muscular tissue. Separ- ating the mouth from the pharynx is the soft palate, a fleshy curtain suspended from the back part of the hard palate, which permits the passage of food and water from the mouth to the pharynx but pre- vents its passage in the opposite direction.’ The lips are the organs of prehension (picking up) and possess the sense of touch. The tongue is a muscular organ, situated between the branches of the lower jaw. It is the organ of taste and assists in the processes of mastication, insalivation, and swallowing. Opening into the mouth are the ducts of the salivary glands—the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. These glands are six in number, located in pairs on either side of the mouth. The pharynz, see paragraph 50. 80. The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. It passes down the lower left side of the neck, through the middle portion of the thoracic cavity, pierces the diaphragm and enters the stomach near the front of the abdominal cavity. : 31. The stomach (fig. 13) isa hollow, pear-shaped organ, situated in the anterior and left side of the abdominal cavity, behind the liver. Its internal, or mucous, coat is divided into a right and a Fic. 8.—Synovial sheaths and burse of distal part of right fore limb of horse, medial view. Thesynovial sheaths (colored yellow) ard the joint capsules (colored pink) are injected. a, Sheath ofextensor carpi obliquus; b, sheath of flexor carpi radialis; c, carpal sheath; d, d’,d”, d’’’, digital sheath; e, bursa under common extensor ten- don; f, capsule of fetlock joint; 1,extensor carpiradialis; 2, tendon of extensor carpi obliquus; 3, flexor carpiradialis; 4, flexor carpiulnaris; 5, superficial flexor tendon; 6, deep flexor tendon; 7, suspensory ligament; &,small metacarpal hone; 9, large metacarpal bone; 10, volarannular ligament of fetlock; 11, proximal digitalannular ligament; 12, radius; 13, radiocarpal joint: 14, fetlock joint; 15, cartilage of third phalanx; 16, band from first phalanx to cartilage. (After Ellenberger, in Leiser- ing’s Atlas.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W.B. Saunders Co.) Fic. 9.—Synovial sheaths and burs@ of distal part of right fore limb of horse, lateral view. Thesynovial sheaths (colored vellow) and the jcint capsules (colored ink) are injected. a, Sheath of extensor carpi radialis; 6, sneath of common extensor; c, sheath of lateralextensor; d, sheath of outer tendon of ulnaris lateralis; e, e’, carpal sheath; f,f’,f”, Aigital sheath; g, bursa under common extensor tendon; h, bursa under lateral extensor tendon; 7, capsule of fetlock joint; 1, extensor carpi radialis; 2, common digital extensor; 3, lateral digital extensor; 4, ulnaris lateralis; 4’, 4’’, tendons of 4; 5, superficial flexor tendon; 6, deep flexor tendon; 7, suspensory liga- ment; &, lateral metacarpal bone; 9, large metacarpal bone; 10, volar annular lisa- ment of fetlock; 11, disital annular ligament; 12, fetloek joint; 13, cartilage of third phalanx: 14, band from first phalanx to cartilage, (After Ellenberger, in Leiser- ing’s Atlas.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) Fia. 10.—Injected synovial sheaths and burs of tarsal region of horse, medial view. a, Synovial sheath of peroneus tertius and tibialis anterior; 6, bursa under medial (cunean) tendon of tibialis anterior; c, synovial sheath of flexor longus; d, tarsal sheath of deep flexor; e, e’, bursa under superficial flexor tendon; f,f’, tibio-tarsal joint capsule; 1, long extensor; 2, tibialis anterior; 2’, medial (cunean) tendon of 2; 8, flexor longus; 4, deep digital flexor; 5, superficial flexor tendon; 6, gastrocnemius tendon; 7, tibia; 8, tarsus; 9, tuber calcis; 10, large metatarsal bone; 11, medial small metatarsal bone; 12, 12’,fascial bands. (After Ellenberger,in Leisering’s Atlas.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) Fic. 11.—Injected synovial sheaths and burs of tarsal region of horse, lateral view. a, Synovial sheath of long digital extensor; 6, synovial sheath of lateral digital extensor; c, c’, bursa under superficial flexor tendon; d, capsule of hock joint; 1, long extensor; 2, lateral extensor; 3, 3, 3, annular ligaments; 4, deep digital flexor; §, tendon of gastrocnemius; 6, superficial flexor tendon; 7, tibia; 8, tarsus; 9, tuber ealecis; 10, metatarsus. (After Ellenberger, in Leisering’s Atlas.) (Irom Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Cc.) 24a AHOEN & CD. BEE FIG (See Page 24a.) ‘} i ANQEN 4 Co. rice LO; FIG AG (See Page 24a.) MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 25 left portion. The left, or cuticular, portion has a hard, yellowish white surface which is continuous with the lining of the esophagus. The right, villous, or true digestive portion is reddish in color, vas- cular, and contains the peptic glands which secrete the gastric juice. eee 4 Mogae) £ Fic. 12.—Digestive apparatus. 1, mouth; 2, pharynx; 3, esophagus; 4, diaphragm; 5, liver; 6, stomach (left sac); 8, liver, upper extremity; 9, large colon; 10, caecum; 11, small intestines; 12, floating colon; 13, rectum, 14, anus; 15, left kidney and its ureter; 16, bladder; 17, urethra. The capacity of the horse’s stomach (from 3 to 4 gallons) is small in proportion to the size of the animal. 32. The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is about 70 feet long and from one to two inches in diameter. ; 26 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 33. The large intestine is about 22 feet long and varies in diameter. It consists of four parts, the cxcwm, great colon, small colon, and rectum. 34. The mucous membrane of the intestines is covered with minute projections called villi, which absorb the nutriment of the - Saccus caus © (left extremity) Gsophageal region (Esophagus - Maraé plicatus ' Diverticulum duodeni s y Pylorus . gland : ECT ION. age LS : Pyloric gland regton Fic. 13.—Frontal section of stomach and first part of duodenum ofhorse. C, Cardiac orifice.. Photograph of specimen fixed in situ. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) food after it has been prepared by digestion. The mucous mem- brane also contains small glands which pour their secretions into the intestines. These glands and villi are more numerous in the small intestine than in the large. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. get . 85. The anus is a muscular ring forming the posterior opening of the alimentary canal. It appears as a round projection below the root of the tail. 36. The stomach and intestines are suspended in the abdominal cavity by strong, fibrous bands, the mesentery, which are attached above to the lower surface of the muscle below the spinal column. Accompanying these fibrous bands are blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and glands, and nerves. Inclosing the intestines and lining the abdominal cavity is a serous membrane called the peritoneum. The mesentery is a part of the peritoneum. 37. In the abdominal cavity are three large glands, the liver, pancreas, and spleen. The spleen is a ductless gland. The liver and the pancreas are part of the digestive system. 38. The liver lies behind the diaphragm and in front of the stomach. It weighs from 10 to 12 pounds. Its function is to secrete bile, which is poured into the small intestines, where it aids diges- tion. 39. The pancreas is situated behind the stomach and in front of the kidneys, in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity. It weighs about 17 ounces. Its function is to secrete pancreatic fluid, which is poured into the small intestine, to aid in digestion. 40. The spleen is attached to the left side of the stomach. It is reddish gray in color and weighs from 2 to 3 pounds. Its function is not definitely known, but it is supposed to be concerned in the formation and destruction of blood corpuscles. It also appears to -act as a reservoir for the extra supply of blood required by the stomach during digestion. 41. The abdominal cavity is inclosed by the muscles of the back above, the abdominal muscles on the sides and below, and the dia- phragm in front. In the rear it is continuous with the pelvic cavity. PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION. 42. The function of the digestive organs as a whole is to take in the food, digest it, absorb the nutriment, and discharge the waste material from the body. The various steps are as follows: 43. Food is taken into the mouth by the lips, prehension, and is there ground up by the teeth, mastication, and mixed with saliva, insalivation. Saliva, which is secreted by the salivary glands, moistens the food and acts chemically upon certain parts. The tongue determines the taste of the food and by its muscular action ' 28 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. assists In insalivation. From the mouth the food is carried back by the tongue to the pharynx. As soon as it reaches the pharynx the act of swallowing becomes involuntary and is completed by the pharynx and esophagus. 44. When the food reaches the stomach it is subjected to a me- chanical rolling and mixing-in the left side of the stomach (macera- tion). It gradually passes to the right side of the stomach, where it is acted upon by the gastric juice. It then passes into the small intestine and is called chyme. 45. In the small intestine, the chyme is acted on by the bile and pancreatic fluid and is then called chyle. The villi of the small intestines take up those parts of the food that have been rendered absorbable by digestion and the remainder is passed on to the cecum, which is the water reservoir. Here it is soaked and diges- tion continues slowly in the cecum and great colon. The digested parts of the food are absorbed here and the waste materials are passed on into the small colon. In the small colon the moisture is absorbed and the residue is formed into pellets of dung which are stored in the rectum, to be discharged at intervals through the anus (defe- cation). THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 46. The respiratory system consists of the nostrils, nasal chambers, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs, all of which, except the air sacs, are lined with mucous membrane. 47. A mucous membrane is a thin layer of tissue lining all cavities and canals of the body which communicate with the external air. 48. Serous membranes are thin, glistening structures which line the cavities of the body and cover to a certain extent the organs therein contained. They secrete a fluid called serous fluid (serum) which moistens their surfaces and prevents friction. The synovial membranes, the peritoneum, and the plurae are serous membranes. 49. The nostrils are two oblong openings above the upper lip. They are the anterior openings of the nasal chambers. 50. The nasal chambers extend from the nostrils to the pharynx and occupy the bony canals above the mouth, from which they are separated by the hard palate. They are separated from each other by the cartilaginous septum nasi. Each chamber is divided into MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 29 three passages by the turbinated bones. The sense of smell is located at the back of the nasal chambers. 51. The pharynx is an elongated cylindrical muscular cavity common to the respiratory and digestive tracts. It lies just back of Fic. 14.—Respiratory apparatus. 3, Nasal chamber; 4, tongue; 5, pharynx; 6, larynx; 7, epiglottis, or potlid; 8, trachea, or windpipe; 9, Esophagus, or gullet; 10, section of left bronchus; 11, ramifications of the right bronchus; 12, right lung; 13, left lung, seen from above; 14, sternum; 15, ribs; 15a, section of the left ribs; 16, heart; 17, posterior aorta (cut off); 18, anterior aorta (cut off). the mouth, above the larynx, and is continued backward by the esophagus. ; 52. The larynx is a muscular, cartilaginous box, situated in the back part of the maxillary space. It has an anterior opening into the pharynx and a posterior one into the trachea, with which it is 30 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. continuous. It gives passage to the air on its way to and from the lungs, and is the organ of voice. The anterior opening is guarded by a flexible cartilage called the epiglottis, which closes mechanic- ally in the act of swallowing and prevents the passage of food or water into the larynx, trachea, and lungs. 53. The trachea is a fiexible cylindrical tube, composed of from 40 to 50 incomplete cartilaginous rings, the number varying according to the length of the neck. It extends from the larynx to the base of the heart, where it divides into the right and left bronchi. These enter the lungs and subdivide into the bronchial tubes, the final subdivisions terminating in the air cells. The bronchi and bronchial tubes have cartilaginous plates in their walls — to prevent their collapse. The air cells are minute sacs composed of a single layer of tissue cells and are surrounded by a network of capillaries. 54. The lungs, the essential organs of respiration, are two light, spongy organs of conical shape, situated in the thoracic cavity, one on either side. They are composed of elastic fibrous tissue and con- tain bronchial tubes, air cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. 55. The thoracic cavity is inclosed by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles), and the diaphragm. It contains the lungs, heart, large blood ves- sels, lymph vessels, nerves, the posterior portion of the trachea, the bronchi and a portion of the esophagus. The thoracic cavity is lined by two serous sacs, the right and left pleurae. 55. The diaphragm is a muscular and tendinous partition form- ing the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity and separating it from the abdomen. 57. Respiration consists of two acts; inspiration, the drawing of the air into the lungs; and expiration, the expulsion of the air from the lungs. These acts are involuntary and are controlled by the nervous system. When the horse is at rest respiration occurs about 12 times per minute. The amount of air taken in at each inspira- tion is about 250 cubic inches, the same amount being expelled at each expiration. : MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 31 THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM. 58. The urinary organs are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. 59. The kidneys are two glands situated one on either side of the spinal column immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. Their function is to separate waste material (urine) from the blood. 60. The ureters are two fibrous tubes conveying the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. . 61. The bladder is a muscular sac in which the urine is stored until discharged from the body. 62. The urethra is a mucous tube which extends from the bladder to the head of the penis, in the male. In the female it extends from the bladder to the floor of the vagina, about 3 inches from the external opening. 63. The urine is a yellowish fluid composed of water, various. salts, and waste materials from the body. The normal amount secreted is from 3 to 6 quarts in 24 hours. The color and quantity are variable, due to variations in food, work, and the temperature of the air. 64. The principal male generative organs are the testicles and penis. 65. The female generative organs are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 66. The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, capil- laries, veins, and the blood. 67. The heart (fig. 16) 1s a hollow organ, made up of involun- tary muscles. It is situated in the middle and left side of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, and is inclosed in a serous sac called the pericardium. In shape it is a blunt cone with the base upward and it weighs about 64 pounds. It is divided into two parts, right and left, by a longitudinal muscular wall, or septum. Each part is divided into two cavities, the atrium above and the ventricle below. On each side the atrium and the ventricle communicate by openings which are guarded by valves to prevent the back flow of blood, but there is no communication between the two sides. The function of the heart isto maintain the circulation by continually pumping the blood through the arteries as it receives it from the veins. 106233°—17——3 32 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 68. Arteries are strong thick-walled tubes which carry the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. They give off branches and subdivide until they terminate in the capillaries. Fic. 15.—Circulatory apparatus. 1, Heart (right ventricle); 2, heart (left ventricle) 3, heart (left auricle); 3a, heart (right auricle); 4, pulmonary arteries (cut off); 5, pulmonary veins (cut off); 6, anterior aorta; 7, common carotid artery; 9, left brachial artery; 13, humeral artery; 14, radial artery; 15, metacarpal artery; 16; digital artery; 17, posterior aorta; 18, branches distributed to the stomach, spleen; pancreas, etc.; 19, branches distributed to the intestines; 20, branch to the kidneys; 22, posterior vena cava; 24, external iliac artery; 25, internal iliac artery; 27, femora’ artery; 28, posterior tibial artery; 29, metatarsal artery; 30, venous network of the foot; 33, jugular vein; 34, anterior vena cava. 69. Capillaries are small, thin-walled vessels that are just large enough to permit the passage of the blood corpuscles. In these vessels occurs the exchange of substances between the blood and the tissues, the tissues being supplied with oxygen and nutritious MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 33 material, the blood receiving waste in the form of carbonic acid gas. An exception to this process is found in the capillaries surrounding the air cells of the lungs, where the blood gives off carbonic acid gas and receives oxygen. ‘The capillaries form a close network in all the tissues of the body, but are invisible to the naked eye. eras pine _ Pulmonary veins Pulmonary artery 47 \\ . 3 fee 4 ec - f AEE. tA \ . Anterior. _.-@ rem cov Great coronary AS SUBERES Ss oe Left coronary artery (cireum- flex branch) — Bicuspid valve © Musculus e _ pectinalus s.. Right — " . 4 a eae 2 “ : Bae + fo. Y or rrun - é BP tendinee _ Musculus papillaris -- AMederator band Right coronary We : artery Tricuspid valve ; : _- Left ventricle tight coronary artery ~~ Es 4 Fic. 16.—Section of heart of horse. Specimen hardened in situ and cut nearly at right angles to the ventricular septum. The left ventricle is contracted, but not ad mazimum. V.a., Segment of aortic valve. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) 70. Veins are the vessels that return the blood to the heart. They begin at the capillaries and by uniting form larger veins which finally empty into the atria. Veins differ from arteries in that their walls are thinner and less firm, and by their having valves which prevent the blood flowing backward within them. Veins 34 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. accompany arteries, as a rule, and bear the same names; among. exceptions to this rule may be noted the anterior and posterior vena cava and the jugular veins. The circulation through the veins is assisted by the contraction. of the muscles during movement and respiration. 71. The blood is a fluid which carries oxygen and nutritive material to all the tissues of the body and, together with the lymph, carries the waste material to the excretory organs. It is an opaque, thickish fluid with a salty taste. Its color varies, being a bright red or scarlet in the arteries and a dark purple in the veins, except in the pulmonary artery, which carries purple or venous blood, and the pulmonary veins, which carry red or arterial blood. It forms a clot when the blood vessels are ruptured and the blood is exposed to the air or tissues. 72. Bloodis composed of serum and red and white corpuscles. The serum 1s a thin, yellowish fluid in which the corpuscles float. It con- tains th® soluble nutrient material from the food. 73. The red corpuscles carry oxygen to the tissues and carbonic acid gas away from them. When they are charged with oxygen they give the scarlet color to the blood, and the purple color when charged with carbonic acid gas. The red corpuscles are formed in the bone marrow. . 74. The white corpuscles repair and assist in replacing worn out, diseased or injured tissues. They also protect the tissues by destroy- ing the germs which produce disease. They are formed in the lymphatic glands and the spleen. 75. There are two divisions of the circulation, the pulmonary and the systemic. (a) The pulmonary circulation takes the blood from the heart to the lungs and back tothe heart. The impure blood from the whole of the body enters the right atrium by the anterior and posterior venae cavae; from the right atriwm it passes to the right ventricle; from the right ventricle it is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it is purified by giving off carbonic acid gas and taking up oxy- gen. From the lungs the now purified blood is returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins and emptied into the left atrium. (b) The systemic circulation. From the left atriwm the blood passes into the left ventricle, thence into the aorta to be pumped to all parts of the body, being distributed by means of arteries and capillaries; from the capillaries it is collected by veins and brought back to the MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 35 right atrium through the anterior and posterior venae cavae to be again sent to the lungs for purification. 76. The aorta is the beginning of the arterial system. It is given off at the base of the left ventricle and divides into thoracic and abdominal parts. (a) The thoracic aorta passes forward and divides into branches which supply the front part of the thoraz, the front limbs, the neck, and the head. (b) The abdominal aorta passes upward and backward, below the spinal column, to the last lumbar vertebrae where it divides into four branches which are distributed to the hind quarters and posterior limbs. Between its origin at the base of the left ventricle and its termination in the lumbar region it gives off branches to the muscles of the ribs, the lungs (for their nourishment), liver stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, and muscles of the loins. 77. (a) The anterior vena cava, a large, short vein, returns the blood from the parts supplied by the thoracic aorta. It is located in. the front part of the thorax and empties its blood into the right atrium. (b) The posterior vena cava, the largest and longest vein in the body, returns the blood from the parts supplied by the abdominal aorta. It commences at the entrance of the pelvic cavity, runs forward under the bodies of the vertebrae, and empties its blood into the right atrium along with that from the anterior vena cava. 78. The contraction of the heart sends the blood out in waves and causes a temporary increased distention of the walls of the arteries. These waves pass from the heart toward the extremities and can be felt where the arteries are near the surface. The waves, or beats, are called the pulse and correspond to the contractions of the heart. The normal pulse rate is from 36 to 40 beats a minute. Tue LympuHatic System. 79. The lymphatic system consists of a series of vessels, a num- ber of glands through which the vessels pass, and certain fluids known as lymph and chyle. 80. The lymph vessels are thin, delicate tubes, similar to veins, which gather the lymph from the tissues and convey it to the blood. The lymph from the right fore extremity, the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, is collected by the right lymphatic vessel. From 36 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. all other parts of the body it is collected by the thoracic duct; both vessels emptying their lymph into the anterior vena cava just in front of the heart. 81. Lymph glands are small groups of cells through which the lymph vessels pass and in which white corpuscles are formed. They also act as filters for the removal of disease germs and other injurious substances. - 82. Lymph is a watery fluid by which the tissues are nourished, and by which waste material is gathered from them and eliminated. Lymph is derived from the blood and passes into the tissues by oozing . through the thin walls of the capillaries. After bathing and nourish- ing the tissues it is conveyed by the lymph vessels back to the blood, again. The flow of lymph is brought about by the contraction of the muscles in the vicinity of the vessels. 838. Chyle is a milky fluid formed in the intestines. It contains the nutritive elements of the food and is conveyed by a series of lymph vessels to the blood. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 84. The nervous system is divided into two minor systems, the cerebro-spinal, which is to a considerable extent influenced by the will of the animal, and the sympathetic, over which the will has no control. 85. In the cerebro-spinal system the central portion is composed of two parts; the brain, which occupies the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord, which occupies the canal in the vertebrial column. The communicating portion of this system consists of the cerebro- spinal nerves, which leave the brain and spinal cord in symmetrical pairs and are distributed to the voluntary muscles and the organs of common sensation and special sense. : 86. In the sympathetic system the central portion consists of a double chain of ganglia (groups of nerve cells) connected by nerves, which extends from the head to the tail below and on each side of the spinal column. The communicating portion of this system is distributed to the involuntary muscles, mucous membranes, internal organs, and blood vessels. | 87. A nerve consists of a bundle of tubular fibers, held together by connective tissue. The nerve fibers are simply transmission MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 37 lines conveying impressions from the nerve endings to the brain _or cord and conveying impulses from the brain or cord to the muscles | Vx yi Ga 22 °—---- —~—-—— .- : Fic. 17.—Nervous system of the horse. 1, Brain; 2, eptic nerve; 3, maxillary nerve (fifth); 4, mandibular nerve (fifth); 5, vagus nerve; 6, medulla oblongata: 7, right braciial plexus; 8, musculo-cutaneous ncrve; 9, median nerve; 10, radial nerve; 11, ulnar nerve; 12, vagus nerve; 13, cocliac plexus; 14, semilunar ganglion; 15, lumbo-sacral plexus; 16, femoral nerve; 17, great sciatic nerve; 18, peroneal nerve; i9, external saphenic nerve; 20, tibial nerve; 21, metatarsal nerve; 22, radial portion of median nerve; 23, metacarpal nerves; 24, digital branches; s. s.,sympathetic chain; _¢, inferios cervical plexus; g, gutteral ganglion; Sp., great splanchnic nerve; p. m., posterior mesenteric plexus; p, pelvic plexus.—(From Sirangeways’ Veterinary Anatomy.) 7 ' _ and various organs. In «the cerebro-spinal system these impulses _ are considerably influenced by the will of the animal. 38 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Tue Eve. 88. The eyes are the organs of sight and are situated in the orbital cavities. The eye is spherical in shape and is held in posi- tion by muscles which turn it and retract it (draw it back) in the orbital cavity. A pad of fat below and behind the eye protects it from injury due to blows and causes the membrana nictitans to pass over the front of the eye when it is re- tracted by the mus- cles. 89. The eye is pro- tected by two mova- ble fleshy curtains, the upper and lower eyelids. These are . composed of muscular Yy and fibrous tissue in ey j their central portion and are covered ex- e . ternally with skin. The internal surface Fia. 18.—Section ofthe eye. ¢, Cornea; eyelids; Ti fluid; of the eyelids, the b ed Leyte lens; 0, optic nerve; p, pupil; membrana nictitans ‘ and the front part of the eye are covered with a mucous membrane, the conjunctiva, which is continuous with the skin at the edges of the eyelids. In the edges of the eyelids are strong hairs which protect the eye from dust and small objects floating in the air. . 90. Themembrananictitan, or accessory eyelid (haw),issituated between the inner side of the orbital cavity and the eyeball, within the lids. When the eye is retracted it passes over the front part of the eye, removing any foreign objects and moistening the cornea. 91. The eye proper is composed of three coats and certain internal structures. 92. The outer covering of the eye is formed by the sclerotic coat and the cornea. The sclerotic coat is composed of strong white fibrous tissue and forms the protective covering. It covers four- Ae MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 39 fifths of the eyeball and affords attachment for the muscles of the eye. In front of and continuous with the sclerotic coat is the cornea, a transparent tissue which admits the light to the interior of the eye. __ 93. The choroid, or middle coat, is a vascular membrane of a dark color. At the juncture of the sclerotic coat and the cornea the choroid coat sends down a circular dark colored membrane, the iris, in the center of which is the pupil, a small opening for the admission of light. By muscular contraction the pupil can be increased or decreased in size to regulate the amount of light passing into the eye. On the iris above and below the pupil are several small black projections called granula iridis, or soot balls. The use of these bodies is not definitely known. 94. The retina, or inner coat, is the expansion of the optic nerve. It receives the impressions of sight, and the optic nerve transmits them to the brain. 95. The crystalline lens is situated behind the iris and pupil. It is a circular, transparent body, thick in the middle and tapering toward the edges. Its function is to focus the rays of light on the retina. 96. The aqueous humor, a watery fluid, occupies the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens. The vitreous humor, a jellylike fluid, occupies the space between the retina and the crystalline lens. The function of these fluids is to maintain the proper shape of the eveball. THE Ear. 97. The ears are the organs of hearing. They are located one on either side of the poll. 98. The ear may be divided into two portions, external and internal. 99. The external ear is funnel-shaped, formed of cartilage, and covered with skin both inside and outside. There are numerous fine hairs on the inside of the funnel which prevent the passage of foreign bodies into the internal ear. The lower portion of the funnel communicates with the internal ear and is supplied with numerous sebaceous glands. There are muscles attached to the lower part of the cartilage by which the ears are moved at will. 100. The internal ear isinclosed ina bony chamber. Here the nerve endings receive the impressions of sound and transmit them to the brain. Separating the internal ear from the external ear is the tympanum, or ear drum. 40 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. THE SKIN. 101. The skin covers the external surface of the body. It varies in thickness according to the amount of protection the dif- ferent parts of the body require. The skin is the special organ of touch and is supplied with sensory nerves, particulazly at the muz- zle and lips. ‘The long hairs (feelers) growing from the muzzle, and in special nerve structures in the dermis. 102. The skin consists of two parts; the outer, called the epider- mis, or cuticle; and the inner, the coriwm, dermis, or true skin. 103. The epidermis is the outer protective covering. The hoof, ergot, and chestnuts are modifications of the epidermis. 104. The dermis lies beneath the inner surface of the epidermis and continually replaces it as itis worm away. It contains the hair follicles, the sebaceous and the sweat glands. 105. Hairs grow from the hair follicles, and form the outer pro- tective covering of the body known as the coat. The coat is shed twice a year, in the spring and in the fall, and is replaced by a lighter or heavier growth according to the season. 106. The sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance which is formed within them. Where the skin is covered with hair the sebaceous fluid is discharged into the hair follicles. It softens and waterproofs the hair and surrounding skin, keeping them flexible and giving the hair the gloss that is seen in healthy animals. Where no hair is present the glands discharge directly on the surface ot the skin, keeping it soft and supple. 107. The sweat glands are groups of cells which excrete sweat. They communicate with the outer surface by simple tubes which pour their excretions on the surface of the skin. Sweat consists of water and various salts and waste materials from the blood. It evaporates on the surface of the skin and assists in regulating the temperature of the body. THe Foor. 108. The foot is composed of four parts: the bones; the elastic structures; the corium; and the hoof, the protective organ of the foot. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 41 _ Skin —— . Tendon of cammon extensor —— : Bursa —— Capsule. of fetlock joint. Curity af fetlock joint ™ Middle sesamoidean ligament © g * Cavity of pastern joint ZT y ’ Digital synovial sheath : ~ Cavity of pastern joint ~- Superficial sesamvidean ligament ~ Deep flexor tendon Cavity of coffin joint Corium of periople ~ —-—* Distal end of digital sheath ~ Periople ~ ah Rigas see gy ~ Coronary corium —— : = Wall Ey ee Digitol cushion Lémine tot Deep fleror 12 \ = temton - i : Sole — Corium of sole Fic. 19.—Sagittal section of digit and distal part of metacarpus of horse. A, Meta- carpal bone; B, first phalanx, C,second phalanx; D, third phalanx; #, distal sesa- moid bone; 1, volar pouch of capsule of fetlock joint; 2, intersesamoidean ligament; 3, 4, proximal end of digital synovial sheath; 5, ring formed by superficial flexor tendon; 6, fibrous tissue underlying ergot; 7, ergot; 8, 9, 9’, branches of digital ves- sels; 10, distal ligament of distal sesamoid bone; 11, suspensory ligament of distal sesamoid bone; 12, 12’, proximal and distal ends of bursa podotrochlearis. By an oversight the superficial flexor tendon (behind 4) is not marked. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) 42 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. BONES OF THE FOOT. 109. The bones of the pastern and foot are the first phalanx (long pastern bone), the second phalanx (short pastern bone), the third phalanz (coffin bone), and the navicular bone (distal sesamoid). The first two bones require no description. 110. The third phalanx (coffin bone) is entirely inclosed by the hoof, which it resembles in shape. The upper or articular surface faces upward and backward and articulates with the second phalanx. Immediately behind and below this surface is a small area for the articulation of the navicular bone. The wall surface (front and sides) slopes downward and forward. It is roughened for the attachment of the laminar corium and perto- rated by numeroussmall openings for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. At the top of this surface, in front, is a ridge to which the tendon of the extensor of the foot is attached. The under surface corresponds in shape to the sole of the hoof. It is smooth except at the back part, which is roughened for the attachment of the tendon of the deep flexor of the foot. The wings (angles) one on either side, project backward and give attachment on their upper borders to the cartilages of the foot. 111. The navicular bone (distal sesamoid) is shuttle-shaped, and lies behind the junction of the second and third phalanges with which it articulates. The deep flexor tendon of the foot passes over its lower surface. THE ELASTIC STRUCTURES OF THE FOOT. 112. The cartilages of the third phalanx, also known as the - iateral cartilages (fig. 21), are large elastic plates of cartilage, attached one to either wing of the bone. They project backward and upward, their upper borders extending above the hoof, where they may be felt beneath the skin above the coronet at the heels. 113. The digital cushion (plantar cushion) (fig. 19), the prin- cipal elastic structure of the foot, is a wedge-shaped pad, situated above the frog, below the deep flexor tendon of the foot, and between the cartilages of the third phalanx. The apex or points is directed forward and lies just below the lower end of the deep flexor tendon. The base or back part lies under the skin of the heels. The digital cushion acts as a buffer to the foot and prevents jar. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 43 Distal end of smell meta- carpal bore Distal end of large metacarpal bone Proximal cnd of first phalanx Proximal sesamoid bone Distal end of first phalanx Proximal end of second phalanz — fee Lelensor process y Dorsal surface . Distal sesamoid bone Dorsal groove Angle _ Distal border of third phalanx Fic. 20.—Skeleton of digit and distal part of metacarpus of horse, lateral view. 1-7, Eminences and depression for attachment of ligaments. Cartilage of third phalanx isremoved. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. Bb. Saunders Co.) 44 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Articular surface Extensor process Depression for collateral ligament * ‘Dorsal surface * Dorsal “Angle Distal border groove : Fig. 21.—Third phalanx of horse; lateral view. a,b, Anterior and posterior extremi- ties of cartilage. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) ; Cut edge of skin Bien : Cartilage of third Corium of periople - a is _ phalanx , Position of |. navicular bursa Corenary corium —-- “ 7 hi ts SN , c : Caen ct Laminar corium e y = Position of 7 novicular bone - Fic. 22.—Lateral view of foot of horse after removal of hoofand part of skin. (After Schmaltz, Atlas d. Anat. d. Pferdes.) Dotted lines in front of navicular bone indicate position of coffin joint. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Ani- mals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 45 THE CORIUM. 114. The corium of the hoof is the highly vascular part of the corium or dermis of the skin which completely covers the coffin bone, the digital cushion, and a large surface of the cartilages of the foot. It furnishes nutrition to the hoof, and is divided into five parts which nourish corresponding parts of the hoof. Perioplie corium : r : — Périople of heel or bulb _ , Coronary cerium —Z Laminar corium oe : Angle of wall Corium of frog ute of wail ey Position of navicular bone aoe ey oe y = Angle of sole Corium of sole Position of insertion of deep flexor tendon Sole —. White line ~ “to Basal border of wall — Pct eee NN NRE Nan NNR ea eM Fic. 23.—Ground surface of foot of horse after removal of half of hoof to show corium. (After Schmaltz, Atlas d. Anat. d. Pferdes.) (Irom Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) (a) The perioplic corium or ring (figs. 22, 23) is a narrow band which lies in a groove at the upper border of the wall. At the heels it widens and blends with the corium of the frog. Itsupplies nutrition to the periople. (b) The coronary corium or ring (figs. 22, 23) is a thick band which occupies the coronary groove on the inside of the upper border of the wall. It furnishes nutrition to the bulk of the wall. 46 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. (c) The laminar corium (sensitive laminae) (fig. 22) is attached to the wall surface of the third phalanx and to the lower part of its cartilages. It bears numerous delicate folds or laminae which Fic. 24.—Digit of horse, showing surface relations of bones and joints. The cartilage is largely exposed. a, First ~ phalanx; 6, second phalanx; c, third phalanx; d, cartilage; é, distal sesamoid or navicular bone; /, pastern joint; g, coffin joint; h’, cut edge of wall of hoof (h); 2, laminar corium. (After Ellenbergerin Leisering’s Atlas.) (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) interleave with the horny laminae of the wall and bars. They (the laminae of the corium) supply nourishment to the horny laminae and to the horn of the white line. By their intimate union with the MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS, 47 oe of the wall they support the weight of the body within the hoof. . _ (d) The corium of the sole (sensitive sole) (figs. 19, 23) corresponds. to the horny sole, to which is supplies nutrition. (e) The corium of the frog (sensitive frog) (fig. 23) is molded on the upper surface of the frog and is attached to the under surface of the digital cushion. It nourishes the frog. THE HOOF. 115. The hoof is the horny covering of the foot. It is divided into three parts, the wall, sole, and frog. (a) The wall is that part of the hoof which is visible when the foot. is placed on the ground. It covers the front and sides of the foot, and is bent abruptly inward and forward at the heels to form the bars. The latter appear on the bottom of the foot as horny ridges. which extend forward and inward toward the point of the frog. ‘The bars secure a solid bearing for the back part of the foot; they give additional strength to the-hoof, and, being a part of the wall, are intended to bear weight. For convenience in study the wall may be divided into three parts, the toe, quarters, and heels. The toe is the front part of the wall. The quarters, one on either side, extend backward from the toe to the heels. The heels are the hindermost part of the foot. They are located at the point where the wall bends inward to become the bars. The external surface is smooth, and its upper portion is covered with a thin layer of soft horn called the periople. Extending from the periople to the bottom of the foot is a thin layer of horny scales which gives the surface of the wall its smooth, glossy appearance. The internal surface is concave from side to side, and presents about. 600 thin, white, parallel plates of horn called laminae, which extend from the coronary groove to the bottom of the wall. These horny laminae dovetail with the corresponding laminae of the corium and bind the wall of the hoof to the third phalanx and the greater part. of its cartilages. The upper or coronary border is thin, and its outer surface is covered by the periople. The inner side of this border is hollowed out to form the coronary groove, which extends all the way round the top of the wall and contains the thick coronary corium. 106233 °—-17-_4 48 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. | | Fic. 25.—Right fore hoof of horse, ground surface. 1, Basalor ground border of wall; 2, laminae of wall; 3, angle of wall; 4 _bar; 5, sole; 5’, angle of sole; 6, white line (junction of wall and sole); 7, apex of frog; 8, central sulcus of frog; 9, 9, collateral sulci between frog and bars; 10, 10, bulbs of hoof. (From Sisson’s Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; copyright, W. B. Saunders Co.) SO0le FiG. 26.—FOOT OF THE HORSE. i, Metacarpal bone; 2, extemsor tendon ; 3, coronary corium; 4, laminar corium ; 5, wall; 6, laminae; 7, volar nerve; 8, metacarpal vein; 9, digital artery ; 10, superficial flexor tendon; 1/1, frog. -(From ‘‘Diseases of the Horse,’’ U.S. Department of Agriculture. AHSCN & co. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 49 The lower or ground border comes in contact with the ground, and is the part to which the shoe is fitted. Its inner surface is united with the outer border of the sole by a soft, white horn, which appears on the bottom of the foot as the so-called white line. (b) The sole is a thick, half-moon-shaped plate of horn forming the greater part of the bottom of the foot. Its outer border is joined _ to the inner part of the lower border of the wall by the previously mentioned white line. Its inner border is V-shaped, and is attached to the bars, except at its narrow part, where it joins the point of the frog. The use of the sole is to protect the sensitive parts above. It is not intended to bear weight, except on a margin about one-eighth of an inch wide inside of the white line. (c) The frog is a wedge-shaped mass of soft horn which occupies the V-shaped space bounded by the bars and sole, and extends below these on the bottom of the foot. On the lower or ground surface are two prominent ridges, separated behind by a cavity called the cleft, and joined in front to form the apex or point of the frog. The base or posterior extremity is depressed in the center and bulged at the sides, where it unites with the wall at the heels, form- ing two round prominences called the bulbs of the hoof. The upper surface of the frog is the exact.reverse of the lower and shows a middle ridge, the spine or frog-stay. Between the sides of ° the frog and the bars are two cavities called the commissures. The frog protects the sensitive structures above, acts as a pad in assisting the digital cushion in breaking jar, arid prevents the foot from slipping. The frog-stay forms a firm union between the frog and the frog corium above. It may also assist in the expansion of the foot by being forced like a wedge into the digital cushion when the foot comes to the ground. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF THE HOOF. 116. Expansion.—When weight is placed on the foot it is re- ceived by a yielding joint (coffin joint), an elastic wall, the rubber- like frog, the digital cushion, and the more or less yielding sole. The digital cushion and the frog are compressed between the ground below and the structures above, which causes them to spread out sidewise, carrying with them the cartilages and bars and the wall 50 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. at the quarters. This is called expansion, and amounts to about natiaige deny of an inch total increase in width of the foot at the eel. 117. Contraction.—When weight is removed from the foot, the digital cushion and frog return to their normal shape, and the car- tilages and quarters move inward to where they were before expan- sion occurred. ‘This is called contraction. 118. The benefits derived from these movements are many; they diminish jar or shock to the foot and leg, and prevent the evil results of concussion; they increase the elasticity of the entire limb, and assist in the circulation of the blood in the foot. CHAPTER II. NAMES AND CONFORMATION OF EXTERNAL REGIONS— APPEARANCES OF HEALTH. NAMES AND CONFORMATION OF EXTERNAL REGIONS. 119. The external regions and structures of the body should present the following appearances: HEAD AND NECK Head.—Clear cut, lean, straight, and of proportionate size. Forehead.—Broad, full, and flat. Face.—Straight. When convex (bulging) the horse is said to have a Roman nose. A concave (hollow) face is called a dish face. Lower jaw.—Wide and strong, with plenty of space between its branches for the larynx. Muzzle.—The muzzle includes the nostrils and the lips. Lips.—Small, thin, and firm. Nostrils.—Large and free from coarse hairs in their entrances. Eyes.—Large, clear, bright, prominent, and free from cloudiness and ‘spots; lids thin, well open, and evenly curved. Ears.—Medium size, pointed, fine, set moderately close, and carried erect. | Poll.—Smooth and free from enlargements and scars. Throat and parotid region.—Clean and free from swollen or en- larged glands. Neck.—Of moderate length, well muscled, clean, well arched, nicely set on, and not too narrow just in rear of the throat; windpipe - large and prominent; a neck with a concave upper border is known as an ewe neck. Mane.—Fine and silky. Jugular channel.—Free from enlargements, smooth, and clean. 120. Forehand. Withers.—Extending well back, muscular, neither too high nor too low, and-free from scars. 51 52 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Shoulders.—For cavalry horses, long, sloping, and well muscled. For artillery and draft horses, they should be more nearly upright and their front line clearly marked with a smooth, even surface and free from excessive muscular development at a point marked ‘‘A,”’ figure 27, which prevents a close fit of the collar. Fic. 27,—External regions of the horse. 1, Lips; 2, muzzle; 3 face; rf forehead; 5, eyebrows; 6, forelock; 7, ears; 8, lower jaw; 9, cheek; 10, nostril; 11, poll; 11a, throat; 12, parotid; 13, neck; 13a, mane; 14, jugular channel; 15, breast (front of chest); 16, withers; 17, back; 18, ribs, or barrel; 19, girth; 20, loins; 21, croup; 22, tail; 23, dock; 24, flank; 25, belly; 26, sheath; 27, testicles; 28, point of shoulder; 28a, shoulder; 28b, arm; 29. elbow; 30, forearm; 31, chestnut; 32, knee; 33, cannon; 34, fetlock joint; 35, pastern; 36, coronet; 37, foot; 38, fetlock; 39, haunch (point of hip); 40, thigh; 41, stifle; 42, buttock; 43, gaskin; 44, hock; 44a, point of hock; 45, chestnut; 46, cannon; 47, fetlock joint; 48, fetlock; 49, pastern; 50, coronet; 51, foot. Arms.—Short, muscular, and set well forward. Elbows.—Large and long and clear of the chest. Forearms.—Long, broad, and well muscled. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS, 53 Knees.—Straight, broad, deep, and free from puffiness, scars and swellings. A knee bent backwards is called a calfknee. The op- posite condition is known as knee-sprung or over in the knees. Cannons.—Short, broad, flat, and of uniformsize. Tendonssmooth, _and well set back. If smaller below the knee than elsewhere, the leg is said to be tied in below the knee. Fetlocks.—Wide, smooth, well supported, and free from puffy swellings. Pasterns.—Of moderate length, smooth, free from enlargements, and forming an angle of form 45° to 50° with the ground. Feet.—Of proportionate size, uniform, and circular; heels wide, and one-third the height of the toe; walls smooth and free from cracks, fissures, and rings; bars strong, sole concave, frog large and elastic, horn dense and tough. Legs.—Viewed from the front, vertical, with toes pointing straight to the front. Viewed from the side, slightly inclined to the rear. When the toe points obliquely forward and inward, the animal is said to be pigeon-toed. The opposite condition is known as toe out or splay footed. 121. Body. Breast and chest.—Of moderate width and considerable depth for cavalry horses. Both deep and wide for draft horses. The girth is the measure around the body at the chest. It should be large. Ribs.—Long, well arched, close together. Last rib close to the point of the hip. Back.—Short, straight, broad, well muscled, and free from en- largements and scars. A concave back is called a sway back. A convex back is called a roach back. Loins.—Broad, short, strong, and well muscled. Flanks.—Close, full (not hollowed out), and deep. Underline of the chest and belly.—Long and well let down. When this line passes obliquely backward and upward, the horse is said to be herring gutted. 122. Hindquarters. Croup.—Long, rounded, and sloping slightly downward. When it droops and becomes narrow below the tail the horse is said to be ‘gooserumped. - Haunch (point of hip).—Not too prominent, yet not drooped or sunken. . | Dock.—ULarge and muscular. Tail.—Set fairly high, and carried well away from the body. Hairs fine and silky. Te q 54 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Thigis and buttocks.—Long and muscular, muscles extending well down into the gaskin. When the muscles of the inner side of the thighs are but little developed, the horse is said to be split up behind. Stifles.—Large, broad, well muscled, and free from puffiness. Gaskins.—Long, broad, and muscular. Hocks.—Large, wide, deep from front to rear, smooth, well sup- ported, and free from puffy swellings and bony enlargements; point prominent, clean,and standing well away from the joint. The hocks should stand well apart, but not enough to give the horse the appear- ance of being bow-legged. When the hocks stand close together and the hind feet well apart, with the toes turned out, the horse is said to be cow hocked. The term sickle hock is applied to hocks that ap- pear overly bent when viewed from the side. Cannons.—Short, wide, and flat; tendons smooth and well defined and the line from the point of the hock to the fetlock straight, and nearly perpendicular. Fetlocks.—Large, wide, well supported, and free from puffy swell- ings. When the fetlock is inclined too far forward, the condition is called cocked ankle. Pasterns.—Of moderate length, large, free from enlargements, and inclined at an angle of from 50° to 55° with the ground. Feet.—Same as fore feet, except that the shape is oval, the sole more concave, and the wall more nearly vertical. f APPEARANCES 9F HEALTH. 123. Manner of standing.—Fore feet square and firm on the ground; one hind foot may or may not be resting on the toe. A fore leg is never rested unless injured, diseased, or greatly fatigued. In the latter condition the feet are alternately lifted and replaced in position by a slow and regular stamping movement. The head is held erect, the eyes are wide open and there is a lively play of the ears. 124. Skin.—Loose, supple, and easily moved about over the struc- tures beneath. 125. Coat.—Smooth, sleek, and glossy. In cold weather, unless blankets are used, the hair stands upright, the coat becomes heavy and coarse and loses its gloss. 126. Pulse.—Strong, full, regular, and beating from 36 to 40 times a minute. The number of beats is increased by exercise, excite- ment, and disease. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 55 The pulse is taken by placing the fore or middle finger trans- versely (crosswise) on the submaxillary artery at the margin of the lower jaw, and counting the pulsations for half a minute and then _moultiplying the result by two. 127. Respiration.—Free, soft, and noiseless. Number of respira- tions per minute: ind 2 Se Reh Sie OS aE eee eee 10-12 athens 200 -yardse 5.22. c.esdece e252. ese 8. 28 rem? armani Ges os. 0 2.5 Sek nee Sy atis s -ae 52 Se A INETANLOD. 2 os cg ne eo eee 2 52 After exercise the breathing should subside quickly to normal. The ratio of respiration to the beat of the heart is about one respira- - tion to four heartbeats. The respirations are counted by watching the rise and fall of the flank, the movements of the nostrils, or, on a cold day, the steamy expiration of the breath. 128. Temperature.—Varies from 99° to 100° F. Itis increased by exercise, excitement, and disease. Age has a slight influence, the temperature being higher in young animals and lower in old ones. In the Tropics it may average as high as 100.5° F. The temperature is taken with a clinical thermometer in the rectum. The thermometer is moistened or oiled, the mercury is shaken down to 96 or below, and the bulb of the thermometer is inserted into the anus, and allowed to remain three minutes, when it is withdrawn and the temperature noted. 129. Defectation—Occurs from 10 to 12 times in 24 hours, the droppings being fairly well formed, free from offensive odor, and varying 1n color from yellow to green, according to the nature of the food. The amount of feces passed in 24 hours varies from 36 to 40 ounds, depending upon the size of the animal and the amount of ood given. _130. Urination.—-Urine is passed several times daily, in quan- tities of a quartor more. Itisa thick yellowish fluid, and the quan- tity passed in 24 hours varies from 3 to 6 quarts. During the act of urination horses straddle, grunt, and assume a very awkward position, which must not be mistaken for pain. CHAPTER ITI. STABLE HYGIENE—CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED. STABLE HYGIENE. 131. Ventilation.—The object of ventilation is to supply pure air to the lungs, to dilute and remove the products of respiration, and the ordor and gases arising from the fluid and solid excrements which have been evacuated by the occupants of the building. 132. Composition of air.—Pure air consists of: Oxyaen 202 ce) Sue a eerie SL 2, 096 Nitrosen:: 22.8 fon fess ae ee 7, 900 Carbonic acid 420020222 Vt Le 4 Votal os 2a.2.52302 a 10, 000 It also contains a small quantity of watery vapor. Oxygen is the chief useful part of the air for purifying the blood. Nitrogen dilutes the oxygen and renders it respirable. The amount of carbonic acid is very small, but if it rises beyond 6 parts in 10,000 the air is impure and unfit to breathe. Air is rendered impure by the respiration of men and animals, its carbonic acid and watery vapor are increased, its oxygen diminished, and a proportion of organic matter added to it. So long as respira- tion is occurring in the open air these impurities are gotten rid of as fast as they are formed, but in the air of buildings it is different, for here they accumulate unless means are at hand for getting rid of them. The employment of such means is known as ventilation. 133. Testing the ventilation.—The proper time to test the ventilation is in the morning before the doors are opened. If on entering the stable a sense of stuffiness is detected, the ventilation is defective, and more air must be supplied.. 134. Draft and chill.—A draft isa current of air passing through a confined space, such as a window or door, at such a rate as to pro- duce a feeling of cold when it strikes the skin. The effect of such a draft on a warm skin is to drive the blood into the internal organs and produce chill and shivering. Tying animals in a draft must therefore be carefully avoided. 56 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 57 135. Windows and roof ventilators.—In calm weather the windows and ventilators should always be kept open. During storms they should be closed on the windward side only. When the storm ceases they should all be opened again. In warm weather | the doors should also be kept open. 136. Temperature of stable air.—Horses suffer very little from cold; they stand changes of temperature remarkably well, and chills from standing in a draft when heated and tired are the only changes of temperature which are likely to produce sickness. Stables are therefore not intended to keep animals warm, but to protect them from draft and storm. Hot stables produce a fine glossy coat, cause the animals to put on fat, but also lower their vitality and increase their susceptibility to disease. Cold stables produce a rough heavy coat, there is not much tendency to put on fat, and the animals require more to eat, owing to the increased demand on the heat-producing function. They are healthier, however, and better able to stand exposure and hardships, such as animals of the military service may at any time be called upon to do. When new horses are put for the first time in the stable, or when older horses return from maneuvers or duty in the field, the greatest care should be taken with regard to ventilation. Every door and every window should be left open or for a certainty they will con- tract a catarrh. 137. Care of stalls and floors.—As soon as the horses are through feeding in the morning they should be removed from the stable and the stalls thoroughly cleaned. At the same time the doors and windows should be opened to thoroughly air and dry out the building. Mangers and feed boxes must be kept clean. Hay and grajn that have been left in them should be removed and the boxes washed at least once a week, and always after bran mashes have been fed. The bedding is carefully shaken out and sorted, and all parts which can be used again are put to one side. : awe and waste bedding must be taken to the manure heap aily. 138. Cement, brick, and stone floors, during warm weather and in the Tropics, are best cleaned by scrubbing with water, using the hose and stable brooms where available, the floors being allowed to dry before putting down the bedding. In cold weather this is 58 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. not practicable, and the cleaning should be done by scraping with a hoe or shovel and sweeping with a stable broom. If the floors become slippery from ice, sand or sifted ashes should be put on them before the bedding is put down; this to prevent injury to the horses from slipping. Should the floors wear smooth and become slippery, the surface should be roughened by chipping with a stone or cold chisel and mallet. The chisel can be made by the troop blacksmith. When for any purpose the horses are tied in during the day, the stalls should be cleaned again as soon as the horses are turned out. 139. Dirt floors.—Dirt floors require continual work to keep them in good condition. _As soon as wet spots or depressions form they should be dug out and filled with fresh clay well wet and tamped in. The front of the stall floor should be 2 inches higher than the floor at the rear. 140. Bedding.—The monthly allowance of bedding is 100 pounds of straw or hay for each horse, or 34 pounds daily. To give animal a good bed, this must be used as economically as possible. ‘ During pleasant weather all parts of the bedding which can be used again are taken out and spread on the bedding racks to dry. In the evening it is returned to the stalls and enough fresh straw or bedding added to make a comfortable bed. Habitually the bedding should be put down just before the horses are tied in for the night. Putting it down in the morning prevents the stalls drying out and allows the stable police to conceal the fact that they have neglected to clean the stables properly. 141. Care of the corral.—The corral should be cleaned twice a day, once at morning stables and again in the evening after the horses have been tied in for the night. Thorough drainage should be provided, and all depressions kept filled, so that after rains no pools of standing water may remain. The picket line should be drawn tight and raised high enough so that the horses can not rub themselves on it. Seven feet from the ground is about the proper height. The fastenings at the end of the line should be outside the corral. The floor of the picket line should be raised and trenches to carry off the rain should be provided so that the ground on which the horses stand may be kept dry. 142. Water troughs.—Water troughs should be emptied and thoroughly cleaned each morning. Under no circumstances should strange animals be permitted to drink at the water trough or be fed MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 59 in the stable, as one animal with a contagious disease may infect all the animals of the organization. 143. Grooming.—Grooming is essential to the health and appear ance of the domesticated horse. Its objects are cleanliness, preven- tion of disease, particularly of the skin, and the improvement of- the animal’s general condition. While many diseases are not the direct result of dirt, it is nevertheless true that they are most fre- quently found where dirty conditions prevail. Horses should be thoroughly groomed at least once a day, and this should be immediately after exercise or work. They should also be brushed off before going to drill or exercise. The idle horse should be groomed the same as the rest. Mud should be wisped off with hay or straw, or itshould be allowed to dry, then removed with a brush. - 144. Wet horses.—Wet horses should be dried before being groomed or left tied up to the line or in the stable. If wet from rain or by washing, wisping with loose straw and lively rubbing with grooming rags or pieces of gunny sacking is a good method of making them dry and warm. 145. Sweating horses.—Sweating horses should be blanketed and walked about until cool, then rubbed and wisped until dry. Returning horses from work wet with sweat may be avoided by allowing them to walk the last half mile or so of the return journey. 146. Hand rubbing.—Hand rubbing is most soothing and rest- ful to tired muscles and limbs. It also removes the loose hair and produces a smooth glossy coat. To remove hair and stimulate the skin, the hands are slapped down briskly on the coat one after the other, the weight of the body is thrown against them, while both are moved over the skin with firm pressure. The legs should be rubbed briskly with the fingers and palms in the direction of the hair. After rubbing, the legs should be care- fully bandaged, taking care that the bandages are not too tight. 147. Washing horses.— == eee Cosmoline’6r lard..:-.4<) . 22 0-o: a eee 5-6 Mix and rub together thoroughly. 325. Nux vomica, fluid extract of.—A nerve stimulant and tonic. Dose,1to2drams. Very useful in the treatment of debilitat- ing diseases. Usually given with other drugs, gentian, iron sulphate, etc. 326. Nux vomica, powdered.—Action and dose the same as the fluid extract. These drugs must not be given for more than five or six days at a time, as poisoning may result. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 91 327. Oil, linseed.—Laxative. Dose, 1 to 2 pints. Much used in the treatment of colics. The raw oil should always be used. 328. Oil, olive.—Laxative. Dose, 1 to 2 pints. Principally used in making oily solutions for external use and as a soothing Lae in irritable conditions of the skin. 29. Oil, turpentine.—Stimulant, diuretic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, carminative, expectorant, and vermicide. Dose, 1 to 3 ounces, well diluted with oil. This is a most useful drug and of great value in the treatment of colics, especially flatulent colic. As a vermicide a single large dose, 2 to 4 ounces, is given in a pint of linseed oil, on an empty stomach. Used externally in stimulating liniments and to disinfect nail wounds. Given as an inhalation in respiratory diseases, 1 to 2 ounces to a pail of boiling water. 330. Opium, tincture of (laudanum). —Anodyne, and anti- spasmodic. Dose, 1 to 2 ounces. It checks secretion from mucous membranes and is of value in the treatment of diarrhea and dysen- tery. 331. Opium, powdered.— ‘Tar, qpine: 22 eee 2 eee Gor, See Zine sulphate. Brat oe eevee ts Ete ounces.. 8 Zinc ointment, in 4-ounce tins.............. doit ae Silk for sutures and needles in packet case. CHAPTER VI. WOUNDS AND THEIR TREATMENT. WOUNDS. 350. A wound is an injury to any part of the body involving a separation of the tissues of the affected part. Wounds are classified as incised, lacerated, punctured, bruised, and gunshot. Incised wounds are clean cuts made by a sharp instrument. Lacerated wounds are injuries in which the tissues are more or less torn. They are made by blunt objects, such as hooks and the teeth of horses and mules. Punctured wounds are made by pointed objects, such as nails, splinters, thorns, and the prongs of forks and rakes. Bruised wounds are injuries in which the skin is not broken, such as are caused by falls, kicks, the bumping of various parts of the body against blunt objects, and by pressure from the saddle and collar. Gunshot wounds are those made by bullets or pieces of shell. DRESSINGS. 351. A dressing is a form of local treatment producing a contin- uous action. It consists in the methodical application, upon the surface of a wound, of medical substances, and the use of such protective agents as gauze, cotton, or oakum, suitably arranged and held in position by bandages or other means. Wounds are not healed by treatment. The object of treatment is to keep the injured parts clean and protected, and nature repairs them. Cleanliness is, therefore, the all-important principle in their handling. Not only should the wound itself be clean but also the rarer the instruments, and the vessels in which these are con- tained. The person doing the dressing should have his hands thoroughlh clean, and should procure in a clean basin or bucket an antiseptic 106233°—17——7 ’ 95 96 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. solution, and a sufficient quantity of clean cotton, gauze, or oakum. He should also make ready the necessary instruments, as follows: Instruments.—Scissors, knife, forceps, probe, syringe, and a needle and some thread, if required; all to be clean and placed in a tray ora basin and immersed in any good antiseptic solution, except bichloride of mercury, which will corrode them. GENERAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. 352. Stop the bleeding (hemorrhage).—If bleeding is profuse and from large vessels, the first step is to stop the flow of blood. This may be done by grasping the bleeding vessel or vessels with the forceps and tying them with a piece of silk, string, horsehair, or any suitable material which may be at hand. If the vessel can not be tied, a thick pad made of cotton, gauze, oakum, or clean cloth may be made and bandaged tightly over the wound, ‘This arrangement is called a compress and should not be kept on for more than three or four hours, after which it must be removed and a clean dressing with less pressure applied. If the wound be in a location which will not permit bandaging, the bleeding may be stopped by packing it tightly with cotton or gauze held in place by stitches in the skin drawn tightly over the acking, Slight hemorrhages, such as follow injuries to the small vessels and capillaries, may be checked by baths of cold water or by compresses of cotton or oakum, either dry or soaked in a solution of tincture of chloride of tron. 353. Clean the wound and remove all foreign bodies.—When the bleeding has stopped, cut the hair from the edges of the wound and remove all dirt, clots of blood, splinters, and foreign bodies of every kind. This may be done by carefully syringing the parts with clean warm water, or a warm antiseptic solution. Foreign bodies may be removed with the forceps or by passing small pieces of cotton soaked in an antiseptic solution gently over the surface of the wound. These'pieces of cotton must be thrown away after using and not put back in the solution. The object of this is to keep the solution and the rest of the material clean. Wounds that are clean and dry should not be washed. 354. Apply an antiseptic.— Tincture of iodine, iodoform, boracic acid, or a solution of carbolic acid, creolin, or bichloride of mercury. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 97 355. Close the wound.—Sutures and bandages are used for this aaa but no wound that has been dirty must ever be entirely closed. Sutures as a rule may be dispensed with entirely. They may occasionally be used in parts where there is little flesh, such as around the forehead, eyelids, and nose. They are less useful in fleshy parts, because the movements of the muscles and the swelling resulting from the inflammation of the injured tissues cause them to pullout. Again, sutures must not be used when the edges of the wound are badly torn. In applying sutures, the borders of the wound must be brought together in their natural position, care being taken not to allow the edges of the skin to curl inward. The thread, with the aid of a needle, is passed through the skin at one side of the wound and out at the other. The sutures should be from one-fourth to one-half an inch from each edge, about three-fourths of an inch apart, and their depth should be about equal to their distance from the edge of the wound. ‘They should be drawn just tight enough to bring the edges of the skin together. As a rule, they should be removed in about eight days. ‘ 356. Drainage.—In all wounds drainage is necessary for the removal of serum and pus that would otherwise accumulate in them. The escape of such material must be provided for at the lowest part of the wound. Ifthe wound bea vertical (upright) one, this may be accomplished by leaving out a stitch at-the bottom. In horizontal wounds (woundsrunning lengthwise with the body), a small vertical opening must be made below the line of stitches. 357. Dressings.—Wounds that have been sutured and also wounds that are to be treated without suturing, should be dried carefully with dry gauze or cotton, painted with tincture of iodine, or dusted with an antiseptic powder, covered with dry gauze or cotton and a bandage applied. Or, cotton soaked in an antiseptic solution may be put on and held in position by a bandage, care being taken to avoid undue pressure. If the location of the wound will not permit bandaging, the in- jured parts may be painted with tincture of iodine or dusted with an antiseptic powder, and covered with a clean piece of cloth or gunny sack, the inside of which may be lined with a piece of gauze large ~ enough to cover the wound. 358. Rest and restraint.—This will depend entirely upon the _ nature and extent of the wound. Ifthe injury be slight, the animal 98 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. may continue at work; otherwise he may be kept in a box stall, cross-tied, or placed in slings. 359. After care.—All wounds should be kept dry, and dressings should be changed only often enough to keep the wound clean. As little washing as possible should be done, and the parts should be sopped instead ofrubbed. After cleaning and drying a new dressing must be applied. 360. Flies.—The healing of wounds that can not be covered is sometimes retarded by the presence of flies. Such wounds should be painted once or twice daily with either of the following prepara- tions: A. B. Creolin, 4 ounce. Carbolic acid, 3 ounces. Oil of tar, 1 ounce. Camphor, 8 ounces. Oil, olive, 10 ounces. Mix. Mix. 361. Maggots (screw worms).—Wounds sometimes get fly- blown and maggots appear. Their presence is recognized by a thin bloody discharge from the wound and the red, angry appearance of itsedges. If the bottom of the wound is carefully examined, move- ment of the worms may be seen. Treatment.—With forceps, pick out all the worms that are visible and wipe out the cavity with a swab of cotton that has been saturated with a solution of carbolic, acid 1 to 5. Or turpentine 1 part and olive oil 3 parts may be used in the same way. 362. Excessive granulations (proud flesh).—In sluggish, slow-healing wounds, small rounded, fleshy masses are often formed, which protrude beyond the edges of the wound. These fleshy masses are called excessive granulations or proud flesh. Treatment.—The growths must be kept down by the use of astringents, or caustics, such as alum, nitrate of silver, or sulphate of copper or zinc. SPECIAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. 363. Incised wounds.—See ‘‘General treatment of wounds.”’ Lacerated wounds.—Trim away all torn and ragged edges and treat as directed under general treatment of wounds. If pockets are’ _ formed, provide drainage. Punctured wounds.—vrunctured wounds, except those around joints, should be carefully probed to ascertain if any foreign bodies MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 99 are present. If so, they must be removed, and, if the wound runs in a downward direction,.an opening should be made a little lower down to allow for drainage. The wound is then swabbed out with a strip of gauze that has been saturated with tincture of iodine, or it may be syringed out very carefully with an antiseptic solution, care being taken not to force the stream in a downward direction. After cleaning the interior, a dusting powder should be applied to the sur- face. a 364. Punctured wounds or joints and tendon sheaths.— Punctures of the synovial membrane of joints or tendons, which allow the synovia to escape, are always serious and often result in perma- nent disability or death oftheanimal. The conditions are commonly known as open joint and open bursa, respectively, Treatment.—Do not probe unless a foreign body is known to be present, as the introduction of the probe, even though clean, may injure the delicate structures of the joint or tendon sheath. Remove the hair; cleanse the Ze but do not use the syringe; paint the opening of the wound with tincture of iodine, apply a biniodide of mercury blister, and cover with gauze and a bandage. Place the animal in slings or a cross-tie; clean the wound daily, if required; paint with tincture of iodine, and rebandage. If the wound be a large one, omit the blister and treat with antiseptics. — laxative foods and keep fresh, cool water before the animal at all times. BRUISED WOUNDS (CONTUSIONS) AND ABRASIONS. 365. Under this heading are considered sore backs and sore shoul- ders, etc.; otherwise known as chafes and galls of the back or shoul- ders or any part that comes in contact with the saddle, harness, or equipment. 366. Sore backs.—This term includes all injuries produced by the pressing or rubbing of any part of the saddle or saddle equipment against the skin and its underlying tissues, the nature and severity of such injuries depending upon the amount of pressure and the length of its duration. Sway-backed horses, roach-backed horses, horses with bulging barrels or barrels tapering upward and backward, or horses with abnormally high or abnormally low withers, are more liable to such injuries than others. Causes.—1. Faulty placing of the saddle, i. e., too far forward or toofar back. 2. Imprdéper folding of the blanket; blanket wrinkled, 100 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. dirty, and containing sand, burrs, splinters, thorns, etc., in its folds. 3. Improper adjustment of the equipment, and unequal distribution of weight. 4. Drawing the cincha too tight and improper adjust- ment of the cincha and quarter straps. 5. Poorriding, i. e., lounging in the saddle and shifting from one side to the other. 6. Improper adjustment of the stirrup strap, i. e., too long or too short or unequal in length. 7. Long continuous work under the saddle. 8. Pro- fused sweating and rain. . Symptoms.—Hard, hot, painful swellings, appearing usually within an hour after unsaddling. These lesions are best detected by passing the hand over the back, when swelling and tenderness may be discovered. As a result of continuous pressure the skin often becomes bloodless, dies, dries up, and gets hard and leatherlike. This dead piece of skin is called a sit/ast. Later, if the animal is continued in use, the skin sloughs off, leaving raw sores of various sizes and depths. In- juries to the withers or along the top of the spine, frequently ter- minate in abscesses. (See Abscess.) Treatment.—Ascertain and remove the cause, if possible. In fresh cases, apply cold irrigations or baths with gentle hand rubbing. This 1s to be followed by the application of cold in the form of packs saturated and kept wet with cold water and held gently in position by means of a surcingle or bandage. The Bas may be of oakum, or it may be made by folding a gunny sack three or four times. Ice packs or cold lotions may also be used. Injuries to the withers and ridge of the spine should be irrigated or bathed with cold water, but without pressure and without massage. When sitfasts appear, apply warm baths or warm linseed poultices until the dead skin becomes loose; it is then removed with the forceps and a knife, after which the injury is treated with tincture of iodine or an antiseptic powder. Slight galls, chafes, or abrasions (spots rubbed bare) are treated with white lotion, zine oxide ointment, powdered boracic acid, or a solution of tannic acid 1 ounce in a pint of witchhazel or alcohol. Prevention.—Adjust carefully and properly thesaddle, the blanket, and the equipment; keep the blanket clean, dry, and free from for- eign material; sit properly in the saddle, and dismount frequently and walk. After long marches, loosen the cincha slightly and leave the saddle on for from 30 minutes to an hour after dismounting. Where an injury has occurred, the blood vessels are compressed and almost bloodless. If pressure be now suddenly and completely removed, — MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 101 blood is vigorously forced into the paralyzed vessels and may rup- ture their walls. On the other hand, if the saddle be allowed. to remain for some time in position, circulation may be gradually re- stored without injury. 367. Injuries from packsaddles and aparejos.—The causes, nature, and treatment of these injuries are thesameas those produced by the riding saddle. 368. Sore shoulders. Causes.—Dirty, ill-fitting, and improperly made collars; excessive weight of the pole, causing pressure on the top of the base of the neck; improper adjustment of the hames or trace plates; unequal length of traces; working with head drawn to one side; long con- tinuous work in the harness; rough roads, and poor driving. Treatment.—Same as for sore backs (par. 366). Prevention.—Fit the collars properly and keep them clean; keep the mane closely trimmed at the base of the neck; adjust the pole chains properly, and drive with care. 369. Bruises of the limbs. Causes.—Kicks, falls, treads, and, in draft animals, blows from the pole. Treatment.—Cold irrigations and cold packs. When the inflams mation is reduced apply tincture of iodine or a blister, if required. GUNSHOT WOUNDS. 370. Gunshot wounds are those made by bullets or pieces of shell. Treatment.—Do not probe for bullets unless they can be distinctly felt through the skin. Leave them where they are and they will either become embedded in the tissues or expelled by the proces- of suppuration (formation of pus). The tract of the bullet must not be irrigated nor should any attempt be made to explore its depths. The point of entrance, and that of exit, too, if there be one, should be treated locally with antiseptics, preferably tincture of iodine. The animal should be watched daily for the formation of an abscess which may develop and disclose the location of the bullet. SEROUS SACS. _ 371. By the term serous sacis meant a collection of serum, a straw- colored, sometimes bloody, watery fluid, under the skin. Causes.—Blows and bruises, particularly about the buttocks. 102 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Symptoms.—A uniformly soft, painless, fluctuating swelling, vary- ing in size from that of an egg toa man’shead. They often resemble windgalls and hernias (ruptures of the abdominal wall), from which they must be carefully diiferentiated. Treatment.—Bathe twice a day for a week with cold water, and follow each bath by applications of white lotion. If, at the end of this time the swelling has not disappeared, apply tincture of iodine ora blister. About two months are required to effect a cure. Open- ing the enlargement is inadvisable and should be left to the vet- erinarian. The animal may be worked, except when the swelling is so located as to be injured by the saddle or harness. SUPPURATION—ABSCESS. 372. Suppuration.—By this term is meant the formation and discharge of pus (matter). An abscess is a local collection of pus in the tissues of-any part of the body. From eight days to two or three weeks’ time is usually required for its development. Causes.—It is usually the result of an inflammation caused by an injury. Abscesses also frequently occur in the course of certain diseases, such as distemper, pneumonia, and pharyngitis. Symptons.—Heat, pain, and swelling in the injured part. The swelling is at first small and hard. It gradually increases in size, however, and finally becomes soft and elevated in the middle into a prominent hairless spot. This is called pointing or coming to a head. Ina few days after pointing begins the abscess opens and its contents (pus) escape. Treatment.—Small abscesses in the early stages may be scattered by the application of cold packs or tincture of iodine. The best results, however, are usually obtained by the use of warm baths or warm linseed poultices. When the swelling becomes soft in the center, it should be opened at its lowest point, using a sharp instrument to cut through the skin and a blunt one to enlarge the opening and prolong it into the cavity of the abscess. A sharp instruments must not be deeply inserted into the cavity, as large blood vessels may be injured and fatal bleeding follow. After opening, the cavity must be flushed once or twice daily with an antiseptic solution until pus ceases to flow. Abscesses, like serous sacs, sometimes resemble windgalls and hernias from which they must be carefully differentiated, as opening a hernia would be fatal. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 103 BURNS AND. SCALDS. 373. Treatment.—Bathe or tie up the parts with any mild antiseptic solution, or dust the surface with borac acid or flour and cover with cotton and a bandage. If sloughing occurs, treat as an ordinary wound. INJURIES RECEIVING SPECIAL NAMES. 374. Capped elbow (shoe boil). Causes.—A bruise at the point of the elbow produced by lying upon a hard unbedded floor. Symptoms.—A hot, painful swelling at the point of the elbow. Treatment.—Cold irrigations and white lotionbaths. After theinflammation has been reduced, apply tincture of iodine daily or blister. If an abscess forms and theswelling bursts, syringe out daily with anantiseptic solution. Cross-tie the ani- mal during treatment. Operative meas- ures must be left to the veterinarian. _ . Prevention.—Keep the stall floor level and give plenty of bedding. 375. Capped hock (fig. 38). Causes.—A bruise to the point of the hock caused by lying upon hard, un- bedded floors, and by kicking against the stall or other hard objects. Symptoms.—A hot painful swelling at the point of the hock. Treatment.—Same as for capped elbow. _ Prevention.—li due to kicking in the stall, pad the heel. posts with gunny sacks and straw. Ii due to lying on a hard floor, provide a good bed. 376. Fistulous withers (fig. 39).— An abscess in the vicinity of the withers Fia. 38, 5.—Capped hock. having a chronic discharge of pus from one or more openings. It may involve the soft structures only, or it may extend to the bones. Causes.—Bruises, usually from the saddle or collar. Symptoms and treatment.—See abscesses, paragraph 372. 104 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 377. Poll Evil (fig. 40).—An abscess in the region of the poll. Causes.—Bruises caused by the animal striking the poll against some overhead object, or by pressure due to pulling back on the halter. Symptoms and treatment.—See abscesses, paragraph 372. Fic. 39.—Fistulous withers. 378. Rope burns.—Abrasions or lacerations usually at the back of the hind-pasterns. Causes.—Getting the foot over the halter shank, picket line, or lariat. It is generally the result of leaving the halter shank too long in tying. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 105 Symptoms.—The injury may be a simple choafe of the skin or it may involve the underlying tendons and ligaments. Treatment.—Trim away all torn and ragged edges, clean the wound thoroughly and apply an antiseptic. See paragraphs 347, 354, 357, Fig. 40.—Poll evil. 358, and 359. Should the parts at any time become dry, hard, ang painful, they may be softened by daily applications of zinc oxide ointment or creolin and olive oil (creolin 4 ounce, olice oil 44 ounces). 106 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. INFLAMMATION. 379. Inflammation.—A condition into which the tissues of the body enter as a result of an injury. Symptoms.—Pain, heat, swelling, and redness (invisible in dark skin and in skin covered with hair), all of which occur as the result — of an increased flow of blood to the injured part. Treatmeni.—Bathe or irrigate the inflamed area several times daily with cold water. When the parts will admit it, cold packs may be applied. GHAPTER -VEI. DETECTION OF LAMENESS—DISEASES OF BONE. DETECTION OF LAMENESS. 380. Lameness.—Lameness is any irregularity in the gait. . $81. Classification of lameness.—Lameness is divided into two classes: (a) Swinging-leg lameness, which is shown by a shortened stride and more or less dragging of the leg. Seen in diseased and injured muscles. ; (6b) Supporting-leg lameness, shown when the leg supports the weight of the body. This form occurs in diseases and injuries of bones, tendons, ligaments, and the foot. 382. Severe lameness is readily recognized, even when the animalisatrest. Distinct symptoms, such as pointing or frequently raising the injured limb, are usually seen, the animal’s instinct leading him to place the affected part in a position to relieve the ain. 4 383. Examination for lameness.—In making an examination for lameness, the animal, having free use of his head, should be led at a slow trot toward and from the observer. Too short a hold on the halter shank prevents free play of the muscles concerned in locomotion. In examining the lame limb, place it in its natural position and in- spect its various parts both with the hand and eye, comparing them carefully with those of the sound leg for the purpose of detecting differences in shape, size, temperature, and sensitiveness to touch and pressure. In all cases examine the foot thoroughly and carefully, removing the shoe if necessary. Heat, pain, and swelling are valuable guides in the detection of lameness. The hoof tester or pinchers, carefully and gently employed, is useful in locating injuries of the foot. 384. Lame in one fore leg.—When lame in one fore leg, the right one, for instance, the head nods (drops) more or less when weight is put on the left fore leg, while the head jerks up at the moment the right leg (the lame one) is placed upon the ground. Hence, the head of the lame animal always nods when the foot of the sound leg is placed on the ground. 107 108 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 385. Lame in both fore legs.—Should there be lameness in both forelegs, the action is stilty (stiff); the natural, elastic stride is wanting; the steps are shortened, and the feet are kept close to the ground. The hind legs are invariably picked up higher than usual, the shoulders appear stiff, and the head is carried rather high, while the lumbar region is arched. ‘ 386. Lame in one hind leg.—Lameness behind is detected by trotting the horse from the observer, the croup being the part to be . watched, since it drops with the sound jeg and rises with the lame one. 387. Lame in both hind legs.—When lame in both hind legs, the stride is shortened and awkward; the fore legsare kept back of the vertical line, and are apt to be raised higher than usual while the head is low- ered. Backing is difficult. It is almost impossible to kee the animal at a trot when it is lame in more than one leg. Horses lame in both fore or both hind legs show a waddling gait behind, often mistaken for lameness in the lumbar region. This peculiar motion is simply due to the fact that the hind legsare unduly advanced under the body for their own relief or that of the front legs. Close attention should be paid to the animal’s action as he turns while being trotted to and from the observer, as at this moment—thatis, while he turns—any hitch becomes visible, as, for instance, in spavin or stringhalt lameness. Fig. 41.—Ringbone. DISEASES OF BONE. 388. Ringbone (fig. 41).—A ringbone is a bony enlargement occurring in the region of the long and short pastern bones. It occurs more frequently in the front legs than in the hind ones. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. | 103: Causes.—Sprains, bruises, hard and fast work, and penetrating wounds involving the periosteum; improper shoeing, such as. cutting the toe too short or leaving the heels too high, or leaving one side of the hoof wall higher than the other. Symptoms.—Lameness, which may disappear with exercise, is usually the first symptom observed. Later, there appears a hard, painless swelling, over which the skin is freely moveable. Treatment.—Remove the shoe and level the foot. Use cold baths: and cold packs for a week, then apply a biniodide of mer- cury blister. Keep the animal in a level stall and give per- fect rest for four to six weeks, 389. Side bone (fig. 42). Side bone is a condition in which the cartilages of the foot have changed to bone. The disease is most frequently seen in heavy draft horses and in draft and pack mules. The front feet are affected more often than the hind ones, and the outer cartilagesuffers more frequently than the inner one. Causes.—Concussion pro- duced by fast work on hard roads; allowing the feet to be- come dry and hard; lack of frog pressure; mechanical in- juries, such as treads and similar wounds; and improper shoeing, i. e., leaving the heel too high or the use of high Fig. 42.—Sidebone. heel calks..- Symptoms.—A hard, unyielding condition of the cartilages of the foot, with or without lameness. Treatment.—This is necessary only when the animal is lame. In such cases remove the shoe, level the foot, and stand the horse in cold water for several hours a day, or apply aswab around the coronet and keep it wet with cold water. As soon as the inflammation has disappeared, apply a blister of biniodide of mercury over the part and keep the animal quiet in a level stall for three weeks. | | | i 110 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 390. Spavin (fig. 43).—Spavin is a disease affecting the bones of the hock joint and usually appears as a bony enlargement on the inner and lower part of the hock. Causes.—Violent strains in rearing, jumping, pulling, or galloping, and severe rapid work, especially under the saddle. Tied-in hocks and sickle-shaped hocks are more likely to suffer than those that are broad and well developed. Symptoms.—The_ develop- ment of spavin is ap accompanied by lameness, which, in the earlier stages of the disease, is noticed only when the animal is first moved after a rest, at which time the toe is generally placed on the ground first, the heel not being brought down until the step is nearly com- pleted. The bony enlarge- ment may be present when the lameness appears, or it may not develop for several weeks thereaiter. Treatment.—The same as that prescribed for ringbone (par. 388). 391. Splints (fig. 44).— Splints are bony enlarge- ments, usually situated be- tween the inner splint bone and the cannon bone. They seldom occur on the hind leg. Causes.—F ast work on hard roads; improper shoeing favoring inter- fering and unequal distribution of weight on the leg. Symptoms.—In the early stages there is slight swelling, increased heat, pain on pressure, and more or less thickening. Lameness may or may not be present. When present, it disappears in the later stages and the swelling becomes hard. Treatment.—Necessary only when the animal is lame. If due to improper shoeing, remove the shoe and level the foot. Shower the part daily with cold water and follow each shower with a white Fic. 43.—Spavin. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 111 lotion pack. When the inflammation has disappeared, apply a blister of biniodide of mercury and keep the animal quiet in a level stall for three weeks. DISLOCATIONS. 392. A dislocation is the displacement or separation of the parts of a joint. 393. Dislocation of the patella (stifled).—A displacement of the patella from the end of the ~ femur. The _ displacement may be upward or outward. Causes.— Falls, SeRpILE when trying to getup, and step- ping down from an elevated position to the ground or floor below. It occurs sometimes as a result of weakness alter or during the course of debili- tating diseases. Symptoms.—The_ displace- ment may be stationary, or the patella mayslip in and out with everystep. Intheformer, the leg is rigidly extended back- ward, the horse, even with as- sistance, being unable to bend the leg or carry it forward. Treatment.—Reduce the dis- location. By suddenly movy- ing the animal backward the bone may return to its normal position. This failing, a rope is placed around the pastern Fic. 44.—Splint. and the leg drawn forward and upward by an assistant, at the same time the operator presses the patella forward and inward with both hands. As the bone goes into place a clicking sound may be heard, and the animal at once regains control of the leg. If the joint be painful and swollen, shower with cold water and bathe with white lotion until the inflammation is reduced, then apply a cantharides blister and give four weeks’ rest. 106233°—17——8 112 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Should the dislocation recur, a rope should be fastened to the pastern and attached to a collar ‘about the animal’s neck. The rope should be drawn just tight enough to prevent the animal from ex- tending his leg to the rear but allowing him to stand on it. The rope is “kept on until the effect of the blister has passed away. FRACTURES. , 394. A fracture is a break in a bone. A fracture may occur in any part of the bony framework. The bones of the limbs, how- - ever, are more likely to suffer than those of other parts of the ‘body. A simple fracture is one in which the bone is broken into but two parts, the skin remaining unbroken. A compound fracture is one in which the broken ends of the bones protrude through the skin. A fracture may also be complete or incomplete. An incomplete. fracture is one in which the bone is not entirely broken across. Causes.—Falls, kicks, blows, or any form of mechanical violence. 395. Fracture of the bones of the limbs. Symptoms.—Great and suddenly appearing lameness; excessive mobility; crepitation (a crackling or grating sound made by the rubbing together of the broken ends of the bone); and inability to bear weight on the injured limb. The animal usually evinces great pain and marked swelling occurs within a few hours. Treatment.—Complete fractures are usually incurable and the animal should be-destroyed to terminate suffering. In incomplete fractures, or when such a fracture is suspected, the animal must be relieved from work and kept from lying down for a month, either by being cross-tied or placed in a sling. 396. Fracture of the lower jaw.—This refers to a chipping or splintering of the bone by the bit or the curb chain. Causes.—Rough, handling of severe bits and tight curb chains, and the use of chains or ropes passed through the mouth and around the jaw. Symptoms.—The animal fights the bit and resists any attempt to handle the mouth. The mucous membrane covering the bone is swollen, hot, and painful, with perhaps a small fragment of bone sticking through it. In many cases the covering of the bone is entirely torn away. Suppuration occurs in a few days and the wound emits a very foul odor. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 113: Similar injuries sometimes occur on the lower margin of the bone at the seat of the curb chain. Treatment.—Clean the part thoroughly and remove all fragments of bone. Tincture of iodine or a solution composed of camphor gum 8 ounces and carbolic acid 3 ounces is then carefully applied to the bottom of the wound by means of a very small cotton swab. All particles of food must be removed and the dressing repeated daily until healing occurs. CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND LIGAMENTS. SPRAINS. 397. Sprains are injuries due to excessive exertion. They. affect muscles, tendons, and ligaments, the fibers of which are stretched or torn, causing inflammation, sometimes followed by contraction and, in muscles, atrophy (wasting away). 398. Sprains of the muscles.—Mus- cle sprains occur in various parts of the trunk and limbs, and are due to slips or falls. When sprained, the muscle be- comes swollen, hot, and painful and loses its power of contraction. Later, it some- times atrophies. Owing to the loss of function, the condition resembles paral- ' ysis, but in paralysis there is no heat, pain, or swelling. 399. Sprains of the flexor tendons (fig. 45).—The tendons at the back of the cannon are frequently injured, especially those of the fore legs. Causes.—Long toes and low heels; vio- lent efforts and sudden checks, asin jump- ing; and long-continued exertion in which the muscles tire, thereby increas- ing the strain on the tendons. Symptoms.—Lameness, corresponding in degree with the severity of theinjury; swelling, usually most promi- nent at the middle third of the cannon; heat and sensitiveness to touch. Treatment.—See paragraph 407. : 400. Sprain of the suspensory ligament. Causes.—Sudden violent efforts and long-continued exertion. Symptoms.—Lameness. Heat, pain, and swelling in the region between the cannon bone and the tendon of the deep flexor of the 114 Fic. 45.—Sprained tendons. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 115 foot, the swelling usually being most pronounced just above the fetlock. . Treatment.—See paragraph 407. 401. Sprain of the plantar ligament (Curb. fig. 45). Causes.—Violent efforts at rearing, pulling, and jumping. Usually - geen in horses with weak, narrow, overbent hocks. Symptoms.—A firm swelling at the back and lower part of the hock, about 4 inches below its point, giving the region a curved appearance when viewed from theside. Lame- ness is rare. Treatment.—When lameness is absent, treatment is usually unnecessary. If the swelling is painful and hot, treat as prescribed under general treatment of sprains. (Par. 407.) 402. Sprains of the hock, fetlock, and pastern joints. Causes.—Violent exertion, slips, stepping on stones, trav- eling over rough, uneven ground. Symptoms.—Lameness, ac- companied by heat, pain on pressure, and swelling. Treatment.—See paragraph A407. Fic. 46.—Curb. BursAaL AND SYNOVIAL ENLARGEMENTS. 403. Under this heading are described bog spavin, thoroughpin, and windgalls (wind puffs) of the fetlock. These enlargements are chronic nonsensitive conditions which rarely cause lameness. 404. Bog spavin.—A distention of the joint capsule of the hock, due to the presence of an abnormal amount of synovia, which causes the capsule to bulge outward and forward. Causes.—Long continued hard work, particularly at jumping, pulling, and galloping. 116 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Symptoms.—A soft puffy swelling situated in front and a little to the inside of the hock. Acute inflammation and lameness are rare. ? Treatment.—Not usually necessary. If the parts are hot and pain- ful, give rest and reduce the inflammation by cold irrigations. After a week of this treatment, apply tincture of 1odine once a day for 10 days. This failing, a cantharides blister should be used. 405. Thoroughpin.—A condition usually associated with bog spavin. Causes.—Same as bog spavin. Symptoms.—A soft fluctuating swelling at the upper and back part of the hock, between the point of the hock and the lower end of the tibia. : Treatment—Seldom required. See ‘‘ Bog spavin.”’ 406. Windgalls (windpuffs) of the fetlock.—A distention of the synovial bursae of the flexor tendons at the back of the fetlock joint. Symptoms.—Soft puffy enlargements about the back part of the fetlock. Causes and treatment.—See ‘‘ Bog spavin.’’. TREATMENT OF SPRAINS. 407. Treatment of sprains.—Rest. Remove the shoes, level the feet, and place the animal in a level, well bedded box stall. (See pars. 216 to 221°) Bathe or shower the injured part for one-half hour twice a day with cold water‘and follow each bath with packs of white lotion (half strength) or cold water; or a lotion composed of witch hazel 1 pint, lead acetate 1 ounce, water 1 quart may be applied. Continue this treatment for one week, then use warm baths followed by warm packs or soap liniment. If, after the inflammation is reduced, the parts still remain swollen, apply tincture of iodine once a day for 10 days. This failing, apply the following blister and repeat in two weeks, if necessary: Cantharidess<2.2 2. > Deol ec lyse Bi eae ee dram =: °% Biniodide of mereury: “35: 220 40 ie ee ao gtt Cosmoline:or dard 2 hoo: 2a tee ee ee AG-2c246 Mix well. In chronic sprains of the flexor tendons, shoe with short heel calks or thicken the branches of the shoe, or shorten the toe and leave the heels and quarters long. : CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. DISEASES OF THE MouTH. 408. Injuries to the mouth.—These consist of lacerations of the membrane lining the lips, cheeks, and tongue. _ Causes.—Blows; coarse, rough food materials; faulty teeth, and foreign substances, such as splinters, pieces of glass, and irritating plants in the forage. The tongue is sometimes torn by the bit and by rough handling in examining the mouth. In halter pullers it may be severely bitten. Symptoms.—Slobbering; difficult and painful mastication; and laceration, heat, swelling, and redness of the injured parts. Treatment.—Remove the cause. Flush out the mouth twice a day with a solution of potassiwm permanganate, 4 dram to a quart of water, or alum, 4 ounce to a quart of water, or creolin, 2 drams in a quart of water may be used in the same way. DISEASES OF THE TEETH. 409. Irregular wearing of the teeth. Causes.—Abnormal inequality in the width of the upper and lower jaws. The upper jaw being the wider, the inner edges of the lower molars and the outer edges of the upper ones sometimes become abnormally long and sharp (sharp teeth). These sharp points fre- quently injure the cheeks and tongue. The milk molars are sometimes not promptly shed, their remnants remaining as caps on the crowns of the permanent teeth. In undershot and in overshot (parrot mouth) the teeth do not wear on each other, the result being that those receiving little or no wear become excessively long and injure the soft structures and bone with which they come in contact. In old animals, due to unequal hardness of opposing teeth, -the — molars may become uneven in length, the harder ones sometimes 117 118 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. wearing away the opposite ones and projecting into and injuring the soft tissues and bone at their roots. | Symptoms.—Slobbering; difficult mastication; holding the head to one side while eating or drinking; dropping balls of partly chewed food from the mouth (quidding), and retaining food in the mouth for some time after eating. Treatment.—A dental operation is required. 410. Decay of the teeth.—Confined almost exclusively to the molars. Causes.—Injuries, such as splitting of the tooth or the breaking away of the outer covering (enamel). Symptoms.—An offensive odor about the mouth; slobbering; slow, painful, and difficult mastication; holding the head to one side while eating or drinking; dropping food from the mouth, and a collection of decomposing food around the diseased tooth. The decayed tooth has an offensive smell and may be broken, split, or shorter than the surrounding ones. Ifit be an upper one, there may be a discharge . from the nostril of the same side. Treatment.—The diseased tooth must be removed. This is a difficult and dangerous operation, which only a veterinarian can perform. DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 411. Choke.—An obstruction of the throat with a foreign body. Causes.—Hurried attempts at swallowing oats, bran (dry), or pieces of carrots, apples, etc., before they have been properly masticated. Choke may also result from giving balls that are too large or of improper shape. Symptoms.—Great distress, slobbering, champing the jaws, escape of saliva through the nostrils, and frequent attempts at vomiting, the head being drawn toward the chest and then suddenly shot out. If the obstruction is in the neck it may easily be seen and felt. Treatment.—Pass the hand into the pharynx and remove the obstruction if within reach. This failing, place the animal in a stall free from food and bedding, and put a bucket of water within easy reach. In the course of a few hours the obstruction is usually swallowed. It may, however, remain in the throat for a day or two. Further treatment 1s surgical. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 119 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 412. Chronic indizgestion.—A chronic inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Causes.—Irregularity in feeding and watering, food poor in quality (spoiled or coarse), worms, old age, and improper mastication, due to bad teeth or to eating too rapidly. Symptoms.—Appetite irregular, depraved, or diminished; con- stipation, usually, though there may be diarrhea. Periodic colics are frequent, the coat is rough, and the skin is tightly adherent to the body (hidebound). The animal has an unthrifty appearance and sweats and tires easily when at work. The presence of worms is recognized by their appearance in the feces, and by the presence of white patches of dried mucus around the anus. Treatment.—Examine the mouth and correct existing faults; examine the forage and discontinue it if bad. Feed small quan- tities of good nutzitious food (steamed oats, bran mashes, grass, etc.) at regular intervals; keep a lump of salt where the animal can reach it; give plenty of fresh drinking water, and see that the animal is regularly exercised and properly groomed. If constipation exists, feed bran mashes or grass until the feces become soft, then give the following tonic: Ounces. Seem pomaered no i le ed Pk 3 Mire omic, powde»re@. oo. oo eee eee oes 1 Pee MAGS OL ROUN ~~ = 5.255 eek oe Ss. ene JS: 3 Soret ateate oer Se 3 Mix and make into 12 powders. Give a powder twice a day. Worms are to be removed by turpentine and raw linseed oil, as prescribed in paragraph 329, or 1 ounce of creolin in 1 quart of water may be given on anempty stomach. The following is also useful: Ounces. MALO io. sin Si Sage wept ecs waste. 14 Peemetat, powdered. 2602022 ols a oor 3 Mix and divide into 12 powders. Give a powder morning and evening. When the last powder has been given, give 14 pints of raw linseed oil. 413. Spasmodic colic (fig. 47) —Spasm of the muscular wall of the intestines. . Causes.—Sudden chilling of the body due to large drinks of cold water, or exposure to Cold drafts or rains; improper feeding; indigesti- 120 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Fig. 47.—Spasmodic colic. . MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 121 ble food; frozen food; and sudden changes from one variety of food to another. j Symptoms.—Sudden and more or less violent attacks of pain, last- ing from 5 to 10 minutes, with a tendency to recur. The animal paws, walks about, sweats profusely, rolls, and when the pain is severe, may throw himself violently down. During the attacks a few pellets of dung may be passed, and the animal may strain as if attempting to urinate. The latter symptom must not be mistaken for kidney trouble. The temperature is normal or only slightly elevated. Treatment.—Place the animal in a large, well-bedded stall, or on a soft spot of ground where there is plenty of room to roll without. danger, then give the following drench: Epirs nitrousether.....-. ~~ +:-.....,-7.-- aumers. 2.) 2 Peeret, Pe ee ee a et drams.. 3 Water to make a pint. (In the absence of cannabis indica, 1 dram fluid extract of bella- donna may be used. Sulphuric ether or aromatic spirits of ammonia may be used instead of nitrous ether.) Give at one dose. If there is no relief in one-half hour, give 14 pints linseed oil or 6 drams of aloes. Give rectal injections of 5 or 6 gallons of warm water. Rub and massage the belly. The spirits. of nitrous ether and cannabis indica may be repeated in one hour if necessary. Withhold food for 12 hours after all pain has disappeared, and feed sparingly for the next day or two. 414. Flatulent colic (wind colic).—A painful affection of the stomach and bowels due to their distention with gas. Causes.—Improper foods, such as musty or moldy oats or corn, or sour bran; green foods, as corn, clover, and alfalfa, especially when eaten wet or frosted; new hay and new oats; sudden changes of diet, and feeding animals that are overheated and exhausted. The dis- ease is frequently observed in wind-suckers and cribbers. Symptoms.—Bloating and swelling of the abdomen; continuous: colicky pains, mild at first, but increasing in severity as the abdomen becomes more and more distended with gas. There are no periods of ease as in spasmodic colic. The animal may lie down, but for a short time only. Walking is painful, breathing is rapid and.difficult, and there is great restlessness. Temperature normal or slightly elevated. 122 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. Treatment.—Put the animal in a comfortable place and drench at once with 1} pints of linseed oil and two ounces of turpentine. If there is great pain, drench as directed in paragraph 413. Give fre- quent injections of 5 or 6 gallons of warm water and apply blankets wrung out in hot water to the belly. When the above remedies are not at hand, give 6 drams of aloes and 4 drams of salicylic acid in two capsules or made up into two balls. Another excellent remedy to be kept on hand for colics of all kinds is prepared as follows: Ounces. Camphor gum: 12. .22 2.22 5) eo 6 Garbolte acid: «52-0 2245.0. i Se ee 2 Glycerifie .. /...ts2te. TL ae ee ee 12 Mix the camphor and carbolic acid and let stand for 12 hours, then add the glycerine. Dose 1 ounce, given either in a capsule or on the tongue with a syringe. The dose may be repeated in two, four, or six hours, as indicated. When the animal has recovered, feed as directed for spasmodic colic (par. 413). 415. Obstruction colic (impaction of the intestines, stop- page of the bowels).—A painful affection of the bowels due to the accumulation of food or other material within them. Causes.—Heavy feeding and lack of exercise; coarse, indigestible food; accumulation of sand and dirt in the bowels when horses are fed from the ground or picketed on sand (sand colic) or when watered in shallow pools or streams; insufficient water supply, and faulty mastication due to defective teeth. Symptoms.—Constipation, dullness, and partial or complete loss of appetite. As time goes on the animal begins to show signs of restlessness and pain, such as pawing, walking round the stall, and occasionally looking around at the flank. He finally lies down, stretches himself out and remains in that position for perhaps an hour or more ata time. If relief is not given the abdomen becomes distended with gas, breathing is rapid and difficult, the pain in- creases in severity, and death results in from one to three or four days. Treatment.—A drench composed of raw linseed oil 14 pints, and turpentine 2 ounces should be given at once. If pain is severe, add 4 drams cannabis iridica to the dose. Allow all the water the - animal will drink; give rectal injections of large quantities (5 to 6 gallons) of warm water every two or three hours; rub or knead the MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 123 abdominal walls, and give from five to ten minutes walking exercise -every hour. If the bowels do not move within 24 hours repeat the oil and turpentine. 416. Enteritis (inflammation of the intestines). Causes.—Sudden chilling of the body; drinking large quantities of cold water, particularly when the animal is tired and overheated; frozen or frost covered food and food that is musty or moldy; sudden changes from old to new feed; irritating medicines; blows on the abdomen, and twist or obstruction in the intestine. It sometimes follows such diseases as flatulent and spasmodic colics. Symptoms.—Intense and continuous colicky pain; temperature 103 to 106; mucous membranes of the mouth, nostrils, and eyes red and congested; the belly is tucked up and sensitive to pressure, and there is an anxious expression about the face. The animal shows great restlessness, paws, walks about the stall, lies down carefully, rolls, and may try to balance himself on his back. As the disease pro- gresses, gangrene (death) of the bowels sets in after which all pain ceases and the animal stands quietly for several hours. Toward the last he sighs, breaths hard, staggers, pitches about, falls and dies in a state of delirium. The disease is usually fatal, the majority of cases dying in from six hours to several days. Treatment.—Give one-half ounce cannabis indica in a pint of raw linseed oil; apply blankets wrung out in hot water to the abdomen, and give frequent rectal injections of lukewarm water. The canna- bis may be repeated in three-quarters of an hour if the pain is not relieved. In the absence of cannabis indica, 2 drams fluid extract or belladonna may be used. During convalesence feed steamed oats, bran mashes, oatmeal gruel, etc. Sty 417. Diarrhea.—A frequent discharge of fluid or semifluid evacuations from the bowels. Causes.—Sudden changes in diet, particularly from a dry one to a moist one; musty or moldy food; large drafts of cold water when heated; worms; foreign substances as sand or dirt in the intestines and excessive use of purgatives. Animals of a weak constitution and those of a nervous temperament often suffer without apparent cause. Symptoms.—F requent evacuations of soft or fluid feces. | Treatment.—Give 14 pints raw linseed oil. If there 1s no improve- ment after the action of the oil has subsided, give tannic acid 4 dram and 1 dram of gum camphor. Repeat every four hours until the 124 - MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. diarrhea is diminished, but not until it has become completely checked. If the feces have an offensive odor, give an ounce of creolin in a pint of water three times a day; or l-ounce doses of the camphor, carbolic acid, and glycerin preparation (see par. 414) may be given three times daily. If worms are known to be the cause, treat as prescribed in paragraph 412. CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. DISEASES OF THE NOSE. 418. Acute nasal catarrh (cold in the head).—An acute inflammation of the membrane lining the nasal chambers and sinuses. Causes —Exposure to wet and cold, particularly when tired and heated; damp, poorly ventilated stables, and sudden changes in temperature, 1. e., from warm to cold. Symptoms.—In the early stages there is sneezing or blowing and redness of the mucous membrane of the nose. Later a watery dis- charge appears, which soon becomes thick and of a grayish or yellow- ish color. The membranes of the eyes and mouth are reddened and the eyes are watery. In severe cases the disease is ushered in by a chill (shivering), elevation of temperature, and 1-ss of appetite. Treatment.—Place the animal in an isolated stall which is dry, well ventilated, and free from drafts. Blanket the body, hand rub the legs and bandage them loosely with flannel. Feed bran mashes, steamed oats, gruels, etc., and keep plenty of fresh water where the animal can readily reach it. Give one-half ounce potassium nitrate in the feed or drinking water three times daily, or ammonium chloride may be given instead of the potassium nitrate. The following pre- scription is excellent in the treatment of all catarrhal conditions: Mpimoniim Chloride. .....-.....-.2s-.% ounces... 3 Diamine sulphate 22s ae nen ok ict oe drams... 6 Wee AEPIMIUARTULGTALC. 0. fclocs bd Gea seceonac owe hn QUMCES..<". a Mix and make into 12 powders. Give a powder three times a day. After isolating the affected animal, thoroughly disinfect his stall, his equipment, the watering trough, and everything with which he has come in contact. This rule should be observed in all catarrhal diseases in which there is a discharge from the nose. 419. Chronic nasal catarrh (nasal gleet).—A chronic inflam- mation of the membrane lining the nasal chambers and sinuses. Causes.—Chronic nasal catarrh sometimes develops from the acute. It may result from tumors in the nasal chambers, inflamma- tion of the mucous membrane of the sinuses, or from ulceration of 125 126 MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. the teeth with filling of thesinuses with pus. Itmay also accompany . glanders, chronic pharyngitis, and various other diseases of the: respiratory tract. Symptoms.—The principal symptom is a persistent nasal discharge of mucus and pus, the quantity and color of which varies greatly; it may be creamy, grayish, or tinged with blood. Itisusually from one nostril only and frequently has a fetid odor. In cases of long standing the submaxillary lymph glands are sometimes enlarged, and small ulcers which heal without leaving a scar may form in the » nose. The temperature is usually normal. Treatment.—A careful examination of the nostrils, mouth, and teeth should be made to determine, if possible, the exact cause. If no definite cause can be found, give tonics and plenty of good food. The following prescription is useful: Nux vomica, powdered..../............- drams.. 6 fron-sulphates: 72.222 212 Oi eee de: 3.2% Copper sulphatet): 220 20) SE er ak eee doi 25 48 Gentian, ‘powdered? 1.2) .\.y SS ounces.. 14 Mix and make into 12 powders. Give a powder three times a day. When the disease is due to faulty teeth or to pus in the sinuses, the treatment is surgical. 420. Bleeding from the nose. Causes.—Blows about the head, injuries to. the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, and violent exertion. It may occur during the course of such diseases as purpura hemorrhagica, influenza, nasal catarrh, glanders, and pneumonia, and is often a symptom of tumors and ulcers in the nose. Symptoms.—Bleeding from one or both nostrils, the blood escaping drop by drop orin astream. : Treatment.—Many cases often require no treatment other than rest ina quiet place. This failing, the head should be elevated and cold water or ice packs applied over the face, between the eyes, and over the poll and neck. If the bleeding persists, plug the bleeding nostril with gauze, cot- ton, or oakum, either dry or soaked in tincture of chloride of iron. Wrap the plug in gauze or thin cloth and attach a string before it is sane into the nostril, so that it can be removed after the bleeding as stopped, usually within four or five hours. When both nostrils are bleeding, plug only one nostril at atime. If the patient is rest- less, give one-half ounce cannabis indica. MANUAL FOR STABLE SERGEANTS. 127 DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 421. Laryngitis and pharyngitis (sore throat).—An inflam- mation of the membrane lining the larynx and pharynx. Causes.—Chilling, due to exposure to draft, cold rains, and sudden changes of temperature, 1. e., from warm to cold; infection; improper ventilation; bruises; injuries to the pharynx from foreign bodies, and ‘irritating medicines. Symptoms.—Difficulty in swallowing, manifested by the return through the nostrils of water and food. Diminution of appetite, cough, and stitfness of the neck. The nose is poked out, there is more or less slobbering, and pressure on the throat causes pain. There is usually a nasal discharge mixed with saliva and particles of food. The mucous membranes of the eyes, nostrils, and mouth are reddened and swollen, and breathing is often difficult and quick- ened. The temperature rises from 2° to 6° above normal, and there is swelling of the lymph glands of the lower jaw and throat. Treatment.—Isolate the animal in a dry, well ventilated place. Blanket warmly and bandage the legs. Feed sloppy bran mashes, grass, gruels, or steamed oats. Supply an abundance of fresh drink- ing water. Give one-half ounce of ammonium chloride or potassium nitrate in the drinking water morning and evening. The bucket or vessel in which the water is given should be supported in the stall at a height of 3 or 4 feet from the floor, this to enable the animal to drink without bending the neck. The lips and nostrils should be kept clean and the mouth should be washed several times a day with fresh water. In severe cases with marked heat and pain about the throat, apply cold compresses. I: mild cases ammonia liniment may be used. If the temperature is high, give frequent rectal in- jections of 2 or 3 gallons of cold water. Do not drench or give balls. The following is a suitable prescription: Hiaid extract belladonna.......-....5...... dram 3 Bae nove. ely eine. Jo wue e 2b aon. +h ere eR 2 Punis Pel salen nat Jase ounce.. 4 This makes one dose. Mix and smear on the back of the tongue and back teeth with a thin stick; give morning and evening until relief is afforded. 106233 °—17—_9 128 MANUAL FOR-STABLE SERGEANTS. DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. 422. Pneumonia.—. 5 Sess. 96 Air, composition 0f.....---..-.=.----.2tik yl ee ee 132 AGT Cel... on ce cneod was bee See Ghee 53 Al®v, PMpuP@sc. cose shes OG sO ne pee 132 AGt, pure. spendies Peete tll Awe? ee ee ee 132 Air, temperature. of stable 27-48-01 wees i Lee 136 Aromatic spirits of ammonia.U. 222. ).) ss 2a 292 Arsenic.....0. 5. 720.0. eet el eee 284 Avecnate of potash... 025.02 - +. =< y-+ 62-25 332 Aeticulations. 3 6255.56 <4. wo Hae See ob! 'e Sie eee 12 BGT CR oc Sn Sate ato eae eke bee 2 ede 68 Articular cartilace.... 2.2% - 426-6 fas 5 2 a ew ee 12a Articulations of fore limb....-..--..=- --..0sUc See 19 Articulations’of hind limb... +2... 22. 2- 2- ++ <.. =.= 20 Agtrineenits: = «23 sere Sexes eee cee lias aie - 260 Atrium, heart......2-.s:ce0+ 22.2 42a oe 67 Azotitiaesn.' ecko sec c ca doe te ee ee ee ee eS 430 INDEX. 185 Paragraph. EE Ry Sor 6 hee t dnt tan Soren oe wl wk hoes ir Nee Lb RIE Sieh Se nd OP Pde gs be ee te oe 365, 366 SNE et 1s, Fi A nut ies Bae oe ot aes MEAL AL, 245b RNR ee si hp ee So elders ores vie eS iAa oa Fe oS ers ook 1S 245b INNIS NA 6a eS re ee see 3 Soe ee Dee 323 RENEE Re rhs Hl he end oe ort a eee Oe la we NE 345 Pepe LO Watt Dyes ese oo as te ede ee cee SUSE 210 Bandaging injured parts..:-.........- Sidisine al Marck MER 220 2 USE Se eee eee een eat eee Gera te 290 eras $280 L858 5d Ye scl too Joly oda hose wd ELAR I 192 Bee ten eACCOMStICH Of 2 2k 2) Se ee HS br I 193 Pn REID Ol 2S es he De oS ol at ide te RAL 192 REM UM yg ridin 00S 8 ei oy oS a a ELLA llda PIE 65 2s PE ee rd ee RE ABS 151 MINI elton th sig Pe Pe Date BG ce a a aie Hn oY 137-140 Beene, allowavice Ol: 25) esha ese es bese 140 PEMNEEraIGR es SP Pe eb 2 22 253d oe WL 140 IR ET ft 65.9 25 Sag te tis 2h Creed Alf 444 NMMMINIEES RSM 6 225s Werte tees go's o 8G POU INL 295 Meee ee On SUG AL 22.2 eS hes oe oe BRED 339 enters MMETCUPY 22 52 eo 2 yee is fa's FY pecs ee eee) Bd 322, 470 Pemeemmrce te MPCUCY 22220 es or le Pe be eae Se es ce Se A: 324 NEEM PNT a ASF tS WAS 2 oe ob nye eee oe 445 epee CMON OF 2 8S by te ee bles sos oP SE RAL 475 te Sea tea es 2s dab Add gis wR AE So OEE 61 Re EIEN oat Pe Da ek Se eS 2S ee ed be Sas de bd we esd 182 Mets orl 2S 2 ei ote re ss Fels cess oxo AO ESIL® 149 ENEMA 2 22/50 620 Fk F Bed de had obs toe RE 149 Peers Cane eCTION Of... fc he a2) 262 Ses ee bes 210 PROM 473 Meee ie ON LO” - SLOP s4°6. 1 bosch 2 in ee ede Peek ike 352 MEEMERIERNIIOS os Ass Se rae ees ace eee te oo A 420 EEEIESS een cei L Sage Re Seid eed ge ds edd oes owe Sloe 232 RE Retest e > bee Se oy fee Pie iets eee seeded wees BEES 280 PeertNCPCUEY® 32 20522222522 2fe e303 2 is eR TA 324 meee timed) errs) 2 2 he sr is on EC: ORIG AL 407 MERE ee tS es ec dena MS PISO UMD. 2 280 RNP ree ree ere ETE os hk by ese hones ek Sade SRN» 71, 72 Perr rear ation Of ro) 2 2s bs 2s aces ce bs dase iesieweicet 75, 76 MME Pah oe SSS eee sa rk readies saw POLL Lek 71-73 eee, PMEMICALION OlUg ohh sess ck cece sce JASE a: 75a 186 INDEX. Paragraph BOGY 6 2 ii nemo eynnis,ton nese 0 ei ee nn 121 PROG SPAY EN 5 a5 big eo open, gin, nat ins 22, ce 404 Boling, in disinfection... - 2 ~ -/: ~~ + < 4 .:-2,4.4-.45 ee 469 Promkahie 5 soto: et os - b s eee e 374 Wgbiine feed =< oe os: Aa ae oe ee ee a 222 Bootie, breivtes a+. o- - os 2 2c kh eb ben 3 7 Bone, colin... i 552-4 -. 4 tet i4-s) = 44-5 110 Bone, diseases of; ..... 2.5... La on Bane ee eee 388-391 GG. ap ete ah a ah een cee ee , eee eee 11 Bone; trrevular....-. 2. 62-535 eno. es 3 Bone, navicular.. -..¢_--.-.2..-s----.<.- eee 111 Bone, turbinated. 22.2. = + -.-..s+2++-.-.-+..2) ee 50 Bones, classification of... - 2-2... < 4.42 5-556 3 Bones, covering Of... 2... -.-214..42.-++ £25255 eee 3 Botes; Jong: <.. -.). 25 3h sin, as te 5 3 Bones of the face. -:..---.-.-.-++--2++--:. eee Ab Bones:of.the tore limb... -... 2. +. ooen6 2 ee 9 Bones ob the foot 0: op ance enn en 4 ee 109 Bones of the hind hmb......-- Pr 10 Bones.of limbs, fractures of: -....-..-2.-+:-.-.- eee 395 Bones; short... « -.2+. io¢2)---- +125... 235. 95 eee Dobie 2e1d...2+ 255 2.2 sh et os te ee 285 Boracic acti. : .. «oe. o..-'.<.- asa os $5 Se 285 Bowels, inflammation of... .-.--=.-~+.--.+..+.-- = 9a 416 Bow-leeeed x55. of» = sans 5234-0: aaa eee +250 2S eee 122 Petia ee ee 85 Brain, coneussion of... ..... 1230.2. 2s -- 4 432 Brain,-congestion of. .. 5: 3.2.4. ..<2...435. ee 431 Brain, diseases of ..:.. ...--5:-.+-..<+--=+-> -e eee 431-433 PP cepts ote premieres a caine ce cee .- » Golan eee 200 Bran mashes: -. i... 5-2. a0 Sen St eae ee 202 B¥Gast..36 hase se oa 2b 352 2 ol Re ee oe 121 Preasi: bone... s ocd<. = 2 os Wace aoe peo 7 Bréathing in disease... .2-..-.....<+-++-+:42-.343 eee 205 Breeding places of flies:.. = .-.-<-:2)i++-+2¢p23 ee 483 Bridles; disinfection of. 252.2... 215-9... a eee ee 472 Broben Wises is 2. ess eS Aen eee 423 Bronehi. ... . 2 ce ke oh 2 eso et 5e ees 53 Bronchial tubes: 2... 2-5-4), 44+5.4.454.23- 2 53 Bruises of the frog: .....-~--<-:.+-+-++<¢-+.+2.5-98-ene eee 452 INDEX. 187 Paragraph. REMMI ar ore A ere oe le ete xe 369 RTM Ro os aes Ng nit a em eya ae es ee ae 452 RIDE INRONI GS st nee ne ee aaa oa og 350 IMMER gnc a ine de a aaah G6 tose 115c RINE ss a fos oe ed eet Sage od 480 I Na 6 ool Fata aig ns ccwe mmnn sede SEN 480 NN aR eh ee here aN yee eis SOR 481 Le AN) SES 217 aR Ge Ga pn a Oe 481 ees ee gk ak ee aa ays dame aati « 373 Se ciel a ies ia ain eee Jefgcrueel, 378 Mere er aEreMente. oe 22 Se se fos a Lee See ee ee 403-407 TES a ie Sin peat eteemnct pecs Fo epee Seer am 122 RINE Pe rarer ua tn Sas pees Sok Sete are a as a is JIN Ne Ac op ee ee et 120 Ns BS ahs a te an en See a ERS 323 Peer mIrOL OL MICH AT: Ooi) cae tA Gn cnn doce eiee ble 486 Sie ee ae oa ae ol ge 296 Re ts et i ie ho Aaa 453 etter ican So. he eee heel 297 MMMM MRM UNR eB i se ce be Sys Pasko om Sta ose oye ee PRT ES- 297 TINIE TONE 68 20 So ok See een ge bas o> cee ke 9 RPMNIIIMNE ERO cote ao gos Ghia nite ee eRe dae 10 NEB et ee fb int a reales dys maa 120 RIMINI ean Rd ik ok cists ws Gain apne bebo ye 122 MSE ra Oe a ig ce Sarge uk aia eat oie vies 298 Eat SS a ews un. SSE on Aey SAS ESe 69 UR IO ior ee ea Pale oat ohn we 4 SOG Me SS ook 374 PICU oa a ye oe ie Saree ne RHO eater 375 Prt oo ee een ge open ena iat pep aie 286 penogt acid or disiniection.< . 2. ..-.--. 2. -. send ves dahon 470 Renmei ise Se oa Sa deed aye cite 132 ra ONEENT 83 ees as eae fe ae 480 RUNES NON ATAO S o os ated u and lde ae eaeiae he 481 Merearere, disposal of, by. burning......--.-.-..--4-.------- 480 @arcasses, disposal of, by burying..........-.---.:-.2+----- 481 MINES ene er eh ee 2s eae ee eo ee ht oR ck 150 TNT cipal a e e 216-221 UNI Ma eee Re ecw 3 a cy yaphereeaeeee Fe 207-215 I We ei oe ae ee dee eee Tees 264 188 INDEX. Paragraph Carti ioe, articular. 625 specie wee aa nar sana 12a Cartilages ’ lateral... 2s.2. 22.60 so. ck es ~ 112 Oartilnets OF f06t. 2 22.2 Tae act tie ee 112 Cartilages of the third phalanx... ... +... the ee 112 Cars, railroad, disinfection of .\.. 2.2)... 4. eee 478 Castile soap?) <2... eee wal enn sient oe = 338 CapiihietOpes os < .su gh ela me Pai ino oe 242a SAPS Sa Sn ataee 2k one ein hai eto ers ne 438 Ontatrn, Scule nasal .o:52¢- 5. hase Stich ee 418 Oatarrh. chrome, siagall 2522005 pass 1 419 Catarriiy nideal, acute. : ss .c5-- 3 eae + eo a rr 418 Gatarrh.; nasal, Chronic - <5... 5 orotate 419 Catarrlval fever Oech esis a So tee 491 Oathartics ) ek oan Sa i od an 273 CBSEECS 22 acti ena a cheno ceerteni at rine isp ee gee rr 265 Cantstic, Tamar. 25 isem ooo to foo ated on on oe ar 321 Cavity, abdominal... : 2.2.2.2 a2). 40 er 41 Cawvaty, Cranial 25... 2 222. - oi -teccaene on toe 4a, Cavity? nasal. 2.3302 aS 2s tc wr yale ea we cl 4a, Cavity, orbital... 0020 nee ok. 4a, Canaty, PElViG. :/2 eee Been eles 4] Cavity, thoracic. 2.2.02. 660220252252.» 52 eee 55 Ceérebro-spinal nerves: .2 1.5. 656604 -22so5. 7 85 Cerebro-spinal system: -~..... =... - 2-5 js snes ae 84 Gervical vertebrae: -=. 2 eke ne 477 Peerneraitdnoo! “rooining utensils. .......-.-2..2- 2-222. fae 473 erection On harness... 22.2.6 2c. 2-2-2 2 8 eee 472,473, 475 nner Aca pheno. 2.2 = oe 2 ee oe 3 oo te 472 Disinfection of men’s clothing..... fda ast ont nee nade ates ster S39 474. meme em olinetal-. 2. 222.2 eo be eee 475 Meera Pailroad. cars =<... <2. 2.223.222. ts 25 478 ene mint SACCIOS! 3.0. se 2 faced ee 472 MERION ORS ADICSS. 6 2. = occ sc ic - pe is a Te ATL Disinfection of stable implements..*..............---.---:- 476 Dismreciion of watering troughs....-.-....5-222.2. 22. ove. ATT Bente nerattGrmatellg. 2.222.052... 2 on ee 392, 308 ieporal ot carcasses by: burning. ~..-...22.-..22/0. 6b 480 i poral ol carcasses by burying...:-.-..-----.-..-+--+.: ee roae a: <3) UMN Feo Le Been op a eee t Sees. soe 480, 481 MMMIMRIMN rittetiity 2S 2 Sig oe on Be ws ns se nA RS 269 SU res ok ne 2 eee ak LE 122 SUIREII ee Sette res on we eee cee one e ee 268 NINE arcticrc oss 3 wn es mn, ne «os a eR oe 134 EN Ee ae ee ees. pane OEE Seo Pek WS ir Se es ing? od 245e Mma aT AV GQUMC Bate Se eee he obese eons 356 194 INDEX. Paragraph. Dressines.-. sts. Sot an Daa eee eae een pp he 346, 351 Dressing wounds. - (50. -2 es te ee ee 351-357 Dropsy-of- the legs. . 2... cs 2s 3. es -- 3 2 oe 428 Diary Peet ssa ens eae eee Cts Soa eee ces eee 53 2 OT Dry Measure, approximate value. ....).......-.24,.5222eeen 257 Duet, thoracie..osci05.. 225-5) cede ta ts oll So ee 80 Dishy ay Assis ence ooo ae es ke ‘ona ate 168 BAM 26. ose aerate wines sctie bt t= hp 194 TSP sii awe code. bt eee has onset. 2d bee 97 far, extemal. ... 2.25. -.222.3-.2.222 352466 99 Har-intertial: .22. 52.3.6 Soe foe 2 ss 100 Wate. oon s cece seein L9Ss5 ee 2. See 119 Rating, time required _ 2.2: .:-..-2. 5.1.23. 2-- 159 Elbow, capped..-.-. 2.05. 2262. 122.22...5 52 374 BGZOMA~ poo sep ads wine oct sone ess os es 440 Edema, of the legs....- .... 31. 2212-2 - +1... ee 428 HIDOW 2 322 b= 6/2) oc ok ne. ee rr 120 Hnteritis.. 2. .ds2e5 oe oc ed- eel Le 2+ ee 416 MpULeriMis. 5 sc... 22. Sao oe oe 2 tat Bae Bpielotis.2 220.2. isens ans 2 echelons 3 se 52 PUPISCARIG 2 io oe pase oe 3 eae oie, eheteln m dwpetne Se Smee rr 420 Epizootic, lymphangitis...--2.......-.2.2..23 2 ee 497 Equipment, disinfection of ...:..-. +... ..-. =e 472, 473, 475 FisOphaeus: .: acco 56sjscen ee ss. + oe See er 30 Ether, spirits of nitrous......-.- res 306 Hither; sulphuric....-2. 25-2... +... 2204.3. 307 UW Stet le 6 Sire font ae Set one ee ‘holst sigh 119 Examination for lameness. ...-...-- (te a b's one oo ee 383 Excessive granulations: /......2..2-.-.1- 22... 362 Excessive urination. ..<.:..:.-:-5.3 5:20 a. ee 425 Wixghaustion:.. << cess cecieces cs. s c hose ee 156, 2274 EX Pectoranis. 0.0520 oe sae Snes ae Sade oe 2 oe 270 PWIXPITAtiON 202 cee - 2 oda te da ust tt ee err 57 External regions of hotse:-.-.-).+-225-20:<-5 25. e- ee Css « Sheajeiere ais pabtedn oe eis omen tps 2 err Hye; diseases of. -..4.25):----- 2s f= 5-32 - ae 435-439 TY CB a2 aco cient ota Seisiias Sot Bigiee es 2 ate Rete ee 119 Byelids, wounds of... .: 2... 2... 2/5. -42+-3: see 439 Piveli ge. ace stk, RE Sok ik cee Sears . . Gea 89 Bye lotion .....4. 02.0. 60s. See ce yess ich 2 oe 295 INDEX. 195 Paragraph. (ta Ee Sako Sa er ae a Sra eo tera sae 119 rete tei eae 2s oot oo ase vse Awd cie dt xe eine 496 EMD EAT bcc ot SoS 25 Seok Ae woe ck he ye 137 Meee emcee (Gisiniection, of_.. 25/2... 22... ee ol ATT Renta Paraiba Eye SPOR AUG pe e+ sihen kn 155 rE EE OE se ec Sao ee eg Seishin eg ew sin contac gy. 2BD MR RE a8 FS a See bk ade Sed oe ee 188 . Mee Oaipee ee ee See Delete Ai eeeen eaters 177 Sear Beleateteeders). 25.2.2. se ne ye eet eee 224 ee eee ee sos ee ya as eee ee eed oes gles 158 EMO occ c bed as ba Ste Le OL ee saat 157 Meeweemene, HOtSCS. 22s Wy Ses ee Goel eee 2s Paes eek 225 Bees miyored animals.22f. 0-0 oe soe eee lee. BN dy 212 ieee ee eA. SS eee ee ot fe ee 242 Reema NOTSES 2215 Ao oene 2 0 Se oie Se be es 224 Beemer MORSE 5.04. oR i ee ee od ae 156 NN eg he Seah ay en IS Pd ton Fu aha Ks LL aces dT ae 150 Metra nee red a1 55! ka See OS ae. see a eee ae ks 456 REEL OS a Ss Sate Soa 2 oe SSB Peo ea ea 120 eee Epa olin Ss gon a 2 3:2 Sec vie an md ee ws 457 ee climate tt ele. Binet s Gs ath atee s Sa dete es 122 Webrifises=: 12.5.2. 2-5-- Be ental toh dtd Las aka he eh nae pat 271 Peisle Pemerative organs. .....2..2. 52.0 ac ee eee lee 65 Penoeks, tore: 2... 2.50... ---. Do IS AN Be roe Se SAE eee oe 120 ERE orca Ro on. Wks es Ske Pee ae Oe ob we 122 OT ee ee 402 UE SS ee ne a oe 491 Fever, definition of. (Sce glossary.) Pmmarrtsn Ne see Fo Sse cee NSS ol ed ea de Pas!) SR eee eee 2d aS ee a ages hse beeen 500 ‘Fever, shipping. (See glossary. es Peel medicine chest...........:.5.-.2-..-- 0-2-2. nse 349 Serene Me TOP. 2 Ss 2 lhl De sn abe oe ceca dee 349 Pmemtericiection..._.<........-/10 0 469 ES a ne a 376 ne re DR, a ee arg ee aire ee 121 DIMI Bate ORS! eked a Bete ba tee ee. 414 UII eet ease os 8's ool. teh ice dea oat. 199, 308 MEINEM ected. aes Sc see noe nes SO 362 See MORONS, SPrAmNa@! 0 c20 25.6. ots ds oe we ae oe 399 196 INDEX. Paragraph. 5 ih, rip ee we SSS eck oo tee ee eee 482-487 Flies, breeding places of.....-.-.--- ts oS ee 483 Flies, control of, in camp......---.: Sos, eee 5. 486 Flies, in garrison..2.05-..-2<. 2. ..52 ee 484 Flies, external applications for protection against..........-. 487 Flies, protection of animals against......-.: 22-2 eee 487 Fles on wollnds.. 20704 ..0 0 2. ee eee 360 Floors, brick. * 2... 2.1. ssS 2s oe. Le Moots, CeMen pe. sts sats eee ll...) 2 138 Floors, dirt-5. 22. oe DS eee 139 Floors, slippery; 5.2.22 05522252 52252 2. 2 ee 138 Floors, stone../2. 25:20. 22:27 2222) ee eee 138 UR. wen ct ace ee RP ee 197 Fluid ‘extract, nux vomica..5.....-/)...02 34.22 325 By dade ta200 2 ie eee - 450 Fly poison 2. ..222 0.2.22) 2 25/2322 Sic 485 By; eI tt es Cee UE 298 Bly traps... 22. o.2 2 Ls fi * 485 Ply, warble: <:2 202 .02.222 222.273 bi 450 Megbsos toe ts eho RRS Ak SS ae nem rere ty 108 Hoot,.pones of 27 in 22k es MoS ee 109, 110 Foot, cartilages. of. o..5.2i 552.2, 3.22 Ao 112 Foot, composition, of_:._ 2552. 5... =. 252. SS 108 Porehedds -2 0.25. .22 f.2 Lae Seo SS See 119 Forage, allowance of.........--- Won Dood. bo 2 160, 172 Porare, Preen ser 3 foe Sate, eh ee Se ooo ot ee 172 Horearms..: 2.22 2S Ral ee 120 Vollicles, Higir.:.2.2..-.-22-22-. 4 St ls. oe 105 Worehand: i.e. nabs le Pons PO he 120 Foreign bodies in wounds:...-2--..-.-.-1..21. 223 393 Fore and hind legs'secured). 2: . 2. .2 22.222 3-2 Se 241 Pore leg, securing, ...:..52.0.:..::5-2.2- 2 2 eee 237 Fore limb, articulations of;.:....:.22: 22 .i¢ 2 {Se 19 Fore limb, bones of..-..-.2...2...202 4. 2 3 9 Fore: ler, lame tn, 2205.22 2 Se as ee eee ... eae 384 Fore legs, lame in.-.. 222. 222020222420 385 Fore limb; joints offs... i025 -0.2 22.222. 25 =e ee 19 Pormia ria © 8 oe eee oe ee eee eae os 309 .. Formalin for disinfection. -.<..2..2 =... . = eae 470 - Founder... .c.ccccee sie. eee ess. ye INDEX. 197 ina Paragraph. MT TI 0. ea er Ce ks 2 oe et 332 NIM oe 0 Srila A Sar aS DY one Celace aft dy ee OS a Pee ate ht le eee Meats seakels 5 394-396 Semmes ones Or lambs)... 2-2 LL. ae 2s 2 Sc ae Sees 395 Mractures, complete...........-.- rae See AE pa RE OS 394 SENOS 170 20010 6 |g aaa ee 394 eerrereineomplete. 2-22.02. - 2. jet ee ee 25:2 eRe Emi women iaw Dy Dit... ....2-.-.- +. 52. ctf) cee en oe 396 NII ORME sees 5s ee ees «He eel 394 ee i ee as tk pete a eee 115e PRISON 0a Ps ee ele an Ste os 452 uP EIenE Pooh oo os og tee a aa. Lo BG os «ee 115¢ MiP eCOE WENT OL. 2 25} Bee ee - 2 Vets SO eee eee 1l4e Pee apencwured wounds Of... 2.22. 5-2.) Seade eel 459 Nreg, Sensiiive:...........- ee eg ERY CRE TOE Cone ep meeene 1l4e IE I rs Na St pa ar Fe eT os bet at 115¢ PRPS eh OS 5 Vite iit a BE sles pont --' 450 Re ie pe ce eas he oa 365, 366 in nae oe be ok oweeeemeeeS 406 OS TIS a a) ES i be rrr See i aa 484 eM ee re a ws a Swen ae 31 RIN DS reheat ee wi 122 Re PMRTE IMAC se 22-5 oe 2 bs eo be evga ae bese oe dn ee 346 SONOS ARG aia a lee en en 310 emer oe IraACh Of... 26320: 2.2 as ws be Sec hens ie 311 Dunne OCTOO. 22 en ce eS. 2) Be ne age eee 310 (qimger_ 2. :.-. - Eel eter eI, Syn rn tS pty oI Ah aes ease 312 RRs ee N32 Ot eae oe | wie ee RS ie 493 SI Ra a are ee see ee eS ae 494. RESIS TANG el 5 ce lS A e e 495 ERIE yee Pee A I Saal Se 496 Glands, parotid... ..- REE ec ed plays Reed no ap ee G 29 PETRI eine 5.0 he Fe ee ae a bbe 31 UIC ice es ees ae, Ppt be BASE 29 Pee RCE OU Ri ss Se Shu de oo Geen 106 Sem A WAM aly. oo oe ee th ew oe 29 (I VEESTES SS Soe Re a ee ee eg ate alee 29 NN a (ee re ee ud etic end 107 Delia) eter e ( o ha Se es eee ees 419 198 INDEX. Paragraph. GriyCerine 2-1 apr hee eens SO een aes Ee 313 (HOOSeFUMIPEG Sc eu in ee tt ees ieee Lia tte 122 Grain allowance Of... ...------... 222-25 2 eee 160 Grain; feeding Of... .. 222.4... - 2.2.22... 55 158 Grain, bay. 25262 H2- 4-} +t: ose 170 Grain, ration Ofs ..+sie.5s.esh.. ssc oe 160 Gee a he eee ee ek Desttee tee 174 Granula iridis=,... 5... 2.2} ca po eee et ee 93 Granulations, excessive .-..... ..---.. <5 escie s ee 145 Grooming utensils, disinfection of. .2.- J-.:7.2 42 473 Grooming wet. horses: . . 5.2.2 42. }34.,- 223) eee 144 Groove, coronary . ...- 2-25. 2... hee 1l5a PODS 35004 Poste a. St ee en ee 450 Gaim camphor: 3... 3.022. PS y e eee 296 Gunshot wounds... = 5. 5s6.-i. 2.-+.. 2224-31 ass svie <4. Te + < 2G Hay, dusty. -.. 2.2225 .s8. sae oe es doe 168 Hay, feeding of. 0... s. 2022 f+..2--5...- (2 157 | INDEX. 199 , Paragraph, ce LE NTRS Sees Se epae inet ag a aon nae ee 170 ISD ei SAN NO ae tips cio = is wees see 169 Hay, mow-burned.......... PGB ig ESS 8 2 oe. RO eG tee eae Oe 166 EM IE NR ie Saag oe Sekt gee eet 169 NIE RE Ua enn Seti wh Rk oi eas nk se 165 ieoy, Tatton of 22.222... Pe, ge a Bats ear ee es one 160 RNIN Ree Pati eee Sheela iene else oe se bo ee JM) Re CaN Ons ss ort SEE PRS Se ee ee oe ee 230 eee eegtalices Oro N os ee 123-130 0 OSU SERS I oe Aa pe ar eR * tg DeEemmomimetetiOn OF.-6 2 lose Acie eet 78 Deeeeemmenetsatenie ote OM 3 Pr aS Pee ae lod ig elle ek es 67 I Oe eats ee, a Bt ee bb ho EL 433 MeENNEMEETITMCOUIGT S55 2 09 iw pote SES Mane lel ee a's ee - = oi 469 III fac st, teh aeeee Ree AN ie POE RL be 423 Renton its RA rr, BOS ue Ge Se Se oe 1l5a eee mvaiber) Of! 2 cas Sa se ee eee Pee F, a Le S 463 a ME ehh a eS pat oe 352 Re I en on as a Se te oe 2 a 448 i 2 Sa ne ee oe ee 121 Shea igeenrAciiations Of... 2.2... .22/..2 allel eye. 20 PMN ES OR! 0. oo. 0. 3.5 DELS phon ek PS 10 Rep imanretnritisi@n i) .2c. 22.2 ace. cts coke ele. et 20 eeeee lemme an Sirs. Paes ded Be Se SE 386 Peeereerepoemnat. 28 e 5. fee ee ee eee 238, 239, 240 Seenerertemne Vii) os oe gee se SA bons oe Pe So ES 387 Reed te Da heen oe is MN ee 124. PUNE eS IS, O2b Ey tee DMs ea ee See ese Roan oe ee 1 ERR Pe ete oe ihn: i i aA ne RI er Pee 122 ate Sk Lr ee ee mene eet ee os 0 e 122 Piderereami ped: 2... ee kbs. PR Se eae ay i ee ata a 375 REIMMIGh o' na S ees ae ee Pes soe Sala S aes 402 PaMUMEAaIE SS OE fo 825 Sola ge Peo oss oe See 444 Seem eMate hiner Ol 0082s Leaps eStart 149 Bemmrrertriner ef). 30005. S582 eo Pes eS 148 Ppoers vexterial fepions. 22 2. 216) 4. eee t-te Set 119 BUR Mane 80 eS lg a oe oe et 119 Pe Ae Stree Sn 2s SS. oS ie ee OSES 243 RUMI LINE eres. SS eel 22S assess tt 145 Pee that bolbtmein reed. *oo5.5 02S os. eS eee ele yyy) 200 INDEX. Paragraph Alerses. washing Of: 2-252 2ic. oe Jian. ee 147 Horses, wet, Care Of... 5-2-2 2 -22524- + a= rn 144 Hoot eee 1l5a Hoof, bulbs of... -- Lene he wae eee eect 4 eee leo 115e: Hoof, COTHIM OF .2 \. see ea ol a 2a 114 Hoof, cracks Of... 52. 2.224. 25-22 es iss 2 eee 455 Hoof, OL ON. 2. ox wpe fens c esses sD oe on ‘457 Hoof, parts of. - 5.22 a. sass e822 252 =e ee 115¢ Hoof, surfaces Of. -5 4... - 2: 322+ os pos 2 115¢e » Hoof, Wall OL... 22 2 Pos See Se 115a Humor, AQUeOUS..--------- +--+. ---------+-> ee ee 96 Humor, WItTEOUS. 22. FL. hed meer ani cle = a 96 Heygiens, stable 5. oss) 22 vena ne oe 131-202 Idie horses, féeding of .:-.. 2... 2-26 ss 223 Implements, stable, disinfection of............. =.= eneeeee 476 Inability to utinate......2...26.-. 0 426 Incised wounds .:.- . 522. 35. 2412... 22 ye oe 350 Incomplete fractures. 22... .2. 2-5 22-5 52 394 Indications of disease... .... 4.2 /.2.5.-1.>- 26: 6en eee 203-206 Indicestion; chronic... >. 2.2. -.- £2... 5. 2255225 412 Infectious diseases, defitiition.-.-....,-------. 1p eee 488 Infectious pheumonia.. - =o. 2s os: ee = nhs ee 492 Fniflammation 2”. sc. = 2. a es 2 379 Inflammation of the bowels... - - ween endl ie oe ee 416 Inflammation of conjunctiva... =. --~ .----. -- =) eee 435 Inflammation of intestines..-.$.-.-2.- 2.2/2.2 22 416 Inflammation of kidneys, acute. ..-..--- 1-7. -. -2932—ee= ee 424 Inflammation of the lungs. ...:-....-..<. -.-. ee 422 Inflammation of the mouth, contagious. .........-.-.------- 489 Inflammation of the skin-......:..-.--.---+-+----:=-=ee= =e dtbaengg os aise ae ies ee ee es a ge ae 206, 491 Inhalations: 2.222... ...25--2 222-2 23-2 er 329 Inhalations, giving. .-..-.--.-------------+--+-+++-22-7++-- 246. Injuries, aparejo. .7.522.. ~:~ 5 ~- 22 =. 7-4. en 367 Injuries to the coronet....--.-------------+-++++++2++-++7- 463 Injuries to the Mouth- .....-..-.-+--225-> --. se eho 408 Injuries-to the heels... .<.....-....--<: --.+- --) 5) 463 Injuries, pack saddle. .-:.-. ..-:2-- +--+ =--* 6-9 a 367 Injured animals. ° 221.24. ee sida 216, 217 INDEX. 201 Paragraph. Meme -CAPe Of 5) feel sn 2 PSS ee bd doce oes es 216-221 Injured animals, Peedene Oo sce is - Sas ace Re a oP SG ee Zoe Injured animals, BTOOMMINE: wie sys ee 8 a, et ee 221 Seeired gittials, resifaint..ii..2 ose ess oO et 219 Beet artiitials.. WAGED G5. 6 etl ance cee 22% Injury, lower j jaw, by Rae Bee ae en cee. 396 MeeneNON sso oot eee ess PRS pei tee Oa eet = ~ SCY Oe 43 MR ICME users SO og 2s ae oe eh et es ee ee a 57 Instruments for dressing wounds...........-..---22 22.22.22. 351 SS SUES NG 2 gl aa Sia i es em ec 5e Intestines, diseases of. .....-.-. Rew Ce eS Seay eet. & 412-417 Intestines, IRA ONMVALION: Ole dia Sock. oss 4 5s ROE peat erat 4s) 416 Se aCe se. FS. tke Sie FS le Pst ise A Dee owas fPrretine, Mucous membrane... .2.......-..0.222...i i aii). 34 em meMI eie 3 PSSe s b ois ud dan 32 SE PEPE MIEY 3.50 Se he Ce De he ea 324 Pere tewe 6 2 tee Pe eed ly SST gle eel gee 314 Peete Men mMON- Ole 2 is. os clos en - 2 ke Seed eeulacs 314 tee Ste Ohne. 3a ee 2 A a ee 314 Todoform MPI elo SS oh es en 315 Sewer Me 2 oi na Fee. So Ye Le ee es ee 93 Tron, eRe Seah II oak Ei Se 317 Tron, fee Mmmoride 222. Seo S so... 2s eds BG ; Irregular Pe NOR PGE ic i cde ee se eS 409 a LEADED 18 ea a ee 465 REE ce aie 022°. Bee Se age he 2 Se ee SIR 464 ORE sets 2S oS ee eee yg ees Reo og et in MRR 440 Pema seee Mealy Of.) cesses 2k. . PP ely 396 Jaw, 1 PRM k Ee Se teed cron ae So en d- a Bigg be Bee as 4b, 119 ISIS PS a oe Ae an BM alge ele OOM ET 409 ENS rb. rg ok Oe eo ne Be 409 MMM ete Sore nie ein ne Pia ee inn pe we ene ewe br oe ae 4b De EO 2s os Pe, ede es PAS 13 Is SS Oe i Oe om boots A 364 Poot Fat hn wp ee de 2 dA ee Be 13 MEST OMe ope ik Sa Pa oe 19 2 AG EE ORS Sa a aa (are ete ee 20 REG EPs ee Lc 2 Re ace 12a Joints, ees ie we eee ho 12 Jugular PI Ol roe one 5 2 PES h es ey 2 119 RI ATI 9. 5 Sater i so kl co ee wee We aoe eos ss 70 202 INDEX. Paragraph, Keratitises: 2. vine ic eee 436 mdMeys 4... 35o ec l ese 2 ee i 59 Kidneys, diseases of: 222 .0-4s 0.4. 22s ee rah nage 424-426 Kidneys, inflammation of 2). 6... 220.4202 eee 424 Kothne animals: .3.2.2 iso k e e eee 479 Krieg eet cans oe ll eee 120 Kree-sprung = iy 2.2 fr 2 isl eee 120 reso. eet ee rue yn ig boi eames ek er 302 Kreso for disinfection: .: ......2 2)..c0. 20 6 470 Lacerated wounds. 2.0 ..22.2-02...: ..0 eee 350 Lame in both forelegs: +. 2... 1.2.22. $5.4.0 eee 385 Lame in one fore leg: 2.202... i. ct 2 ee 383 kame in. both hind legs: 2... 2.1... 25.4038 eee — Lame-in one: hind:leg.:..2..2 22. 2. ee 386 Lameness..) 222) So nk eee 380 Lameness, classification of.:.....:..........23. . eee 381 Lameness)- detection’ of... ....5......4 >. 5.2 2 380 Lameness, examination for: ::....¢ )....:1 2c. pee 383 Eamveness, severe? : oo... (2. 8. a Ree 382 Hameness; supporting lee... <.s.22.... «1. 28S. 381b Tameness, swinging leg. fo... A le ee 381a Laminae: hormy 2.22. os oe eee ll5a laminde, sensitive:.: 205.0. Sk en le eee 114¢ ganinitig. 2270 Cae Se ee ee 335, 451 Daminitis; acute: soy. 0. Yo eee 330, 451 Large mntestine. 22229) 2). eee 30 ary Ai bine ss Sen. SON Ae ry ee hor aes 42] Laryngitis and pharyngitis. .:. 2: ...:2.... eee 421 Garynk' 2052 A aes a Se So eee 52 Daudanum:.. 52.0) es lees frei loo eee 330 Laxatives -ch2 Joss Hie ie ined. ot eee 272 Lead, acetate of. cadre. oe. 2 2 se eee 318 Lead, sugarof [2A o.5)/.2 hi ee 318 heather, disinfection of... 0... 5...) .~ 2.222 eee 472 Legs; dropsy of iy 22: 2222 452A eee 428 Legs, edema of... 245-5 eo eee 428 Legs, filled... 2222-3 beside ee 428 Legs, -fores..: 2 22) 6. 253 Lhe eee 120 Legs, stocking of. .....6.0) 5.52/55. Eee 428 INDEX. 203 Paragraph. mnerpmey eerie. oe 2 Lee eh Fl aes Se xis ble 95 ie, ts eee eats Meare x 8 at deen Beg 446 SS eee a ince ee eee rnin abate Fetes ASE 2 (FSS ESE STC, 1 NSIS SRS A Se ae ey Me ace re ear 369 Bee weeibes 08. re oo i Qo eae wailed 395 — SS Ce ee 15 emis ieee sn ee Lee Sons c rene 7 eeeetta) avenge a ae ak eg sk rete See 18 eens. platiat, SUMAIN Of... >. 222-4. 2 fd sete oe -2:58 401 eerie in ee eCU ONY =. 2 oS 2d os a 2 eke ns tee ee aes 16 PieaMene euepensory, Sprain..-2. 2.252 So ee oe 400 RMU SE rset a ot ees tee ae a RSE 12 Seer mig GRAS eS) route Co eas ele fer 17 rere Oe a Rk i ele wn Do eae cia be 319 mamnercmlorce of, for dismieetion:....2..2- =... 412. es0-5.s 470 2 ER PS ERRORS, ge haga en eee np 141 2 BS AE RAIA ott oe es ee ee ee 237b RM a cin oy Pe he thts Vedas ate aet 296 ee set 8 twist ab eis 199, 308 © SUG sl 2 Seed 2 eae 2 Coe oe es ae a es Ee 327 Rygat s somes rides 2 ge SRE rN SEUSS OR 29,119 emia inee emete ae ed ie Sh en eee ce wet 252 Liquid measure, approximate value of........---.........-- 255 ister ae er os 5 nine ak wie aid ws ab x ps wa PS 320 amar erecols. tor disinfection. ...2.:... 2... fa. Jee been 470 LE a1 Le: es Sg nee ee a ee 38 eee so Fai sh cp la aes cn ite Ba ed Ss eee 498 erp I Me aNd ot hat Ahaha cats oscice ls 26 asad = 3 Ade ESS 121 eames 58) SS ee oe oie 3’: tes weteitin eek 203 Wii NMED 55272 See ctanicc ade ae sls Jee 5h - VS ae 339 EINER ERAS eine be hn Soe win oa ee otis ee Se eee) o's oo ate 295 ite. Sane ee Ah pe itn cin 318 peter APLer . -. 5 2. a seen oe ees in ee een 2 455 reer ah eR he a eo el G ae ge 119 Powertag.wracture by bit... ..0. 6 es ht ea ee oe 396 Wi RR eS. os SN Joie ble ead oa 314 Liar Ver ebt ae. 50/5. 2 ow Sse cs ea Pe iOS Leen oe 6c ee aN ine ay ee PY sta ure 321 et > Oe PE ee aera tr ns a mee 54 204 INDEX. Paragraph. Lungs, diseases of... 2... 225.422. -6-n 2 cee 422, 423 Lungs, inflammation of:)..<: «22/2... 252.5 .. eee eee 422 Lymphatic system; diseases of. . 25-2... . i. 2-40 eee 429. Lymphanpgitis; acute... 2... 2. -2.-...- 5. 429 Lymphantitis, epizoolicucsgs2 2 ake 0 'Seyte Lah 497 Trym phon: 02 ee oe Lk er 82 Lymph g edamids 6: . soo des pockets 81 Lymph Vesbele:-<.sf vce cae en 80° Lymphatic systems. o002 2. .n2. 22 252-4P ee 79 Lymphatic vessel, right... 22.2... .....22 ; .21. eae 80 Maceration: 2.242.200 2. 2s ee 44 Magpots in penis... 2.52 26 te ee ot 427 Maggots i in sheath). 9.2. he 4 ee 151, 427 Magvots in wounds: ....--.. 2... 23). 361 Male'peneérative organs...) 222 s5.0 esos fo t S2Bos 64 Mané silent en ee Jee 119 Mandible... 00. os ee ie eee + Marive.2.2.5.0. 2.50 A se ee ee 340, 447 Mangers, to be kept clean......2. 22.0 405: - Jess 20 oe 137 Manner of standing. 25 7s 2o lye ee om 123 Maniite. ¢026 sa. che de eels Sesean Po oboeda oo 3 Feet eee 137 Mashes, ‘bran. ... 22226552. 02. JUS. Aa 202 Mastication (000.5. i... 0500s ie 43 Mamilla. 2. 2222585222 l2a2i 22th vs 2 ee 4b—4c Meal; flaxseed 2.2222: 2s ¥ res cee dees i nesses See 199, 308 Meal linseed s 24.5 64-221 esse tee 199, 308 Measure; liquid: : 2. 2. 2s 2iyweh< + +-e~. 03 a 252 Measure, dry -. 2.5.03: 2 Fs dee eee cases de 257 Mediciness 2. J.2: 5 222.5 62 eo olf etesrre roe) eee 283-344 Medicine chest.........- piseGivedsscos beeen +. 349 Medicines, administration. ........ 2... 2255 22-3 244 Medicines, administration, hypodermically...........-----.- 249 Medicines, administration by the lungs............--------- 246 Medicines, administration by the mouth. .......-.....-..-. 245 © Medicines, administration by the rectum.........-..--.---.- 248. Medicines, administration by the skin..............-.-.-.--- 247 Medicines, administration into a Véln...2..-.+-J25se eee 250 Medicines for field . 2.22.0. 2% Sce2% ss 26252 ee 349 Membrana, nictitans: ........% 2+ 52. ..52 5.2 90 Membrane, serous... ou. 55 gate sc: slags a= = 48 INDEX. 205 Paragraph, NE SUMO VIA aoe oe nine A nnn nn nnn ee 27,13 Men’s clothing, Oise eiai Ms <0 oe ey a oe ie eA 474. ee a Rp SEIS See i itsiepae eae Ea ar ea ear 324 NIE MIOEUALG Ol 8 ew iccn oie oe nin hw ee ee 322 Mercury, bichloride of, for disinfection.....................- 470 Mercury, Bredige.0f. 2.5... pa TEE At aN IP iets A 324 Reenme atid enlotide-of... 022050650 2 ee ee a28 err ee OF je a 324 ee eo ie nasi hn g ae oa 36 _ LS) SSE 8 0 0G a ee Te 475 Metric measures...........- NEE: OETA NS Wh eshaiNele cola ba hE aCe 256 Mie etree WE TOCTCULY 2 os 0 oe aes ew ae beh eis a20 LT a AS a ee ee CRIMES Sno Oh EOS aie 191 REI a ee eh ol ate 2 Sees: 407 cee TESTE RNASE eg SE lee ee hen At ee 306 I re ek Py eee ee cl aoe lave raters 254 PRI Res et cr eee ee, eS whould 2 Sens RNIN kon dee a ee eR Lake Spe glk 169 NEA oan = pats oo ee Ete badass nsec a 166 aL eo Pao? Sebi: Cae NSO 29 Month. commcious inflammation of... 22062... See ess 489 Ne ere ope am angen os en vin ie Sind www tude TOE 408 2D VAS OS Sia el aga ee a Re 408 Mouth, a Ee ee yates ye Se eh ae 409 eg 5 SR RSI ea rl cet AT Mucous membrane of intestines.:.....................----- 34 2) 7ST SRR WSS orf So pe rs FE 398. EN 1 0 IP eS RRR pe SRSA enh ale a Mn go on an ge a yA Muscles, composition of......-.- a ae ala cee ee gl i Opes 22 RETR IAOES © oc oe ee as Pew ea ea Oe 24 Risers gore lamb. .....- 22... 6. bee eae SIN 5 73 SMa stare 25 SEEM RSIS oe eee te ee es Se le Ga ee 24 MUTE IN 2” eek Bs ee 26 ieee ema Se eve 2 Bere Fee oo pared id hes Seah iee s fi 23 Se nei tm oe un elo See ee 23 Muscles, Ee Neri Soci oe nc tae Rae 21 Muscles, OO" Sa 2 OE a eR eee eee AEE se rate Syne 23 Musty hay PEO) SES EE eee RSE Le ORR 169 RRR I ac a SRR ltd ga ca 185 CC ps 9 eek ee let Sel. 119, 236 206 INDEX. Nail wounds: 2.4... 0006 ieee den be eee 459, 329 | Nasal catarrh, acute. : 2..2..-... >. ..2) J) 22 ee 418 | ’ Nasal catarrh, chronic. <.. $2... 2.2.0... 4 419) Nasal cavity .0.26.: -c. 22 -\e0 ese -k ee dee 3 ee | Nasal chambefs..2.....-..),.222)20..005 228 4S 50 | Wasal cleet... 0.2... 2255 0b ee eee oes eee 419 _ Naa SEDGE =< - cei ais tae ee ee el ee “2 UES oe 50 | Wavicular:disease- =... ..25... 2.20.2 ~20. 3 458 | Necks 28.2 i4he8 2 Soy 5 2 3 hc 119 Neck Gradle.is 5.22065 + 222 3 acdo tis ote ee 233 | Neck ligament... 2 5-. -< 2 22 nee eee 17 | Nephritis) 2102... 2-2 ocd en he sede Se 424) Werve-z. ufo... 2 oS Sate ee ee 87 Nerve ganglia 3... 22... 246 bee: ot ee 86 | Nerves optic...) 6.5 2c 5 eee ae Ce oheae 94 | Nerves,-cerebrospinal . . .. 3.5 223624. 392. nee 85 | Nervous system. ... 5.2... Shs eae) 2 8 ee 84 | Nervous system, diseases of. 52>. 2.22. -:< <= 431-434 Nettle rash... <2. ...2 22. veces eee ee 443 | New dhotsés. «.i52 2.9 sia). - ogd. SSR eee p:. -_rs Riaae ve Nitrate of.potash.... .......-2- 29. 335 | Nitrogen s. 22.5 8036 205s st hae ee eb ee ee 132 Nose, bleeding of:. -.. -\.;.--2--4 2-5-2 3s = 3 ee eee 420 Nose, diseasesiOl. ss. .ec-.5-+ 24 she 418-420 Wostrils .. 2... 2s 2202-2. feces s-eee 49-119 | Nursing». 2 222.25 sss 3 cee oe 207 | “Nux vomica, fluid ‘extract... 2-4... 5 325 | Nux vomica, powdered ........- 2. .-.0.0--65 jee 326 Malaita... / 2 S22 oe. 3 Sew ee cee cee 346 Obstruction, colic... -...2.2---22- 26. - See 415 Oat - deci ise botse tue. datas Oe eee eee 175 Oats, allowance’of ....2.- 2.2 -40.06-22. 5 160 Oats, bleached» 2225... 2-225 6 oes 3 er 182 Oats, characteristics Ofjg..:.- +) 2%2a= ts -/--e a arr 178 | Oats, Clipped. 1 -.c.0@. - 220 26 ee 180 | Oats, damp... .<2-a32ulus.. soe RE 183 Oats, detect in. .t ee 409 Pasterps; fortes 05 26-2 ne Oe nb eee 120° Pasterns, hind 3.2. 62.2. 22h oSs- ist. 22 eee ‘i em Pasterns, sprains Of (2. oo feo ie 402 Patella, dislocation. of: <. fi... sens 3 ee 393 Bette ca sily 32) 5507, esta een Oe J 5 ore 4] Penis, diseases 682. o.02 22.04) 0552s 32s eee 427 Penis, screw worms in...........- LEM kes 22 [5.35 427 Penis, miagrotsin. 3 253-2 2/22. 355 oe ee ee 427 Peptic glands. 02.0002. S222. $2 Solo Pe eee 31 Perieardium,.: 0.222... 3. inet fant 67 Periodic ophthalmia..... 2. 55:. 2... 437 Periople.. 2.2 5s-.2242525 53 5c Ieee 115a Perioplic corium:..../...5.....+- 2353: 4) 114a Periopli¢ ring. . 2.0 .22.5 22.022-.$ 35.2.5 52ee 1l4a, Periostewm: 2.5 i... 5 5.5222. ai se eee 2 Perttoneum .\.. 22234-2450. 5.2 Sees eee 2 36 Petmanganate of potash. .:....1./+....)..2: 3s) 336 Peteciial fever. 032.2 os a ee oe ee 500 Peirolatum: 22.6 oe ee eee 304 Pharynx....-. SsebewroeEele Sie Se ee 51 Pharyngitis 2.2.25. 0.2..06... 5-3 e252: eee ee » 421 PE iGliow ech esc ok oo Pie ea a 70 RP Ree “286 Eiyee Pails, odors eae o soe: errr re Pe a 323 Physiology oc 6 sso)... ha See 1 Picket line?) 4is..2362...7 53-222. . 2s eee 141 Picket line floor. 2 .2:..is5..2) 2.202) 552 2152. 141 Pinkeye. 52 2200:.05 22.205. Sie iis 22 28) ee ee 491 Plantar cushion. ..:... 2.2.20 2624 0: 24.2 See 113 Plantar Hieament 22-222. .2..2 03-52-22 18 Plantar ligament, sprain of nly 401 Pleurae.2 4. J.i5. bs oes. 2. So es oes fo a eee 55 Pleutopneumonia. . 2... 2-4 422s ..22 2 492 Prenmonia. 222: 2. 32-12-34 2.9 Ae 422 Pneumonia, contagious. \ i. /2.232.20.2324 5-6. . 492 Pneumonia, infectious...) 3... i.'s332.27i22%- ++i, 2 492 Point of the hip. ...2.s24252.2.2253/. ee eae 122 Points of the- horse. 225.2452... 42s 225225 22. See 119 Poison, fly’: . 2 22..2<354. Soe eo ess et ee Pe ‘485 POEs soo 4 hee be ee oe eee 119 INDEX. 209 Paragraph. Si SS RRR Sr PS pe ere anes ae ae ae a 377 eeteri@h Vera CAVA... 2002.0 ee eee iid ie Sees tee 77b EMRE AP SONALO Ol o2wicj2 -'s ones todas Ses Atlee os wala oP ONS ole 332 Reem TOI OF. 62 nic Se Sw 2 ee cece ae acid Feee 333. MM MO 23 Orc i arse cis we CS 334 eee WU tiiake Ol. 2.02 55 2 Ee aoe eas Rose Rae 3 a Potassium, permanganate of .......-...-... Pichi t RE Bnew 336 ER FS eo oe a tic en he Se Same tis BAe PSOE 348 IMT nat eo oie es om eae nts o,5 Laedinla eo Seiten ges 4b oS ga a a Stee Wie Sh oh ears chk 29, 43 ES eps eae ene nee et Pee eC 459 eee MIRO, (2005 a cw eae bee ah eee eee e 459 IPS so rs oc ele eS Mek co po aD. Protection of animals ceffoee VtCUN FEL e, « pee ie AR Gcigieey Pr tpn tea atey 487 INR My eee Oho ek See aE 362, 321 ee ie ee) ea I ea ce os Se ate 225. Pulmonary circulation SER 2 rer tobe aaa 2 Bane pees shale apont ata gibt 75b Crea oe, ol Se oan als poeta Shai deme awa 78, 126 NUNN ee ahd See ee heed EERE 204 Pulse, method of taking.........- Recs eggs: get he eats 126 ETS SOD! a i i a ee a ee ae cee ea 350 - rec romeancd OL 1rOC. 2 So. bo en Se nee eS le 459 Pacvirad wounds of joints... ......2.. 0. 2.226010. +2 2.562- 364 Punetured wounds oi tendon sheaths. ... 2. .........-.220025% 364 Pemeiired wounds Of sole... .2.. 5.85.20. eos l tek eee 459 IN 3 -2- ++, ek 57, 122 Respiration, method of: counting. ........22: 3. See Respiratory organs... ..s.. -..4-\-.)....<.. <5 a er Respiratory system al hccke apace dno ne ise oa oe re R est-In Wounds... - 2s «3.400. 8el a e e = ee Restraint and control . -\....2-2/...4\- 32-45 22 Restraint, injured animals_....2..2 2... eee Restraint, kinds of. 2.2.02. .2 2. a hee Restraint, object. - ....--..-+:2+--5 --i4.2 2 2 a Restraint, in wounds...',......-----:--->- >. --2=eeeeee Retention of Urine. 2... 2-2 2 2S ee Habs, asternal. 250... 5. /-. . 296 Sodium, ‘bicarbonate of 2: .- - 5... 2... eee 339 Salt palates sets lee ek twin ein sa e's) eee 29 Saleen cp hes. peek ee Stree heal 115b Site; hriuses Of 2S s-0 5s os oes ya 452 Sole; Corium Of. . 2.5 vis -. 2c <5 = Lopate alee ni Se = 114 Sole, punctured wounds-of. . ..-.-.. 2s i6K) 459 Sole; sensitive... 0.2 22. Seb ek Be le tee 5 nie ee a 114d Soot balls. ..25.2500 2. cessed weed cock <2. oe 93 Solution of ammonia .../..s22.. 2082.56" io ow con tt ee 293 INDEX. 213 Paragraph. MCTIOO! «itd os 55.ce ccs Se ae open beste ieeeiws spose ee Solution of iodine. ...- Hil Tepes SiS AK Se a ee EE 314. bormenugol’s...-..2.--.4..-: Sen Nes tyne. ore. eect 314, Rea EAL) 200 ic.c Als a2 See eee lew - alee slew abies 2538 aR eat on el A as oe AS os cia gin in eR 253 PMO WeVOIIKe. oa 06 oo oe eee eben wah ceitadlioces 253b EM ECP EE Os 2 reins vies SE Lai os ss SE k's Ses OO 365-366 Pear MNES oS oo pom ond amie Be em wee SS Bly Sa 366 teenie ere VENGION: ..5 22 kee ee oe ee be ee ee 366, eae ese VTILOMS Of ose ne net els oe oe ne gee 366: pumpaemsnmtecanment of.) 2252-2522. see 2b Soll. tee 366 (TEE E20 et i ee ce ih ae) ee ies meee eee 368 Ny BE 82 Spe ee eS eS Pee tae Ube 421 PIR ae ot ss ora He ite Si Se ee eg . 365, 366 RNMEEEIR MRS iat) > is ona Sh we ok cals Moukl Oe 298 Peer te Mia phraem 0. 6 2. 2 ee oe ee Spasmodie colic. .-.-.-. pores Seth Dol te oe lane eich he 413 8s) ee ee a iS rece Red hye aes ae i Se Reet tig le PR ee ee nc a ee ok bk es 390 SS OS SEE ee ne a een mana nee Tree eps ee eee 404. IN ere eh he eo oe 194 MEIC Tere eis O50 Se eS. SS Se ee 6f ame sn sere en Ses SY Oe ae 6 NIE ere oie 20 nF Sh te aye Gel op Ras MES 85 Peeetaeterimitesenher ok Sot oc we ie Ea atue the 306 MRSC Fs a Mee or ey hye ee A aly 120 es a gh 2h a Nyt oe ee As Shcke sei 2 opm SAC De Ss 40 I EPMER es as Sp A ee Pe at ee oe 391 emu PeRtOOIC oo 5 ate eee eo a0 ROMO 402 ere exor tendons. ss 200c. 56 cn = ws ni ke 399 Sprain of hock......... Se scare ONE ERO Be os at £e 402 emmMamECIIOT ES, os i eta 398 UE AMLCTIN. |). 5. 22 oo Sos) k) 5552+ eee een oot be 402 Pee Pianiar ligament... 5 .--2s. 6026 osncs oe nde Se 401 Speeeuelsuspensory, ligament. .-..........:-..6.--2-2.6% 400 EN EE er eas 1 ab epe ppenerst Mie 397-407 Peper nrrotment Wie... . eo Ree ieee et 407 RBM Ae ree. adi octae ek wes 184 Gree air: 2... he... Peet tn 22s as es Atal a aie 136 Cait]... eeroneeee So need aa eee 136 > 214 INDEX. Paragraph. Stables, disinfection. of......: 0.0.46. .s.~ «22 oe oe 471 Diablesyhetss 2545506 s sea bese ss ees ge 5 136 Diable hyetene oo. A sedis «boven 5 - ts 3 ee 131-202 Stable implements, disinfection of........-....------+------ 476 Dinlls; eare Of: 5. cies ae awd se kos. 5 5.2024 J 5 137 Stalls, cleamane 1.6... 5 = 25.2. n-s2s-- 1 -. 222254. 317 Sulphate: of zinc... 2). -...5.-..-2. 4. i. 3-25. 343 Mei hur 2 2. 6 2555 nos em et dn Sine cnt 340 Sulphured oats........'.----.-- +22 +-)-- 5-532 eee 182 Sulphurie'ether-... 2.02.0... -L.-a%. 20-4550 307 Sunheht in disinfection...) aliecsse 5 2 nackte 468 Sunsitoker: ys pasdo Secs eet =a EE Lio 433 Supporting leg lameness...- -.-4:.++..-.120-5.65 oo 381b Suppuration =o... 5.25 - os. 252s er 372 UNITES oo Sc kiss se GS Line 2 oe ee 206, 499 Suspensory ligament. ......-...:. S242 40-2 ee Suspensory: ligament, sprain of... ..-.2.--+.-+: 5.4/3 Seee eee 400 PULIMCE SE. oie ats ne ee ae eo ee 355 Suturing wounds... 2.52. -2-0-s--55-+-+- + - 395 Sway-backis «202 i cede cc men ton henSn 3 0 121, 366 INDEX. 215 Paragraph. ES Oe 8 ya be ae eee ee 107 NES RIBS eos a a le omega oe eee ae 107 Sener rss, (Care Of 2.20 322-1 be He ee 8 145 BCMA ED OA TIGCE ole So5 area Sati Se 2 iad fe Se 306 Gemeierries lameness)... / 2 22... 2 ees 38la PEGG ORS oc Gost eer oe nomen oF ee SES SS 84-86 es ONS AN Stipe SEES Cee aera oa rer 13 NN RNS i2 Gn ee Se a Se ee east Sale a7 Bem teeninrtements, -. 2.225. 2 Ps ene ee 403 PNT MCMHSEATICS...- 52225002026 '.- 2 5-55 esse - 13, 27 NMEA EADS rk Se asc a Since ne Se ee ees 2 System, cerebrospinal...........------ Sats eee he ae 84, 85 RE DALOEY (|. 205 oe Sen se dee = an aoe eee wets 66 EES TE SE Re ia ay a ne EE AND ee 28 Byetem, lymphatic.:...°..---..-- ee eer eee, aman eae gies 79 RM TINEA oie aa dha Smee gree Bie Dein ls in are 84 meter. Meryous, diseases Of... 22.400. Soi be 431-434 eee MIM OE eh Spor agk Sead 2 ae okey eared Hee 46 etre CP IOLIC. 8. S55 eee ee 84-86 pera SACHIN oe se 2 ane de ewig we eS il 58 I cyan io wed Se ee eo ew te ee 122 eR Ne aoe sala ei, wien Slew elnwidio’e' ow oe 288 ee aie 2s st bine ct he aed oe Dawa ap detec ee Veen 341 eI aTaN es Pete yp OS fie to Fat Boe area vice be 5b MOMS Fo gat a Better aces cS Ga Shx ne ion Hate wa WS 5¢e Teeth, classification of.......-.- Soe eae Reet eee ame lec eae 5 RENE on ws oe Ske Soins 2 oR alepstatn so nieniaig clea dias icicte's 410 MMS ESSN <2 Nicos es AS re tre a whe oe Ke 409 Pe emNRIEAE 2 = at eee AS ea SES cha a the ce oe 5a Meeerrreoular wearing Of. 222. 02 ¥ 22s tt 409 Le EE ee eee eae ee Roel Seabee Se Eat 5¢ EIR hole oo conte tae Be ts Cd a ELAS ASS oS 409 MNES GROG 2 23 2 55 a> ai eo ee ee 128 Temperature, body, method of taking..........------------ 128 Pepmer-eotire We giscase......... 2222 eA a 206 OAUTC Of fraDle air) .- -_.-. oe hs Sa ee wi 2 136 RIES © CUP chk To Sole cea pigrdlin Se eee a 22 Rear MITA Meee Sane ta ee eee 399 Meee LOC VGI Maen co so yen dane 3 SEI 133 216 INDEX. : Paragraph, RESO te ok Sede, tense alae ee ets ipa pn 208, 333, 498 BLS: a n,m ERM Nm 449 Died Wo isons os hens oe ae ace nd 22 t oe 120 Time required for eating. 22. 2.520... 5. /-. 159 Tincture, chloride of jiran...1:...-.-'.--.> -... 3.2 316 Tineture of iodine. -.2.s.5....,2-4-0.0.5.2..- J-.2 ee 314 Whighs 2... os ee ee Sc bee hen eee er 122 Thin horses, feeding of----..:t 4. ++. t--2:-5 > .o8 224 Thoracic aorta.........---.-.-+ +--+ 76a, Thoracic cavity -..-.-...2-4222-6-4 625422... 55 Thoracie: duct. . 200.0. 2-2. se ee os oe 80 Thoracic vertebrae... ....:...2.-5....2-4--). J See 6h PHOTAR 02s s.seel a ee decane ese oes eee 7 Thoroughpin. - -.- OB able scp sine geile. 2 cmp 405 Throats: 2) oo ee ea ee coke ea oe 119 Throat, -diséases of... 2 2.22 se . 421 Throat, diseases of, choke.......-.-.... 22-422 oe 411 Throat, SOPG cco aH 2s nears ania s =e ee oe ee 421 Threwing a horse down:.-.---.-.+-22-.4-- 1422.45. 242 Phrowing ropes. 2.60. -0.- 3-4. ssa - 242b THPUS Ake dic gin ccc oss op Wore eee er 323, 462 SEES oe Saas nines wee mix ke ride e Rete Oe one hee 434 PO oe edi choig ia Geese & nite estes Se Bee allele 2 eae ee er 115a Poe Cracks {8 kis 4 oi ~2ile we oe cee poe cee eee ee 455 WOG-OULs Hi Atta tS pe ae ees EN Ri 120 Poe; Seedy. oie ten aan e See Jol er 461 TIO TIS D3 cre ee al Soya eps Bes Sn anle 2 oc an 5) 2 ee rn 29 Domiee se csoc em iaiincl doe cciesdn ohhh Ripe aloe lige tac 279 Tonic powder... 2.2... 2.o28 Joe es eee 412 Prae@hea. 2.0. 'eS2 sc ebcc zich cet aces seek 5S ee 53 Traps, fly... .u25 s2.kies as. ook ~~. 20 485 WPreaGse cos ne ns wack wine hse Saad od le A - 463 ‘Treatment of prams sears. n5-.c.c- thoes sip ol Se 407 Treatment.of Wounds... :\:: 2-.-.-.< 32-155 4a 352-361 Troughs, watering. ...,....-0.... £5232 5 Eee Se 142 Troughs, watering, disinfection of:- =. 12 -26Seeeeeeeee Li seit Type tf , Sr BU csi NR 2 nk age ee HO ES 34 8-08 oc ee ec orn a 5 SU LS A 455 Wall, Sen... 2 ee SD eo winless oe Eee EE 115a. 218 : INDEX. Paragraph. Wearbles... 5 oes ccickisicisiem cals ib efecto 450 Warblo fly: ...\. ©... see ont eee ai 2 ee 376 ‘Withers, framework of......2-+.:--6.< +...) 6b Withers, injuries of: ... 25-2 .