— ———_— -—$——$— ~ 9 —_ — OO oO ——vT =) —o ————4" | =— =o — | © ) =H Ss — ey ——"*") —— —-. — —— —_——) SS ——_ Untv.a Teeanto LIBRARY PTs CPUC ae ita! iy ya Py ys w ney ‘ } Rot bed ny - , ts ak yee i ( : ' * ; iA) x ne ts i Ml i cop a \ 4 AG ” ; ae can i t ve 3 i A F rai Digitized by the Internet Archive ‘ i in 2010 pith un from | : cf 18 (fox | % —— { hi , a y af lor G School and College Edjfion. ¥ OF THE BOTANY ’ OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. M ALN UALS REVISED EDITION; INCLUDING VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSIS*TPPI; ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. By ASA GRAY, FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. With Six Plates, ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OF FERNS, ETC. 0 MAAN NEW YORK: K IVISON & PHINNEY, 48 & 50 WALKER ST. CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO., 39 & 41 LAKE ST. CINCINNATI ? MOORR, WILSTAOCH, KEYS & ©O. ST. LOUIS: KEITH & WOODS, PHILADELPHIA; SOWER, BARNES & CO. BUFFALO: PHINNEY & OO. NEWBURG~: T. 8. QUACKENBUSH, 18890) Entered accordiug to the Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO, {In the Olerk’s Office of the District Court of the United of New York. m eB NEW YORK: a aby = XJ D. BEDFORD & CO., PRINTERS, 115 AND 117 FeaneEwin Steer. 3s States fur the Southern District ae et he 1 ADVERTISEMENT. THe complete edition of the Manuat or tHe BoTANy OF THE NORTHERN UNITED States includes the two great Cryp- togamous Families of Mosses and Liverworts (from p. 607 to p. 704), written by Mr. Sullivant, and illustrated with eight copper- plates, crowded with admirable figures. Important as this part is to the Botanist and the advanced student, it is much too difficult for the beginner, and fur common instruction in Botany in schools and academies, which will begin with the Phzenogamous or Flower- ing Plants, and will rarely extend into the Flowerless Plants beyond the Ferns and Club-Mosses. As it adds considerably to the size and expense of the book, the part here mentioned is omitted in this Abridged Impression, which is intended especially for the use of classes, and is afforded by the publishers ata price so reduced as to bring the work within the reach of all students. The six plates whieh illustrate the Ferns and their allies (and which are numbered from IX to XIV ) are also given; so that this edition is illustrated like the other, so far as it goes, and nothing is omitted which ordinary students will require, at least until they have become expert Botanists. It will be seen by the paging, that the omitted matter immediately precedes and follows the Index. Some additions and corrections are given on the following pages. f \ \. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 89, line 14. After “‘ Maine,” add: Nuttal/l. Echo Lake, Franconia, New Hampshire, Zuckerman. Page 71, line 23. Linum Boottii; add syn.: L. sulcatum, Riddell (an older name which has been overlooked). Page 78. To Vitis vulpina, add: Bark close, not separating in shreds, as in the other species. Si Page 118. To Potentilla frigida, add habitat: Alpine region of the White Mountains (Robbins) and of Mount Lafayette (Tuckerman), New Hampshire. Page 182. To Jussiwa, add :— ; 2. J. répems, L. Glabrous or nearly so; stem creeping, or floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering below into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly ohcordate petals 5; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. 2} — In water, Ulinois, Kentucky, and southward. Page 186. Opuntia vulgaris, var.? Rafinesquii, now distinguished by Dr. Engelmann as a species, under the name of O. Rafinesquii, grows from Wisconsin to Kentucky and southwestward. Page 143. To Saxifraga, add : 9. S. steliaris, L. var. commdsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted pan- icle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx; petals unequal, lanceolate, white, with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a dis- tinct claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Bluke. Page 169, after line 13 from bottom, add : 9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla and single style very short. Pod many-seeded, locu- licidal. Leaves slightly connected at the vase, very narrow. Page 174, add: : 9 POLYPREMUM, L. Porreprrmum. Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad seavi- ous-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel- shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. ; v 4, very short: anthers globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A smooth, diffusely spreading and much-branched small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from mokvmpepvos, many-stemmed.) 1. P. prociimbens, L.— Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June-Sept. Page 205, after Solidago nemoralis, add : 27*, S. Hadwla, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong, rigid’; rays 3-6: otherwise much as in No. 27.— Dry hills, W. Illinois and southwestward. Page 213. XantTnium spindsum should have been printed in small capitals (as here), being an introduced species. Page 226, line 24; after “ hemispherical ” add: (merely convex in No. 1). Page 231, at the end of Senecio, add: %* * % Rays present: root annual: heads in a crowded corymb. 5. S. lobitus, Pers. (BtrteR-wrEep.) Glabrous, or loosely woolly at first; leaves rather fleslry, lyrate or pinnately divided; the divisions crenate or cut-lobed, variable. — Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, lilinois, and southward. Page 231, line 2 from bottom, add: Lake Superior, Prof. Whitney. Page 234, line 11, add: W. Illinois and westward ; common. Page 268, lines 9, 10 from bottom, in place of “ or terete,” insert: flat or flattiah and channelled above. Page 281, line 23, for “ Lake Huron,” read: Lake Michigan. Page 288, line 18, read: from Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia and southward, chiefly near the coast. Page 291, line 26, for “‘12-20-seeded,” read: 1 -2-seeded. Page 310, line 22, for “ River-banks and plains,” read: Oak-openings and woods. Line 23, for “ July,” read: May, June. Page 352, line 2. Asclepias Sullivantii has scarcely sessile leaves; and the horns of tie hoods of the corolla are flat, broadly scythe-shaped, and abruptly acute. Page 352, after line 7, add: - 2'. Ae MEetdii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale; stem simple (19° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3! long) ; leaves all opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, obtuse, mucronate, the plane (net wavy) margins and the numerons rather slender pedicels downy when young; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong-ovate (4’ long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly vl ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. stimtate crown fleshy below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the thickish incurved horn, furnished with a small sharp tooth at the inner mar- gin on each side towards the summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, 1}/— 2}! long. Fruit not seen; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia. 6. A. Nuttallizma. This will probably take the name of A. Vaseyi, Carey, ined., Engelin. mss., as it now seems probable that Nuttall’s A. lanu- ginosa is the same as Lapham’s Acerates monocephala. Page 354, to Acerates add : 1*. A. monocéphalia, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6/—-12! high), rather stout, hirsute ; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2/ long and }/ wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered ; di- ° visions of the greenish corolla oblong (23/ long), more than twice the length of the calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels; hoods of the crown sessile’at the base of the tube of filaments, strongly concaye, oblong, erect, with the obtuse apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lapham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several re- spects between A. viridiflora and A. longifolia ; having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflera; the two small appendages within each, and the still smaller pairs of appendages alternate with the hoods, more conspicuous than in the last-named species ; otherwise very similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped.— A. longifolia is well dis- tinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much shorter than the anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses.— Should Dr. Engel- mann’s surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear the name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Page 369, line 21. Euxolus deflexus; the plant here so named, from Albany, is not so, but apparently is Amarantus polygonoides, L., or Amblogyna polygonoides, Raf. ; the latter genus not distinct enough from Euxolus. Page 369, linc 25. Euxolus pumilus is prostrate, fleshy, its leaves mostly long- petioled, obovate, and notched at the end. Page 388, line 15, &c. Euphorbia obtusata here includes two species ; viz. the indigenous E. obtusata (Virginia to linois and southward) ; and the intro- duced E. platyphylla, Z., Vermont to Niagara, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) Page 405, line 4. The Rock Chestnut-Oak (var. monticola) should rather be placed under No. 5, Q. Castanea. Page 465, line 2, under Medecola: for “base,” read “ middle,” and add “ex- trorse!” For “Styles 3,” &c., read: Style none; stigmas 3, recurved- diverging, long and thread-form. Page 598, line 24, for “Sept.” read: July — Sept. PREFACE. Tuis work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern portion of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the use of students and of practical botanists. The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the Mississippi River. This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm- temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great Western woodiess plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume, The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which each species oceurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner: 1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south- ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun- daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species Vili PREFACE. in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar- ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing “near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast”; M. acuminata, “W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward”; &c. While in species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned; as, Nuphar Kalmiana, p. 23, “ New England, New York, and northward”; Cardamine pratensis, p. 33, “ Vermont to Wisconsin, northward,” &c. And so of Western plants; e.g. Jsopyrum biternatum, p. 11, ‘‘ Ohio, Kentucky, and westward”; Psoralea argophylla, p. 94, “ Wisconsin and westward”; Amorpha canescens, p. 95, “ Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward.” 2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special habitat is given; e. g. Vesicaria Short and V. Lescurit, p. 38; Sullivantia Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for which there is no room in a manual like this. For the same reason, I could not here undertake to alae the range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the Fos (Ku.) to those species which are indigenous to both. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu- merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our flora; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be- - ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus ACRIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face letter (e. g. . repems). Moreover, the country from which they were introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni- zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec- ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob. ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants culti sated with- out or against man’s will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase “ (Nat. from al s PREFACE. — ix Eu.)”: those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the phrase “ (Adv. from Eu ),” &c. Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are distinguished in this edition into two sorts, ‘as ‘cording to their degree of ap- parent distinctness: — 1. Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi- tals; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPIDUM, p. 30; Vitis cordifolia, var. RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many most excellent botanists; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter, on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those of the indigenous species (e. g- Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus, | p- 7; Actza spicata, var. rubra, and var. alba, p. 14); and they usu- ally stand at the head of a separate para;rraph. Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates, fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv- erworts are furnished by my generous friend, Mr. SULLIVANT, the author of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by Mr. Isaac SPRAGUE. Mr. SuttivantT has included in this edition all the species of Mfusci aud Hepatice known to him as natives of any part of the United States east of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew; not only laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology, but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been afforded in a book of this kind.+ * The Wiustrations of forty of the genera, az indicated In the Explanation of the Plates at the close of the volume, are entirely origins! productions of Mr. Sullivant’s pencil. Seven of them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have before been only imperfectly if ut all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim- per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which - 1s always made. ¢ The reference ‘‘ Muse. Bor.-Amer.,’’ appended to many new or rare Moases, 1s made to an slmost complete arranged collection of the Musci and H-patice’ east of the Mississippi, the types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter. The materials from which these sets have been prepared ure chiefly Mr. Lesquereux’s own Very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journzys made during the last ¢jx or seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have Deen aided Mr. Sullirant’s ample aconmuilations, embracing ‘he enllections of the lamented x PREFACE. Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially of the labors and investigations of Pror. TueKERMAN upon our Lichenes, of the Rey. Dr. Curtis upon our Fungi, and of Pror. Harvey upon our Alge, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LesQqurREUX upon our Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com- prising the Phzenogamous or Flowering Plants. I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially intended for beginners (First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use the author’s Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these, all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus- trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner’s way by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is distinguished. Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of synonymes; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, —— while the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, I have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author’s names, and some few customary ones of States, &e.), to give greater fulness to the characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva- tion of the generic names. The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with De Candolle’s arrangement, beginning with the highest class and ending with the lowest; and commencing ths first and far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve- Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas. The title of the work is “‘Musci Boreali-Americani, sive Specimina Exsiccata Muscorum in Ameri- cx Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiis W. 8. Suntryanr et L. Lesquerevx, 1856.” Mr. Sullivant’s connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal responsibility in the determination of the species. ‘This most extensive and valuable collec- tion eygr made of American Mosses, which has cost much Jabor and expense, and comprises nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at $20 for each set, and will doubtless be eagerly sought after by Bryological students. PREFACE. xi lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and _ separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono- petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit- ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat- ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary student. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu- ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical Artificial Key to the Natural Orders * (p. xvii.), I enable the student very readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci- mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis- tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of the description. Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com- prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters, and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex- tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals), subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (+, ++, &c.) ; and whenever there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanica), so that they may at once catch the student’s eye. To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., I * No Linnzan Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility over a well-devised Analytical Key; which the learner will find equally certain, and much mere satisfactory in its results. xii PREFACE. have not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed Loudon’s mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the grave (~), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark (’). In respect to this, my friend, Mr. Fousom, has obligingly rendered most important assistance throughout the pages of this volume. The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu- merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con- tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata- logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my excellent friend and correspondent, M. Goprr of Neuchatel, author of the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon many of our own identical or related species. As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, Joun CAREY, Esq., now of London, for various emerdations in the genus Carex, formerly elaborated by him for this work; and Dr. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser- vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus- cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismew. ‘The renewed and still more extensive contributions of Mr. SuLtrvanr have already been referred to,— contributions which introduce a new era in the study of American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per- sonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science in this country. I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition HarvaArp Universiry, CAMBRIDGE, e June 30th, 1856. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. I. PRINCIPAL Adans. = Adanson. Ait. Aiton. Andr. Andrews. Arn. Arnott. Aubl. Anblet. Bart. Barton. Bartl. Bartling. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Benth. Bentham. Bernh. Bernhardi. Bieb. Bieberstein. Bigel. Bigelow. Br. & Sch. Bruch and (W. P.) Schimper. Brid. Bridel. Brongn. Brongniart. Cass. Cassini. Cav. Cavanilles. Cham. Chamisso. Chav. Chavannes. DC. De Candolle. ‘A. DC. Alphonse De Candolle. Desf. Desfontaines. Dew. Dewey. Dill. Dillenius. Dumort. Dumortier. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Eil. Elliott. Endl. Endlicher. Engelm. Engelmann. _ Gertn. Geertner. G. L.§ N. Gottsche, Lindenberg, & Nees. Gmel. Gmelin. Good, Goodenough. Grev. Greville. Griseb Grisebach. Gronov. Gronovius. b ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Hartm. = Hartmann. Hedw. Hedwig. Hoffm. Hoffmann. Hook. Hooker. Hook. f. ( filius) J. D. Hooker Hornsch. Hornschuch. Huds. Hudson. Hub. Hubener. Jacq. Jacquin. Juss JUSSIEU. L. or Linn. LINN2UsS. Lag. Lagasca. Lam. Lamarck. Lamb. Lambert. Ledeb. Ledebour. LD Her. L’Heritier. Lehm. Lehinann. Lesqr. Lesquereux. Lestib. Lestibudois. Lindenb. Lindenberg. Lindl. Lindley. Mich. Micheli. Miche. Michaux (the elder). Miche. f. F. A. Michaux (the Mill. Miller. [younger). Mitch. Mitchell. Mont. Montagne. Muh. Muhlenberg. Mull. C. Muller. Nees. Nees von Evenbeck Nutt. Nuttall. Pav Pavon., Pers Persoon. Pluk. Plukenet. Plum Plumier. Poir Poiret. XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. R. Br. = Rosert Brown. Steud. = Steudel. Raf. Rafinesque. Sulliv. Sullivant. Rich. Richard. Tay. J. Taylor. Richards. Richardson. Torr. Torrey. Ram. Roemer. Torr. & Gr. Torrey and Gray. Salish. Salisbury. Tourn. Tournefort. Schimp. W. P. Schimper. Trin. Trinius, Schk. Schkuhr. . Tuckerm. Tuckerman. Schlecht. Schlechtendal. Vail. Vaillant. Schrad. Schrader. Vent. Ventenat. Schreb. Schreber. Vill. Villars. Schult. Schultes. Wahl. Wabhlenberg. Schw. or Schwein. Schweinitz. Walt. Walter. Schweegr. Schweegrichen. Web. Weber. . Scop. Scopoli. Willd. Willdenow. Soland. Solander. Wils. Wilson. Spreng. Sprengel. Wulf. Wulfen. Il. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. @ An annual plant. @ A biennial plant. y A perennial plant. 2 A mark of doubt. 1 A mark of affirmation or authentication. 1°, 2! 3, To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min- utes () for inches; of seconds ('’) for lines, — the (English) line being the twelfth part of an inch. The dash — between two figures, as 5-10, means from 5 to 10, &e. Eo DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. Tue Stndent is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author’s First Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea- tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner’s use. To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise- “Ty understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic- tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that in the Lessons on Botany. To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants, we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common Spiderwort, whicli grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long, With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti- Jicial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant belongs to the great series of Phenoygamous or Flowering Plants. To which of its two classes is the first question. ‘To answer this, let the student compare the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distine- tions —of Class I. given on p. xvii., and of Class II. on p. xxi. Without the seeds, which may not be ripe, —and if they were it might require more skill than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the stem; is it formed, on the exogenous or endogenous plan? A slice across it plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass, that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody tissue between these two: but the woody part of the stem is here represented by separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, —just as in a stalk of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement of the flower with its parts in threes, —namely, three sepals, three petals, six (twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class IJ. Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants. We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily » done vy fallowing the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first xvi DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Of these B. alone has “flowers with true floral envelopes,” and therefore includes our plant. The subdivision of B. is into “1. Flowers densely crowded on a spadizx,” and “2. Flowers not on a spadix.” Our plant falls under the latter. This is subdivided into “* Perianth adherent to the ovary,” and “ * * Perianth free from the ovary.” Our plant accords with the latter. This is subdivided into four groups, with this mark (+ ), characterized by the nature of the perianth; and it is evident that our plant, having 3 green sepals, and 3 colored petals, and no glumaceous or husky bracts, falls into the third group, +- + +. Under this there are four alterna- tives, based on differences in the pistil. The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first; the many or several seeds in each cell exclude the second; the one- celled ovary, &c. exclude thefourth ; while the third, having a single pistil with a 2-—8-celled ovary, and only one or two ovules or seeds in each cell, agrees with our plant; which we are thus brought to conclude must belong to the order Commelynacee. The number, 485, affixed to this name, refers to the page in the body of the work where this order is characterized. After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de- termine the Genus. We have only two gencra in this order, viz.: 1. Commelyna, which has irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens of two sorts, only three of them bearing perfect anthers, —all of which is very different from the plant we are studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 486), with the characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord. Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( * ), our plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two epecies, a comparison with the characters of each fixes our plant as belonging to the first, viz. T. Virginica. The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species ;—in this instance Lin- nzeus, whose name is indicated by the abbreviation L. ’ Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like that of Ranunculacee, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter- mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to the name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper Tribes, or Suborders, &c.; and the student will first determine the Tribe, or other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the Genus under that tribe, &c. Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub- genera, which are designated by the mark § followed by a name. For example, Cimicifuga, p. 14, has two subgenera, § 1. Macrotys, and § 2. Cimicifuga proper, each with its own characters; and the genus Rhus, p. 76, has three subgenera, viz. § 1. Sumac, § 2. Toxicodendron, and § 3. Lobadium. These names, how- eyer, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its generic and its specific name only; a8, Cimicifiuga racemosa, the Black Snake root; Rhus glabra, the Smooth Sumac, &c: ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK, FOUNDED ON SOME OF THE EASIEST CHARACTERS, CHIEFLY THOSE FURNISHED BY THE FLOWER. Serres l. PH NOGAMOUS orn FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing real flowers and seeds. Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer be- tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark: Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass LU. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. Suscrass IL ANGIOSPERM. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and the seeds. Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than twice as many as the 4-9 petals. 1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. * Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous. Page Pistils numerous, but cohering over each other on a long receptacle. MAGNOLIACEA, 16 Pistils several, immersed in the upper surface of a top-shaped receptacle. NELUMBIACER, 21 Pistils more than one, wholly separate and distinct . Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther. Trees. ANONACEX, 17 Filaments longer than the anther. Anthers 4-celled, 4-lobed. Flowers dicecious. Woody vines.) MENISPERMACEZR, 18 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers mostly perfect. Herbs. Petals and mostly the sepals also deciduous. RANUNCULACES, 2 Petals and sepals persistent after flowering. CABOMBACEX, 22 Pistils only one, or 2 ~- several more or less completely united into one. Ovary simple, 1-celled wits one parietal placenta. Filaments shorter than the anthers: petals large. Podophyllum in BERBERIDACEX, 19 Filaments slender. Petals smaller than the sepals. RANUNCULACEX, 2 Ovary compound, 8 - 30-celled: ovules borne on the partitions. NYMPHZEACEX, 22 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. PORTULACACER, 68 b* * xviii ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. P Ovary compound, 1- 5-celled, when 1-celled the 2 - several placente parietal. Sepals persistent, 4-7 in number. Leaves punctate with transparent or dark dots, all opposite. HYPERICACER, $8 Leaves not punctate, all or some of them alternate. Ovary and pod not lobed, 1-celled or partly so: ovules orthotropous. CISTACER, 45 Ovary and pod 8-7-horned or lobed, 1-celled, opening early. RESEDACEA, 41 Ovary and pod 5-celled Style umbrella-shaped. SARRACENIACEA, 238 Sepals caducous, only 2 or3. Juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEX, 24 Sepals deciduous, 5 in number, valvate in the bud, TILIACEZX, 69 * * Stamens united with the base of the (hypogynous) petals. Calyx valvate in the bud. Stamens monadelpbous: anthers 1-celled. MALVACEZ, 65 Calyx imbricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled. 'I'rees or shrubs. CAMELLIACER, 70 * * * Stamens and petals inserted on the caiyx ( perigynous). Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pistils 1-few-seeded. ROSACEZ, 110 Leaves opposite, no stipules. Calyx-tube enclosing the ovaries. CALYCANTHACEA, 126 2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the ovary ; 1. e. ovary inferior or partly so. Leaves with stipules, alternate. Pomez in ROSACEZ, 110 Leaves without stipules. (In Cactaces there are no proper leaves.) Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentze. Fleshy and leafless plants: sepals and petals many, and much alike. - CACTACER, 186 Rough-leaved plants: calyx-lobes 5: petals 5 or 10. LOASACEA, 135 Ovary 1-5-celled more than half free from the calyx, with a many-seeded placenta in the axis: pod circumcissile, the upper part falling offasalid. PORTULACACEZX, 63 Ovary 2-celled, half free: styles 2: pod 2-beaked, 2-seeded. HAMAMELACEA, 147 Ovary 3 —4-celled (style 1) with 1-4 ovules in the axis of each cell. STYRACACEA, 265 Ovary 3 -5-celled (styles separate at the top): ovules and seeds very numerous on pla- cents: projecting from the axis. Philadelphus in SAXIFRAGACEA, 141 Ovary and berry-like pod 10 -30-celled, many-seeded on the partitions. NYMPHHACEM, 22 B. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite them. Pistils 3-6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. MENISPERMACEA, 18 Pistil only one: ovary i-celled. Style or stigma 1, simple: anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACEA, 19 Style and stigma 1: anthers opening lengthwise. ' PRIMULACER, 270 Styles 5. Calyx funnel-form, dry. Ovule and seed solitary. PLUMBAGINACE®, 270 Style 3-cleft at the apex. Calyx 2-leaved. Seeds few. _ PORTULACACE, 63 Pistil only one: ovary 2 - 4-celled Calyx very short, 4-—5-toothed, or the limb obsolete. Petals valvate. ~ VITACER, 177 Calyx 4 -5-cleft, valvate in the bud Petals involute. RHAMNACEA, 78 ©. Stamens when of the same number as the petals alternate with them, sometimes twice at many, sometimes fewer. 1. Calyd#*free from the ovary. * Leaves punctate with transparent (or sometimes blackish) dots. Flowers perfect. Leaves entire and simple, opposite. HYPERICACER, 48 Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Leaves compound or divided. RUTACEMR, 74 * * Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. 4 Pistils one or more, simple, t. e. of one carpel. Stamens inserted on the receptacle (hypogynous). Stipules none. Flowers dicecious. Fruita drupe. Woody climbers MENISPERMACEX, 18 Flowers mostly perfect. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants. RANUNCULACER, 2 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the calyx (perigynous). Flower mostly papilionaceous or otherwise irregular. Pistil only one. LEGUMINOSAE, 88 Flower regular. Pistils 1 - several. = ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. , xix Leaves with stipules. Seeds single or few, destitute of albumen. ROSACEZ, 110 Leaves destitute of stipules. Seeds with albumen. Pistils 2, fewer than the (5, or rarely 4) petals. SAXIFRAGACEA, 142 Pistils 3-5, of the same number as the petals. CRASSULACEZ, 139 Stamens connected with the stigma, which unites the tops of 2 pistils. ASCLEPIADACES, 30 } i ; + + Pistil one, compound ; the ov -celled. Corolla irregular, of 4 petals. Stamens 6, collected in two se FUMARIACEZX, 26 Corolla irregular, of 6 petals. Stamens 5; their broad anthers united. VIOLACEX, 41 Corolla regular: ovule solitary from the base. Leaves alternate. ANARCARDIACEX, 76 Corolla regular: ovules from the base or axis. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACER, 63 Corolla regular: ovules few or many on 2 - seyeral parietal placentzx. Stamens monadelphous, their tube sheathing the stalk of the ovary. PASSIFLORACEZ, 138 Stamens separate, inserted on the calyx. SAXIFRAGACEZ, 141 Stamens separate, inserted on the receptacle. Sepals 2, caducous. Juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEX, 24 Sepals 4, deciduous. Style 1. Juice not milky. CAPPARIDACEX, 40 Sepals 5, or sometimes 3, persistent. A cluster of sterile filaments placed before each petal. PARNASSIACER, 48 Sterile filaments or appendages none. Styles 6 or 10, double the number of the placenta. DROSERACEX, 47 Style 1 or none: stigmas 1-3: placentez 3. CISTACER, 45 + + + Pistil one, compound ; the ovary 2 - 10-celled. ++ Flowers irregular. Btamens 6 or § in two sets, connected with the petals: anthers l-celled. POLYGALACER, 85 Stamens 10, distinct, free from the petals: anthers 2-celled. Rhodora in ERICACEA, 245 Stamens 6 - 8, distinct, free from the petals: anthers 2-celled. SAPINDACER, 82 Stamens 5: anthers conniving over the stigma, 2-celled. BALSAMINACER, 73 ++ ++ Flowers regular or nearly so, Stamens (mostly 2) fewer than the 4 petals. OLEACEZ, 856 Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many. Of equal length. Corolla not cruciform. ACERINEX, 84 Two stamens shorter than the 4 others. Corolla (of 4 petals) cruciform. CRUCIFERZ, 28 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. Flowers moncecious. Styles fewer than the sepals. EUPHORBIACE2, 385 Herbs. Styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals. Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3. Stamens 6. Sepals and petals 5. Ovary and pod 10-celled. Sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary 5. Stamens 10 or 5. Shrubs or trees. rau Fruit a fleshy colored pod. Seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACEX, 81 Fruit 2-winged. Leaves opposite. Aril none, ACERINEX, 8 Fruit a 4 - 8-seeded drupe. Leaves alternate. AQUIFOLTACE:, 268 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. -. - Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACEX, 52 Stipules between the opposite and compound Jeaves. STAPHYLEACES, 82 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup. GALACINEA, 262 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. . OXALIDACEX, 71 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided. ERICACER, 245 Styles 2 - 5, separate CARYOPHYILACER, 52 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Style 1. Pod enclosed in the calyx becoming 1-celled. LYTHRACEZ, 127 Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACE, 141 - a hes J xx * ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. > 2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. Stamens mre or less united together. Tendril-bearing herbs. CUCURBITACEX, 188 Stamens distinct Not tendril bearing. QOvules and seeds more than one in each cell. ~ Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. PORTULACACER, 68 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or3 e few -many-seeded placentas. Some SAXIFRAGACER, 141 Ovary 2-5-celled. . {and GROSSULAC ' Anthers opening by pores at the apex. Style I. MELASTOMACE® op Anthers opening lengthwise. a , Style 1. Petals 4, rarely 2. ONAGRACES, 129 Styles 2, rarely 5, or one and 8 -5-cleft. SAXIFRAGACEAR, 141 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. < Stamens (in perfect flowers) inserted on the tube of the calyx. } Stipules deciduous. Pod 2-beaked. HAMAMELACE, 147 Stipules present or deciduous. Fruit globular, fleshy. POMEA, 123 Stipules none. ONAGRAGEZ:, 120 Stamens inserted on a disk which crowns the top of the ovary. Styles2. Herbs. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry UMBELLIFERZ, 148 Styles 2-5. Flowers umbelled. Fruit fleshy. ARALIACES, 159 Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Flowers clustered. CORNACES, 161 Division Il. MONOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. * Ovary compound, 8 - many-celled, or 1-celled with the ovules rising from the base. " Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. ERICACER, 245 Stamens borne on or adherent to the base of the tube of the corolla, Filaments wholly distinct. Calyx wholly free from the ovary. ‘ _EBENACEZ, 266 Filaments ] - 5-adelphous below : anthers 2-celled. , Calyx adherent to the base or to the whole surface of the ovary. STYRACACEA, 265 - Calyx wholly free from the ovary. CAMELLIACEA, ' 70 ; Filaments monadelphous in a column: siete l-celled. , MALVACES, 65 J * * Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta. ° FUMARIACEX, 26 ; * * * Ovary simple, with 1 parietal (sutural) placenta. LEGUMINOSAE, 88 ‘ B. Stamens (i. e. fertile stamens) as many as the lobes of the corolla, and opposite them. 3 Ovary 5-celled. Corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACEA, 267 * Ovary l-celled: utricle 1-seeded. Styles 5. PLUMBAGINACEAS, 270° Ovary l-celled: pod several -many-seeded. Style 1. , PRIMULACEZ, 270 ©. Stamens.as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. | ~— ~ * Ovary adherent to the calyz-tube (inferior). 3 Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. : Flowers collected in a head which is furnished with an involucre. COMPOSITA, 177 ; Flowers separate, perfect, irregular. Corolla cleft down one side. ‘ LOBELIACES, 241 Flowers separate, moneecious or dicecious, regular. CUCURBITACEZ, 138 ; Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, without stipules, Juice milky. Pod 2-6-celled. CAMPANULACER, 243 Leaves opposite with intervening stipules, or whorled without them. RUBIACES, 168 Leaves opposite without stipules. : Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 4or 5. Corolla4-5-lobed. CAPRIFOLTACES, 168 Flowers nct involucrate. Stamens 2or8. Corolla 5-lobed. VALERIANACEA, 174 Flowers in ao involucrate head. Stamens and corolla-lobes 4. DIPSACEA, 176 ae fret lelled, with a free central placenta. Stamens 2. Pod ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. xXI = @ * Ovary free from the calyz (superior). + Flowers irregular. Perfect stamens almost always less than 6. and mostly the seeds numerous, or sometimes only 2, in each cell. LENTIBULACEZ, 275 l~celied with 2-4 parietal placentze. Stamens 4. Leafless a PRLS ETN 279 Pod falsely 2-5-celied: placente parietal. Seeds witho Pod 2-celled with the placentz in the axis. Seeds numerous, sometimes few, with copious albumen. Seeds few in each cell, flat, entirely destitute of albumen. arid seeds (4, rarely 1) one in each cell. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed; the style terminal. + + Flowers regular ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla or calyx. Ovary deeply divided around the single style into 4 one-ovuled lobes. BORRAGINACEZ, 319 Ovary l-celled, with the ovules or placente parietal. Leaves toothed or cut, often rough-hairy, petioled. HYDROPHY LLACES, 826 Leaves entire, sessile and opposite, glabrous. : Leaves petioled, alternate, entire or with 3entire leaflets. } GENTIANACEZ, 341 Ovary 2 -1.)-celled. Style none. Corolla deeply 4-6-parted. Shrubs or trees. AQUIFOLIACE, 263 Style present. Plants with green herbage. Stamens 4. Pod circumcissile, and the partition loose. PLANTAGINACEZ, 268 Stamens 5, nearly or quite free from the corolla. ERICACEA, 245 Stamens 5, borne on the corolla. Stipules prosent between the bases of opposite leaves. LOGANTES, 174 Stipules none. Leaves opposite. Pod 2-celled, with several winged seeds. GELSEMINE®, 288 Leaves opposite or alternate. Pod 3-celled, few-seeded. POLEMONIACE®, 829 Leaves alternate Pod or berry many -seeded. SOLANACEX, 838 Leaves alternate. Pod 2-6-seeded. Style present. Plants destitute of green foliage. CONVOLVULACE, 832 Ovaries 2, separate ; their styles and stigmas also separate. ! Ovaries 2, separate, but united at the top by a common stigma. Filaments distinct : pollen powdery, in ordinary anthers. APOCYNACE®, 349 Filaments mostly monadelphous; pollen cohering in masses. ASCLEPIADACES, 350 — . re * BIGNONIACER, 277 ~ SCROPHULARIACES, 281 ACANTHACE, 296 LABIAT, 300 VERBENACES, 298 aad + + + Flowers regular: stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. — Low herbs. Pod circumcissile, 4 - many-seeded : partition separating. PLANTAGINACE, 268 Shrubs. Drupe or berry 1 -2-seeded. OLEACER, 856 Division III, APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting Ovary obs pod 6-celled, ‘Tiferior (calyx-tube adherent). Ovary and pod 4-celled, inferior. A. Flowers not in catkins. * Ovary or cells of the ovary containing many ovules. ral -.» Ovary and pod $8-5-celled, superior (calyx free). Pod 5-beaked, opening s the beaks. Pod beakless, circumcissile. Leaves fleshy. Pod beakless, 3-valved. Leaves whorled. Ovary 2-celled, superior. Flowers perfect, separate. Calyx enclosing the thin (at length often 1-celled) pod. prints in LYTHRACEX, 127 Calyx none. Pod many-ribbed. Aquatic herbs. Ovary 2elled. Flowers imperfect, capitate. Ovaries one or more, simple, one-celled. ° Ovary 1, compound, but only one-celled. Plasentz 2, parietal. ARISTOLOCHIACE, 859 Ludwigia in ONAGRACEA, 129 Penthorum in CRASSULACEA, 139 Sesuvium in PORTULACACER, 68 MOLLUGINER, 64 PODOSTEMACE®, 384 Liquidambar in HAMAMELACE, 148 RANUNCULACEA, 2 Chrysosplenium in SAXIFRAGACEZ, 143 . *- ~ bd xxl ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. on Placenta in the axis or the base of the cell. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux in PRIMULACEZ, 270 Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACEXR, 62 * * Ovary or tts cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 8) ovules. a Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. ROSACE, 110 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. Ovaries stalked. Zanthoxylum in RUTACEZ, 74 Leaves not dotted. . Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACEX, 2 Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, but perfect, spiked. SAURURACEA, 383 + i- Pistil one, compound: ovary 2 -10-celled. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube (inferior), 3 - 4-celled. HALORAGEZ, 129 Ovary free. (Calyx sometimes wanting. ) Herbs, aquatic. Fruit 4-celied, indehiscent, nut-like: styles2. CALLITRICHACEM, 384 Herbs. Fruit splitting into 2 or 3 two-valved pods. EUPHORBIACEA, 385 Herbs. Fruit a 10-celled and 10-seeded berry. PHY TOLACCACEA, 361 Heath-like undershrubs. Drupe 3 -9-celled. EMPETRACEA, 393 Sbrubs or trees. Fruit a berry-like drupe or a samara. Ovule solitary in each cell, erect. Stamens alternate with the sepals. RHAMNACEZ, 78 Ovule solitary in each cell, suspended. ULMACEZ, 894 Ovules @ pair in each cell: these Horizontal or ascending. Fruit a double samara. ACERINEX, 82 Suspended or pendulous. Fruit a single samara or a drupe. OLEACEA, 356 + + + Pistil one (simple or compound), 1-celled, 1-seeded. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube. Stigma extending down the whole length of one side of the style. Stamen 1. Aquatic herbs. Seed suspended. Hippuris in HALORAGEZ, 129 Stamens 5-10. Trees. Seed suspended. Nyssa in CORNACEZ, 160 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. _ Anthers 8 - 4, sessile. Woody parasites on trees. LORANTHACEZ, 382 Anthers 5, on filaments. SANTALACEAR, 581 Ovary free, sometimes enclosed in the calyx-tube, but not adherent to it. ' Stipules forming closed sheaths at the joints. Calyx conspicuous, often colored or petal-like. Herbs. POLYGONACE, 371 Oalyx none. Trees: flowers in heads. PLATANACEA, 400 Stipules not sheathing, often none. Stamens 8-24, more numerous than the lobes of the calyx. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Leaves pellucid-dotted. LAURACES, 378 Anthers opening lengthwise. - Shrubs, with dotless and silvery-seurfy leaves. ELE AGNACEZ, 380 Shrubs, with entire and dotless leaves. THYMELACEZ, 380 Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected leaves. CERATOPHYLLACEX, 383 Stamens 1 - 6, equalling or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Embryo coiled around the outside of the albumen. Flowers scarious-bracted. AMARANTACEZE, 867 Flowers not scarious-bracted. Calyx colored, imitating a monopetalous corolla. NYCTAGINACE, 360 Calyx herbaceous or scarious. CHENOPODIACEA, 361 Embryo coiled or bent, without albumen. Embryo straight in the axis of albumen. URTICACEA, 394 Radicle superior. Style and stigma 1. Radicle inferior. Stigmas 3, two-cleft. EUPHORBIACEM, 385 Embryo straight : albumen none. Flowers polygamous. x Pianera, &c. in URTICACEA, 394 Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx, ROSACEA, 110 ‘ ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. xxiii B. Flowers (monecious or diacious) one or both sorts in catkins. * Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers forming a short catkin or strobile in fruit. Humulus in URTICACER, 394 Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. Nut in an involucre or cup. Leaves simple. CUPULIFERZ, 403 Dry drupe naked, with noinvolucre. Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACE, 401 * * Both the sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads. Fruit a thin dehiscent pod. Seeds numerous, downy-tufted. _ SALICACE, 413 Fruit a woody pod. Seeds naked. Liquidambar in HAMAMELACEZ, 148 Fruit a berried drupe or drupe-like. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Parasitic : leaves opposite, thick. LORANTHACEA, 382 Not parasitic; leaves alternate, fragrant. MYRICACEA, 409 Fruit, i. e. the pericarp itself, a nutlet or achenium. Nutlets winged or oblong, under dry or woody scales. BETULACEA, 410 Nutlets club-shaped, naked, plumose-hairy below. PLATANACE, 400 Achenia thin, surrounded by an herbaceous or often juicy calyx. URTICACEA, 894. Susciass Il. GYMNOSPERMZ. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Stems branched. Leaves simple. CONIFER, 420 Crass Il. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- tinct pith in the centre; not forming annual layers. Leaves mostly paral- lel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the first leaves alternate. Parts of the flower generally in threes. A. Flowers destitute of any proper floral envelopes (either calyx or corolla), and also of glumes like those of Grasses and Sedges, mostly aggregated on a spadiz. 1. Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves, Fruit a 1 -—few-seeded berry. Spathe conspicuous. ARACEZ, 426 Fruit a dry nutlet. Flowers densely spiked or capitate. Marsh herbs. TYPHACEZ, 429 Fruit a nutlet, drupe, or utricle. Immersed aquatics. NAIADACEA, 431 2. Floating free: no distinction of stem and foliage. Flowers bursting from the edge of a floating frond. LEMNACE®, 430 B. Flowers with true floral envelopes ( perianth) representing the calyx or calyx and corolla. 1, Flowers densely crowded on a spadiz. Certain ARACEA, 426, and NAIADACE, 431 2. Flowers solitary, clustered, or variously disposed, but not collected on a spadiz. * Perianth adherent to the ovary or to its base. Flowers diwcious or polygamous, regular. Aquatics. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. HYDROCHARIDACEZ, 4406 Climbers, veiny-leaved. Pod 3-winged. DIOSCOREACEZ, 460 Flowers perfect. (Pod several ~- many-seeded ) Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous. Pod 1~celled with 3 parietal placentae. ORCHIVACE, 4423 Stamens 3, before the outer divisions of the perianth: anthers extrorse. IRIDACE As, 459, Stamens 3, before the inner divisions of the perianth: anthers introrse. Filaments very short, included. BURMANNIACE., 442. Filaments elongated, exserted . : / HEMOD CE &, 457. Stainens 6... Perianth free, execpt at the base. { meat) spe okt XxXxiv ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. Stamens 6. Perianth adherent to the whole ovary. AMARYLLIDACEZ, 455 * * Perianth free from the ovary: + Its 6 or rarely 4 divisions similar, not glumaceous nor furnished with glumaceous bracts. Anthers turned inwards. Stamens 3, or when more unlike or sterile. Style 1. PONTEDERIACEA, 488 Stamens 6, rarely 50r7. Styles 2-3, separate. Flowers dioecious. SMILACEA, 461 Stamens 6, rarely 4. Styles united into one. LILIACEA, 465 Anthers turned outwards (except Tofieldia).. Seeds with albumen. Leaves grass-like or with a proper blade. MELANTHACEA, 472 Seeds without albumen. Leaves rush-like, without a blade. JUNCAGINEA, 436 + + Its 6 divisions similar and glumaceous (except Narthecium). JUNCACER, 479 + + + Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 3 herbaceous or membranaceous sepals and 8 colored petals ; not furnished with glumaceous bracts. Pistils numerous, distinct. Stamens from 6 to many. ALISMACEA, 436 Pistil (ovary) one, 3-celled, many - several-seeded. : Styles 1. Thick or scurfy-leaved epiphytes. BROMELIACEA, 458 Styles or sessile stigmas 38. Leaves whorled. TRILLIACEA, 461 Pistil (ovary) one, 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. COMMELYNACEA, 485 Pistil 1: ovary 1-celled, with parietal placenta. XYRIDACEA, 487 ++ + + Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting ; the outer (calyx) mostly glumaceous or chaffy; the flowers also furnished with glumaceous or chaffy bracts. Rush-like herbs : flowers in dense heads. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal piacentze. XYRIDACEZ, 487 Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. ERIOCAULONACEA, 488 ©. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but cov- ered by glumes, 7. e. husk-like or scale-like bracts. Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. CYPERACEA, 490 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. : GRAMINEZ, 535 Serres II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS: those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores instead of seeds. Crass Il. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins. FILICES, 58f Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth at each joint of the stem. EQUISETACEM, 585 Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple leaves or bracts. LYCOPODIACEA, 602 Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. Aquatics. HYDROPTERIDES, 605 Crass IV. ANOPHYTES. (MosszEs.) Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct, or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond). Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. MUSCI, 607 #pore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves distinct or confluent into a frond. HEPATICA, 683 + BO Bei OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PHENOGAMOUS cz FLOWERING PLANTS. VecetasLes bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. Cuass L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGE:- NOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood form- ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net- ted-veined. Kmbryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. Susctass L ANGIOSPERMAE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains tle ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. l 3 RANUNCULACER. (CROWFQOT FAMILY.) Drviston I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co- rolla; the petals not united with each other.* Orpen 1. RANUNCULACE. (Crowroor Famiry.) Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apela- lous with the calyx ofien colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinet and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals $— 15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1—several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo.— Stipules none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. TrauerIl. CLEMATIDEZ. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines: leaves all opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens. 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. Tree 0. ANEMONEZE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- posite or whorled, forming an involucre. »* Seed suspended. 8. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens. 4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re- mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves. ; 6. HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 8 simple leaves, and resembling a calyx. 6. THALICTRUM. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like. * * Seed erect. 7. TRAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none Tree OI. RANUNCULEZ. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, orten with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Acheniainahead. Seed erect. 9. MYOSURUS. Sepals*spurred at the base. Acheniain along spike. Seed suspended. Tre IV. HELLEBORINEZ. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few -several-seeded. — Leaves all alternate. * Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped. *In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous orders are destitute of petals; as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyrim, and other plants of the Crow- foot Family. RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8-15, sessile. Leaves divided. 13. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid- uous. Leaves divided. 14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 6, persistent, turning green with age. 15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5. * * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 17. ACONITUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals. * * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 18. ZANTHORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens few. Flowers in droop ing compound racemes, polygamous. Tre V. CIMICIFUGEZ. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals small and fiat, or none. Pistils 1-several. Fruit a 2-several-seeded pod or berry. Leaves all alternate. 19. HYDRASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 20. ACTZZA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound. Petals manifest. 21. CIMICIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry several- seeded pods. Leaves 2-8-ternately compound. 1. ATRAGENE, L. ATRAGENE. Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud. Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1-flowered. (A name of obscure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.) 1. A. Americana, Sims. (American ArraGene.) Leaflets stalked, ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. (Clem- atis verticillaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May.—From each of the opposite buds in spring arise two: ternate leaves with long-stalked leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across. 2. CLEMATIS, L. VirGin’s-BowEr. Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KAnaris, a name of Di- oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.) * Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers: calyx leathery: anthers linear. + Stem erect and mostly simple: calyx silky outside. ‘1. C. ochrolettca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile, silky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above; tails of the fruit very ply- 4 RANUNCULACEA. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) mose.— Copses near Brooklyn, New York ; Pennsylvania and Virginia: rare, May.—A foot high. Calyx yellowish within. + + Stems climbing: leaves pinnate: calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 2. C. Vidrma, L. (Learner-rLrowrer.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped with short recurved points ; the long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2—3-lobed or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May-Aug. 8. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform and barely pubescent ; leaflets 83-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi, and southward. June. 4. €. cylindrica, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins ; tails of the fruit silky; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted.— Virginia near Norfolk, and southward. May - Aug. * * Flowers in panicled clusters: sepals thin: anthers oblong. 5. C. Virgimniana, L. (Common Virein’s-Bower.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.— River-banks, &c., common; climbing over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous white flowers ‘(sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dicecious ; the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit. 3. PULSATILLA » Tourn. PASQUE-FLOWER. Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens. Achenia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone; from which the genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.) 1. P. Nuttallianma. Villous with long silky hairs; flower erect, devel- oped before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part- ed, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft mto narrowly linear and acute lobes ;-lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5-7, purplish, spread- ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, fc. not of L. A. Nuttalliana, DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. April.—A span high. Sepals 1/-14/ long. ‘Tails of the fruit 2! long. More like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe. 4. ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed spended.— Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 tos weo_- RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from dvepos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind blows.) % Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit: . sepals downy or silky underneath. 1. A. parviflora, Michx. (SmaLt~t AneEmMonE.) Somewhat pubescent; stem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval, whitish ; head of fruit globular.—Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant 2’-12! high. 2. A. multifida, DC. (Many-crerr Anemone.) Silky-hairy; prin- cipal involucre 2—3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun- cles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval.— Rocks, Western Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c.: rare. June.— Plant 6/-12' high: sepals }/ long. 3. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LonG-rruirep Anemone.) Slender, clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- cles; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed at the apex; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish-white ; head of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May.— Plant 1°-2° high. Pedun- cles 7/-12/ long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4. 4. A. Virginiama, L. (Tart Anemone.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle; sepals 5, acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows; common. June-August. — Plant 2°-3° high; the upright pe- duncles 6/-12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf- less ; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which are 2-leaved at the middle; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer. * * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent. 5. A. Pemnsylvanica, L. (Penysytyanian Anemone.) Hairy, involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leayed, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3- cleft, eut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy.—W. New England to Ohio and Wisconsin. June-Aug.— Plant rather hairy, 6’ high when it be- gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked peduncle, through the summer ; flowers 1}/ broad, handsome. 1* 6 RANUNCULACEX. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 6. A. memorodsa, L. (Winp-FLoweR. Woop Anemone.) Low, smooth; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut; the lateral divisions often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single; sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May.— A delicate and pretty vernal species; the spreading flower I’ broad. {Eu.) 5. HEPATICA » Dill. Liver-tear. Heparica. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Rounp-topep Herarica.) Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. .Achenia several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or rounded. (Eu.) 2. Hi. acutiloba, DC. (Suarr-topep Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish.— Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1. 6. THALICTRUM, Toun. Mezavow-Ruz. Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend- ed. — Perennials, with 2—3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva- tion obscure.) * Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone: root tuberous- thickened and clustered: flowers perfect: fruits sessile, grooved. 1. T. amemonoides, Michx. (Rurz-Anemoner.) Low; root-leaves twice or thrice 3-divided; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo- lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone thalictroides, L., Bigel.) —Woods: common. April, May.—A pretty plant, more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leayes at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole, so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 7-10, half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink. Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma. * * Stem-leaves scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous: flowers diacious or “= "ey & RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 polygamous: sepals 4—5, falling away early: fruits sessile, tipped with long stig mas, ribbed-angled. 2. VT. dioicum, L. (Earty Mzapow-Rvue.) Leaves all with general pdtoles ; leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green- ish.— Rocky woods and hill-sides; common northward. April, May.—A foot or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on capillary filaments. 3. T. Corntiti, L. (Meapow-Rve.) Stem-leaves without general peti- oles; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound large panicles, white. Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem 3°-4° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish or downy beneath. Filaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 7. WRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. Farsr Buesane. Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, ‘compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym- bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifaga palmata, Michz.) Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains: also spar ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug.— Root-leaves large, 5-9-lobed; the lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2°-3° high. 8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowroor. Burrencvr. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache- nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials: stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.)—(A Latin name for a little frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where those animals abound.) §1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or naked pit at the base, white, the claw yellow: achenia turgid, transversely wrinkled: aquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes. 1. BR. aquatilis, L., var. divaricatus. (Waite Wartrr-Crow FOOT.) Floating ; leaves all immersed and similar, compoundly dissected into many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori- zontal plane, making an orbicular outline; petals obovate, much longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus, Sibthorp.) —Ponds and slow streams: common. June-Aug. (Eu.) §2. Petals with a little scale at the base ( yellow in all our species). * Achenia smooth. + Aquatic, perennial: immersed leaves filiformly dissected. 2. BR. Parshii, Richards. (YeEttow Warnr-Crowroor.) Stem floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis- 8 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped or round and variously lobed or cleft; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh, Bigel. RK. lacustris, Beck.) —Stagnant water; most common northward. May - July.— Stems 2°-4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as large as in the common Buttercup. + + Terrestrial: perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes annual, ++ Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous. 3. R. alismezfolius, Geyer, Benth. (Warer-Puantarmn SPEAR- wort.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattened, pointed with a long and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flammula & R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places ; common northward. June-—Aug. Stems 1°-2° high. Leaves 3/—5! long. Flower 5//-6/, in Ore- gon and California 7//—9!, broad. Carpels much larger than in the next. 4. R. Fiammula, L. (Srzarworrt.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so, mostly petioled; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually curved blunt point, forming a small globular head.— Shore of L. Ontario {a small form) ; thence northward. June-Aug. Corolla 4-6! broad. (Eu.): Var. réptams. (Creeping SpeaRwort.) Mauch smaller and slenderer; the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R.reptans, Z. R. fili- formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4/-6/ long. (Eu.) 5. BB. pusillus, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round- ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles; the lower stem- leaves similar; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the calyx, yellowish ; stamens few (5-10); carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. — Stems 5!-12/ high. 6. RB. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Srea-srpe Crowroor.) Stem sending off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; leaves all roundish, mostly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed, rather fleshy, on long petioles ; flower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1-7-flowered ; petals 5-8, bright yellow ; carpels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the sides. —Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York. June —- Aug. — Scapes 3!- 6! high. ++ ++ Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base. 7. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaves roundish, or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem leaves similar or 3-5-lobed ; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpels. —= eee a — RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 orbicula: with.a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals large, exceeding the calyx. (Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin. April, May.— Stems 3/-6! high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 12. 8. R. abortivus, L. (Smavi-FLrowERep Crowroor.) Glabrous and very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem and branches 3-5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx.— Shady hill-sides and along brooks, common. April—June.— Stem erect, 6/-2° high, at length branched above, the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. Var. micranthus. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all hic deal some of them 3-parted or 3-divided; divisions of the upper stem-leayes more linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) —Massa- chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 9. KR. sceleratus, L. (Cursep Crowroor.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near- ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyr.— Wet ditches: appearing as if introduced. June - Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 10. BR. recurvatus, Poir. (Hooxep Crowroor.) Tiirsute; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad- ly wedge-shaped, 2—3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob- ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. —Woods, common. May, June. — Stem 1°-2° high. a+ ++ ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft: achenia flat. a. Head of carpels oblong: petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. ll. BR. Pennsylvanicus, L. (Bristty Crowroor.) Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect; divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; carpels pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June- Aug. —A coarse plant, 2°-3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. b. Head of carpels globular : petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 12. BR. fascicularis, Mull. (Earty Crowroor.) Low, pubescent— with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres; radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses- sile lateral ones, itself 3 -5-divided or parted and 3—5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread- ing calyx; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak.— Rocky hills. April, May.— Plant 5/-9! high; the bright yel- low flower 1! broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale. 10 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. BR. répenms, L. (Creerinc Crowroor.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners; leaves 3-divid- ed; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., May — Aug. —Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.) 14. BR. surizdosus, L. (BuLrsous Crowroor, Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions ses- sile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak.— Meadows and pas- tures; very abundant only in E. New England; seldom found in the interior. May -July.— A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 15. BR. Acris, L. (Tart Crowroor, Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx.— Meadows and fields. June - Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Juttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in. drying, when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Achenia beset ut rough points or small prickles: annuals. 16. BR. murivates, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. BR. varviritorus, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse; lower leaves round- ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-parted ; petals not longer than the calyx ; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- gined. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. MYOSURUS » Dill. MouseE-TalL. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- ler claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20. Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pus, a mouse, and ovpa, a tail), the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root- leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 1. MW. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.) RANUNCULACEEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) li 10. ISOPYRUM. L. _ (Evyémioy, Raf.) Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2—several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2—3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (Name from igos, equal, and mupés, wheat; of no obvious application.) 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. | — Moist shady pla ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May.— Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum anemonoides. 1k. CALTHA, L. Manrsu Manicorp. Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petalsnone. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from xada6os, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-eup or calyx.) 1. C. palaiistris, L. ‘Marsa Maricorp.) Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire; sepals about 6, broadly oval (bright yellow).— Swamps and wet meadows, common north- ward. April, May.— This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower, under the name of Cows rps; but the Cowslip is a totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.) 12. TROLLIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun- culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 1. TW. l&axas, Salisb. (Spreapinc GLope-FLroweR.) Sepals 5-6, spreading ; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May.— Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the namo is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the bloseom showy, being pale greenish-yellow. 13. COPTIS, Salisb. Goxprerean. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4 - 8-seeded. -- Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from «drt, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 12 RANUNCULACEH. (CROWF()OT FAMILY.) 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (Turer-reavep Gotprnreap.| Leaflets 8, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape |-flowered.— Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the mountains. May.— Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3/-5’ high. (Eu.) 14. HELLEBORUS, L._ Hetiezors Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from €Aeiy, to injure, and Bopa, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 1. HN. viripis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ; calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Ady. from Eu.) . 15. AQUILEGIA, Town. Coxrumnrnn. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- nials, with 2—3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 1. A. Canadénsis, L. (Wizp Coxtumerne.) Spurs inflated, sud- denly contracted towards the tip, nearly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April—June.— Flowers 2! long, scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be- comes upright in fruit.— More delicate and graceful than the A. yureAris, L., the common GarpEN CoLumBInNeE, from the Old World, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 16. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short claws : rarely all four are united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in | fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes, (Name from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un- like the classical figures of the dolphin.) 1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (Tart Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3--5- cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft-at the apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; spur straight; pods 3, erect. Y— Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2°--5° high, Low. er leaves 4/-5’ broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy. sai ieee 45 RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13 2 D. tricérme, Michx. (Dwarr Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 5-part ed, their divisions unequally 3-—5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; raceme few flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. \—W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6/-12'’ high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 3. D. azttreum, Michx. (Azure Larkspur.) Leaves deeply 3-5- parted, the divisions 2—3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict ; spur ascending, usually curved upwards; pods 3-5, erect. \| — Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June.— Stem 1°-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. 4. D. Consoripa, L. (Fietp Larkspur.) Leaves dissected into nar- row linear lobes; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. @) — Penn. (Mer- cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped frum grain-fields : and sparingly along road-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. ACONITUM » Tourn. Aconire. Monxksnoop. WoLrsBANe. Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet- shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sevy- eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an- cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bithynia.) -1. A. uncinatum, L. (Witp Monksnoop.) Glabrous; stem slen- der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 -—5-lobed, petioled ; the lobes ovate-ianceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June —-Aug. 2. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Trarminc Wotrspane.) Glabrous; stems trailing (3°-8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu- lar in outline ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed ; flowers white, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Lower leaves 5/-6/ wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. IS. ZANTHORWIZA, Marshall. Survus YELLOw-Koor. Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 or 10. Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short style becoming dorsal in its growth.—A low shrubby plant; the bark and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 —2-pinnate leaves, from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of Eav6ds, yellow, and pifa, root.) . 14 RANUNCUIACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. Z. apiifolia, L’ Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburne, New York, Dr. Douglass. Stems clustered, 1°-2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 19. HYDRASTIS, L. Orance-root. YELLOw Puccoon. Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled: stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson 1 - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vdwp, water, and dpaa, to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 1. H. Canadénsis, L.—Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5—7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4! -9/ wide. 20. ACT ZA, L. Bayezserry. Conosn. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, apatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single: stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from axtn, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 1. A. Spicata, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. . In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs: pedicels not bracted.— A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the ‘pods and seeds; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOSZH. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. Traeel. ARABIDEZ. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seeds flattered. Co tyledons accumbent, plane. j CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29 * Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless. 1 NASTURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly in two rows in each cell, small. 2. IODANTHUS. - Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell. # Pod flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row in each cell. 8. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight! Leaves all radical 4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved. 5. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stems leafy below. * * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear; the valves one-nerved in the middle, or veiny. 6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple. 7. TURRITIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each cell. 8. BARBAREA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds in one row in each cell. Flowers yellow. Tews: Il. SISYMBRIEZE. Podelongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow, plane. 9. ERYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 10. SISYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4-6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. Tams Il. BRASSICEZZ. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. Il. SINAPIS. Pod terete; the valves 3-5-nerved. Calyx spreading. Il. SILICULOSZE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. Tame IV. ALYSSINEZE. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion, if atall. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 12. DRABA. Pod flat, many-seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved. 13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 -several-seeded: valves nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded: valves nerveless. Tams V. CAMELINEZE. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. 14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid: valves l-nerved. Style slender. Tamt VI. LEPIDINE.X. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane. 15. LEPIDIUM. Pod two-seeded. . 16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular. Tams VII. SUBULARIEZE. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and incumbent. | 17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped. Tame VII. SENEBIEREZE, Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti- tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut- lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7. 18. SENEBIERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated. . Ill. LOMENTACEZ. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two ‘ or more closed joints. Tae IX. CAKILINEZE. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1. 19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed: the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded. Tame X. RAPHANEZE. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe & 20. RAPHANUS. Pod elongated several-seeded, transversely intercepted. 3* 30 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Warer-Cruss. Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so, often curved upwards: valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquat- ic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent qualities.) § 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx: pods linear : leaves pinnate. 1, N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (WateR-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6//-8" long) on slender widely spreading pedicels. }|—Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx: pods linear, oblong, ovoid, or globular: leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow. 2. N. syivistrRE. R. Br. (YELLOw Cress.) Stems ascending; leaves pinnately parted, the divisions tcothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods linear (4/’-6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila- delphia ; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. N. Simuzatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4/’-6" long), on ‘slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. * * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with simple fibrous roots : flowers smail or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate. 4. N. sessilifidrum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elon- gated-oblong (5!'—6 long), thick; style very short.— With No. 3 and south- ward. April-June. 5. N. Obttsum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 6. N. palwistre, DC. (Marsu Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short.— Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. June — Sept. — Flowers only 1//-13/’ long. Stems 1°-3° high.— The typical form with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartwell). Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. HiIsPipum (N. hispidum, DC.) is this, with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) § 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx: pods ovoid or globular: leaves undi- vided, or the lower ones pinnatifid. (Armoracia.) 7. N. lacwistre, Gray, Gen. Ill. 1, p. 132. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; €RUCIFERS. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31 pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. \ (N.natans,ed.1. N. natans, var. Americanum, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers, N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. July. 8. N. ArmorActa, Fries. (HorsgerapisH.) Root-leaves very large, ob- long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending ; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. | (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.) — Roots large and long ;—a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Ady. from Eu.) 2. LODANTHUS, Tor. &Gray. Fars Rocser. Pod linear, elongated, terete; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in panicled racemes. (Name from ioédns, violet-colored, and advOos, flower.) 1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hésperis pinnatifida, Michr.) — Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. —Stem 1°-38° high. Petals 5” long, spatulate. Pods 1! to nearly 2! long, somewhat curved upwards. 3 LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Leavenworruta. Pod linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate- veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em- bryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one- few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer of one species.) 1. L. Michawtxii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish, yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michr.)—On flat rocks, Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends it with purple flowers). March, April. 2. L. atirea, Torr. Scapes 1 -8-flowered ; petals yellow, larger than in the other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward. 4. DENTARIA, L. Tooruwort. PxrppER-RooT. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) 1. D. diphylia, L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together, of 83 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May.— Rootstocks 5’-10/ long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white. : 32 CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of toothed tubers ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ovute, obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. 0., Torr. & Gr.) — W. New York, and Penn., Nuttall! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe! May.— Stem 10/-2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. 1, purple. Joints of the rootstock 1/-2! long, }/ thick, starchy. The leayes are intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3. 3. D. lacimiata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed.— Rich soil along streams, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.—A span high: raceme scarcely longer than the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leayes much dissected. 4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire , root-leaves of 3 round-evate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaftets. — West- ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May.—A span high, slender : stem-leaves 1! ee Flowers few, purple. 5. CARDAMINE, L._ Birzer Cruss. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent.— Flowers white or purple. (From KépSapor, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. %* Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 1. ©. rhomboidea, DC. (Sprine Cress.) Stems upright, tuberifer- ous at the base; stems simple; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan- ccolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point- ed with a slender style tipped with a-conspicuous stigma; seeds round-oval. — Wet meadows and springs; common. Flowers large, white. April-June. ar, purptirea, Torr. Lower (4-6! high) and slightly pubescent ; leaves rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, W. New York to Wisconsin. 2. C. rotumdifolia, Michx. (American Warer-Cress.) Stems branching, weak or decumbent, with cr eeping runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the style; stigma minute ; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool, shaded springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June.— Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summer 1°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2'-3!' high), tufted; leaves ovate, en tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4! long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear; style CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33 nearly none. — Alpine simmit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1! long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so that the plant might as well be an Arabis! (Eu.) * * Root perennial : leaves pinnate: flowers showy. 4. C. pratémsis, L. (Cuckoo-rLrower.) Stem ascending; leaflets 7- 13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx; style short but distinct.— Wet places and bogs, Vermont to Wisconsin northward; rare. May. (Eu.) * x « Root biennial or annual: leaves pinnate: flowers small. 5. C. hirsista, L. (Common Birrer Cress.) Mostly smooth in the United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate- pinnatifid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed; of the upper oblong or linear, often entire; petals twice as long as the calyx (white); the narrow pods and the pedicels upright: style shorter than the width of the pod. (C. Pennsylvanica, Mudl.) — Moist places, everywhere: a small delicate variety, with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. Vireinica, Michx. (not of Hb. Linn.) May-July. (Eu.) = ———eee COU 6. ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, l-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent.— Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.) * Leaves all pinnately parted: root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.) 1. Ae Ludoviciama, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched from the base (5’-10! high); divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous, oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small; pods erect-spread- ing, flat (9!’-12" long, 1’ wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) — Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. * * Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials. + Seeds wingless or slightly margined. 2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4/-10/ high), glabrous ex- cept the lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering to the base, the upper entire ; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April-June. — _ Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety ? from Upper Michigan and northward, (Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol- ly incumbent. 3. A. demtitta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched (19-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread- _ ing, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any.— New York and Illinois to Virgin- 34 “ CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ia and Kentucky: May.— About 1° high, slender. Pods 1’ long, almost fili- form ; the valves obscurely nerved. 4. A. patems, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1°-2° high); siem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant. (Also Ten- nessee.) May.— Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods 14/-2! long. 5. A. hirstita, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1°-2° high, simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near- ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.) + + Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition: petals narrow, whitish. 6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; pods long and narrow, recurved- spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.— Stem -1°-3° high. Pods 3’ long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. heterophylla, Nutt.) 7. A. Camadénsis, L. (Sickiy-rop.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods drooping, flat, scythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx.) Woods. June-Aug.— Stem 2°-3° high. Pods 3! long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like & scymitar. . 7 TURRITIS, Dill. TowrER MustTarp. Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal rows in each cell. —Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color (Name from turris, a tower.) . 1. BH. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glau- cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base; the yellowish white petals little longer than the calyx; flowers and the long and narrow (3! long) straight pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Hu.) 2, NW. stricta, Graham. Smooth (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up- right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York. Lake Superior, and northward. May.—Root-leaves small. Petals white, tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2}/-4! long, 1” wide. 3. VT. brachycarpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short * CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 83 and broadish pods spreading or ascending.—Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan. — Root-leaves hairy. Pod 1/ long. Flowers pale purple. S BARBAREA, R.Br. Wisrer Cress. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials: fiowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar- bara.) 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Commoys Wiyxter Cress. YELLOw Rock- Et.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ;—or, in the var. sTR{fcTA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. precox, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. aRCUATA, ascending on spreading ped- icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May.— Probably naturalized from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe- rior northward and westward. (Eu.) B. przcox, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy-Grass,—is becoming spon- taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods, scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of the stem-leaves. 9. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacte Mustarp. Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. (Name from ¢pvw, to draw blisters.) 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worsm-step Mustarp.) Minnutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods small and short (7"'-12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels.— Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Ulinois, and north- ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.) 2. E. Arkansinum, Nutt. (Western Wati-riower.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3'-4' long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. — Plant stout, 1°- 2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. 10. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hever Mustarp. Pod terete, ‘flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. (An aneient Greek name for some plant of this family ) * 36 CRUCIFEREZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY., 1. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (Hseper Musrarp.) Leaves runcinate; flows ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl shaped, scarcely stalked. @-— Waste places. May-Sept.— An unsightly, branched weed, 2°-3° high. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. § THariAnum, Gaud. (Movsn-rar Cress.) Leaves obovate or chlong, entire or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. @—Old fields and rocks, New York to Kentucky, &c. April, May.— A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. S canéscems, Nutt. (Tansy Mustarp.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the - divisions small and toothed; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi- cels; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. @— Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon- sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent. 11. SENAPIEIS, Tourn. MustTarp. Pod nearly terete, with a short beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded) ; the valves 3—5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open.— Annuals or biennials, with yel- low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name Sivame, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) 1. S. dupa, L. (Wnire Mustarp.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid. — (Cult. and ady. from Eu.) 2. S. arvénsis, L. (Frerp Mustarp. CuariocK.) Pods smooth, knot- — ty, about thrice the length of the conical 2-edged usually empty beak ; upper leaves merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon- sin. (Ady. from Eu.) 3. S. nicra, L. (Brack Musrarp.) Pods smooth, 4-cornered (the valves 1-nerved only), appressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ; leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places. The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Ady. from Eu.) 12. DRABA, L. WuitLow-Grass. Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex, 1-3-nerved: partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu- bescence mostly stellate. (Name from Span, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of the leaves.) §1. DRABA, DC. — Petals undivided. * Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed : flowers white: pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched (5'-8! high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate; ra- CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37 cemes corymbose-branched ; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2/'- 5! long), on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper’s Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May. 2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent; flowering stems (6’-10 high) erect and mostly simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu- late, sparingly toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong- lanceolate (5/’-6/ long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style. — Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north- ward. May, June.— Petals large. % * Annual or biennial: leafy stems short: flowers white or in No. 4 yellow: style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 3. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2’-4! high), minutely pubescent, stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2}//—4" long), few-toothed or entire; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2! long), about the length of the ascending pedicels. — Dry@hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 4. D. memordsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4/ - 8! long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent (D. nemoralis, Lhrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.).— Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 5. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1'-3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels.-— Grassy places, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 6. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1/-4” high); leaves obovate, most- ly entire; peduncles scape-like; petals twice the length of the calyx; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (4!—1' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels.—Sandy ficlds, Rhode Island to Illinois, and southward. March-June. 7. D. micrantha, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute ; raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6.— From Wisconsin south- westward. §2. EROPHILA, DC.— Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.) 8. D. vérna, L. (Wuirtow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1/-3! high); leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and road-sides: not common. April, May.— Not found north of Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 13. VESICARIA, Lam. Brapper-ron. Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicalar partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- 4 38 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) eral, fla; Catyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes- cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder, from the inflated pods.) 1. V. Shoértii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat hoary ; leaves oblong, entire or repand; raceme loose; style filiform, longer than the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod ; seeds not margined, 1 -2 in each cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short. 2. V.? Lesetirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root; leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base; style half the length of the his- pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow- ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky. . 14. CAMELINA, Crantz. Fase Fuax. Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad partition: valves l-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xapai, dwarf, and Aivor, flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 1. ©. sativa, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined, large. @ — Flax-fields, &e. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. LEPIDIUM ae Us PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white. Stamens often only two! (Name from Aemidcoy, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials. 1. L. Virginicum, L. (Wiip Prerrererass.) Pods orbicular, wing- less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ; the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept.—A weed which has immigrated from farther South. 2. L. intermédium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1.— From Michigan northward and southwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx. 3. LL. RUDERALE, L. Pods oval and smaller; cotyledons incumbent ; petals none; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1.— Road- sides, near towns; sparingly. (Ady. from Eu.) 4. L. campfstre, L. Pods ovate, winged, rough with minute scales, notched ; leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa- chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.) CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39 16. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD’s PURSE. Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum- bent. — Annuals: flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 1. ©. Borsa-pastoris, Meench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. SUBULARIA, L. Awtworr. Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none.—A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1/-3/ high. Flowers minute, white. 1. S. aquatica, L.— Margin of lakes in Maine. June, July. (Eu.) 18. SENEBIERA, DC. Wanr-Cress. Swrve-Cress. Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells indehiscent, but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin kled or tuberculate, l-seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to Senchver, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) ° 1. S. didyma, Pers. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, LZ.) — Waste places, at ports, &c., Virginia and Carolina: an immigrant from farther South. 2. S. Corondrus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Robbins. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. CAKILE, Tour. Sea-Rocker. Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-celled, l-seeded ; the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (American Sea-Rocker.) Leaves obo vate, sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex.—Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July-Sept.—Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 20. RAPHANUS, L._ Ranisn. Pods linear or obleng, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed Jess and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, 40 CAPPARIDACEEH. (CAPER FAMILY.) with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An- nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from fd, quickly, and daive, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 1. BK. Rapnanfstrum, L. (Witp Ravisu. Jornrep Cuarnock.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning .Whitish or purplish, veiny.— A troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England and New York. (Ady. from Eu.) The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already mentioned, are . CuErrAntuus Cuerrrt, the well-known WaLL-FLOWER. MatrufoLta ANNUA, and other sorts of Srocx. H&SPERIS MATRONALIS, the Rocker, which begins to escape from gardens. BrAssica OLERACEA, of which the CaBBaceE, Kour-Rapi, CAULIFLOWER, and Broccoxi are forms: B. campésrris, which furnishes the Swepisu Tur- nip or Rurapaca: and B. Rapa, the Common Turnip. The latter becomes spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised. RAPHANUS SATivus, the RapisH; inclines.sometimes to be spontaneous. Lunaria REpIvivA, the Moonworrt or Honusry, with its broad flat pods. IBERIS UMBELLATA, the Canpy-rurT, and ALyssuM MARITIMUM, the Sweer ALyssum. e Lepfpiom sarivom, the cultivated PerrperGRrass. IsArTis TINcTORIA, the Woap, of the division Nucumentacee, having inde- hiscent 1-celled fruit. Orper 13. CAPPARIDACEZ. (Carr Famtty.) Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placente, and kid- ney-shaped seeds.— Pod as in Cruciferee, but with no partition, often stalked: seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferee (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa- ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within our limits only by the following plant. i. POLANESIA, Raf. PonaNISIA, Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-82, une- qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from rodvs, many, and avicos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.) 1. P. gravéolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly —=\l ss =F VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41 banks from Lake Champlain and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Kentucky, June-Aug.— Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish- white. Orper 14. RESEDACEZE. (Micnoyetre FAMILY.) Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4—7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one- sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3-6-lobed, 3—6-horned, 1- celled with 3-6 parietal placenta, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter- minal spikes or racemes.— A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odorata) and the Dyer’s Weed. 1. RESEDA, L. Micnonette. Dyer’s Rocker. Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 10-40, turned to one side. (De- riv. from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 1. BR. Lurtora, L. (Dyer’s Weep or Wetp.) Leaves lanceolate; ca- lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3-5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. (4) — Road-sides in W_ New York, &c.— Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Ady. from Eu.) Orper 15. VIOLACEX. (Vioter Famity.) Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogy- nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1- celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placenta. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con- tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol- low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placente on their middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen: cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight- - ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States. 1. SOLEA, Ging., DC. Green VIOLET. Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low- er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit.—A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.) 4* 42 VIOLACE&. (VIOLBT FAMILY.) 1. S. cé6mcolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.)— Woods, New York to Illinois and southward. June.— Plant 1°-2° high. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire. Pod i! long: after opening, cach valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider- able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets. 2. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. HEART’S-EASE. Sepals extended or eared at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly _ cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) * Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren- nial. (Commonly producing apetalous flowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles concealed under the leaves, or on runners: these ripen seed much more freely than the ordinary blossoms.) + Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short). 1. V. rotumdifolia, Michx. (Rounp-LeEAvep ViouxEt.) Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Alle- ghanies. April, May.— Smoothish: leaves 1! broad at flowering, increasing to 3/ or 4/ in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining abové. + + Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac: spur short. 2. V. lanceolata, L. (Lance-teavep VioLet.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward; common near the coast. May. 3. V. primulzfolia, L. (Primrosre-LeEaveD VIOLET.) Smooth or a little pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acita, Bigelow.) —Damp soil; with No. 2: intermediate between it and No. 4. 4. V. blanda, Willd. (Sweet Wuitre Viorer.) Leaves round-heart- shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless.— Damp places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May.— Flowers small, faintly sweet-scented. 4+ + + Flowers violet or blue. 5. WV. paliistris, L. (Marsn Vioret.) Smooth; leaves round-heart- shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate ; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire; June. (Eu.) 6. V. Selikirkii, Goldie. (Great-spuRRED VioLET.) Leaves round- heart-shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy above, lying flat on the ground ; spur nearly as long as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York, thence northward. May.—A rare and delicate species, 2/ high; the flowers large in proportion. ———————ll Tra ee oS; TS ~ . VIOLACEZ. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 43 7. V. cucullata, Ait. (Common Brive Vioter.) Leaves all long- petioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled inwards when young, obtusely serrate; /ateral and often the lower petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless.— Low grounds, common everywhere. April-June.— Very variable in size, &c. and in the color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3/-10/ high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into Var. palmata. (Hanp-tear Viower.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleft or parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, Z.) — Common, especially southward. 8. V. villOsa, Walt., Nutt. (Harry Vioxter.) Leaves mostly short- petioled and lying flat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish; lateral and mostly the lower petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. (V. cordifolia, Schwein. V. sordria, Le Conte, &c., scarcely of Willd.) —Dry hills and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller than the last, 2’-4’ high: “corolla reddish-blue.”’ Probably only a round leaved variety of the next. 9. Sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-Leavep VioLer.) Smoothish or hairy ; on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion- ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. (V. ovata, Nutt., & V. emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Llinois and southward. April, May.— Flowers rather large. . 10. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. (Larxsrur Viover.) Leaves all pai- mately or pedately 5 -7-parted, the divisions 2-3-cleft; lobes linear ; lateral petals bearded ; stigma short-beaked. — Rich prairie soil, Iinois and westward. April. — Much resembles the next. ll. V. pedata, L. (Brrp-roor Vio.tet.) Nearly smooth; leaves ail 3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex; petals beardless ; stigma nearly beakless.— Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to Illinois and southward. May.— Flower large and handsome, 1’ broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel- vety like a Pansy. * * Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial rootstocks. + Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching « flowers not yellow, sometimes produced all summer long. 12. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Lone-Srurrep Vio.er.) Stems ascending (3/-6/ high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless petals ; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- 44 VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky; rare. June, July.—Spur }/ long. An- ther-spurs also very long. 3. V. Miukhlembérgii, Torr. (Amertcan Dog Viorxt.) Stems ascending (3/~7! long), at length with creeping branches; leaves round-heart- shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet places; common. May, June. 14. V. Striata, Ait. (Pate Vroxetr.) Stems anguiar, ascending, branching (6/-10/ high) ; leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti- pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked.— Low grounds ; common, especially westward. April - Oct. 15. V. Camadémsis, L. (Canapa Viorer.) Upright (1°-2° high) ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ; spur very short; stigma beakless, hairy on each side. — Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. + + Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2-4-leaved above: stipulegymearly entire: flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side. 16. V. pubéscens, Ait. (Downy YEeLtLtow Viorer.) Softly pubes- cent (6/—12! high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with purple. — Woods; common. May-Aug. Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, 1°-2° high; pods wool- ly. (V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward. Var. scabriuscula, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubescent; stems often decumbent (4/-10! high). — Rhode Island to Ohio and Kentucky. 17. VW. Ihastata, Michx. (Hatperp-reavep Vioret.) Nearly gla brous, slender (4!-10! high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south- ward. June. * * * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 upper petals ascending. 18. W. rrfcoror, L. (Pansy. Hearr’s-ease.) Stem angled and branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre- nate or entire; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals vari- able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ;— in var, ARVENSIS shorter or rather longer than the calyx.— Dry or sandy soil, New York to Kentucky and southward: doubtless only a small state of the Garden Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.) V. oporAra, the Sweet Viotxrt of Europe, which far excels all the Amer- ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontancously near dwellings. r e. : | ; —— CISTACEZ. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 45 Orver 16. CISTACEZ. (Rocx-rose Famr.) Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mosily indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3—5-valved pod with as many parietal placente borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albu- minous seeds. — Sepals 5; the two external small, like bracts, or sometimes wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu- ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em- bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen: cotyledons narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family: mostly of the Medi- terranean region.) Synopsis. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fagacious. Stamens and ovules nu- merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none. 2 HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly l-celled, 2 - 6-«eeded. a Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placenta. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Toun. Rocx-rosze. - Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none: stigma 3- lobed. Capsule strictly 1l-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary, or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many- seeded pods: 2. secondary, or later ones, which are mach smaller and in clus- ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from #Acos, the sun, and dvOepov, flower.) 1. H. Canadénse, Michx. (Frost-weep.) Petal-bearing flowers soli- tary ; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle- ghanies. June - Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1/ wide, producing pods 3” long: pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin’s head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name. 2. H. corymboésum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast. 46 OISTACEZ. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 2. HUDSONIA, L. Hvpsonra. Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve- like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heath- like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl- shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches (Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin- nzus.) 1. Hl. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir- ginia: extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May. 2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. .Moary with down; leaves oval or oblong, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June. — Flowers 5! broad. 3. LECHIEA, L. Pinweerp. Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud: not longer than the calyx, withering-persist- ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, appearing partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentz borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve: in our species, the placente curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- ish.— Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers. (Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 1. L. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters ; pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood- lands; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July —-Sept.— Plant 1°- 2° high, stout. 2. L. thymifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base; flowering stems ascending, loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the shoots ellip- tical, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters; pedicels as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south- ward. July—Sept.— Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid; the pods larger than in No. 1. 3. L. mimor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse ; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the slender branchlets; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry open soil; common. June-Sept.— Plant 5/-15! high, slender, running inte numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods small er than in No. 2. DROSERACER. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47 Orper 17. DROSERACEZX. (Sunpew Famry.) Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen- taimerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-celled pod with twice as many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placente.— Calyx im- bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base asin Ferns. (A small fam- ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c.; the Sundews impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus within our limits, viz. 1. DROSERA, L. _ Sunvew. Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, d-eply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender; stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob- long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves “caring the numerous seeds on their mid- dle for the whole length.— Low perennials; the leaves clothed with 1eddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a l-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit- tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from dpoaepos, dewy.) 1. D. rotundifolia, L. (Rounp-Leavep Sunpew.) Leaves orbicu- lar, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July-Aug. (Eu.) 2. D. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. intermedia, Hayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June- Aug. — Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 3. D. limearis, Goldie. (Stexper Sunpew.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2'-3/ long, scarcely 2! wide) on naked erect. petioles about the same length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. — Shore of Lake Superior. July. 4. D. filif6rmis, Raf. (Tureap-Lteavep Sunpew.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk; seeds spindle-shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (}/ broad).— Wet sand, near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, Delaware, and south- ' ward. Aug.— Scapes 6/-12/ high; and the singular leaves nearly as long. DionZa muscfpevua, Ellis, the Venus’s Fry-rrap,—so noted for the ex- traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, —is a native of the sandy sayannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sey- eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 48 HYPERICACEH. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) Orper 18. PARNASSIACE. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like Hypericacez, but the leaves alternate and dotless,— sometimes clearly perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragacee,—the 4 sessile stigmas situated directly over the parietal-placente ! I. PARNASSIA » Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud: a cluster of somewhat united gland- tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals: filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentz: stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placente. Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placente on their middle. Seeds very nu- merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo straight: cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leayes chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 1. P. paliistris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- veined ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender.—-Shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug.-—Stalks 3/-10' high. Leaves all heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1! broad. (Eu.) : 2. P. Carolimniama, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the mountains. July -Sept.— Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. Stalk 19-2° high. Flower 1/-13/ broad. 3. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in No. 2.— High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. Orper 19. HYPERICACE®. (Sr. Joun’s-worr Famry.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod 1-celled with 2—5 parietal placenta, and as many styles, or 3—5-celled by the union of the placente in the centre: dehiscence septicidal. — Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Pod 2-—5- (rarely 6-7-) lobed, with as many persistent styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical: the cotyledons very 7 bo _ Ll HYPERICACEH. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 49 short.— Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities), dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves gp ses- sile. Flowers solitary or cymose. ' Synopsis. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow.- 3. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3. 1. ASCYRUM, L. Sr. Perer’s-wort. Sepals 4; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Pet- als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-valved. — Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and cxtpos, roughness, being very smooth plants. ) 1. A. St&ms, Michx. (Sr. Peter’s-worr.) Stem simple or branched above, 2-edged, 1°- 2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick- ish ; petals obovate ; styles 3-4.— Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug.— Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round- heart-shaped. 2. A. Crux-Andrew, L. (Sr. Axprew’s Cross.) Low, much branched and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short; pod flat.— Pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky, and southward. July -Sept.— Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross. 2. HYPERICUM, L. St. Jony’s-worr. Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous or few, united or clustered in 3-5 parcels: no interposed glands. Pod 1- or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.) 41. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6 -7-) celled, with the pla- cent turned far back into the cells: herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large. 1. H. pyramidatum, Ait. (Great Sr. Joun’s-wort.) Branches 2-4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, not deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, W- New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July.— Plant 3°-5° high. Leaves 2/-3/ long. Petals 1/ long. Pod }! long, conical. § 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentae, which are seed-bearing on the outer face. « Shrubs, leafy to the top: styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5: calyx leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered. 5 50 HYPERICACER. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 2. Hi. Kalmiamum, L. Bushy, 1°-3° high; branches 4-angled: branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate ; flowers few in a eluster ; pods ovate 5-celled.— Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug. — Leaves 1/-2’long. Flowers 1’ wide. 8. Hi. prolificum, L. (Surussy Sr. Jonn’s-wort.) Branchlets 2- edged; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly.obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers numerous, in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled. — New Jersey to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July-Sept.— Shrub 19-4° high, with long rather simple shoots, leaves 2’ long and 4’ or more wide, and flowers 3/-1 in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &c. Var. demsifidrum. LExceedingly branched above, 1°-6° high, the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller ($/- 3! in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (H. densiflorurn, & H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western Maryland, Kentucky, and southward. * * Perennial herbs: styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3: petals and anthers with black dots: calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters. 4. Hi. perrorAtum, L. (Common Sr. Joxun’s-wort.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-cdged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June-Sept.— Too well known every- _ where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) . 5. Hi. corymboésum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals. —Damp places; common. July-Sept.— Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2//-3” long, marked with black lines as well as dots. § 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod 1-celled, or incompletely 3-celled, the 3 placente sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre: perennial herbs or low shrubs. % Sepals foliaceous and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one. 6. Hi. ellipticuma, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure- ly 4-angled; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered ; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1-celled.— Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3! long. 7. Hi. adpréssum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody at the base (1°-2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme leafy at the base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, incompleteli 3 -—4-celled. ~ Moist places, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southwest ward. July, Aug. — Leaves 14/ long. Petals bright yel’aw, 3 -5!! long. HYPERICACEZ. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 51 8. H. dolabrif6rme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody below (6/-20/ hizh), terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread- ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5/’- 6! long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, strictly 1-celled, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michxr.) —Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June- Aug. 9. H. sphzrocarpon, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her- baceous, scarcely angular (1°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, oblong-lineat or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many- flowered, flat, naked ; sepals ovate ; pods depressed-globular, strictly 1-celled, rather thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals about 3/’ long. 10. Hi. mudifldrum, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply 4-angled or almost winged above (1°-4° high) ; leaves oblong or oval- lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered, naked ; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled.— Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. July.— Petals 3/-4!' long. * * Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate. 11. H. angulosum, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- angled, herbaceous (1%-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute (}/-1/ long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme- like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid 1-celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. July-Sept.— Petals copper-yellow, 4//-5/ long, much longer than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side. § 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) \-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentce : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small: sepals narrow, erect: slender annuals, with 4-angular branches. 12. H. miitilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6-10! high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate- conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parvifloruam, Musil.) —Low grounds, everywhere. — Flowers 2” broad. 13. H. Canadénse, L. Stem strict (6’-20/ high), with the branches erect ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base; cymes naked ; pods conical- oblong, usually much longer than the calyx.— Wet, sandy soil: common. June- Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2//-3/' broad when expanded. 14. H. Drummd6ndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10’-18' high); /eaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, l-nerved (3!'-9" long); flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- mondii, Grev. § Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July - Oct. —-Sepals 2/’-3" long, mostly exceeding the petals. 15. Hi. Sarothra, Michx. (Orance-crass. Pine-werep.) Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4’-9/ high) ; leaves minute awl-shaped scales, appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; 52 ELATINACEZ. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, ZL.) — Sandy fields; common. June - Oct. H. eraviotens, Buckley, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large flowers, & H. BUckieyt, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers, both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir- ginia. de ELODEA, Pursh. Marsu St. JoHn’s-wOrvt. Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong: styles distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum- mit of the stem. (Name from €dX@dns, growing in marshes.) 1. E. Virgimica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum . Virginicum, Z.)— Common in swamps. July, Aug. 2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong: fila- ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west- ward. Orver 20. ELATINACEX. (Warter-worrt Famiry.) Little marsh annuals, with opposite dotless leaves and membranaceous stip- ules, minute axillary flowers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2-—5-celled, and the seeds as in St. John’s-wort. — The principal genus is 1. ELATINE, L. Warer-worr. Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-5. Pod 2-5-celled, several-many-seeded, 2-5-valved; the partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. (A Greek name for some obscure herb.) 1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1! high}, creeping, rooting in the mud, tufted ; leaves obovate; flowers sessile; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig- mas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer- icana, Pursh. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c., N. Hampshire, to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion, straightish. Orprr 21. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (Pink Famity.) Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 —5-merous flowers, with or without petals; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5; seeds attached to the CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.) 53 base or the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3—5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen.— Bland herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro- pous or campylotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first three are the principal. Synopsis. Susporper L SILENEZX. Tue Proper Pink FAMILY. Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in zstivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipules none. Flowers mostly showy. # Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened: embryo nearly straight. 1 DIANTHUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. *# *» Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled. 2. SAPONARIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2. 8. VACCARIA. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 5-winged. Styles 2. '@ SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3, rarely 4. 6 AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 6 narrow leafy lobes. Styles 5. Susporper Il. ALSINEZ. Tue Cuickweep Famiry. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none), mostly imbricated in wstivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few-—many-seeded. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they.— Low herbs. Stipules none. # Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. + Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 3), and entire. 6 HONKENYA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu- lar 10-lobed disk. 7. ALSINE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked. + + Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as there are styles. ++ Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves. 8. ARENARIA. Petals 5, entire. Styles 3. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft, making 6. Seeds rough, naked. 9. MC@HRINGIA. Petals 4-5,entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8-valved. Seeds smooth and shining, appencaged at the hilum. 10. STELLARIA. Petals 4-5, mostly 2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2-5) most ly 8. Pods splitting into twice as many valves. Seeds not appendaged. ++ ++ Pod opening only at the top by teeth. ll. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the end. Stamens and styles mostly 3. 12. CERASTIUM. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Styles as many as the petals. # # Styles alternate with the sepals: stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many. 18. SAGINA. Petals 4-5, undivided, or none. Styles 4-5. Pod 4-5-valved. 5 * 54 CARYOPHYLLACEE. (PINK FAMILY.) Suspor>.ER III. ILLECEBREZ. Tue Knotwort Famity. Character same as of the Chickweed Family, but with dry scale-like stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some times 1-seeded. * Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3-5. Petals usually conspicuous. 14. SPERGULARIA. Styles38-5. Leaves opposite. 15. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. * * Pod (utricle) 1-seeded. Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamens plainly inserted on the base of the calyx. 16. ANYCHIA. Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed. 47. PARONYCHIA. Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned. SuporpER IV. SCLERANTHEZX. Tue Knawet Famiry. Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle; the stamens inserted at the throat. 18. SCLERANTHUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. Suporper V. MOLLUGINEZ. Inpran-CuickweEep Faminy. Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary : — otherwise as in Suborders 2 and 3. 19. MOLLUGO. Petalsnone. Stamens3-5. Stigmas 3. Pod 8-celled, many-seeded. SupoRDER L SNLENEZE. Tue Proprer Poxx Famiry. 1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. CARNATION. Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well- known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name from Avos, of Jupiter, and dvOos, flower, i. e. Jove’s own flower.) 1. D. Arminia, L. (Derrrorp Pink.) Flowers in close clusters; bract- lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube; leaves linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crenate. @ — Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) D. Caryornyuuvs, L., is the original of the CLovn-Pink or CARNATION, &¢. of the gardens, D. BarBATUs is the Swret-Wi1LLiAM or Buncu Pink. 2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapworr. Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name CARYOPHYLLACES. (PINK FAMILY.) 58 from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather with water.) 1. S. orricrnAris, L. (Common Soarpwort. Bouncine Bet.) Clus ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy; petals crowned with an av- pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. }|— Road-sides, & July -Sept.— A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com monly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. WACCARIA, Medik. Cow-Hers. Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in- completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers in corymbed cymes, and ovyate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow.) 1..V. vuxreAris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, LZ.) — Escaped from gardens and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Ady. from Eu.) 4. SILENE > ie CaTcHFLY. CamPIoNn. / Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens10. Styles 8, rarely 4. Pod l-celled, or partly 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 tecth at the apex. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from giador, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many species, The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.) * Calyx bladdery-inflated : perennial : flowers panicled, white. 1. S. stellata, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla §’ broad. (Cucubalus stellatys, 7.) 2. S. mivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca lyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl- vania, to Ohio and Illinois: rare. July. — Stem 1°-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in No. 1. 3. S. ryrvAta, Smith. (BLappER Campion.) Glaucous ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July.—A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flowers cymose or clustered: perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx: petals crowned, red or rose-color. 4. 8S. Pennsylivamica, Michx. (Witp Ping.) Stems low (4/-8 high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti oles ; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; calyx club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded ut the end, purple rose- 56 CARYOPHYLLACEH, (PINK FAMILY.) color.— Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New Englarid to Pennsylvania, Kem tucky, and southward. April—June. 5. S. Virgimica, L. (Fire Ping. Carcuriy.) Stems slender (1°- 2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose- ly cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2- cleft, deep crimson ; the limb 1! long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sartwell) to Iilinois and southward. June-Aug. 6. S. régia, Sims. (Royau Catcurty.) Stem roughish, erect (3°-4° high) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu tate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet.— Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. July. 7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (Rounp-Lteavep Catcuriy.) Viscid- hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon- gated ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Kentucky. June-Aug.— Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may pass into No. 5. %* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod: annual: flowers rose, flesh- ‘ color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8). +- Glabrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous. 8. S Arméria, L. (Sweet-Wittram Catonrriy.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered ; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Escaped from zardens to waste places; rare. (Ady. from Eu.) 9. 8. antirrhima, L. (Stesery Carcuriy.) Stem slender (8/—30/ high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obovate, minutely crowned, inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil; common in waste places. June —Sept. + + Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night. 10. S. nocttrna, L. (Nieut-Catrcuriy.) Leaves short, the lower spatu- late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict 1-sided spike; petals 2- parted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Ady. from Eu.) 11. S. noctiriORa, L. (Niegut-FLowerine Carcnuriy.) Viscid-hairy, tall (1°-3° high); lower leayes large and spatulate; the upper lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers solitary in the forks, peduncled; calyx cylindrical with long awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. nocturna, Bigelow.) — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * * Dwarf, tufted, smooth: perennial, 1-flowered. 12. S. acatilis, L. (Moss Camrion.) Tufted like a moss (1!-2! high) , leaves linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems; flowers almost sessile ; calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely heart-shaped, crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July | (Eu.) CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.) 57 5. AGROSTEMMA, LL. Corn-Cocgte. Calyx naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliazeous teth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1-celled, opening at the top by 5 teeth. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching, pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles. (Name aypov oréupa, crown of the field, being a handsome corn-weed.) 1. A. GirHico, L. (Lychnis Githago, Zam.) Wheat-fields; too common; the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Ady. from Eu.) Lycunis, Tourn., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in our gardens by L. coronAria, the Muttern Pink; L. Cuatceponica, the Scarier Lycuyis; and L. Fios-ctcurt, the Raccep Rosin. SusorpER I. ALSINEZE. Tue Cuicxweep Famity. 6 HONKENYA » Ehrhart. Sea-Sanpwort. Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular, 10-notched. Petals 5, obovate-wedge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta- mens 10, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3-5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, mére or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.) .1. Hi. peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, Z.) — Sea-beach, Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6! -—10/ high. Leaves 9’ long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.) 7% AMLSINE, (Toum.) Wahl. Grove Saypwort. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched at the apex. Stamens 10, in- serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary l-celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved to the base; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough, naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from dAgos, a grove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists. * Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped. 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. (Pixe-parren Sanpwort.) Densely tuft- ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, avl- shaped, short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several- flowered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, slforter than the pod. J (Arenaria squarrosa, Michx.) —In pure sand, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward along the coast. May-July. 58 CARYOPHYLLACEH. (PINK FAMILY.) 2. A. Wichawixii, Fenzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. } (Arenaria stricta, Micha.) —Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. * * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals retuse or notched. 3. A. patula. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems filiform (6’—10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging ; peduncles long; sepals lanceo- late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, Michz.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. — Smoothish: leaves }/-1! long. 4. A. Groemlandica, Fenzl. (Mountain Sanpwort.) Densely tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2/-4' high), few-flow- ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless; petals obovate, somewhat notched. } (Stellaria Groenlandica, Retz. Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng.) —Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June- Aug.— Leaves and pedun- cles 3!//—6" long; flowers large in proportion. A. GLABRA, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia. S. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2 or4. Ovary 1-celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hilum. (Name from arena, sand, in which many“of the species love to grow.) 1. A. seRPYLLIFOLIA, L. (THyme-Leavep Sanpwort.) Diffusely branched, roughish (2’-6! high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate, | pointed, 3-5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothed pod. @— Sandy waste places. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) A. pirrtsa, EIl., will probably be found in Southern Virginia. 9. MCEHWRINGIA, L. Maurrnera. Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth, Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. —-Flaccid herbs; the parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for Mehring, a German botanist.) 1. Mi. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. f (Arenaria lateri- flora, L.) — Shady gravelly banks along streams, New England to Wisconsin, vorthward. May, June.— Leaves }/ to 1! long: corolla 4! broad, white. (Eu.) 10. STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3-4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. Ovary 1-celled. Pod CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.) 59 ovoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several -many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from sfedla, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) * Stamens usually fewer than 10: leaves broad. 1. S. wépra, Smith. (Common CuH1cKweEeEp.) Stems spreading, marked with an alternate pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals 2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. @ @—Fields and around dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. piibera, Michx. (Great CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2’ long) ; petals deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx. %4— Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward. May. % « Stamens mostly 10: manifestly perigynous: perennial: leaves narrow, sessile : plants glabrous throughout. — Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx. 8. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Stitcnwort.) Stem branching above; weak, often with rough angles (8’-18/ high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen- der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.) 4. S. lémgipes, Goldie. (Lonc-sratKkep Stitcnwort.) Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wisconsin, rare: common farther north. (Eu.) 5. S. uligimésa, Murr. (Swamp Sritcuwort.) Stems weak, de cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx ; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, gc.) —Swamps and rills, Phila- delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania (Darlington, &c.); and northward in British America. (Eu.) + + Leafy-bracted, the flowers in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches, even the latest with foliaceous bracts ; petals 2-parted, small, or often none ; styles 3-4 ; pod longer than the calyx. 6. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or wanting ; seeds rugose-roughened.— An apetalous 4~-6-androus state is Sagina fontinalis, Short § Peter. Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, form- ing broad mats in springy places, Short. April, May. — Also in British Amer- ica. (Eu.) 7. S. borealis, Bigelow. (Norraern Stitcuworr.) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than the calyx, or oftener none; sepals acute; styles usually 4; see/s smeoth. — Shaded 60 CARYOPHYLLACEE. (PINK FAMILY.) swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Wisconsin northward, and north to the aretie re gions. June-Aug. (Eu.) : 11. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jacorp Curcnweep. Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3- 5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of 6des, all, and écréor, bone, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.) 1. Hi. umpeirAtrvum, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof. Porter. (Ady. from Eu.) 12. CERASTIUM, L. Movsyear CurcKxweep. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals, and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — Flow- ers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from képas, a horn, alluding to the shape of the pods in many species.) $1. Peials 2-cleft or obcordate: parts of the flower in fives: pods (except in No. 5) longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved. * Petals not longer than the calyx, but often shorter, sometimes altogether wanting : stamens occasionally only 5. 1. C. voreaArum, L. (Movusn-rar Cnaickweep.) Very hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (4/-9/ high) ; leaves ovate or obovate ; bracts herbaceous ; flowers (small) in very close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer than the acute sepals. @) @— Grassy banks. May-July. —- The names of this and the next were transposed by Linnzus himself, and have consequently been differently applied by different authors ever since. This is the C. vulgatum of English botanists, and of the Linnzan herbarium: but the next is so called in Sweden and on the Continent generally. (Nat. from Eu.) 2 €. viscosum, L. (Larger Mouse-bar CuHickwekep.) Stems clam- my-hairy, spreading (6/-15! long) ; leaves oblong, greener ; upper bracts scarious- margined; flowers at first clustered ; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the earlier ones in fruit much longer. (@) 1}— Grassy fields and copses. May-July. — A larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.) % * Petals longer than the calyx. 8. C. mintams, Raf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved, ditfusely branched (6/-20! high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length of the calyx. @) @—Mboist places, Vermont to Kentucky avd southward. May - July. CARYOPHYLLACE®. (PINK FAMILY.) 61 4. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Stems ascending, villous (6 —12/ high), many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate ; peduncles clammy-hairy ; pet- als (2-lobed) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. \{— Rocky places, New York and Pennsylvania; rare. May.— Stouter and larger-flowered than the following species. : 5. C. arvénse, L. (Fretp Cuickweep.) Stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender (4/-8/ high), naked and few-flowered at the summit; leaves linear ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods scarcely longer than the calyx. \—Dry or rocky places, Northeastern States, and northward, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.) § 2. MGENCHIA, Phrhart. — Petals entire or merely retuse: parts of the flower commonly in fours: pod ovate, not longer than the calyx. 6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous; stem simple, erect (2'-4' high), 1 -2-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the calyx; stamens 4. @ (Sagina erecta, Z. Mocenchia quaternella, Ehrhart M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Ady. from Eu.) 13. SAGINA, L._ Peartworr. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved; the valves opposite the sepals. Sceds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, and small flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli- cation to these minute weeds.) * Parts of the flower all in fours, or sometimes in fives. 1. S. prectimbens, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar- rowly linear ; peduncles ascending in fruit; stamens 4-5 ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none, — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania. May-Aug. (Eu.) . 2. S. apkraxa, L. Annual, erect; leaves almost bristle-form ; stamens 4 ; pet- als obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to Penn.; rare. (Ady. from Eu.) * * Sepals, petals, styles, and valves 5: stamens 10. 3. S. modosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3/-5! high), branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute ‘ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear knotty; petals much longer than the calyx. (Spergula nodosa, L.) — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals, N. Hampshire (Oakes § Robbins), shore of Lake Superior, and northward. July. (Eu.) S. Exvxié6rrri, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, £//.) may occur in §. Virginia. Suporper I. ILLECEBREX. Tue Knorworr Famity. 14. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Srurrey-Sanpworr. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many- seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals! Embryo not 6 62 CARYOPHYLLACES. (PINK FAMILY.) coiled in‘o a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils: stipules scaly-membranaceous. (Name altered from Spergula.) 1. S. ribra, Pers. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis- cid-pubescent; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy; petals purple-rose-color ; seeds marginless. @) (Arenaria rubra, ZL.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re- mote from salt water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June-Sept.— Leaves mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.) Var. marina. Larger; the leaves longer and more fieshy; flowers 2—4 times larger ; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx; seeds marginless (Arena- ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, Z.). @ y?— Sea coast; common. (Eu.) 15. SPERGULA, L. SPuRREY. Stamens 5orl0. Styles5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia. (Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.) 1, S. arvénsis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) Leaves numerous in the whorls, linear-thread-shaped (1’-2! long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. @ — Grain-fields, &e. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. ANYCHIA » Michx. ForKED CHICKWDED. Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded, larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation as the next genus.) 1. A. dichétoma, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much; in woods or rich soil being very smooth, erect (6/-10! high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves broader and thinner (5//-10/!. long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea, Nutt., & Queria Canadensis, Z.): in sterile or parched soil it is some- what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow- ers nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). — Common through- out. June- Aug. 17, PARONYCHIA, Tour. WHITLOW-WORT. Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1- seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.) . 1. P. argyrécoma, Nutt. (Srrver Cxickwrep.) Densely matted, much branched, spreading ; leaves linear; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded PORTULACACEH. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 63 by conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mere teeth between the stamens. }j— Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare summits above: a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun- tains from Virginia southward. July. 2. P. dichétoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (6’-12/ high) ascend- ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped ; cymes open, many- times forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. lf — Rocks, Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July —Sept. SusorDER IV. SCLERANTHEX. Tue Knawevt Famrity. 18. SCLERANTHUS, L. Kyawet. Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from okAnpos, hard, and ayOos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.) 1. S. 4nnuvus, L. Much branched and spreading (3’-5’ high) ; flowers ses- sile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. (@) —Sandy waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) SusorpeER V. MOLLUGINEZE. Inpvian-Cuickweep Fancy. 19. MOLLUGO, L. Inp1aAn-CHICKWEED. Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many- seeded axis.— Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) 1. M. verticillata, L. (Carret-weerp.) Prostrate, forming patches ; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel; stamens usually 3.— Sandy river-banks, and cul- tivated grounds. June-Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) Orper 22. PORTULACACE:. (Pursiane Famity.) Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz., sepals usually fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number, but often indefinite: otherwise nearly as Chickweeds. — Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender stalks from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling. = a ae PORTULACACEX. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Synopsis. * Sepals 5. Petals none. Pod 8-5-celled, opening by a lid. 1. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the free calyx. * * Sepals 2. Petals 5. Pod 1-celled. 2. PORTULACA. Stamens 7-20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid. 8. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded. 4. CLAYTONIA. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod 3 —6-seeded. 1. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Porsrane. Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5- 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seed- ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid.— Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil- lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained naine.) 1. S. Portulacastruma, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flattish ; flow- ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. }— Coast of New Jersey and southward. July —Sept. ~ 2, PORTULACA, Toun. Porsrane. Calyx 2-cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8- parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 1. P. orerAcea, L. (Common Poursiane.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn- ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6- parted ; flower-bud flat and acute.— Cultivated and waste grounds; common. (Nat. from Eu.) P. rertsa, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi- genous west of the Mississippi. P. Griiiksi1, P. GRANDIFLORA, &¢. are species, or varieties, with terete leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for ~ ornament. 3. TALINUM, Adans. TALINUM. Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, longitu- dinally 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation of the name obscure.) 1. TW. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base ; leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of purple flowers (%! broad) ; stamens 15-20. }— Serpentine rocks, Westchester, Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June- Ang. — Peduncles 3!- 6! long. - MALVACEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 65 4. CLAYTONIA, L. Sprinc-Beavry. Sepals 2, ovate, ft2e, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6- seeded.— Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot- anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica. ) 1. C. Virgimica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3/-6’ long). — Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward. 2. C. Caroliniama, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo- late (1-2! long). —Vermont to Ohio, and southward along the Alleghanies. Orper 23. MALVACEAE. (Marrow Famity.) Herbs or shrubs, with altrnate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona- delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds.— Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets outside, form- ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening - along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen: embryo large, curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint, axillary. Synopsis. Trz Il. MALVEZE. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening. - Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles: carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. . ALTHZA. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. 2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 8. CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 4. NAPZEA. Inyolucel none. Flowers dicecious. Stamens few. * » Stigmas terminal, capitate: carpels 1—few-seeded, opening before they fall away. 6. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. 6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3- several-seeded. 7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition between the seeds. i Tame Il. HIBISCEZE. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leay- ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 9. HIBISCUS Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. 6* ‘ - A 66 MALVACEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.) tl. ALTHAEA, L. Marsn-Matriow. Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Otherwise asin Malva. (Name from aa, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 1. A. orricinAris, L. (Common Marsu-Mariow.) Stem erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- duncles axillary, many-flowered. 1— Salt marshes, coast-of New England and New York. Aug., Sept.— Flowers pale rose-color. Root thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) A. ROsEA, and A. FICIFOLIA, are the well-known garden HoLttyHocks. 2, MALVA “on 0 MALiow. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An old Latin name, from padayn, soft, alluding to Me emollient leaves.) 1. M. rorunpirorra, L. (Common Marzow.) Stems short, simple, de- eumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com- mon. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. sytvEsrris, L. (High Matiow.) Stem erect, branched (2°-38° high) ; leaves rather sharply 5-‘7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. |— Way-sides. (Adv. from Eu.) M. crfspa, the Curtep Mattow, and M. moscnAra, the Musk Matiow, are occasionally spontaneous around gardens. 3 CALLIRRHOE > Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels 10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 1. C. triamgulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3-5-cleft ; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Zorr. ¢ Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 2. C. alezoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5-7-parted, laciniate, the uj permost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe veo MALVACEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67 duncles (rose-color or white) , involucel none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. \ (Sida alceoides, Michr.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 4. NAPZEA, Clayt. Grape Marrow. Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers diecious ; the stamins.te flowers entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9 -11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow- ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from van, a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place where he discovered the plant.) 1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois; rare. July. 5. SIDA, L. Sima. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more; the ripe fruit separating into as many l-seeded carpels, which remain closed, or commonly become 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi- nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 1. S. Napi®a, Cay. Nearly glabrous, tall (2°-4° high), erect ; leaves 5- cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, large ; carpels 10, pointed. \} (Napwa levis & hermaphrodita, LZ.) — Rocky river-banks, Penn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. (Cultivated in old gardens.) 2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (1°-4° high); leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short ; flowers (yel- low) rather large ; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. 11— Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May - Aug. 3. S. sprndsa, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10/- 20! high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun- cles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers (yellow) small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu- bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. @)— Waste places, common southward and eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 6. ABUTILON, Tour. InprAn Ma.tow. Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) 68 MALVACER. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 1. A. Avictinnm, Gertn. (Vetvet-Lear.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round: ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks ; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. @— Waste places, escaped fiom gardens. (Ady. from India.) 7 MODEOLA, Mench. Moprora. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig- mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved at the top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell.— Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut Jeaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in 1 a io Ro- man measure of that name.) 1. Mi. multifida, Mench. Hairy; leaves 3- 5-cleft and jneised | zs sta- mens 15-20; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. Koste.erzxya. Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 1. K. Virgimica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2°-4° high); leaves hal. berd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. 1 (Hibiscus Virginicus, LZ.) — Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug.— Corolla 2! wide, rose-color. Column slender. 9 WMIBISCUS, L._ Rosr-Mattow. Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, persistent, 5- cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. Moscheititos, L. (Swamr Rosre-Matitow.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down; the 1-flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in- Slated ; seeds smooth. \|— Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and banks of large rivers. Salt springs, Salina, New York. Aug., Sept.— Plant stout, 5° high. Corolla 5’ in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim- son eye, showy. 2. Hi. militaris, Cav. (Hatserp-Leavep Matiow.) Smooth through- out ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper- pointed; peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. \— River- banks, Penn., Ohio, and southward. Aug.--More slender and smaller-flow- ered than the last: corolla pale rose-color. peer. TILIACEZ. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69 3. H. Tridnum, L. (Birapper Kermra.) Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit; seeds rough. @ —Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral; hence the name F'lower-of-an- hour. (Ady. from Eu.) H. Syrriacus, the Sarupspy Attuza of the old gardeners, is cultivated about houses. ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, the Oxra, and A. MAntnor (the genus characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous), are common in gardens southward. Goss¥PIUM HERBACEUM, the CorTon-PLANT, is the most important plant of this family. Orper 24. TILIACE. (Linpven Famry.) Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, and valvate calyx, &c. of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus 1. TILIA 9, a Linpen. Basswoop. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous: filaments coher ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a ~ spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5- toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1- 2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.) 1. TW. Americana, L. (Basswoop.) Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish.— Rich woods. May, June.— This familiar tree is rarely called Lime-tree, oftener W hite-wood, commonly Basswood ; the name (now obso- lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. Var. pubéscens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.)— Common from Maryland southward and westward. 2. T. heterophylla, Vent. (Waite Basswoon.) Leaves smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath. (T. alba, Michxr.)— Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leaves larger than in No. 1, often 8’ broad. T. Evror#a, the European Linpen, which is planted in and near our cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by 70 CAMELLIACEH. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) the absence of the petal-like scales —— the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linneus. Orper 25. CAMELLIACEA. (Camerzi1a Famiry.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules , the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both imbricated in eestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monadelphous or 3—5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country by the two following genera. 1. STUARTIA, Catesby. STUARTIA. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen: radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short- peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, the well- known Lord Bute.) - 1. S. Virgimica, Cav. Petals 5 white (1! long) ; sepals ovate; style 1; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. Malachodén- dron, Z.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. S. penrAcyna, L’Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia. 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Losiouiy Bay. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2-8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his “old master, Dr. James Gordon of Alerdeen,” and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. G. Lasianthus, L. (Losrotty Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia and southward. May -July.— Petals 1}! long. Orper 26. LINACE. (Frax Famtty.) Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, 4 —5-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petcls, the 5 stamens OXALIDACEH. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) 71 monadelphuus at the base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, having twice as many cells (complete or incomplete) as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the genus 1. LINUM, L. Fu.ax. Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiseence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each; but each cell is partly or com- pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the earpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 1. L. Virginianum, L. (Wiip Frax.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or panicled branches, on very short peduncles turned to one side; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth; petals yellow; styles distinct.—Dry woods. June-Aug. \t—Stem 1°-2° high. Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces. 2. L. Boottii, Planchon. (Larger Yettow Fax.) Leaves linear, pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose branches; sepals ovate-lan- ceolate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer than the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals sulphur yellow; styles united for $-} their length. G) (L. rigidum, Zorr. § Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode’ Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June-Aug.— Stem slender, 1°-2° high. Flowers larger than in No. 1. L. rfeipum, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin. L, usitatissimum, L., the Common Frax, is occasionally spontaneous in cultivated grounds. Orper 27. OXALIDACEZE. (Woop-Sorret Famiry.) Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo- gynous, 5-merous, 10-androus, somewhat monadelphous flowers, the calyx im- bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a 5-celled several-seeded pod. — The principal genus is 1. OXALIS >» L. Woop-SorreEt. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5- lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu- lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat.— Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. (Name from d£vs, sour.) 72 GERANIACEZ. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) * Stemless: leaves and scapes from a rootstock or bulb: cetls few-seeded. 1. O. AcetoséHa, L. (Common Woop-Sorrer.) Rootstock creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered; petals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward: also southward in the Alleghanies. June.— Plant 2/—5! high, sparsely hairy : the flower }/ broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate. (Eu.) 2. O. violacea, L. (VioLter Woon-Sorret.) Bulb scaly ; scapes um- bellately several-flowered, longer than the leaves; petals violet. — Rocky places: most common southward. May, June.— Nearly smooth, 5/-9' high. Leaves very broadly obcordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1! broad. * * Stems leafy : peduncles axillary : cells several-seeded. 3. O. stricta, L. (YreLrLow Woop-Sorret.) Annual or perennial 4 by running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; peduncles 2— 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May-—Sept.— Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to season and situation. O. corniculata, Z. is probably the same species. (Eu. 2) Orper 28. GERANIACEAE. (Geranium Famity.) Plants with mostly regular and symmetrical hypogynous 5-merous flowers, imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monadelphous at the base, the aliernate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher- ing to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by the curling back of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small 1-seeded pods.— Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous, usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5 shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles. Seed without albumen: cotyledons folded together and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stinulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots. 1. GERANIUM, Tas CRANESBILL. Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. (An old Greek name, from yépavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to re- semble the bill of that bird.) %* Root perennial. 1.G. maculatum, L. (Wirtp Cranespitu.) Stem erect, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end; sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (3! long). BALSAMINACEE. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 73 — Oven woods and fields. April-July.— Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. * * Root biennial or annual. 2. G Carolinianum, L. (Carorina CRANESBILL.) Stems dif- fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-color) petals ; seeds very minutely reticulated (under a lens). — Barren soil and waste places. May-July.— Flowers small: the peduncles and pedicels short. —A state with more notched petals and more reticulated seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L. 3. G. pusfittum, L. (SmALL-FLOWERED CRANESBILL.) Stems procum- bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 -7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals awnless, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur- ple) petals ; seeds smooth.— Waste places, New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. G. Robertianum, L. (Hers Rogerr.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse ; leaves 3-divided, the divisions 2-pinnatifid; sepals awned, shorter than the (purple) petals ; pods wrinkled ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines. June- Oct. — Plant strongly odorous. (Eu.) 2. ERODIUM, ler. STORKSBILL. The 5 shorter stamens sterile. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded in- side. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from épwdus, a heron.) 1. E. crcurArtum, L’Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; leaves pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 — 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — Shore of Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskern. (Adv. from Eu.) Orper 29. BALSAMINACE. (Barsam Famity.) Annuals, with succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice, and very trregular hypogynous flowers, the 5 stamens somewhat united, and the pod bursting elastically. — Characters as in the principal genus, 1. IMPATIENS, L. BALsaM. JEWEL-WEED. Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in the bud. Se- pals apparently only 4; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short: filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united over the stigma: anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled: stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none.— Leaves simple, alter- nate, without stipules. Flowers axillary or panicled ; often of two sorts, via. 7 74 LIMNANTHACEA. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.) the larger ones, as described above, which seldom ripen seeds, and very small ones, which are fertilized carly in the bud,-when the floral envelopes never ex- pand, nor grow to their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and car- ried upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Zouch-me-not, or Snap-weed.) 1. F. pallida, Nutt. (Pare Tovcu-mx-nor.) Flowers pale yellow, spar- _ ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil; most common northwestward. July-Sept.— Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed. 2. I. fiilwa, Nutt. (Sporrep Tovucnu-mr-not.) Flowers orange-colcr, thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper- ing into a strongly inflexed spur.— Rills and shady moist places ; common, especially southward. June-Sept.— Plant 2°-4° high: the flowers loosely panicled at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nod- ding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopiz-shaped sepal upward. A variety is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere of Europe chiefly in the more inflexed spur and smaller petals. _ I. BarsAmrina, L., is the Batsam or Ladies’ slipper of the garden. TropZoLuM Magus, the familiar NasturTIUM of gardens, is the type of a group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next. Orver 30. LIMNANTHACEZ. (LimnaANTHES FamIty.) Annual low herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg- ular 8-5-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud: stamens twice as many as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, but their styles united. — Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand- some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, and the insignificant 1. FLOERKEA » Willd. FarszE MERMAID. Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy- pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after F'loerke, a German botanist.) 1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April-June. — Leaflets 3- 5, lanceo- late, sometimes 2-3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent. Orper 31. RUTACEZ. (Rve Famity.) Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands, abcund- ing with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, hypogynous regular 8 —5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals; the RUTACEZ. (RUE FAMILY.) 75 2-5 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com- monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu- ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none.— A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the Proper Rutacee, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, L.), are mostly herbs; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what has been called the order Zanthorylaceew, but are not distinct from the Diosmee. 1. ZANVHOXWLUM, Colden. Prickty Asu. Flowers dicecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im- bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valyed when ripe, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from fav6os, yellow, and évd\ov, wood.) 1. Z Americanum, Mill. (NortHern Prickty Asn. Toorn- ACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in azillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none; petals 5; pistils 3-5, with slender styles ; pods short-stalked.— Rocky woods and river-banks ; com- mon northward. April, May.—A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 2. Z. Caroliniiznum, Lam. (Sourmern Prickxiy Asn.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves; sepals and petals 5; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south- ward. June.— A small tree, with very sharp prickles. 2. PTELEA, L. Suruppy Treroit. Hop-Tree. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled: style short: stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular.— Shrubs, with 3-foli- olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.) 1. P. trifoliata, L. Leafiets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June.—A tall shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not so much 30 as those of the AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, or TREE-OF-HEAVEN, —a cultivated tree allied to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of anys 76 ANACARDIACEE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) thing but “airs from heaven,” offer a serious objection to the planting of this ornamental tree near dwellings. : Orper 32. ANACARDIACE®. (Casnew Famity.) Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small, ofien polygamous, regular pentandrous flowers, with a 1- celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented only by the genus I. RHUS, L. SuMACH. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cétinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens) usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name of the genus.) §1. SUMAC, DC.— Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle: fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs; the stone smooth: leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. BR. typhina, L. (Sracnorn Sumacu.) Branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. —Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10°-30° high, with orange-colored wood. 2. R. glabra, L. (Smoorn Sumacu.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. 3. R. copallina, L. (Dwarr Sumacu.) Branches and stalks downy ; petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. —Shrub 1°-7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en- tire or sparingly toothed. §2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. — Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch : even the effluvium in sunshine affecting some persons.) 4. R. venenata, DC. (Porson Sumacu or Doewoon.) Smooth, or nearly so; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. (KR. Vérnix, Z., partly.) — Swamps. June.— Shrub 6°-18° high. The most poisonous species. Also called, inappropriately, Poison Elder and Poison Dogwood. 5. R. Toxicodéndron, L. (Poison Ivy. Porson Oax.) Climb- ing by rootlets over rocks, &e., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, of entire — When climbing trees, it is R. radicans, L.— Thickets, &c. June. — VITACEZ. (VINE FAMILY.) 77 § 3. LOBADIUM, Raf.— Flowers polygamo-diecious, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk 5-parted, large: fruit as in § 1, but flattish: leaves 3-foliolate. (Not poisonous.) 6. R. aromiatica, Ait. (Fracrant Sumacu.) Leaves pubescent when young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle one wedge-shaped at the base; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky soil, Vermont to Michigan, Kentucky, and westward. April. — » Lam. Kentucky CoFrFEE-TREE. Flowers dicecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several- seeded. Seeds flattish.—A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and very large unequally sey Sie omen: leaves. Flowers whitish, in axillary racemes. (Name from yupvos, naked, and ee a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 1. G. Canadénsis, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June.— Cultivated as an ornamental tree: timber valuable. Leaves 2° -3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod -10/ long, 2! broad ; the seeds over }’ across. 34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Hovey-Locusr. Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3-5 spreading sepals, united at the base, Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united, . Stamens as many, distinct; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1-many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnaté leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem porary with Linnzeus.) 1. G. triacanthos, L. (Taree-roornen Acacta, or Honry-Lo- cust.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; /eaflets lanceolate-oblong, some- what serrate; pods linear, elongated (1°-1}° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest- ward. June.— Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 2. G. monospérma, Walt. (Warer-Locust.) Thorns slender; mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Illinois and southwestward. July.— A small tree. Sunorper I. MEMOSEA. Tur Mimosa Famivy. 35. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Desmanruvs. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer- ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, ‘and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of d€opa, a bond, and avOos, flower.) 10 110 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 1. D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous, erect (1°-4° high) , partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2-6-seeded. } (Darlingtonia brachyloba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward. 36. SCH RANKHIA, Willd. Sensitive Brrr. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel- form 5-cleft corolla.. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren- nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi- tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.) 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2/ long).— Dry sandy soil, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. June- Aug. 2. 8. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely tilnolls pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4! long). With the pre- ceding. Orper 89. ROSACEZ.. (Rosr Famity.) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert- cd on the calyx, and 1—many pistils, which are quite distinct, on (in the Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 —few in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty- ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules.— Calyx of 5. or rarely 3-4-8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : — Susorper I AMYGDALEZ. Tre Atmonp Famity. Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free. 1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges. Suzorper I ROSACEZ proper. Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube, . Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with the petiole. ee eee eee = ae ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 111 Tape l. SPIRZEZX. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in fruit: styles terminal. %. SPIRHA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in thie bud. 8 GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. Trae I. DRYADEZ. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia of little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud. Subtribe 1. Sancuisonse%. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting. Stamens 4-15. Pistils 1—4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx. 4. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Pistils 2: style terminal. 6. SANGUISORBA. Petalsnone. Stamens4. Pistil 1: style terminal. 6. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1-4: style lateral. Subtribe 2. Coamernnope®. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils5-10: styles lateral. Fruit dry. . 7. SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals. Subtribe 3. Ecprrapex. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils numerous. Fruit of dry achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.) 8. DRYAS. Calyx 8-9-parted. Petals 8-9. Styles persistent, plumose. 9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous: styles persistent. 10. WALDSTEINIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few: styles deciduous from the base Subtribe 4. Fracanizz. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer- ous: styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend- ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.) 11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, flat, convex, or oblong. 12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible. Subtribe 5. Datmarpesx. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes_ Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior). 13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5-10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx. 14. RUBUS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a coni- cal or elongated receptacle. Traine II. ROSEZ. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep- tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated. 15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate: stipules cohering with the petiole. Sunorper Ill POMEZ. Tue Pear Famiry. Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co- hering with the 2—5 ovaries. Stipules free. 16. CRATHGUS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded. 17. PYRUS. Carpels papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded:—____ 18. AMELANCHIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition: cells 1- seeded. Suporper I. AMWGDALEX. Tue Atmonp Famtry. 1. PRUNUS, L. Pirum & Cuerry. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen- dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even.-— Small trees or shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classica} name of the Pium.) 112 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) §1. PRUNUS, Tourn. (Pxum.)— Drupe usually with a bloom ; the stone flat: tened, or at least wider than thick: leaves convolute in the bud, flowers more or less preceding the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel- like clusters. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. (Witp YELLow or Rep Prum.) Leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- low, orange, or red, 3/—§/ in diameter, with the turgid stone more er less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1/ or more in diameter, haying a flat- tened stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin). — River-banks, common. May.— Tree or bush thorny, 8° --20° high. 2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beacu Prum.) Low and straggling (2°- 5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short, pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (3/-1/ in diameter), the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmia, Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir- ginia. April, May. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Cuickasaw Pxium.) Stem scarcely thorny (8°-15° high); leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny ; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (3/-%! in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Kentucky (where probably it is not indigenous) and southwestward : naturalized in some places. April. 4, P. spinosa, L. (Stor. Brack Tuorn.) Branches thorny; leaves obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla- brous; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one cdge.— Var. 1nsitfr1a (BuLtacr-Pium), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent. . (P. insititia, Z.) — Road-sides and waste places, E. New England, Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.) §2. CEHRASUS, Toum. (Cunrry.)—Drupe destitute of bloom; the stone globular and marginless } leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud: inflorescence as in § 1. 5. P. ptumila, L. (Dwarr Cuerry.) Smooth, depressed and trail- ing (6!—18! high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red, — Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and south to Virginia along the mountains. May. ° 6. P. Pennsylwanica, L. (Witp Rep Cuerry.) Leares oblong-. lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky” woods; common, especially northward. May.— Tree 20°-30° high, with light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 113 §3. PADUS, Mill. (Cuerry.)—Drupe, &c. as in § 2: flowers in racemes terminating the branches, developed after the leaves. 7. P. Vitginiana, L. (Cuoxe-Cuerry.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obo- vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin; racemes short and close; petals roundish; fruit red turning to dark crimson. — River-banks ; common, especially northward. May.—A tall shrub, seldom a tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe. (P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.) 8. P. serétima, Ebrhart. (Witp Biack Cuerry.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above; racemes elongated; petals obovate; fruit purplish-black.— Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing valuable timber to the cabinct-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. P. pomésrica, L., the Cutrivatep PiuM, is now deemed by the best botanists to have sprung from the Sloe. P. Armentaca, L., the Apricot, represents another subgenus of Prunus. The Peacu belongs to a very closely related genus, P. Avium and P. Cerasvus, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated Cherries. Suzorper Il. ROSACEZE prover. Tue true Rose FAMILy. 2. SPIRZEA, L. Meavow-Sweet. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2-15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dicecious: rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from ozretpde, to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to be formed into garlands.) 41. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs: pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - 4-seeded. 1. S. opulifolia, L. (Nixe-Bark.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3- lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 3-5.— Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub 4°-10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem- branaccous purplish pods: the old bark loose and separating in thin layers. §2. SPIRZEA rrorer.— Shrubs, with simple leaves, the stipules obsolete: pods (mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded. 2. S. corymbosa, Raf. Nearly smooth (1°-2° high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound. — Alleghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — Flowers white. 3. S. salicifolia, L. (Common Mezapow-Sweerr.) Nearly srvwoth (2°-3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded panicle; pods smooth. — Wet grounds: also cultivated. July.—_ Flowers white or flesh-color. (Eu.) 10* 114 ROSAUEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 4. S. tomentosa, L. (Harpuackx. Srrerie-BusH.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves dery woolly; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle; pods woolly. — Low grounds; commonest in New England, July. — Flowers rose-color. §3. ULMARIA, Meench.— Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers: calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - 2-seeded. 5. S. lobata, Mur. (QUEEN OF THE PrRarrRiz.) Glabrous (2°-8° high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form ; panicle compound-clus- tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours ! §4. ARUNCUS, Seringe.— Perennial herbs, with dicious whitish flowers, in slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice-pinnate; the stipules obsolete: pods 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflexed in fruit. 6. S. Araimecus, L. (Goart’s-Bearp.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, ~ lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west- ward. June. (Eu.) S. FirieEnpvua, the Dropwort; S. UtmAria, the Meapow-Sweet of Europe; S. HYPERICIFOLIA (ITaL1an May); and 8S. sorBIFOLIA, are com- mon in gardens. 3 GILLENIA » Meench. InpIAN Puysic. Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5, somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2 -4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gillenius.) 1. G. trifoliata, Menck. (Bowman’s Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (American Irecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. —From W. Penn- sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June, 4. AGRIMONIA, Toun. AGRIMONY. Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing the fruit; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2: styles terminal. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri vation as Argemone.) ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115 1. A. Eupatoria, L. (Common Acrimony.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi- nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. -July-Sept. (Enu.) 2. A. parviflora, Ait. Leaflets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter- mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as‘the stipules ; petals small.— Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July. 5. SANGUISORBA, L. Grear Burner: Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted; the lobes 4, spread- ing. Petals none. Stamens 4; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis- tils 1 or rarely 2: style slender, terminal: stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Sced suspended. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb; the plants having been esteemed as vulneraries.) 1. S. Canadénsis, L. (Canapran Burnet.) Stamens much longer than the calyx; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ; stipules serrate. 1{|— Bogs and wet meadows; chiefly northward. Aug. —-Oct. — A tall herb: flowers white, sometimes purple. Potrzrium Saneuisorpa, the Common Burnet of the gardens, has mo- neecious polyandrous flowers. 6. ALCHEMILLA, Toun. Lapy’s Mantte. Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top; limb 4-parted, with as many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4; the slen- der style arising from near the base of the ovary; the achenia included in the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelych, the Arabic name.) 1. A. arvénsis, L. (Parstxy Pirrt.) Stems (3/-8’ high) leafy; leaves 8-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 -3-cleft, pubescent; flowers sessile in the axils. @— Eastern Virginia. (Ady. from Eu.) A. atpina, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 7. SIBBALDIA, L. SIBBALDIA. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta- mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Acheriia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald, Prof. at Edinburgh _ at the close of the 17th century.) 1. S. procimbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, and northward. (Eu.) 116 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 8. DRYAS, L. Dryvas. Calyx flattish, 8-9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum § Sie- versia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 1. D. imtegrifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh; but not since met with: therefore very doubtful. (Eu.) 9. GEUM, L._ Avens. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. -Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nate or lyrate leayes. (Name from yeva, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots being rather aromatic.) §1. GEUM proper. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy upper joint falls away: head of fruit sessile: calyx-lobes reflexed. (£ lowers some- what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.) 1. G Album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high); root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed ; stipules small; petals white (3 long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the calyx ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy. Borders of woods, common. May-—Aug.— Near the European G. urbanum. 2G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised; stipules small; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx; re- ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. Clearly different from the last. 3. G macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1°-3° high) ; root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leafiet very large and round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2—4, minute, the ter- minal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; petals yellow, obovate, longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly above, — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also Lake Superior and northward. June. (EKu.) 4. G. Sstrictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3°-5° high) ; root-leaves inter- ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute ; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep- tacle downy; achenia bristly above. — Moist meadows; common, especially northward. July. (Eu.) ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) | 117 $2. STYLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously sialked in the calyx: bractlets of the calyx none: otherwise as § 1. 5. G. vérmnum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April-June. §3. CARYOPHYLLATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading: petals erect. 6. G. rivale, L. (Warer or Purrre Avens.) Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows, N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May.— Blossoms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.) $4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile: flowers large: calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) 7. G. triflorum, Pursh.- Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals ; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit.— Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to Wisconsin ; rare. April-June. 8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2'—5! broad), doubly or irregularly cut- toothed and obscurely 5-7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems (8/-18! high) 1 —5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round- obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (4}/ long), spreading ; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) Var. Péckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. July - Sept. 10. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (Comandrsts, DC.) Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect.— Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5- lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Srrawzerry.) Low; leaf lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. (Dalibarda fragarioides, Michr.) — Wooded hill-sides, common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. 118 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 1k. POTENTILLA ae CINQUE-FOIL. FIvVE-FINGER. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- ing 10-cleft. Petals 4—5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle: styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, pow: erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) §1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous. * Annuals or biennials: petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle globular, ovoid, or even oblong in Sruit. 1. P. Norvégica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above ; leaves palmately 3- Joliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 2. P. parad6éxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, branched ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia -with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. * * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, longer than the calyx. - + Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (1/-3' high), tufted, villous when young, stems or scapes mostly 1-flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species. — It also occurs in Greenland. (Eu.) 4. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Crinquen-Frorn or Five-FIncERr.) Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil- lary, elongated, 1-flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Mul.) — Var. 1. pbMILA is a dwarf, early- flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. sfmpLex is a taller and greener state, with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) —Abounds among grass in dry fields, &e. April-—Oct. 5. P. argémtea, L. (Srizvery Crxque-rorn.) Stems ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al. most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &e. June - Sept. (Eu.) + + Taller: leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflets. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky-wool- ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania? New Hampshire (Isle of Shoals, Robbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), and northward. July. § 2. Style deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : peta’s yellow or white, deciduous. ROSACER. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119 a Achenia glabrous: style thickened above: receptacle conical in fruit. 7. P. argtita, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2°-4°high), brownish hairy, clammy above; leaves pinnate, of 3-9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk thick and glandular. — Rocky hills; common northward. July. * * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 8. P. Amserina, L. (Sitver-Weep.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen- der rooting runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery- white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft ; flowers solitary (yellow), on long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June-Sept. (Eu.) 9. P. fruticosa, L. (SHrupsy Crnque-roiy.) Stem erect, shrubby (2°-4° high), very much branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd- ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ; flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows ; same range as the last. June-Sept. (Eu.) 10. P. tridentata, Ait. (Mountain Cryque-rort.) Stems low (4/-6/ high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several- flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 8-toothed at the apex ; petals white; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks, on mountains; and in Maine near the level of the sea; shore of Lake Superior and northward. June. §.3. Styles moderately lateral: petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and Silaments more or less persistent ; disk thick and hairy: achenia glabrous: recepta- cle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) ll. P. paldstris, Scop. .(Marsu Five-Fincer.) Stems ascending from a creeping base (1°- 2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (1/ broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. } (Comarum palustre, LZ.) — Bogs, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June-Aug. (Eu.), 12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. ‘Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical: leaflets 3, obovate-wedge- form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — The two species are indiscriminately called Witp SrrawBERRY.) 1. EF. Virginianma, Ebrhart. Don. FALsE GOATSBEARD. Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted,. small. Petals 4-5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many ovuled: styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end.— Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice temately compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and oTiABn, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 1. A. decamdra, Don. Somewhat pubescent ; leaflets mostly heart- shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10.— Rich woods, Alleghanies of 8. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating Spireea Aruncus, but coarser, 3°-5° high. 2 SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted Petals 5, entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks; or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.— Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) % Stems prostrate, leafy: leaves opposite: calyx free from the pod. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. (Mounrarn Saxirracn.) Leaves thick and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1//-2" long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft free calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( |Vood), and north ward. (Iu.) : : SAXIFRAGACE&. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143 # * Stems ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate: calyx coherent below with the pod. 2. §. rivularis, L. (Atrine Broox Saxirrace.) Small; stems weak, 3-5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3-—5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate ; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Oakes. Very rare. (Eu.) 3. S. aizoides, L. (Yertow Mounrarn Saxirrace.) Low (3/-5 high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fieshy, more or less ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Wil- loughby Mountain, Vermont; near Oneida Lake, New York; N. Michigan ; and northward. June. (Eu.) 4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4'-8/ high), naked above; flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid pointed teeth at the sum- mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) * * Leaves clustered at the root: scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. 5. S. AizOon, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagt- nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.— Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin; Wil- loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5'- 10! high. (Enu.) 6. S. Virgimiémsis, Michx. (Earty Saxirrage.) Low (4/-9 high) ; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate- toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose- ly panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April-June. 7. 8. Pennsylvanica, L. (Swamp Saxirrace.) Large (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4'-8! long), narrowed at the base into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus- tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo- late (greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped: pods at length divergent. — Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June.— A homely species. 8. S. erosa, Prrsh. (Lettuce Saxirrace.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo- late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8’-12! long) ; scape . slender (1°-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender: calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals ; filaments club-shaped ; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies south- ward. June. S. LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA, Michx., S. CarpyAna, Gray, and S. Carourni- Ana, Gray, of the mountains of Carolina, may occur in those of Virginia. 3 BOYKINIA, Nutt. BoyrxInlia. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta- taens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren- ial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers mm cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boykin of Georgia ) 144 SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6’- 20! high); leaves deep- ly 5-7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 4. SULLIVANTIA, Tor.& Gray. SULLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet- als. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks: the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe- rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on slender petioles, ani small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6/-12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist who discovered the only species. 1. S. Ohiodnis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, Chloris Bor.-Am., pl. 6.) -~Limestone cliffs, Highland County, Ohio. June. 5. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT. Calyx bell-shaped; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentz, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.— Perennials, with the rouné heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of Heucher, an early German botanist.) * Flowers small, loosely panicled: stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular. 1. Hi. willOsa, Michx. Scapes (1°-38° high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7-9-lobed leaves beneath villous with rusty hairs; calyx 14" long ; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug. 2. WH. Americana, L. (Common Atum-root.) Scapes (2°-38° high), &e. glandular aad more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx broad, 2! long, the spatulate petals not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. June. * * Flowers larger: calyx (3! -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short : panicle _ very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed. 3. H. hispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc- casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, 2. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May-July. — Scapes 2°-4° high. 4. Hi. pubéscens, Pursh. Scape (1°-3° high), &c. granular-pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous, as are usually the rounded leaves ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July. Pets ly? iy ee SAKIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145 6 METELLA, Toun. Mirre-worr. Brsuor’s-Cap. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, i-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentz, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. (Name a diminutive from pitpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1. M. diphylla, L. Hairy, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5 lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill- sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.— Flowers white, in a raceme 6/— 8! long. 2. MI. mtitda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4'- 6! high). (M. cordifolia, Zam. M. prostrata, Michr.) — Deep moist woods with mosses, Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May-July.—A delicate littlé plant, shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish. 7 TIARELLA, L. Facse Mirze-worr. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 0, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1 celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials: flowers white. (Name a diminutive from tiapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of MJitre-wort properly belongs.) 1. 0. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; scape leafless (5'-12' high) ; raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods; common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun- tains. April, May. 8s. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GoLpEN SAXIFRAGE. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentz, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.— Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xpuaos, golden, and owAny, the spleen, probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 1. C. Americanmum, Schwein. Stems slender, diffusely spreading, forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- securely crenate-lobed; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple). {— Cold wet places ; common, especially north- ward. April, May. 13 146 SAXIFRAGACEA. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) SuporperR Il. ESCALLONIE. Tue Escartonia Faminy. D. ITEA, L. ITEA. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded. — A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves, without stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes. (The Greek name of the Willow.) 1. HI. Virgimica, L.— Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the coast. June. — Shrub 3°-8° high. . SuBoRDER IJ. HWYDRANGIEZE. Tue Hyprancea Faminy. 10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10,slender. Pod crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hcle between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from Udep, water, and dyyos, a vase.) 1. Hi. arboréscens, L. (Wiitp Hyprancea.) Glabrous or nearly 80; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides; cymes flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn., Ohio, and southward, chiefly along the moun- tains. July.— Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden Tiyjdrangea. ti, PHILADELPHUWS, L. Mock Oranee or SYRINGA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread- ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 8-5, united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3-5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentz projecting from the axis, pen- dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Linneeus to this genus for no particular reason.) 1. P. inodorus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer tl an the tube, — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Var. gramdifldrms. Somewhat pubescent; flowers larger; calyx-lohes longer and taper-pointed.— Virginia and southward, near the wountaing HAMAMELACEZ. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 147 May -July. — A tall shrub, with recurved branches: often cultivated. Leaves tasting like cucumbers. P. coronArivs, L., the common Mock Orance or Syrinea of the gar- dens, has cream-colored, odorous flowers in full clusters. Orprr 51. HAMAMELACEZ:. (Wircn-Hazer Fay.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers wn heads or spikes, often polygamous or monecious; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked 2-celled woody pod opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in sparing albumen: cotyledons broad and flat.— We have a single repre- sentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous. Synopsis. Treel. HAMAMELEZX. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 1 HAMAMELIS. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. Tame Il. FOTHERGILLEZX. Flowers with a manifest calyx and nocorolla. Fruit and seed as in Tribe I. % FOTHERGILLA. Stamens about 24, long: filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked. Trae II. BALSAMIFLUZE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cel). 8. LIQUIDAMBAR. Moncecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli- dated by their bases in a dense head. 1. HAMAMELIES, L. Wirtcu-Hazer. Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved inyolucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet- als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening Joculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From dpa, like to, and pnXis, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some other tree resembling the Appl», which the Witch-Hazel does not.) 1. H._Virgimica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young.— Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are failing, and maturing its seeds the next summer. 148 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 2. FOTHERGILLA, Lf. Fornercitta. Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike: filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. —A low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothergill.) 1. F. alnifolia, L. f.— Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April. 3s. LIQUID AMBAR, L. SwEeEt-Gum TREE. Flowers usually moneecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked: stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales: filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher- ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the pods open- ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed- coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, am- ber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.) 1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Swreer Gum. Brixsrep.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Moist woods, Connecticut to Virginia, and southward. April.— A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust. Orper 52. UMBELLIFERZ. (Parsiry Famiy.) Herbs, with the flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and sur- rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (carpophore): each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the interstices or inter- vals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vitée), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary and suspended from the suannit of each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149 in hard, horn-like albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um- bels usually compound; when the secondary ones are termed wmbellets: each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucels).— A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties; the flowers much alike in all, —therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which like- wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a difficult one for the young student. Synopsis. I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). # Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another 1. HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded. 2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow. * « Umbels or umbellets capitate, imperfect: i. e. the flowers sessile in heads. 8 SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous. 4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect. * # * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets. + Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat. 5. DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs. + + Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 6. POLYTZENIA. Fruit surrounded witb a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 7. HERACLEUM. Fruit broadly wing-margined: the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back: lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined: ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 9. ARCHEMORA. Fruit broadly winged: the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, hollow, with some cross partitions. + + + Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back. J1. ANGELICA Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. Seed not loose. 12. ARCHANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-8 or more oil- tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed. 18. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. + + + + Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic- ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 14. ZTHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose: carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil tubes in the intervals. 15. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical: carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with several oil-tubes in each interval. 16. THASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid: carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil- tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. + + + + + Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 17 ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin: the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed ; wa tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. 13* 150 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 18. BUPFLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong: the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed. Leaves all simple. ; 19. DISCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid: the lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions. 20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin: the carpels strongly and equally 5- ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate. 21. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply pinnate. 22. CRYPTOTAENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular. Il. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute, so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 23. CHAAROPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex: ribs broad. 24. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below: ribs bristly. 25. CONIUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides: ribs prominent, wavy. 26. EULOPHUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs. Ill. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 27. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Town. Marsn Pennywort. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped ; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin: oil-tubes none.— Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vdep, water, and KoTiAn, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup- shaped.) % Stems procumbent and branching : flowers 8-5 in a sessile cluster. 1. WH. Americama, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate, somewhat lobed, short-petioled; fruit orbicular.— Shady springy places; com- mon northward. % % Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled leaves, from the joints of creeping and rooting stems. 2. H. ranunculoides, L. Leaves round-reniform, 3 —5-cleft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles much shorter than the petioles ; umbel 5 —10-flowered ; ped icels very short; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward. 3. Hi. interraipta, Muhl. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre nate; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and sessile flowers interruptedly along its length; fruit broader than long, notched at the base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast. 4. W. umbellata, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched at the base, doubly erenate; peduncle clongated (3! - 9! high), bearing a many- flowered umbel (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender , fruit notched at the base and apex. Massarhusetts and southward near the coast. UMBELLIFERS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151 2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Cranrzza. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed: au oil-tube in each interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro- cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place cf leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.) 1. C. limeata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michr.) Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (1/-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form- ing a corky margin. \{— Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July. 3. SANICULA, Tour. SanicLteE. Brack SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. . Umbels irregular or compound, the flowcrs (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) 1. S. Canadémsis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. —Copses. June-Aug.— Plant 1°-2° high, with thin leaves; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the. lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves all 5-7-parted ; sterile flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, recurved. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2°-3° high; the leaves mors rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. X 4. ERYNGIUM, Toun. Borroy Sxarenoor. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) 1. E. yucczefolium, Michx. (Rarrresnake-Master. Button Syakeroot.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-ike, nerved, bristly- Sringed ; \eafiets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. \Y (E. aquaticum, Z. in part; but it never grows in water.) — Dry or damp pine- barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. E. Virginia&aum, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the invclucre cleft or spiny-tcothed, longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads. @ — Swamps, New Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 152 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 5. DAUCUS » Tourn. Carrot. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of them on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles: an oil-tube under each of these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- Iucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 1. D. Cardra, L. (Common Carror.) Stem bristly ; mvoluere pinnati fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontancous in old fields in certain places. July — Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird’s nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. POLWTZNIA, DC. Poryreznra. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed: oil-tubes 2 in each inter- yal, and many in the corky margin.— A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no imvolucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from wodvs, many, and rawvia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. Nuttallii, DC.— Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest- ward. May.— Stem 2°-3° high. 7 HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Pansyip. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. Inyolucre deciduous: involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 1. WH. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 -2-ternately compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist rich ground; most common northward. June.— 1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn., to Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3/-9! high. The cultivated representatives of this family are chiefly the Parstey (Apium Petroselinum), CELERY (A. gravéolens), Dit (Anéthum gravéolens), FENNEL (A. Feniculum), Caraway (Carum Cadrui), and Cor1anveER (Coridndrum sativum). Orper 53. ARALIACE/E. (Griysene Famry.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferze, bud with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a 3—several-celled drupe. (Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals flat.) — Represented only by the genus 1. ARALIA » Tourn. Ginsenc. Witp SArsAPARILLA. Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2—5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short. and united. Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.) $1. ARALIA, L.— Flowers moneciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually in corymbs or panicles: styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5: stems herbaceous or woody: ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate. *% Unmbels very numerous in a large compound panicle: leaves very large, quinately on pinnately decompound. 1, A. Spimodsa, L. (AncGeLica-TrErE. Hercures’ Cius} Shrub, or a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale 160 CORNACEX. (DOGWDOD FAMILY.) beneath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to sig and southward: common in cultivation. July, August. 2. A. racemosa, L. (Spixenarp.) Lerbaceous; stem widely branched ; leafiets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose- panicled ; styles united below. — Rich woodlands. July.— Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks. * * Umbels 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody. 8. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristty Sarsaparinta. WiLp ELpER.) Stem (1°-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several um- bels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. June. 4. A. mudicatilis, L. (Witp Sarsapari_ya.) Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 2—7eumbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No.3. May, June. — The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, are employed as a substitute for the oflicinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalks 1° high. §2. GINSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, ZL.) — Flowers dicciously po- lygamous : styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3: stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 —7-foliolate leaves (or per- haps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), ass a single umbel on a slen- der naked peduncle. 5. A. quimquefolia. (Ginsenc.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked (4'-9! long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2; fruit bright red. (Panax quinquefolium, LZ.) — Rich mountain woods; becoming rare. July. 6. A. trifolia. (Dwarr Ginsenc. Grounp-nut.) Root or tuber glob- ular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4 — 8! high; leaflets 3 —5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles usually 3; fruit yellowish —Rich woods, common northward, April, May. Hizppera Hixix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative of this family in the northern temperate zone. Orver 54. CORNACE. (Doewoop Famtry.) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves the calyz-lube coherent with the 1 —2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy- nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single anatropous ovule hang- ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1—2-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly the length of the albumen, with large and foliaceous cotyledons. — A small family, represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa. (Bark bitter and tonic.) CORNACEEX. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 161 1. CORNUWS, Tour. Cornet. Dogwoopn. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dicecious). Calyx minutely 4 toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4: filaments slender. Style slender: stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe smail, with a 2-celled and 2- seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) §. 1. Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red. 1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Dwarr Cornet. Buncu-Berry.) Stems low and simple (5'-7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June. 2. C. fiérida, L. (FLowerixna Doawoop.) Leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; /eaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (1}! long) ; fruit oval.— Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June.— Tree 12°-—30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. § 2. Flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit spherical. %* Leaves all opposite: shrubs. 3. C. circinata, L’Her. (Rounp-Leavep Cornet or Doa@woop.) Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under- neath (4'-5! broad) ; cymes flat ; fruit light blue.— Copses; in rich soil. June. — Shrub 6°-10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species. 4. C. sericea, L. (Sirxky Cornet. Kinnikinnik.) Branches pur- plish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx- teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue.— Wet places; common. June. — Shrub 38° - 10° high. Flowers yellowish-white. 5. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Rep-oster Doawoon.) Branches, espe- cially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly smooth ; fruit white or lead-color.— Wet banks of streams; common, especially northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large dense clumps, 3°-6° high. June. 6. C. asperifolia, Michx. (Rovucu-teavep Doawoop.) Branches brownish ; the branchlets, §-c. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx- teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June. 7. ©. Stvicta, Lam. (Srirr Cornet.) Branches brownish or reddish, smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flattish ; anthers and fruit pale blue, — Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high. 14* 162 CORNACEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 8. C. paniculata, L’Her. (Paxicrep Corner.) Branches gray, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit white, depressed-globose. — Thickets and river-banks. June.— Shrub 4°-8° high, very much branched, bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms. * * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches. 9. C. altermifolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED CorNEL.) Branches greenish streaked with white, alternate; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue. — Hill- sides in copses. May, June.— Shrub or tree 8°-20° high, generally throwing its branches to one side in a flattish top, and with broad, very open cymes. ~ 2, NWSSA, L. TurELO. PrerreRIocE. Sour GuM-TREE. Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fi. numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk: filaments slender: anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam- inate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5- 10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate l-celled and 1-seeded stone. — Trees, with entire or some- times angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: “so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.’”) 1. N. multiflora, Wang. (Tureto. PerreripGe. Brack or Sour Gum.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes- cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2'-5! long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle; fruit ovoid, bluish-black (about 3! long). (N. aquatica, Z., at least in part; but the tree is not aquatic. N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, &c., &c.) — Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April, May.—A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light flat spray, like the Beech: the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwedgeable, on account -of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. 2. N. wmiflora, Walt. (Lance Tupexo.) Leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-puhescent beneath, at least when young (4’-12' long) ; fertile Slower solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (1! or more in length). (N. denticulata, Ait. N. tomentosa and angulisans, Michx. N. grandidentata, , Michx. f.)—In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward April. — Wood soft: that of the roots very light and spongy, used for corks CAPRIFOLIACE%. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 163 Drviston I. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS FLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.* Orver 55. CAPRIFOLIACE®. (HonrYsucKLE FAmIry.) Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2—5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (or one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted on its tube.— Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1—several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Tar I. LONICEREZE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender: stigma capitate. — L LINNZA. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. 2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded. & LONICERA. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla Berry several-seeded. F 4. DIERVILLA. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 6. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 8-5-celled bony drupe. Tawe II. SAMBUCEZ. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes. 6. SAMBUCUS. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 7. VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded flattish drupe, with a thin pulp Leaves simple. 1. LINNZEA » Gronov. LInN=eA. ‘TWIN-FLOWER. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some- what hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linncus, who first point- * In certain families, such as Ericacee, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis pre- fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the stu¢ent to the order where they belong 164 CAPRIFOLIACEH. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) ed out its characters, and with whom this humble but charming plant was an especial favorite.) 1, L. borealis, Gronoy.— Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Ku.) 2, SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowserky. Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4—-5- lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.— Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of cupdopéw, ¢o bear together, and Kapmos, fruit ; from the clustered berries.) 1. S. occidentalis, R. Brown. (Wotrperry.) Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and style protruded ; berries white. — Northern Michigan to Wisconsin and westward. — Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next, which it too closely resembles. 2.8. racemosus, Michx. (Snowserry.) Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches; corolla bearded in- side ; berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, from W. Vermont to Penn: sylyania and Wisconsin: common in cultivation. June-Sept. Berries re- maining until winter. 3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (InpIAN Currant. Corat-BeRRY.) Flowers in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small, dark red.— Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to Tilinois, and southward: also cultivated. July- 3. LONICERA, L. HOoNEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled. Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.) § 1: CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. — Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, and forming interrupted terminal spikes: calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry. * Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularly and equally 5-lobed. 1. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (Trumrrr Honnysuckiz.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls; leaves oblong, smooth; the lower petioled, the upper- most pairs united round the stem.— Copses, New York (near the city) to Vir- ginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct.— Leaves deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2! long, scarlet or deep red ne ee ww CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 165 outside, yellowish within: a cultivated and less showy variety has pale yellow blossoms. * * Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed. 2. L. grata, Ait. (American Woopspine.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the axils of the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts; corolla smooth (whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish), not gibbous at the base, fragrant.— Rocky wood- lands, New York, Penn., and westward: also cultivated. May. 3. L. flava, Sims. (YetLow HoneysucKkwe.) Leaves smooth, very pale and glaucous both sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into a round cup-like disk; flowers in closely approximate whorls; tube of the smooth (light yellow) corolla slender, slightly or not at all gibbous ; filaments smooth.— Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a variety with rather short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany Moun- tains. June. 4. L. parviflora, Lam. (Smatzt Honeysucxie.) Leaves smooth, ob- long, green above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile ; flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle; corolla gib- bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yellow tinged with dull purple), short (¥ long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. May, June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2°-4° high. Var. Douglasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to Wisconsin northward. 5. L. hirstita, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckir.) Leaves not glaucous, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull, broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; flowers in ap- proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at the base, slender.— Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward, July. — A coarse, large-leaved species. § 2. XYLOSTEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs : leaves all distinct at the base : peduncles axillary, single, 2-bracted and 2-flowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes united into one: calyx-teeth not persistent. 6. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fry-Honeysucktez.) Branches straggling (3°- 5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at the base (greenish-yellow, }/ long), the lobes almost equal ; berries separate (red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north- ward. May. 7. L. cxertilea, L. (Mounraixy Fry-Honeysuckiz.) Low (19-29 high) ; branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short ; bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the two flowers, which are united into one (blue) berry. (Xylésteum villdsum, Michr.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mass sachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward: also Wisconsin. May, — Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.) 166 CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 8. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp Fry-Honeysuckis.) Branches upright ; leaves oblong, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender ; bracts almost none ; corolla deeply 2-lipped ; berries (purple) formed by the union of the two ovaries. —Bogs, N. New York to Wisconsin. June. — Shrub 2°-4° high. Leaves 2!-3! long. Corolla 3! long, yellowish-white. L. TarArica, the TarTarian Honrysuckie; L. Capriro.ium, the Common Honersuck iE; and L. PericLYMENuM, the true WooDBINE, are the commonly cultivated species. 4 DIE RVILLA, Tourn. Busu Honeysuck Le. Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, aiid cymosely 3 -several-flowered pedun- cles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. Dierville, who sent it from Canada to Tournefort.) 1. D. trifida, Mench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadénsis, Muhl.) — Rocks; common, especially northward. June-Aug.— Flowers honey-color, not showy. D. sessitiFOL1A, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may occur in those of S. W. Virginia. 5. TRIOSTEUM, L. FreveR-wort. Horsn-GEenrian. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many angled and ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name from tpeis, three, and daréov, a bone, alluding to three bony seeds, or rather nutlets.) 1. ET. perfoliatuma, L. Softly hairy (2°-4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath; flowers dull brownish-purple, mostly clustered. — Rich woodlands; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, }/ long. 2,7. angustifoliuam, L. Smaller; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May. 6. SAMBUCUS, Toun. Exper. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spread- ing 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con- taining 3 small seed-like nutlets. —Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 167 flowers in ¢cumpound cymes. (Name from capSixn, an ancient musical instru: ment, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.) 1. S. Camadénsis, L. (Common Exper.) Stems scarcely woody (5°-10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong, smooth, the lower often 3-parted ; cymes flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places. June. 2. S. pithems, Michx. (Rep-serriep Exvper.) Stems woody (2°- 18° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath ; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods ; chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May: the fruit ripening in June. 7 VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-woop. LAURESTINUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, l-seeded drupe, with thin pulp and a crustaceous flat- tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) § 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.) %* Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed. 1. V. ntidum, L. (Wirue-rop.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and cymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or wavy-crenate ; cyme short-peduncled ; fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. CLtayron1 has the leaves nearly entire, the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts near the coast to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. cassinotpes (V. pyrifé- lium, Pursh, &c.) has more opaque and often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold swamps from Pennsylvania’ northward. May, June. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. 2. V. prunifolium, L. (Brack Haw.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and sharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles naked ; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-oblong.—Dry copses, 8. New York to Ohio, and southward. May.—A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage. 3. V. Lentago, L. (Sweer Visurnum. SnHeep-perry.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate, smooth, the long margined petioles with the midrib and branches of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when young; fruit oval.— Copses, common. May, June.— Tree 15°-20° high, handsome; the fruit 3/ long, turning from red to blue-black, and edible in autumn. 4. V. obovatum, Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla- brous, thickish, small (1/-—14/ long), shining ; cymes sessile, small. — River-bauks, Virginia and southward. May.— Shrub 2°-8° high. 5. V. dentatum, L. (Arrow-woop.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe- duncled; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June.— Shrub 5°- 10° high, with ash-colored bark ; the pale leaves often with hairy tutts in the axils of the strong veins. 168 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 6. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (Downy Arrow-woop.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined, the lower surface and the very short petioles velvety-downy ; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid. — Rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June.— Shrub straggling, 2°-4° high. (V. molle, Michx. is probably a form of this.) * * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed. 7. V. acerifolium, L. (Marie-Leavep ARrRrow-woop. Docx- MACKIE.) Leaves 3-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base, downy under- neath, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long- peduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval ; filaments long. — Rocky woods, common. May, June. — Shrub 3°-5° high. 8. V. paucifiorum, Pylaic. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves mostly trun- cate and 5-ribbed at the basc, with 3 short lobes at the summit, unequally serrate throughout ; cymes small and simple, peduncled ; filaments shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north- ward. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oukes.) — A low straggling shrub, with larger leaves than No. 6, serrate all round, and less deeply lobed than in No. 8. §2. OPULUS, Tourn.— Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea. 9. V. Opulus, L. (Cranperry-rree.) Nearly smooth, upright ; leaves strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing stalked glands at the base; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus_and V. édule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5°-10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, &e. — The well-known SNow-BaLuL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.) 10. V. lamtaneoides, Michx. (Hoppie-pusu. Amprican WAYFAR- ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks and branchlets, very scurfy with rusty-colored tufis of minute down ; cymes sessile, very broad and flat; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods, New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May. —A straggling shrub; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Flow- ers handsome. Leaves 4/- 8! across. Orper 56. RUBIACEZE. (Mapper Famity.) Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or rarely in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2-4 celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (8-5), and inserted on its tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitro- pous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants which are exactly Rubiacez except that the calyx is free from the ovary. SusporperR I. STELLATZ. Tue Troe Mapper Famiry. Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs. 1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Suporpver Il. CINCHONEZ®. Tue Crycuona FaAmity. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. * Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. + Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salvyer-form: lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. & DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. + + Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 4 CEPHALANTHUS. Corolla tubular: lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-seeded. + + + Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. & MITCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4.— A creeping herb. : * * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 6 OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal. SusporpeER UI. LOGANIEZ. Tue Locanra Famrry. Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca- lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 7 MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylee separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 8. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. Susorper Il. STELLATA. Tur True Mapper FAMILY.. 1. GALIUM, L. BEepDsTRAW. CLEAVERS. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta- mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- ing when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, l-seeded carpels. — Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves: the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yada, milk, which some species are used to curdle.) * Annual : leaves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles | - 2-flowered, axillary. 1.G. Aparine, L. (Creavers. Goosr-Grass.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper- ing to the base, short-pointed, rough-on the margins and midrib (i!—2/ long) ; 15 <= 170 RUBIACEX. (MADDER FAMILY.) flowers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Donbt ful if truly indigenous in our district. - (Eu.) % % Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a whorl. + Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered: flowers white or greenish. 2. G. asprélivim, Michx. (Roven Bepstraw.) Stem weak, much branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3°-5° Bigh) ; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanccolate, pointed, with almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles many, short, 2-8 -times forked ; JSiuit usually smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets covered with numerous but very small white flowers. 8. G. conmcimmum:, Torr. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in whorls of 6, lincar, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened ; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat panicled at the summit; pedicels short; fruit smooth.— Dry soil, Michigan to Kentacky. June.— Plant 6’-12' high, slender, but rather rigid, not turning blackish in drying, like the rest. 4. G. trifiduim, L. (Smart Bepstraw.) Stems weak, ascending _ (5’- 20’ high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles ; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, linear or chlanceolute, obtuse, the margins and midrib’ rough ; peduncles | -3-lowered ; pedicels slender; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; jruit smooth. — Var. 1. TINCTORIUM: stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. LatirOLiuM (G. obtusum, Bige ): stem smooth, widely branched; leaves oblong, quite rough-on the midrib and margins. — Swamps; commun, and very variable. June-Aug. (Eu.) 5. G. triflérum, Michx. (Swerr-scentepD Bepstraw.) Stem weak, reclining or prostrate (1°-3° long), bristly-roughened backwards on the angles, shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1’-2! long) ; peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled ; Sruit bristly with hooked hairs. —~ Rich woodlands, common, July. -— Lobes of the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.) + + Peduncles several-flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish (rarely cream-color) : petals mucronate or bristle-pointed : fruit densely hooked-brisily. ~ 6. G. pilOsum, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in fours, oval, dotted, hairy (1! long), scarcely 3-nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice 2~3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. — Dry copses, Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois and southward. June-Aug.— Var. puNCTICULOSUM is a nearly smooth form (G. puncticulosum, Miche.) : Virginia and southward. 7. G. circz#zans, Michx. (Witp Liqvoricr.) Smooth or downy, erect or ascending (1° high) ; leaves im fours, oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate (1'-1}/ long); peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the corolla hairy outside ebove the middle. — Rich woods; common. June-Aug.— The var. MONTA- yum is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods. & G. lanceolAtum, Torr. (Wiip Liquorice) J caves in fours, RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171 tanceolate 01 ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2! long), corolla glabrous: otherwise like the last.— Woodlands ; common northward. + + + Peduncles many-flowered : flowers in open cymes, dull purple: frat smooth 9. G. latifolium, Michx. Stems erect (1°-2° high), smooth; leaves in fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough ; flowers all on long and slender spreading pedicels ; corolla-lobes bristle-pointed. — Dry woodlands, Alleghany Mountains from Maryland southward. July. + + + + Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles. 10. G. boreale, L. (Norrnern Bepsrraw.) Stem upright (1°-2° high), smooth; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved ; panicle elongated ; flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks of streams ; common, especially northward. June-Aug. (Eu.) ll. G. vtrum, L. (Yevtow Bepstraw.) Stem upright, slender; leaves in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow, crowded ; fruit smooth. — Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.) Rosia trvcroria, L., the cultivated Mapper,—from which the order is named, — has a berry-like fruit; the parts of the flower 5. Susporper Il. CEINCHONEZE. Tue Cincnona FAMILY.* 2. SPERMACOCE, L._ Borroy-weep. Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-sceded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of oméppa, seed, and axwxy, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.) 1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9/-20/ long) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and style hardly any. }— River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug 3. DIODIA » L. Burron-wWEeED. Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous earpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in Spermacoce. (Name from diodes, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the way-side.) * In several genera, such as Mitchella, Oldenlandia, &c., the flowers, although perfect, are of twe sorts in different individuals ;— one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throat of the corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low down in the coroila, and long, usually exserted styles. Such we call diaciously dimorpitous. 172 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 1. D. Virginica, L. Either smooth or hairy; stems spreading (1/-2 long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; sessile ; flowers 1 —3 in each axil; corolla white (5! long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb ; style 2-parted ; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx- teeth. }|— River-banks, Virginia and southward. May-— Oct. 2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent; stem spreading (3/-9! long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; flowers 1-3 in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2! -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided; fruit obovate-turbi- nate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. @ — Sandy fields, from New Jersey and Lllinois southward. Aug. 4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. _ Burron-nusu. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-seeded portions. — Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers white. (Name composed of xedadn, a head, and avOos, a flower.): 1. C. occidentalis, i Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate- oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. — Wet places; common. July- Aug. 5. MERTCHELLA a 8 PARTRIDGE-BERRY. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1: stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and seed-like bony nutlets.— A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early cor- respondent of Linnzeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 1. MW. répens, L.— Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com- mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. # 6. OLDENLANDIA, Plum, LL. Buvers. Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or nearly wheel-shaped; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2, Pod globular, ovoid, or obcordate, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face, — Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. Hovusronia, made @ section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English botanist of the days of Linnzus who collected in Central America.) § 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or funnel-form), shorter or scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes: anthers short: pod wholly enclosed in and co- herent with the calyx-tube: seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers lateral or terminal.) 1. O. glomerata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish; stems branched and spreading (2/-12! high); leaves oblong (3/- 4’ long); flowers in sessile clusters in the axils; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx. @ (O. uniflora, Z. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, S. New York to Virgimia near the coast, and southward. §2. HOUSTONIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer than the calyx-lobes: anthers linear: upper half or the summit of the pod free and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx: the teeth of the latter distant: seeds rather Jew (4-20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge down the middle of the hol- lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, dicwciously dimorphous ; p. 171, note.) * Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: flowers mostly in terminal small cymes or loose clusters, purplish. (Connects Houstonia and Oldenlandia.) 2. O. purptirea. Pubescent or smooth (8’-15! high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the halffree . globular pod. \, (Houstonia purpurea, Z. H. rarians, Michr.) — Woodlands, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May-Juy.— Varying wonderfully, into : — Var. longifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- rowed at the base, 1-ribbed; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod: stems 5/- 12! high. (Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A narrow-leaved, slender form is H. tenuifolia, Nutt. Var. ciliolata. More tufted stems 3!-6/ high; root-leaves in rosettes, thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 3. O. angustifolia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root (6'-20! high) ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled ; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length splitting through the partition. \} (Houstonia angus- tifolia, Michr. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. § Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June-Aug. ~ * * Corolla salver-form, mostly blue: pod flattish laterally and notched at the broad summit, or somewhat twin: plants commonly small and slender. 4. O. mimima. Glabrous, at length branched and spreading (}/-3/ high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spatulate leaves ; pod barely 4 free; seeds smoothish. @ @ (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — River-banks, L[llinois and southward. March- May. 15* 174 VALERIANACEA. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 5. O. cxrtilea. (Buivets.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly branched (3'-5! high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (3-4! long); peduneles fili- form, 1'- 23! long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. @) (Housto- nia cerulea, Z. Hedyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places; common. May- Aug.—A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye. O. SERPYLLIFOLIA (Houstonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found in the high mountains of Virginia; and O. RoTUNDIFOLIA in the southeastern part of the same State. : ‘ Suporper I. LOGANWVEZE. Tue LoGcanra FAMILY. 7 METREOLA, L. Mirre-Worr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer tlian the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx, except at the base, 2-celled: styles 2, short, converging and united above; the stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled eyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. ME. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti- oled.— Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant 1° - 2° high. 8S. SPIGELIA, L. Piyxx-roor. Worm-erass. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers linear. Style slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat- tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici- dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof. Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.) 1. S. Marilanmdica, L. Stems upright, simple (6/-15! high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike 3-8-flowered ; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. tb — Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July.— Corolla 1}! long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthel mintic, and a showy plant. o Orper 57. VALERIANACEZE. (Varerian Famtry.) Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ; the stamens distinct, 2-38, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.— Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5- a 7 VALERIANACEZ. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175 lobed, the Icbes imbricatesl in the bud. Styleslender: stigmas!- Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disipp:aring), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other l-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre- sented by only two genera. I. WALERIANA, Toun. 3 Varenray. Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.— Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly diccious, or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.) * Root fibrous: leaves thin. (Stems 1°-3° high.) 1. V. paucifidra, Michx. Smooth, slender; root-leaves ovate, heart- shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme few- flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (}/ long). — Woodlands, Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, &c. June. 2. V. sylvatica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11 } oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many- flowered ; corolla inversely conical (3!' long, rose-color).-- Cedar swamps, W. Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June. . * Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'-12' long) : leaves thickish. 3. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (1°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow in- terrupted panicle, nearly dicecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2/ long). (V. ciliata, Torr. & Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June.— Root with the strong smell and taste of Valerian: it is cooked and eaten by the Oregon Indians. 2. FEDIA, Gert. Corn Satap. Lamn-Lettuce. Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1 seeded. — Annuals and biennials, usually smooth. with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish eymose-clustered and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, &<., that good characters aré only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 176 /.... DIPSACEH, (TEASEL FAMILY.)~ a rather short tube to the corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) VALERIANELLA. 1. EF. oxirOrra, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than ‘long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the "(often confluent) empty cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia: rave. (Ady. from Eu.) . 2. F. Fagopyruun, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved between the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one; flowers white. — Low grounds, from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant 1°-2° high. | 3. EF. radiata, Michx. fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and unequally somewhat 4-angled ; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a -deep groove between them, rather narrower than the fiattish fertile cell. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6/— 15! high. 4, FE. wmbilicata, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated “sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish fertile one, contiguous, and ‘when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells; bracts not cili- ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.) 5. F. patellaria, Sulliv. Pruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk- like, slightly notched at both ends, the jlattened-concave sterile cells widely diver- gent, much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it ‘when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant.— Plant 1°-2° high, resembling the last, but with a very different fruit. Orper 58. DIPSACEA. (Tease, Famity.) Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus I. DEIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL. Involucre many-leayed, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers: each flower with a 4-leayed calyx-like in- volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from diupae, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leayes in some species hold water.) 1, D. syzvésrnris, Mill. (Wiip Teaset.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering COMPOSITHZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177 into a long flexible awn w:th a straight point. — Road-sides: ratherrare. (Nat from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of D. FuxiionvuM, the cultivated FuLLER’s TEASEL, which has a shorter invo- lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth. Orver 59. COMPOSITE. (Composite Famity.) Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). — Calyx- tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium), dry, con- taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.— An immense ’ family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monecious or dicecious flowers. ‘The flowers with a strap- shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers: the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. ‘The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex- ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re- ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting, the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phznogamous plants, divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre- sented in the Northern United States. SuporperR I. TUBULIFLORZ. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 —4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Twhuliflore, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out. and wili not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The numbers are those of the genera.) Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. § 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular. * Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. + Pappus composed of bristles. Pappus double ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. L Pappus simpl: ; the bristles all of the same sort. . q oS 178 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a-compound or dense cluster. . No. 2. Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy. . . - « 67, 68, 70. Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. A 5 : - “ . ° . ° - | 168. Receptacle naked. Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple. . ° : e 4. Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. e 4 . < . 5. Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. a 28 gi Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. o a gee : 0 ste + * Neg Sa + + Pappus composed of scales or chaff. Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . : ; ° oi ae ite rae ; 8 Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. F : : : . i 4 45. Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers. ; ; ‘ - st ete F . 49. + + + Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . : » 41, 42. + + + + Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit, . + Om * * Flowers of two kinds in the same head. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. - . . 2, Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated. . ; - =, Sip . 28, 58, 59. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14,61. Pappus obsolete or none. Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre. . - ° . > ° 11. Achenia not exceeding the inyolucre. 5 : 4 : : : _ 29, 56, 57. * * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate. Heads dicecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary. : 4 - . 24, 59. Heads moneecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. - - . 80,31. § 2. Rays present; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. * Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) Rays occupying several rows, . : : ; : . . é ; “ : 9, 10, 14. Rays in one marginal row, and White, purple or blue, never yellow. op ee 2 ant Sere eee - 12-16. Yellow, of the same color as the disk. Pappus double, the outer short and minute. . ° ° . ° . : 21. Pappus simple. ; Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite. . z ‘ . 3 64. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate. . ; ; : . 19, 22 * * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles, .« ¢ . 44. ‘ * * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy. 2 : A ; . ; ‘ ; ~ 60. Heads 8-10-flowered. Receptacle naked. . : ° . . ° 5 epeies bom Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honey disadset . \ < “ f . nee Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked. E . : a ee - - 46, 47. * « * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 8 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. + Receptacle naked. Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ‘ ee See Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. . ’ ° . ‘ 17. Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none Receptacle flattish. , , . . 64. Achenia angled Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. ‘ 55 — COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179 = + Receptacle chaffy. Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertila Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to cotumnas), and Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappusnone. . No 51 Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally {f at all. 36-40. Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chafk 41, 42. Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. Achenia much flattened laterally, 1 - 2-awned. : - 43 Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. ome ee &3. Achenia 3 -4-angular terete or laterally flattish, awnless Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. * » vag Kee Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. Achenia obovoid . Involucre a leafy cup. rate ii eye 32. Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales. Ps 3 . = 8d. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. > a del: «re Rays pistillate and fertile: the disk-tlowers staminate and sterile (pistil impe-fe-*). RM CAO Whe not tal by ee Bee ae 25 - 23. Systematic Synopsis. Tar I. VERNONIACEZE. IMleads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly- hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. L VERNONIA. Ileads several - many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Tape pus of many capillary bristles. 2 ELEPHANTOPUS. Leads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of 8S scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. Trt Il EUVUPATORIACEZ.. Ileads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tue bular; or in a few cases dissiuillar, and tie outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style thickened upwards or club-ehaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct. Sabtribe 1. Ecparoaizs. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. » Pappus a row of hard scales. 8 SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled. * * Pappus of slender bristles. 4. LIATRIS. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate Corol- , ., -las red-purple, 5-lobed. 6. KULNIA. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of hepere very strongly plumose. Corollas whitish, 5-toothed. 6 EUPALORIUM Acheniu 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the lave lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat. 7 MIKANIA Achenia and pappusas No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. » Subtribe 2 Tusstacisez Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monccclous or dicecions, at least of 2 sorts in the same head @ Outer flowers of each (many- flowered) “ead pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless. 9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dicecious. Pappus capillary. 10. TUSSILAGO. Head single; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary. * * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy. 11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none. Tasr Ill: ASTEROIDEE. Heads discolil, with the fowers all alike and tubulaz; or radiate, the onter ones liguiste and pistiliste. Brantuos of the style in the per eet flow 180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ers fiat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi. nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (des- . titute of chaff) in all our species, Bubtribe 1. AstTerRINrz. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal ones . ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base. * Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow. is -—- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles: receptacle flat, 12. SERICOCARPUS. Heads 12-15-flowered: rays 4 or 5.. Inyolucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenia short, narrowed downwards, silky. 318. ASTER. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish. Pappus simple. , , 14, ERIGERON. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in one row. Achenia flattened. Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales. 15. DIPLOPAPPUS. Weads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double; the outer obscure, of minute stiff bristles. + + Pappus of yery short rigid bristles, or none: receptacle conical or hemispherical. 16. BOLTONIA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short. 17. BELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical. * * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all. 18. BRACHYCHATA. Heads 8 -10-flowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. i a row of minute bristles shorter than the achenium. 19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few—many-flowered: rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen- ‘ _ der and equal capillary bristles. : 20. BIGELOVIA. Heads 3-4-flowered: rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple, ra _ asingle row of capillary bristles. 21. CHRYSOPSIS. Heads many-flowered: rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles. Subtribe 2. Inutex. Anthers with tails at their base: otherwise as Subtribe 1. 22. INULA. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary. , Subtribe 3. BaccuartipeEm & TARCHONANTHES. Tilowers of the head all tubular, either diccious or moneecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit. 28. PLUCHEA. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary. 24. BACCHARIS. Heads dicecious, some all pistillate, others all staminate, on different plants. Anthers tailless.. Pappus capillary. Tre IV. SENECIONIDEA®. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued beyond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate. Subtribe 1. Mctampopine®. Flowers none of them perfect, but either staminate or pistil late; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless, Pappus, if any, never of bristles. * Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray-flowers pistillate, the central and tubular staminate flowers having a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy, 25. POLYMNIA. Achenia thick and turgid, roundish. Pappus none. 26. CHRYSOGONUM. Achenia flattened. Pappus a one-sided 2 -3-toothed chaffy crown. 27. SILPHIUM. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows: rays deciduous. 28. PARTHENIUM. Achenia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chal; scales and the very short persistent ray-corolla. _" ee my =n COMPOSITH&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181 e@ * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular corolla 29 IVA. Pistillate flowers 1-5 in the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none. q # » * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on the same plant; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an achenium or a bur; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre. 30. AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 81. XANTHIUM. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered. Subtribe 2. Hetiantoezx. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the rays ligulate, the disk- . flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappus none, or @ crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. * Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 -4-sided, slightly if at all flattened + Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 82. TETRAGONOTHECA. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. + + Invyolucre of one or more rows of separate scales. 838. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none. 84. BORRICHIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown. 85. HELIOPSIS. Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border. # » Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none; _achenia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, the chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge. + Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown. 36. ECHINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided. 87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless. 88. LEPACHYS. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined. + + Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned. 89. HELIANTHUS. Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid- uous chaffy scales. 4. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. @ # * Rays sterile, neutral: achenia obcompressed, i.e flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Invyolucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. 41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown. 42. BIDENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns. * * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none): achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned. 43. VERBESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Achenia sometimes winged. Subtribe 3. TaceTinex. Heads commonly radiate; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. Pappus various. — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 44. DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles Subtribe 4. Herenre#. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid; the disk-flowers perfect. Papp1s of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless. * Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed). 45 HYMENOPAPPUS. Raysnone. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored 46. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate, 3-5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed 47. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral or sterile: otherwise as No 46. - _ * * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb. 48. BALDWINIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Inyolucre imbricated. 16 182 COMPOSIrZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * * » Receptacle chaffy. 49. MARSHALLIA. Raysnone Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales. 50. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales. Subtribe 5. AnrHemimpEz. Heads radiate or discoid; the perfect flowers sometimes infer tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- wise nearly as Subtribe 4. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part: rays ligulate 51. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none. 2. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus’ minute oF niéve. 58. ACHILLEA Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined. * * Receptacle naked. 54. LEUCANTHEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate: Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate or ribbed. Pappus none. 55. MATRICARIA. Rays pistillate or none; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conical. Pappus crown-like or none. 66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal fiowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top: Pappus a short crown. 57. ARTEMISIA. Rays none; some of the outer flowers often pistillate Achenia narrow at the top. Pappus none. Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINEX. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas; those of the fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base. Pappus of capillary bristles! Floo- culent-woolly herbs: leaves alternate. 58. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender. F 59. ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dicecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit. ; 60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inneF flowers capti-" lary, of the outer often none Bubtribe 7. Sreneciones. Heads radiate or discoid; the central flowers perfect. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked. (Scales of the involucre commonly in & single row.) * Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas. 61. ERECHTHITES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish. * * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only. ; + Leaves alternate. 62. CACALIA. Heads 5-many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color. 68. SENECIO. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft + + Leaves opposite. 64 ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles’ Tae V. CYNAREZE. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate Style thickened or thickish near the summit; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.) * Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile Pappus not plumose. 65. CENTAUREA. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral flowers commonly enlarged. 66. CNICUS. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter: rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head. 67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with long and soft bristies. 68 CARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles: otherwise as No 67. mF COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 69. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plrmose. Recep~ tacle honeycombed 70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep- tacle bristly. Susporper Il. LIGULIFLORZ&. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- fect. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus none. 71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. * * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 72. CICHORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 78 KRIGIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 56 bristles. 74. CYNTHIA. Pappus double; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of numerous long capillary bristles. * * * Pappus plumose. 76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base. * * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. + Pappus tawny or dirty white: achenia not flattened or beaked. 76. HIERACIUM. Achenia oblong: pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of tvs involucre unequal. 77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical: pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales of the involucre equal. + + Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. ’ 78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- tles, some of them rigid. 79 TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 80. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny. 81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white. 82 MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 83. SONCHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Inon-weep. Heads 15-many-flowered, in corymbose cymes ; flowers all perfect. Invo- lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the outer of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor of Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 1. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river- banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug.—A tall coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 2. V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) rounded and obtuse, without appendage.— Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis- consin and southward. Aug.— Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate: heads mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1. 184 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2, ELEPHANTOPUWS, LL. — Exernant’s-roor. Heads 3 - 5-flowered, clustered into a compound head: flowers perfect. Invo- lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of €Aedas, elephant, and rods, foot.) 1. E. Carolimianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania and southward. 3. SCLEROLEPIES, Cass. Scrierozeris. Head many-flowered: flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, in1-2rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from oxAnpés, hard, and Aemis, a scale, alluding to the pappus.) 1. S. verticillata, Cass.— Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug. 4. LIATRIS, Schreb. Burton SNAKEROOT. BLAzInG-STAr. Head several -many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im- bricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia ‘slender, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose- purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) §.1. Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish corm or tuber (which is impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or grass-like, 1-5-nerved: heads spicute or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the corolla long and slender. * Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers. 1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (3°-5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long).— Barren soil, Vir- ginia and southward. * * Pappus very plumose: scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri- cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla hairy within. ' LL. squarroésa, Willd. (Brazine-Srar, &e.) Often hairy (1°-3° ~ Jeaves linear, elongated ; heads few (1! long) ; scales of the involucre mostly ge, cyigated and leaf-like spreading tips. —Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois athward. . LL. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6/-18' high) ; leaves war; heads few (4/-%! long) ; scales of the involucre all with short and rounded pressed tips.— Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and southwestward. . i if 7 Xe t COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 * * * Pappus not plumose to the naked eye: corolla smooth inside. 4. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2°-5° high), pubescent or hoary; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 — 40-flowered ; _ scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to Wisconsin, and southward. —A widely variable species: heads 1’ or less in diameter. 5. L. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of the top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and obscure. Perhaps’a remarkable state of L. spicata; but the flowers themselves as large as in No. 4. 6. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy (2°-5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered (§/- #/ long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish. — Moist grounds, common from S. New York southward and westward. — Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 7. L. gramiunifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1°-3° high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, l-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7 -—12-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenia hairy.— Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in Var. dtibia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 8. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (39-59 high), very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike very thick and dense (6! - 20! long) ; heads about 5-flowered (4! long); scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. — Prairies, from Illinois southward and westward. § 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber: heads small, corymbed or pan- icled, 4-10-flowered: involucre little imbricated : lobes of the corolla ovate: pappus not plumose. 9. L. odoratissima, Willd. (VaniLia-pLant.) Very smooth ; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. — Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. 10. L. paniculata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir- ginia and southward. Carpuérnores, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff among the flowers ; and ©. romisnroOsvs perhaps grows in §. Virginia. 16* 186 COMPOSITR. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 5. KUMINIA, L. Koeyrsa. Heads 10- 25-flowered: flowers perfect. Scales of the involuere few and loose: imbri( ated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenia cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren- nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu- late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnzeus.) 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.— Dry soil; New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- ward. Sept. 6. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT. Heads 3-many-flowered: flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- shaped. Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) % Heads cylindrical, 5-10-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate: stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers. 1. E. purptireum, L. (Joze-Pyz Weep. Trumprt-Weep.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, point- ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies greatly in size (2°-12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, &c., — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common. * * Heads 3 -20-flowered: involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricaled and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter: flowers white. + Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panicled, very small, 3 - 5-flowered. 2. E. foeniculaceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3°-10° high); leaves 1-2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Vir- ginia, near the coast, and southward. + + Leaves mostly opposite and sessile: heads 5 - 8-flowered, corymbed. 3. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1°-2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acute at the base; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward. 4. E. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (19-29 high) ; leaves lincar-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough both sides ; corymb hoary; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. 5. E. parvifiodram, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2°- 8° Ligh) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled; scales of the short invo lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate.) — Damp soil, Virginia and southward. 6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (€°-7° high), downy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, eritire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers.— Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Leaves 3/-4! long, somewhat like those of a Solidago. 7. E. a¥bum, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarse- ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer than the flowers. ~— Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. 8. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple- nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenxfolium, Micha.) — Low grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes cut into a few very deep teeth. 9. E. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves round- ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate- toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1/-2' long); corymb large and dense; scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 10. E. pubéscens, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny ; scales of the 7 —8-flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 1l. E. sessilifoliam, L. (Upranp Bowneser.) Stem tall (4°-6° high), smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3’-6/ long) ; corymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5-12-%) flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Ohio, and southward along the mountains. + + + Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long and widely spreading - heads 10 -15-flowered : corymbs very compound and large. 12. E. resinoésum, Torr. Minwtely velvety-downy (2°-3° high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4’- 6’ long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey.— Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. 13. E. perfoliatum, L. (THorovucuwort. Boneset.) Stem stout (2°-4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate- perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy 188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) beneath (5!-8! long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ; common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30-40-flowered. + + + + Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, long-petioled : heads 12 - 15-flowered, in compound corymbs. 14. E. serétimum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (8°-6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (5'-6! long) ; involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and southward. * * * Heads 8-30-flowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row: leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted : Jlowers white. 15. E. ageratoides, L. (Wire Snake-roor.) Smooth, branching (3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled, thin (4/-5/ long); corymbs compound.— Rich woods and copses; common, especially northward. 16. E. aromaticum L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not poinied, thickish. — Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. 7 MEIKANIA, Willd. Crimpinc Hemp-wEED. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium.— Climbing perennials, with opposite com- monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof: Mikan, of Prague.) 1. WI. scaimdens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian- gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July -Sept. 8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Misr-rrowzr. Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal lincar-awl- shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical! Otherwise as in Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet- purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of kavos, a cone, and xAivn, a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 1. C. coelestinum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (1°-2° high); leaves triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 9. NARDOSMIA » Cass. SweEEtT CoutTsrFoor. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious: in the sterile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk; in the fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer an¢ copious in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitisk fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from vdpdos, spikenard, and écpn, odor.) 1. N. palmata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white- woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Tussilago palmata, At. T. frigida, Bigel.) —-Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Michigan and northward: rare. May.— Full-grown leaves 6/-10/ broad. 10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Cotrsroor. Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in many rows; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the invyolucre nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers.— A low perennial, with hori- zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and produciag rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) 1. WT. FArrara, L.— Wet places, and along brooks, northern pic of New England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 11. ADENOCAUWLON, Hook. ADENOCAULON. Heads 5 -10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from adnv, a gland, and kavAos, a stem). 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined.— Moist woods, shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. 12. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. Wuire-rorrep Aster. Heads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py- ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren- nial tufted herbs (1°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from onpixos, silky, and xapros, fruit.) 1. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, ob- tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3" long), 190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) in close clusters, few-flowered ;~pappus white. —Thickets, S. New Englan¢ to Virginia, near the coast. July. 2. S. comyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4!’-6" long) ; pappus rusty-color.— Dry ground ; common. July. 3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu- late, short (3'-1' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4/’-5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. Aug. GALATELLA HYSSOPIFOLIA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found in our district, and probably is not an American plant. 13. ASTER 9 a STaRwort. ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened. - Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Rays white, purple, or blue: the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dornp, a star, from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.) _ § 1. BIOTIA, DC. — Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips: rays 6-15 (white or nearly so): achenia slender: lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely ser- rate: heads in open corymbs. 1. A. corymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9.— Woodlands ; common, especially north- ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°-2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. e. s macrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2°-3° high) ; leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4/— 10! long, 3'- 6! wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- gined petioles ; heads in ample rigid corymbs ; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Cass. Marsu FLEABAne. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row.— Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close com- pound corymbs. Flowers purplish. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.) 1 P. camphorata, DC. (Sart-marsn Freapane.) Minutey vis- cid, pale (1°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick- ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. @ (Cony- za camphorata, Bigel. C. Marylandica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. 2. P. foetida, DC. Almost smooth (2°-4° high) ; leaves distinctly petioled, veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled; invo- lucre smooth. }} — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 24. BACCHARIS, L. Grounpser-Trez. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dicecious, viz. the pistillate and staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involuecre imbri- cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu- tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi- ‘cated to Bacchus.) 1. B. halimifolia, L. (Sea Grounpser-Tree.) Smooth and some- what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea-beach, Connecticut to Virginia, and southward. Sept.- Oct. — Shrub 6°-12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus. 2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatuwlate-oblong ; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped invyolucre broader and very obtuse: otherwise like the last.— Pine barrens, Virginia near the coast, and southward. COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 25. POLYMNIA, L._ Lear-Cupr. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceonus, partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, with a membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none.— Tall branching peren- nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo- site, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi- cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse and inelegant.) 1. P. Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3—5-lobed or angled, petioled; rays few, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow.— Moist shaded ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. July - Sept. 2. P. Uveditlia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4°-10° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil, W. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. 26. CHRYSOGONUM, LL. Curysoconvm. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap- pus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low (2!-6! high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crenate, long-petioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com- posed of xpuads, golden, and yovv, knee.) 1. C. Virginianum, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg, Porter) and Illinois southward. May -Aug.— Rays }! long. 27. SILPHIUM, L. _ Rosry-Pranr. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and resem- ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed, surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin: achenia of the disk sterile and stalk. 18* 210 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered “heads. (ZiAquoy, the ancient name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafcetida?), was transferred by Linnzus to this American genus.) * Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick). 1. S. laciniatum, L. (Rosin-werep. Compass-Piantr.) Very rough- bristly throughout ; stem stout (3°-6° high) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut- lobed or pinnatijfid, rarely entire; heads few (1/—2/ broad), somewhat racemed ; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12/-30' long, ovate in outline ; on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south, and hence called Compass-Plant. 2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (Prarriz Dock.) Stem smooth, slen- der (4°-10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, leafless except towards the base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart- shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1°-2° long, and on slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenia nar- rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.— Var. prInnaTirrpuM has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July—Sept. * * Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy: leaves undivided (not large). 3. S. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° - 69 high), branched above, stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 4. S Asteriscus, L. Stem hispid (2°-4° high) ; leaves opposite, or the lower in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; ache- nia obovate, winged and 2-toothed.—Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 5. S. imtegrifoliuma, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2°-4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3!-5! long) ; heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var. LVE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. * * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6! -15! long). 6. S. perfoliatum, L. (Cur-Pianr.) Stem stout, often branched above (4°-8° high); leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose ; achenia winged and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward ; common. July. af> COMPOSILZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 28. PARTHENIUM, L. PARTHENIUM. Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; the 5 ray-flowers with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen- der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from rapGévos, virgin.) 1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent (1°-3° high); leaves ob- long or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3/-6/ long) cut-lobed below the middle; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. 1} — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis- consin, and southward. 29. IVA 9 L. Marsa Evper. HIGHWATER-SHRUB. Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a small tubular corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none.— Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or of bracts. (Derivation unknown.) 1. I. frutéscems, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3°-8° high) ; leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.— Salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 2. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual (2°-8° high), rough and hairy ; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles ; heads in dense panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5.— Moist ground, from Illinois south- ward. Aug. — Oct. 30. AMBROSIA, Toun. Racweep. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stami- nate flowers; with Slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid: pappus none. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dis- 212 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) sected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. (ApPpocia, th Sood of the gods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless and coarse weeds.) § 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre with the truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled. 1. A. Didemtata, Michx. Hairy (1°-3° high), very leafy; leaves al- ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base. (@)— Prairies of Illinois and southward. . Aug. § 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular. * Leaves opposite, only lobed: sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side. 2. A. trifida, L. (Grear Racweep.) Stem square, stout (4°-12° high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo- late and serrate; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 6-ribbed and tubercled. @ — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks; common. Aug. * * Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatifid. 3. A. artemisizefolia, L. (Roman Wormwoop. Hoc-wrep. Bit- TER-WEED.) Much branched (1°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit obo- void or globular, armed with ubout 6 short acute teeth or spines. @ — Waste places everywhere. July -Sept.— An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species. 4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2°-5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber- cles or with very small ones, pubescent. (1) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. & Gr.) -. Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward. Aug. 31. XANTHEIUM, Tourn. CockLeBuR. CLOTBUR. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo- lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slender thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat ; destitute of pappus.— Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £avOos, yellow, in allu sion to the color the plants are said to yield.) 1. X. strumarium, L. (Common Cockiesur.) Rough; stems un- armed ; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, toothed and cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (}/-§’ long), pubes- cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu ) — Varies into forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (3’-1’ long), COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 which is either glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer, and the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — River-banks, &c., com: mon westward; apparently indigenous. And this passes into Var. echinatum. (X. echinatum, Mwr., &.) Fruit turgid (1/ long), thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world. 2. X. spindésum, L. (THorny CLorsur.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 2-3-lobed or cut ; fruit ($/ long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places on the sea-board. Sept.-Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of tetpdyavos, — four-angled, and Onxn, a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 1. T. helianthoides, L.— Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June. 33. ECLIPTA, L. Ecrrera. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays short, fertile; the disk-flowers per fect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan- ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers, Achenia short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves. Heads solitary,small. Flowers whitish: anthers brown. (Name from ékcizra, tu be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 1. E. procambens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var. pkAcHYPopDA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June- Oct. 34. BORRICHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-4-angled. Pappus a short Z14 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'-12! high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-ryz. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical: chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of qAuos, the sun, and dys, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.) 1. Hl, laevis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1°~4° high); leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong-ovate.— Var. scABra has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hoary.— Banks and copses; common. Aug. 36. ECHINACEA, Mench. © Purrie Conz-FLoweEr. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- minated by a single large head; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ’Exivos, the Hedgehog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1, E. purpttrea, Mench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serétina, DC.) rough- bristly, as well as the leaves.— Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward and westward. July.— Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1/—2! long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- icine under the name of Black Sampson. 2. E. angustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- cated ; rays 12-15 (2! long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis- consin southwestward. June -Aug. 37. RUDBECKIA, L. CoNnE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the inyolucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnai , the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margincd, flat at the — ~~. «" COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and sliowy heads terminating the stem or branches; the rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnzus at Upsal.) * Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 1. KR. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3°-7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3 —5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper- most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip; rays linear (1/-2/ long), drooping. — Low thickets; common. July - Sept. * * Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented. 2. RK. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3°-4° high), downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. #% * * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 3. BR. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2°-5° high), the branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth, awned. (@)— Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small, but numerous and showy. 4. BR. speciosa, Wender. Roughish-hairy (1°- 2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; - leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 — 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon- gated (1/-1}/) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 5. R. faalgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- mg single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt.— Dry soil, Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1° - 3° high: the rays orange-yellow. 6. BR. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1°-2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish.— Dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Also in §S. New York (White Plains) and various parts of N. England, but probably of recent introduction. Aug. — Coarser and less showy than the preceding, variable in the size of the rays. 38. LEPACHYS, Raf. (Oneuiscarra, DC.) Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre few aud small, spreading. Rec ptacle oblong or columnar: the chaff truncate, 216 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth.— Perennial herbs, with’ alternate pinnate leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping; the disk gray- ish. (Name from Aezis, a scale, and mraxvs, thick, referring to the thickened tips of the chaff.) 1. L. pimmata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen- der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2! long). — Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sartwell), to Wisconsin and southward. July.— The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised. Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 39. HELIANTHUS, L. — Sunrrower. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Inyolucre imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays: flowering towards autumn. (Name from 7Atos, the sun, and av@os, a flower.) — All our wild species are perennial. * Disk convex, dark purple: leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. + Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading herbaceous tips. 1. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2°-6° high) ; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, l-nerved, pale beneath; heads (small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. a + Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, ovate or broadly lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opposite.) 2. HW. atrorubems, L. Rough-hairy ; stem slender (2°-5° high), smooth, and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped (3'-6/ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed ; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Ken- tucky, and southward. 3. Hl. rigidus, Desf. Siem stout (1°-3° high), simple or sparingly branched, rough; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward. * * Disk convex, yellow: scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, with somewhat spreading and acute (but not foliaceous) tips: leaves chiefly opposite. 4. A. leetifidrus, Pers. Stout and rough (8° - 4° high), branching above ; leaves oval-lanccolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper- pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire; heads single or corymbed, ee ee ee COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 on naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as in No. 3. Rays showy, 1/-2/ long. 5. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple, naked above (1°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy peti- oles ; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 6. H. ciméreus, var. Sullivamtii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with @ close roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate; the upper small and remote; peduncles slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli- vant. Stem 2°-3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next. 7. Wi. m6lilis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to the top (2°-4° high); leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under- neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. * * * Heads small: scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, wrequ- larly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays 5-8: leaves all but the uppermost opposite. 8. H. microcéphalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3°-8° high), with numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some- what serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pedun- cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. — Thickets, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. — Heads 3}! broad, the rays nearly 1’ long. 9. Mi. leevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (1°-4° high), simple or sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm Springs of Virginia, and southward. *% * * * Heads middle-sized or large: scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated, loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer. ~ Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed. 10. H. giganmteus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3°-10° high), branched above ; /eaves /anceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile; scales of the involucre long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. aanfGuus has most of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No. 13.— Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed: the pale yellow rays 15 - 20. 1l. Hi. grosse-serratus, Martens. Stem smooth and gitucous, at least below (5°~-10° high); leaves elongated-lunceolate or ovate-larceolate, taper- 19 218 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, rough above, hoary and downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-:iwl-shaped, slight- ly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward — Probably runs into the last. 12. EX. tomemtosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4°-8° high) ; lcaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5/-12 long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath ; scales of the in- volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chaff and tips of the disk- flowers pubescent. (Disk 1! broad; rays 12-16, 1’ long.) —Rich woods, Illi- nois? Virginia and southward along the mountains. + + Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed. 13. HX. strumosus, L. Stem rather simple (3°-4° high), smooth be low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small appressed teeth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rongh above, whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10.—Var. méLu1s has the leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses ; common, espe- cially westward. 14. Hi. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3« nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3’-6! long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides ; scales of the involucre lanceolate from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12.— Thickets and bar- rens; common. — Disk }! wide; rays 1! long. 15. HA. hirstitus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1°- 2° high), bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.— Dry plains, &c., Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last. 16. HE. tracheliifolias, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smoothish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed- ing the disk; rays 12-15.— Copses, Penn.? Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Probably runs into the next. 17. Hi. decapétalus, L. Stem branching (3°-6° high), smooth be low ; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales of the involucre lanccolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10.—Var. rronpodsvs has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to leaves.— Copses and low banks of streams; common, especially northward. (H. multiflorus, Z., is probably a cultivated state of this.) 18. Hi. doronicoides, Lam. Stem stout (5°-¢° high), branching, rough-hairy above; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, strongly triple- ocined, xough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the love often heart-shaped COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 and on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointea, scarcely exceeding the disk ; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and southward.— A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves (the lower often 1° long); the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most probably the original of H. tuserosvus, L., the JenRusALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital- ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into fence-rows in some places. H. Axnnuvs, L., the Common SunrtoweER, which sometimes sows itself around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat heads and a- brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North America. 40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Acrinomenis. Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed: flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from dxriv,a ray, and pepis, a part; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of the rays.) 1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (42-80 high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point- ed at both ends; heads in an open corymbed panicle; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad- ly winged ; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwell) to Michi- gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy (1°-3° high), widely winged hy the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- nairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading ; rays 8-15, regular, narrow ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly awns ; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south- ward. July. 41. COREOPSIS, L._— Ticxseep. ' Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from xopes, a bug, and 6yWis, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) 220 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) §.1. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow: branches of the style tipped with a potnted or acute appendage. * Achenia wingless, wedge-oblong, flat, 2-awned or 2-toothed : scales of the outer invo- lucre leafy, reflexed: leaves opposite, petiolea, generally pinnately or ternately com~ pound, the leaflets serrate: biennials? (Plants with the aspect of Bidens, but the awns barbed upwardly.) + Rays wanting. 1. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, diffusely branched ; leaves ter- nately divided ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads panicu- late-corymbed ; outer involucre of 3-5 foliaceous bracts usually much longer than the heads; achenia hairy ; the awns or teeth as long as the corolla, barbed upward. — Wet places, Ohio and southward. July-Sept.— Plant 1°-2° high. 2. C. bidemtoides, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; awns slender, upwardly barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly young achenium. — Near Phil- adelphia, Nuttall. — A very obscure species. +— + Rays conspicuous (golden-yellow and showy). 8. C. trichospérma, Michx. (Ticksrrp SunrLoweER.) Smooth, branched ; leaves short-petioled, 5-7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate. or linear, cut- toothed, or the upper leaves only 3-5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled- corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly-ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth.— Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Sept. 4. C. arist@sa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately 5-—7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani- cled-corymbose ; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia oblong-obovate, obscurely margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2-4 long and slender diverging awns (in one variety awnless). — Swamps, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than the inner, all united at the base: rays obtuse, entire: leaves opposite, petioled, 3— 5-divided : perennial. 5. C. tripteris, L. (Tart Corszorsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4°- 9° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostem- ma, Less.) — Rich soil, Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug.— Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised: disk turning brownish. % * * Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the sum- mit: scales of the outer involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all united at the base: rays mostly entire and dcute: leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, therefore appearing as if whorled : perennial (1°-3° high). 6. ©. semifOlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceo- late entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl: plant minutely soft- pubescent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July. Var. stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; the leaves narrower. (C. stellata, Nutt.) Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221 7. C, delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided in- to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1! -3!' broad), rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July. 8. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 1 - 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July—Sept. 9. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; /eaves broadly wedge- shaped, deeply 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3- lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July. * * * * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a callous tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticu- late teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner: rays large, coarsely 3-5- toothed: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked peduncles. 10. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1°-4° high, branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval- lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3—5-lobed or divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. | — Rich woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June-‘Sept. 11. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1°-2° high); stems short, tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. if — Rich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy: rays 1’ long. § 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color : disk yellow. 12. C. rosea, Nutt. (Rosz-rLowerREeD Coreorsis.) Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6-20! high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire; heads small, some- what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short; rays 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. }}— Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward ; rare. Aug. C. tixcror1A, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere common in gardens. 42. BIDENS > L. Bur-MaRIGotp. Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou- ble, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish, the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo- lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite vari ous leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin bidens, two-toothed.) * Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals?) 1 B. tronddsa, L. (Common Beaear-ricks.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2°-6° high) and branching ; leaves 3 - 5-divided; the leaflets lanceo- 19* 222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below; rays none; achenia wedge-obovate, 2-awned, the mar- gins ciliate with upward bristles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places, a common coarse weed, very troublesome; the achenia, as in the other species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani- mals. July-Sept.—In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with one or two small rays! 2. B. commata, Muhl. (Swamp Becear-ticks.) Smooth (19-29 high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; the lower often 3- divided ; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate; rays none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, and with downwardly barbed margins. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petio- lata, Nutt.— Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward. 3. B. cérmua, L. (Bur-Maricoip.) Nearly smooth (5/-10! high) ; leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache- nia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Rays, when present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf- like. (Eu.) ' 4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (Bur-Maricoxp.) Smooth, erect or reclining at the base (6’-30! high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (1/ long) rays ; achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2,3, or 4.— Swamps; common. Aug.—Oct.— Probably runs into No. 3. * * Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapering at the summit. 5. B. Béckii, Torr. (Water Maricoip.) Aquatic, smooth; stems long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into fine capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanccolate, slightly connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden-yel- low) rays ; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (3! long), bearing 4-6 stout diver- gent awns which are 1! long, barbed only towards the apex. 1, — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin. 6. B. bipimmata, L. (Sraniso Nexepxies.) Smooth, branched (1° - 4° high) ; leaves 1-38-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3-4-awned. (@— Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. ue 43. WERBESINA, L. Crownsnarn. o Heads several —many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none. Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 228 rathcr convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent on the stem. (“ Name altered from Verhena.’’) 1. V. SiegesbéckKia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compcund corymbs ; flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate; ache nia wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July. 2. V. Virgimica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy. pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers white; rays 3-4, oval; achenia narrowly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania? Illinois, and southward. Aug. 44. DYSODIA, Cav. Ferip Manricoup. Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep- tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4- angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads terminating the branches: flowers yellow. (Name dvowdia, an tll smell, which the plants possess.) 1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6’-18! high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly- teothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. @)— Alluvial banks of rivers, from Illinois southward. Aug. —- Oct. Tactres pAtutra, L., the French Maricorp of the gardens, belongs to the same group as the foregoing. 45. WWYMENOPAPPUS, L’Her. UHrmenorarrvs. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in- volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolute lobes. Achenia top- shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 15-20 small and blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from tunv, membrane, and manrus, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis- sected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. 1. H. scabioszus, L’Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young (1°-3° high); leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish.— Sandy barrens, Illinois and southward. May, June. 46. HELENIUM, L. Fatse Sunrrower. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3= 5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl- shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle 224 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.’ or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 1. Hi. autummalie, L. (Sneezze-wrep.) Nearly smooth; leaves Jan- ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. 1, — Alluvial river-banks ; common (except in New England). Sept.— Plant 1°-3° high, bitter: the corymbed heads showy. 47%. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Leproropa. Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helenium.—JIn the true species (of which L. puberula and L. brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head (whence the name, from Aemros, slender, and movs, foot) ; but the following is leafy to the top, and branched. 1. L. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem corymbed at the summit (1° -4° high); leaves oblong-lanccolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular, brownish ; rays pretty large (3/- 3! long), yellow, or in one variety brownish- purple, sometimes with an imperfect style. 1}— Damp soil, from Illinois south- ward. June -Aug. 48. BALDWINEIA, Nutt. BALDWINIA. Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenia. Pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2°-3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leayes, and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Rays yellow (1/ long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.) 1. B. uniflora, Nutt.— Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward. Aug. 49. WARSWALLIA, Schred. Marsmarria. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap- pus of 5 or 6 membranaccous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re- sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) — 225 1. ML. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. tanceoLara and M. an- GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.) 50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz& Pay. Gatrnsoea. Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads: disk-flowers yellow: rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.) 1. G. parvirLORA, Cay. Smoothish (1° high); leaves ovate, acute, some- what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8—16.—Waste places ; Cambridge, Mass., New York, and Philadelphia. (Ady. from S. Amer.) 51. MARUTA, Cass. MAyY-wWEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth. Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, fincly thrice-pinnately divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon reflexed ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.) 1. MEI. Coruta, DC. (Common May-weep.) Scales of the involucre with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 52. ANTHEMIS, L. Cuanomire. Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri- ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown.— Herbs with aromatic or strong odor, 1-2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. (AvOepis, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.) 1. A. arvensis, L. (Corn Cuamomite.) Pubescent; leaflets or divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute; branchlets leafless at the summit; chaff lanceolate, pointed, membranaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some- what toothed margin; those of the ray sometimes sterile. @— Fields, N. Eng- land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May-weed. (Ady. from Eu.) A. noxsruis, L., the officinal Caamomize, is said to be somewhat natural- ized in Delaware. 53. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 226 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. A. Millefolium, L. (Common Yarrow or Mritrorn.) Stems simple ; leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong; rays 4-5, short, white (some- times rose-color). — Fields and hills; common northward. Aug. .(Eu.) 2. A. Prdruica, L. (SneezEworr.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8-12, much longer than the involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Ady. from Eu.) 54. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eve Darsy. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, fertile.. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flattish, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim- ilar, striate, destitute of pappus.— Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays white; disk yellow. (Name composed of Aevxos, white, and dvOepov, a flower, from the white rays.) 1. Le. vureArr, Lam. (Ox-rye or Wuite Daisy. WuITE-wWEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Z.)— Fields and meadows; too abundant. June, July. high: heads 1’ or more in width. 5. C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads: leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, N/ong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purp]* 4?— Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. Plant 3°-10° high: leaves variable: the heads much as in the last. 6. C. Virginianum, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green abovs whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingl; sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. July.— Plant 1°-3° high; the heads seldom more than half as large as in the last. Var. filipémdulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched above; the heads on shorter peduncles; leaves pinnatifid; roots tuberous, en- larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and southwestward. + + Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath: scales of the involucre scarcely prickly-pointed. 7. C. miiticum, Michx. (Swamp Tuistie.) Stem tall (3°-8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, 20* > ea! * — 234 COMPOSITZ. “COMPOSITE FAMILY.) whitened with Icose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous invo lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. Y— Swamps and low woods; common. Aug. 8. C. piemmiluzemn, Spreng. (Pasture Tuistre.) Stem low and stout (1°-8° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (14’ broad), which are some- what leafy-bracted at the base; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short ana cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2’ long). @W—Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast. July. = 9. C. horridulum, Michx. (Yertow Turstye.) Stem stout (1°-4° high), webby-haired when young; /eaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish. prickles ; heads large (1!-1}! broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of leaf-iike and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed scales of the involucre; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple in fading. —- Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. June - Aug. %* * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : filaments nearly smooth: heads imperfectly diccious. 10 ©. arveénse, Scop. (Canapa TuistTie.) Low, branched; roots ex- tensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; heads small and numerous; flow- ers rose-purpie. 1|— Cultivated fields and pastures; common at the North: a most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 68. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate, Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. ©. nvrans, L. (Musk Tuistix.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny ; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. @)— Fields near Harrisburg, Penn., Prof. Porter. (Ady. from Eu.) 69. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton THISTLE. Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, Achenia 4-anzled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous, slender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching herbs, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large: flowers purple. 1. O. achxrutum, L. Stem (2°- 4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales linear-awl-shaped. @ — Road-sides. New England. (Adv. from En.) * oS paptak, COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 70. LAPPA, Tourn. Burpocx. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered: flowers purple, rarely white. (Name from Aafeir, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 1. L. mAsor, Gertn. (Common Burpock.) Upper leaves ovate, the lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, Z.) — Waste places in rich soi) and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L. tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, is occasionally seen. (Nat. from Eu.) Susorver Il. LIGULIFLORZE. (CricHorAcez.) 71. LAMPSANA » Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none.— Slender branch- ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads: flowers yellow. (Name from Admra@, to purge. It should rather be Zapsana, aa - written by Linnzus.) 1. L. comminis, L. Nearly smooth; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre shaped. ()— Road-sides, near Boston. (Ady. from Eu.) 72. CICHORIUM, Tour. Succory or Crcnory. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double; the outer of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 1. C. fyrysus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ; common near the coast, especially in Mass. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. KRIGIA, Schreber. Dwarr Danpexioy. Heads 15-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double; the outer of 5 broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani- cal collector in this country.) 236 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. K. Virgimica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, forking during the season (1/—10! high); earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often pinnatifid.— Var. prcHéroma is a branched and leafy summer state. —New England to Virginia and southward, mostly near the coast. April- Aug. 74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. Achenia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles; the inner of numerous capillary clongated bristles. — Low pe- rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves ; the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount Cynthus.) 1. C. Virgimica, Don. Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance- olate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged peti- oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5.— Moist banks, New York to Michigan and southward. June.— Stem 1° high, or more. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6'—15! high); leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few- lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July. 75. LEONTODON, L., Juss. Hawkesit. Fatt Danpetion. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Aé@y, a lion, and ddovs, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) —The following belongs to the subgenus OporiniA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 1. L. aurumnAty, L. (Fatt Danpexion.) Leaves more or less pin- natifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England Aug.-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 76. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capil- lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan- icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from tépa€, a hawk.) * Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated : achenia tapering towards the base. 1. HW. Canadémse, Michx. (Canapa Hawxweep.) Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.—Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and northward. Aug. ee = ‘ COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 * % Heads small: involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 2. H. scabrum, Michx. (RouecH Hawxweep.) Stem rather stout (1°-3° high), leafy, rough-hairy ; the stiff flexuous panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40-50-flow- ered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. lacs open woods ; common, especially northward. Aug. 3. H. longipilum, Torr. (Lonc-BsEarDED HawkKweEeEp.) Stem wand- like, simple, stout (2°-3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob- long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles ; peduncles with the 20 —-30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex.— Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west- ward. Aug.— Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles straight and even, as if combed, often 1/ long ! 4. H. Gronovii, L. (Harry Hawxweep.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; the slender peduncles and the 20 -30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle- shaped, with a very taper summit.— Dry sterile soil; common, especially south- ward. Aug.— Varies from 1°-4° high; with small heads and almost beaked fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest naked-stemmed states from the next. 5. H. venosum, L. (RarrLesNaKE-wEED.) Stem or scape naked or with a single leaf, 3mooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with purple veins; peduncles very slender; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the stem more or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high. 6. H. paniculatum, L. (Paxictep Hawkweep.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2°-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen- der diverging peduncles, 12 —-20-flowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the sum- mit. — Open woods ; rather common. 77. NABALUS >. Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri- ate or grooved, not contracted at the-apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or cream- color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from vaSda, a harp, in allu- sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes resent.) Species of Prenanthes, L. 238 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 — 12-flowered. 1. N. albus, Hook. (Wuite _Lerruce. RatTTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous (2°-4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit: leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8—12- flowered ; puppus deep cinnamon-color. —Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deep- ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil; common, especially northward. Aug.— Stouter and more corymbed than the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads 3! long. 2. N. altissimus, Hook. (Tart Wuitre Lerruce.) Smooth; stem tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-6-flowered; pappus dirty white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward. Aug., Sept. 3. N. Fraseri, DC. (Lion’s-root. GatLt-or-THE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (1°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3-—7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8-12-flowered ; pappus dull straw-color.— Varies greatly in foliage: the var. INTEGRIFOLIUS has the thick- ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New England to Virginia and southward. Sept. 4. N. miaamus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5'-10! high); tne heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre (livid) 10 -13-flowered, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones. which are triangular-ovate and appressed ; pappus dark straw-color.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New York. Aug. - Oct. 5. N. BoGttii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5'!-6! high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10-18-flowered, of 10-15 very obtuse proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of the former ; pappus straw-color.— Higher alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug. 6. N. virgatus, DC. (SrenperR RarriesnAKeE-Roor.) Smooth, slightly glaucous ; stem very simple (2°-4° high) ; produced above into a naked and slender spiked raceme (13° -2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat- eral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and south- ward Sept. COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 289 « * Involucre 12 -40-flowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles. 7. N. racemosus, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2°-5° high), smooth, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about 12-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio. to Wisconsin, and northward. Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. Sept. — Flowers flesh-color. 8. N. &Sper, Torr.& Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2°-4° high), rough- pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a long and narrow con:nound raceme ; involucre 12 -14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5°-8° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled branches ; leaves large (6/-12! long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20-40-flowered ; pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept.— Involucre blackish ; flowers cream-coloy. 78. TROXIMON, Nutt. TROXIMON. Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- late, pointed, loosely imbricated in ¥ or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed, not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim- ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large: flowers yellow. (Name from rpafopa, to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.) 1. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, clongated, tapering to a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp- pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. April, May. 79. TAR A XACUM, Haller. DANDELION. Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough- ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear- ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked hollow scapes, béaring a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from Tapago, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.) 1. T. Dens-lednis, Desf. (Common Danpe ion.) Smooth, or at first pubescent ; outer involucre reflexed.— Pastures and fields everywhere: probably indigenous in the North. April-Sept.— After blossoming, the inner involucre clos2s, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the | fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pa»pus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 240 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) sO. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Fatse Danpenion. Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy-stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi- nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of wuppds, flame-colored, and mammos, pappus.) 1. P. Carolimiamus, DC. Stem branching below (1°-2° high), leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April-July. 81. LACTUCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, Z. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 1. LE. elomgata, Muhl. (Witp Lerrvuce.) Stem tall and stout (2°- 9° high, hollow); leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate and entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow naked panicle ; achenia oval; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ; the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves :—the var. INTEGRI- FOLIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel- low or bluish (L. integrifolia, Bigel.) :—the var. sANGuiNEA is smaller, mostly hairy, and with runcinate leaves, and the flowers very variousiy colored (L. san- guinea, Bigel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &e. July -Sept. 82. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Fatss or Buurn Lerruce. Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy- stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed or panicled; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.) * Pappus bright white: flowers blue. 1 M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3°-6° high) ; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, merely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole; the lowest often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. (@)— Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next. : 2. WM. Floridamum, DC. Nearly smooth (3°-6° high) ; leaves all ly- rate or runcinate, the divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan- icle. @ —Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &e. — Rich soil, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. ee le i a i a : LOBELIACEZ. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241 * * Pappus tawny: corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 3. M. leucophzum, DC. Nearly smooth; stem tall (3°-12° high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle @ — Low grounds; common. Aug.— Lower leaves often 1° long. M. putcHéttum, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in Wisconsin. $3. SONCHUS, L. Sow-TuIstLe. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- stemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.) * Annual: flowers pale yellow. 1. S. orerAceus, L. (Common Sow-Tursrie.) Stem-leaves runcinate- pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; ache- nia striate, wrinkled transversely.— Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. Asper, Vill. (Sprny-teavep Sow-Tuistix.) Stem-leaves mostly undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round- ed; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last, and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Perennial: flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.) 3. S. arvensis, L. (Corn Sow-Turstxie.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey: rare. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) Orver 60. LOBELIACE. (Loseria Fay.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side; the 5 stamens Sree from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the mamy-seeded pod. Style 1: stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only by the genus 1. LOBELIA, L. LoBELIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, ths lower spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the 21 242 LOBELIACEH. (LOBELIA FAMII ¥.) top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.-- Flowers axillary er chicfly in bracted racemes. (Dedicated to Lobel, an early Flemish herbalist.) * Flowers deep red, large: stem simple. 1. cardimalis, L. (Carpinat-Frower.) Tall (2°-4° high), smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanccolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided ; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds ; common. July-Oct.— Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in- tensely red flowers, —rarely varying to rose-color! Fino. Mr. Gilbert), or even to white! % * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. + Stems leafy to the top, simple (1°-8° high): leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate : sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deflexed auricles: flowers crowded in a long spike or dense raceme. 2. L. syphilitica, L. (Great Loperia.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2'-6! long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi- celled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of the corolla, the short tube hemispherical. \{— Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (1'- - 2’ Jong), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1-sided ; calyx-lobes (and ovate bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. \{— Moist grounds, New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug.— Corolla bright blue, $/ long. 4. L. leptépstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; raceme spike-like, long and dense; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. 4— Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3/’-4"” long. + + Stems leafy, mostly simple (1°-24° high): leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late: calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles: flowers pretty large (’-1' long) and showy, in a loose nearly 1-sided raceme: anthers sometimes beard- ed on the back. 5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; caiyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. }— Moist places, Virginia and south- ward. Aug., Sept. 6. LL. mmmdema, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and bracts scarcely glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. }— Shady moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept. + + Stems leafy: calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, xo auricles or ap- pendages at the sinuses: flowers small (4! - 4}! long), racemed. ++ Paniculately much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial. 7. L. inflata, L. (Inp1an Toxpacco.) Somewhat pubescent (9'-18' high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; lobes of the calyx equalling the corolla (2/’/-3" long), the tube and the inflated pod ovoid. —D-y open soil ; common. July-—Sept.— A virulent poison and quack medicine, CAMPANULACESX. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) = 243 ++ + Simple or sparingly panicled, slender: leaves entire or nearly so, the upper reduced to linear or awl-shaped bracts: root perennial or biennial. 8. L. spicata, Lam. Minutely pubescent; stem wand-like, simple (1°- 3° high) ; stem-leaves obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; raceme long and spike-like, com- monly dense. (L. Claytoniana, Michr.) —Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis- consin, and southward. Aug.— Flowers pale blue. 9. L. Nuttallii, Rem. & Sch. Stem very slender (1°-2° high), minute- ly roughened, mostly simple ; root-leaves obovate ; those of the stem oblong-linear ; flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme; the thread-form pedicels longer than the bruct, shorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets near the base ; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New ‘Jersey, and southward. July—Sept. Much resembles the next. 10. L. KAlmii, L. Stem slender, branching (4!-18' high), smooth ; root- leaves oblong-spatulate ; those of the stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; pedi- cels shorter than the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract- lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes. July —- Sept. + + + + Stem simple and nearly leafless, except at or near the base: flowers in a simple loose raceme: leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at the base ; auricles none. ll. L. paludosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1°-2}° high) ; leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, den- ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the middie. 1} — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers }/ long, light blue. 12. L. Dortmannma, L. (Warer Loperia.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5'-12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise, sessile; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly hairy. \{— Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July ~ Sept. — Flowers }/- 4! long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.) Orper 61. CAMPANULACE. (Campanura Fay.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- set with collecting hairs above: stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2-several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented in America, in the Northern States by only two genera. 1. CAMPANULA » Tourn. BELLFLOWER. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate, the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many yalves or holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive of the Italian campand, & bell, from the shape of the coroila.) 244 CAMPANULACEEH. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) * Flowers panicled (or rarely solitary), long-peduncled ; pods nodding. 1. C. rotumdifolia, L. (Hareperr.) Slender, branching (5/-12 high), 1 -10-flowered ; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or nar- rowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from $ to % the length of the bright-blue corolla. 1}— Rocky shaded banks ; common north- ward, and along the mountains. July.— A delicate and pretty, but variable species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely conspicuous. Corolla $'-g' long. (Eu.) Var. limif@lia. Stems more upright and rather rigid; the lowest leaves varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla %/-1’ long. (C. linifo- lia, Zam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) 2. C. aparinoides, Pursh, (Marsu Bretitrrower.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8! -20! high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough back- wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lance- olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. 1% (C. erinoides, MuAl.) — Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely 4/ long. 3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°- 38° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed ; JSlowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyz-lobes awl- shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small (4/) corolla; style protruded. 4— Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July — Sept. * * Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike: corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed: pods erect. 4.C. Americana, L. (Tart BeLtitFtower.) Stem mostly simple (3°-6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2}/-6’ long); the slender style protruded and curved. 1} — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. — Spike 1°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1’ broad. C. Minium, L., the CANTERBURY BELLS, and some other species, are com- mon in gardens. C. GLomprata, L., has escaped from gardens at Danvers, ~ Mass. 2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Venus’s LOOKING-GLASS. Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sep- arate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annuals; the lower flowers in the American species ({ TRIODAL- Lus, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their imperfect corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Kuro- pean species. ) ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245 i. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy; leaves roundish or ovate, elasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 to- gether in the axils; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding (purple-blue) corolla; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry hills or open fields; common. May - Aug. Orper 62. ERICACEZE. (Hears Famity.) Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the stamens as many or twice as many as the 4—5-lobed or 4—5-petalled corcxa, free from but inserted with it: anthers 2-celled, commonly appes«aged or open- ing by terminal chinks or pores: style 1: ovary 3—10-celled. Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well- marked suborders, as follows : — SuporperR I. VACCINIEZ®. Tue WaHorrLeBerry FAMILY. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry- . like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 8-10 small nutlets. 2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by false partitions), many- seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 8. CHIOGENES. Berry 4celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Suporper Il. ERICINEZ. Tue prover Heats Famiry. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen of 4 uniged grains.— Shrubs or small trees. Tepe l ARBUTEZ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 -10-seeded. Tawe DT. ANDROMEDEZ. Fruita pod opening loculicidally. Corolla deciduous. * Anthers upright in the bud, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped. 5. EPIGHA. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged. ® » Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob- ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical. + Calyx enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 6. GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small many-seeded pod. Anthers 4 awned at the top. + + Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 7. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod de- pressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 8. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 21* — os 246 ERICACEEX. (HEATH FAMILY.) 9. CASSIOPE Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4--5-cleft. Pod globular-ovyoid, 4 -—5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. 10. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valyate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds mostly hanging ll. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. # * * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud, afterwards upright; the cells opening only by a hole at the top. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 12. CLETHRA. Sepals 5. Stamens10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved. Tre Ul. RHODOREZ. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous * Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top. + Flowers not from sealy buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 18. PHYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 14. KALMTIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves broad. + + Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 15. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous. 16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous. 17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen. 18. RHODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the rest. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 19. LEDUM. Corolla regular, of 5 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen. x * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen. 20. LOISELEURIA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. 21. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. SusporpER IJ. PYROLEZ. Tue Pyrrora Famiry. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c. as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov- ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous; with evergreen foliage. 22. PYROLA. Flowersinaraceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped: anthers scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges. 28. MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- dle: anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted: stigmas 6, radiate. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 2%. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated in the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or- bicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. SuBoRDER IV. MONOTROPEX. Tue InprAn-Pire FAmtIny. Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or II., but the plants herbaceous and entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beechdrops. Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple. * Corolla monopetalous: anthers 2-celled. ; 25. PTEROSPORA. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, withering-persisteut. Anthers 2-horned on the back, opening lengthwise. 26. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top. * * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals ; calyx imperfect or bract-like. 27. MONOTROPA. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top, ERICACE&. (HEATH FAMILY.) 247 ScusorpER I. VACCEINEIEZ. Tue Waortieserry FAmMIty. Il. GAYLUSSACIA, HB.K. Hucxeserry. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10: an- thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) * Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-doited. 1. G brachycera, Gray. (Box-teEavep Hucktesperry.) Very smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per- ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May.— Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box. % %* Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gr. (Dwarr HuckiesBerry.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy ; leaves obovate-ob- iong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular ; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. H1rTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 3. G. fronddésa, Torr. & Gr. (Biue Tancre. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth (3° -6° high) ; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid- uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 4. G. resinosa, Torr.& Gr. (BLack Huckiernerry.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1°-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous; corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps; common. May, June.— The common Huckleberry of the North. It is said sometimes to occur with white fruit. 2. VACCINIUM “ae CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4—5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4- 5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a false partition stretchirg from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, pr racemed flowers: the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) > ao 248 ERICACEEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) §1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn. — Ovary 4-cel'ed ; corolla 4-parted, the long and nar row divisions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very iong tubes pedicels slender. % Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- green: pedivels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit : corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid. i. ¥. Oxycéceus, L. (Smart Cranzerry.} Stems very slender (4/-9' long) ; leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2!'-3" long) ; pedicels 1-4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis- consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3-4" broad, spotted when young, sel- dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.) 2. V. macrocarpom, Ait. (Common American CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (1°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending ; Jeaves oblong, obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4-6 long) ; pedicels several, be- coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (O. ma- crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- ward. June.— Berry 3/-1/ long. * %* Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cleft: berries turning purple, insipid. 3. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°- 4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, ee — Wooded hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. § 2. VITIS-ID A, Tourn. — Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4—5-lobed : anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy: flowers in short and bracted nodding ra- cemes : leaves evergreen: berries red or purple. 4. VW. Vitis-Idz#a, L. (Cowserry.) Low (6’-10/ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under- neath ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft.— Higher mountains of New England, also on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) § 3. BATODENDRON. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions : corolla spreading-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers 2-awned on the back: fila- ments hairy: berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds: flowers soii- tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy racemes. 5. V. stamineum, L. (Drerrserry. Squaw Huck.eserry.) Diffusely branched (2°-38° high), somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate or oval, pale, whitish underneath, deciduous; tubes of the anthers much longer than the corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. —~ Dry woods, Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June. (VW. arsporeum, Michx., the FARKLE-BERRY, a tall species of this section, with evergreen leaves, probably extends northwar( into V‘1ginia.) - ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 249 § 4. EUVACCINIUM. — Ovary 4-5-celled, with no trace of false partitions : co- rolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 -5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back: filaments smooth: flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together: berries blue or black: northern alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. 6. V. czespitosum, Michx. (Dwarr Birserry.) Dwarf (3/-5/ high), tufted ; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth and shining, serrate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped : stamens 10.— Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire; and high northward. 7. V. uliginosum, L. (Boe Birzerry.) Low and spreading (4!/-8 high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- cent underneath ; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8.— Alpine tops of the high mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.) § 5. CYANOCOCCUS. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, awnless : filaments hairy: berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet): flowers in clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern species or proper Blueberries.) 8. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarr Biueserry.) Dwarf (6’-15' high), smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle- pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM is a high mountain or boreal form, 3’-6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. angustifolium, At.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north- ward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet, ripening early in July: the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market. 9. V. Camadénse, Kalm. (Canapa Briurzserry.) Low (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter: otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 10. V. vacillams, Solander. (Low Biurserry.) Low (1°-24° high), glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute- ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.— Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil, common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow- ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8. ll. V. corymbosum, L. (Common Swamp-Biuepverry.) Tall (5°-10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate ; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps and low thickets, everywhere common.— This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets, The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men: 250 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) tioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to be regarded asa species. — : Var, glabruam. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire. Var. amdemum:. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amonum, Ait., &c.) Var. pallidum. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe- cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) Var. atrococcum. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. fuscatum, Ait. ? & Ed. 1.) 3. CHIOGENES, Salish. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; the limb 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8- toothed epigynous disk: filaments very short and broad: anther-cells ovate- oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob- ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A ~ trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe- duncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from, xv@v, snow, and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispidulum, Z. Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muh/.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the Alleghanies. May.— Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win- tergreen, or Birch. Leaves }/ long. Berries 4/ broad, bright white. Sugporper IL ERICKINEZE. Tue proper Heatru Famity. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included: anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets.— Shrubs with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of dpkros, a bear, and orapvan, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 1. A. Uva-irsi, Spreng. (Bearzerry.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-nrsi, Z.) — Rocks and bare hills ; New Jersey to Wisconsin, and northward. May. (Eu.) 2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Avrive Brarserry.) Dwarf, tufted and de- pressed ; /eaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit bhick.— Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Iu.) ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 251 5. EPIGZEA, L. Grouxp LaurELt. TrarLtinc ARBUTUS. Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila ments: anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Pod depressed-glot alar, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby }/lant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axil- lary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of emi, upon, and y7), the earth, from the trailing growth.) 1. E. répemns, L.— Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, common in many places. — Flowers appearing in carly spring, and exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called Mar- FLOWER. 6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in- * eluded: anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry !— Shrubs, or almost herbaccous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers: pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to “ Dr. Gaulthier,” of Quebec; Linn. Amen. Acad. 3, p. 15; very likely the same person as the M. Gautier who contributed a paper on the Sugar-Maple to the Memoirs of the French Academy ; but it is too late to alter the original orthography of the genus.) 1. G. proctiimbens, L. (Crerprnc WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches as- cending, leafy at the summit (3’-5! high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens: common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Swect Birch. In the interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. East- ward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitcholla, tne latter especially so), and Boxberry. 7 LEUCOTHOE, Don Levoornoi. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged - fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: aé thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick- ened ; valves entire: the many-seeded placentz borne on the summit of the short columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs, with pctioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes (A mythological name.) 252 ERICACER. (HEATH FAMILY.) § 1. LEUCOTHOE prorzr. — Anthers awnless; the cells sometimes obscurely 2- pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced at the time of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per- sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter ‘than they: bracts persistent : bractlets at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and céllular, wing-like.) 1. EL. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or - acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate. (Andromeda axillaris, Zam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low coun- try, and southward. Feb.- April. — Shrub 2°- 4° high. 2. L. Catesbeei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with cili- ate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3'-6! long) ; sepals ovate- oblong, often acute. (Andr. Catesbei, Walt. A. axillaris, Michx. A. spinu- losa, Pursh. 1. spinulosa, Don.) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the mountains, and southward. May.— Shrub 2°-4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. § 2. EUBOTRYS, Nutt.— Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: placentee © merely spreading: flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes, which mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the flower-buds not completing their growth and expanding till the following spring : bracts awl- shaped, deciduous: leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and veins beneath pubescent. 3. L. rectirva. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate ; anther-cells 1-awned ; pod 5-lobed ; seeds Slat and cellular-winged. (Andr. recurva, Buckley.) —Dry hills, Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. April.- - Lower and more straggling than the next. 4. L. racemosa. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leayes oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. (Andr. racemosa & A. paniculata, LZ.) — Moist thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June, — Shrub 4°-6° high. Corolla cylindrical. 8. CASSANDRA, Don. Learuer-Dnar. Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- mens 10: anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, and later the cartilaginous inner layer 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much-branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leayes, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes; the flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next spring. (Cas sandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) 1. C. ecalyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda cealyculata, Z.) — Bogs, common northward. (Eu.) ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2538 9. CASSIOPE, Don. CASSIOPE. Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 2 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4—5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers fixed by their apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5- celled, 4-5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placentz many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.— Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) 1. C. hypmoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1/-4! high) ; leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft; style short and coni- cal. (Andromeda hypnoides, Z.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Moun- tains, New York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (J/r. Young), and high northward. (Ku.) 10. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part.) (Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia, Nutt., & Pieris, Don.) Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the early bud, but very early separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob- ular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentze borne on the summit or _ middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnzeus for A. poli- folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.) § 1. ANDROMEDA prorer. — Corolla globular-urn-shaped : filaments bearded, not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending awn: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat : flow- ers in a terminal umbel: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts: leaves evergreen. 1. A. polifolia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6/-18! high) ; leaves thick, lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. — Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.) § 2. PORTUNA, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and 5-angled: filaments not appendaged: anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long refleced awn near the in- sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat: flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, which are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the following spring : pedicels 1-sided, bracted and with minute bractlets: leaves thick and evergreen. 2. A. floribtimda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young; leaves lance- oblong, acute or pointed (2’ long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia southward. April.— A very leafy shrub, 2°-10° high, bearing abundance of handsome flowers. 22 254 ERIOACEA. (HEATH FAMILY.) §.3. PIERIS, Don.— Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous: filaments slender and awl-shaped, appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below the apex: antaers oblong, awnless: sutures of the 5-angular pod with a more or less thickened line or ridge, which often falls away separately when the pod opens: seeds turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticulated coat: flowers in umbel-like clusters variously arranged. 3. A. Mariana, L. (Sraccer-susH.) Nearly glabrous; leaves decid- uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding, in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of the preceding year; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June. — Shrub 2°-4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves. (A. nfripa, Bartram, the FeETTERBUsSH, belongs to this group, and may grow in S. Virginia.) § 4. LYONIA, Nutt.— Calyx 5-cleft: corolla globular, pubescent: filaments and anthers destitute of awns or appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the ribs at length separating or separable: seeds slender, al] pendulous, with a loose and thin cellular coat: flowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-panicled : bracts minute and deciduous: leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath. 4. A. ligustrima, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4°- 10° high. ll. OXYDENDRUM™M 5 De. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-woop. Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corol- Ja ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong- pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placente at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sour to the taste (whence the name, from d&vs, sour, and Sevdpoy, tree). 1. O. arboreum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.)— Rich woods, from Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree 40°-60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 12. CLETHRA, L. Wuite Atper. SweErT PEPPERBUSH. Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted: anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender, $-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in termi: ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255 nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KAnOpa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) 1. C. almifolia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3°-10° high, covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 2. C. acuminata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (5’-7/ long), pale beneath ; racemes solitary, drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy.— Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. July. —A tall shrub or small tree. 13. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. Payuxopoce. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, septici- dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath- like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. (‘‘ A mythological name.’’) 1. P. taxifolia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth ; style included. (Menziesia cerdlea, Smith.)— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (Young). July Shrub 4’-6/ high, tufted. (Eu.) 14. KALMMA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until they begin to shed their pollen: filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bracted. Flower-buds naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnzus who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) § 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbel-like corymbs : calyx smaller than the pod, persistent : leaves glabrous. 1. K. latifolia, L. (Caxico-nsusn. Mountain Laurer. Spoon- _ woop.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti- cal, tapering to each end, petioled; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.— Rocky hills and damp soil, rather common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4°-8° high; but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like (10° - 20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep rose-color, clammy. . 2. K. angustifolia, L. (Sueer Laurer. Lampxitt,.) Leaves com monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly 256 ERICACEH, (HEATH FAMILY.) oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the branches of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly smooth. — Hill-sides, common. May-July.— Shrub 2°-3° high, upright: the flowers more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the last. 3. K. glatica, Ait. (Pare Lauren.) Branchlets 2-edaed ; leaves oppo- site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. Ros- MARINIFOLIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high. Flowers 3! broad, lilac-purple. § 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season: calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- nate and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy. 4. K. hirstita, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4! long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- ward. May —-Sept.— Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 15. MENZEESIA, Smith. Menzzesta. Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.— A low shrub, with the straggling branches and the oblong-oboyate alternate deciduous leayes (like those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Menzies, who in Vancouver’s voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.) 1. M. ferrugimea, Smith: var. globulsris. Corolla rather shorter and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant.— Alleghany Mountains, 8. Pennsylvania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland. 16. AZALEA, L. Farse Honrysuckie. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu- lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the similar style: anthers short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire, ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often glandular and glutinous outside, in umbelled clusters from large scaly-imbri- cated terminal buds. (Name from d¢adéos, arid,— most inappropriate as ap- plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 1. A. arboréscens, Pursh. (Smoot Azatva.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy ; aE ee ee ee a ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and southward. June.—Shrub 3°-10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 2. A. viscosa, L. (Crammy Azatea. Wuite Swamp-Honeysuc- KLE.) Branchies bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo- vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted. — Var. cxatca has the leayes paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. nfripa is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color. * * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 3. A. nudiflora, L. (Purrre Azavea. PinxteR-FLOWER.) Branch- lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia, and southward. April, May.— Shrub 2°-6° high, with very showy flowers varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens. 4. A. calendulacea, Michx. (FLame-coLtorep Azaea.) Branch- lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — —Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 3°-10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 17. RHODODENDRON, L. _ Rose-pay. Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- monly declined: anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea.— Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. (‘Podddevdpor, rose-tree ; the ancient name.) 1. BR. maximum, L. (Great Laurer.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo- lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng- land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the mountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° -20° high. Leaves 4/-10/ long, very thick. Corolla 1’ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green- ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. 2. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3’/-5/ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south- ward. June.— Shrub 3°-6° high. 3. KR. Lappénicum, Wahl. (Lapranp Rose-say.) Dwarf, pros- 22* 258 ERICACEH. (HEATH FAMILY.) trate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, d:tted both sides (like the branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla oper bell-shaped, dotted; stamens 5 -10.— Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine, New. Hampshire, and New York. July.— Shrub 6’ high, forming broad matted tufts; the leaves }/ long. Corolla violet-purple. (Eu.) 18. RHODOBA, Duham. Ruopora. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip usu- ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea. (Name from podor, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 1. BK. Canadénsis, L.— Damp cold woods and swamps, New England to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May.— androus flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2-4 irregular scales or bracts: anthers transverse, opening by 2 chinks ; style short and thick. 1. ME. umifiora, L. (Inpran Pirz. Corpse-Piant.) Smooth, waxy- white (turning blackish in drying, 3!-8! high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods: common. June-Aug. (Also in the Himalayas !) § 2. HYPOPITYS, Dill.— Plant commonly fragrant : flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androus, while the rest are 4- petalled and 8-androus ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals: anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and ap pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow. 2. Mi. Hypopitys, L. (Pine-sap. Farse Berecu-proprs.) Some- what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4!-12/ high) ; pod globu- lar-ovoid or oval; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M lanuginosa, Michx.— Oak and pine woods; common. July, Aug. (Eu.) Orper 63. GALACINEA. (Garax Fairy.) Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of which is still unknown. - 1. GALAX, L. Garax. Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo- vate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round- ish l-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved: columella none, Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen, more than half its length.— A smooth herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots. sending up AQUIFOLIACEZ. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263 roand-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2/ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1°-2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from yaAa, milk, — of no application to this plant.) 1. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June. Orver 64. AQUIFOLIACEX. (Horty Fasyr.) Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4—6-merous flowers, a minute calyx Sree from the 4-6-celled ovary and the 4—6-seeded berry-like drupe, the stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4—6-petalled corolla and alternate with them, attached to their very base.— Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4—6, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two genera, since we include Prinos under Ilex. 1. TLEX, L. (lex & Prinos, L.) Hotty. Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous, but many of them perfect, Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing | 4-8 little nutlets.— Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.) §1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one- grooved on the back : leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. * Leaves armed with spiny teeth: trees. 1. I, Opaca, Ait. (American Hotty.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, ° Maine to Penn. near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward. June. — Tree 20°-40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly. * * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny: shrubs. 2. I. Cassime, L. (Cassena. Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, crenate (1'-14! long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Virginia and southward along the coast. May.— Leaves used for tea, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. 8. I. myrtifolia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly and sharply serrate or entire (1! long); peduncles slender and 3-9-flowered, or the more fertile shorter and 1-flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of Virginia and southward. May. 264 AQUIFOLIACEE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 4.1. Dahoon, Walt. (Danoon Hotty.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or sharply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2/-3! jong), the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia and southward. June. § 2. PRINOIDES. — Parts of the (polygamous) flowers in fours or fives (rarely in sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (the dorsal ribs nearly simple) : leaves membranaceous and deciduous : shrubs. 5. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, downy on the midrib beneath; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir- ginia, Illinois, and southward. May. 6. I. monticola. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3! -5! long), smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, Torr. I. montana, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconie and Catskill Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward. § 3. PRINOS, L.— Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights): nutlets smooth and even: shrubs. * Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile clusters or solitary : fruit scarlet. 7. I. verticillata. (Brack AtpeR. WInTERBERRY.) Leaves obo- vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos verticillatus, Z.) — Low grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June. 8. I. laevigata. (SmootH WInTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be- neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos levigatus, Pursh.) — Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn. % * Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fruit black. { Winterlia, Monch.) 9. I. glabra. (Inxperry.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar- ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (3! long) of the sterile flowers 3-6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri- nos glaber, L.)—Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and southward near the coast. June.— Shrub 2°-3° high. 2, NEMOPANTHES 9 Anat. Mountain Howry. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4—5 minute de- ciduous teeth; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4—5, oblong-linear, widely spreading, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered, (Name said by the author of the genus to mean “ flower with a filiform pedan- STYRACACEE. (STORAX FAMILY.) 265 ele,” therefore probably composed of yyya, a thread, rovs, a foot, and avOos, a flower.) 1. N. Camadénsis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Michr.)—Damp cold woods, from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north- ward. May. Orper 65. STYRACACE. (Srorax Famrry.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- Sect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 -5-celled ova- ry; the corolla of 4—8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or poly- adelphous at the base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 —5-celled, the cells sommonly 1-sceded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen: radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla -hypogynous when the calyx is free: the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.— A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes. Trape Il. STYRACEZ. Calyx 4-8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals: anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend- ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 3 STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 6- parted. Fruit l-celled, 1-seeded. 2. HALESIA. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 -4-celled ovary, which is 2-4- winged and 2-4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. Tres Tl. SYMPLOCINEZE. Calyx dcleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an- thers short, innate Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 8 SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. 1. ST YRAX, Tour. Srorax. Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- parted), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla: filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube: anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per- sistent calyx, l-celled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.— Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduneles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (7 Srvpa€, the ancient Greck name of the tree which produces storar.) 1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomen- tose beneath (3'-6! long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla (4! long) convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April. 2. §. pulverulénta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovate: (about 1’ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfytomentose beneath ; flowers (}' long) 1-8 to- 23 266 EBENACEH. (EBONY FAMILY.) gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches. — Low pine barrens, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. — Shrub 1°- 4° high. 3. 8. Americama, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1 -3 long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3—4-flowered racemes (3' long) ; corolla valyate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lave, Ei.) = Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May.— Shrub 4°-8° high. 2, HALESIA » Ellis. Snowpkropr or SILtven-BELL-TREE. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4- celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, inta an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16: fila ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla: anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin- drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. Hi. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short), and southward. Fruit 1}! long. 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. §HOPEA, L. Sweer-Lear. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu- merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal: filaments slen- der: anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded. — Shrubs or small trees; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name cvymAoxos, connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedi- cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.) 1. S. timctdria, L’Her. (Horsr-Suaar, &c.) Leaves elongated-ob- long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3/-5/ long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. Orper 66. EBENACE. (Exony Famirr.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow- ers which have a calyx free from the 3-12-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropcus, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integ amer.t; the embryc SAPOTACEZ. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 267 shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat » Tourn. Sea-LavenprER. Marsu-Rosemary. Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2 —3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases. — Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren- nials, with thick and stalked leaves; the flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Srarcxy, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.) 1. S. Limonium, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1°-2° high); spikelets 1-3-flowered; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.) Var. Carolimizna (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North- ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. —Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) ARMBRIA VULGARIS, the Turirr of the gardens, is a-native of Northern Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper. Orper 70. PRIMULACE. (Primrose Famity.) Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4. Synopsis. Tre I. PRIMULEJ. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth. * Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 1. PRIMULA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included 2. ANDROSACE. Corolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. 4 PRIMULACEZ. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271 & DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted Stamens exserted ; filamen'’s un'‘ted. " # * Stems leafy: corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 4 TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit. 5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy. 6. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth. 7. GLAUX. Corolla none: the calyx petal-like. Tzwe II. ANAGALLIDEZE. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a trans- verse line, the top falling off like a lid. 8 ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite. 9. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4-6-cleft. Leaves alternate, Tease II. SAMOLEZE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves. 10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Tazz IV. HOTTONIEZE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 11. HOTTONIA. Corolla calver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected. 1. PRIMULA > L. Primrose. Cowst.ip. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the msertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 1. P. farinosa, L. (Birp’s-eve Primrose.) Leaves elliptical or — obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3-20-flowered involucre, &c. covered with a while mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.— Shores of Lakes St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July.— Scape 3’-10/ high. (Eu.) 2. P. Mistassimica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 ~8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.— Shores of the Upper Lakes: also Crooked Lake (Sartwell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and Vasey), Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, §c.), and northward, May.- A pretty species, 2'-6' high. (Eu.) P. véris and P. vurcAris are the Cowsirp and Prisrrose of Europe, from which various cultivated varieties are derived. 2. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Awnpnosace. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tubo shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; the limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Pod 5-valyed.— Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An old name, composed of avdpos, of man, and oaxos, a shield: unmeaning.) 1. A. occidenthlis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2/-4/ high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblomg-ovate, entire, sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. @— Banks of the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 272 PRIMULACEE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 3. DODECATHEON, L. American CowstLip. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base: anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone.—- Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous _ roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name fancifully assumed from dadexa, twelve, and Oeoi, gods.) 1. BD. Meadia, L.— Rich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and southwestward. May, June.— Very handsome in cultivation. In the West called SHOOTING-STAR. 4. TRIENTALIS, L. — Curckweep-WInTERGREEN. Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base: anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the size of the plant.) 1. 7. Americama, Pursh. (Srar-rroweER.) Leaves elongated-lan- ceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods; common northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 5. LWSIMACHEA, L. Looszsrnire. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted limb. Stamens 5: filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose, 5-10-valved, few-many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.) — Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemed flowers: corolla mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from Avats, a release Jrom, paxn, strife.) § 1. TRIDYNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and golden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines: filaments mostly unequal, plainly monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones: anthers short: pod 5- valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds. 1. L. stricta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves oppo- site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedi cels in-a long raceme (5! -12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. PRODUCTA, leafy for fully half its length: lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ; common. June-Aug.— Stems 1°-2° high, often bearing oblong bulblets ta the axils. ee ee a PRIMULACEZ. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 273 2. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1°-2° high) ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.— Moist or sandy soil; common. June.—A variety has the leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.) § 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at the base: flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with undulate or denticulate margins, scarcely exceeding the sepals: filaments nearly equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the base in the form of slender teeth or processes: anthers linear, at length curved: pod 5 - 10-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 - 20-seeded. 3. L. ciliata, L. Stem erect (2°-8° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3'-6! long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx.— Low ground and thickets ; common. July. 4. L. radicams, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch- es often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slender petioles: corolla about the length of the calyx.— Swampy river-banks, W. Virginia (Akin) and southward.— Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 5. L. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (10!-20! high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. H¥BRIDA is the broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L. angustifolia, Zam.), a slender branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug. 6. L. longifolia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1°-3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2'-4' long, 2! -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (%/- 4! broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, Nutt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July - Sept. 6. NAUMBURGIA, Mench. Turtep LoosEsTRIFE. Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between each. Filaments exserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim- ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which are dotted, like the yellow flower, &c., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S. Naumburg, an early German botanist.) 1. N. thyrsiflora, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Z. L, capitata, Pursh.) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 274 PRIMULACEE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 7. GLAUX, L. ; Sra-M1iLKwort. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. _(An ancient Greek name, from yAavxos, sea-green.) 1. G maritima, L.— Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod northward. June. (EKu.) 8. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5: filaments bearded. Pod mem- branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli- tary flowers on axillary peduncles. 1 A. arvénsis, L. (Common PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short- er than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth. @ — Waste sandy fields. June—-Aug.— Flowers variable in size; scarlet, some- times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the popular name of “ Poor Man’s Weather-glass.”” (Nat. from Eu.) 9. CENTUNCULUWS, L. Cuarrweep. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4-5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5: filaments beardless. — Very small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. mimimous, L. Stems ascending (2’—5’ long); leaves ovate, obo- vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Ulinois and southward. (Ku.) 10. SAMOLUS Py re Water PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many- seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in racemes. ( According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as slanlus in Celtic, the healing-herb.’’) 1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6-12! high), leafy; leaves obovate ; bracts none; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels; calyx- lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) Var. Americamus. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra- cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, and pods smaller. (8. floribindus, H. B. K.) —Wet places; common. June - Sept. LENTIBULACEZ&. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275 ll. HOTTONTIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER Viorst. Culyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by thcir base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafiess. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, u botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 1. MH. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints; pedicels, corolla, an- thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and southward. June.— The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as one’s finger. Orper 71. LENTIBULACEZE. (Brapprrworr Famitr.) Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyz, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confiuently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free: style very short or none: stigma 1- 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular ly. Scapes 1-few-flowered.— A small family, consisting mostly of the two following genera: — Il. UTRICULARIA, L. —Bravperworr. Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip prcejecting, and often closing the throat.— Aquatic and im- mersed, with capillary dissected lIcaves bearing little bladders, which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1-few-flowered. (Nama from ufriculus, a little bladder.) * Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing little bladders: rootlets few or none. 1. U. inflata, Walt. (Inriratep BiappEerwort.) Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow) ; the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct.— Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. Aug. « Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immei'sed tranching stems, which commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected leaies furn'shed with small 276 LENTIBULACEH. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) air-bladders on their lobes: roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) + Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme: pedicels nodding in frutt. 2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater BiappEerwort.) Immersed stems (1°-3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6/-12/ long) ; lips of the corolla closed, the sides refiexed ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it. — Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug.— Corolia 3!—2! broad; the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Eu.) 38. U. minor, L. (Smarter BirappErwort.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 3 —7-flow- ered (3!—7! high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed pal- ate; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New York to Wisconsin, and northward. July.— Corolla 2-3! broad. (Ku.) + + Flowers of 2 sorts; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and never expanding. 4. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- der (3'-5/ high); lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick ana blunt spur.— Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7. + + + Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit. ++ Corolla yellow: scape and pedicels filiform. 5. OU. imtermédia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; spur conical-oblong, acute, appressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward: rare. June, July. — Leafy stems 3/-6/ long. Scapes 3/-7! high. Flowers 3! broad. (Ku.) 6. U. striata, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing ; flowers 2-5, on long pedicels; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu- late, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug.—Scape 8/—12' high. Flowers }/ broad. 7. U. gibba, L. Scape (1'-3! high), 1-2-/lowered, at the base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves, with scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly equal; the lower with the sides reflexed (4! -5! long), exceeding the approximate thick and blunt gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, and southward along the mountains. June - Ang. BIGNONIACEZ. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277 ++ ++ Corolla violet-purple. 8 U. purptirea, Walt. (Purrite BLappERWwortT.) Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (4/ wide); spur appressed to the lower 3-lobed 2-saccate lip of the corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.— Scape 3/-6/ high, not scaly below. * * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none. + Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 9. U. resupimata, Greene. Scape (2/-8/ high) 2-bracted above ; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4!’—5/’ long) deeply 2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Aug. + + Flowers 2-10, yellow: leaves entire, rarely seen. 10. U. subulata, L. (Tiny Brapperworr.) Stem capillary (3/- 5/ high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins re- curved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co- rolla 3-4! broad. 1l. U. corntita, Michx. (Hornep Biapperwort.) Stem strict — ($°-1° high), 2-10-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sendy swamps; common. June-Aug.— Flowers close together, large. 2. PINGUICULA, L. _ Bourrerworr. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate. — Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur straightish.— Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward July. (Eu.) Orper 72. BIGNONIACE. (Brienonra Fairy.) Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- drous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two placente or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or 24 278 BIGNONIACEE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) bell-st.aped, 5-.obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous; the low- er lobs largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary: anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within our limits. It includes two suborders, viz: — SusporpER I. BIGNONIEZX. Tue True Bignonra Famity. Woody plants, with 1-2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged; the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. 1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 8 CATALPA. Podasin No.2. Leavessimple. Fertile stamens only 2. SusorperR Il. SESAMEZ. Tue Szesamum Famity. Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4—5-celled. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2or4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked. 1. BIGNONIA, Toum. Bieyonta. Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing by tendrils. (Named for the Abbé Bignon.) 1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem- bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees; a trans- verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6! long. Sceds with the wing 1}/ long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves. (Abridged from the Mexican name.) 1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Crezrer.) Climbing by rootlets; Jeaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed ; sta- mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (Bignonia radi- cans, L.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward ; but cultivated farther north. July. — Corolla 2!- 3! long, orange and scarlet, showy. attested OROBANCHACEZ. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 279 3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Catatra. Inpran Bean. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.) 1. C. Brgnonioipes, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath ; flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern States: a well- known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which are white, slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat, opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv from 8S. W. States ¢) 4. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, and with the inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla- cent, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal- ing a heavy odor: stems thickish: leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed, - large. (Dedicated to Prof. Martyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of the last century.) 1. Wf. prososcfprea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu- late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned. — Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted with yellow and purplish. (Ady. from 8. W. States.) Orper 73. OROBANCHACEZ. (Broom-rare Famity.) Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna- mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placente ; pod very many- seeded: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx per- sistent, 4—5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex: stigma large. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar- ent albumen. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. —— 0 - ts 280 OROBANCHACEH. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Synopsis. * Flowers of twa sorts. 1. EFIPHEGUS. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike and perfect. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamens protruded. Corolla 2-lipped. 8. PHELIPAA. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 5-cleft. Co rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla al- most regular, Stamens included. 1. EPIPHEGUS » Nutt. BrEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentz on each valve.— Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small and scattered scales, 6/-12! high. (Name composed of emi, upon, and dyyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 1. E. Virgimiznma, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug.—Oct.— Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6" —8/’ long, curved, 4-toothed. 2. CONOPHOLIS >» Wallr. S@guaw-RootT. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg- ularly 4—5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the summit; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Pod with 4 placentw, approximate in pairs on the middle of each valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers; the lower covering each other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from K@vos, a cone, and doXis, a scale). 1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (Orobanche Americana, L.)—Oak woods; not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June.—A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man’s thumb, 3!-6! long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. 3 PHELIP EA, Town. BROOM-RAPE. Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair of bractlets at the base of the regular 4-—5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placenta, two on the middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Name for J. § J. Pheli- peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort.) eee See eee OO ee eee ied eth — Ss SCROPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281 1. P. Ludoviciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3/=12 high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes ; the lips equal in length. — Illinois (Mr. E. Hall) and westward. Oct. 4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Nakep BROOM-RAPE. Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor- der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3 of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with 4 equidistant placentz, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi- nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and @vAXor, foliage, allud- ing to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipza. 1. A. uniflorum, Torr.& Gr. (ONE-FLOWERED CancrerR-rooT.) Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3!—5/ high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl- shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, Z.)— Woods ; rather common. April, May. — Corolla 1! long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, the lobes obovate. 2. A. fasciculatum, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3'-4! out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. (Orobanche fasciculata, Nuit.) — Islands in Lake Huron (Engelmann), and north- ward. May. Orper 74. SCROPHULARIACE®. (Ficworr Famtry.) @ Chiefly herbs, with a or diandrous (or very rarely 5 perfect) sta- mens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-c&téd and usually many- seeded pod with the placente in the axis: seeds anatropous with a small em- bryo in copious albumen. — Style single: stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine rep- resentatives of the order.— A large order of bitterish, some of them nar- cotic-poisonous plants, represented by two great groups (which are not differ- ent enough to be classed as suborders*) ;— to which an anomalous genus (Gelsemium) is appended, since no better place has yet been found for it. * The technical distinction between the so-called suborders is principally in the zstivation of the corolla, which is not likely to be entirely constant. Some years ago, my former pupil, Mr. Henry James Clark, showed me that in Mimulus one or both of the lateral lobes of the lower lip are occasionally exterior in the bud, and I have since noticed a similar exception in anomalous Pentstemon. The plants of Tribes 8, 9, and 10 (which incline to turn blackish in drying), are most, if not all, of them partial rnot-parasites. This has been for some time known in Tribe 10; and has lately been shown to be the case in Gerardia also, by Mr. Jacob Stauffer, of Mount Joy, Pennsylvania 24 * r c ~~ a 282 SOR(VPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) Synopsis. I. ANTIRRHINIDEZX. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually septicidal. TrBeEI VERDASCEZE. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or raceme. Leaves all alternate. 1. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 8 or all of them with bearded filaments. Triste II. ANTIRRHINE SAS. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. 2. LINARIA. Corolia spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat. 8 ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate at the base; the palate closing the throat. Trise 111. CHELONEZE. Corolla tubular, or deeply 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Pod 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence compound; ‘the flowers in small clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts; the clusters spiked or racemed. (Stamens 4, and the rudiment of the fifth.) 4. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with 4 short erect lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale. 5. COLLINSIA. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saceate on the upper side ; fhe middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 6. CHELONE. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others Seeds winged. 7. PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless. TrBpEIV. GRATIOLEZX. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved. Inflorescence simple; the flowers single in the axil of the bracts or Jeaves, the peduncles bractless. Leaves all or the lower opposite. * Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. 8. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated. 8 CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. 10. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short. * % Anther-bearing stamens 2: sometimes also a pair of sterile filaments. /y1 GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none. 12 ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded. 13. HEMIANTHUS. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile filaments none. Corolla irregular. IU. RHINANTHIDEZX. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal. Tree VY. SIBTHORPIEZ®. Corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped. Leaves alternate, or (with the axillary flowers) fascicled in clusters. 14 LIMOSELLA. Calyx 6-toothed. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 4. Leaves fleshy. Trt VI. DIGITALE AZ? Corolla tubular or somewhat bell-shaped. Leaves alter nate. Flowers in a spike or raceme. 15. SYNTIJYRIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, rarely 4. Trine VII. VERONICEZE. Corolla wheel-shaped or saiver-shaped. Stamens not ap- proaching each other. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers in racemes. 16. VERONIC 4. Calyx 4- (rarely 8-5-) parted. Corolla somewhat irregular. %*amens 2. Trae VIII. BUCHNEREZS. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate fp pairs: anthers l-celled. Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike. / SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 283 17. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the salver-shaped elongated corolla 5- cleft. Tre IX. GERARDIEZX. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly unequal {-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs: anthers 2-celled. Leaves op- posite, or the uppermost alternate. 18. SEYMERIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. Stamens nearly equal. 19 GERARDIA. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens strongly unequal. Tree X. EUPHRASIEZX.. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 strongly didynamous stamens. Flowers spiked. * Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many-seeded. 20. CASTILLEIA. Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. * * Anther-cells equal. Pod many -several-seeded. 21. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest. 22. EUPHRASIA. Calyx 4-cleft. » Sc lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong. 23. RHINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular: seeds winged. 24. PEDICULARIS. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless. * * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1-4-seeded. . 25. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique. *,* GELSEMINEZ. 26. GELSEMIUM. Corolla equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2, two-parted. 1. ‘VERBASCUM, L. Mutier. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5; all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded.— Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.) 1. V. Tudrsus, L. (Common Mutiern.) Densely woolly throughout ; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ; flowers (yellow) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ; lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, &c.; common. (A white-flowered variety was gath- ered at Montrose, Penn., Mr. Riley.) (Nat. from Eu.) ; 2. WV. BrarrAria, L. (Morn Mutzein.) Green and smoothish, slender ; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Road- sides; rather common. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. V. Lycunitis, L. (Waite Motrein.) Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness ; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with whitish wool. —Road-sides, Penn., rare, and sandy fields at the head of On2ida Lake, New York ; — where it hybridizes freely with the common Maullein. (A ly. from Eu.) 284 SCROPHULARIACES. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 2 LENARIA > Tourn. Toap-FLax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod thin, opening below the summit_by one or two pores or chinks, toothed. Seeds _ many. — Herbs, ~with at least all the upper leaves alternate. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) * Leaves sessile, narrow. 1. L. Canadémnsis, Spreng. (W1rp Toap-Frax.) Smooth; stem slen- der, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves; those from prostrate shoots oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled ; flowers blue (very small), in a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting). @ @— Sandy soil; common, especially southward. June- Aug. 2. L. vureAris, Mill. (Toap-Frax. Burrrr-anp-zEces. Ramsrep.) Smooth and pale, erect (1°- 3° high); leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lance- olate, acutish ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, yellow, pretty large (1! long) ; spur awl-shaped; seeds flattened and margined. \{— Old fields and road-sides ; common eastward: a showy but pernicious weed. Aug.— The Peloria state, with a regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been ob- seryed in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlington. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. L. eenisTiroLia, Mill. Very smooth and glaucous, paniculate-branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller than in No. 2); seeds angled and wrinkled. \{— Road-sides, New York, near the city (H. J. Clark, Lesquereux). (Ady. from Eu.) * * Leaves petioled, broad, veiny. 4. L. ExAtine, Mill. Hairy, branched, procumbent; leaves alternate, ovate and halberd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles; flowers small, yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. @— Fields and banks, E. Massachusetts to Virginia; scarce. (Ady. from Eu.) 3 ANTIRRHINUM, L. SNAPDRAGON. Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly ‘showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from ay, in comparison with, and pw, a snout). 1. A. Oréntrum, L. Stem erect (6/-12! high) ; leaves lance-linear ; spikes loosely few-flowered ; sepals longer than the purplish corolla. @)— Fields, Virginia, &c.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) A. mAvgous, L., is the common cultivated SNAPDRAGON. 4. SCROPHULARIA, Toun. Fiewort. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at ‘he summit of the tube ' SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285 of the corolla. Pod many-seeded.— Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.) 1. S. moddsa, L. Smooth (3°-4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at tke base. y (S. Marilandica, Z., and §. lanceolata, Pursh.) Damp copses and banks. July. (Eu.) 5. COLBLINSIA, Nutt. Coxzrsza. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly folded backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclos- ing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. Pod many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist. ) 1. C. vérma, Nutt. Slender (6’-20/ high) ; leaves ovate; the lower peti- oled; the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorls about 6-flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx.— Rich shady places, W. New York to Wisconsin and Ken- tucky. May, June. 2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, peti- oled ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2 -6-flowered ; flowers short-peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx.— South shore of Lake Superior (Pitcher) ; thence westward. C. sfcotor, Benth., a showy Californian species, has become common in cultivation. 6. CHELONE, Tour. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op- posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from xeA@vn, a tortoise, the corolla resem! ling in shape the head of a reptile.) 1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate o. lance-oblong, pointed, variable in width, &c.; the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. Also C. obliqua, Z., &e.— Wet place: ; common. July - Sept. — Called also SHEnt1 FLOWER, Batmony, &c. 286 SCROPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 7 PENTSTEMON » Mitchell. Brarp-roneur. PENTSTEMON, Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless. — Pe- rennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers showy, thyrsoid-panicled. (Name from mevre, five, and ornperv, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicu- ous, although sterile.) * Sterile filament bearded down one side: flowers in a loose panicle, somewhat clam- my, white or whitish ; peduncles slender. 1. P. pubéscenms, Solander. More or less pubescent (1°-8° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla 2-lipped, gradually widened upwards, flattened and one-ridged on the upper side, and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside; lower lip longer than the upper.— Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, when it is P. levigatus, Soland., &«.— Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin, and southward. June- Sept. 2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2°-4° high); stem-leaves ob- long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire; corolla slightly 2-lipped, abruptly inflated and almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless. — Moist ground, Kentucky and southward. — Flowers larger than in the last, showy. * * Sterile filament nearly smooth: flowers purple, racemose. 3. P. grandiflorus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous; stems sim- ple (1°-3° high); leaves thick, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping; flowers (showy, 2/ long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than panicle ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular. — Prairies, W. Wisconsin ? (Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham. Dubuque, Iowa, Dr. Hor.) 8S. MiIMULUS bi May MonxKEYX-FLOWER, Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu- lar; the upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary peduncles. (Name from pipe, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.) * Erect, glabrous: leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 1. MW. ringens, L. Stem square (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed. | — Wet places; common. July-Sept. — Flower 1/-1}! long. 2, M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; /eaves cblong- ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has yery short and abruptly pointed teeth: otherwise like the last, —Low grounds, Con- necticut to Illinois, and southward, es bn 5) ee SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 # « Diffuscly spreading: leaves several-nerved and veiny: corolla yellow. 8. MI. Jamesii, Torr. Smooth; stems creeping at the base; stem-leaves round or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw, Wisconsin, and westward. — Flower small. M. tttTevs, with its varieties, and M. moscuArus, the MusxK-Piant, from Oregon, are common in cultivation. 9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (CarrArra, Michz.) Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile: anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unexplained.) 1. C. multifida, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear-wedge-shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. @-— Sandy river- banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July —Sept. 10. HERPESTIS, Gertn. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from épmnorns, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.) % Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved. 1. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round- obovate, half clasping (4/-1! long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, ‘the upper sepal ovate. | — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug. 2. H. amplexicatilis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base; leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped. Y— Wet places, New Jersey and southward. Aug.— Aromatic when bruised. * % Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleft, the upper lip being 2-parted: stamens almost equal: leaves nearly nerveless. 3. H. Monniéra, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obo- vate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. lb— River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast. 11. GRATIOLA, L. Henver-Hyssor. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste- rior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded.— Low herbs, mostly perennial, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract- lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of its supposed excellent medicinal properties.) 288 SCROPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) §1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusey branched, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth. « Sterile filaments minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 1. G. Virgimniana, L. Stem rather clammy-pubescent above, loosely branched (4/-6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves ($'-1! long) ; pod ovoid (2” long). — Wet places; very common. June - Aug. 2. G sphezrocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'-10! high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3) globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia? Kentucky, and southward. * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short ($!-1! long). 3. G. viscosa, Schweinitz. Clammy-pubescent or glandular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems 4!-10! high from a rooting base, as in the next. 4. G attrea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles ; corolla golden yellow (3! long). —Sandy swamps, Vermont? and Mass. to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June-Sept. - § 2. Anthers with no broad connective ; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid stems: sterile filaments tipped with a bead. 5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (3/-#%! long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx — Low ground, Maryland and southward. 12. EL WSANTHES, Raf. (Linpérn1A, Muh.) Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the upper racemed. (Name from idvs, mud or mire, and dv@os, flower.) 1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (Fatse Pimpsrnet.) Much branclied, diffusely spreading (4'-8! high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; pod ovoid-oblong. @ (Capraria gratioloides, Z. lLindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl.) —Low grounds, and along rivulets; common. June - Sept. 13. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt. HEMIANTHUS. Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip very short, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe elongated and spreading. Stamens 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of the filaments: sterile filaments none. Style short. Pod globular, membranaceous, the thin partition vanishing. Seeds rather numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root- SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 289 ing on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round leaves, and minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. (Name from je, half, and dv6os, Slower, in reference to the unequally divided ccrolla.) 1. H. micranthemoides, Nutt. — Low banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. (Perhaps only Micranthemum.) 14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mvcpworr. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, ¢ nearly regular. Stamens 4: anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club- shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Smalk annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run- ners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diminutive of dimus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 1 L. aquatica, L.: var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (LL. tenuifolia, Nut. L. subulata, Jves.) —In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug. — Plant 1’- 2! high. (Eu.) 15. SYNTHYRBIS, Benth. Synrnynis. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2—4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the columella, — Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract- like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of ovr, together, and 6upis, a little door ; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)« 1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5/-—12’); corolla not longer than the calyx, usu- ally 2-3-parted.— High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham. Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May.— Corolla greenish-white, for the most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower than the lower, which is 3-toothed; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others. 16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire: stigma single. Pod flattened, usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few -many-sceded. — Chicfiv 25 , : —_ . . Ss 290 SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite or whorled; the flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Name of doubtful derivation; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.) § 1. Zall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, deise, sp:ked: bracts very small: tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx. (Leptandra, Nutt.) 1. WV. Virgimica, L. (Cutver’s-root. CUuLvER’s Puysic.) Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (29-6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled ; stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ofien cultivated. July.— Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. § 2. Perennials with opposite uswally serrate leaves: flowers in axillary opposite ra- cemes: corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue): pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded. 2. V. Amagallis, L. (Water Speepwetx.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at the base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped Lase, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2/-3 long); pedicels spreading ; pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward; not so com- mon as the next. June-Aug.— Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 3. V. Americima, Schweinitz. (AmeRtcan Brooxiime.) Smooth, decumbent at the base, then erect (8/-15/ high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. (V. Beccabtnga, Amer. authors.) — Brooks and ditches; common northward. June-Aug.— Flowers as in the last; the leaves shorter and broader. §3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base: leaves opposite: racemes axillary, from alternate axils: corolla wheel-shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded. 4. VW. scutellata, L. (Marsn Sperpwe.u.) Smooth, slender and weak (6/-12/ high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes 1 or 2, very elender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends. — Bogs; common northward. June-Aug. (Eu.) ; 5. V. officimalis, L. (Common Sprepwett.) Pubescent; stem pros- trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob- tuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods; certainly in- digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghaniecs. July. (Eu.) § 4. Leaves opposite: flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded. % Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 6. V. alpina, L. (Atpine SpEEDWELL.) Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2’-6/ high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; pod obovate, notched. —- Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. (Iu.) SCROPHULARIACEEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291 7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (Tuyme-reavep SprepweLtrt. Pacw’s Betony.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth; branches as- cending and simple (2'-4! high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May-July. — Corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.) * * Annuals: floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear axillary and solitary: corolla shorter than the calyx. 8. V. peregrina, L. (Neckweep. PursLtane SpEEDWELL.) Near- ly smooth, erect (4'- 9! high). branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds; common: appearing like an intro- duced weed. April-June. 9. V. arvensis, L. (Corn Speepwett.) Simple or diffusely branched (3’-8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate ; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) § 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy): stem-leaves opposite (all petioled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils: corolla wheel- shaped: pod flat: seeds cup-shaped. 10. V. acréstis, L. (Fietp Speepwett.) Leaves round or ovate, cre- nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun- cles ; calyx-lobes oblorty ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- lar and sharply notched pod 1 — 2-seeded.—Sandy fields; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. V. Boxwatmir, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut- . toothed (§’-1' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly 4! wide, blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16 - 24-seeded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia: rare. Milton, Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. V. neper#rouia, L. (Ivy-Leavep SpeepweE Lt.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3 —7-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some- what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-4-seeded. — Shaded places, Long Island to Pennsylvania; scarce. April-June. (Ady. from Eu.) 17. BUCHNERA, L. Buivue-Hearts. Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb: the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs: anthers one- celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the fiowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) 292 SCROPHULARIACER. (FIGWORT FAMILY ) 1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy ; stem wand-like (1°-2° high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, the others oblong and lanccolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in- terrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June-Aug. ‘ 18. SEYWMERIA > Pursh. SEYMERIA. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal: anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract- like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named by Pursh af- ter Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) 1. 8. macrophylla, Nutt. (Murierin-Foxciove.) Rather pubes- cent (4°-5° high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised; the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; style short, dilated and notched at the point; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river- banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and southwestward. July. 19. GERARDIA, LL. Gerarpia. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped —funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells par- allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (clan- destine root-parasites), with the stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.) §1. GERARDIA proper. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purple or rose-color: an- thers all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branch- ing annuals.) % Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect. 1. G. purptirea, L. (Purrre Gerarpia.) Stem (8’-20' high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches ; /eaves linear, acute, rough-margined ; flowers large (1! long), bright purple, often downy); calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, shorter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the coast. July, Aug. 9. G maritima, Raf. (Sea-srpe Gerarpia.) Low (4/-12! high), with shorter branches; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short ealysx-teeth , corolla 3! long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug. : SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293 3. G. ASpera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1°-2° high); leaves long and narrowly linear, rough; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has lanceolate acute teeth as long as the tube ; corolla larger than in No. 1, glabrous. — Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug. * * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves: stems diffusely branched, slender (8'-20! high): corolla light purple, 5! -—7" long. 4. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. (Stenper Gerarpia.) Leaves narrowly lin- ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; pod globular, not exceeding the calyr.— Dry woods; common. Aug. 5. G. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. § 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf.— Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed : corolla yellow ; the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments: anthers all alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base: leaves rather large, all of them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. ( Perennial.) 6. G. flawa, L. partly. (Downy Farse Foxciove.) Pubescent witha Jine close down ; stem (3°-4° high) mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods; common, especially in the Middle States. Aug.— Corolla 1}/ long. 7. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (Smoorm Fatse Foxctove.) Smooth and glaucous (3° -6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance- linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich woods ; common, especially southward. Aug.— Corolla 2’ long. 8. G. integrifolia. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1°-2° high) mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var.? integrifolia, Benth.) — Woods and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains, Aug. — Corolla 1’ long. 9. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 8° high, very leafy) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed ; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx.— Dry copses; common. Aug.— Corolla 1’ or more in length. §3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes unequal : corolla pur- ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens: anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. (Annual?) 10. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9'-20' high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ; the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; Howers nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1’ long. 25* oa oe 294 SCROPLULARIACEE. (¥IGWORT FAMILY.) 20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Parnrep-Cour. Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in- cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; the lower short, 3-lobed. Anther- cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut- lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. ) 1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (Scarier Parnrep-Cur.) Hairy; stem simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla. (@) @ (Euchroma coccinea, Nutt.) — Low grounds; not uncommon. May-July. — A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet. 2. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. (Mounrarn Parntep-Cupr.) Smooth or sparingly hairy; leaves lanceolate, often incised; the floral oblong or obo- vate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinged with purple ; calyx cleft more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleft, the ovate-oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whit- ish corolla; lower lip of the corolla very short. \ (Bartsia pallida, Bigel.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green Mountains, Vermont; also northward. August. (Eu.) 3. C. sessilifiéra, Pursh. Hairy, low (6/-9/ high); leaves mostly 3- cleft, with narrow diverging lobes; the floral broader and scarcely colored: spike many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions 2-cleft, shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla; which has the lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward. — Corolla 2! long. 21. SCH WALBEA » Gronov. CHAFF-SEED. Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed: the posterior tooth much smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip: an- ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.— A perennial minutely pu- bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi- cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure Dutch botanist.) 1. S. Americana, L.—Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts, and New J: érsey, southward, nea the coast: rare. May-July. — Plant 1°-2° high. SOROPHULARIACES. (FIGWORT FAMILY) 295 22, EUPHBASIA, Toun. EYEBRIENHT. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Namo evppacia, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 1. E. officimalis, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, tho _ lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. @)—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, 1/-5’ high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.) 23. RHINANTHUS, L. Yerrow-Rartie. Calyx membranaccous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur. nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; tho cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the upper lanccolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ; the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one- - sided spike. (Name composed of piv,a snout, and dy@os, a flower, from tho beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.) 1. BR. Crista-galli, L. (Common Yettow-Rart e.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass, (introduced ?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 24. PEDICULARIS, Toum. Lovszworr. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2-5-toothed, and more or less cleft in front. Cofolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger.’ Stamens 4, under the upper lip: anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 1. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Lovuseworr. Woop Brtoyy.) Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5’-12! high); leaves seuttered ; the lowest pine nately parted ; the others half-pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in _ front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex ; pod flai, some what sword-shaped. — Copses and banks; common. May-July. 7 296 ACANTHACEE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1°- 3° high), nearly simple, mostly smooth ; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lunceolate, doubly cut-teothed ; spike crowded ; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla - jncurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (BP. pallida, Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. » me —— Ue 304 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places; common, especially north- ward. Aug.— Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very small flowers. 2. L. Europzeus, L. Stem sharply 4-angled_ (1°-3° high), with or without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinu- ate-toothed or pinnatifid, more or less petioled; whorls many-flowered ; calyz- teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.) — Includes several nominal species, among them in our district is . Var. Sinuatus, (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.) Much branched, smooth or smoothish; runners short or none; leaves mostly more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifid.— Common in wet grounds. July, Aug. Var. integrifolius. Stems more simple, often producing slender run- ners ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (IL. angustifolius, Nutt, &c.), much acuminate at both ends (2/-4/ long), sharply serrate. — Common westward. 6. CUNILA, L. Drrrany. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.) ' 1. C. Mariama, L. (Common Dirrany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1/ long); cymes peduncled; calyx striate. — Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. July —Sept. 7. WWSSOPUS, L._ Hyssor. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — 5 _— =e LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 305 whitened ; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips m>stly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name composed of wvux«vos, dense, and dvOepor, a blossom ; from the inflorescence. ) * Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla: flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads: leaves rigid, slightly petioled. 1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1°-2° high) ; leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (1’-2/ long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. Var. hyssopifolium. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward. * * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which, with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs: flowers in dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit : leaves membranaceous, petioled. 2. P. incamum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened both sides ; cymes open; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and southward. Aug.— Plant 2°-4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. - 3. P. clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely toothed, short-petioled, not whitened ; the upper surface often smooth, the lower as well as the stem downy ; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu- late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses around New York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2. * * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts shorter than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 4. P. Torréyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly simple (2°-3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly , 2’ long and 2!’ - 3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug.— Intermediate in aspect between No. 3 and No. 7. 5. P. pilosum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs, much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower ovate- lanceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired.— Dry hills and plains, W. Penn., Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Alleghanies. July - Sept. — A smoother form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil- latum, Michr. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.) 6. P. mitticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth, corymbosely much branched (1°-2}° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo 26 * 306 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) late, varying to ‘anceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine close dow. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others poiniless. * * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasct- cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts rigid, closely appressed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla very short : leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 7. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high) ; leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short and triangular.— Dry thickets; common. July - Sept. 8. P. limifOlium, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (1°-2° high) ; leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last; the narrower bracts and lance- awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois, and southward. July—Sept. . * * * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 9. FP. montinmum, Michx. Stem (1°-3° high) and ovate- or oblong- lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda. 9. ORIGANUM, L. Witp Marsgoram. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which are imbricated with col- ored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from dpos, a mountain, and yavos, delight.) 1, O. voreAre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti- oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks, sparingly intro- duzed eastward. June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. THYMUS, L. Tnryrme. Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ; the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low pe- rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitisk i LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 307 flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from Ov, to bure perfume, because it was used for incense.) 1. TW. SerrYtium, L. (Creeping TuyMe.) Prostrate ; leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. —~ Old fields, E. New England and Penn.: rare. (Ady. from Eu.) _ T. vureaArts, L., is the Garpen Tuyme, or Stanpinc THYME. Il. SATURETIA, L. Savory. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an- cient Latin name.) 1. S. norténsis, L. (Summer Savory.) Pubescent; clusters few-flow- ered ; bracts small or none. @-— Prairies of [llinois, and rocky islands at the Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.) 12. CALAMINTHA, Mench. Caramnru. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire; the lower spreading, 3- parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or — whitish flowers: inflorescence various. (Name composed of xados, beautiful, and pivéa, Mint.) §1. CALAM{NTHA Proper, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base : clusters of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming a raceme at the summit: bracts minute. 1. C. Nérera, Link. (Bastt-TuHyme.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°- 3° high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3 long) about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. CALOMEL[SSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1: whorls few-several-flow- ered, sessile ; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or oblong, leaflike. 2. C. glabélla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (19- 2° long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (3/-1' long, or the largest 14’-2’ long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6 - 10-flowered ; corolla (purplish, 5-6!’ long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michr. Mi- cromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky / Short), and southward. June. Var. Nuttallii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5/-9/ high), / with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2/’-5" long. (CO. Nut- 308 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) tallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.) — Wet limestone rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sudlivant), and southwestward. July — Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms, &e. $3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below: clusters sessile and many-flowered, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 3. ©. Crinoropium, Benth. (Basix.) Hairy, erect (1°-2° high) ; leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, Z.)— Borders of thickets and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.) ' 13. MELISSA, Ll. Bavm. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 8-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamiutha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from pédioca, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 1. ME. orricinAuis, L. (Common Baim.) Upright, branching; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons; the corolla white or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.) 14. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock PennyRoyYAL. Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex; the lower spread- ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from “Hévocpoyr, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (Amprican Pennyroyat.) Erect, branch- ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar; whorls few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx; sterile filaments tipped with a little head. @ — Open barren woods and fields; com- mon. July -Sept.— Plant 6’-10! high, with nearly, the taste and odor of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. 2. Hi. hispida, Pursh. Erect hairy (2/-5! high); leaves sessile, knear, entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers; corolla scarcely longer than the ciliate hispid calyx. (4) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. 15. COLLINSONIA, L. Horsr-Baro. Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. ~ LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 309 Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnzus, and who introduced this plant into England.) 1. C. Camadénsis, L. (Ricu-werep. Srons-roor.) Nearly smooth (1°-3° high) ; leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3’-9’ long); panicle loose, many-flowered ; stamens 2.— Rich moist woods, New England to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward. July-Sept.— Corolla 3’ long, exhaling the odor of lemons. 16. SALWIA, L._ Sacz. Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- shaped, entire or barely notched; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im- perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 1. S. lyrata, L. (Lyre-Lreavep Sacre.) Low (10!-20! high), somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuate- pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes- cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1} — Woodlands and meadows, New Jersey to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. June. 2. S. urticifolia, L. (Nerrie-teavep Sacer.) Downy with clammy hairs, leafy; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly. heart- shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the lower; style bearded. 1, — Woodlands, from Maryland south- ward. — Corolla 4/ long; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. S. orricrnAis, L., is the well-known GarprEN Sacre. Several scarlet species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament. 17. MONARDA, L. Horse-Minr. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal; the upper erect, en- tire or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta- mens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla: anthers lin- ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish botanist.) 310 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) % Stamens and style exserted beyond the very narrow and acute upper lip of the corol- la: root perennial. 1. Wi. didyma, L. (Osweco Tra.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long), bright red. — Meist woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the Alleghanies: often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July.— Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers. 2. ME. fistulosa, L. (Witp Bercamot.) Smoothish or downy ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper- most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south- ward, principally westward. July—Sept.— Very variable in appearance, 2°- 5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last. 3. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round- ed at the base, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish; calyx smoothish, contraeted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. —Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. July. %* * Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla. 4. Mi. pumctata, L. (Horsse-Mintr.) Minutely downy (2°-3° high) ; leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, awnless; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur- ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.— Very odorous and pungent. 18. BLEPWILIA, Raf. Brerurrsa. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 83 awned teetlf, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, entire; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- ments of the upper pair minute or none): anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Pe- rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda; the small pale bluish- purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls. (Name from BAehapis, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth. ) 1. B. ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy ; leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, col- ored, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda ciliata, Z.) — Dry open places, LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) $11 Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant 1°-2° high, less branched than the next, the hairy corolla shorter. 2. B. hirsitita, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B..nepe- toides, Raf. Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) —- Damp rich woods, N. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2°-3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. 19. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Grant Hyssor. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross. Auther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name from Addos, a crest, and dvOos, a flower.) 1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some- what pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2'/-4’ long) ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob- tuse, little shorter than the ypale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.—Stem stout, 4°-6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes 2/-6/ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts. 2. L. scrophularizfolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubescent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4'-15 long): otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range. } 3. L. anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hyssop.) Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. — Plains, Wisconsin? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and smell of anise. 20. NEPETA, L. Car-Mist. Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the low- er spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) § 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract-like. 1. N. Cararta, L. (Carnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart- shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dot- ted with purple.— Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) $12 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) § 2. GLECHOMA, L.— Leaves all alike : the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered. 2. N. Grecuoma, Benth. (Grounp Ivy. Gixx.) Creeping and trailing ; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Shaded, waste grounds near dwellings. May-Aug.— Anthers with the cells diverging at a right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Ady. from Eu.) 21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dnracon-weap. Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; the lower pair shorter. An- thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. —Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from Spdxey, a dragon, and kepadn, head, alluding to the form of the corolla.) 1. D. parvifléram, Nutt. Stem erect, leafy (8’-20' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla. @)—Rocky places, Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties, New York ; shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. May- Aug. 22, CEDRONELLA, Mench. Crpronenra. Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed; the lower 3- cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of xédpor, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves of the originial species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens. ) 1. C. corda&ta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few- flowered, approximate at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (14! long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracocephalum corda- tum, Nutt.) —Low shady banks of streams, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and south- ward along the mountains. June. 23. SYNANDRBA, Nutt. Synanpra. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending : filaments hairy: anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with each other (whence the name; from ovr, together, and daynp, for anther). 1. S. grandifidra, Nutt.— Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south- ward. June. — A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 313 broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin; the floral sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla 1}/ long, yellowish-white. 24. PHYSOSTEGIA > Benth. Fats— DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell- shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly entire; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small: its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers approxi- mate; the cells parallel.— Perennial smooth herbs, with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim- ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from ica, a bladder, and oteya, to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.) 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &e.) — Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July —Sept. — Varies from 1°- 4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob- long-oboyate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed to nearly entire; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered ; the in- flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular; the corolla from 6" or 7" to 12" long: no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or qrore species. 25. BRUNELLA, Tour. (Prunella, Z.) SELF-HEAL. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend- ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbri- eated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.) 1. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Secr-near or Heat-aty.) Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.— Woods and fields ; common. Aug. (Eu.) 26. SCUTELLARIA, L._ Sxuttcapr. Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall- 27 514 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated it the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded; those of the lower stamens l-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe- _ rennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flowers; the short peduncles chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.) * Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes; the floral leaves, except the lower ones, being . small, and reduced to bracts. + Lips short, nearly equal in length ; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles. 1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c., partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (1°-3° high); leaves ovate or round- ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; ra- cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Corolla §/ long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- spotted ; the upper deep blue; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower as to the upper lip. —S. saxatilis, var.? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper’s Ferry, Atkin, Wood.) 2. S. saxdatiliis, Riddell. Smoothish or slightly hairy; stem weak, ascend- ing (6/18! long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (1!—2! long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co- rolla %’ long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. + + Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or incurved upper lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves moderately petioled, except in No. 6. 8. S. caméscens, Nutt. Stem branched (2°-4°% high), above, with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surfiuce of the ovate or lance- ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenute leaves, whitish with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Michigan and southward. July. — Corolla %/ long. 4. S. serrata, Andrews. Gyeen and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple (1°-3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes ; leaves seriate, acuminate at beth ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy; lips of the corolla equa! in length (corolla 1! long, the tube more tapering below than in the last, which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July. 5. S. pilésa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly sims ple (1°-3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying te roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate; racemes ; LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 short, often branched ; corolla (}/—%* long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little - shorter. (S. hirsita, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New York to Michigan and southward. June-Aug. 6. S. imtegrifolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com: monly simple (1°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (1! long) much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridgewater, Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June-Aug. % * Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. + Corolla (2"-3!" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx ; the short lips nearly equal in length, the upper lip concave. 7. S. mervosa, Paursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10!-20! high) ; lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped * (1’ long) ; the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; the nerve-like veins promi- nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 8. S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3'-6' high), branched and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (3'- 3! long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) — Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. + + Corolla (3! - 4! long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rather longer than the somewhat arched upper lip. , 9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (1°-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the base (1/-2' long). — Wet shady places ; common everywhere northward. ~ Aug. (Eu.) * * * Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like. 10. S. laterifldra, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (19-29? high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round- ed at the base, petioled (2/-3’ long).— Wet shaded places; common. Aug. — A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. " 27. MARRUBIUM, L. _ Horenounp. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-10-toothed ; the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter- aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 1. WW. vureire, L. (Common Horenounn.) Stems ascencing ; leaves rcund-oyate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calex with 10 recurved a te 316 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) teeth, the alternat: ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) . 28. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nerrte. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly- fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaen, a weasel, and Gwis, resem- blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 1. G. TerrAnit, L. (Common Hemp-Netrie.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFLORA, 3-4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) . 2. G. LApanum, L. (Rep Hemp-Nertxe.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach, near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 29. STACHYS, L. Hence-Nervte. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; the upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutiets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2-many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from oraxus, a spike). % Root annual: stems decumbent, low. 1. S. arvensis, L. (Wovunpworrt.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, ob- tuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base; axillary whorls 4-6-flowered, distant ; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste places, E. Massachusetts; searce. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Root perennial: stem erect. 2. S. palvistris, L. Stem 4-angled (2°-3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or refiexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at the base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2’-4/ long), the upper floral ones shorter thar. the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6-—10-flowered, the up- per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth — 465 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. —Wet banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June-Aug. (Eu.)— To this, for the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are: — Var. &spera. (S. aspera, Michr.) Stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles; leaves hairy or smoothish, pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into Var. glabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pl. 1836.) More slen- der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun- cate at the base, all petioled.— W. New York (Sartwell) to Michigan and south- westward. Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, 1.c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled; calyx-teeth some- times shorter. — Common westward and southward. 3. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so; stems slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, or narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 -6-flowered, rather distant; corolla (violet-purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangu- lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. 1,—Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to . Michigan, and southward: rather rare. July. BETONICA OFFICINALIS, the Woop Brrony of Europe, — of a genus hard- ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton, Massachusetts. 30. LEONURUS, L. MorTHerwort. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are aw!-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid- dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled.— Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Aéor, a lion, and ovpd, tail, i. e. Lion’s-tail.) 1. L. Carpiaca, L. (Common Mornerwort.) Tall; leaves long-peti- oled; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. J — Waste places, around dwellings, &e. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L. MarrusiMstrum, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth ; the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect. (@)— Road-sides, Pennsylvania: rare. (Ady. from Eu.) 27 * a en 318 LABIAT. (MINT FAMILY.) 31. LAMIUM, L. Drap-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base; the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip: anthers ap- proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. — Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses- sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from Aazpos, the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) . 1. IL. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted ; lateral lobes truncate.- (@) — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. L. purrtreum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- toothed, all petioled. — Cult. grounds, Pennsylvania. (Ady. from Eu.) 32. BALLOTA, L. Fetrp HorEenounp. Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co- rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (‘The Greek name, of uncertain origin.) 1. B. nigra, L. (Brack Horenounn.) More or less hairy, but green, erect; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long- er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1} — Waste places, Massachusetts and Connecticut: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.) 33. PHLOMIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE. Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &e. : anther- cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of obscure derivation.) 1. BP. ruperdsa, L. Tall (3°-5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate- heart-saped, crenate, petioled; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. } — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Hadley, Prof. Dewey. (Adv. from Eu.) The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the Sweet Basix (Ocymum Basilicum) ; the LAVENDER (Lavandula vera); and the Sweer Manrgoram (Origanum Majorana). ee Oe BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 319 Orprr 78. BORRAGINACEX. (Boract Fawr.) Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-paried calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiate), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex: radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci- laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of many species yielding a red dye.) A rather large family. Synopsis. Trapt I. BORRAGEZ. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate l-seeded nutlets in fruit; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently red.) *® Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular! Nutlets fixed by their base (separate from the style); the scar flat. 1. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded. * * Corolla With 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style); the scar broad and hollowed out. 2. LYCOPSIS Corolla funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique: scales blunt and hairy. 8. SYMPHYTUM Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit: scales awl-shaped. « * * Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular. Nutlets not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style); the scar very small and flat. + Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud. 4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect. §. LITHOSPERMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded. 6. MERTENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded. + + Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud. 7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets bard and smooth. Flowers all of them, or all but the lowest, bract- less. @ « » * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central column or the base of the style. 4 8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over. Tae Il HELIOTROPEZE. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style: the fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutleta 10. HELIOTROPIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets l-called. ll. HELIOPHYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled. 1. ECHIUM, Tourn. VirEer’s Buc toss. Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta- *In the descriptions we call these clusters racemes or spikes, for convenience, since they so closely imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts when these are present. 320 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) mens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from €xes, a viper.) 1. E. vurcaAre, L. (Bivue-wreEp.) Rough-bristly; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme; corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). @)— Road-sides and meadows: rather rare northward ; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. LYCOPSIS, L. Bucross. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base. —Annuals. (Name from Avxos, a wolf, and dys, face.) 1. L. arvensis, L. (Smartui Buenoss.) Very rough-bristly (1! high) ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla.— Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia: scarce. (Ady. from Eu.) 3 SYMPHWEUM, Toun. Comrrey. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed; the short teeth spreading ; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. “ Stamens in- cluded: anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi- nous roots; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. {Name from ovpdeiy, to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 1. S. orFicinALe, L. (Common Comrrey.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist places; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. oOnosm ODEUM, Michx. Farsr GROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular- funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed) ; the 5 acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out.— Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONosMoDIUM PROPER, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re- semblance to the genus Onosma.) 1. O. Virginiimum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed bristles; stems rather slender (1°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong, or obloug- BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 321 lanceolate (1/- 23! long), the lower narrowed at the base ; corolla rather longer than the calyx (3! long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (O. hispidum, Michr. Lithospérmum Virginianum, Z.!)— Banks and hill-sides, S. New England to Virginia and southward. June- Aug. 2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. Michr.) Clothed all over with long and spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, upright (3°-4° high) ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes dedltoid-ovate, obtusish ; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (O. molle, Beck, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Zam.) — River-banks, W. New York, Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July.— Stouter and larger-leaved than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs. ‘Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart- shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. This has been confounded by some authors with No. 1; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles. 3. O. mdélle, Michx. Hoary with fine and close strictly appressed hairs ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, soft-downy underneath ; corolla longer than the calyx, the lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute; anthers linear, much longer than the verti- cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rather larger than in the last; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle. 5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. Puccoon. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or — with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy-bracted flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p. 171, &e.). (Name compounded of Ai@es, stone, and o7épya, seed, from the hard nutlets.) 41. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages. 1. LL. arvénse, L. (Corn Gromwett.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems erect (6/—12’ high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. @)— Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl- vania and Michigan. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores: corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinet pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.) 2. L. angustifoliuma, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, much branched, erect or spreading (6/-15! high) ; leaves linear, rigid, 1-nerved , corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white but smooth and shin- ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 822 BORRAGINACEE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 3. IL. orricrnALe, L. (Common Gromwetu.) Much branched above, erect (1°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlets very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c.: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. L. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2°-3° high), rough ; Jeaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2'-4! long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2! long).— Borders of woods, Michigan to Kentucky. June. § 3. Nutlets smooth and shining: corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange- yellow, somewhat pubescent outside: the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.) (Batschia, G'mel.) * Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than tts ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe- cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 5. i. Ihirtumm, Lehm. (Harry Puccoon.) Hispid with bristly hairs (1°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis- tinetly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (4' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. (Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gime. B. Ginelini, Mechs.) — Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest- ward. April-June. — Flowers crowded, showy: limb of the corolla §'-1 broad. 6. L. caméscems, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon or ALKANET.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6'-15! high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap- pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) — Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest- ward. May.—Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. * * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its erose-toothed or crenulate lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo- phus, A. DC.) 7. L. lomgifldrum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (6’-18! high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx (#/-14/ long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus longiflorus, A. DC.) —Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin westward. May, 6. MERTENSIA, Roth. © Smoorm Lunewort. Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longer than the deeply 5- cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or-with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat; the spreading border 5-lobed. Stamens protruding from the —_—"" BORRAGINACEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323 s4reat: filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped anthers. Style long and thread-form. WNutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.) §1. Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5 lobed : filaments skender, much longer than the anthers. 1. ME. Virgimica, DC. (Vireintan Cowsiir or Luncwort.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1°~2° high); leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root (4/-6/ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1’ long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, Z.) — Allu- vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. § 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply lobed: filaments shorter and fiat. 2. MI. maritimaa, Don. (Sea Luncwort.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves fieshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3’ long) ; nutlets smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine? and northward. (Eu.) 3. M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1°-2° high), loosely branched ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co- rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (4 long) ; nutlets rough-wrinkled when dry. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.)—Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. ¥ MYOSOTIS, L. Scorriox-Grass. ForGEt-ME-Nor. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short fila- ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion- ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. (Name composed of pus, mouse, and ots, ors, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species: one popular name is Movse-EaR.) % Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor glandular. 1. M. palidstris, With, (Trux Forcet-mz-not.) Stems ascending from an obliquely creeping base (9/-20’ high), loosely branched, smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx moderately 5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels; corolla (rather large in the genuine plant) pale biue with a yellow eye. \——- Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into 324 BORRAGINACEA. (BORAGE FAMILY.) smaller-flowered forms, among which high authorities rank M. cespitosa and *with yet more reason) the intermediate Var. Haxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers * er 3 smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward. May-Aug. (Eu.) * * Calyz closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex. 2. MI. arvémsis, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as- cending (6/—15! high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the éase and stalked ; corolla small, blue (rarely white) ; pedicels spreading in fruit and larger than the 5-cleft equal calyx. @ @ (M. intermedia, Link. M. scor- pioides, var. arvensis, Z.)— Fields, &c.; ndt very common. (Indigenous ?) May-Aug. (Eu.) : 3. MI. wérma, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4! - 12! high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small and white, with a short limb; pedicels in Sruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx. @ @ (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, ed. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. fi. NN. Y.) — Dry hills, &c., Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May- July. 8S. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Sricxsnep. Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud ; the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow- ers in bracted racemes. (Name compounded of éyivos, a hedgehog, and oméppa, seed, from the prickly nutlets.) 1. E. LAprura, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°-2° high); the short pedicels erect; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double row of prickles at the margins, and tubercled on the back. @ @— Waste places; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 9 CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hounn’s-Toneur. Corolla funnel-form; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx; the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included, Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly panicled racemes which are naked above but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petioled. (Name from Kuwv, a dog, and yA@aaa, tongue ; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) 1. ©. orricrnAte, L. (Common Hounp’s-Toneur.) Clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless ; ¢ olla reddish- ———— eee : BORRAGINACEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325 purple (rurely white, Sartwell) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. @ —Waste grounds and pastures: a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C. Virginicum, L. (Witp Comrrey.) Loughish with spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2°-3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-ob- long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex. J —Rich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward. June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next. 3. C. Morisoni, DC. (Brecear’s Lice.) Stem hairy, very broadly branched, leafy (2°-4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani- cled, forking, diverging, hairy, /eafy-bracted at the base ; corolla white or pale blue (minute); pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed points. (: (Myosdétis Virginica, Z. Echinospérmum, Lehm.) — Copses ; com- mon. July.—A vile weed. 10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Terrorrorr. Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed; the sinuses more or less plaited in the bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-celled ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the small flowers in l-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from 7Acos, the sun, and Tpom7, a turn.) 1. Ht. Evrorxum, L. Erect (6/-18! high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy. ()— Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places. (Ady, from Eu.) H. CurassAvicum, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis. H. PeruviAnuM, L., is the well-known Sweet HeLiorrope in cultivation. 11. HELIOPHYTUM, (Cham.) DC. Inpran HeEtiorropnr, Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled (i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides: other- wise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name composed of #Avos, sun, and putov, plant.) 1. EX. fypicum, DC. Erect, hairy ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, splitting into 2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at length separable again into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets. @) (Heliotropium Indicum, LZ.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward. (Ady. from India.) BorRAcGo oFrricinAvis, L., the cultivated BoraGE, is sometimes sponta- neous in gardens. > 28 326 HYDROPHYLLACEH. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Orper 79. HYDROPHYLLACE. (Warertear Fam.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary ovoid and entire, 1-celled, with 2 parietal 4—many- ovuled placente. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved, 4—many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, amphitropous, with a small embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one- sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young, and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) — Synopsis. * Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentz, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp. + Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted: anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. NEMOPHILA. Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses, ; somewhat enlarged in fruit. ’ + + Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 8. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal placenta, in fruit projecting inwards more or less. 4. PHACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of appendages. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, UL. Warertear. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec- tariférous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted: filaments more or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentss expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petioled am- ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of Vdwp, water, and PvAdor, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) « Calyx naked or occasionally with minute appendages at the sinuses: rootstocks creeping, thickish, scaly-toothed. 1. WH. macrophyllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy ; leaves oblong, pinnate, and pinnatifid ; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; peduncle very long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky, shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leaves 1° long: cyme globular, crowded 2. i. Virginicum, L. Smoothish (1°-2° high) ; leaves pinnately di- vided ; the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, HYDROPHYLLACEH. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327 the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than tha petioles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate. — Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles forked: clusters rather dense. 3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high) ; leaves palmately 5 -7- lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed; those from the root sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles much shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth.— Damp rich woods, W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July.— Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles : leaves 3/-5/ broad. * * Calyx with a small reflered appendage in each sinus: stamens sometimes not ex serted (probably two forms of flowers, as in some Borraginacee, p. 321, §c.). 4. Hi. appendiculatum, Michx. (Harry Warertear.) Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly-hairy.— Open woods, W. New York to the Alle- ghanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June. 2, NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Nemopnta. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentz (bearing each 2-12 ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum; the embryo larger. — Dif- fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatitid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur- ple. (Name composed of vepos, a grove, and ir€e, to love; from the place of growth they affect.) 1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2/- 8! long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round- ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter- nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute ; corolla white (1}/’ long), longer than the calyx ; placente each 2-ovuled ; pod 1-2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April — June. N. rnsfonis, N. macurAra, &c. are showy Californian species, now com- mon in gardens. ° 3. ELLISIA, L. Exrista. Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol- la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. 528 HYDROPHYLLACEH. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Placentz (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower oppcsite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a correspondent of Linnzeus.) 1. E. Nyeteélea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6'—12/ high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7 —13 lanceolate or linear- oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point, nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom- ing almost 3! long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton, New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward. May- July. 4. PMWACELIA, Juss. — (Phacclia & Entoca, R: Br.) Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted: anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placente ad- herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4—many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2- 80 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from ddkedos, a fascicle; the flowers or racemes being often clustered.) ; §1. PHACELIA Prover. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta) : corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire. 1. P. bipimnatifida, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairy (1°-2° high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. | ?— Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun- tains. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, 3’ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds. Stamens bearded below: these, with the style, are either somewhat in- eluded (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals. ¢2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC,, in part.) — Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully fringe-toothed: filaments villous-bearded below : leaves abi d, the upper clasp- ing at the base: flowers long-pedicelled. 2. P. Paéirshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8!-12! Wigh) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla blue (about 4! in diameter). @ (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Né/te, gc.) — Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April-June. 3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5'-8! long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3-5 diviced intp roundish Sed —— ea POLEMONIACEEZ. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 329 leaflets ; the upper 5-7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse ; raceme 3-10-flow- ered ; calyzx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (4!/- 3! broad). @ — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. § 3. EUTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many, rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta: corolla usually with small and inconspicuous folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely. spreading (3'-8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5-15-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes ; corolla bluish or white (4/- 4! broad) ; pod Jew-seeded. @)— Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April-June. 5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6’-15! high), rather stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue; pod many-seeded. (@) (Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Joy, §c.); thence north- ward and westward. Orprr 80. POLEMONIACEZ. (Poremonium FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few- many-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column.— Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co- pious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated in the bud. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) Tre I. POLEMONIEZ. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with the lobes conyolute in the bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla: cells of the anther parallel, opening lengthwise. 1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally inserted filaments. Taz Il. DIAPENSIEZ. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cells opening transversely. 8. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across. 1. POLEMONLIUM, Tour. GREEK VALERIAN. Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen- daged at the base. Pod few-several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al- 28* 330 POLEMONIACER. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) ternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from rodeos, war, of doubtful application.) 1. P. réptans, L. (Jacos’s Lapper.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched (6'-10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers (blue) nodding; calyx-lobes acute; pods about 3-seeded. | — Shady river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May.— Smaller and much fewer-flowered than the P. cartLevum, which is common in gardens. 2 PHLOX, L. PHLOox. Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren- nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (Ao, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) * Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short: lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2°-4° high), smooth; leaves ob- long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx- teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.)— Var. acumINATA (P. acuminata, Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. —Common in gar dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white. 2. P. maculata, L. (Witp Sweet-Wixi1am.) Smooth, or barely roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1°-2° high) ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple (sometimes white, when it is P. suavéolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani- cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, | Smith.— Rich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward: very common in gardens. June. %* * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal corymbed cymes : the whole plant smooth and glabrous: lobes of the corolla round and entire: calyzx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. | 3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending ($°-2° high), often from a pros- trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ; calyx-tecth acute. — Var. ovArA, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, Z). Var. nftipa, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next. — Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.— Corolla 1! long; the limb 1! broad, pink-purple. — af sii : POLEMONIACEZ. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 331 4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3° high) ; leaves linear. lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3’-4’ long); cymes few- flowered and loosely corymbed ; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyz-teeth sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.)— Prairies and open woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. * * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the oblong, lanceolate, or linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduncled: calyx deeply cleft, the teeth linear-awl-shuped or setaceous. 5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-14° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube ; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michz. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves 1! -2! long, 13//- 3" wide. Var.? Walteri. Stems ascending ($°-1}° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (1/-14/ long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme compact and sessile, leafy-bracted ; calyx-teeth rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michr., Eil., Benth. in part, not of Z.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south- ward. May.— Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnean P. pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux. 6. P. réptams, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth- ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4/-8! high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (4! long), clammy-pubescent ; cyme close, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube; lobes of the reddish-pur- ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward : also cultivated. May, June.—Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1’ long; limb 1/ broad. 7. P. divaricata, L.. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9/-18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1}/ long), acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles slender; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), $/-%! long, equalling or longer than the tube with rather wide sinuses between them.— Rocky damp woods, mountains o‘ Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 8. P. bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5/-8' high) ; leaves la- ear, becoming nearly glabrous (}/-1}4! long, 14/' wide); flowers few, on slen- — der peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; Jobes of the pale purp.e corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4' long), equalling the tube, the * divisions :inear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May. * * * * Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short floweriny shoots ascend: ing glandular-pubescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled 332 CONVOLVULACEEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 9. P. subulata, L. (Grovunp or Moss Pinz.) Depressed; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear’ (4’-3/ long); cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P. setacea, LZ.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and southward. April, May.— Commonly cultivated; the broad matted tufts very handsome in blossom. ' P. Drummonpi1, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in gardens. 3. DEAPENSIA, L. Dravensia. Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short: anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- nous; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1-flow- ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white ($/ wide). (The an- cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnzus to this plant.) 1. D. Lappdénica, L.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.— A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from mvéis, a small box, and avénpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 1. P. barbulata, Michx.— Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. April, May. Orper 81. CONVOLVULACE. (Convotvutus Fam.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be- tween the seeds, so becoming 4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled tre mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2-6-seeded pod. Flowers most- ly showy: pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for CONVOLVUIACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333 ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots: those of several species are cathartic; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. Synopsis. Tawel CONVOLVULEZ. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled in the seed. Ovary 2-3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal. — Leafy plants. * Style 1, undivided. + Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts. 1. QUAMOCLIT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4~elled ; the cells 1-seeded. 2. IPOM(EA.° Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of- ten 2-3-lobed. Pod 2-3-celled; cells 2-seeded. 8. CONVOLYVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2. + + Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts 4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. * * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3. 6. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple: stigma depressed-capitate. Tawe Il. DICHONDREZ. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I 6. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded. Tame Il CUSCUTINEZ. Embryo spiral, slender, destitute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners. 7. CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group. 1 QU AMOCLIT » Tourn. Cyrress- VINE. Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small spreading border. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celfd ; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 1. Q. coccfnea, Meench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or angled ; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet (1/ long). (Ipomeea coccinea, L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Ind.) Q. vuxLeAris, the cultivated Cypress-Vinzg, is becoming spontaneous in the South. 2. IPOM@GA, L. MorninG-Giory. Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2-3-lobed. Pod 2-celled, or in one group 3- celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from ty, isos, a Bindweed [which it is not], and épov0s, like.) §1. PHARBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- (rarely 4-) celled ; the cells 2-seeded. * 1. I. purptrea, Lam. (Common Mornine-Grory.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, wcuminate, entire; peduncies long umbellately 3-5- flowered ; calyx bristly-haiy below; corolla funnel-form (% long), purple vary- 334 CONVOLVULACEE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) ing to white. @ (Convolvulus purpureus, Z. Pharbitis lispida, Choisy )— Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Ady. from Trop. Amer.) 2. KE. Nix, Roth. (Mornine-Giory.) Stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart- shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 -3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue. @ (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, Z.) Banks and near dwellings, from Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?) § 2. IPOMQEA, Choisy. — Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. 3. I. lacumosa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen- der; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed, long-petioled ; pedun- cles short, 1 —3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy. @ (C. micranthus, Riddell.) — Woods and fields, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and south- ward. Aug.— Corolla 3/— 3! long. 4. I, pandurata, Meyer. (WiLp PoTaTo-VINE. May-or-THE-EARTH.) Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 — 5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3! long), white with purple in the tube. lj — Sandy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June—Aug.— Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine. I. sacirTAta (Cony. sagittifolius, Michr.) is said by Pursh to grow in Virginia; but it has not lately been met with so far north.—I. commurAra, Rem. § Sch. (I. tricocarpa, Eil.), with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3, is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky. * BaraAras Epuxis, Choisy (Cony. Batatas, Z.), is the cultivatel Sweet Porato. 3. CONVOLVWULUS,L. Bryvweep. Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Staméns included. Style 1: stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 1. C. arvénsis, L. (Binpweep.)~ Stem procumbent or twining, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; pe- duncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote; corolla (}/ long) white or tinged with reddish. \— Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble- some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. CALYSTEGIA, R. Br. BrRAcTED BINDWEED. Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts: sepals equal. Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobe1 or entire. Staraens in- cluded. Style 1: stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Po¢ imperfectly 2-celled or 1- celled, 4-secded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped x arrow-shaped leayes, and : : : CONVOLVULACER. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) ~. 335 axillary 1-Aowered peduncles. (Name from xadvé, calyx, and otéya, to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 1. C. s¢pium, R. Br. (Hepce Binpweep.) Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed; peduncles 4-angled; co- rolla white, or rose-color (1$/-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, Z.) — Var. REPENS (Convolvulus repens, Z.) is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds ; common. June, July. (Eu.) 2. €. spithamwza, Pursh. (Low Binpweep.) Downy ; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6'-12! long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or - less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles usually longer than the leaf; corolla white (2’ long). Open sandy woods and plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July. 5. STYLISMA, Raf. Srruisma. Styles 2 (rarely 3), distinct and simple, or united to above the middle; stig- mas (small) depressed-capitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus, — Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat downy outside. (Name compounded of orvXos, style, and topa, foundation ; per- haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.) 1. S. evolvuloides, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (%/-14! long), short-petioled ; peduncles 1 -5-flowered ; bracts awl-shaped, shorter than the pedicels ; styles distinct or nearly so. f (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri- chosanthes, Michr. C. tenellus, Lam., gc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Riddell (2), Virginia, and southward. June-Sept. — Corolla 5”-8” long. - 2. S. Pickeringii. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base, scarcely petioled; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts re- sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to far above the middle. \} (Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) —- Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey (and N. Carolina). July-—Sept.— Stems prostrate, 2°-3° long. Corolla 3-5” long. 6. DICHONDRA, Forst. DICHONDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 -2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name composed of Sis, double, and xovdpos, grain, or roundish mass; from the fruit.) i. D. répens, Forst.: var. Carolimémsis, Choisy. Leaves round- kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1’-13" long). (D. Carolinensis, Michr.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nore folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere. ) 336 CONVOLVULACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 7 CUSCUTA » Tourn. DoppeER. Ualyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2- celled, 4-ovuled: styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em- bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of ‘cotyledons! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule ?) : germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. ENGELMANN. §1. Stigmas elongated: pod opening regularly around the base by circumcissile dehis- cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.) 1. C. Evrtinum, Weihe. (Fiax Dopprr.) Stems very slender; flowers sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the pod in fruit; stamens shorter than the limb; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. —In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very injurious: sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June. (Adv. from Eu.) . § 2. Stigmas capitate: pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. * Flowers more or less pedicelled: bracts few and distant: calyx 4 -5-cleft. : + Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 2. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored , flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- tricose after flowering) twice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalanthi, Engedm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward ; on Cephalanthus and various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species. 3. ©. umbrosa, Beyrich. Flowers peduncled in umbel-like cymes ; tube of the (mostly 4-cleft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed, appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs or herbs; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. 4 + Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod. 4. ©. arvémsis, Beyrich (in herb. Berlin). Low; flowers small, 5- parted, peduncled in loose umbel-like cymes ; tube of the corolla included in or little exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate CONVOLVULACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 537 spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla; scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube; pod globose, thin, yellowish. (C. pentagona, Engelm.) —In fields, prairies, and barrens, from Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri; on smaller herbs, and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems low, scarcely over a foot high; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and quite variable: when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pertagona ( Virginia) : with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois): with a large and hemispheri- cal one, var. calycina (Texas): with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucdsa, Engelm. (Texas). 5. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored; flowers mostly 4 cleft, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth; stamens as long as the lobes; scales small, appressed, incised; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygonodrum, Engel.) — Low grounds on Polygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow- ers much larger than in any of the preceding species; the ovary usually pro- truding from the tube of the corolla. 6. C. Grenovii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, Engem. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east- ward: chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs. Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States; the loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. Saurtri, Engem., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley. 7. C. rostriktta, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers (large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val- leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2!’-3" long) and fruit larger than in any other - of our species. * * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters: calyx of 5 separate sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.) 8. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse ; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- lindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. C. coronata, Beyrich., (C. compacta, Choisy,) is the Eastern and Southern form 29 338 SOLANACEAX. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla; C. (Lepid:nche) adpressa, Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, -iearly included corolla, Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first in the Allcghanies, from Pennsyl- vania southward; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2! in diameter. 9. €. giomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts with recurved-spreading tips; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla; scales large, fringed-pinnatifid; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the pointed pod mostly 1-2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Enge/m.) — Moist prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward: growimg mostly on tall Com- posite. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. Orprr 82. SOLANACEAE. (Nienrsnape Fanmtry.) Llerbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on braciless pedicels ; the corolla plarted- imbricate, pluited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3-—5-celled) many-seeded pod or berry.— Seeds campy- lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentz.in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic, often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige- nous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariace, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. Synopsis. ® Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft; the lobes valvate with the margins turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. _ 1. SOLANUM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. @ * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funnel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry. 2 PIIYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft Berry juicy, 2-celled 8. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled. « * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited in the bud Anthers separate Fruita dry pod + Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid. 4. IYOSCYAMUS Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal. + + Pod opening lengthwise Corolla elongated. 6 DATURA. Calrx prismatic, 5-toothed Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, raked. 6 NICOTIANA. Calyx tubyplar-bell-shaped, d-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed ju the calyx, L-cqlled. : — - : SOLANACEZ. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339 ~ 1. SOLANUM, L. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4. 10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes indupiicate. Sta- mens exserted, converging around the style: filaments very short: anthers opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanicd by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of unknown derivation.) * Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.) i. S. DutcamAra, L. (Birrerswxer.) Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the base; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet. — Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nigurswape.) Annual, low, much branched and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers (very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black.— Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug.—A homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) %* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 3. S. Carolinémse, L. (Horse Nerrre.) Perennial, low (1° high); stem erect, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx; flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular, orange-yellow. — Sandy soil; Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) S. mammosum, L., is not a native of our district. S. tuserdsuM, L., is the cultivated Poraro, and S. Meroncéna, L., the Ea@e-Priant. Lycor£rsicUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the Tomato, now separated from Solanum. 2. PHYSALIS © nde Grounp CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading- bell-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed. * Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe- duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with brownish spots in the throat. (Name, dvaaXis, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.) % Root annual: anthers blue or violet. 1 P. anguinta, L. Glalrous, erect, much branched (2°-38° high); leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed; corolla somewhat 5- 340 SOLANACER. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) lobed, small (3''— 4! long), not spotted ; calyx with broadly triangular-subuiate teeth as long as the tube, in fruit conical-evate and sharply 5-angled (1/--14 long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced. Var.? Philadéliphica. Nearly glabrous ; calyx-teeth shorter and broader, less closed or open at the summit in fruit; corolla sometimes brownish in the throat. (P. Philadelphica, Zam., &c.) —New England? to Illinois and south- ward. July-Sept. 2. P. pubéscens, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped (very variable) ; corolla (4’ —5" long) dark brown in the throat; calyx with triangular-lanceolate acute teeth, in fruit ovate-pointed. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Miche. in part, &c.) — Low grounds; common southward and westward.’ . * * Root perennial: anthers yellow. (Corolla 3!-% long.) 3. P. viscosa, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect ($°-2° high); leaves ovate or slightly heart- shaped, sometimes oblong, often roughish-downy underneath, repand-toothed, obtusely toothed, or entire ; corolla almost entire, brownish in the throat; teeth of the clammy-hairy calyx ovate-lanceolate. (P. Pennsylvanica, L., P. hetero- phylla, Nees, and P. nyctaginea, Dunal, appear to be only states of this.) — Light or sandy soils, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; very common. July — Sept. — Corolla $/-1! broad when expanded. Be NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3—5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla open-bell-shaped, the plaited border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Phy- salis. —An annual smooth herb (2°-3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Micander of Colophon.) 1. N. puysaLoipes, Gertn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings. (Adv. from Peru.) 4. MVYOSCYWAMUS, Town. Henzane. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en- closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with » lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of Us, Uds, a hog, and kvapos, a bean; the plant said by /Elian to be poisonous to swine.) 1. Hi. nicer, L. (Brack Hennanez.) Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; jowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. @— Escaped from gardens to road. sides, (Ady. from Ku.) at ee ee GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 341 5. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5 -10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentz projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placente seemingly borne on the middle of the alternate partitions. Seeds rather large, flat — Rank weeds, narcotic- poisonous, with a rank odor, bearing ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. (AI- tered from the Arabic name Yatorah.) 1. D. Srramonium, L. (Common Srramonium.) Leaves ovate, smooth ; stem green; corolla white, with 5 teeth.— Var. TAruxa has the stem and corolla tinged with purple. G@)— Waste grounds; a well-known weed, with large flowers (3’ long). July-Sept. (Ady. from Asia or Trop. Amer.) 6. NICOTIANA, L. Tosacco. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- celled, 2-—4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemed or pani- cled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the Tobacco into Europe.) 1. N. rtstica, L. (Witp Tosacco.) Leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded. @ — Old fields, from New York westward and southward : a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Ady. from Trop. Amer.) N. Tapacvum, L., is the cultivated Tosacco. Arrora Betiaponna, L. (Deapty Nicutsnape), a plant with pur- plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places. Lycrum BArsarum, L. (Barsary Box-rHorn, or MATRIMONY-VINE), a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet hardly spontaneous. CArsicum AnnuouM, L., is the CAYENNE, or RED Pepper of the gardens. Orper 83. GENTIANACEAE. (Gent1an Famity.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- bricated, and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta ; the fruit mostly a 2-valved (septicidal) many-seeded pod. — Flow- ers solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-per- 29 * Die = 842 GENTIANACEA. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) sistent; (he stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri- carp! (Bitter-tonic plants.) Synopsis. Trine I. GENTIANEZ. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) in the bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of the pericarp. ; * Style distinct and slender. deciduous. 1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12-parted: anthers curved 2. ERYTHRAA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4—5-cleft : anthers spiral. * * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent: anthers straight. + Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe. 8. FRASERA. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat ; 4 HALENIA. Corolla 4-5-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base. + + Corolla without glands or spurs. . GENTIANA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla inostly with plaited folds at the sinuses. . BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses. . OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in the bud! , 3 oD or Trise Il. MENYANTHEZE. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges turned inwards Steni-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 8. MENYANTHES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 9. LIMNANTHEMUM. Corolla smooth above. Leaves simple, rounded. I. SABBATIA » Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel- shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien- nials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers. (Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) * Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 -7-parted. + Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying: cymes corymbed, many-flowered. 1. S. paniculata, Pursh, Ell. Stem brachiately much-branched (1° -2° high), rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines; leaves linear or the lower ob- long, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes linear-thread- form, much shorter than the corolla. — Damp pine woods, Virginia and south- ward. June-Aug. 2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (1° -8° high) bearing a flat- topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer than in No. 1; the flowers iar ger. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. §S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. June, July. + + Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly with a yellowish or greenish eye. ++ Evect, pyramidally many-flowered : branches opposite, erectish + peduncles short. 3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1°- 2° high) ; leaves linear und lincar-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few- . : . GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 543 flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes } or } shorter than the corol- la. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) —Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana ( }Vood), and southward. June -Aug. — Corolla 1'-14/ broad; the lobes nar- rower than in the next. ie 4. S angularis, Pursh. Siem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched above (1°-25° high), many-flowered ; /eaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes } to $ the length of the corolla. — Dry river-banks, &c., New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug.— Corolla 1}’ wide, deep rose-purple ; the lobes obovate. _ ae.ee Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched ; the branches alternate or forking (stems tercte or slightly 4-angled) : peduncles elongated and 1-flowered. 5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking ($°-1° high), pale; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (1}'-2' long) ; caly.r-lobes foliaceous, spatulate-lane olate (%'-1' long), excceding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, coast of Virginia, and southward. June- Sept. 6. S. Stell iris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5’-15' high); leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear; calyr-lobes awl-shaped-inear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolia. — Salt marsh- es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July-Sept.— This may run into the next. 7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched (1°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, 2.) — Brackish marshes and .river- banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Cooley) to Virginia, and southward. June ~ Sept. * * Corolla 9-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.) 8. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (1°-2° high), loosely panicled above; the peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol- la.— Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. July—-Sept.— One of our handsomest plants. 2. ERYTHRZEA, Pers. Centarry. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with a slender tube and a 4-5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the pod. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single: stigma capitate or 2-lipped.— Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose- purple or reddish flowers; whence the name, from é¢puOpos, red. {All our Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a few localities.) 1. E. Centatrivm, Pers. (Cextaury.) Stem upright, corymboscly branched above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish / the uppermost linear; cymes clus- tered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) 344 GENTIANACER. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. —- Oswego, New York, near the old fort. July. — Plant 6/-12! high: corolla 3-4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. EE. ramosfssima, Pers., var. PULCHELLA, Griscb. Low (2'-6/ hich); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tabe of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (KH. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn. ‘plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. Virginia: scarce.— Flowers smaller than in No.1. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. EE. spicata, Pers. Stcm strictly upright; the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oukes.) — Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, Rugel). — Plant 6/-10/ high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. (Nat. from Eu. ?) ' 3. FRASERA > Walt.. American CoLumBo. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monade!phous at the base: anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-324-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last century.) 1. EF. Carolinénmsis, Walt. Smooth, tall (3°-8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny ; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. } @ ?—Rich dry soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July.— Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1’ broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with brown-purple dots. 4. WALENIA, Borkh. SPuRRED GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 1. HW. defiéxa, Griseb. Leafy (9/-18’ high), simple or branched above ; leaves 3—5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong- lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. @ @) (Swértia corniculata, 7., partly.) GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 345 = Dainp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north ward. July, August. 5. GENTIANA, L._ Genriay. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentz at or near the sutures, or in most of our species coy- ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark !) — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe- cies medicinally.) §1. AMARELLOIDES, Torr. & Gr.— Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, fixed by the middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsely reversed after the flower opens: seeds wingless: annuals. 1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. (Five-rLowErep Gentian.) Stem rath- er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp- ing and heart-shaped base, 3-7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle- pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN- TALIs has linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south- ward, especially along the Alleghanies: the var. is the common form in the Western States. Aug., Sept.— Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1! long; in the variety proportionally shorter. § 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Freel. — Corolla Sunnel-form, gland-bearing between the bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed on the margins: anthers as in§ 1: pod somewhat stalked: seeds wingiess, clothed with little scales : annuals or biennials. 2. G. crimita, Frel. (Frixcep Gentian.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate. as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the /obes of which are wedye-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sum- mit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon- sin; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward. Sept. — Plant 1°-2° high: the showy corolla 2’ long. 3. G. detémsa, Fries. (Smarter Frincep Gentian.) Stem simple or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; teaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate- oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum- mit ; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin (Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (Eu.) Pal 346 GENTIANACEE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) §3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. — Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed, with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : anthers erect, fixed by the deep sagittate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a ring or tube, stalked: seeds commonly winged : perennials. * Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate. + Anthers entirely separate: seeds wingless. 4. G. ochroletica, Frel. (YeLLowisH-Wuaite Gentian.) Stems ascending, mostly smooth; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in axillary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co- rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod included in the persistent corolla.— Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir ginia, and common southward. Sept., Oct. | +— + Anthers cohering with each other more or less firmly: seeds winged. 5. G. &lba, Muhl. Cat.! (Wuiriso Gentian.) Stems upright, stout, very smooth; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus- ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the length of the toothed appendages; pod nearly included; seeds broadly winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca,-Sims., Darlingt., Griseb. in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, 8. W. New York to Virginia along the Alleghanies, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &e. July—Sept. 6. G Amdréwsii, Griseb. (CLosep Gentian.) Stems upright, smooth; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-mar- gined; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe- toothed and notched appendages; pod finally projecting out of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Fral., §c., not of LZ.) — Moist rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept.— Corolla 1’ or more long, blue fading to purplish, striped inside ; the folds whitish. 7. G. Saponiaria, L. (Soarpwort Gentian.) Stem erect or ascend- ing, smooth; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax- ils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, with rough margins, nar- rowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed- ing the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Catesbiei, Walt.) — Moist woods, 8S. Penn.? Maryland, to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward, principally in the Alleghanies. Aug., Sept. GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 817 Var. limezris. Slender, nearly simple (1°-2° high); leaves linear or lance-linear (2/—3! long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumonanthe, Amer. auth. & ed. 1: also G. Sapo- naria var. Freelichii. G. linearis, Fre/.)— Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Portland). Aug. 8’ G. pubcruala, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8/- 16’ high), most- ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo late to oblong-tlanceolate, rough-margined (1'-2/ long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut- ish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbaei, Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept.— Corolla large for the size of the plant, 14’-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. * * Flower solitary and terminal, pedancled, mostly bractless. 9. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6’-15! high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-fun- nel-form, azure-blue (2! long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx- lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ; the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and soul ward (where there is a white variety). Sept.- Nov. 6. BARTONIA, Mubl. (Centavrétta, Mich.) Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod !— Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl- shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Burton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. tenia, Muhl. Stems (3’-10' high) branched above; the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 -3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish: ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vur- ginia and southward; common. Aug.— Centaurella Moseri, Griseb., is only & variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 2. B. vérnma, Muhl. Stem (2’-6! high) 1-few-flowered ; lobes of the co rolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3” -4"' long, larger than in No. 1. 7% OBOLARIA, L. Osoranta. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- Jar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-ohleng, or nih age 348 GENTIANACER. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent: stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3'-8’ high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile. (Name from 6fodos, a small Greek coin; to which, however, the leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 1. O. Virgimica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., t. 3.)}— Rich soil, in woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward: rather rare. April, May. 8. MENYVANTHES, Tourn. BuckKBEAN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvyate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.— A perennial alternate- leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from juny, month, and av6os, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. M. trifoliata, L.— Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) — 9 LIMNANTHEMUM » Gmelin. Fioatine Heart Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none: stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Pod few-—many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons. (Name compounded of Aiuyn, a marsh or pool, and avOepor, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.) 1. EL. lacunosuami, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick- ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel- Jowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Hil.) — Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward. June — Sept. — Leaves 1!-2! broad, entire, on petioles 4’—15! long, according to the depth of the water. L. TRAcHYsPtrmum of the South has roughened seeds, as its name denotes, and is entirely distinct. ; APOCYNACEEZ. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 349 Orper 84. APOCYNACE. (Docpane Famty.) Plants with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without sti- pwles, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig- mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comgse). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our district by three genera. . Synopsis. 1 AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the : filaments Leaves alternate 2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 1. AMSONTIA, Walt. Amsonta. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- side, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- mens 5, inserted on the tube, included: anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2: style 1: stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like — membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- eal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, wita alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.) 1. A. Tabernzemontana, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A. latifolia, Michx.) —Damp grounds, [Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia? and south- ward. May. A. CILIATA, with linear leaves, and A. saLiciroxi1a, with lanceolate leaves may be expected in Virginia. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteronta. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments slender: anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adher- ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down.— Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. 7. F’. Forster, an English botanist. ) ‘ 1. EF. différmis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval- lanceolate, acuminate, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow 30 ie 350 ASCLEPIADACE®. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) (Echites difformis, Walt.) — Damp tak S. E. Virginia and southward April. 3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DoeBaneE. Inp1an Hemr. _ Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian- gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the very base of the corolla: filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the ovoid obsqurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- Bernt to it by their inner face. Style none: stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of a76, from, and kvwv, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 1. A. androszmifolium, L. (Spreapinc Dogsane.) Smooth, branched above ; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla {pale rose-color, } broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of: the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor- ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July.— Pods 3/-4! Jong, pendent. 2. A. canniabinum, L. (Inpran Hemp.) Stem and branches up- right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not lonyer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx.— Var. GLABERRI- mum, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var. puBEscEeNs, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some- times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, 2. Br.) — Var. KY PERICIFOLIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very shert petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, 7A 464 SMILACE#. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 1. BH. séssile, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying to greenish). — Moist woods, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May. — Stem 4/- 12! high. 2. "TR. recurvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate, oblong, or obovate ; sepals reflexed, petals pointed at both ends, unguiculate, ‘dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. § 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away soon after blossoming. * Short peduncle recurved under the leaves: rootstocks clustered, bearing 2-8 stems. 3. BP. cérmuum, L. (Nopprne Trittrum or WaKxe-Rogpin.) Leaves broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, .oblong-ovate, pointed, re- curved, wavy, rather longer than the sepals. — Moist woods, N. England. to Vir- ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May.— Petals 3’-1/ long. * % Peduncle erect or at length nodding : rootstocks bearing a single stem. + Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pointed. 4. HT. eréctum, L. (Purriye Trititium. Brirrxroot.) Leaves dilat- ed-rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate, acutish, dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals {1’—13/ long). (T. rhomboideum, yar. atropurpureum, Michx.) — Rich woods ; common northward, especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May.— Pcduncle 1/— 3! long, at length inclined. Var. &2Nbumm, Pursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish; ovary mostly dull-purple. (T. péndulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form, especially from New York westward. 5. ER. grandifiorum, Salish, (Larce Wuite Tritiium.) Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile ; petals obo- vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals (2’- 2}! long), white, changing with age to rose-color.— Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June.— Flower on a peduncle 2/—- 3/ long, very handsome. + + Leaves petioled, rounded at the base. 6. VT. mivale, Riddell. (Dwarr Wuire Trittium.) Small (2/-3/ high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse, rather wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon- sin. April. — Leaves 1/-2!, and petals 1’, long. Styles long and thread-like. 7. VW. erythrocarpum, Michx. (Parntep Tritium.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white painted with purple stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictam, Pursh.) —Cold damp woods and bogs, New England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alle- ghanies through Virginia. May, June. 3. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Inp1an CucumMBER-ROOT. Flowers perfect. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals which are oblong and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6: filaments thread-like, em. op ertegteeye2 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) ) 465 longer than the linear-oblong anthers, which are attached by their back near the base. Styles 3, recurved-diverging, long and thread-form (stigmatic along the upper side), deciduous. Berry spherical (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1°-3° high, clothed with floccu- lent deciduous wool) rising from a horizontal 2nd tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of the cucumber), bearing a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceo- late and pointed sessile leaves near the middle, and another of 3 smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, from the imaginary notion that it possesses great me- dicinal virtues.) 1. M. Virgimica, L. (Gyromia, Nut.) — Rich damp woods. June. Orper 126. LILIACE. (Liy Famrry.) C Herbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfect 6- (rarely 4-) androus flowers with the petal-like consimilar 6-merous perianth Sree from the 2—3-celled ovary, intrexse anthers attached by a point, and the @® style single. — Stigmas 3, or combiféd into one. Fruit a 3-valved locul@ . cidal pod, or a berry, many —few-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitro-¢ ) pous. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy or hard albumen. (2) Synopsis. TrepeEIl ASPARAGEZ. Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2-3-celled. Albumen horny. Not bulbous: rootstocks creeping or tuberous. Pedicels jointed under the flower. * Stems branching, very leafy. Seeds amphitropous. 1. ASPARAGUS. Perianth 6-parted. Leaves thread-like or bristle-form. Pedicels jointed. * * Stem simple, leafy. 2. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft: stamens above the middle. Flowers axillary. 8. SMILACINA. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, he stamens borne at the base. Flowers in a raceme. * * * Scape naked. 4. CONVALLARIA. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed. Flowers in a simple raceme. 6. CLINTONIA,. Perianth of 6 separate sepals. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers in an umbel. Taw: I. ASPHODELE. Fruita few-many-seeded pod, 3-celled. Seed-coat crus- taceous, black. * Not bulbous. Perianth united in a tube below. 6. HEMEKOCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form. Stamens declined. Pod many-seeded. * * Bulbous: scape simple. Perianth 6-sepalled or 6-parted. 7. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sided. 8. SCILLA. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like. 9. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from aspathe. Sepals l-nerved. Tre Il. TULIPACEZE. Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled pod. Seed-coat pale. Perk anth 6-leaved. * Bulbous herbs. Perianth deciduous. 10. LILIUM. Stem leafy. Pod oblong. Seeds vertically much flattened. 11. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape naked, 1-flowered. Pod obovate-triangular: seeds ovoid. * * Not bulbous: stem (caudex) perennial. Perianth not deciduous. 12. YUCCA Flowers in a term ual panicle. Leayes crowded, rigid and persixient. 466 LILIACER. (LILY FAMILY.) 1. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparacus. Perianth 6-parted, spreading above: the 6 stamens at their base. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical. 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, very narrow leaves in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers. (The ancient Greek name. ) 1. A. orricrnAuis, L. (Garpen Asparagus.) Herbaceous ; bushy- branched; leaves thread-like.—Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. POLYGONA'TUM, Tourn. Soxomon’s Szat. Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included. Ovary 3-celled,,with 2-6 ovules in each cell : style slender, deciduous by a joint: stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed.? Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1 —2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nod- ding greenish flowers. (The ancient name, composed of mwoAvs, many, and youu, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) — Ours are all alternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh. 1. P. bifiorum, Ell. (Smatter SoLtomon’s Seat.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly mi- nutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale or glaucous underneath ; stem slender (1°-8° high) ; peduncles 1-8- but mostly 2- Jlowered ; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the cylin- drical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. Po- lygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) = Wooded banks ; common. — Perianth 3! long, greenish. 2. P. gigaimteum, Dietrich. (Grear Soromon’s Spar.) Glabrous throughout ; stem stout and tall (3°-8° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasp- ing (5’-8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved, green both sides ; peduncles several- (2 - 8-) flowered ; filaments smooth and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Con- vallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commu- tatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks and woods, in alluvial soil; not rare. June, (The stem not being at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to dis. card the earlier name of canaliculatum.) — Pedicels $/—14/ long: perianth §! long. 3. P. latifolium, Desf. Upper part of the stem (2°-3° high), the 1-5. flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly petioled leaves more or less pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Cons vallaria hirta, Po7r.) — Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg ! — This appears to be essen- tially the European P. lJatifolium. Lb. MULTIFLORUM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country. ; ' LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 467 S SMILACHI nf, Desf. Fatse Soromon’s SEAL. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many. stamens inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender: anthers short. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in cach cell: style short and thick: stigma obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white, often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminu- tive of Smilax, which, however, these plants are quite unlike.) § 1. SMILACINA Proper. — Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and stamens 6, the laiter longer : ovary 3-celled: ovules collateral: racemes crowded in a compound raceme or close panicle. ‘ 1. S. racemosa, Desf. (Fatse Sprkenarp.) Minutely downy ; leayes numerous, oblong or oval-lanccolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat petioled. — Moist copses: common. June.—Stem 2° high from a thickish rootstock, zigzag. Lerries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. (5. cili- ata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.) § 2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. — Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance- olate, longer than the stamens: ovary 2 -3-celled ; ovules one ubove the other; raceme single, 5 — 12-flowered. 2. S. stell kta, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7 - 12 oblong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; Lerries Ulackish.— ‘Moist banks ; common, especially northward. May, June.—Plant 19-2? _ high. (Eu.) 3. S. trifetia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3'-6! high) ; leaves 3 (sometimes 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; berries red.— Cold bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. May. §3. MAIANTHEMUM, Desf. — Divisions of the refleved-spreading perianth (oval) and the stamens 4, of equal length : ovary 2-celled : ovules collaieral: raceme single, many-flowered, 4. S. bifOlia, Ker. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low (3/-5/ high) ; leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (var. Canapénsis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist woods; very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.) 4. CONVALLARIEA, L. (in part). Lrry or Tre VaLrey. Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes recurved. Sta- mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into a stout style: stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in.each cell. Berry few- seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty sweet-scented riodding flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallium, the popular name.} 408 LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) se ie m 1. C. majalis, L.—High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. May.— Same as the European plant so common in gardens. (Eu.) 5. CLINTONIEA, Raf. CLINTONIA. Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like: anthers linear-oblong. . - Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-celled: style long, columnar-thread-like: stigma de- pressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few-many-seeded.— Stemless perennials, with slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked seape sheathed at the base by the stalks of 2—4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers rather large, um- belled, rarely single, somewhat downy outside. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.) 1. C. borealis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered ; ovules 20 or more. (Draczna borealis, Azt.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 5/-8 long. Perianth over 3! long, greenish-yellow. 2. C. umbellata, Torr. Unmbel many-flowered; ovules 2 in each cell. (C. multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michr. Smilacina, Desf.) — Rich woods, 8. W. New York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots. 6. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day-Lity. Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread- ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and ascending : stigma simple. Pod rather fleshy, 3-angled, 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy pe- rennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted large yellow flowers ; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the name, from npéepa, a day, and KadXos, beauty). 1. Hi. rtéxrva, L. (Common Day-Lity.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse.—Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. July. (Ady. from Eu.) H. ruava, L., the Yettow Day-Liry, is commonly cultivated. — The White and the Blue Day-Lilies of the gardens are species of FUNKIA, a very different genus. 7 ORNITHOGALUM, Toun. Srar-or-Berutenpm. Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading sepals, 3-7-nerved. Filaments 6, flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided: stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous, roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted. (An ancient whimsical name from dpus, a bird, and yada, milk.) 1. O. umertiaAtroum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels ; sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gardens int’ moist ‘meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) F . LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 469 8 SCALLA, L. Seurrt. Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ; the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3- valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb: the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The ancient name.) 1. S. Fraseri. (Eastern Quamasn. Witp Hyacintu.) Leaves long and linear, keeled; raceme elongated; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded. (Phalangium esculentum, Nutt. in part. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia Fraseri, Torr. mss.) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May.— Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale blue, 3-nerved, }/ long. (I do not discern suffi- cient characters for the genus Camassia. ) 9. ALLIUM, LL. Ownron. Gartic. Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, l-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent : the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread- like: stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb: flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets ; spathe 1 - 2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) % Ovules and seeds only one in each cell: leaves broad and flat, appearing in early spring, and dying before the flowers are developed. 1. A. tricéccum, Ait. (Wrip Leek.) Scape naked (9! high), bear- ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5/-9! long, 1/-2! wide); scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2! long); sepals oblong (white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed.—Rich cool woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle- ghanies. July. * * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell: ovary crested with 6 teeth at o summit ¢ » leaves long and narrow. + Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods. 2. A. cérnuum, Roth. (Wiip Onion.) Scape naked, angular (1° - 2° high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel ; leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis- consin and southward. Aug. 3. A. stellatum, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel; leaves flat; sepals equalling the stamens: otherwise resembling the last, but usu- ally not so tall; the pod more crested. —Rocky slopes, Illinois (Engelmann), and northwestward, 40 470 LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 4, A. Schoenopriasum, L. (Curves.) Scape naked, or leafy at the base ($°-1° high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flow ers ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila- ments ; leaves awl-shaped, hollow. War. with recurved tips to the sepals (A. Sibiricum, Z.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.) + + Unmbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or without flowers. 5. A. vINEALE, L. (Fietp Gartuic.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (1°-3° high) ; leaves terete, hol- low, slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-cleft, the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields, near the coast. June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. A. Canadénse, Kaim. (Witp Meapow Garuic.) Scape leafy only at the base (1° high) ; /eaves narrowly linear, flattish ; umbel few-flowered ; Jilaments simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, &c. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color, pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place. * * * Ovules several in each cell ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscordum, Kunth.) 7. A. Striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6/—12! long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell.— Prairies and open woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May. A. TRIFLORUM, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure. A. sativum, the GarpEN Gartic, A. Poérrum, the Lerx, and A. CEpa the Onion, are well-known cultivated species. 10. LiLIUM, L. Liv. Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6 sta- mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon- gated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong, containing numer- ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell, — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek Aeipuov.) * Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed below into claws. 1. L. PhiladélIphicum, L. (Witp Oranor-rep Lity.) Leaves linear-lanceolate ; the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to 8; flowers 1-3, open-bell- shaped, reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside; the lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit.— Open copses; rather common. June, July,— Stem 2°-3° high : the flower 23' long. 2, L. Catesb#i, Walt. (Sournern Rep Liny.) Leaves lincar-lance- © olate, scattered ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward. : ‘ Oi Soars Tan LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 471 * € Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute. 3. L. Canadénse, L. (Witp Yettow Lityr.) Leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long- peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle, yel- low, spotted inside with purple. — Moist meadows and bogs ; common, especially northward. June, July.— Stem 2°-3° high. Flower 2'-3! long. 4. L. supérbum, L. (Turx’s-cap Lity.) Lower leaves whorled, lan- ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3-20 or 40) in a pyram- idal raceme ; sepals strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple spots inside. — Rich low grounds ; rather common. July, Aug. — Stem 39-79 high: sepals 3’ long. L. Carolinianum, Michzx., is apparently a variety of this. LL. cAnpipuM, the Wuire LI ty, and L. suLBirerum, the ORANGE BULB- BEARING LiLy, are most common in gardens. Il. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Doe’s-roorn Vroxer. Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped: anthers oblong- linear. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemless herbs, with 2 smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the 1-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flower nodding, vernal. (Name from €pv@pds, red, which is inappropriate as respects the American species.) 1. E. Americanum, Smith. (Yerrow Apper’s-roncus.) Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, spotted with purplish and dotted ; perianth pale yellow, spotted near the base; style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Low copses, &c.; common. May.— Scape 6/- 9! high: flower 1/ or more long. — E. BRac- TEATUM, Boott, from the Camel’s Rump Mountain, Vermont, is probably only an accidental state of this species. 2. E. &albidum, Nutt. (Wire Doe’s-roorn Viourer.) Leaves el- liptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; perianth white or bluish-white; sepals nar- rowly lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club- shaped ; stigma 3-cleft. — Low thickets from Albany, New York, and W. Penn- sylyania to Wisconsin,,and southward. April, May. 12. WUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. SpanisH BAyoner. Perianth of 6 petal-like (wliite) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither- ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, ses- sile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a par- tition from the back, fleshy, tardily 3-valved at the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, clothed with persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy (often po! yga- mous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.) 472 MELANTHACEH. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 1. WY. filamentosa, L. (Apam’s Nerve.) Stemiless, i. e. the trung (from a running rootstock) rising for a foot er less above the earth, covered with the lanceolate unarmed coriaceous leaves (1° -2° long), which bear filaments on their margins ; scape or flower-stem 6° - 8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and southward. July. . Y. erorrosa, L., and Y. aLorroxia, L. (SpanisH Bayonet), which are caulescent and thick-leaved species, belong farther south, and probably are not indigenous north of the coast of North Carolina. The Turir, the Crown Imprriat, the Hyacintu, and the TuBrRosEe (PoLIANTHES TUBEROSA) are common cultivated representatives of this Family. Orper 127. MELANTHACEZE. (Corcuicum Famiry.) Herbs, with regular 6-merous and 6-androus flowers, the consimilar peri- anth free (or nearly free) from the 3-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3 more or less distinct styles. (Anthers introrse in Tofieldia, a connecting link with Juncacez. Styles sometimes perfectly united in Uvulariezx.) Seeds anatropous, with a soft or membranous seed-coat, and a small embryo in copious albumen. — If we include the Bellworts, which form a group ambiguous between this order, Trilliacez, and Liliacez, (all of which are connected by various gradations,) we shall have two strongly marked sub- orders, viz. : — SuporpER I. UVULARIEZ. Tue Bettwort Famiry. Perianth early deciduous, the sepals distinct, petal-like. Styles united into one at the base or throughout! Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or loculicidal pod. — Stems from small perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots, forking, bearing ovate or lanceolate membranaceous sessile or clasping leaves, like those of Solomon’s Seal, and perfect flowers: peduncles solitary or 1-flowered. 1. UVULARIA. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments. 2. PROSARTES. Berry 3-6-seeded. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless, fixed near the base, Flowers terminal. a 4 8. STREPTOPUS. Berry several-seeded. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1-2-pointed. Flowers ax- illary ; their pedicels bent in the middle. Susorper Il. MELANTHIEZ. True Cotcutcum Famiry. Perianth mostly persistent or withering away; the sepals distinct, or rarely their claws united. Styles 3, separate. Fruit a 3-celled 3-partible or septicidal, rarely loculicidal, pod. — Herbs with acrid poisonous proper- ties; the simple or rarely panicled stems springing from solid bulbs or corms, or sometimes from creeping rootstocks. Flowers sometimes pc lyga- mous or dicecious. MELANTHACE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 473 e Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening: pod 3-horned, septicidal : seeds flat, membranaceous-margined. + Sepals glandular on the inside near the base. 4 MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the stamens. 5. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Sepals nearly free or coherent with the base of the ovary . stamens separate. + + Sepals destitute of glands, not clawed. 6. STENANTHIUM. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo- late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compound-panicled. 7. VERATRUM Perianth entirely free; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the sta- mens Flowers panicled, polygamous 8. AMIANTHIUM. Perianth free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens Flowers racemed, perfect. , * * Anthers 2-celled: pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked. 9. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves rush-like. Seeds 2 in each cell. 10. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves lanceolate. So»pe naked. Seeds numerous. 11. CHAMZELIRIUM. Flowers dicecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy. * * » Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse: pod septicidal. 12. TOFIELDIA. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant. Sugorver I. UVULARIEX. Tue Bettworr Famity. 1. UVULARIA, L. BeELLWwort. Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like; the sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a - honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the stamens, which barely adhere to their base. Anthers long and linear, adnate: filaments short. Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, 3-valved from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe.— Rootstock short or creeping. Flowers pale yellow, nodding, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name “from the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.’’) * Leaves clasping-perfoliate: sepals acute: pod obovate-truncate, 3-lobed at the top. 1. U. grandiflora, Smith. (Larce-rLowrERED BeLtwort.) Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and obscurely pubescent underneath; sepals smooth within ; anthers blunt-pointed ; lobes of the pod with convex sides. — Rich woods, Vermont to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Flowers pale greenish-yellow, 13/ long. 2. U. perfoliata, L. (SMALLER Betiwort.) Leaves ovate or ob- long-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granular-roughened inside ; anthers conspicuously pointed; lobes of the pod with concave sides. — Moist copses ; common eastward and southward. May.—Smaller than No. 1: flowers pale yellow, #/ to 1’ long. * * Leaves sessile: sepals rather obtuse : pod ovoid-triangular, sharp-angled. 3. U. sessilifolia, L. (Sess1Le-Leavep Betitwort.) Smooth; leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the mid . 40* 474 MELANTHACER. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) . dle, exceeding the pointless anthers ; pod triangular-obovate, narrowed inio a stale — Low woods; common. May.— Stem 6!- 9! high when in flower. the cream. colored flower 3’ long. 4. U. pubérula, Michx. Slightly puberulent ; leaves bright green both sides, and shining, with rough edges; styles separate to near the base, not exceeding the short-pointed anthers; pod ovate, not stalked. — Mountains and _ throughout the upper part of Virginia, and southward. 2, PROSARTES, Don. Prosarrzs. Perianth bell-shaped, much as in Uvularia, Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed near the base. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell: styles united into one: stigmas short, recurved-spreading. Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3 - 6- seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and membranaccous leaves, and greénish-yellow drooping flowers on slen- der terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from mapocaptaa, to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.) 1. P. lamugimosa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers solitary or in pairs; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (4! long), soon spread- ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth. (Streptopus lanuginosus, MJichr.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Sorina and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 3 STREPTOPUWS, Michx. Twisrep-SraLk. Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the sepals lanccolate- acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: styles united into one. Berry red, round- ish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, divergently-spreading branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from orpenros, twisted, and mods, foot, or stalk). 1. S. amplexifolins, DC. Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly clasping ; flower greenesh-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above the middle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate. 8.) distortus, Michx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) —Cold and moist woods, Northern New England to the mountains of Penn., and northward. June. — Stem 2°-8° high, rough at the base, otherwise very smooth. Sepals $’ long. — In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite the leaves, rather than truly axillary, and are bent round the clasping base underneath them: they are rarely 2-flowered. (Eu.) 2. S. réseus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the oan = MELANTHACEH. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 478 length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned; stigma 3-cleft. — Cold damp woods ; common northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May.— Smaller than the last. SusorpER Il. MELANTHIEZX. True Cotcurcum FamMity 4. MELANTHIUM, Gronoy., L. MELANTHIUM. ’ Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Styles awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3°-5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish~lowny above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chietly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of pedas, black, and av6os, flower, from the dark color which the persistent perianth assumes after blossoming.) 1. M. Virginicum, L. (Buncu-rrower.) (M. Virginicum & race- mosum, Michr. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virg. & hybridum, Roem. & Schult., Gray, Melanth.) — Wet meadows, Southern New York to Illi- - nois, and common southward. July.— The two received species are doubtless forms of one. 5. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zycapene. Flowers perfect. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like ses- sile or slightly clawed oblong or ovate sepals 1 -2-glandular next the more or less narrowed base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Styles and pod nearly as.in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish- white flowers. (Name composed of (vyés, a yoke, and adny, a gland.) % Glands on the perianth conspicuous. 1. Z. glabérrimus, Michx. Stems 1°-38° high, from a creeping root- stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free; the sepals (3! long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward. July. 2. Z. glaticus, Nutt. Stem about 1° high from a coated belb; leaves fiat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent with the i ’ a 476 MELANTHACEE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordats gland. (Anticléa glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to Wisconsin and northwestward: rare. July. * * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.) 8. Z. leimanthoides. Stem 1°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear; flowers small (4 in diameter) and nu- merous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; perianth free, the obovate sepals with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Knieskern), Virginia, and southward. July. 6. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum). Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly wing- less.— Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of oTevos, narrow, and ayOos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 1. S. angustifolium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers small (4! long), white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi- nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh. Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.) — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Ohio, IIli- nois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender, 2° - 6° high. 7 VERATRUM, Tourn. Fatse HreiieBore. Flowers moneciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan- thium.— Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra- cemed-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and ater, black.) 1. V. viride, Ait. (American Waite Hetiesore. Inp1An Poke.) Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2°-4° high) ; leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath clasping, strongly plaited ; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low grounds; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.) 2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2°-5° high), sparingly leafy below, naked above ; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti- oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal raceme wand-like, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the es om MELANTHACEH. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 477 flowers ; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2}/’-3/ long, those of the sterile flowers on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Walt. Leimanthium monoicum, Gray.) — Rich woods, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. 3. V. Woédii, Robbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi- cels (13/'— 3" long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3!! - 43" long) dingy green turning brownish purple within: otherwise much as in the last, of which it may prove to be a variety; but the flowers are mostly double the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3°-6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar- rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July. 8S. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Ftry-Porson. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free petal-like (white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney- shaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1-celled, and shield-shaped after opening. Styles thread-like. Pods, &c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob- long or linear, with a loose coat, 1-4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim- ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From dpiavtos, unspotted, and avOos, flower ; a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction, alluding to the glandless perianth. ) 1. A. muscztéxicum, Gray. (Friy-Porson.) Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse (4! to 1’ wide), as long as the scape ; raceme simple, oblong or cylindrical; pod abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (He lonias erythrosperma, Michr.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. June, July. 9. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl- shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, 1°-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1! wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name, from £npos, arid, and dvdXoy, leaf). 1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X setifolium, Michz. Helonias, Z.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, geet 2? and southward. (Also in Oregon and California.) Taud 478 MELANTHACEA, (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 10. HELONIAS, L. Hetonzas. - Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish turning greenish) sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod ob- cordatcly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth perennial, with many oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (1°-2° high) sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from €Aos, a swamp ; the place of growth.) 1. H. bullata, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.) — Wet places, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare. May. 11. CHAM ZLIRIUM, Willd. Devir’s-Bir. Flowers dicecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias: fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture,.loculicidally 3- valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme (4’-9/ long) of small bractless flowers ; the fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name composed of xapai, on the ground, and deiptor, lily ; of no obvious appli- cation. ) ; ; 1. C. hitteum. (Buazine-Star.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum luteum, J. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. June. 12. FOFIELDIA, Hudson. Farse AspHopen. Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri- anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or obovate, sessile. Filaments awl-shaped: anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped: stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3- partible or septicidal; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender peren- nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear. (Named after Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last cen- tury.) — The two following compose the subgenus TRIANTHA, Nutt.: pedi- cels mostly in threes; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards, seeds tail-pointed at both ends. | 1. 'E. glutimdsa, Willd. Stem (6/-16! high) and pedicels very glutinous with dark glands; \eaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi gan, Wisconsin, and northward: also southward in the Alleghanies. June, ee ee JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 479 2. K. pitbemns, Ait. Stem (1°-2° high) and pedicels roughened with mis nute glands; leaves longer and narrower.— Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. July. T. paLtstris, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior; but has not yet been found on the United States side. Orper 128. JUNCACEZE. (Rusu Fanry.) Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with introrse anthers, and a 1-—3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3—many-seeded pod. Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Narthecium). Synopsis. * Stigmaentire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish). 1. NARTHECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at both ends * * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like. 2. LUZULA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy. 8 JUNCUS. Pod 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded. 1. NABRTHECIUM, Moehring. Boc-Asrnoper. Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers linear. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end with a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6/-10' high), terminated by a simple raceme. (Name from vap6yxtov, a rod, or bor for fragrant ointments; application uncer- tain.) 1. N. Americanum, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing a bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June. 2. LUZULA, DC. Woop-Rusu. Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. — Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or um- belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian /ueciola, a glowworm.) * Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed. 1. L. pilosa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; peduncles umbelled, sim- ple, chiefly 1-flowered ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks; common northward. May.— Plant 6/-9’ high. (Eu.) 2 EL. parviflora, Desv., var. melnnocirpsa. Nearly smooth; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed, 480 JUNCACE®. (RUSH FAMILY.) straw-color, about the length of the minutcly pointed brown pod. (L. melano carpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north. ward. July.— Stems 1°-3° high, scattered. (Eu.) * * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6! - 12! high.) 3. EL. campéstris, DC. Leaves flat, linear ; spikes 4-12, somewhat um- belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods; seeds with a conical appen- dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods; common. May. (Eu.) 4. L. arcuzta, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal often recurved peduncles, ovoid, -chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.) 5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear; flowers in sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown; sepals bristle- pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod; seeds merely with a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv.? according to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.) 3. JUNCUS pee 8 Rusu. Boe-Rusu. Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- celled (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.) * Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootstocks, many of them barren, furnished with short leafless sheaths at the base: flowers in a sessile cymose panicle produced from the side of the scape above the middle, 6-androus (except in No. 1): seeds not appendaged. 1. J. effirsus, L. (Common or Sorr Rusu.) Scape soft and pliant (2°-4° high), finely striated ; panicle diffusely much-branched (sometimes closely crowded), many-flowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as Jong as the obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6.— Marshy ground; everywhere. (Eu.) 2, J. filiférmis, L. Scape slender (1°-2° high), pliant; panicle few- flowered, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very obtuse but short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Torr. F'l.) — Wet banks and shores, N. New England to Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 3. J. Balticus, Willd. Scape rigid (2°-4° high), from a very strong rootstock ; panicle ascending, loose, dark chestnut-colored ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward. (Eu.) % * Scapes, &c. as in the preceding, but some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing ; the leaves terete, knolless, like the continuation of the scape above the panicle : sta mens 6. JUNCACER. (RUSH FAM_LY.) 481 4. J. setaceus, Rostk. Scape slender (2°-3° high); panicle loose, rather simple, turning light chestnut-color ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Penn., Vir- ginia, and southward, near the coast. 5. J. maritimus, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2°-5° high), the apex pungent ; panicle compound, erect, loose; the flowers clustered in small heads; sepals lanceolate, the outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed boil. (J. acitus, Muhl., &c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and southward. (Eu.) « * * Stems leaf-bearing: leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted vy cross partitions internally: cyme or panicle terminal: flowers in heads or small clus- ters (very liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear as if viviparous) : pod more or less 1-celled. + Stamens 3. 6. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (1°-3° high) and terete, as are the leaves ; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5-18) pale green densely many-flow- ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially the outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod; seeds barely pointea at each end, tailless. (J. polycephalus, Michz. (excl. var. a?). J. echinatus, Muhl. J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Zorr.)——- Wet borders of streams, &c. ; rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like green heads, usually $/ in diameter. 7. J. paradéxus, FE. Meyer. Stem rather stout (1°-2}° high), terete ; leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound ; the numerous greenish heads globular, many- (8 — 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-pointed, rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con- spicuously tailed at both ends! (J. polycephalus, Darlingt., Torr. Fl. N. Y. excl. var. 3,&syn. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Puwh.) — Wet places; com- mon. — Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed. 8. J. débilis. Stems weak and slender (1°-2° long), flattened, as are the slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green heads 4 -8-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong pod ; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at cach end. (J. subverticilla- tus, Muhl., not of Wulf. J. pallescens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J. polycephalus, var.? depauperatus, Torr. £7. N. Y.) — Wet swamps; common, especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent or floating and rooting: branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging. Heads 2! long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe. — This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant ef Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American authors. 9. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stem erect (10'-15! high), terete, leaves slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing few or many 3—8-flowered chestnut-colored heads ; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 41 ; 482 JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) very acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic triangular and ate’ ruptly acute pod; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. . (J. sylvaticus, Muh]. J. Can- adensis, Guy.) — Peat-bogs, and sandy borders of ponds.—— Pods turning deep chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed. + + Stumens 6. (Heads chestnut-colored: the pods becoming blackish or brown, and shining : seeds tailless, but sometimes short-pointed at both ends.) 10. J. articulatus, L. Stem erect (9/-18/ high), and with the 1-3 slender leaves slightly compressed; panicle spreading; heads 2-9-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, the outer acute, the inner mostly obtuse, usually mucronate, shorter than the ovate-oblong triangular abruptly mucronate-pointed pod. (J. lamprocarpus, Ehrh., &c.) — Var. pELocARPUS (J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer § ed. 1.) is a va- riety with fewer flowers in the head, and rather blunter pods. slightly exceeding the sepals. — Wet places, Rhode Island to Lake Huron, and northward: the genuine European form received from Mr. Olney and Dr. Sartwell. (Eu.) 11. J. militRris, Bigel. Stem stout (2°-3° high), bearing a solitary cylindrical bayonet-like leaf below or near the middle, which overtops the crowded panicle; heads numerous, 5-10-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, as long as the ovate taper-pointed pod. — Sandy bogs, Tewksbury and Plymouth, Massachn- setts, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. Rootstock thick, creeping. Leaf stout, 1°-2° long. Heads 2”-3/' wide, brown. 12. J. modosus, L.! Stem erect, slender (6/-15’ high), 3-5-leaved ; leaves terete, short; heads 1-2, or severul and clustered, globose, many- (10 -20-) flowered ; sepals lanceolute, awl-pointed, nearly as long as the slender triangular taper- pointed pod. (J. Rostkovii, &. Meyer.) — Var. MeGacErHALUS, Torr.: heads rather numerous and larger, 50 - 60-flowered, crowded in a dense cluster at the summit of the stout and rigid stem (2° high).— Gravelly borders of streams; common, especially northward; the var. on the sandy shore of Lake Ontario, &c.— Rootstocks slender. — Quite distinct from No. 6 and No. 7, with which it has been confounded. 13. J. Comradi, Tuckerm. Stems slender (6’--10/ high), leafy, branch- ing above into a compound diffusely spreading cymose panicle, bearing chiefly solitary scattered flowers in the forks and along one side of the branches ; leaves thread-form, the upper slightly knotted ; sepals oblong, acutish, shorter than the ob- long taper-beaked pod. (J. viviparus, Conrud,—so named from a-condition in which most of the flowers develop into a tuft of rudimentary or manifest leaves. J. No. 15, Muhl. Gram. ? and therefore J. Muhlenbergii, Spreng. ?) — Wet sandy places, Canada and Wisconsin? N. New England to Virginia, and southward, chiefly near the coast. — Rootstocks slender. * * % * Leaves knotless : inflorescence terminal. + Heads cymose-panicled : leaves flat and open: stamens 3. 14. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stem leafy, erect, flattened (1°-3° high) ; leaves linear, grass-like, nerved ; heads globose, 3-8-flowered ; sepals oblong, the 3 outer ‘ith the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and poiritless, as long as the globular pod; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. (J. aristulatus, Michz.) — Moist sandy places, 8. New England to Mlingis, and southward, July. — Sepals soft, chestnut-purplish, with a green keel. PONTEDERIACE#. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 483 ++ Head single (or sometimes 2 or 3): leaves channelled above: stamens 6. 15. J. St¥gius, L. Stem slender, erect (6/-10!' high), 1 -3-leaved below, naked above; leaves thread-like; heads 3-4-flowered, about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; sepals oblong and lanccolate, scarcely more than half the length of the oblong acute pod; seeds oblong, with a very loose coat prolonged at both ends. — Peat-bog bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson County, New York. (Eu.) 16. J. trifidws, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, erect (5/-10! high), wiry and thread-like, sheathed at the base, leafless below, about 3-leaved at the summit ; the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head of 2-4 flowers; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, rather than the globose-ovate beak-pointed (brown) pod; seeds roundish, angled. — Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.) + + + Flowers cymose-panicled, separate (not clustered in heads) : leaves channelled or involute, or else thread-form, or almost setaceous :; stamens 6. 17. J. témuis, Willd. Stems slender, wiry (9/-18/ high), simple, leafy only near the base ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves, small, the flowers mostly one-sided, almost sessile, green and shining; sepals lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the globose-ovoid obtuse pod. — Low grounds and fields; very common. is. J. Greénii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1°-2° high), simple, naked, 1 - 2-leaved at the base ; cyme much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense, the numerous crowded flowers one-sided ; sepals lanceolate, acute, greenish, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse pod.— Sandy coast of Long Island and New England, and occasionally on river-banks in the interior. 19. J. bulbosus, L. (Brack Grass.) Stems simple, somewhat flattened, slender, but rigid (1°-2° high), leafy below; panicle somewhat cymose, rather crowded, usually shorter than the bracteal leaf; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, chestnut-color and greenish, mostly rather shorter than the oblong-oval and somewhat triangular obtuse mucronate pod. (J. compressus, Jacg.: a name with which some supersede the Linnzean, because the stem is really not bulbous at the base.) — Var. GerArpi (J. Gerardi, Loisel., and J. Bothnicus, Wadd.) is the more common form in this country, with the panicle usually exceeding the bract, and the calyx as long as the pod.— Salt marshes; common along the coast from New Jersey northward. (Eu.) 20. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems Jow and slender (3!-9! high), leafy, often branched at the base ; panicle forking, spreading ; the flowers remote, greenish ; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much longer than the oblong obtuse pod. — Low grounds and road-sides, everywhere. (Eu.) Orper 129, PONTEDERIACE®. (Prckeret-werp Fam.) Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 most= ly unequal vr dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6 i, ee 484 ‘PONTEDERIACER. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole tdégether sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, withering away, or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous. Style 1: stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Em- bryo slender, in floury albumen. Synopsis. 1. PONTEDERIA. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy base enclosing the l-seeded utricle. Sta- mens6 Spike many-flowered. 2. HETERANTHERA. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1-few-flowered 8 SCHOLLERA. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike Spathe 1-flowered. 1 PONTEDERI p. ieee: Fe PICKEREL-WEED. Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- lobed upper lip; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base: after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower ex- serted with clongated filaments; the 3 upper (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down: anthers oval, blue. Ovary 8-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri- cle 1-celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped leaves, and a l-leaved scape, terminated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flow- ers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt; spike dense, from a spathe-like bract. — Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu- lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common. July - Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots. 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz&Pav. Mup Prayrarn. Perianth salver-form with a slender tube; the spreading limb somewhat equal- ly 6-parted, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3; the 2 upper with their filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other with a longer filament bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (green- ish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white. (Name from €répa, different, and avOnpd, anther.) 1. EX. remiférmais, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 8 - 5-flowered ; flowers white. — Muddy margins of streams, 8. New York to Illi- pois, and southward. Aug. COMMELYNACEZ. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 485 2. H. limosa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends; spathe 1-flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michxr.)— W. Virginia to Illixois, and southward. July— Sept. 3. SCH@LLERA, Schreber (1789). Water StTar-GRASS. Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading divisions on a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped an thers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, l-celled with 3 projecting parie- tal placente, many-sceded.— A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly under water, only the (small pale yellow) flowers expanding on the sur- face ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe. (Named after one Scholler, a German botanist.) 1. S. graminea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) —In streams ; common. July — Sept. Orver 130. COMMELYNACEZE. (Sprperworr Famtry.) Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed often branching leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, ofien irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2—3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla, viz.: Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephem- eral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often sterile: anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1: stigma undivided. Pod 2-3-celled, 2—3-valved, loculicidal, 3—several-seeded. Sceds orthotro pous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, flat, sheathed at the base; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe.— A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here represented only by two genera. 1. COMMELYNA » Dill. DaY-FLOWER. Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney: shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer- tile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root- ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles; the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded and forming a kind of spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer. (J )edicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commelyn.) 41* 486 COMMELYNACEH, (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 1. C. erécta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2°-4° high); leaves large (5'-7! long, 1/-2/ wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins very rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded and nearly sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal shaped like the others but shorter, round-ovate, raised on a claw; pod 3-celled. \ (C. Virginica, ed. 1, &c.) —A hairy form apparently is C. hirtella, Vah/.— Alluvial and shaded river- banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe. 2. C. Virgimica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting to- wards the base; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary or scattered, peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit somewhat hood-like, and with a short top-shaped base; odd petal usu- ally inconspicuous and nearly sessile; pod 2-celled. | (C. Virginica, Z., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnzeus’s detailed description apparently pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took from Dil- lenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, Michx. § ed. 1.) —Damp rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. 3. C. agraria, Kunth. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse, small (1'-2! long) ; spathes heart-ovate when expanded, pe- duncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3—4-flowered ; the odd petal round-ovate, nearly sessile. } (C. Cajennensis, Rich.) — Alluvial banks, Illi- nois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species. 2, TRADESCANTHEHA, L. Sprperwort. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta- mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2-3-celled, the cells 1 -2-seeded.— Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal; the floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener tu Charles the First.) * Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 leaves. 1. BE. Virgimica, L. (Common Seiprerworr.) Leaves lanceolate-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less open; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward: commonly cultivated. May -Aug.— Plant either smooth or hairy; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white. 2. WT. pildésa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base, pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; wmbels many-flowered, in very dense terminal and azillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy. (T. flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June -Sept.— Stem stout, smooth below, 2°-38° high, often branched, zigzag above, with an at length close cluster of small (3' broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils. * * Umbels long-peduneled, naked. 3. WT. résea, Vent. Small, slender (6-10! high), smooth ; leaves linear, grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or sometimes a pair; flowers (}! wide) rose-color. — Sandy woods, Penn. (?) to Kentucky, and southward. pCa ana : « ——_———s ~ XYRIDACEZ. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 487 Orper 131. X¥YRIDACE. (Yettow-rrep Grass Fax.) Rush-like herbs, with equilant leaves sheathing the base of a nakec. scape, which is terminaied by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse an- thers, a glumaceous calyx, and a regular corolla; the 3-valved mostly 1-celled pod containing several or many oriho!ropous seeds with a minuie embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen :—represented by Xyris. — The anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in char- acter between this family and the last, may be introduced here. I. MAWACA, Aublet. (Sriwa, Schrever.) Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 hers baceous lanceolate sepals and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placente: style filiform: stig- ma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded — Moss-like low herbs, creeping in shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1-nerved, pellu- cid, entire, notched at the apex: the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base. (An aboriginal name.) 1. MI. Michawxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.) —S. E. Vir- ginia, and southward. July. 2. XYRIS, L. YELLOw-EYED Grass. Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments which are cleft and plume-bearing at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1-celled with 3 parietal more or less projecting placente, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow. (Zupis. an ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from Eupoy, a razor.) 1. X. Dulbosa, Kunth. Scape slender, from a more or less bulbous base, somewhat 3-angled, flattish at the summit, very smooth, much longer than the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish-ove’ (4''- 5" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scabrous on the nar wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex. (X. « pecai, Miche. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. flexuosa, Mudl. Cat. X. breve folia, of Northern authors, not of Michr.)— Sandy or peaty bogs, from New Hampshire and Michigan southward ; rare except near the coast. July -Sept. — Leaves 13/-8’, the scape 3'-14', high. Petals minutely toothed at the sum- mit. — This species should have borne Muhlenberg’s name of X. flexuosa, which, however, Elliott appears to have applied rather to the following. 2. X. Caroliniama, Walt. Scape fiattish, l-angled below, 2-edged at the summit, smooth ; leaves linear-sword-shaped, flat; head globular-ovoid (5/’ 488 ERIOCAULONACER. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) ~7 long); lateral sepals obscurely laceratc-fringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Michr. X. anceps, MuAl.) — Sandy swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Aug. — Scape 1°-2° high: leaves 1//-4" wide. Petals pretty large, the claws turn- ing brownish. 3. XM. fimbriata, Ell. * Scape somewhat angled (2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped leaves ; head oblong (3! long) ; dateral sepals lance- olate-linear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above conspicuously fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even plumose_at the summit.— Pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. Orper 132. ERIOCAULONACE. (Pirewort Famity.) Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless, or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous roots, and a cluster of linear often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monecious or rarely die- cious small 2-—3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3- celled 2 —3-seeded pod: the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions. Synopsis. 1. ERIOCAULON. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled. 2. PHPALANTHUS. Perianth as in the last: the stamens only as many as the lobes of the inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled. 8. LACHNOCAULON. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 8, monadelphous below. Ane thers 1-celled. 1. ERIOCAULON,L. Pireworr. Flowers moneecious and androgynons, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dicecious. Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudi- mentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3- lobed, 2—3-celled, with a single ovale in eaeh cell: style 1: stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Pod membranaccous, loculicidal.— Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, &c., usually bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of €proy, wool, and Kavnds, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and leaves of the original species. Excepting this and the flowers, our species are wholly glabrous.) —The North ERIOCAULONACEH. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 489 American species are all stemless, with a depressed head, and have the parts of the flowers in twos, the stamens 4. 1. E. decangulare, L. (syn. Pluk., &c.) Leaves linear-sword-shaped, ascending (6/-—15/ long), of a rather firm texture; scape 10—12-ribbed (1°-3° high): chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. \} (E. serdtinum, Walt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey? to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept.— Involucral scales roundish, straw-color or light brown. Flowers and bracts, as in the following, tipped with a white beard. 2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves short and spreading (2'-5! long), grassy-awl-shaped, soft and cellular, tapering gradually to a point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape ; chaff obtuse. \| (E. decangulare, L., in part, viz. as to pl. Clayt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Vir- ginia, and southward. June-Aug.— This and the last haye been variously confounded. 3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (1'-3! long), awl-shaped, pelucid, soft and very cellular; scupe 7-striate, slender, 2’-6/ high, or when submerged becoming 1°-6° long (Zorr.), according to the depth of the water ; chaff acutish. YY (E. pellucidum, Michx.)—In ponds or along their borders, from New Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug.— Head 2!-3/ broad ; the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu.) 2. PE PALANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of Errocavton of authors.) Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from zracraAn, dust or flour, and ay@os, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flow- ers of many [South American] species.) 1. P. flavidus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristle-awl-shaped (1/ long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6/—12! high), 5- angled; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the (ternary) flowers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. \? (Eriocaulon flavidum, Michx.) — Low pine barrens, 8. Virginia and southward. 3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Harry Prreworr. Flowers moneecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none! Ster. F/. Stamens 3: filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped tube around the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated: anthers l-celled! Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, simple, bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence he name, from Adyvos, wool, and kavAds, stalk). 1. L. Michatsxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michr.)— Low pine barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward. 490 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Orprr 133. CYPERACE. (Srepce Famttr.) Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of the glume-like imbricaied bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in is place; the 1-celled ovary with a single erect anatropous ovule, in- fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-cleft when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft when it is 3-angular Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family. Synopsis. Tree Il CYPEREZ®. Flowers perfect, 2-ranked (distichous), 1-many-flowered. 1. CYPERUS. Spikes few -many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. Perianth none. 2 KYLLINGIA. Spikes 1-flowered, glomerate in a sessile head. Perianth none 8. DULICHIUM. Spikes 6-10-flowered. Perianth of 6-10 bristles.) Achenium beaked. Tree ll HYPOLYTREZX®. Flowers perfect; the scales many-ranked: each flower provided with its own (1-4) proper scale-like bractlets. True perianth none. 4. HEMICARPHA. Bractlet or inner scale 1, very small. Stameni. Style 2-cleft. Trisz II. SCIRPEZX. Flowers perfect ; the scales regularly several-ranked, each coy- ering a naked flower, or only the lowest empty. Perianth of bristles or hairs, or none. * Perianth of hypogynous bristles or hairs (rarely obsolete or wanting). §. ELEOCHARIS. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous persistent base of the style. Head solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm. 6 SCIRPUS. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of the style. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Culms leafy at the base Heads one or more. 7. ERIOPHORUM. Achenium, &c., asin Scirpus. Perianth of long and tufted woolly hairs. * * Perianth none. 8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style bulbous at the base, deciduous (with or rarely without the jointed bulb) from the achenium. * * * Perianth of 3 large scales, and mostly as many alternating bristles ¥. FUIRENA. Scales of the spike awned below the apex. Achenium triangular, pointed with the base of the style. TreelV. RHYNCHOSPORE ZX. Flowers perfect or polygamous Seales of the few-flowered spikes irregularly several-ranked, many of the lower ones empty, and often the upper sterile. Perianth of bristles or none. Stems leafy. * Achenium beaked with the dilated persistent style or its base. + Perianth none: style 2-cleft : achenium wrinkled transversely. 10. PSILOCARYA. Spikes many-flowered, terete, ovoid, cymose, naked 11. DICHROMENA. Spikes few-flowered, flattened, crowded into a leafy-involucrate head + + Perianth of bristles or awns, rarely wanting 12 CERATOSCHENUS. Style simple, all persistent in the awned beak of the flat achenium 18 RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, the base only persistent as a tubercle on the achenium * * Achenium without a beak or tubercle ; the style deciduous. 14. CLADIUM. Achenium globular, corky or pointed at the summit. Perianth none. Tree V. SCLERIEZE. Flowers monecious: the fertile spikes 1-flowered ; the stamme inate seyeral-fiowered. Achenium nut-like, mostly crustaceous. 45. SOLERIA. Achenium bony or crustaceous. Proper perianth none. ty es) rye CYPERACES. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 491 Tams VI CARICEAS. Flowers monecious in the same (androgynous) or in separate spikes, or sometimes dicecious. Proper perianth none. Achenium enclosed in a saa (perigynium which answers to a bractiet or pair of bractlets), lenticular or triangular. 16 CAREX. Fertile flowers without 2 bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sae 1 CYPERUS, L. Gariycate. Spikes many - few-flowered, flat or rarely terete, variously arranged, mostly in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound, terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked (their decurrent base often forming margins or wings to the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens (1, 2, or mostly) 3. Perianth none. Style 2-3-clefi, deciduous. Achenium len- ticular or triangular, naked at the apex.— Culms triangular, simple, leafy at the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the umbel. Peduncles. unequal, sheathed at the base. (Kumecpos, the ancient name.) §1. PYCREUS, Beauv. — Style 2-cleft: achenium flattened : spikes flat, many- Jlowered : only the lowest seale empty. (Root of all our species sibrous and appar- ently annual.) 1. C. flavéscens, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus- tered at the end of the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles) ; scales obtuse, straw- yellow ; achenium shining, orbicular.— Low grounds, mostly near the coast. Aug.— Culms 4/-10’ high: spikes 5/’-8” long. Involucre 3-leaved, very unequal. (Eu.) 2. C. diamdrus, Torr. Stamens 2, or sometimes 3; spikes lance-oblong, scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays; scales rather obtuse, purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong-obovate : otherwise mach like the last. — Var. castAneus, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.) is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. 8. C. Nute Nees. HEMICARPHA. Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be- hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob- long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the minute inner scale, which is readily overlooked; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. (Name from je, half, and Kapqos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.) 1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf (1’-4' high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute leaf; spikes 2-3 (2 long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muh/.) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers ; not rare, often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July. — Var. Drummonpi1 (H. Drum- mondii, Nees) is a form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and southward. 5. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-Rusu. Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many-several-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (com- monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta- mens 3. Style 2—3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achenium. — Leaf- less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creeping rootstocks. (Name from €Aos, a marsh, and xatpa, to delight in; being marsh plants.) §1. LIMNOCHLOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spike papery-coriaceous and rounded, with a scarious margin, pale: style 3-cleft: ache- nium doubly convex, about equalling the bristles. * Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly manye striate, and densely imbricated so as usually to form (five) distinct spiral rows: sheaths at the base often nearly leaf-bearing. - (LIMNOCHLOA proper.) 1. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olney), Michigan (Houghton\, Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1’ or more long. 2. E. quadrangulata, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°- 4° high); achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward. * * Culms slender: spike ovate or oblong: scales with a midrib. 3. E. tuberculosa, R. Brown. Culms striate (8/-12/ Figh); bristles strongly barbed downward ; achenium triangular, ribbed and minutely reticulated, 496 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) surmounted by a flattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as itself. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts, along the coast, to Virginia and southward. § 2. ELEOCHARIS Proper. — Scales of the terete several - many-flowered spike membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerve, imbricated in more than three ranks. * Achenium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-cleft: spike dense, many-jlowered : culms rather slender, spongy. (ELEOGENUS, Nees.) 4. E, obttisa, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8!-14! high) from fibrous roots; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, obtuse (dull brown); the scales very obtuse and numerous (80-130), densely crowded in many ranks ; style 3- {rarely 2-) cleft; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. — Muddy places ; everywhere common, 5. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slen der matted rootstocks (2'-4! high); spike ovate, acutish, 20 -80-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, rather Joosely imbricated in many ranks (purple with a green mid- rib and slightly scarious margins); achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles. — Inundated sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey near the coast, and southward. 6. E. palustris, R. Brown. Culms nearly terete, striate (1°- 2° high), from running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest rounded and often enlarged; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually 4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucescens, Willd. !): culms slender or fili- form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the achenium. — Var. cAtva (Ii. ecalva, Torr.) : bristles wanting; tubercle short, nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York, Crawe).— Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall; or in low grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eu.) * * Achenium triangular: style 8-cleft: bristles sometimes few and fragile or alto- gether wanting. (Scirefprum, Nees, nearly.) + Spike much broader than the filiform or slender culm: scales imbricated in several ranks, brownish or purplish with scarious whitish margins, 1-nerved. ++ Bristles 4-6, longer than the achenium, stout and bearded downward. 7. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect (1°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute, 12 - 20-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth, obovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olney), Penn Yan, New York (Sartwell), and Michigan. — Allied to 8. multicaulis of Ku. 8. E. intermédia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6'—12! long) ; spike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10-18-flowered (2''—3" long) ; scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium stmnooth, oboyoid with aa. CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 497 a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Aunth!)— Wet slopes ; com- mon northward. ++ ++ Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium and fragile, or none. 9. E. témuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular (1° high), the sides concave ; spike elliptical, acutish, 20-—30-flowered (3" long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ; achenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small depressed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptica, Kunth!) — Wet meadows and bogs ; common. 10. E. compréssa, Sullivant. Culms flat, strongly striate, slender, erect (13° high); spike ovate-oblong, 20-30-flowered (4" long); scales lanceolate- ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit, the latter 2-cleft; achenium obovate-pear-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted, crowned with a small globular-conical tuberele ; bristles none (rarely a single rudi- ment). — Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run- ning rootstocks, $!’ broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying. ll, E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9! -18/ high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered (3’-6” long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen- tre into a short abrupt triangular point; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon | blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu- setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked, as in the first division of § 2. 12. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms flattish, thread-like (1°-2° high); spike cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6/’—9" long), thickish; scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3 prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and southward. + + Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm: scales Jew-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back. 13. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. F'lower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather stout, erect (8/-2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; scales of the pointed spike 3-9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar- gins; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl- shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Robbins), to Rhode Island, Thurber, &e. — Spike varying from }/ to 1’ long, by 1” wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like. §3. CHATOCYPERUS, Nees. — Scales of the compressed few ~ several-flowered spike membranaceous, 2 -—3-ranked : bristles 3-6, fragile or fugacious : style alee: achenium triangulur or somewhat terete: culms small and capillary. 42 * 498 CYPERACEA. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * Achenium obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides. 14. E. aciculiris, R. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2! -8' long), more or less 4-an sular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish with purple sides); achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 ribbed angles and 2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri- ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichodes, Muil., &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common. (Eu.) * * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides. 15. E. pygmmima, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1/- 2’ high) ; spike ovate, 3-8-flowered; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute; achenium ovoid, acutely triengular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute tubercle; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus, Vakl.? Chzetocyperus polymorphus, Nees?) — Brackish marshes and river-banks, as far as salt water reaches. 16. E. microcarpa, var.? filicd&iimis, Torr. “Culms capillary or thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3/-4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15 - 25- Jlowered ; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut- color.’ *— Wet places, in the pine barrens of New Jersey, Torrey. 6. SCIRPUWS, L. BurtrvusH. Cuius-Rusu. Spikes many —seyveral-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub- tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten- sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base. wholly deciduous, or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian- gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) § 1. SCIRPUS Proper. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed downwards. % Spike single, terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or overtop- ping it, few-flowered: culms slender, jointless, leaf-bearing only at the base (style 8-cleft: achenium triangular, smooth). 1. S. czespitosus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base, in compact turfy tufts (3/-10/ high); the upper sheath prolonged into a short awl-shaped leaf; spike ovoid, rusty-color ; the 2 lower scales bract-like, callous- pointed, and as long as the spike; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hamp- shire, and N. New York. Also high mountains of Virginia? (Eu.) 2, S. planifolius, Muhl. Culms triangular, loosely tufted (5'-10/ high), leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long as the culm, rough on the edges and keel, as is the culm; spike ovate or oblong, rusty-color ; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip, the lowest about as long as the spike ; bristles 4-6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium.— Dry or moist woods, Delaware to New England. June. CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 499 3. 8. subterminalis, Torr. Culms (1°-3° long) and slender terete leaves immersed and cellular ; spike overtopped by a green bract, which appears like a prolongation of the culm, oblong, raised out of the water; scales scarcely pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michi- gan, and westward. Aug. * * Spikes clustered (rarely reduced to one), appearing lateral by the extension of the one-leaved involucre exactly like a continuation of the raked culm. + Culm triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks: spikes many-flow¢red, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing. 4. S. ptingeas, Vahl. Culm shurply 3-angled throughout (1°-4° high), with concave sides ; leaves 1-3, elongated (4!-10! long), kceled and channelled ; spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage ; style 2-cleft; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S. triqueter, Michr., not of Z. S. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. — This is the species generally used for making rush-bottom chaizs. (Eu.) 5. S. Olmeyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout (2°-7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short 3-angular leaf or none, spikes 6 - 12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bris- ~ tles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex mucronate achenium. — Salt marshes, Martha’s Vineyard, Oakes, Rhode Island, O/ney, and New Jersey, Knieskern; also southward. July. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-rayed, with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. triqueter, which has similar anthers and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate- stalked. 6. S. Térreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender (2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri- angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long - overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate ; style 3-cleft; bristles longer than the unequally triangular obovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucronatus, Pursh? Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July, Aug. —(S. mucronatus, Z., should it be found in the country, will be known by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf bent to one side, &c.) + + Culm terete, naked. 7. S. lactistris, L. (Burtrusn.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually tapering at the apex (3°-8° high), the sheath bearing a small linear-awl-shaped leaf or none; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a con pound umbel-like panicle turned to one side, rusty-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4-6; achenium 500 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) obovate, mucronate, plano-convex.— Our plant appears constantly to hi ve a 2 cleft style, and the scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus, Vahl. & S. acutus, Muhl.— Fresh-waier ponds and lakes; common. July. — Culm as thick as the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.) 8. S. débilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6/-12! high), striate, tufted, from fibrous roots, leafless, or 1-leaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (1-8) in a sessile cluster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1-leayed involucre ; scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2—3-cleft; bristles 4-6, longer than the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted achenium, or rarely obsolete. @— Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi- nois, and southward. Aug. . * * * Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered : involu- cre leafy: culm leafy, triangular, and with closed joints below (style 8-cleft). +— Scales of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-cleft at the apex. 9. S. maritimus, L. (Sea Crus-Rusn.) Leaves flat, linear, as long as the stout culm (1°-38° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal ; spikes few —several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays bearing 1 - 3 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; acheniwm obovate- orbicular, much compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, mi- nutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1-6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. MAcRosTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robistus, Pursh.) is a larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming 1/—13! long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug.— Heads beset with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.) 10. S. fluviatilis. (River Cius-Rusu.) Leaves flat, broadly linear ‘4! or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very song involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved-spreading, bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; acheni- un obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (8. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Zorr., excl. syn. il.) — Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois. July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3°-4° high. Leaves rough- ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1°-2° long. Principal rays of the umbel 3/-4/ long, sheathed at the base. Heads 9/ to 14! long, paler and duller than in No. 9; the scales less lacerate and the awns less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different. 4 + Scales of the small compound-umbelled and clustered heads mucronate-tipped. 11. S. sylwaticus, L. Culm leafy (2°-5° high) ; leaves broadly linear, flat, rough on the edges; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular; the numerous spikes clustered (3-10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive- green turning brownish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole length, straight, scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium.— Low grounds, N. New England and northward. — Var. atrovirens (S. atrovirens, Muh.) is a form with the spikes (10-30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501 meadows, &c., New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and north- ward. July. (Eu.) 12. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; spikes clustered in heads of 3-8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ; bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. brunneus, MuAl.) — Swamps and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July. — Intermediate in character between the last and the next. §2. TRICHOPHORUM, Richard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled, naked, not barbed, much longer than the (triangular) achenium, when old projecting beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, tnvolucre, §c. as in the last species.) 13. S. limeatus, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (1°-3° high); leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 -3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on thread-like drooping pedicels; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed.— Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 14. S. Eriéphorum, Michx. (Woot-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, very leafy (2°-5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the invo- lucre 3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi- celled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless ~ scales ; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, 4.) — Var. cyPERti- nus (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in small heads. Var. rAxus (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward and southward. July —-Sept. _ 7 ERIOPHORUM, L. Corron-Grass. Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri- anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe- rennials. (Name from €ptoy, wool or cotton, and hopd, bearing.) * Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white; spike single: small, involucre none. 1. E. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running rootstock (6/-10/ high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far northwarl. May, June. (Eu.) * * Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in frutt. + Culm bearing a single spike: involucre none: wool silvery white. 2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the 502 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form, tré angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matue rity.— Cold and high peat-boys, New England to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. June. (Eu.) + + Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate. 3. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2°-4° high); leaves narrowly linear, elongated, flat; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty or copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1.—Bogs and low meadows ; common. July, Aug. 4. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1°-2° high), obscurely triangu- lar ; leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; cnvolucre 2-3-leaved ; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon- — gated in fruit ; achenium obovate ; wool white, very straight (1! long or more). — Var. ancusTIFOLIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of Z.) has smooth peduncles. — Var. LATIFOLIUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Torr., §c.) has rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnzus founded it. June, July. (Eu.) 5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1°-2° high), rather triangular ; leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale- like, mostly 1-leaved; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent ; achenium ellipti- eal-linear. (E.triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Zorr.) — Cold bogs, New England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug.— Spikes 3-7, small, when mature the copious white wool 3' to 3/ long. Scales brownish, several-neryed, or in our plant, var. PAUCINERVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.) S. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (Species of Scrrpus, L.) Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all floriferous, regularly im- bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of jimbria, a fringe, and stylus, the style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) § 1. FIMBRISTYLIS Proper. — Style 2-cleft, mostly flat and ciliate on the margins, falling away with the bulbous base from the lenticular achenium ; scales of the many-flowered spike very closely imbricated. 1. F. spadicea, Vahl. Culms (1°-23° high) naked above, rigid, as are the thread-form convolute-channelled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2! thick); stamens 2 or 3; acheniuri minutely striate and dotted. \ (F. cylindrica, Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast New York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 508 2. F. l4xa, Vahl. Culms slender (2/-12! high), weak, grooved and flat- tish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3'' long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium 6 —8-ribbed on each side, and with finer cross lines. () (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoides, Nees, &c.)— Low, mostly elayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. § 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. — Style 3-cleft: achenium triangular : other- wise nearly as in § 1. 3. F. autummalis, Rem. & Schult. Low (3/-9! high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect; leaves flat, acute; umbel compound; spikes ob- long, acute (1/’-2’ long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo- late, mucronate ; stamens 1-3. @ (Scirpus autumualis, Z.)— Low grounds, Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct. §3. ONCOSTYLIS, Martius. — Style 3-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or tess persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium. 4. F. capillaris. Low, densely tufted (3/-9/ high); culm and leaves nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short; umbel compound or pani- cled; spikes (2! long) ovoid-oblong ; stamens 2; achenium minutely wrinkled, very obtuse. @) (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c., common, especially south- ward. Aug. —Sept. 9 FUIRENA, Rottbdll. UmBRELLA-GRASS. Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri- anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu- lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.) 1. EF. squarrosa, Michx. Stem (1°-2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (4/ long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread- ing awns of the seales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn-pointed, the interposed bris- tles minute. — Var. ptmiva, Torr. is a dwarf form, 1/-6/ high, with 2-6 spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. \{ — Sandy wet places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward; also Michigan; northward mostly the small variety. Aug. 10. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Batp-Rusu. Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri- cated in several ranks; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu- ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans- versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from WiAos, bare, and xapva, nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.) 1. P. scirpoides, Torr. Spikes 20-30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword 504 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined ; culm 4/-9! high: leaves flat, @ — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July. 11. DICHROMENA, Richard. Dicuromena. Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head, many-flowered ; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from 8is, double, and xp@pa, color). t - . . . 1. D. leucocéphatia, Michx. Culm triangular; leaves narrow; invo- lucre 5—7-leaved ; achenium truncate, not margined. )|— Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August. i2. CERATOSCHENUWS, Nees. Honryep Rusu. Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers. Seales few and loosely imbricated; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5-6 rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united at the base. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex- serted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achenium.— Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of kepas, a horn, and oxoivos, a rush.) 1. €, corniculata, Nees. Cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium.— Wet places, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. August.— Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves }/ wide. Fruit with the taper beak 1’ long. 2. C., macrostachya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium.— Borders of ponds, KE. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward. (Some states occur intermediate between this and the last.) 13. RH YNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beax-Rusn. Spikes ovate, few-several-flowered; the lower of the loosely imbricated scales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (or rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lenticular or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle). — Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads: flowering in summer. (Name composed of puyxos, a snout, and omopd, a seed, from the beaked achenium.) %* Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less flattened, bristles upwardly denticulate. 1. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culm triangular ; leaves linear (4' wide); cymes corymbose ; the spikes crowded and clustered; achentum round-obovate, twice the ’ / , 7 CYPERACE&. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505 length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. — Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 2. BR. Torreyana, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicelled ; achenium oblong-obo- vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical tubercle. — Swamps ; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. 3. BR. inexpamsa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender ; leaves narrowly lin- ear ; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium oblong, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub- ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. * * Achenium smooth and even, lenticular. + Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards. 4. BK. fiisca, Rem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled; spikes ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1 -3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium obovate, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword- shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds, New Jersey to New Hampshire: rare. July.— Culm 6/-12/ high. (Eu.) 5. KR. gracilénta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear ; spikes ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, 1°- 2° high. + + Bristles denticulate or barbed downwards (in No. 9 both ways). 6. BR. alba, Vahl. Leaves almost bristle-form ; spikes (whitish) several in a corymbed cluster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, shorter than the 9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle ; stamens usually only 2.— Bogs ; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. — Culm slender, 12/-20/ high. (Ku.) 7. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form ; spikes 3-6 in a terminal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong-lanceolate (pale chestnut-color, ! long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate- beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York and Michigan. — Culm 6/-9! high, slender. 8. R. Knieskérnii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short; spikes nu- merous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1" long) ; acheniwn obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the ~ length of the triangular flattened tubercle.— Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Anieskern), and southward ; rare. — Culms tufted, 6’-18' high, slender. 9. KR. glomerata, Vahl. Leaves linear, flat ; spikes numerous in distant clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong (chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward.-—- Culm 19-2° high.— A state with small panicled clusters is R. paniculata, G'ray. 43 506 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 10. BR. cephalantha, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled ; epikes very numerous, crowded in 2-3 or more dense globular heads which are distant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achenium orbicular-obovate, mar- gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, half the length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upwards. — Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2°~3° high: the fruit, &c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked variety. 14. CLADIUM » P. Browne. Twic-Rusx. Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decid- uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Rhynchospora, (Name from kAddos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the branching styles of some species.) 1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (1°-2° high) ; leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 8-cleft. (Schcenus, Muhi.) — Boys, New England to Penn., Ohio, and northward. July. 15. SCLERIA, L. Nuvrt-Rosn. Flowers moneecious ; the fertile spikes 1-flowered, usually intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones empty.. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony, or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. — Perennials, with triangular leafy culms. (Name oxdnpia, hardness, from the bony or crustaceous fruit.) * Achenium smooth and polished : tts base surrounded by an obscurely triangular crus taceous ring or disk: stamens 3. 1. S. triglomerixta, Michx. Culm (2°-3° high) and broadly linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters, the lower peduncled; achenium ovoid-globular, slightly pointed (2 broad).— Low grounds, Vermont to Wisconsin, &c.; common southward. July. % % Achenium reticulated, seated on a flattish disk of 3 conspicuous and ovate-lan- ceolate entire scale-like lobes: stamens 2. 2. §. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly linear ; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-peduncled ; ache- nium globular, deeply pitted between the regular reticulations, not hairy. —- Sandy swamps, Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, Virginia, and southward: rare. August. 3. S$. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (1°-2° high) ; leaves linear ; clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping ; achenium globular, pitted and somewhat spirally marked with minutely hairy wrinkles. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Tuo like the last. CYPERACE®. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507 * % * Achenium warty-roughened, but shining and white: disk a narrow ring supe porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3. 4. S. paucifilora, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish; culms slen- der (9’-18! high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S and W. New England, W. New York, and southward. July. * * * * Disk none: achenium white, rough with minute tubercles : stamens 1-2. 5. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6/-10/ high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4—6 rather distant sessile clusters ; bracts minute; leaves linear; achenium globular (small). — Swamps, Yates County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Ohio (Zesquereur), and southward. June. 16. CAREX, L. SepGn.* Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monecious), either borne together in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very rarely on distinct plants (diacious). Scales of the spikes 1-flowered, equally imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat- ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form- ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium), contracted towards the apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style. Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often * Contributed by Jonn Carer, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note. “Tn arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre- hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es- pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to be modified or changed. Indeed, most of my subsections would, in a monograph of the genus, require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions. I have thought it an as- sistance to the student to give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have adopted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char- acters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under such subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as nearly together as I could; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange- ment. It might, however, have been done with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophore, from its manifest convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto more artificial arrangement in general use, — that a student, when acquainted with one species of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-species for himself, whilst a merely artificial enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge of structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived from the number and position of the spikes. I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be an assistance to others in doing far better, hereafter.”> Ed. 1. — The additions and alterations in the present edition are mainly from notes obligingly furuished by Mr. Carey. 508 CYPERACE®. (SEDUE FAMILY.) in dense tufts. Culms triangular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bracts; commonly with thin membranaceous sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi- tation ; derived by some from careo, to want, the upper spikes being mostly sterile; and by others from kelp, fo cut, on account of the sharp leaves.) ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS. A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous: bracts small, colored ard scale-like. --- ‘ (This division, retained for the convenience of students, is merely artificial, and combines © species having no real natural affinity.) — PSYLLOPHORA&, Loisel. § 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminate flowers at its base. No. 1-38. 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. No 4-7. B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit: bracts and scales of the fer- tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas3. —PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 8-10. C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dicecious in No. 11 and 83), sessile, forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or de- compound spikes. Stigmas 2. — VIGNEA, Beauv. § 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11-18. 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No. 14 - 28. 8. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base No. 29-41. D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper- most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate flowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 8 (or only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAREX Proper. * Perigynia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak. §1. Perigynia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1- 3, or the terminal spike androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42-57. 2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary (ex- cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No. 58 - 71. 8. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute straight point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the apex, the rest all fertile. No. 72, 73. 4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green and leaf-like (except in No. 74). No 74-81 6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent, white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown or olive-colored at maturity. ‘Terminal spike all staminate, or with 2-8 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro- longation. No. 82, 83. * * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonged. 6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana- ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice Bracts short: culms mostly Jow and slender ; leaves all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike solitary. No 84-90. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire or slightly notched orifice Bracts long and leaf-like: culms tall and leafy. Staminate gpike solitary (in No 91 pistillate at the samiuit): fertile spikes ere: t (except in No. 91). Wo. 91-98. 7“ CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509 ¢8. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No. 94-97. 9. Perigynia slightly inflated. smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak, terminating in 2 distinct membranacecus teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. No. 98-101. 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate spikes usually 2or more No. 102 - 105. 11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1- 5. No. 106 - 112. 12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2- toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120. 18. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab- rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread- ing or deflexed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex. No. 121, 122. 14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikes 2-3. No. 123-182. A. Spike solitary, simple, diacious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale- like. —Psyti6puor®, Loisel. 41. Spike diewcious, or the fertile merely with a few staminate flowers at the base. % Stigmas 2: leaves all radical, bristle-form. 1. C. gymécrates, Wormskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely rough at the top; barren spike linear; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri- gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar- rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale. (C. dioica, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps, Wayne County, New York (Sartwell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.) 2. C. exiliis, Dew. Culm rough; spike rarely all staminate and filiform, but commonly fertile with a few staminate flowers at the base, densely flowered, occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile flowers ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-conver, with a few fine nerves only on the conver side, serrulate on the margin, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York. * * Stiymas 3: leaves flat. 3. C. Scirpoidea, Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perigynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the length of the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Hornem. C. Michauxii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes, §c.), Wil- loughby Mt., Vermont ( Wood), Drummond’s Island, Michigan, and northward. § 2. Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit. * Stigmas 2: leaves bristle-form. 4. C. capitata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip- tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading, longer 43 * 510 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) than the rather obtuse scale.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Robbins, Oakes. (Eu.) * * Stigmas 3: leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. 5. C. paucifiora, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2; perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed, straw-colored ; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, Ehrh.) — Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.) 6. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm slender; spike very small, few- flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. lepta- lea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) —Low grounds and bogs; common. * * * Stigmas 8: leaves very broad (1'-14!), longer than the naked culm. 7. C. Fraseriama, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves with- out a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins (9’-18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike oblong, the fertile part becoming globular; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro- natety tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse scale; often with a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich woods, mountains of Penn.? Virginia, and southward; rare.—A most remarkable species, with no obvious affinity to any other. B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminate at the summit; bracts and scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri- gynia: style jointed at the base: stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much exceeding the short, almost radical culms.) —Puyxuiéstracuys, Torr. & Gr. 8. C. Willdemnovii, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated ; peri- gynia 6-9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering beak ; achenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stigmas downy. — Copses, Mass., W. New York, and southwestward. 9. C. Steudeélii, Kunth. Sterile flowers 10 -15, rather loosely imbricated into a linear (apparently distinct) spike ; perigynia 2-3, roundish-obovoid, smooth, with a long and abrupt rough beak; achenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jameésii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N. New York to Illinois and Kentucky. 10. C. Baekii, Boott. Sterile flowers 3, inconspicuous ; periqynia 2-4, loose, globose-ovoid with a conical beak. smooth throughout ; achenium globose-pyriform, scarcely dotted ; stigmas smooth. —Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom, Prof. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. — Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous, than in the last two. €. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dicecious in No, 11 and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic- ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2: achenium lenticular. — Vienka, Beauv. §1. Spikes approximated, with the staminate and pistillate flowers variously situ ated; perigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak : \ CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE IAMILY.) 511 bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — S1ccAr2. ll. C. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fertile; perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper- ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale; style jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally diccious. 12. C. siccata, Dew. Spikes 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermcest, and commonly 1-38 of the lowest, fertile below, the intermediate ones frequently ali staminate ; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer. C. Lid- doni, ed. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north- westward. 13. C. Sartwéllii, Dew. Spikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief- ly staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanccolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side; scale ovate, pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sart weil), to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu. § 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. * Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polished at maturity: spikes decompound, paniculate: scales light brown, with white membrana- ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly prolongation. — PaNnIcuLAT2. 14. C. teretitgscula, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches, forming a slender crowded spiked panicle; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart- shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid- pyriform, obtusely triangular. (C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.) — Swamps ; common, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. mijor, Koch. Spikes more panicled; perigynia rather narrower.’ (C. paniculata, var. minor, ed.1. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.) Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 15. C. decompdsita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense- ly-crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia obovate, un- equally biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom- posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Penn., Illinois, and south. westward. * * Perigynia small, compressed, 2-3-nerved, membranaceous, with a short 2- toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity: spikes decompound, with nu merous small very densely-flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with the green kcel prolonged into a rough point: bracts short and resembling them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle shaped, and much ex eeeding the eulm. — MULTIFLORA. z 512 CYPERACEA. (SEDGE FAMIY.) 16. C. vulpineidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (13/- 23! long) ; perigynia cvate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. .(C. multi- flora, Mull. C. bracteosa and C. polymorpha, Schw. C. micrasperma, Wadi.) — Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more strongly serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.)— Low meadows; very common.— Varies ex- ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak. * * * Perigynia on short staiks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous, with a thick and spongy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distinet- ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21), widely spreading and yellow at maturity: spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point: bracts bristle-shaped, shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULPIN&. 17. C. crus-cé6rvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts often 2-toothed at the base; perigynia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate base into a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale; style tumid at the base. (C. siceeformis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) —Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4/-—9!' long, often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous leaves 3! wide. 18. C. stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis- tinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a leng beak tapering from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale; style not tumid at the base. (C. vul- pinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds ; common. 19. C. vulpina, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike ; per?- gynia compressed, tapering from a broadly-ovate base into a beak not much longer than the scale; achenium oval; style tumid at the base. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky. — A tall, robust species, 3°- 4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably thick rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forms *with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to No. 22; which, how- ever, is distinguished by the margined and nerveless perigynia. (Eu.) 20. C. alopecoidea, Tuckerman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, very obscurely nerved, ovate from a broad trun- cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; achentum pyri- form; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var, maxima, Dew.) — Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &e«.— Much resembling the last, but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the nearly nerveless perigynia, and the different achenium and style. 21. ©. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the lowermost sometimes a little remote ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, somewhat com- pressed, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved towards the base, rather longer than the scale; achenium ovate, base of the style not tumid. — Fields, Miussachusetts (in« troduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky ; rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. Eu.) a CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513 ® * * * Per gynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, meme branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26) 2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes tawny cr white: bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the-culm.— MUHLENBERGIANZ. 22. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid; the upper ones ag- gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless, rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ; achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, tumid at the base. — Var. CEPHALOLDEA is @ reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong head; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. cepha- loidea, & C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not .rare: the var. in fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves ; some- times with 1-2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough). 23. C. cephaléphera, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat- ed in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium and style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Yew.) — Woods and fields ; common. 24. C. Muhlenbérgii, Schk. Spikes 5-7, closely approximate, forming an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium or- bicular, with a very short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south- ward. — Plant 12/-18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of each spike. 25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4-6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-flow- ered spikes. (Var. rapiAra, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckerman.) — Moist woods and meadows ; common, 26. C. retrofléxa, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approrimate, the 1-2 lowest distinct but not remote ; perigynia (about 5-7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lan- ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr., Cyp.) — Copses and moist meadows ; less common than the last, from which it is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales, and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and beak of the perigynium. % * * * * Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture, prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achenium conformed to the peri- gyium, crowned with the short thick style: bracts like the scales (brown), the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — CHORDORHIzZ2&. 27. C. chordorhiza, Ebrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root- stock (4'-9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap- 514 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) pressed leaves; spikes aggregated into an avoid head; perigynia ovate, a little longer than the scale.— Cold peat-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north- ward. (Eu.) 28. C. temélia, Schk. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2 Jeatile flowers ; perigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. _supp., not of LZ. C. disperma, Dew. C. gracilis, ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe- cies, 6/—12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tufts. (Eu.) © § 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base. %* Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely aggregated in No. 30): perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming whitish or silvery: scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES. + Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, with a smooth or mi- nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex. 29. C. trispérma, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertie Jlowers, remote, the lowest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous slender nerves, longer than the scale.— Cold swamps and woods, especially on mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — Re- sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, 1°-2° long. 30. C. temuiflora, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated ; perigynia ovate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.) 31. C. caméscens, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (about 12 - 20-flowered), the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower- most remote ; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Richardi, Michx.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially northward. (Eu.) Var. Witilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller and roundish 6 —15-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var. spheerostachya, ed. 1. C. tenella, Hhrh. C. Persoonii, Sieber. C. vitilis, Fries. C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. spherostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun- tains, and high northward. (Eu.) + + Perigynia thickened only at the base, obscurely nerved on the outer side, tapering into a rough 2-toothed beak. 32. C. Deweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4; the 2 uppermost approxi- mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. * * Spikes ovoid or obovoid, more or less clustered ; perigynia concave-convex, com- pressed, maryined or winged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothed beak, often tawny at maturity: scales tawny or white, awuless: bracts bristle-shaped, usually falling before the maturity of the spikes (in No. 34 persistent, very long and leaf-like. ) - hte i ee teary = oe CYPERACEA. (3EDGE FAMILY.) 515 ~ Spikes small ; perigynia thick and spongy at the base, and with a rigd margin, not dilated. — STELLULAT.E. 33. C. stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maturity ; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped base, widely spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate acnte scale; achenium ovate, ab- tuptly contracted into a minute stalk; style slightly tumid at the base. — Var. SCIRPOIDES has smaller more approximate spikes, the perigynia ovate from a rounded or truncate base, narrower and less acute scales, and a very short style. (C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Var. st&R1L1s has the spikes occasivmally diecious, or the staminate ones with but few fertile flowers, and the pistillate nearly destitute of barren ones; the culms stouter and rigidly erect; and the leaves generally glaucous; achenium rounder, with a more tapering base, and the style scarcely tumid at the base. (C. sterilis, Schk.) — Var. ancusTATa has about 4 aggre- gated spikes, with narrowly lanceolate perigynia tapering into a long slightly rough beak, more than twice the length of the blunt scale; the achenium oblong. — Swamps and wet meadows; common, especially northward. (Eu.) + + Spikesrather large: perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a mora or less dilated membranaceous margin or wing. — OVALES. 34. C. sychnocéphaia, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short compound spiked head subtended by 3 very long unequal leafy bracts ; perigynia taper- ing from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat ex- ceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not of L.) —Jefferson County (Vasey § Knieskern) and Little Falls, New York, Vasey. — Different in habit from all the rest of this section, and recognized at once by the ovoid compound spike, seated at the base of the long leafy bracts, by which the lower spikes are partly concealed. $5. C. &rida, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 8-10, approximate (§! long), oblong- cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, aarrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet meadows. Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. — In its characters scarce- ly distinguished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance; a much larger plant, with long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes. 86. C. scoparia, Schk. Spikes 5-8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head ; perigynia narrowly lanceo- late, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale; ache- nium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows; everywhere common. — Spikes brownish or straw-colored when ripe. 37. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15, approximate ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-oblong rather obtuse scale; ache- nium narrowly oval, on a short stalk.— Var. crisTATa has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. (C. cristata, Schw. ¢ Torr.) — Wet fields ; equally common with the last, from which it is distinguished only by the more numerous shorter spikes, and shorter less tapering perigynia and scales. The variety has the spikes crowded into an ovate head, to which the diverging points of the fruit give a squarrose appeurance 516 CYPERACE’.. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 38. C. adwista, Boott. Spikes 4-10, approximate or rather distant, ovate or at length club-shaped (straw-color or pale chestnut) ; perigynia ovate with a tapering beak, slightly winged, rather obscurely nerved, especially on the upper side, equalling the scale in length and breadth. — Rhode Island (Olney), New York (S. 7. Carey, §c.), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., with the smaller form), and northward. — Much like some forms of the next, but the spikes more chaffy, ' the perigynia tapering into a longer beak. 39. C. festuchcea, Schk. Spikes 6-8, obovoid or club-shaped, the lower distinct ; perigynia ovate, narrowly winged, with a short beak, longer than the ovate lanceolate scale; achenium sessile, broadly oval.— Var. TENERA has (3-5) smaller spikes, which are more distant on the slender, flexuose, sometimes nod- ding stem. (C.tenera, Dew.) — Var. mirApiiis has (6-8) rounder approx- imate spikes, with fewer staminate flowers, and the perigynia somewhat spread- ing. (C. mirabilis, Dew.) — About fields and fences ; rather common, especially northward. — A stiff and rigid species, often of a pale-green appearance, except the first variety, which has commonly brownish heads, and a weak stem. 40. ©. foemea, Muhl. Spikes 4-10, ovoid, approximate, the lower rarely compound, of a glaucous-green color ; perigynia ovate, winged, with a short beak, scarcely longer than the oblong and dluntish white scale; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Salt or brackish marshes, on the sea-coast, Rhode Island (Olney) to Virginia, and southward. — Much like the last, from which it differs princi- pally in the color of the spikes, and in the constantly erect and more broadly- margined perigynia. ‘The culm is smooth and stout. 41 €. stramimea, Schk. Spikes (about 6), roundish-ovoid, approximate ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much compressed, broadly and membranaceously winged, with a short abrupt beak a little longer than the lanceolate scale; achenium nearly sessile, oval.— Borders of woods and in fields; rather common. — The larger forms have a remarkably wide wing, often brown on the margin, giving a variegated appearance to the soft and flaccid spikes. In the smaller forms the heads are fewer (83-4) and more rigid, owing to the narrower wings of the perigynia. D. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at th base or apex: stigmas 3: achenium sharply triangular (only 2 stigmas and thé achenium lenticular in No. 42-51 and 58). — Carex Proper. §1. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated (slightly in No. 51), terminating in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glancous-green when young, be- coming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly black at maturity: pistillate scales blackish-purple (brown in No. 51 and 57), giving a dark appearance to the spikes. « Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate spikes 3-5, frequently with sterile flowers at the apex: bract of the lowest spike leaf-like, with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and very minute sheaths, or none. (Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.) Oe ie wh. >is CYPERACE&. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517 + Stigmas 2 (in No. 42 sometimes 3): perigynium lenticular.— ActTz. ++ Scales awnless, mostly obtuse. 42. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with rounded auricles; stigmas 2-3, mostly 2; perigynia el- liptical, with an entire searcely pointed apex, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved, about as long as the obtuse scale; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., not of L.) —Var. Biertovit has 3-5 longer fertile spikes, the lowest on a long stalk, spreading and sometimes remote. (C. Bigelovii, Zurr. C. Washingtonia, Dew. C. nigra, Schw. § Torr., not of All.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, and high northward. (Eu.) 43. C. térta, Boott, Mss. Sterile spikes 1-2, commonly 1; fertile 3-4, elongated, narrowly-cylindrical or slightly club-shaped, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasionally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks, at first erect, finally spreading or drooping ; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped, shorter than their respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to a distinct point, with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerveless, or with 2-3 indistinct short nerves, the tips spreading or ob- liquely recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale ; achenium broadly obovate, much shorter than the perigynium; cu/m very smooth, leaves slightly rough on the margin only. (C. verrucosa, Schwern. C. acuta, var. - sparsiflora, Dew. ?) — Rills and wet banks, N. New England, New York, &c., and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Culm rather slender, 15! -2° high, usually with 3 slender and nodding fertile spikes. It is well distinguishel by its smoothness, and by the spreading empty tips of the perigynia. 44. C. vulgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1, rarely 2; the fertile 2-4, appro» imated, oblong, erect, densely-flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with small blackish rounded auricles ; perigynia ovate-elliptical, stalked, nerved especially towards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point, longer than the obtuse appressed black scale; culm slender, nearly smooth, except at the top. (C. cxspitosa, Good § Amer. auth., not of L. C. Goodenovii, Gay.) — Banks of streams, New England to Wisconsin and northward.— Grows in small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 46), and varies in height from 3/ to 18’, with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. From the last it differs in the short thick spikes, and erect perigynia, and in the auricles of the bracts; and from the next, in the shape and nerves of the perigynium, and in the shorter, black, appressed scale. (Enu.) 45. C. apérta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1-2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer- tile 2 - 4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile ; the lower distant and short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked, without nerves, covered with ver} minute transparent dots, and sometimes very 44 618 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) slightly rough at the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and much shorter than the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply triangular, smooth below, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. (C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew. ?) — Wet meadows, Rhode Island (Olney), and far westward. — Culm 1°-2° high, with commonly 2 fertile spikes §’/-13/ in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigynium and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it. 46. C. Stricta, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong brown auricles, seldom exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerveless or very obscurely few-nerved, often minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale; culm slender, sharply triangular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves. (C. acuta, Muhl. & Amer. auth., not of L. C. Virginiana, Smith in Rees, Cycl. C. angus- tata, Boott.)— Var. strfctior has. shorter and more densely flowered fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat excceding the scale. (C. stric- tior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps; very common. Grows in large and thick tufts, 2°-25° high. The scales of the fertile spikes are very variable; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. This species and the last have been referred to C. acuta, Z., which has not been found in North America. 47. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the fertile 3-5, club-shaped, erect, densely flowered, sessile, or the lower on very short stalks ; bracts long, 1-2 of the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate-elliptical, stalked, nerve- less, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale; culm sharply triangular, rough towards the top, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A rather robust species 2° - 3° high; the thick fertile spikes 1! - 2! long. (Eu.) 48. C. lenticularis, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at the top ; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (}/- 1’ long), sessile, or the lower short- peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate-oval, sessile, more or less nerved, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex- ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale; culm (9’-15/ high) and leaves smooth or nearly so.— Lake Avalanche, N. New York (Torrey), Lake Superior, and northward. ++ ++ Scales awned. 49. C. salima, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate- elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the roughly- awned dark-brown scale; culm rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. — Coast of Massachusetts (near Chelsea? Greene), and far northward. (Eu.) 50. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each about 2 or 8 (1 long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles ; perigynia nearly’ orbieular, we aeiy CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 519 with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-cawvned greenish scale; culm (1° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea, Wahl.) — Coast of Massachusetts and northward; rare. (Eu.) 51. C. crimita, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers various- ly intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2'-3' long), densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceeding the culm ; perigynia roundish- obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than the oblong roughly-awned light-brown scale; culm (2°-4° high) rough and sharply angled, leafy below; the pale leaves 3/- 4" wide, also rough-edged. — Varies, with the awns of the scales very /ong and the fruit imperfect (var. MORBIDA, Carey in Sill. Jour. & C. paleacea, Amer. auth., not of Wahl.); and with awns not much longer than the scales (C. gynandra, Schw.).— Wet meadows and borders of rills; very common. — A variable but easily recognized species. + + Stigmas 3: perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more or less compressed : pistillate spikes borne on exserted filiform drooping stalks. -— Limos. 52. C. flacea, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1-2; the fertile about 3, cylindrical, on exserted drooping stalks, commonly stuminate at the top; lower bract usually shorter than the culm; sheaths obsolete or minute; perigynia roundish-ovoid, notched at the point, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles, about the length of the obtuse or pointed b/ack scale; culm sharply triangular, rough, taller than the glaucous rigid leaves. (C. glauca, Scop. C. recurva, Huds. C. Barrattii, Schw. § Torr.) — Marshes of New Jersey, near the coast, Collins, Knieskern. —- A widely variable species. (Eu.) 53. C. limosa, L. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 1-2, oblong, 10~ 20-flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow, the lowest shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about equal to the ovate mucronate scale. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6/-12/ high, erect, longer than the sharp and rigid leaves. (Eu.) 54. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 2-4, ovoid or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or rarely with a few sterile flowers at the base; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm; perigynia roundish-ovate, with an entire orifice, much shorter than the tapering pointed scale. (C. limosa, var. irrigua, Wal. C. paupercula, Michr.) — Peat-bogs, New Eng- land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward.— Taller than the last, growing in clumps, with weaker nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.) % * Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers below: lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths: culm and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — ATRAT&.* 55. C. Buxbadimii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, obovoid or oblong, the uppermost short-stalled (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest some- *(. Vani, Schk., of this group, occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Isle Royale, but hus not yet been met with on the United States side. 520 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) what remote; perigynia elliptical, obtusely triangular, compressed, obscurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, searcely equalling the ovate sharp- pointed or short-awned (dark-brown or brownish) scale. (C. canescens, Z., in part.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; also southward along the Alleghanies. (Eu.) 56. C. atrata, L. Spikes 3-4, oblong-ovoid, approximate, all on short fili- Jorm stalks, at length drooping; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the length of the ovate acute (brown or dark purple) scale. — Alpine sum- mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12/-15/ high, with rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first straw-color, mostly hecoming dark purple or nearly black. (Eu.) 57. C. Shortizma, Dew. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, greenish turning straw-color, (3'-—13/ long,) and the lowest rather re- mote, all androgynous and densely flowered ; the terminal one about: half stami- nate, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the 2—3 lower on short stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire point, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and soutlwaee — Plant 1°-3° high. § 2. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire on notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing : staminate spike solitary (except some- times in No. 62), or androgynous and pistillate above ; the rest all fertile. %* Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (short-stalked or sessile in No, 63, 64, in No. 61 occasionally with 1-2 small ones at its base): pistillate spikes 1-6, erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated exserted stalks (short and included in No. 64): bracts shorter than the culm (except in No. 58 and 63): perigynia with an entire and straight or obliquely bent point, glau- cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at maturity, sometimes spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58): pistillate scales dark-brown with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — Panfcrm. 58. C. aturea, Nutt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia obovate or pear-shaped, obtuse, longer than the ovate acute scale ; stigmas 2; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy banks, especially on limestone; New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender, delicate species, 4/-8! high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex. 59. C. livida, Willd. Fertile spikes 1-2, rarely with a third near the base of the culm, 10-15-flowered ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, with faint pellucid nerves, tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C. limosa, var. livida, Wahl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine barrens, New Jersey, Oriskany, New York, and high northward. — Occurs rarely with a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 6/—-9/ long, arising from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and finely tapering. (Ku.) CY2ERACER. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 521 60. C. prnicea, L. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, ovoid, oblong, or cylin drical, closely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young oblong, and contracted at each end, at maturity roundish-obovoid, scarcely inflated, with more obscure nerves, and a slightly-bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale; achenium triquetrous, flattened at the top, contracted towards the base, distinctly dotted under alens. (C. Meadii, Dew.) — Wet meadows and margins of streams, New Eng- land to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — Very variable in the length and thick- ness of the fertile spikes, the slender forms approaching closely to the next; in both, the shape of the fruit varies greatly with age. (Eu.) 61. C. tetamica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical, loosely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obo- void, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale ; achenium ovoid-triquetrous, indistinctly dotted under a lens. (C. co- noidea, Gray, Gram. & Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of lakes and rivers, N. New York to Michigan, and southward. 62. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spike usually solitary, or with 1 (rarely 2) short additional ones at its base, the principal sometimes fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, remote, and the lowest near the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, with a short slightly bent point, longer than the rather obtuse scale. (C. heterostachya, Zorr.) — Clefts of rocks, Jefferson County, New York (Crawe), shore of Lake Ontario (Vasey), and N. Michigan (Bull). —A very variable species, rigidly erect, 4/- 12’ high, in some of its forms much resembling the next; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long- peduncled. 63. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occa- sionally bearing a few fertile flowers ; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, densely Jlowered, the lowest sometimes very remote, or near the root ; perigynia roundish- ovoid, prominently nerved, with a minute slightly bent point, longer than the acute scale ; bracts long, exceeding the culn. — Wet meadows ; very common. 64. C. Térreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike short-stalked ; fertile spikes 2- 3, ovoid, closely approximate, all on included stalks ; perigynia roundish-obovoid, obtuse, with conspicuous elevated nerves, and a distinct abrupt point, longer than the ovate pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw. mss. § Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz ; and high northward. — Probably often overlooked from its close external resemblance to the next, but it is very distinct. * * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 66): pistillate spikes 2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks : bracts longer than the culm (ex- cept in No. 66): perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt and minute (or almost obsolete) point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity: pistillate scales tawny, fading to white. — PaLLescENTES. 65. C. palléscens, L. Fertile spikes 2 -3, ovoid, densely flowered, approx- wmate ; perigynia rovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. — Var. unpur Ara has the lower bract indented at the base with transverse waved 44* 522 CYPERACEEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) lines. ( %. undulata, Kunze.) ——- Meadows, New England to Penn. and north ward. — }lant 8! - 18 high, with slightly pubescent culm and leaves. (Eu.) 66. C. comoidea, Schk. Staminate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2-8, oblong, closely ficwered, the lower distant; perigynia oblong-concal, with impressed nerves, slizhtly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the sharply pointed or awned scale ; bracts notlexceeding the culm. (C. tetanica, Schw. & Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows; rather common. 67. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-5, oblong, loosely fiowered, remote, and the lowest distant ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather longer than the ovate awned scale. (C. laxiflora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Var. mitica has longer cylindrical spikes, short-awned scales, and the leaves and bracts pale green and glaucous. (C. laxiflora? var. mutica, Jorr. & Gr. C. flaccosperma, Dew.) — Moist woods and meadows; common, especially southward. The variety, with spikes 1/—1}! long, occurs in New Jersey (Anieskern) and in the South. %* %* * Uppermost spike more or less pistillate at the apex (rarely all staminate) ; pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted Yiliform and mostly drooping stalks: bracts equalling or often exceeding the culm: perigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 70), green and membranaceous at maturity: pistillate scales tawny or white. — GRAC{LLIM&. + Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous. 68. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. ‘ertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rather thick ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspic- uously awned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not or R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next (15°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes. 69. C. formosa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2~- 8 barren flowers or empty scales at the base; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale.— Wet meadows ; Massachusetts to W. New York. 70. ©. gracillima, Schw. Fertile spikes linear, slender ; perigunia obtuse and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned scale. (C. digita- lis, Schw. & Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward.— When this species occurs with the uppermost spike altogether staminate, it resembles C. arctata; but is readily distinguished by the obtuse, beakless, and sessile perigynium. + + Fertile spikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile, 71. C, zestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered ; peri- gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale ; achenium somewhat stipitate ; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent: otherwise nearly: as the last, but a smaller plant (1°-1}° high).— Saddle Mountain, W. Massachusetts (Dewey), Pokono Mountain, Penn. (Darlington & Townsend), and along the Alleghanies to Virginia and southward. $3. Perigynia without a beak, hairy (in No. 73 becoming smooth at maturity), slightly inflated, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a minute CYPERACE&. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 523 abrup. straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm: pistillate scales tawny or white: > | f Z 2G A aa om 2 72. ant ” 4 ~ 5 Ae " > truthio p teris . Solypodium ae ™ A>. » ice oy R- +”, j i ' VES NUS et SS Ee T2 8 5 s ee -3 S if, A & oh SQ ae . Y) / A ‘ie 9 8 Be SS eae OEE ty / : > R a) os CAs ¢ J OS PP SS ch? RR TTI hes eilant NG! NY as) NY, w ~ Sy S| SS ~ N Seolop endrium Weneras oF ELLEes ‘ 3 CWS ma nt . - > DOO i om A) YG MY e.) A>) "©; ui uly Yr} eB. s ee -t» RWS EN War S27 ’ gs an Wi Me OPS —ten Wax < DON " Oy PS ™ - >) yy Se Cp Se Op a1 T >@ra » ce - w= LY Oe —~ wr Pee Ly Zz vellum ae | “4: Genera of U W WY yy Dotry chi m phiog min | > - ) x P uae SE cte ae, a . e * . se a 7 bs : : wo * . * ' = - ar F) fl — ¥ s ‘ i « “ - ' . rate ‘ ; | to ‘ , < ~ - 4 a v r . 7 . , l % * e . me - — < «, - 4 > , 4 *< ” A = % = x ‘ ” ‘ = Z \ . t ai} : day va ' aa re ‘ ‘ ‘ x ' iw ms . N - ’ < 7 . - * : = i: , i : ah " o : : / os iene ee ' 4 . ) PT) *. « ‘ ue af isa’ “ 7 a ] ~ é * x t be | i—_ “ aha e™ ee - r nd) i > } rel { ° / 7“. ‘ if ay J ‘ - ? ois ¢ F >* ‘ ve | P LOieal yer ww ° SAP a j > 7 ’ Ad wx: FILICES. (FERNS.) 589 YW. WOODSIA. Indusium very thin or obscure and evanescent, bursting into irregular lobes or cleft into a fringe of hairs. Tre VII. ASPIDIEZE. Fructification dorsal: the fruit-dots borne on the back (rarely on the apex) of a vein, orbicular or roundish, rarely oblong and then placed across the vein, furnished each with a special indusium which covers the sporangia when young, and is fixed by the centre or by one side, opening at the other side or all around the margin. No general or accessory indusium formed of the margin of the frond. * Veins all free (none anastomosing): fertile fronds not very different from the sterile. 14. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium hood-like, broadly fixed by the inner side partly under the fruit-dot, free and early opening on the outer. 14. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, opening all round the margin. * * Veins of the sterile frond reticulated: fertile frond very unlike the sterile. 15. ONOCLEA. Fertile frond contracted, the divisions rolled up into globular bodies enclosing the fruit-dots. Suporper I. OSMUNDINEZX. Tue FLowerine FERN FAMILY. Sporangia variously collected (large), destitute of any proper ring, cel- lular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. (Tab. 13.) Trise VIIL SCHIZEAZK. Sporangia oblong or oyal, sessile, with a circular striate-rayed portion at the apex, opening down the outer side. 16. SCHIZZZA. Indusium none: sporangia covering one side of the linear pinne of the naked and stalk-like fertile frond. 17. LYGODIUM. Indusia in the form of scales imbricated in 2 ranks on one side of the fer- tile lobes of the leafy climbing frond. TriszeE IX. OSMUNDEZ. Sporangia globose, pedicelled, opening down the outer side so as to be two-valved. 18. OSMUNDA. Sporangia naked, covering contracted fronds or parts of the frond. Suzgorper UI. OPHIOGLOSSE. Tur Apper’s-roneur Fam. Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not re- ticulated or veiny, destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2 valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. — Fronds straight, never rolled up in the bud! (Tab. 13.) 19. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia distinct, crowded in compound or pinnate spikes. Sterile frond divided. 20. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia cohering in a 2-ranked simple spike. Sterile frond entire. Susorper I. POLYPODINEX. Tue Trur Fern Famrty. 1. POLYPODIUM, L. Potrropy. (Tab. 9.) Fruit-dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scattered over the back of the flat and expanded leaf-like frond, each borne on the end of a veinlet.— Rootstocks creeping, often covered with wool-like chaff, and with tufted branches (whence the name, from 7roAv, many, and 7rovs, foot). 41. POLYPODIUM Proper. —Veins free (not connected by cross veinlets). * Fronds simply and deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, glabrous : fruit-dots large. 50 590 sILICES. (FERNS.) 1. P. wulgare, L. Fronds oblong: in outline, green both sides (6’-10/ high); the divisions jinear-oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. — Rocks; common. July. (Eu.) % * Fronds twice pinnatifid, triangular, membranaceous, annual : fruit-dots minute. 2. P. Phegopteris, L. Sialk somewhat chaffy and downy ; frond nar rowly triangular in outline, longer than broad (3’-6/ long), hairy on the veins ; pinnz linear-lanceolate, clos:ly approximated, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forwards; their div sions linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, each bearing about 4 fruit-dots towards the base and near the margin. (P. connectile, Michz.) — Damp woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) 3. P. hexagonépterum, Michx. Stalk smooth ; frond broadly trian- gular, the base (7/-12' broad) usually exceeding the length; pinns rather distant, the lower of the lanceolate obtuse divisions toothed, decurrent and forming a conspicuous wing to the rhachis. — Rather open woods ; common, especially southward. — Smoother and larger than the last. % * * Fronds membranaceous, ternate, the primary divisions mostly twice pinnate. 4. P. Dryépteris, L. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth ; frond smooth (pale light-green, 4'- 6’ wide) ; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading; lobes oblong, obtuse, nearly entire; fruit-dots marginal, finally contiguous. — Var. caLcAryum (P. calcareum, Smith) is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy on the rhachis and midribs. — Rocky woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) § 2. MARGINARIA, Bory. — Veins reliculated, forming mostly 6-sided meshes around the free veinlets which bear the fruit-dots : stalks and back of the thick or coriaceous frond beset with firm scurfy chaffy scales. (This is probably a distinct genus ; but in our species the veins are s0 hidden in the coriaceous frond, that they can seldom be seen at all.) 5. P. incAanum, Willd. Fronds oblong, 2/-6’ long from extensively creeping firm rootstocks, grayish and very scurfy underneath with thick peltate scurfy scales, almost concealing the fruit-dots, which are borne on the margins of the broadly linear entire lobes. — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. 2. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Osrricn-Ferx. (Tab. 9.) Fruit-dots round, on the pinns of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped body enclosing the fruit: there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle: the fruit-dots are so numerous and crowded that they appear to cover the whole inside. — Sterile fronds large (2°-3° high), very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the many pinne deeply pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted rootstocks. Stalks stout, angular. innate veins free and simple. (Name compounded of orpovdds, an ostrich, and mrepis, a fern, from the plume-like arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.) 1. S. Germanica, Willd. (S. Pennsylvanica, Willd.) — Alluvial soil ; ' pot rare northward. Aug.— Fronds of this in a curious abnormal state, inter: — ee FILICES. (FERNS.) ool mediate between the sterile and fertile condition, (bearing a few fruit-dots on con- tracted but still herbaceous and open pinnz,) were gathered at Brattleborough, Vermont, by Mr. D. C. Eaton. (Eu.) 3. ALLOSORUWS, Bernhardi. Rock Brake. (Tab. 9.) Fruit-dots a small collection of sporangia borne on the ends of (or extending down on) the forked, or rarely simple, free veins, which terminate just within the margin of the frond, soon becoming confluent laterally, se as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, covered when young by a continuous (rarely interrupted) rather broad scarious-membranaceous indusium consisting of the reflexed and altered margin of the fruit-bearing pinnule or division. Fronds once to thrice pinnate ; the fertile ones or fertile divisions nar- rower than the sterile. (Name from GAXos, various, and owpos, sorus, a heap, used for fruit-dot.) , 1. A. gracilis, Presl. Smooth, low (3'-6/ high, and delicate) ; fronds membranaceous, of few pinnz, which are pinnately parted into 3-5 divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, of the sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Michx.) — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and north- ward; rare. July. 2. A. atropurptireus. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6! - 15’ high; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked. (Pteris atropurpurea, Z. Platyloma atropurpurea, J. Smith.) — Caleareous dry rocks, in shade, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward: not common. A. (CryptocrAmma, R. Br.) ACROSTICHOIDES, remarkable for its sporan- gia extending far down on the oblique veins, so as to form linear lines of fruit, may occur within our northwestern borders, having been found as near as Isle Rwyale, Lake Superior. 4. PTERIS, LL. Braxe. Bracken. (Tab. 10.) Fruit-dots a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium: the sporangia attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the forked and free veins.— Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from wrepév, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.) 1. P. aquilima, L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (29-39 wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1°-2° high), the widely spreading branches 2-pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided, the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined a'] round with the indusium. — Thickets and hills; common northward. Aug. (Eu.) 592 FILICES. (FERNS.) Var. Caudata. Frond somewhat mpre coriaceous; the pinnules with narrower and less crowded lobes, the terminal one linear and prolonged (1/-2! in length), entire, forming a tail-like termination, or the whole of many of the pinnules sometimes linear and entire. (P. caudata, L.) — Common southward, and at the north varying into the typical form. 5. ADIANTUM, L. Marennare. (Tab. 10.) Fruit-dots marginal, short; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium: the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none, or at one margin. Stalks black and polished. (The ancient name, from a privative and dvaive, meaning unvwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.) 1. A. pedatum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (9/-15! high), the forks pedately branching from one side into several slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique short-stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. —- Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern. 6. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lre-Fery. (Tab. 10.) Fruit-dots small and roundish, solitary or contiguous next the margins or tips of the lobes, which are recurved over them to form a hood-like (herbaceous or membranaceous) indusium; the sporangia borne on the tips of free forking veins. — Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate, the sterile and fertile nearly alike ; the divisions not halved, the main rib central. (When the indusium becomes continuous, the genus passes into Allosorus.) (Name composed of xeiAos, a lip, and dv@os, Slower, from the shape of the indusium.) 1. C. vestita, Willd. (not of Hook.?) Fronds 2-pinnate (slender, 4'-7. high), and stalks hirsute with loose and rather scattered rusty hairs ; pimnules ob- long, pinnatifid (2/'-4" long), their lobes oval or oblong, the recurved portion forming the indusium herbaceous. — Shaded rocks, S. Penn., Virginia, Ken- tucky, and southward. — Fronds soon nearly glabrous aboye. 2. C. tomentdésa, Link. Fronds (1°-1}° high) with the rather stout stalk, &c. denscly woolly and villous throughout (the upper surface becoming smooth- ish with age), thrice pinnate; pinnules obovate or roundish, nearly entire, sometimes confluent, the recurved narrow margins forming an almost continuous involucre. (Nephrodium lanosum, Miche. in part?) — Mountains of Virginia? Kentucky ; thence westward and southward. 7 WOODWARDIA, Smith, Woopwarpta. (Tab. 10.) Fruit-dots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, parallel to and near the midrib, on transverse anastomosing veinlets, im one or rarely two rows; the veins reticulated towards the midrib, mostly forking, free towards the margin of FILICES. (FERNS.) 593 the frond. Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. — Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. (Named for S. Woodwaid, an English naturalist of the last century.) §1. WOODWARDIA Prorer. — JIndusium strongly vaulted : veins (at least of the sterile frond) with several rows of reticulations. 1. W. angustifolia, Smith. Sterile fronds (1° high, thin, bright green) deeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate serrulate divisions ; the fertile simply pinnate, with contracted linear pinnz (2’/-4"' wide), its single row of cross veins bearing the fruit-dots (5’ long) as near the margins as the midrib. (W. onocleoides, Willd.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward: rare. Aug. 42. DOODIA, R. Brown. — Indusium flattish : cross veins only one or two rows. 2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds similar (2° high), pinnate ; the pinnz lanceolate, pinnatifid, with numerous oblong lobes; fruit- dots contiguous or,soon confluent, forming a line on each side of the midrib, both of the pinnz and of the lobes. —Swamps, Vermont and New York to Vir- ginia, and southward. July. 8S. CAMP TOSORUWUS, Link. Wavxkine-Lear. (Tab. 11.) Fruit-dots linear or oval-oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated yeins of the simple frond, variously diverging, inclined (especially those of the second- ary reticulations) to approximate in pairs by the side at which the indusium opens, or to become confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines or angles (whence the name, from kaprds, bent, and o@pés, for /ruit-dot). 1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, Z. Antigram- ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifolius, Link.) — Shaded rocks, W. New Eng- land to Wisconsin, and southward; rare. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4/-9/ long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart- shaped base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ; hence the popular name, — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous yeins. 9, SCOLOPENDRIUM, L. _ Hanrr’s-Tonave. (Tab. 11.) Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles with the midrib of the sim- ple frond, borne in pairs on the contiguous sides of the two parallel forks of the straight free veins, one on each, but so confluent side by side as to appear like one, opening by an apparently double indusium down the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra. ) 1. S. Officinazrum, Swartz. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled- heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7/-18! long, 1/-2! wide), bright green. — Limestone rocks, in a deep ravine at Chittenango Creek, below the Falls, where it abounds, and also, perhaps, in some other places in W. New York (“near Canandaigua,” Nuttall). (Eu.) 50 * 594 FILICUS. (FERNS.) 10. ASPLENIUM, LL. Sereenwort. (Tab. 11.) Fruit-dots linear or oblong, oblique, separate; the indusiam attached length wise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the simple, forked or pinnate, frea veins, and opening along the other: —rarely some of the fruit-dots are double (DirLazium), two indusia being then borne on the same vein, back to back. (Named, from a privative and omAqjyv, the spleen, for supposed remedial prop- erties. ) § 1. ASPLENIUM Prorver. — Indusium narrow, fixed by its whole length. * Indusium flat or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.) 1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds (3'-6! long) diffusely spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes pinnately parted near the base, tapering above into a slender prolongation, the apex sometimes rooting ; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, cut- toothed or nearly entire; the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex.— Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward along the Alleghanies; also sparingly westward: rare. July. — Resembling the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the venation is that of Asplenium: fruit- ‘dots irregular, numerous, even the slender prolongation fertile. 2. A. montimum, Willd. Fronds (3!-5! high, bright green) lanceolate or triangular-oblong in outline, pinnate; the ovate pinne 3-7-parted (or the upper barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; the veins forking from a midrib: — Cliffs, in the Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania (Mr. Lea) to Virginia, and southward. July. — Rhachis green: stalk brownish. — Much smaller than the European A. Adiantum-nigrum. 3. A. Rutasmuraria, L. Fronds (2'-4! long) 2-pinnate below, simply pinnate above, ovate’in outline, the few divisions narrowly rhombic-wedge-shaped, toothed at the apex, without a midrib, the veins all rising from the base. — Lime- stone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the moun- tains; scarce. July. (Eu.) 4. A. Wrichomanes, L. Fronds (3!-- 8' long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, pinnate: pinncee numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3!’-4" long), unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the midrib evanescent; the thread-like stalk and rhachis purple-brown and shining. (A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs; common. July. (Eu.) 5. A. ebémeum, Ait. Fronds upright (8/- 16! high), pinnate, lance-linear in outline ; pinne (}/-1! long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auricled on the upper or both sides; fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midrib; stalk and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods; rather common. % & Indusium strongly convex or vaulted, thickish : fruit-dots numerous and crowded on both sides of the midrib, parallel, some of them occasionally double, especially in No. 7. (Fronds thin, smooth, decaying in autumn, 14° -3° high.) 6. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds simply pinnate; pinne linear. lanceolate, acute, minately wavy-toothed (3/4! long) ; fertile fronds more con- FILICES. (FERNS.) 595 tracted ; fruit-dots linear, often curved. — Rich woods, W. New England to Michi gan, Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept. 7. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds pinnate ; pinnce deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (3'- 5’ long), pale; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots.— Rich woods; not rare. July. §2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium of the shorter (barely oblong) fruit-dots some- what free at the ends, turgid or vaulted, but thin, often becoming curved or crescent- 8. A. Filix-fdemina, R. Brown. Frond 2-pinnate (1°-3° high, smooth), oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinne lanceolate, numerous; the nar- rowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rhachis by a narrow margin, sharply pin- natifid-toothed ; fruit-dots 4-8 pairs on each pinnule. (Aspidium Filix-feemina & A. asplenioides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidium angustum, Willd. — Moist woods; common. July. (Eu.) 11. DICKSONIA, L’Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desy. (Tab. 11.) Fruit-dots globular (small), marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein or fork, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped special indusium open at the top, and on the outer side partly covered by the thin apex of the fruit-bearing toothlet of the frond, forming a sort of accessory indusium. Sporangia borne on a somewhat elevated globular receptacle. (Character from our species, which is perhaps to be separated.) (Named for J. Dickson, an English Cryp- togamous botanist.) 1. D. punctil6ébula, Hook. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with strong stalks rising from slender extensively creeping rootstalks, pinnate, the lanceolate pinne twice pinnatifid and cut-toothed, the lobes oblong; fruit-dots minute, on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Patania, Presl.) — Moist, rather shady places, very common: odorous. July. 12. WOODSIA, R. Brown. Woopsra. (Tab. 12.) Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recepta- cle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else carly bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes. —Small and tufted pinnately-divided Ferns. (Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) §1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. — Indusium conspicuous, at first perfectly enclosing the sporangia, but early opening at the top, soon splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. . 1. W. obtiisa, Torr. Frond broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular- hairy (6’-12!/ high), pinnate; the pinne rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob- long (1’ or more long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; pinnules oblong, very 596 FILICES. (FERNS.) obtuse, crenately pinnatifid-toothed, with a single smooth fruit-dot just below the sinus between each rounded minutely-toothed lobe. (W. Perriniana, Hook. § Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs; common, es pecially westward. July. §2. WOODSIA Proper. — Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flattened Jrom an early stage and concealed under the fruit-dot, except the fringe of bristly- chaffy hairs into which its margin is dissected. 2. W. Hlvwénsis, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolute (2!-4! long by 1 wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnx crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded pinnules oblong, obtuse, obscurely erenate, almost coriaccous, the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. (Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks, common, especially north- ward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu ) 3. W. glabélla, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear (2'—5’ high), pinnate ; pinne rather remote towards the short stalk, rhombic-ovate, very obtuse (2'— 4"! long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C. C. Frost) ; and high northward. 13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bemhardi. Brapper-Fery. (Tab. 12.) Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, carly opening free at the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and deli- cate 2-3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of xtortis, a bladder, and mrepis, Fern, from the inflated indusium.) 1. C. Dbulbifera, Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (1°-2° long), 2- pinnate; the pinnex lance-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1/-2! long); the rhachis and pinne often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless ; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (As- pidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muhl.!)— Shaded, moist rocks; common. July. 2. ©. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4'-8' long, besides the stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnate; the pinne and pinnules ovate or lan- ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. — Var. penrAra, Hook. is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium tenue, Swartz.) — Shaded cliffs; common: very variable. July. (Ku.) 14. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Sure tp-Fern. Woon-Frern. (Tab. 12.) Fruit-dots round or roundish, borne on the back or sometimes on the ex- tremity of (in our species) pinnate and free veins, scattered, or sometimes FILICES. (FERNS.) 597 © erowded. Indusium flat, scarious, orbicular or round-kidney-shuped, covering the sporangia, attached to the receptacle at the centre or at the sinus, opening all round the margin. — Fronds mostly 1-3-pinnate. (Name domid.oy, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) §1. DRYOPTERIS, Adans., Schott. (Nephrddium, Rich. in part. Lastrea, Bory.) — Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus, fixed at the sinus : fronds membranaceous or thinnish. * Veins simple or simply forked and straight: fronds annual, decaying in autumn, the stalks and creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.) 1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Frond pinnate, /anceolate in outline; the slightly reflexed or horizontal pinne gradually diminishing in length from near the base to the apex, sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong nearly entire obtuse lobes, or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins in fruit ; veins mostly forked, bearing the crowded fruit-dots (soon confluent) near their mid- dle. (Polypodium Thelypteris, Z.)— Marshes ; common. Aug. — Stalk 1° long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than in the next, slightly downy ; the fruit-dots soon confluent and covering the whole contracted lower surface of the pinnz. (Eu.) 2. A. Noveboracénse, Willd. Frond pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in out- line, tapering below, from the lower pinne: (2-several pairs) being gradually shorter and deflexed ; the lobes flat, broadly oblong ; their veins all simple except in the lowest pairs, bearing scattered fruit-dots (never confluent) near the margin. (Poly- podium Noveboracense, Z. A. thelypteroides, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist thickets; common. July.— Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous, nearly as the last, except in the points mentioned. * * Veins, at least the lowermost, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branch- ing ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot : fronds, at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter: stalks and apex of the scaly thickened rootstocks chaffy, and often the main rhachis also when young. + Frond twice pinnate and with the pinnules pinnatifid or deeply incised: indu- sium deciduous. 3. A. Spinulosum, Swartz. Frond oblong or ovate-oblong in outline (1°-2° long), lively green, smooth; pinnules oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse, horizontal, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse lobes which are sharply cut-toothed, the upper cut-pinnatifid or incised, with the shorter lobes few-toothed at the apex; margin of the indusium denticulate or beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Muh/. Dryopteris inter- media, ed. 1.) —- Woods, everywhere common. July.— Exhibits a variety of forms, some of them clearly the same as the European plant, more commonly intermediate in appearance between it and Var. dilatatum. Frond broader, ovaic or triangular-ovate in outline ; pinnules lance-oblong, the lower sometimes pinnately diviiled ; indusium smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Wil/d.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5’-8 high, answers to var. (of Lastrea dilatata) dumetorum. A peculiar form (A, campylopterum, Kunze? and Dryopteris dilatata, chiefly, ed. 1) has the pinnae, pinnules, and their divisions remarkably crowded, and directed obliquely forwards i 598 FILICES. (FERNS.) or rather scythe-shaped.— N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.) Var. Boéttii. Frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate in outline; pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryop- teris rigida, ed. 1; not Aspidium rigidum, Swartz.) —E. Massachusetts, Boott, &c. Connecticut, D. C. Eaton, and northward. — The least dissected form, in- termediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing into the former. + + Frond once pinnate, and the pinne deeply pinnatifid, or at the base nearly twice pinnate: fruit-dots within the margin, large ; the indusium thinnish and flat. 4. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (13° to 24° long and very long-stalked) ; pinne short (2'-38'), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8-183 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midrib as the margin, often confluent. (A. Lancastriense, Swartz.) — Swamps, &c.; common. July. — Stalk bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) 5. A. Goldianwm, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate- oblong in outline (2°-3° long), short-stalked ; pinnz (6'—9/ long) oblong-lan- ceolate, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped, obtuse (1/ long), serrate with appressed teeth, bearing the distinct Sruit-dots nearer the midrib than the margin (these smaller than in No. 4).— Rich and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. Sept.—A stately species, often 4° high; the fronds decaying in autumn. Indusium often orbicular without a distinct sinus, as in Polystichum. + + + Fronds (thickish and mostly persistent through the winter, as in Poly- stichum), twice pinnate, but the nearly entire upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed : fruit-dots close to the margin; the indusium tumid, and its edges turnded under. 6. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond ovatc-oblong in outline (1° — 2° long), pale green; pinne lanceolate from a broad almost sessile base; pinnules ob- long, obtuse, crowded. — Rocky hill-sides in rich woods; common, especially northward. July. $2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. — Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, (or rarely round-kidney-shaped in the same species, as in No. 7,) fixed by the depressed centre: fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, §c. ; the pinnee or pinnules auricled at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle- tipped. * Fronds twice pinnate or nearly so. 7. Ae fragrams, Swartz. Fronds (4'-9! high) glandular and aromatic, pinnate, with the linear-oblong pinne pinnately parted; their crowded divisions (2/ long) oblong, obtuse, covered with the fruit-dots, the rusty-brown great in- dusia nearly equalling them in breadth; rhachis, &c. chaffy with very large scales. — Shaded trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Di. Parry, and high northward. Se ey FILIOES. (FERNS.) 599 8&8 A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Frond spreading, 2-pinnate (14° - 2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinna, gradually reduced in size and obtuse; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods, mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu.) * * Fronds simply pinnate, mostly upright. 9. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (1°-2$° high), stalked ; pinne linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper) ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which are confluent with age, and cover the surface. (Nephrodium acrostichoides, Michz.) — Var. 1xcisum (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed pinnz, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost all of them fertile more or less. — Hill-sides and ravines in woods; common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. 10. A. Lonchitis, Swartz? Frond linear-lanceolate (9/- 20! high), scarce- ly stalked, very rigid ; pinne broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely spiny-toothed (1’ or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing ; fruit-dots contigu- ous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) 15. ONOCLEA, L. — Sensitive Fern. (Tab. 12.) Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute, usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres filled with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross- veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long- stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinne, which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying in autumn); veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from évos, a vessel, and xXelw, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.) 1. O. semsibilis, L.— Moist or wet places, along streams ; common. daly. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinne of some of the sterile fronds, becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots without being much revolute or losing their foliaccous character, is the var. OBTUSILOBATA, Torr. N. Y. State Fl. (Yates County, New York, Sartwell, and Washington County, Dr. Smith. New Haven, Connecticut, D. C. Eaton.) This explains the long-lost O. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, Presi. is founded on a young fertile frond of this species and the sterile frond of some different Fer.) 600 FILICES. (FERNS.) Susorpver I. OSMUNDINEZ. FLOWERING-FERN FAMILY. 16. SCHIZ#A, Smith. Scu1zHa. (Tab. 18.) Fertile fronds of several contracted linear pinne, which are approximated in pairs at the apex of a slender stalk; the under (inner) side covered with the fructification, consisting of two rows of sessile naked sporangia, which are oval, vertical, furnished with a striate-rayed crest at the apex, and opening by a lon- gitudinal cleft down the outer side. Sterile fronds linear or thread-like, some- times forked and cleft (whence the name, from oxi¢a, to slit). 1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear-thread-form, simple, tortuous, much shorter than the fertile, which bears about 5 pairs of short crowded pinnz at the apex of a slender stalk (3/-4! high). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey ; rare. 17%. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Crimpine Fern. (Tab. 13.) Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in pairs, with free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike- -like lobes, one side of which is covered with hooded scales for indusia, imbri- cated in two ranks, fixed by a broad base, each enclosing a single sporangium, or rarely a pair. Sporangia much as in Schizea, but oblique, fixed to the vein by the inner side next the base. (Name from Avyadns, flexile.) 1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twining (1°-3° long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate branches or petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a rounded heart-shaped palmately 4-7-lobed sterile frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, Willd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and spar- ingly southward; rare. July. 18s. OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING Fern. (Tab. 13.) Sporangia globular, short-pedicelled, naked, entirely covering the fertile fronds or certain pinnz (which are contracted to the mere rhachis), thin and reticulated, not striate-rayed at the apex, opening opposite the pedicel into two valves. Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, 1 - 2-pinnate ; veins forking and free. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity Thor.) x Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top. 1. O. regalis, L. (Frowrrine Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2°-5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, lance-oblong, more or less serrulate, otherwise mostly entire, oblique (or often auricled on the lower side) at the nearly sessile base (1 —2 long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of the frond. (Ku.) Var. Spectabilis. Pinnules ordinarily narrower and less auricled, or ob- liquely truncate at the slightly stalked base. (QO. spectabilis, Willd.) — Swamps and wet woods; common. June, July. = — = fe FILICEs. (FERNS.) | - 601 # * Sterile fronds once pinnate ; the pinnce deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire. 2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon perfectly smooth (2°-3° high) ; pinne oblongtanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions ; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinne fertile, these entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish turning brown. (QO. interrupta, Michx., &-c.) — Low grounds ; common. May: fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton’s plant (as I as- certained in 1839, both from the Claytonian and Linnzan herbaria), must bear the original Linnzan name, though wrongly described, from young specimens in which the fructification was thought to be terminal. 3. O. cinmamomea, L. (Crinnamon-Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool when young; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnz pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the same rootstock, contracted, 2-pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored spo- rangia. — Var. FRONDOSA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Claytoniana, Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle, otherwise sterile. —Swamps and low copses ; everywhere. May.— Growing in large bunches ; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1°- 2° long, decaying long before the sterile fronds (at length 4°-5° high) get their growth. Susorper Ill. OPHIOGLOSSEZ. Tue Apper-Tonevue Fam. 19. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonworr. (Tab. 13.) Frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound, rising straight from the roots (of strong clustered and thickened fibres) ; the lateral division sterile, with forking free veins, the terminal one wholly fertile: spike contracted, the spikes pinnately panicled. Sporangia sessile, clustered but distinct, rather coriaceous; yeinless, transversely 2-valved, shedding the copious powdery sulphur-colored spores. (Name a diminutive of Bdrpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fruitful fronds.) 1. B. lunarioides, Swartz. Sterile frond petioled, from near the base, 2-—3-ternate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovate, somewhat kidney- shaped, roundish, or oblong, somewhat crenate ; fertile stalk 3/-6/ high; fruc- tification mostly 2-pinnate. (Botrypus lunarioides, Michr. Botrychium fama- rioides & matricarioides, Willd.) — Dry, rich wcods, mostly southward. July. — A state, from Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague), has the two lateral primary divisions of the sterile frond changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. (Eu.) Var. obliquum (B. obliquum, Muh/.) is mostly larger (6/-17/ high) ; the fertile frond more compound ; the sterile with oblong or lanceolate divisions, either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregularly pin- natifid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward; rather scarce. Var. disséctum (B. dissectum, Mihl.). Divisions of the sterile frond compoundly and laciniately cut into narrow small lobes and teeth: otherwise as the last, into which it passes, and with which it grows. 51 Pa 602 LYCOPODIACE#. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 2. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Sterile frond sessile above the middle of the stalk of the fertile one, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid, thin, the lobes cut-toothed towards the apex, oblong; fructification mostly 2-pinnate: plant 1°-2¢ high, or often reduced to 5'-10’, when it is B. gracile, Pursh.— Rich woods ; common. July, Aug. (Eu.) _Var.? simplex (B. simplex, Hitchcock) appears to be a remarkably de- pauperate state of this, only 2’-5/ high; the sterile frond reduced to a single short-stalked division, and simply or doubly pinnatifid, the Icbes obovate or oblong, thinner, and the veins more perceptible than in the European B. Luna- ria, — W. New England, New York, and northward. 20. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Anper’s-Toncusz. (Tab. 13.) Frond a naked stalk rising straight, bearing a lateral sterile portion resembling in form an entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed veins, and a simple terminal spike, on the edges of which the opaque and coriaceous sessile veinless sporangia are closely packed, in 2 ranks, all more or less coherent together, so as to appear necklace-jointed, transversely 2-valved. Spores copious, sulphur- color. (Name compounded of dqis, a serpent, and yA@oaa, tongue.) 1.0. vulgatum, L. Sterile frond (in the N. American form) obovate or ovate with a tapering sessile base (1/—3/ long), and mostly borne below the middle of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common. June. (Eu.) Orper 187. LYCOPODIACEAE. (Civs-Moss Famity.) Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect, with their solid and often woody stems thickly clothed with sessile awl-shaped or lanceolate persistent and sim- ple leaves, bearing the 2-4-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils; repre sented by only two genera. e | 1. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spring. Crvs-Moss. (Tab. 14.) Spore-cases of one kind (sporangia, much like those of Ophioglossum, only larger), coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening by a trans- verse line round the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with ever- green l-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compound- ed of AvKos, a wolf, and mois, foot, from no obvious resemblance. ) § 1. Sporangia scattered in the axils of the ordinary and uniform (dark-green and shining, rigid, about 8-ranked) leaves. 1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches ascending (6/-12! high); leaves widely spreading cr reflered, linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely toothed. - Cold, damp woods; common northward, ¢nd .south- ward along the higher Alleghanies. August. Yenera af Ly copodiacece, bauisectacecs &e. Sad. EA pe Pag EE - LYCOPODIACEZ. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 603 2. L. Selago, LL. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a level-topped cluster (3/-6! high) ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, pointed, entire. — Tops of high mountains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward ; also shore of Lake Superior, and northward; rare: both the variety with more erect, and that with widely spreading, leaves. (Eu.) § 2. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus sali terminal spikes or catkins. * Leaves of the creeping sterile and the upright fertile stems or branches, and those of the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base). 3. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ; the fertile solitary (1’-4! high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing into the var. BiceLovi1, Tuckerm.: with fertile stems 5’-7! high, its leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth- bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel., not of Z.) — Sandy bogs, northward, rare: the var. from New England to New Jersey and southward, near the coast. Aug. (Eu.) 4. L. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ; the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same thickness, 6/-20! high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread- ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with long setaceous tips. —Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south- ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, with the dense leaves, }/ thick; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, }/ to 1’ thick. % * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches. + Spikes sessile (branches equally leafy to the top), single. 5. L. anndétinum, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creeping (1°-4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5'!-8' high), sparingly forked, the sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; leaves equal, spreading, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. pGNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub- alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves. ’ (Var. montanum, Tuckerm.)— Woods; common northward: the var. on the White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.) 6. L. dendroideum, Michx. (Grounp-Pine.) Stems upright (6'- 9' high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4-6 rows, bushy-branched at the summit; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading,—in var. opscURUM appearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and ap- pressed. (L. obscurum, LZ.) — Moist woods. Aug.— Remarkable for its tree. like growth. Spikes cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant. | . : 604 LYCOPODIACEH. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) +- +- Spikes peduncled : viz. the leaves minute on the fertile branches. ++ Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked : stems terete. 7. L. clavatum, L. (Common Crus-Moss.) Stems creeping exten- sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi- nated by a slender peduncle (4!-6/ long), bearing about 2—3 (rarely 1 or 4, linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) ++ ++ Leaves of two forms, few-ranked: stems or branches flattened. 8. L. Carolimiamum, L. Stcrile stems and their few short branches entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2/- 4! high, clothed merely with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindri- cal spike. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July. 9. L. complanatum, L. Stems extensively creeping (often subter- ranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branch- lets crowded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spread- ing tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and thickets; common: the typical form with spreading fan-like branches abundant southward; while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into var. SABIN[|FOLIUM (L. sabinefolium, Willd., L. Chamecyparissus, Braun), with more erect and fascicled branches. (Ku.) 2, SELAGINELLA, Beauv., Spring. (Tab. 14.) Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium, but very minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery spores; and of 3-4-valved tumid oophoridia, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1- 6) much larger globose-angular spores; the latter either intermixed with the former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.) * Leaves all alike, equally imbricated ; those of the spike similar. 1. S. selaginoides. Sierile stems prostrate or creeping, small and _slen- der; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (1'-3' high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. 8. spinulosa, Braun.) -— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh) and Michigan, Lake Superior ané@ northward ; pretty rare.—Leaves larger on the fertile stems, thin, yelle wish- green. (Eu.) 2. S. rupéstris, Spring. Much branched in close tufts (1!—3" high) ; leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a vrooved keel, minutely ciliate, bristle-lipped ; those of the strongly 4-angular spike rather broad- HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACEZ.) 605 er; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupestre, Z.) — Dry and exposed rocks; common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid Moss. * * Leaves of 2 sorts, the shorter above and below, resembling stipules, the larger lateral, 2-ranked. 3. S. &Apus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse ; the others smaller, appressed, taper-pointed ; those of the short spikes nearly similar; oophoridia copious at the lower part of the spike. (Lycopodium apodum, Z.)— Low, shady places, S. New England, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward. — A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia, Orver 138. HYDROPTERIDES. (Marsiiracea, R. Br.) Aquatic cryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting of two sorts of organs, contained in indehiscent or irregularly bursting involucres (sporo- carps):—here represented by only two genera; one of them, Isoetes, nearly related to Club-Mosses in structure; the other, Azolla, much like a floating Liverwort. I. ISOETES, L. Quittworrt. (Tab. 14.) Stem a mere succulent base or crown, rooting from underneath, and covered above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated terete awl-shaped or stalk-like cellular leaves. Sporocarps ovoid and plano-convex, pretty large, sessile in the axils of the leaves and united with or enveloped by their excavated dilated base, very thin, traversed internally by transverse threads, forming a kind of partitions; those of the central leaves filled with very minute powdery grains (analogous to the spores of Lycopodium) ; the exterior filled with larger spherical-quadrangular spores (oophoridia), at first cohering in fours, their crus- taceous integument marked by 3 radiant lines. (Name composed of toos, equal, and €ros, year; perhaps intended to indicate that these aquatic plants are un- changed by the season, i. e. alike the year through.) 1. I. laecvistris, L. Crown or rootstock broad and depressed ; leaves whol- ly submersed, dark green, rigid and fragile, awl-shaped (2!-6/ long), the dilated base as broad as long; spores (oophoridia) roughish-granulated, scarcely reticu- lated. — Bottom of ponds and slow streams ; not rare northward. — New Eng- land specimens agree well with the European plant, and also seem too nearly like the next. The following species are admitted in deference to authority: but probably all are forms of one. (Eu.) 2. I. riparia, Engelm. Crown small; leaves slender, soft, yellowish- green (4/-6/ long), the base broader than long; spores minutely farinaceous and reticulated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia, betweer 517 —_— ee ee 606 HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACES.) high and low water mark, Dr. Zantzinger: and probably throughout the Middle States. E 3. I. Emgelamanni, Braun. Leaves long and slender (9/-12! long), entirely emersed in summer, soft and flaccid, light yellowish-green, the dilated base longer than broad; spores coarsely farinaceous and reticulated. — Shallow ponds of the Western States, and southward. 2. AZOLELA, Lam. Azorta. (Tab. 14.) Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves, appearing like a small Jungermannia: fructification sessile on the under side of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a single diaphanous membrane, ovoid ; the smaller kind opening transversely all round, containing several roundish-angular antheridia? peltately borne on the sides of a central erect column: the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each containing a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a{q, to dry, and dAXaq, to kill, being destroyed by dryness.) 1. A. Carolinianma, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, reddish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Pools and lakes, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Plant 3! to 1’ broad. — Probably the same as A, Magellanica of all South America. MarsfLEaA MuUCRONATA and perhaps M. vesvira may occur in the western parts of Illinois and Wisconsin. Satvinra NATaANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small lakes in W. New York, has not been found by any other person, and prob- ably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted. ~ 07 ¢” INDEX. *,* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capi- tals; of the Suborders, Tribes, &c.,in small capitals; of the Genera, &c., es well as popular names and synonymes, in common type. Page Page Abele, 419 | Agave, 456 Abelmoschus, 69 | Agropyron, 569 Abies, 422 | Agrostemma, 57 ABIETINEZ, 420, 421 | AGROSTIDEA, 536 Abutilon, 67 | Agrostis, 543 oon. 109 | Ailanthus, 75 Acalyp 389 | Aira, 571 ACAN THACEE (Acanthus Fam- Airopsis, 573 ily), 296 | Ajuga, 302 Acaulon, 615 | AJUGOIDE&, $00 Acer, 84 | Alchemilla, 115 Acerates, 354, 704 | Alder, 412 ACERINEX, 82, 84 | Aletris, 458 Achillea, 225 | Alisma, 437 ACHYRANTHES, 367 | ALISMACE, 436 Acnida, 869, 370 | ALISMES, 436, 437 Aconite, 13 | Alkanet, 322 Aconitum, 13 | Alligator Pear, 378 Acorus, 429 | Allium, 469 ACROCARPI, 608, 614 | Allosorus, 591 ACROGENS, 585 | Allspice, Wild, 379 Acta, 14 | Almond Family, 110, 111 Actinomeris, 219 | Alnaster, 412 Adam-and-Eve, 453 | Alnus, 412 Adam’s Needle, 472 | Alopecurus, 540 Adder’s-Mouth, 451 | Alsine, 57 Adder’s-tongue, 471, 602 | ALsInEa&, 53, 57 Adder’s-tongue Family, 589, 601 | Althea, 66 Adelia, 358 | Alum-root, 144 Adenocaulon, 189 ALYSSINER, 29 Adiantum, 592 | Alyssum, Adlumia, 27 | AMARANTACEZ siete Adonis, 15| Family), 367 4Eschynomene, 98 | Amaranth, 367, 369 ZEsculus, 83 | Amarantus, 867 ZEthusa, 154 | AMARYLLIDACEX (Amaryl- Agathophyton, 365; lis Family), 455. Agrimonia (Agrimony), 114 | Amaryllis, 455 ~~) . wre, Ambrina, Ambrosia, Amelanchier, American Aloe, American Columbo, Amianthium, Ammannia, Ammophila, Amorpha, Ampelopsis, Amphicarpea, Amphicarpum, Amsonia, AMYGDALE®, Anacamptodon, ANACARDIACE A, Anacharis, ANAGALLIDED, Anagallis, Andrea, ANDREACER, Andromeda, ANDROMEDEX, Andropogon, Androsace, Anemone, ANEMONES, Ancura, Anethum, Angelica, Angelica-tree, Angelico, ANGIOSPERMEZ, Anise Hyssop, ANONACEA, Anomodon, ANOPHYTES, Antennaria, Anthemis, Anthopogon, Anthoceros, ANTHOCEROTER, ANTHOXANTHEA, Anthoxanthum, Anticlea, Antigramma, ANTIRRHINER, ANTIRRHINIDED, Antirrhinum, Antitrichia, Anychia, Apalanthe, Apetalous Exogenous Plants, Aphanorhegma, Aphyllon, Apios, Apium, Aplectrum, APOCYNACEA, Apocynum, Apple, 110, INDEX. 364 | Apple of Pern, 340 211 | Apricot, 113 125 | AQUIFOLIACEA, 263 456 | Aquifolium, 263 344 | Aquilegia, 12 477 | ARABIDE®, 28 128 | Arabis, 33 548 | ARACEA, 426 95 | Aralia, 159 78 | ARALIACES, 159 106 | Arbor- Vite, 424 575 | ARBUTEA, 245 349 | Arbutus, 250, 251 111 | Archangelica, 153 662 | Archemora, 153 76 | Archidium, 614 441 | Arctium, 285 271 | Arctoa, 619 274 | Arctophila, 556 613 | Arctostaphylos, 250 613 | Arenaria, 58 253 | Arethusa, 449 245 | ARETHUSER, 443 583 | Argemone, 25 271 | Arietinum, 455 4 | Ariseema, 426 2 | Aristida, 550 689 | Aristolochia, 360 159 | ARISTOLOCHIACE, 359 153 | Armeria, 270 159 | Arnica, 231 155 | Arrhenatherum, 573 1 | Arrow-grass, 437 311 | Arrow-grass Family, 436, 437 17 | Arrow-head, 438 658 | Arrow-wood, 167 607 | Artemisia, 227 229 | ARTOCARPES, 394, 397 225 | Arum, 427 554 | Arum Family, 426 685 | Aruncus, 114 684 | Arundinaria, 568 588 | Arundo, 547, 568 574 | Asarabacca, 359 476 | Asarum, 359 593 | ASCLEPIADACE#, 350 282 | Asclepias, 351, 704 282 | Ascyrum, 49 284 | Ash, 357 657 | Asimina, 17 62 | ASPARAGEA, 465 441 | Asparagus, 466 359 | Aspen, 418 652| ASPHODELE®, 465 281 | ASPIDIEA, 589 105 | Aspidium, 596 159 | ASPLENIEA, 588 453 | Asplenium, 594 349 | Aster, 189, 190, 199 350 | Asteranthemum, 467 124 | ASTEROIDEA, 179 Astilbe, Astomum, ASTRAGALEZ, Astragalus, Atamasco Lily, Atheropogon, Athyrium, Atragene, Atrichum, Atriplex, Aulacomnion, Avena, Baccharis, Bald-Rush, Baldwinia, Ballota, Balm, Balm of Gilead, Balmony, Balsam, Balsam Fanfily, BALSAMIFLUZ, BALSAMINACEZ, Baneberry, Baptisia, Barbarea, Barberry Box-thorn, Barberry, Barberry Family, Barbula, Barley, Barnyard-Grass, Barren Strawberry, Bartonia, Basswood, Bastard Toad-fiax, Batatas, Batodendron, Batrachium, Batschia, Bayberry, Beach Pea, Beak-Rush, sive earberry, Pisatd-Goses, Beard-Tongue, Bear-Grass, Beaver-poison, Bedstraw, a 347 (135) 304, 308, 318 97 | Beggar’s Lice, 456 | Beggar-ticks, “ 553 | Bellflower, 595 | Bellis, 3 | Bellwort, 640 | Bellwort Family, 365 | Bengal Grass, Benjamin-bush, 572 | Bent-Grass, 573 | Benzoin, 538 | BERBERIDACEA, BERBERIDES, Berberis, Berchemia, Bergamot, Bermuda Grass, 208 | Berula, | nn ws Beta, Betonica, Betony, Betula, BETULACE#, Bidens, Bigelovia, Bignonia, ily), BIGNONIES, Bilberry, Bind-weed, Biotia, Birch, Birch Family, Birthroot, Birthwort, Birthwort Family, Bishop’s Cap, Bishop-weed, Bistort, Bitter Cress, Bitter-nut, 307 | Bitter-sweet, 69 | Bitter-weed, 381 | Bladder Fern, 334 | Bladder Ketmia, 248 Bladder-nut, 7 | Bladder-nut Family, 322 | Bladder-pod, 409 | Bladderwort, 103 | Bladderwort Family, 504 | Black Alder, 104 | Blackberry, 250 | Blackberry Lily, 544 Black Bindweed, 286 | Black Grass, 471 | Black Haw, 157 | Black-Jack, 169 | Black Moss, 117 649 294 (09 262, 472, 81, 121, 408 280 367 325 221 243 200 473 473 581 379 543 379 19 19 19 79 310 554 157 367 317 317 410 410 221 207 278 BIGNONIACES (Bignonia Fam- 277 278 247 334 190 410 410 464 360 359 145 156 371 32 403 339 212 596 69 82 82 37 275 275 264 122 460 375 483 107 406 458 Black Oat-Grass, Black Thorn, Blasia, Blazing-Star, BLEecHNEs, Blephilia, Blessed Thistle, Bletia, Blite, Blitum, Biood-root, Bloodwort Fanaily, Blue Beech, Blueberry, Bluebottle, Blue Cohosh, Blue Curls, Bluets, Blue Flag, Blue-eyed Grass, Blue Grass, Blue-Hearts, Blue Joint-Grass, Blue Tangle, ~ Blue-weed, - Blyttia, Behmeria, Bog-Asphodel, Bog-Rush, Boltonia, Boneset, Borage, Borage Family, BoRRAGEX, BORRAGINACEA, Borrago, Borrichia, Botrychium, Botrypus, Botryois, Bottle-brush Grass, Bottle-Grass, Bouncing Bet, Bouteloua, Bowman’s Root, Bow-wood, Box, Boxberry, Box-Elder, Boykinia, Brachyelytrum, Brachycheta, Brachythecium, Brake, Bracken, Bramble, Brasenia, Brasiletto Family, Brassica, BRASSICEA, Bread-fruit and Fig Family, Briza, 112, 184, 90, 394, INDEX. 549 124 690 478 588 310 232 451 364 364 26 457 409 Brizopyrum, Broccoli, Brome-Grass, BROMELIACES, Bromus, Broom-Corn, Broom-rape, Broom-rape Family, Brooklime, Brook-Moss, Brook-weed, Broussonetia, Bruchia, 247 | Brunella, 397 BrYACEZ, Bryum, Buchnera, BucuNEREs, Buffalo-Berry, Buffalo-Nut, Buckbean, Buckeye, Buckthorn, Buckthorn Family, Buckwheat, Buckwheat Family, Bugle, Bugle-weed, Bugloss, Bugbane, Bulrush, Bumelia, Bunch-berry, Bunch-flower, Bunch-Pink, Bupleurum, Burmannia, BURMANNIACELZE nia Family), Burdock, Bur-Grass, Bur-Marigold, Burnet, Burning-Bush, Bur-reed, Bush-Clover, Bush Honeysuckle, Butter-and-eggs, Buttercup, Butterfly Pea, Butterfly-weed, Butternut, Butter-weed, Butterwort, Button-bush, Button-weed, Buttonwood, Buxbaumia, Buxus, 565 | Cabbage, 560 40 566 458 566 584 280, 281 279 290 655 274 398 616 313 614 643 291 282 381 382 348 83 79, 80, 267 78 875 371 302 303 320 7,14 498 267 161- 475 54 156 442 (Burman- 442 235 581 221 115 81 429 101 166 284 7,10 106 354 401 198 277 172 171 ; 400 F 639 | 393 ae 40 ee INDEX. CABOMBACEZ, 22 | Carex, acalia, 230 | CARICES, CACTACEZ (Cactus Family), 136 | Carnation, Cactus, 136 | Carolina Allspice, Cznotus, 198 | Carolina-Allspice Family, C2SALPINIEZ, 90, 108 | Carphephorus, Cakile, 39 | Carpinus, CAKILINE2, 29 | Carrion-Flower, Calamagrostis, 547 | Carrot, Calaminth, 307 | Carum, Calamintha, 307 | Carya, Calamovilfa, 548 | CARYOPHYLLACES, Calamus, 429 | Cashew Family, Calico-bush, 255 | Cassandra, Calla, 427 | Cassena, Calliergon, 672 | Cassia, Calliastrum, 190 | Cassiope, Callicarpa, 299 | Castanea, Callirrhoé, 66 | Castilleia, CALLITRICHACES, 384 | Castor-oil Plant, Callitriche, 384 | Catalpa, Calomelissa, 307 | Catbrier, Calopogon, 450 | Catchfly, Caltha, 11 | Catgut, CALYCANTHACEZ, 126 | Catherinea, Calycanthus, 126 | Cat-Mint, Calycocarpum, 18 | Catnip, Calypogeia, 702 | Cat-tail, Calypso, 450 | Cat-tail Family, Calystegia, 334 | Cat-tail Flag, Camassia, 469 | Cat’s-tail Grass, Camelina, 38 | Cauliflower, CAMELINES, 29 | Caulinia, Camellia Family, 70 | Caulophyllum, CAMELLIACE, 70 | Cayenne, Campanula, 243 | Ceanothus, CAMPANULACE (Campanula Cercis, Family), 243 | Cedar, Campion, 55 | Cedronella, Camptosorus, 593 | Celandine, Campylium, 677 | Celandine Porn Campylopus, 619 | CELASTRACES, Canary-Grass, 574 | Celastrus, : Cancer-root, 280, 281 | Celery, Y Candy-taft, 40 | Celtis, Cane, 568 | Cenchrus, CANNABINES, 895, 400 | Centaurea, Cannabis, 400 | Centaurella, Canterbury Bells, 244 | Centaury, Caper Family, 40 | Centrosema, Caper Spurge, 889 | Centunculus, CAPPARIDACEZ, 40 | Cephalanthus, Capraria, 287 | Cerastium, CAPRIFOLIACES, 163 | Cerasus, Caprifolium, 164 | Ceratodon, . Capsella, 389 | CERATOPHYL).ACEZ, Capsicum, 341 | Ceratophyllum, Caraway, 159 | Ceratoschcenus, Cardamine, $2 | Cherophyllum, Cardinal-flower, 242 | Chetocyperus, Carduns, 234 | Chaff-seed, o 424, 425 842, 343 Chaff-weed, Chamezlirium, Chamomile, Cheat, Checkerberry, Cheilanthes, Cheiranthus, Chelidonium, Chelone, CHELONE®, CHENOPODIACEA, CHENOPODIE, Chenopodina, Chenopodium, Cherry, Chess, Chestnut, Chervil, Chick-pea, Chickweed, Chickweed Family, Chickweed- Wintergreen, Chiloscyphus, Chimaphila, _Chinquapin, Chiogenes, Chionanthus, Chironia, Chives, CHLORIDEZ, Choke-berry, Chondrosium, Chrysastrum, Chrysogonum, Chrysopsis, Chrysosplenium, Cicer, CICHORACE, Cichorium, Cichory, Cicuta, Cimicifuga, CIMICIFUGE™, Cinchona Family CINCHONES, Cinque-foil, Cinna, Cinnamon Fern, Circea, Cirsium, Cistacex, Cissus, Cladium, Cladrastis, Clasmatodon, Claytonia, Clearweed, Cleavers, CLEMATIDEX, Clematis, Ciethra, INDEX. 274 | 478- 111, 112, 113 566 407 158 104 58 3 169, 171 169, 171 Climacium, 666 Climbing Fern, 600 Climbing Fumitory, 27 Clinopodium, 308 Clintonia, 468 Clitoria, 106 Clove-Pink, 54 Clover, 92, 93, 95 Clotbur, 212 Cloud-berry, 120 Cnicus, 232 Cnidoscolus, 389 Club-Moss, 602, 604 Club-Moss Family, 602 Club-Rush, 498 Cocculus, 18 Cocklebur, 212 Cock’s-foot Grass, 557 Cockspur Thorn, 124 Cohosh, 14, 20 Colchicum Family, 472 Colic-root, 458 Collinsia, 285 Collinsonia, 308 Coltsfoot, 188, 189 Columbine, 12 Columbo, 344 Comandra, ~ — 381 Comaropsis, 117 Comarum, 119 Comfrey, 320, 325 Commelyna, 485 COMMELYNACEA, 485 Compass-Plant, 210 COMPOSIT (Composite Fam.), 177 Comptonia, 410 Cone-flower, 214 CONIFER, 420 Conioselinum, 154 Conium, 158 Conobea, 287 Conoclinium, 188 Conomitrium, 625 Conopholis, 280 Conostomum, 650 Conostylis, 458 Convallaria, 467 CONVOLVULACEZ (onvol- vulus Family), 332 Conyolvulus, 334 Coprosmanthus, 463 Coptis, 11 Coral-berry, 164 Corallorhiza, 452 Coral-root, 452 Corema, 393 Coreopsis, 219 Cord-Grass, 551 Coriander, 159 Coriandrum, 159 CORNACEZ, 160 Corylus, Coscinodon, Cosmanthus, Cotton-Grass, Cotton-plant, Cotton-Rose, Cotton-wood, Couch Grass, Cowbane, Cowberry, Cow-Herb, Cow-Parsnip, Cowslip, Cow-Wheat, Crab-Apple, Crab-Grass, Cranberry, Cranberry-tree, Crane-fly Orchis, Cranesbill, Crantzia ASSULACEA, Crategus, Cratoneuron, Crocus, Crossopetalum, Crotalaria, Croton, Crotonopsis, Crowberry, Crowberry Family, Crownbeard, Crown Imperial, Crowfoot, Crowfoot Family, CRUCIFER&, Cryphiea, Crypsis, Cryptotenia, Cryosanthes, 153, 271, 554, CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, Cryptogramma, Ctenium, Cuckoo-flower, Cucumber, Cucumber-tree, Cucumis, Cucurbita, CUCURBITACE®, Cudweed, Culver’s Root or Culver’s Physic, Cunila, Cuphea, Cup-plant, INDEX. 57 161 460 175 161 262 27 408 637 328 501 69 229 419 569 157 248 55 152 272 296 125 557 247 168 451 72 151 139 123 673 460 345 91 391 392 CUPRESSINES, Cupressus, Cupseed, CUPULIFER, Currant, Currant Family, Cuscuta, CuUSCUTINE, Ak 420, 136, Custard-Apple Family, Cut-Grass, Cyanococcus, CYCLOLOBEA, Cycloloma, Cydonia, Cylindrothecium, CYNAREA, Cynodon, Cynodontium, Cynoglossum, Cynthia, CYPERACE, CYPEREx, * Cyperus, Cypress, Cypress Family, Cypress- Vine, CYPRIPEDIEA, Cypripedium, Cystopteris, Dactylis, Dactyloctenium, Daffodil, Dahoon, Daisy, Dalea, Dalibarda, Daltonia, Dandelion, Danthonia, Dangleberry, Darnel, Dasystoma, Date Plum, Datura, Daucus, Day-flower, Day-Lily, Deadly Nightshade, Dead-Nettle, Deerberry, Deer-Grass, Delphinium, Dentaria, Deschampsia, Desmanthus, Desmatodon, Desmodium, Dewberry, Devil’s-Bit, | Devil-wood, 420, 235, 236, 239, 424 424 18 403 137 136 336 333 17 540 249 362 362 126 664 182 554 620 324 236 490 490 491 424 424 333 ; ‘ ; INDEX. Dianthera, 297 | Dropwort, 114 Dianthus, 54 | Drummondia, 632 Diapensia, 332 | DRYADEA, 111 DIAPENSIES, $29 | Dryas, 116 Diarrhena, 557 | Dryopteris, 597 Dicentra, 27 | Dryptodon, 638 Dichelyma, 655 | Duck’s-meat, 431 Dichondra, 335 | Duckweed, 431 DICHONDREZ, 333 | Duckweed Family, 430 Dichromena, 504 | Dulichium, 494 Dicksonia, 595 | Dumortiera, 686 DICKSONIES, 588 | Dupontia, 556 Dicliptera, 297 | Dutchman’s Breeches, 27 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 1| Dutchman’s Pipe, 360 Dicranella, 621 | Dyer’s Rocket, 41 Dicranodontium, 619 | Dysodia, 223 Dicranum, 620 Didymodon, 628 | Eatonia 557 Diervilla, 165 | EBENACE (Ebony Family), 266 DIGiITALEz, 282 | Echinacea, 214 Digitaria, 577 | Echinochloa, 580 Dilepyrum, 546 | Echinodorus, 438 Dill, 159 | Echinospermum, 324 Diodia, 171 | Echinocystis, 139 Dioneza, 47 | Echites, 850 Dioscorea, 460 | Echium, 319 DIOSCOREACES, 460 | Eclipta, 213 Diospyros, 267 | Kel-grass, 432, 441 Diphylleia, 20 | Egg-Plant, 339 Diphyscium, 640 | Egyptian Grass, 554 Diplachne, 555 | Eleagnus, 381 Diplazium, 594 ELEAGNACER, 380 Diplocea, 556 | Elatine, 52 Diplopappus, 199 ELATINACES, 52 Dipsacus, 176 | Elder; —____—__————T66 DIPSACEA, 176 | Elecampane, 208 Dipteracanthus, 297 | Eleocharis, 495 Dirca, 380 | Eleogenus, 496 Discopleura, 156 | Elephant’s-foot, 184 Distichium, 628 | Elephantopus, 184 Ditch-grass, 433 | Eleusine, 554 Dittany, 304 | Ellisia, $27 Dock, 376 m, 895 Dodecatheon, 272 | Elm Family, $94, 395 Dodder, 336 | Elodea, 52, (441) Dogbane, 350 | Elodium, 668 Dogbane Family, 349 | Elymus, 570 Dog’s-tail, 554 EMPETRACEA, 893 Dog’ s-tooth Violet 471 | Empetrum, $93 Dogwood, 161 | Encalypta, 630 Dogwood Family, 160 | Enchanter’s Nightshade, 133 Doodia, * 593 | ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 426 Door-weed, 373 | Enemion, ll Draba, 36 | Engelmannia, 892 Dracocephalum, 312, 313 | Enslenia, $55 Dragon-Arum, 426 | Entosthodon, 651 Dragoy-head, 312, 313 | Epigea, 251 Dragon-root, 427 | Ephemerum, 614 Drop-seed Grass, 542, 545 | Epilobium, 130 Drosera, 47 | Epipactis, 449 DROSERACE, 47 | Epiphegus, 280 EQUISETACEA, Equisetum, stis, Erechthites, Erianthus, ERICACEZ, ERICINEA, Erigenia, Erigeridium, Erigeron, ERIOCAULONACE#, Eriocaulon, Eriophorum, Erodium, Erophila, Ervum, Eryngium, Erysimum, Erythreza, Erythronium, 245, ESCALLONIEZ (Escallonia Fam- ily), Eschscholtzia, Eubotrys, Euchroma, Eulophus, Euonymus, EUPATORIACES, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, EUPHORBIACEX, Euphrasia, EUPHRASIES, Eurhynchium, EUSMILACE&, Eustichium, Euthamia, Eutoca, Eutriana, Euxolus, Evening-Primrose, Evening-Primrose Family, Everlasting, Everlasting Pea, EXOGENOUS PLANTS, Eyebright, False Flax, False Foxglove, False Hellebore, False Indigo, False Mermaid, False Mistletoe, False Pimpernel, 142, 130, 131, 228, 103, 95, INDEX. 585 585 563 229 582 245 250 159 199 197 488 488 501 73 37 103 151 35 343 471 146 26 252 294 158 81 179 186 385 385 295 283 669 461 629 206 329 553 369 132 129 229 104 1 295 104 661 375 408 248 478 7 38 293 476 107 74 382 288 False Rice, False Rocket, False Spikenard, Featherfoil, Feather Geranium, Feather-Grass, Fedia, Fegatella, Fennel, Fennel-flower, Ferns, ~ Fescue-Grass, Festuca, FEestUCcINExZ, Fetterbush, Fever-bush, Feverfew, Fever-wort, Figwort, Figwort Family, Filago, Filbert, FILICES, Fimbriaria, Fimbristylis, Finger-Grass, Fir, Fireweed, Fissidens, Five-Finger, Flax, Flax Family, Fleabane, Fleur-de-Lis, Floating Heart, Fleerkea, Flower-de-Luce, FLOWERING PLANTS, Flowering Ferns, FLOWERLESS PLANTS, Fluminia, Fly-Poison, Fly-catch Grass, Fog-fruit, Fontinalis, Fool’s Parsley, Forked Chickweed, Forget-me-not, Fossombronia, Fothergilla, Four-o’clock, Four-o’clock Family, Fowl Meadow-Grass, Foxtail Grass, Forestiera, FORESTIEREA, Forsteronia, ForHERGILLEA, Fountain Moss, Fragaria,— ee Frangula, SS 118, 589, 540, Frasera, FRAXINES, Fraxinus, French Mulberry, Fringe-tree, Freelichia, Frog’s-bit, Frog’s-bit Family, Frost-weed, Frullania, Fuirena, Fumaria, FUMARIACEZ, Fumitory Fumitory Family, Funaria, Funkia, GALACINEZ, Galactia, Galanthus, Galatella, Galax, Galax Family, GALEGEA, Galeopsis, Galingale, Galinsoga, Galium, Gall-of-the-Earth, Gama-Grass, Garget, Garlic, Gaultheria, Gaura, Gaylussacia, Geiseleria, Gelsemium, GELSEMINEZ, Genista, GENISTE®, Gentian, Gentiana, INDEX. 344 356 357 GENTIANACEZ (Gentian Fam- ily), Geocalyx, GERANIACEZ, Geranium, Geranium Family Gerardia, GEeRaRDIe®, Germander, Geum, Giant Hyssop, Gill, Gillenia, Ginseng, Ginseng Family, Gladiolus, Glasswort, Glaucium, 341 691 72 72 72 292 283 802 116 311 312 114 159 159 460 366 Glaux, Glechoma, Gleditschia, Globe Amaranth, Globe-flower, Gnaphalium, Glyceria, Goat’s-Beard, Goat’s Rue, Golden Aster, Golden-club, Golden-rod, Golden Saxifrage, Goldthread, Gomphrena, GOMPHRENEA, Gonolobus, Good-King-Henry, roodyera, Gooseberry, Goosefoot, Goosefoot Family, Goose-Grass, Gordonia, Gossypium, Gourd, Gourd Family, GRAMINE, Grape, Grass Family, Grass of Parnassus, Grass of the Andes, Grass-wrack, Gratiola, GRATIOLEA, Greek Valerian, Greenbrier, Green Dragon, Green Violet, Grimaldia, Grimmia, Gromwell, GROSSULACES, Grossularia, Ground Cherry, Ground Hemlock, Ground-Ivy, Ground Laurel, Ground-Nut, Ground Pine, Ground Plum, Groundsel, Groundsel-Tree, Grove Sandwort, Guelder-Rose, Guinea-Corn, Gum-Tree, Gymnadenia, Gymnocladus, yymunomitrium, 26 | Gymnopogon, GYMNOSPERMZ, Gymnostichum, Gymnostomum, Gynamblosis, Gyromia, HEMODORACER, Hair-cap Moss, Hair-Grass, Halenia, Halesia, HALORAGE, HAMAMELACEZ, HAMAMELEA, Hamamelis, Harbinger-of-Spring, Hardhack, Hawkweed, Hawthorn, Heal-all, Heart’s-ease Heath Family, Hedera, Hedeoma, Hedgehog-Grass, Hedge-Hyssop, Hedge-Mustard, Hedge-Nettle, Hedwigia, HEDYSARE, Hedysarum, Hedyotis, Helenium, Heleochloa, Helianthemum, Helianthus, Heliophytum, Heliopsis, Heliotrope, HELIOTROPEA, Heliotropium, Hellebore, Helleborus, HELLEBORINE2, Hepatica, HEPATIC, 543, 546, ! 129, 395, INDEX. 420 571 617 392 465 Herd’s-Grass, Hemianthus, Hemlock, Hemlock Parsley, Hemlock Spruce, Heracleum, Hercules’ Club, Herpestis, Hesperis, Heteranthera, Heterocladium, Heterotropa, Heuchera, Hisiscez, Hibiscus, Hickory, Hieracium, Hierochloa, Highwater-shrub, HIpPOcasTANEA, Hippuris, Hoary Pea, Hobble-bush, Hazel-nut, Hog Pea-Nut, Hog-weed, Holcus, Holly, Holly Family, Hollyhocks, Holosteum, Holy-Grass, Homalothecium, Honesty, Honey-Locust, Honeysuckle, Honeysuckle Family, Honkenya, Honewort, Hookeria, Hop, Hopea, Hop-Hornbeam, Hop-tree, Hordeum, HorpEINE”, Horehound, Hornbeam, Horned Rush, Horn-Poppy, Hornwort, Hornwort Family, Horse-Balm, Horsechestnut, Horse-Gentian, Horse-Mint, Horse-Nettle, Horseradish, Horse-Sugar, Horse-weed, Horsetail, 541, 164, 315, 309, INDEX. forsetail Irani ly, 585 | ALottonia, 275 | HorronigEd, 271 Hound’s-Tong ie, 324 | House-Leek, 141 | Houstonia, 173 | Hyacinth, 472 Hydrangea, 146 HyprANGIE& (Hydrangea Fami- ly), 142, 146 | Hydrastis, 14 | HYDROCHARIDACEA, 440 | Hydrocharis, 440 Hydrocotyle, 150 Hydroglossum, 600 Hydropeltis, 22 | HYDROPHYLLACEZA, 326 Hydrophyllum, 326 HYDROPTERIDES, 605 | Hylocomium, 668 Hymenocallis, 456 Hymenopappus, 223 Hyoscyamus, 340 HYPERICACEZ, 48 -Hypericum, 49 Hypnum, 667 HyYpo.yTRE2, 490 Hypopeltis, 595 Hypopitys, 262 Hypoxys, 456 Hyssop, 304 Hyssopus, 304 Huckleberry, 247, 248 Hudsonia, 46 Humulus, 400 Huntsman’s Cup, 24 Iberis, 40 Ictodes, 428 Ilex, 263 ILLECEBREA, 54, 61 Ilysanthes, 288 Impatiens, 73 Indian Bean, 279 Indian-Chickweed, 63 Indian-Chickweed Family, 54, 63 Indian Corn, 584 Indian Cucumber-root, 464 Indian Currant, 164 Indian Fig, 136 Indian-Grass, 584 Indian Hemp, 350 Indian Millet, 584 Indian Physic, 114 Indian Pipe, 262 Indian-Pipe Family 246, 261 Indian Plantain, 230 Indian Poke, 476 Indian Rice, 540 Indian Tobacco, 242 Indian Turnip, 94, 426 | Inkberry, 264 Inula, 208 | Todanthus, 31 _ Ipecac, 114 _Ipomea, 333 | Iresine, 370 IRIDACER, 459 lis, 459 | Tris Family, 459 Iron-weed, 183 Tron- wood, 409 Isanthus, 302 Isatis, 40 Isnardia, 133 Isoétes, 605 Jsopyrum, 11 Isothecium, 669 Jtalian May, 114 Itea, 146 Iva, 211 Ivy, 160 Jacob’s Ladder, 330 Jagged Chickweed, 60 Jamestown Weed, 341 Jatropha, 389 Jeffersonia, 20 Jerusalem Artichoke, 219 Jerusalem Oak, 364 Jerusalem Sage, 518 Jessamine, 296 Jewel-weed, —————_—___s_. a 3 Joe-Pye Weed, Joint-Grass, Jointweed, Jonquil, Judas-tree, JUGLANDACEA, Juglans, JUNCACE, JUNCAGINES, Juncus, June-berry, Jungermannia, JUNGERMANNIACEZ2, Juniper, Juniperus, Jussiza, Justicia, Keeleria, Kalmia, Kentucky Coffee-tree, Kidney Bean, Kinnikinnik, Knawel, Knawel Family, Knapweed, Knot-Grass, Knotweed, Knotwert Family, LABIATA, Labrador Tea, Lachnanthes, Lachnocaulon, Lactuca, Ladies’ Tresses, Lady’s Mantle, Lady’s Slipper, Lady’s Thumb, Lambkill, Lamb-Lettuce, Lamb’s-Quarters, Lamium, Lampsana, Laportea, Lappa, Lapsana, Larch, Larix, Larkspur, Lastrea, Lathyrus, LAURACEE (Laurel Family), Laurel, Laurestinus, Laurus, Lavandula, Lavender, Lead-Plant, Leadwort Family, Leaf-Cup, Leather-Leaf, Leather-flower, Leather-wood, Leavenworthia, Lechea, Lecontia, um, Leek, Leersia, LEGUMINOS&, Leiophyllum, Lejeunia, Lemna, LEMNACE, LENTIBULACER, Leontodon, Leonurus, Lepachys, Lepidanche, LEPIDINE*, Lepidium, Lepidozia, Leptandra, tanthus, 255, INDEX. a4 q i, # 68 | Leptochloa, 555 40 | Leptodon, 657 235 | Leptopoda, 224 186 | Lepturus, 568 494 | Leskea, 659 Lespedeza, 101 300 | Lettuce, 240 258 | Leucanthemum, 226 457 | Leucodon, 656 489 Leucobryum, 623 240 | Leucojum, 455 448 | Leucothoé, 251 - 115 Lever-wood, 409 454 | Liatris, 184 373 | LIGULIFLORA, 83, 235 255 | Ligusticum, 154 175 | Ligustrum, 356 363 Lilac, 356 318 | LILIACE® (Lily Family), 465 235 | Lilium, 470 398 | Lily, 470 235 | Lily of the Valley, 467 235 | LIMNANTHACILA, 74 423 | Limnanthemum, 348 423 | Limnanthes Family, 74 12 |} Limnetis, 551 597 | Limnobium, 440, (671) 103 | Limnochloa, 495 378 | Limosella, 289 257 | LINACE, 70 167 | Linaria, 284 379 | Linden, 69 318 | Linden Family, 69 318 | Lindernia, 288 95 | Linnza, 163 270} Linum, 71 209 | Lion’s-foot, 238 252 | Liparis, 452 4 | Lippia, 299 380 | Liquidambar, 148 31 | Liriodendron, 17 46 | Listera, 449 427 | Lithospermum, 321 258 | Lizard’s-tail, 383 469 | Lizard’s-tail Family, 383 539 | Live-for-ever, 140 88 | Liverleaf, 6 259 | Liverworts, 682 698 | LOASACE (Loasa Family), 135 431 | Lobadium, 77 430 | Lobelia, 241 275 | LOBELIACEE (Lobelia Fam.), 241 236 | Locust-tree, 96 317 | Loblolly Bay, 70 215 | Locanre (Logania Fam.),169,) 74, oe 337 | Loiseleuria, 258 29 | Lolium, 569 38 | LOMENTACE, 29 702 | Long Moss, 458 290 | Lonicera, 164 485 | LonNICERE, 163 ! a ~ INDEX. Loosestrife, 128, 182 272, 273 Loosestrife Family, 127 Lophanthus, 311 Lophiola, 457 Lophocolea, 692 Lopseed, 299 Loquat, 126 LORANTHACEA, 382 Lores, 89 ' Lousewort, 295 Lovage, 154 Lucerne, 93 Ludwigia, 132 Lunaria, 40 Lungwort, 322 Lupine, 91 Lupinus, 91 Luzula, 479 Lychnis, 57 Lycium, 341 Lycopersicum, 339 LYCOPODIACEA, 602 Lycopsis, 320 Lycopus, 303 Lygodium, 600 Lyme-Grass, 570 Lyonia, 254 Lysimachia, 272 LYTHRACEA, 127 Lythrum, 128 Maclura, 398 Macromitrium, 635 Macrotys, 15 Madder, 171 Madder Family, 168 Madotheca, 699 Magnolia, 15 MAGNOLIACEZ, 15 Magnolia Family, 15 Mahonia, 20 Maianthemum, 467 Maidenhair, 592 MALaxIDE®, 443 Malaxis, 452 Mallow, 66, 67 Mallow Family, 65 Malus, 125 Malva, 66 MALVACEZ, 65 MALVEs, 65 Mandrake, 21 Mangel Wurtzel, 367 Manna-Grass, 558 Man-of-the-Earth, 334 Maple, 84 Maple Family, 82, 84 Marchantia, 686 MARCHANTIACEZ, 686 Mare’s-tail, 135 Marginaria, 590 Marigold, 223 Mariscus, 494 Marjoram, 306, 318 Marrubium, 315 Marshallia, : 224 Marsh Elder, 211 Marsh Fleabare, 208 Marsh Grass, 551 Marsh-Mallow, 66 Marsh Marigold, 11 Marsh Pennywort, 150 Marsk-Rosemary, 270 Marsh St. John’s-wort, _ 52 Marsilea, 606 MARSILEACEA, 605 Martynia, 279 Maruta, 225 Marvel of Peru, 360 Masterwort, 152 Mastigobryum, 701 Matricaria, 226 Matrimony-vine, 341 Matthiola, . 40 Mayaca, 487 May-Apple, 21 May-flower, . 251 May-weed, 225 Meadow-Beauty, 127 Meadow-Grass, 561 Meadow-Parsnip, 155 Meadow-Rue, 6 Meadow Soft-grass, 573 Meadow-Sweet, 113, 114 Meconopsis, 25 Medeola, 464 Mmeaicass, 93 Medick, 93 Meesia, 648 Melampyrum, 296 MELANTHACEA, 472 MELANTHIEA, 472, 475 Melanthium, 475 MELASTOMACEZE (Melastoma Family), 127 Melica, 558 Melic-Grass, 558 Melilot, 93 Melilotus, 93 Melissa, 308 Melothria, 139 MENISPERMACEA, 18 Menispermum, 18 Mentha, 303 Mentzelia, 135 MENYANTHES, 342 Menyanthes, 348 Menziesia, 256 | Mercurialis, 393 Mercury, 389 Mermaid-weed, 134 Mertensia, 322 INDEX. Meteorium, 681 | Moss Pink, Metzgeria, 689 | Motherwort, Mexican Tea, 364 | Mountain-Ash, Mezereum Family, 380 | Mountain Holly, Micromeria, 307 | Mountain Mint, Microstylis, 451 | Mountain Rice, Mignonette, 41 | Mouse-ear, Mignonette Family, 41 | Mouse-ear Chickwerd, Mikania, 188 | Mouse-tail, Milfoil, 226 | Mud Plantain, Milium, 575 | Mudwort, Milk Pea, 105 | Mugwort, Milkweed, 351, 354 | Muhlenbergia, Milkweed Family, 350 | Mulberry, Milkwort, 85 | Mulgedium, Milkwort Family, 85 | Mullein, Milk-Vetch, 97 | Mullein Foxglove, Millet, 581 | Mullein Pink, Millet-Grass, 575 | Muscadine, IMOSEX, 91, 109 | MUSCI, Mimosa Family, 91, 109 | Muskit-Grass, Mimulus, 286 | Muskmelon, Mint, 303, 304 | Musk-plant, Mint Family, 300 | Musquash-Root, Mirabilis, 360 | Mustard, Mist-flower, 188 | Mustard Family, Mistletoe Family, 382 | Myosotis, Mitchella, 172 | Myosurus, Mitella, 145 | Myrica, — Mitreola, 174 | MYRICACEZ, Mitre-wort, 145, 174 | Myriophyllum, Mnium, 647, 681 | Myurella, Moccason-flower, 454 Mocker-nut, 402 | Nabalus, Mock-Orange, 146 | Naiad, Modiola, 68 | NAIADACE#, Meehringia, 58 | Naias, Meenchia, 61 | Naked-beard Grass, MOLLUGINE2, 54, 63 | NANDINE, Mollugo, 63 | Napeea, Momordica, 139 | Narcissus, Monarda, 309 | Nardosmia, MonaARDEX, 301 | Narthecium, Moneses, 260 | Nasturtium, Monkey-flower, 286 | Naumburgia, ee 13 | Neckera, Monoce 552 | Neckweed, MONOCOTYLEDONOUS Negundo, PLANTS, 426 NELUMBIACER, Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 163 | Nelumbium, Monotropa, 262 | Nelumbo, MonorropPes®, 246, 261 | Nelumbo Family, Montelia, 369 | Nemopanthes, Moonseed, 18 | Nemophila, Moonseed Family, 18 | NEOTTIEX, Moonwort, 40, 601 | Nepeta, Moose-wood, 84, 380 | NEPETE®, Morning-Glory, 333 | Nephrodium, Morocarpus, oi | Nerium, Morus, | Neseea, , Mosses, 07 | Nettle, 134 661, 681 237 432 431 432 553 19 67 455 188 479 30 (74) 273 665 291 85 21 21 21 21 264 327 443 311 301 597 350 128 398, 399 aw Netile Family, Nettle-tree, New Jersey Tea, Nicandra, Nicotiana, Nigella, Nightshade, Nightshade Family, Nimble Will, Nine-Bark, Nondo, Nonesuch, North American Papaw, Nothoscordum, Notothylas, Nuphar, Nut-Grass, Nut-Rush, NYCTAGINACESA, Nymphea, NYMPHZACEA, Nyssa, Oak, Oakesia, Oak Family, Oat, Oat-Grass, Obeliscaria, Obione, Obolaria, Ocymum, Odonectis, Génothera, Oil-nut, Okra, Oldenlandia, Olea, OLEACEA, Oleander, Oleaster Family, Olive, Olive Family, Omalia, ONAGRACE, Uncostylis, Onion, Onoclea, Onopordon, Onosmodium, OPruIOGLOSSEZ, Ophioglossum, OPHRYDE2, Oplotheca,- Opulus, Opuntia, Orache, Orange-root, Orange-grass, Orchard-Grass, 394, 339, 572, 129, 589, INDEX. 398 | Orchis, 896 | Origanum, 80 | Oritrophium, 340 | Ornithogalum, 341 | OROBANCHACEXA, 15 | Orontium, 341 | Orpine, 338 | Orpine Family, 546 | Orthomeris, 113 | Orthotrichum, 155 | ORYZEZ, 93 | Oryzopsis, 17 | Osage Orange, 470 | Osier, §85 | Osmorrhiza, 23 | Osmunda, 493 | OSMUNDEX, 506 | OSMUNDINEZ, 360 , Ostrich-Fern, 22 | Ostrya, 22 | Oswego Tea, 162 | Otophylla, OXALIDACEZ, 404 | Oxalis, 394 Ox-eye, 403 | Ox-eye Daisy, 572 | Oxybaphus, 573 | Oxycoccus, 215 | Oxydendrum, 366 | Oxydenia, 347 | Oxyria, 318 | Oxytripolium, 130 | Pachysandra, 382 | Padus, 69 | Pzonia, 172 | Pxpalanthus, 356 | Painted-Cup, 356 | Panax, 350 | Pancratium, 880 | PANICES, 356 | Panic-Grass, 356 | Panicum, 665 | Papaver, 130 PAPA VERACES, 503 | Paper-Mulberry, 469 | PAPILIONACEA, 599 | Pappoose-root, 234 | Papyrus, 320 | Pardanthus, 601 | Parietaria, 602 | Parnassia, 442 | PARNASSIACE, 370 | Parnassia Family, 168 | Paronychia, 136 | Parsley, ~ earsley Family, | Parsnip, 51 | Parthenium, 57 | ' Partridge-berry, ORCHIDACEEZ (Orchis Fam.), 442, Par tridge Pea, RANUNCULACEZ, RANUNCULEZ, Ranunculus, RaPHANE2, _ Raphanus, Raphidostegium, Raspberry, Rattle-bex, Rattlesiuke-Grass, — Rattlesnake-Master, Rattlesnake-Plantain Rattlesnake-root, Rattlesnake-weed, _ Ray-Grass, Reboulea, Reboulia, Red Bay, Red-bud, Red-Osier, Red Pepper, Red-Root, . Red-Root, Reed Bent-Grass, Reed-Grass, Reed-mace, Reed Meadow-Grass, Rensseleria, Reseda, RESEDACEA, Rhabdoweisia, RHAMNACEZA, RHINANTHIDES, Rhinanthus, Rhododendron, Rhodora, RHODOREA, Rhubarb, Rhus, Rhynchosia, Rhynchospora, _ RHYNCHOSPOREZ, Rhbynchostegium, Rhytidium, Ribbon-Grass, Ribes, Riccia, RIccracE2, Richweed, Ri crc Ripplegrass, River-weed, River-weed Family, INDEX. &* 3 2{ Rock Cress, 33 2 | Rocket, ; 40 7 | Rock-rose, 45 29 | Rock-rose Family, 45 39, 40 | Roman Wormwood ': $3 670 | Rosa, 122 120, 121 | ROSACEA, 110, 113 91 | Rose, 122 559 | RosEa, lil 151 | Rose-bay, 257 © 447 | Rose Family, 110, 118 237 | Rose-Mallow, 68 ____.237 | Rosin-Plant, 209 569 | Rosin-weed, 210 557 | Roubieva, 364 687 | Rowan-tree, 125 379 | Rubia, 171 108 | RUBIACEZA, 168 161 | Rubus, 120 341 | Rudbeckia, 214 80 | Rue-Anemone, 6 457 | Ruellia, 297 544, 555, 562 | Rue Family, 74 Ei, 568 | Rumex, 376 " 547 | Ruppia, 433 ; 544, 551 | Rush, 480 3. 429 | Rush Family, © 479 ? 559 | Rush-Grass, 541 iH 427 | Rush Salt-Grass, 551 Eee 41 | RUTACEA, 74 41 | Rye, 570 618 | Rye-Grass, 569 78 : 79 | Sabbatia, 878 | SACCHAREA, 127 | Saccharum, 282 | Sacred Bean, 295 | Sage, 257 | Sagina, 258 | Sagittaria, 246 | St. Andrew’s Cross, 878 | St. John’s-wort, 76 | St. John’s-wort Family, 105 | St. Peter’s-wort, 504 | SALICACE Zi, 490 | Salicornia, 670 | SALICORNIES, 675 | Salix, 575 | Salsola, 136 | SALSOLEZ, 268, 269 | Salt Marsh-Grass, 683 | Saltwort, 683 | Salvia, 309, 399 | Salvinia, 393 | SAMBUCEZ, r 269 | Sambucus, 384 | SAMOLE, 384 | Samolus, 96 | Samphire, 198 | Sandalwood Family, 591 | Sand-Grass, - —* i ‘’ ni Sea-Purslane, " INDEX. Sand Myrtle, 259 | Sea-Rocket, Sandwort, 58 | Sea Sand-Reed, Sanguinaria, 26 | Sea-Sandwort, Sanguisorba, 115 | Sea Spear-Grass, Sanicle, 151 | Secale, Sanicula, 151 | Sedge, SANTALACEA, 381 | Sedge Family, SAPINDACEZA, 82 | Sedum, Saponaria, 54 | Seed-box, SAPOTACEA, 267 | Selaginella, Sappodilla Family, 267 | Seligeria, Sarcoscyphus, 696 | Self-heal, Sarracenia, 23 | Sempervivum, SARRACENIACE, 23 | Sendtnera, Sarsaparilla, 159 | Senebiera, Sassafras, 379 | SENEBIERES, Satureia, 307 | Seneca-Grass, SATUREIEX, 300 | Seneca Snakeroot, SAURURACEA, 383 | Senecio, Saururus, 383 | SENECIONIDEZ, Savin, 425 | Senna, Savory, 307 | Sensitive Briar, Saxifraga, 142, 143 | Sensitive Fern, SAXIFRAGACEZ (Saxifrage Sensitive Plant, Family), 141, 142 | Sensitive Joint Vetch, Saxifrage, 142, 148 | Sericocarpus, SAXIFRAGEZ, 141 | Service-berry, Scapania, 695 | SpsaMEz, Schedonorus, 567 | Sesame-Grass, Scheuchzeria, 437 | Sesuvium, Schizea, 600 | Setaria, ScHIZEA, 589 | Seymeria, Schistidium, 636 | Shad-bush, Schoenus, 506 | Shag-bark, Schollera, 485 | Shave-Grass, Schrankia, 110 | Shell-bark, Schwalbea, 294 | Sheep-berry, Schweinitzia, 261 | Shell-flower, Scilla, 469 | Shepherdia, ScirPEs, 490 | Shepherd’s Purse, Scirpidium, 496 | Shicld-Fern, Scirpus, 498, 502 | Shin-leaf, ScLeRANTHEA, 54, 63 | Shooting-Star, _Scleranthus, 63 | Shrubby Trefoil, Scleria, 506 | Shrub Yellow-root, SCLERIEZ, 490 | Sibbaldia, Sclerochloa, 560 | SIBTHORPIEZ, Sclerolepis, ' 184 } Sickle-pod, Scoke, 361 | Sicyos, sSeolochloa, 556 | Sida, Seolopendrium, 598 | Side-saddle Flower, Sclotheimia, 635 | Sieversia, Scorpion-Grass, 328 | Silene, Scouring Rush, 585, 587 | SILENEA, Scrophularia, 284 | SILICULOS&, SCROPHULARIACEZ, 281 | Srr1qUOSz, Scutch-Grass, 554 | Silkweed, Scutellaria, 313 | Silphium, Sea-Lavender, 270 | Silver-bell-Tree, Sea-Milkwort, 274 | Silver-Berry, 64 | Silver-Weed, 618, 680 | INDEX. Sinapis, 36 | Spikenard, SISYMBRI£Z, 29 | Spike-Rush, Sisymbrium, 35 | Spinach, Sisyrinchium, 460 | Spinacia, Sitolobium, 595 | SPINACIEs, Sium, 157 | Spindle-tree, Skullcap, 313 | Spirea, Skunk Cabbage, 428 | SPIRZEz, Sloe, 112 | Spiranthes, Smart-weed, 373 | Spirodela, SMILACEZ ($3 milax hrs? 461 | SPIROLOBE2, Smilacina, 467 | Splachnum, Smilax, 461 | Spleenwort, Smyrnium, 156 | Spoon-wood, Snake-head, 285 | Sporobolus, Snakeroot, 151, 184, 188, 360 | Spring-Beauty, Snapdragon, 284 | Spruce, ieaten.sveod, 224 | Spurge, Sneezewort, 226 | Spurge Family, Snow-ball Tree, 168 | Spurred Gentian, Snowberry, , 164, 250 | Spurge Nettle, Snowdrop, 266, 455 | Spurrey, Snowflake, 455 Sbumay. Sandwort, Soapberry Family, 82 | Squash, Soapwort, 54|Squaw-root, « so ANACEX, 338 | Squaw-weed, Solanum, 339 | Squill, Solea, 41 | Squirrel-Corn, Solidago, 200 | Squirrel-tail Grass, Solomon’s Seal, 466, 467 | SracHYDEz, Sonchus, 241 | Stachys, SorHorE2, 90 | Staff-tree, Sorbus, 125 | Staff-tree Family, Sorghum, 584 | Stagger-bush, Sorrel, 71, 376, 378 | Staphylea, Sorrel-tree, 254 | SraPHYLEACER, Sour-wood, 254 | Star-Cucumber, Southern-wood, 228 | Star-flower, Sow-thistle, 241 | Star-grass Spanish Bayonet, 471 Star-of-Bethlehem, Spanish Needles, 222 | Star-Thistle, Sparganium, 429 | Starwort, Spartina, 551 | Statice, RnatiacDock, 23 | Steeple-bush, Spear-Grass, 561 | Steetzia, Spearmint, 303 | Steironema, Spearwort, 8 | Stellaria, Specularia, 244 | SreLLaTa, Speedwell, 289 | Stenactis, Spergula, 62 | Stenanthium, aria, 61 | Stickseed, Spermacoce, 171 Stillingia, Spherocarpus, 684 | Stipa, SPHAGNACEX, 610 | Stitchwort, Sphagneecetis, 692 | Stock, Sphagnum, 610 | Stone-crop, Spice-bush, 379 | Stone-root, Spiderwort, 486 | Storax, gi Family, 485 | Storax. Family, oo 174 | Storksbill, Spi e-Grass, 560, 567 | SrRaTIoTIDEA, 61 * Strawberry, Strawberry Bush, Streptopus, Strophostyles, Struthiopteris, Stuartia, Stylipus, Stylisma, Stylophorum, Stylosanthes, STYRACACEZE, STYRACEZ, Styrax, SUADER, Subularia, SUBULARIER, Succory, Sugarberry, Sugar-Cane, Sullivantia, Sumach, . Summer Haw, Summer Savory, Sundew, ~ Sundew Family, Sunflower, Supple-Jdack, Swamp-Honeysuckle, Sweet-Brier, Sweet Cicely, Sweet Fern, Sweet Flag, | Sweet Gale, Sweet-Gale Family, Sweet-Gum Tree, Sweet-Leaf, Sweet Pea, Sweet Potato, Sweet Scabious, Sweet-scented Shrub, Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass, Sweet-William, Swine-Cress, Sycamore, Syena, Symphoricarpus, Symphytum, Symplocarpus, SYMPLOCINEZ, Symplocos, Synandra, Synthyris, Syringa, Syrrhopodon, Tacamahac, Tenidia, Tagetes, Talinum, ‘Tamarack, Tanacetum, 216, 54, INDEX. . 119 | Tansy, 226 81-| Tansy Mustard, 86 474 | ‘Tape-Grass, 441 104 | Taraxacum, 239 590 | Tare, : 102 70 | TAXINES, 420, 425 117 | Taxodium, 424 335 | Taxus, 425 25 | Tea-berry, 251 102 | Tear-thumb, 375 265 | Teasel, 176 265 | Teasel Family, 176 265 | ‘Tecoma, 278 362 | Telmatophace, 131 39 | ‘Tephrosia, 96 29 | ‘Tetragonotheca, 213 235 | Tetranthera, 379 397 | Tetraphis, . 630 584.| Tetraplodon, 653 144 | Tetrodontium, 630 76 | Teucrium, 302 124 | Thalictrum, 6 307 | Thamnium, 669 47 | Thapsia, 156 47 | Thaspium, 155 223 | Thelia, 660 79 | Thelypteris, 597 257 | Thimbleberry, 121 123 | Thin-Grass, 543 158 | Thistle, . 232, 233 410 | Thorn, 123, 124 429 | 'Thorn-Apple, 341 410} Three-leaved Ni -htshade, 463 409 | 'Three-thorned Acacia, 109 148 | ‘Thorough-wax, 156 266 | 'Thoroughwort, 186 104 | Thrift, 270 334 | Thuidium, 667 198 | Thuja, ee 126 | Thyme, 306 574 | THYMELEACEA, 380 330 | Thymus, 306 89 | Tiarella, 145 401 | Tickseed, 219 487 | Tickseed Sunflower, 220 164 | Tick-Trefoil, 99 320 | Tiedemannia, 153 428 | Tiger-flower, 460 265 | Tigridia, 460 266 | Tilia, 69 312] TILIACEA, 69 289 | Tillzea, 140 146 | Tillandsia, 458 631 | Timmia, 642 Timothy, 541 419 | Tipularia, 451 156 | Toad-Flax, 284 223 | Tobacco, 341 64 | Tofieldia, 478 423 | Tomato, 339 226 | Toothache-Grass, 552 . 7 W Toothwort, Tower Mustard, Toxicodendron, Tradescantia, Trautvetteria, Trachynotia, Treacle Mustard, Tread-Softly, Trefoil, Trematodon, Tree-of-Heaven, Triantha, Trichelostylis, Trichochloa, Trichocolea, Trichodium, Trichophorum, Trichostema, Trichostomum, Tricuspis, Tridynia, Trientalis, TRIFOLIES, Trifolium, Triglochin, TRILLIACES, Trillium, Trillium Family, Triodallus, Triosteum, Triplasis, Triple-awned Grass, Tripsacum, Tripterella, Trisetum, Triticum, Trollius, Tropzolum, Troximon, Trumpet-flower, Trumpets, Trumpet-Weed, Tuberose, TUBULIFLORA, Tuckermannia, P» TULIPACE2, Tulip-tree, 461, 461, 449, INDEX. (647 31 | Udora, 441 34 | ULMACEZ, 394, 395 76 | Ulmaria, 114 486 | Ulmus, 395 390 | UMBELLIFERZ, 148 7 | Umbreila-Grass, 503 551 | Umbrella-leaf, 20 35 | Umbrella-tree, 16 389 | Unicorn-plant, 279 92 | Uniola, 567 620 | Urachne, 549 75 | Uralepis, 555 478 | Urtica, 398 503 | URTICACEZ, 394 546 | UrTICEs, 394, 398 701 | Utricularia, 275 543 | Uvularia, 473 501 | UVULARIE, 472, 473 302 626 | Vaccaria, 55 555 | VACCINIES, 245, 247 272 | Vaccinium, 247 272) Vahlodea, 572 89 | Valerian, 175 92| Valeriana, 175 437 | VALERIANACEZ (Valerian 463| Family), 174 463 | Valerianella, 176 463 | Vallisneria, 441 244 | VALLISNERIES, 440 166 | Vanilla-Grass, 574 556 | Vanilla-plant, 185 550 | Velvet-Grass, 573 582 | Velvet-Leaf, 68 442 | Venus’s Fly-trap, 47 572 | Venus’s Looking-glass, 244 569 | Veratrum, 476 11 | VERBASCEA, 282 74| Verbascum, 283 239 | Verbena, 298 278| VERBENACES, 298 24 | Verbesina, 222 186 | Vernal-Grass, 574 472 | Vernonia, 183 177 | VERNONIACES, 179 394 | Veronica, 289 472| VERONICE2, 282 465 | Vervain, 298 17 | Vervain Family, 298 162 | Vesicaria, 37 40 | Vetch, 102 34 | Vetchling, 103 189 | Viburnum, 167 285 | Vicia, 102 452 | VICIE&, 90 506 | Vilfa, 541 163 | Vinca, 350 20 | Vine Family, 77 474 | Viola, 42 429 | VIOLACEA, 41 429 | Violet, 42 Violet Family, Viper’s Bugloss, Virgaurea, Virgilia, Virginian Cowslip, Virginian Creeper, Virginia Snakeroot, Virgin’s-Bower, Viscum, VITACEZ, Vitis, Vitis-idea, Waahoo, Waldsteinia, Walking-leaf, Wall-flower, Wall-pepper, Walnut, Walnut Family, Wart-Cress, Washington Thorn, Water-Beech, Water-Cress, ‘Water-Dropwort, Water-Hemlock, Water-Hemp, Water-Horehound, Waterleaf, Waterleaf Family, Water-Lily, Water-Lily Family, Water-Locust, Water-Marigold, Watermelon, Water-Milfoil, Water-Milfoil Family Water-Nymph, Water-Oats, Water-Parsnip, Water-Pepper, Water-Plantain, Water-Plantain Family Water-Rice, Water-shield Family, Water-shield, Water Star-Grass, Water-Starwort, Water-Starwort Family, Water- Violet, Water- Willow, Water-weed, Water-wort, Water-wort Family, Wax-Myrtle, Wax-work, Wayfaring-tree, Weisia, Whahoo, ' Wheat, Wheat-Grass, 436, INDEX. 4] 319 201 Whin,_ .. White Alder, White Daisy, White Grass, White Hellebore, White-weed, White Lettuce, White Thorn, Whitlow-Grass, Whitlow-wort, Whortleberry Family, Wake-Robin, Wicopy, Wild Balsam-apple, Wild Elder, Wild Ginger, Wild Hyacinth, Wild Ipecac, | Wild Liquorice, Wild Potato-vine, Wild Rye, Willow, Willow Family, Willow-Herb, Windflower, Windsoria, Winterberry, Winter Cress, Wintergreen, Winterlia, — Wire-Grass, Wistaria, Witch-Hazel, — Witch-Hazel Family. Withe-rod, Woad, Woad-Waxen, Wold, Wolfberry, Wolfsbane, Wood Anemone, Wood Betony, Woodbine, Wood-Fern, Wood-Grass, Wood-Rush, Woodsia, WoopsiE&, Wood-Sage, Wood-Sorrel, Wood-Sorrel Family, W oodwardia, Wool-Grass, Worm-Grass, Wormseed, Wormwood, Woundwort, Xanthium, Xerophyllum, Xylosteon, 251, 259, 261 264 554, 563 96 147 147 167 Yaupon, Yellow-eyed Grass, Yellow-eyed Grass Family, Yellow Pond-Lily, Yellow Puccoon, Yellow-Rattle, Yellow-Wood, Yew, INDEX. 487 487 460 460 554 225 263 487 487 23 14 295 107 425 Yew Family, Yucca, Zapania, Zannichellia, Zanthorhiza, ZANTHOXYLACEZ, Zanthoxylum, Zea, . Zephyranthes, Zizania, Zizia, Zostera, Zygadenus, Zygodon, > ene, £2 =. 2) ah ae > v -/, hare a 4 ie at 2 P —~a,, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Genera of Filices. svt My .€ POLYPODIUM.—Plant; piece of the frond (1); a magnified sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L. STRUTHIOPTERIS.—Pinna of the sterile frond (1) of 8. Germanica, Wil/d.; portion of a fertile frond (2); a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up (8); and a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled (4); towards the base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein. ALLOSORUS.—Sterile and fertile plants of A. gracilis, Pres/.; and a portion of the fertile frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein. eae PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, Z., var. caudata; and a piece of one of the lobes, enlarged (2), the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins. ADIANTUM.—Piece of the frond of A. pedatum. Z. (1); a pinnule somewhat enlarged (2) ; and a piece of one (8) more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit-dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit. CHEILANTHES.—Small plant of C. vestita (1); and a fruit-bearing pinnule. enlarged (2) WOODWARDIA.—Portion of the sterile (1) ana of the fertile frond (2) of W. angusti folia; a piece of the latter enlarged (3); piece of the frond of W. Virginica (4) ; and part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged. Tas. XI. CAMPTOSORUS.—Plant of ©. rhizophyllus, Zink.; and a portion of a frond, with fruit- dots, enlarged (1). SCOLOPENDRIUM.—Tip of a fertile frond of 8. officinarum; and (2) a piece enlarged, with two fruit-dots. a pinna of A. thelypteroides, Miche. (1); and part of a lobe (2) in fruit, e ed. ; | EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. DICKSONIA, §SITOLOBIUM.—Pinna of D. punctilobula, Hook. (1); portion of a pinnule (2), enlarged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium (8). Tas. XII. CYSTOPTERIS.—Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe in fruit (2), enlarged; and a small portion more magnified (8), bearing a fruit-dot with its indu- sium thrown back. : WOODSIA.—Small frond of W. glabella, R. Br. (1); a part of a fruiting pinna of the same (2), magnified; and a separate indusium (8), more magnified; a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with the opened indusium beneath (5), more magnified. ASPIDIUM.—Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swartz (1); and a magnified fruiting portion (2); piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (8); and a small fruiting por- tion (4), magnified. ONOCLEA.—Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibvilis, Z.; front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged (1); and the same laid open and viewed from the other side (2): on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins. Tas. XIII. SCHIZHA.—Plant of 8. pusilla, Pursh ; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), mag- nified; and a separate sporangium (2), more magnified. LYGODIUM.—Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Szoartz (1), with fertile and sterile divi- sions; a fruiting lobe enlarged (2), with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and a sporangium more magnified (8). OSMUNDA.—Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, Z. (1), with a fertile and a sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2); and one sporangium more mag- nified (8). BOTRYCHIUM.—Plant of B. lunarioides, Swarts ; and a portion of the fruit (1), with six sporangia, magnified. OPHIOGLOSSUM.—Frond of O. vulgatum, Z.; and a portion of the fruiting spike en- larged (1). Genera of Eguisetacez, Lycopodiacez, and Hydropterides. Tas! XT¥. EQUISETUM.—Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, Z. (1); one of the shield- shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath (2), enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (8); a magnified spore with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4) ; and (5) the same with the filaments cofled up. LYCOPODIUM.—Plant of L. Carolinianum, Z.; and (1) a magnified scale of the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores. SELAGINELLA.—Plant of 8. rupestris, Spring ; part of a fertile spike, enlarged (1) ; scale from the upper part of it (2), with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery spores; scale from the base (8), with its sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, (, 4,° {SOETES.—Plant of L. lacustris (1); sporocarp containing minute spores, cut across (2), enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with coarse spores, divided lengthwise (8) ; and (4) three coarse spores more magnified. AZOLLA.—Pliant (1); a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs; sterile sporocarp, or antheridium, more magnified (8) ; fertile sporocarp more magnified (4); the same burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5); one of the latter more magnified (6); another bursting (7); and three spores (8), beset with bristles, ee Cae te J ys » z Q rofessor Gray's Dotanies, FOR COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, ETC. Br ASA GRAY, M:D., FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. i Gray’s Lessons in Botany. LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY Mlustrate.l by over 360 Wood Engvavings from drawings from nature by Iszac Sprague; and with a Glossary or Dictionary of Botanical Terms. Price $1. : *,* This work is designed to be a text-book for the study of Botany in Schovia. Seminaries, Academies, and Colleges, and is a complete and thorough exposition of the science. 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