®V ^. p. pm ^ttorg QKllT GT5 iQea ^=^".^*^^ ?i(? *^ ^Z^ ' NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S01 897959 5 ^ Date Due |l/lay26'3? ^4% tev-i .1- Mav22'3a Jun5'33 5Wav34 2atifiay34 5Jtf!34 'VIS .VkV -'^ 24 Ja '4: ivy ^3V47r 29Apr'>Q£ cN8v'5fl> 23Fp.h'5j 9«ay3;' 3im'g1 ' iviay 6c \ 1 L. B. Cat. No. 1 137 i-v^ BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. MANUAL OF TH E BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND NORTH OP^ NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE. By ASA GRAY, LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Siitf) IStiition. REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 1 00th MERIDIAN, BY SERENO WATSON, CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSXTy« AND JOHN M. COULTER, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN CERTAIN GROUPS. WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY FROM THE PRESS OF IvisoN, Blakeman & Company Copyright, 1889, By the President and Fellows of Harvard College. CONTENTS. • Preface Page 1 Synopsis of the Orders ..... 5 Analytical Key to the Orders . 19 Explanation of Abbreviation s of Authors' Names . 30 Explanation of Signs . 32 FLORA. - - PH.ENOGAMOUS OR FlOWERING PlANTS . 33 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . 33 Angiospermous, Polypetalous 33 Gamopetalous . 216 Apetalous .... 425 Gymnospermous Plants .... . 48D Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants 495 Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . 675 Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes 675 Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepaticae) . 702 Additions AND Corrections 733 Table of Orders . 736 Glossary . 738 Index . . 749 Plates, with Explanations 761 i-f/2y ^^. h ;« '^'^^\ NOTE. Ix this second issue of the Manual are given all such needed emendations of every kind as have come to our no- tice. Wherever it could be conveniently done, these altera- tions have been made in the plates. The remainder will be found in supplementary "Additions and Corrections" near the end of the volume. PREFACE The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The great advances that have since been made in systematic botany and in the knowledge of our flora have for several years past made another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his death was purposing to undertake. The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in his stead, have endeavored throughout to follow his methods and views. The original plan, so long retained by Dr. Gray and so generally approved, has been closely adhered to, the characters and descriptions of the last edition have been left essentially unchanged so far as possible, and in the numerous alterations and additions that have been considered necessary or advisable, his conclusions and principles have governed in every matter of importance, so far as they could be known. The effort especially has been to maintain that high standard of excellence which has always made the Manual an authority among botanists. In the treatment of the genera and species, Gray's Synoptical Flora has been made the basis in the revision of the Gamopet- alous Orders, and his manuscript in continuation of that work, so far as prepared, for the Polypetalous Orders which precede Leguminosce (excepting Nuphar, the Cruciferce, Caryojyhyllacea'y Viflsj and the small Orders numbered 18, 22, 23, 25-27, and 29). The genus Salix has been rewritten for this edition by M. S. Bebb, Esq., the genus Carex ^y Prof. L. H. Bailey, and the Ferns and allied orders by Prof. D. C. Eatox. For the rest, all known available sources of information have been made use of, and much willing help has been received from botanists in all parts of our territory. 1 noPEinrr ubrart N. C StaU cam 2 PREFACE. The increasing interest that is taken in the study of the Celli}ilar Cryptogams, and the desire to encourage it, have led to the inclusion again of the Hepaticse, which were omitted in the last edition. These have been prepared through the kindness of Prof. L. M. Underwood, though the limits of the volume have necessitated somewhat briefer descriptions than he considered desirable. The three fine plates illustrat- ing the genera of these Orders, which were used in tlie early editions, are also added, with a supplementary one, as well as an additional one in illustration of the Grasses, thus increasing the number of plates to twenty-five. A Glossary of botanical terms is appended, to meet an expressed need of those who use the Manual alone, and a Synopsis of the Orders in their sequence is given, to contrast more clearly their characters, and to show the general principles which have determined their present arrangement. This should be a useful adjunct to the more artificially arranged Analytical Key. Geographical Limits, and Distribution. — The southern limit of the territory covered by the present work is the same as in the later previous editions, viz. the southern boundary of Virginia and Kentucky. This coincides better than any other geographical line Avith the natural division between the cooler- temperate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the xitlantic States. The rapid increase of population west of the Missis- sippi Biver, and the growing need of a Manual covering the flora of that section, have seemed a sufficient reason for the extension of the limits of the work westward to the 100th meridian, thus connecting with the Manual of the Flora of the liocky Mountai7i Eegion by Prof. Coulter. These limits, as well as that upon the north, have been in general strictly observes, very few species being admitted that are not known with some degree of certainty to occur within them. The ex- treme western flora is no doubt imperfectly represented. The distribution of the individual species is indicated some- what more definitely than heretofore in many cases, so far as it could be satisfactorily ascertained. The extralimital range is also sometimes given, but the terms "northward," "south- ward," and "westward" are more frequently employed, signi- f3dng an indefinite range in those directions bej^ond the limits of the Manual. Where no definite habitat is specified, the spe- PREFACE. d cies may be understood as found more or less generally through- out the wliole area, or at least to near the western limits. NOMEXCLATURE, ACCENTUATION OF NaMES, etC. In CaSG of question respecting the proper name to be adopted for any species, Dr. Gray's known and expressed views have been fol- lowed, it is believed, throughout the work. While reasonable regard has been paid to the claims of priority, the purpose has been to avoid unnecessary changes, in the belief that such changes are in most cases an unmitigated evil. Synonyms are rarely given excej)t where changes have been made. As a guide to correct pronunciation, the long sound of the accented vowel (modified often in personal names) is indicated, as heretofore, by the grave accent ('), and the short sound by the acute ('). In regard to the derivations of generic names, many valuable suggestions have been due to W. E. Gerard, Esq., of Kew York. Prominent Characters are indicated by the use of Italic type for the leading distinctions of the Orders, and generally in the specific descrii3tions for those points by which two or more nearly allied species may be most readily distinguished. The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a Synopsis of their leading characters under each order. When- ever a genus comprises several species, pains have been taken to render important differences conspicuous by proper group- ing, and when needed by a series of subordinate divisions and subdivisions. The headings of these various groups are to be considered as belonging to and forming a part of the specific characters of the several species under them, — a fact which the student should always_ bear in mind. Arrangement of the Orders. — The Natural Orders are disposed in very close accordance with the method followed by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum, the princi- ples of which are concisely shown in the Synopsis of Orders which precedes the Analytical Key. The Gymnosi^ermm are retained as a Subclass following the Angiospermous Dicotyle- dons, with which they have an obvious relationship, in pref- erence to placing them, as some authorities would do, next before the Pteridophytes, to which their afiinity, if no less certain, is nevertheless obscure. A more natural arrange- ment than either would be the withdrawal of the Endogens, placing them at the beginning, in perhaps an inverse order. 4 PREFACE. Analytical Key to the Orders. — As stated in Dr. Gray's Preface to the last edition, this is designed to enable the stu- dent to refer readily to its proper Order any of our plants, upon taking the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of the fruit, and by following out a series of easy steps in the analysis. It is founded upon the most ob- vious distinctions which will answer the purpose, and is so contrived as to provide for all or nearly all exceptional in- stances and variant cases. Kef erring to the Order which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive points brought together and printed in Italics in the first sen- tence of the ordinal description, and thus can verify his results. The Synopsis which Ic;, ows will then lead him to the genus, to be verified in turn by the full generic description in its place; and the progress thence to the species is facilitated, when there are several to choose from, by the arrangement under divisions and subdivisions, as already explained. It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascer- tain, first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even without the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is commonly confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower ; — then, if of the first Class, the Subclass is at once determined by the pistil, whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, then the choice between the three Divisions is determined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or united. Each Division is subdivided by equally obvious char- acters, and, finally, a series of successively subordinated prop- ositions, — each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, — leads to the name of the Order sought for, fol- lowed by the number of the page upon which it is described in the body of the work. The book is now submitted to those for whose benefit it has been prepared, in the trust that its shortcomings will meet with friendly indulgence, and with the earnest request that information be kindly given of any corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary. SERENO WATSON. Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 26, 1889. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. Series I. PHiENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing real flowers and seeds. Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Slems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone be- tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass IL often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and becomes the fruit. Cotyledons only two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla botli present; the latter of separate petals. (Apetalous flowers occur in various Orders, as noted under the subdivisions.) A. THALAlMIFLORiE. Stamens and petals liypogynous (free both from the calyx and from the superior ovary), upon a usually narrow receptacle (not glandular nor discoid, except in Reseda, sometimes stipe-like). (Sta- mens and petals upon the partly inferior ovary in some Nymphseaceaj.) Apetalous flowers occur in the Ranunculaceae and Caryophyllacece. * 1. Carpels solitary or distinct (or coherent in Magnoliaceae) ; sepals and petals deciduous (except in Nymphjeacea;) ; leaves alternate or i?ftdical, without stipules (sometimes opposite or whorled and rarely stipular in Ranunculaceaj) ; embryo (except in Nelumbo) small, in flesliy albumen. 1. Ranunculaceae (p. 34). Sepals (3 or more), petals (as many, in regular flowers, or none), stamens (usually many), and carpels (1 -many) all dis- tinct. Truit acheues, follicles, or berries. Mostly herbs. 2. Magnoliaceae (p. 49). Sepals and petals colored alike, in three or more rows of three, imbricate. Fruit conedike, formed of the numerous coher- ing pistils. Trees. 3. Anonaceae (p. 50). Sepals (3) and petals (6, in two rows) valvate. Fruit pulpy. Slirubs or small trees. 4. Menisperniaceae (p. 51 ). Sepals and petals in twos or threes, imbricate. Pistils becoming 1-seeded drupes. Dioecious woody climbers, with pal- mate or peltate leaves. 6 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 5. Berberidaceas (p. 52). Sepals and petals imbricate, each in two rows of three (rarely in twos or fours). Stamens opposite the petals. Pistil solitary, becoming a berry or pod. Shrubs or low herbs. 6. Nymph^acese, in part (p. 54). Sepals and petals each 3, or many in several rows. Pistils becoming coriaceous and indehiscent. Aquatics ; floating leaves peltate. * 2. Carpels (2 or more) united into a compound ovary with parietal, often nerve-like placentae (or the seeds covering the inner surface in Nymph^e- aceffi, and the placentas axile in Sarraceniaceae). Herbs (some Cistaceai somewhat shrubby). •<- Fruit 5 - many-celled ; calyx or whole perianth persistent ; embryo small, at the base of fleshy albumen. 6. Nymph^aceae proper (p. 54). Sepals 2-6. Petals and stamens nu- merous, on a thick hypogynous receptacle or inserted upon the ovary. Capsule 8-30-celled. Aquatics, with peltate or cordate leaves. 7. Sarraceniaceae (p. 57). Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 5-celled. Marsh plants, with pitcher-shaped leaves. H- H- Fruit 1-ceUed, or spuriously 2 - more-celled by partitions connecting the placentas. ++ Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen ; perianth deciduous ; sepals 2. 8. Papaveraceae (p. 57.) Flowers regular. Sepals fugacious. Petals 4- 12. Stamens and seeds numerous. Capsule 2 - several-valved. Juice milky or colored. 9. Fumariaceae (p. 59.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 2-valved (indehiscent and 1 -seeded in Fumaria). Juice watery ; leaves dissected. - 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to bristles or sepal-like scales ; flowers often monoecious or dioecious ; carpels solitary or united. •*■*■ Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a spatlie. 122. Typhaceae (p. 547). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, and monoecious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike. 123. Araceae (p. 548). Flowers perfect or monoecious upon the same spadix, rarely dioecious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none. ++ 4.+ Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating disk- like frond. 124. Lemnaceae (p. 551). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or globose. -I- 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none ; carpels solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin) ; seeds without albumen ; aquatic or marsh plants, often monoecious or dioecious. 125. Alismaceae (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like. 126. Naiadaceae (p. 557). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none. •*- 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in spikes or spikelets, without evident perianth ; stamens 1 - 3 ; ovary 1-celIed, 1-seeded ; seed albuminous. 128. Cyperaceae (p. 567). Scales single. Perianth none or replaced by bristles. Anthers basifixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. Stem solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths. 129. Gramineae (p. 623). Glumes in pairs. Perianth replaced by minute scales. Anthers versatile. Fruit a caryopsis. Culm usually hollow, terete ; sheaths split to the base. Series IL CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS; destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores in- stead of seeds. Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), grow- ing from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct leaves (sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually pros- trate thalliis) ; reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by gemmation. Subclass L VASCULAR ACROGENS, or PTERIDOPHYTES. Stems (and foliage when present) containing both woody fibre and ves- sels ; antheridia or archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus, which is developed from the spore on germination. 2 18 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. * Spores of only one kind ; prothallus bearing antheridia and archegonia. 130. Equisetaceae (p. 675). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike. 131. Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing the fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin. 132. Ophioglossaceae (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation. Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles. 133. Lycopodiaceae (p. 695). Low moss-like plants with elongated stems and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, axillary, 1-3-celled, 2-3-valved. * * Spores of two kinds, the macrospore producing a prothallus with arche- gonia, the microspore smaller and developing antheridia. 134. Selaginellaceae (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with branching stems, and small 4 - 6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary axillary 1 -celled sporangia. 135. Marsiliaceae (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or differ- ent sporangia Avhich are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform. 136. Salviniaceae (p. 701 ). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled 1 -celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating fronds ; macrospores solitary. Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, or BRYOPHYTES. Plants with cellular tissue only ; both antheridia and archegonia borne upon the plant itself. — Including the Musci, or Mosses (which are not treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually de- hisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the Hepatic.e, which bear capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following Orders. * Capsule 4-valved ; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus. 137. Jungermanniaceae (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, 2-ranked, with often a third row beneath ; pedicels slender. * * Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent ; plant a thallus or thalloid stem. 138. Anthocerotaceae (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly branching ; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters mostly without fibres. 139. Marchantiaceae (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epi- dermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral. 140. RicciaceaB (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichoromous, the epidermis eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent-. Elaters none. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS, Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 5.) Subclass L ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two. Division L POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx. 1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on Page an elongated receptacle Magnoliacp:.*:, 49 Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. Leaves opposite, entire ; no stipules. . . . Calvcantiiace.k, 167 Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosa, in RosacezK, 162 Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. . Nelumbo, in NYMPiLt:ACEJ<;, 55 Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct Rosace.«, 150 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. Malvace/E, 96 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Filaments much shorter than the anther ; trees. . . Axonace/E, 50 Filaments longer than the anther. Flowers dioecious ; twiners with alternate leaves. Menispermace.e, 51 Flowers perfect ; if climbers, the leaves opposite. Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous. . Ranunculace.i:, 34 Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in Nvmpilkace.e, 55 Pistils severaMobed, the ovaries united below tlie middle. Resedace.«, 75 Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvace^, 96 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary ; the styles or stigmas may be several. Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. Hypericace^, 92 Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled Rosace.e, 150 Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta. Leaves 2-3-tcrnately compound or dissected. Ranunculace^, 34 Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllnm, in Beuueridace.e, 52 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. l*OKTLLACACE.iE, 90 20 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary compound, 1 -celled, with two or more parietal placentae. Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. . . Papaverace^, 57 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals Capparidace^, 74 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 septals. .... Cistace.^, 76 Ovary compound, several-celled. Calyx valvate in the bud, and Persistent; stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1 -celled. Malvaceae, 96 Deciduous; anthers 2-cel led .... TiLiACEiE, 101 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals. Ternstrcemiace^, 95 Aquatic or marsh herbs ; ovaries many. On 5 placentae in the axis. . . . Sarraceniace.e, 57 On the 8-30 partitions Nymph^ace.i;, 54 2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovarj. Ovary 8 - 30-celled ; ovules many, on the partitions ; aquatic. Nymph^ace^, 54 Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. . . . Amelanchier, in Rosacea, 166 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Leaves alternate, Avith stipules. . . . Pomese, in Rosace^e, 151 Leaves opposite, without stipules. . . Some Saxifragace.e, 163 Leaves alternate, without stipules Styracace^, 333 Ovary 1 -celled, with the ovules parietal. Fleshy plants with no true foliage ; petals many. . C actace^, 1 86 Rough-leaved plants ; petals 5 or 10 Loasace^, 193 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. Port u lac ace.e, 90 B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Pistils 3 - 6, separate ; flowers dioecious ; woody vines. MEMSPERMACEiE, 51 Pistil only one. Ovary one-celled ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Berberidace^, 52 Ovary one-celled ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Style and stigma one ; ovules more than one. . Primulace^, 328 Style 1 ; stigmas 8 ; sepals 2 ; ovules several. Portulacace^, 90 Style twice -or thrice forked ; flowers monoecious. Crotonopsis, in Euphorbiace^, 458 Styles 5 ; o^nile and seed only one. . . . Plumbagixace.e, 327 Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate. . . Vitace.e, 112 Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud ; petals involute. Rhamnace^, 1 1 1 C. Stamens not more than ticice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate ivith them. L Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. the ovary wholly superior, * Ovaries 2 or more, separate. iStamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . Asclepiadace.e, 338 Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutace^, 106 ANALYTICAL KEY. 21 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Tree, ^vith pinnate leaves. . . Ailanthus, in Simarubace^, 107 Low slirub, with pinnate leaves. Xantliorrhiza, in Kanunculace^ 48 Herbs, not fleshy Ranunculace^! 34 Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves Crassclace.c, 176 Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx. Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). Ckassulace.e, 176 Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. Leaves without stipules Saxifragace.i:, 168 Leaves with stipules Rosace.e, 1.50 * * Ovaries 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutace^e 106 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. . . . Sapixdace.e 115 Terrestrial herbs ; the carpels fewer than tlie petals. Saxifragace.e,' 168 »_ * * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. Geraxiace.e, 102 * * * * Ovary only one, and -»- Simple, icith one parietal placenta. Leguminos.^:, 122 H- •*- Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentce, styles, or stigmas. Ovary one-celled. Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. . . . Fumariace.-e, 59 Corolla irregular ; petals aud stamens 5 Violace.e' 78 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary ; shrubs or trees ; stigmas 3. Axacardiace.e 118 Ovules solitary or few ; herbs. . . Some anomalous CRuciFER.i, 61 Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx. . . . Caryophyllace^, 82 Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. Lythrace.*:, 184 Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placenta;. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. Hypericace.e 92 Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. Droserace^, 1 78 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. . Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. . . . Cistace.e, 76 Sepals and petals 4 ; stamens 6. . . Anomalous Crucifer.e, 61 Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens 5 or 10. Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. Passiflorace.e, 194 Ovary sessile Saxifragace^, 168 Ovary 2 - several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers opening at the top. Six or eight and 1-celled ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Poltgalace.e, 120 Ten and 2-celled ; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in Ericace.e, 286 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or gibbous calyx. . . . Cuphea, in Lythrace^, 186 22 ANALYTICAL KEY. Stamens 5-8 or 10, and petals hypogyuous, or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled Sapindace^, 115 Ovary 5 celled. . . . Impatieus, &c., in Gekaniace^, 105 Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals, Triadelphous ; petals 5 Hypericace^, 92 Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) ; petals 4 ; pun- gent herbs. Crucifer.e, 61 Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . Oleace^e, 335 Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . Sapindace^, 115 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs; flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ecphorbiace^, 451 Herbs ; flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. Geraxiace^e, 102 Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c Linace.e, 101 Shrubs or trees. Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in Rutace^, 107 Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. . . . SAPiNDACE.a:, 115 Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. Calyx not minute ; pod colored, dehiscent ; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. Celastrace^, 109 Calyx minute; fruit a berry -like drupe. iLiciNEiE, 107 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many iu each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. Elatinace^S), 91 Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPixDACEiE, 118 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup ; leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in DiAPExsiACEiE, 326 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, iu Geraxiace^, 105 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided Ericace^, 309 Styles 2 - 5, separate. . . . Caryophyllace^, 82 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 iu fruit. Saxifragace^, 168 Style 1 ; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. Lythrace.e, 184 2. Cali/x-tuhe adherent to the ovary, at least to its loiver half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . . Cdcurbitace^, 194 Kot tendril-bearing. .Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . . Portulacaceje, 90 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. . Saxifragace^e, 168 Ovary 2 - several-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. Melastomace.e, 183 ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 Anthers not open in j;^ by pores. Stamens on a flat disk ■which covers the ovary. CKLASTnACE^TE, 109 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Eight or four (rarely five) ; style 1. . . Oxagrace.e, 186 Five or ten; styles 2-3, di.stiiu't. . . Saxifragace-k, 1G8 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens 10 or .5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in RosACEiE, 1G5 Stamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed; herbs. OxAORACKyE, 186 Stamens 4 or 8 ; aquatics ; styles or sessile stigmas 4. Halorage^, 180 Perfect stamens 4 ; styles 2 ; shrub. . . IIamamelide^, 179 Stamens 4 ; style and stigma I ; chiefly shrubs. . . Cornace^, 213 Stamens 5 ; flowers in umbels, ol- rarely in heads. Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. Umbellifera!, 198 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united. Araliace^e, 212 Division IL GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present ; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. A. Stamens more numerous tlian the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. . , , Leguminosje, 122 Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placenta}. Adlumia, &c., in Fumariace^, 60 Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. . Styracace^e, 333 Ovary 2-celled Avitli a single ovTile in each cell. . . PoLYGALACEiE, 120 Ovary 3 - many-celled. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla ; style single. Ericaceje, 309 Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraxiace^, 105 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. Filaments monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. Malvaceae, 96 Filaments 1 - 5-adelphous at base ; anthers 2-celled. Calyx free from the ovary TfiRxsTRCEMiACEyE, 95 Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. Styracace^, 333 Filaments wholly distinct ; calyx free, persistent. EBENACE.aE, 333 Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. Caprifoliace.e, 216 B. Stamens {fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Ovary 5-celled ; corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOXACEiE, 332 Ovary 1-celled; pod several - many-seeded ; style 1. Primulace^, 328 Ovary 1-celled ; utricle 1-seeded ; styles 5. . . Plumbagixace^, 327 C Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate icith them, or fewer. 1, Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube {inferior). Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united. ': . Cucurbitace^, 194 Tendrils none. Stamens united .by their anthers into a ring or tube. Flowers in an involucrate head. .... Composite, 230 Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular. LoBELiACEiE, 305 Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. CAMPAxuLACEiE, 307 24 ANALYTICAL KEY. Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla, One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. Yalerianace^, 228 'Four or five ; leaves opposite or Avhorled. Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. Dipsace^e, 229 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Leaves whorled and without stipules. ) Rubiace^ 222 Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. ) Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles some- times with stipule-like appendages). . CAPRIFOLIACEiE, 216 2, Ovaj-y free from the calyx {superior). * Corolla irregular: stainens {ivith anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1 -4) cells. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Labiate, 403 Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . VEKBENACK.a;, 401 Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell. Ovary and pod 1-celled, With a free central placenta ; stamens 2. . Lentibulace^, 395 With 2 or more parietal very many -seeded placentas ; stamens 4 Orobanchace^, 393 Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. . . . Pedaliace^, 399 Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. Bignoniace^, 398 Ovary and pod 2-celled ; placentae in the axis. Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. Scrophulariace^, 377 Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentae : no albumen. . . . Acanthace^, 399 * * Corolla someichat irregular : stamens {with anthers) 5. Stamens free from the corolla ; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in Ericace^, 320 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in Borraginace^, 367 Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded. Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, Scrophulariace^, 379 Filaments not woolly. . . . Hyoscyamus, SoLANACEiE, 376 * * * Corolla regular. •*- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovaries 2, separate ; their Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, Convolvulace^, 368 Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. Filaments distinct ; pollen in ordinary grains. . Apocynace^, 337 Filaments monadelphous ; pollen in masses. . . Asclepiadace^, 338 Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium). Leaves alternate Borraginaceje, 360 Leaves opposite Mentha, in Labiate, 407 Ovary one ; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at -^he summit. Loganiace^, 345 Ovary one ; not deeply lobed, One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGiNACE-a;, 422 pmpERTT uBiunr N. C. State College ANALYTICAL KEY. 25 One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae. Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. Gextiavace^, 346 Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. IIvDRoi'in llace^, 357 Two- to ten-celled. Leafless parasitic twinini^ plants. Cuscuta, in Coxvolvulace^, 370 Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. . . . Loganiace^, 345 Leaves when opposite without stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1. ERiCACEiE, 309 Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. Ilicine^, 107 Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style I. DiAPENSiACEiE, 326 Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, Four ; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. . . Plantaginace^, 422 Four; ovary 2 - 4-celled ; ovules solitary. . Verbenace^, 401 Five or rarely more. Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . Borragixace^, 3G0 Fruit a few-seeded pod. Calyx 5-cleft ; style 3-lobed or -cleft. . Polemoxiace^, 354 Sepals 5 ; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft ; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. CoxvoLVCLACEiE, 3G7 Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry. Styles 2. . . . Ilydrolea, in Hydropiiyllace.e, 3G0 Style single Solanace^, 373 ■*- •*- Stamens Jewer than the lobes of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells several-seeded. . . . Acanthace^, 399 Ovary 2 -4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. . . . Verijknack^, 401 Stamens only 2 with anthers ; ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in LABiAXiE, 408 Stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2-celled. Low herbs ; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. Plantaginace^e, 422 Herbs ; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, aud slightly irregular. . . . Veronica, in Scrophulariace^, 386 Shrubs or trees : corolla perfectly regular Oleace.e, 335 Division III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A, Flowers not in catkins. 1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), Six-celled; stamens 6- 12 Auistolochiace^, 444 Four-celled; stamens 4. .... Ludwigia, in Onagrace.*, 187 One-celled, with parietal placental. Chrysosplenium, in Saxieragace.e, 172 Ovary aud pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), Two-celled, 2-beaked ; flowers capitate ; tree. . IlAMAMELinEiB, 179 Two-celled, many-ribbed ; aquatic herb. . . . PoDOSXEMACEiE, 444 26 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx. Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity ; stamens 10. Penthornm, in CRASSULACEiE, 176 Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3-.5-celled and circumscissile. Ficoide^, 198 Two-celled or one-celled ; placentas central. Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. Lythrace^, 184 Stamens inserted o: the receptacle or the base of the calyx, Alternate with the .5 sepals. . . • Glaux, in Primulace^, 331 Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARvopHTLLACEiE, 82 One-celled, with one parietal placenta. I . . EANUNCULACEiE, 34 Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. ' 2. Ovanj or its cells containing onlij 1 or 2, rarel// 3 or 4, ovules. * Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearli/ so. Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules, . . Eosace^, 150 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Xanthoxylura, in RuTACEiE, 106 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. Ranunculace^, 34 Calyx absent ; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. Piperace^, 446 * * Pistil one, either simple or compound. Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled ; styles 2 ; stamens many. . . Hamamelide^, 179 Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). Aquatic herbs ; ovary 3-4-celled, or (Ilippuris) 1-celled. Hai.orage^, 180 Mostly Avoody plants; style or stigma one, entire ; ovary 1-celled. Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in Corxace^, 215 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Parasitic on the branches of trees ; anthers sessile. Loranthace^, 449 Not parasitic above ground ;Ha»tliers on filaments. Saxtalace-s:, 450 Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly dioecious. El^eagnace^, 448 Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple Ntctaginace^, 425 Leaves alternate, pinnate. . . . Poterinm, in Rosacea, 161 Ovary plainly free from the calyx, Avhich is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ocrese) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree ; calyx none ; flowers monoecious, in heads. Plataxace^, 466 Herbs ; calyx present and commonly petal-like. PoLYGOXACEiE, 436 Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so. Leaves Avhorled and dissected ; style single. Ceratophyllace.^, 488 Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2 ; ovary 4-celled. Halorage^, 180 Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. . . Phytolaccace^, 435 Ovary 3- (rarely 1-2-) celled ; juice usually milky. Euphorbiace^, 451 ANALYTICAL KKY. 27 Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky. Style, if any, and stigma only one ; leaves simple ; no scarious bracts around the flowers. . UnTiCACEiE, 4G1 Styles 3 ; embryo straight ; flowers involucrate. Eriogonum, in PoLTGOXACEiE, 436 Style or stigmas 2 or 3 ; embryo coiled or curved. Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. . . Cannabineos, in Urticace^, 461 Stipules scarious (or none) ; leaves opposite. Illecebrace^, 426 Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. Amarantacea:,427 Stipules and scarious bracts none . . Chenopodiace.e, 430 Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in Sapindaceje, 115 Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. Oleace^, 335 Ovules single in each cell of the Three - nine-celled ovary ; leaves heath-like. . EMPEXRACEiE, 487 Three-celled ovary ; leaves broad. . . . Rhamkace^e, 111 One - two-celled ovary ; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urticace^, 461 One-celled ovary ; style and stigma single and entire. Anthers opening longitudinally. . . Thymel^aceje, 448 Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . . . Laurace.e, 446 B» Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both soi-ts in catkitis. 1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin4ike heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . Urticace.i;, 461 Fertile flowers single or clustered ; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus). Leaves pinnate ; fertile flowers and fruit naked. Juglandace.e, 467 Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cup. Cupulifer,i;, 470 2. Both sterile and fertile flowers iifvatkins or catkin-like heads. Ovary and pod 2-celled, many -seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelide.e, 180 Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded ; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end Salicace.e, 480 Ovary 1 -2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1 -seeded. Parasitic on trees ; fruit a berry. .... Loranthace.e, 449 Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. Urticace.^i, 461 Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma one, simple ; the flowers in heads. Platanace;e, 466 Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. Cupulifer.e, 470 Fertile flowers single under each scale ; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. . . , Myricace.«, 469 Subclass IL GYMNOSPERM^. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Coxifer.t: 489 28 ANALYTICAL KEY. Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.) A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or Jieshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla {excepting some Aracese and Naiadacese, ivhere, however, the)/ are on a spadix), arid also without glumes (husk)/ scales). Leaves sometimes ivith netted veins. Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnace^, 551 Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. . . . Naiadace^, 557 Eeed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves ; flowers in spikes or heads. Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. Typhace^, 547 Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix ; sepals 6. Acorus, in Arace^, 550 Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly wnth a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled Arace^, 548 B. Petaloideous Divisiox. Floivers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes [perianth) answering to cahjx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like [wholly glumaceous in Juncacese). 1. Perianth adherent to the ichole surface of the ovary. Flowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular. Aquatics ; ovules and seeds several or numerous. Hydrocharidace^, 495 Twiners ; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. Dioscoreace^, 517 Flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds usually numerous. Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. Orchidace^, 497 Stamens three. Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . Burmanxiace^, 496 Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. H^modorace^, 512 Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . . Iridace^, 513 Stamens 6 ; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. Amaryllidace^, 515 2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. H^modorace.e, 512 Perianth smooth ; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in Liliace^, 517 3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary. Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . Alismace^, 553 Pistil one, compound (cells or placentie mostly 3). Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy ; flowers not in dense heads. Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect. Scurfy-leaved epiphyte ; seeds hairy-tufted. . Bromeliace^, 511 Marsh herbs ; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis ; seed without albumen. Juncaginece, in Naiadace^, 557 Terrestrial, not rush-like ; seeds with albumen. Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. "^ Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 col- > Liliace^e, 517 ored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in J Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme- ral deliquescent petals Commelinace^, 538 ANALYTICAL KEY. 29 Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three witli perfect anthers. Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. COMMKLINACE.^, 538 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed Pontederiace^, 535 Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. . . . Mayace^e, 537 Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. . Juxcace^, 539 Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff -like ; flowers in very dense heads. Kush-like or aquatic. Flowers perfect ; inner perianth of three yellow petals ; perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3 ; pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placenta;. Xyridace^, 53G Flowers monoucious or dioicious, whitish-bearded ; sta- raens 4 or 3 ; pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. . Eriocaule^, 56G C Glumaceous Division. Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered bi/ scale-like bracts or glumes. Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . Cyperace^, 567 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. Gramine^, 623 Class III. CKYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.) Subclass I. PTERIDOPHYTES : with woody fibres and vessels. Spores of only one kind ; spore-cases Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, sheathed at the nodes Equisetaceje, 675 On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. Filices, 678 Bival-VTilar, iu special spikes or panicles ; fronds erect in vernation, from short erect rootstocks. . . . Ophioglossace^, 693 Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2 - 3-valved ; low long-stemmed moss- like evergreens; leaves small, in 4-16 ranks. Ly'COpodiacea:, 695 Spores of two kinds, large and small ; spore-cases Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of linear radical leaves. .... Selagikellace^e, 697 Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps ; leaves 4-foliolate. Marsiliace^, 700 Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnatcly branched, Avith minute imbricate leaves. . Salviniace-«:, 701 Subclass II. BRYOPIIYTES : with cellular tissue only. [Cap- sules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the fol- lowing Orders.] Capsule 4-valvcd, pedicellate ; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. JUNGERMANNIACE.E, 702 Capsule 2-valved or valveless ; plants thallose. Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedi- celled or sessile on the thallus. . . Axthocerotaceje, 726 Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. Marchantiace^, 727 Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, iudehisceut. Ricciace^, 730 ABBREVIATIONS 0¥ THE NAMES OE AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. Adans.—Ada,nson, Michel. Ait. — Alton, William. Ait./. — Alton, "William Townsend. All. — Allioni, Carlo. JncZers. — Andersson, Nils Johan. Am. — Amott, George A. Walker. Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch. 5a Ww?. — Baldwin, William. Bart. — Barton, William P. C. Beauv.—TaMsot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Benth. —IBentham, George. Benth. cf Hook. — G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. 5erw^. — Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. 5ess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. ^/eJ. — Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. Bigel. — Bigelow, Jacob. J5isc^. — Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. £oecH. — Boeckeler, Otto. Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. — Borkhausen, M. B. Br., R. Br. — Brown, Robert. Britt. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord. Carr. — Carricre, Elie Abel. Carrinfj. — Carrington, Benjamin. Cass. — Cassini, Henri. Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente. Cham. — Chamisso, Adalbert von. C/ioj9m. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chois. — Choisy, Jacques Denis. Clayt. — Clayton, John, Cf)^«. — Cogniaux, Alfred. Coult. — Coulter, John Merle. Darl., i)arZz«<7. — Darlington, William. DC. — DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus. ^. /)(7._DeCandolle, Alphonse. Decsne. — Decaisne, Joseph. Z)es/'. — Desfontaines, Picne Louiche. Desv. — Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. X»icZ:s. — Dickson, James. Dill. — Dillenius, Johan Jacob. Dough — Douglas, David. Dufr. — Dufresne, Pierre. Dumort. — Dumortier, Barth^lemy C. Eat. — Eaton, Amos. Eh rh . — Ehrhart, Friedrich. JE"?^. — Elliott, Stephen. Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan L. Engdm. — Engelmann, George. Esch. — Eschscholtz, J. F. Fi5c/i.— Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. i^o?/(/. — Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. Forst. — Forster, J. R. and George. F/-oe/. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph. Gacrtn.f. — Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. G«Z. — Galeotti, Henri. Gaud.— Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. Gey. — Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas). Ging. — Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J. Glox. — Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. Gmel.—Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gcoden. — Goodenough, Samuel. Grev. — Greville, Ptobert Kaye. Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. Guss. — Gussone, Giovanni. 7/ac^\ — Hackel, Eduard. Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johann. Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Hausskn. — Haussknecht, Carl. Haw. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy. i75^.— Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aimd Bonpland, and C S. Kunth. JJegelm — Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Herb. —Herbert, William. Hochst. — Hochstetter, Christian F. Hoffm. —Hoffman, Georg Franz. £^0/^. — Hollick, Arthur. ABHUKVIATIONS. 31 77ooA;. — Hooker, William Jackson. //wo^•./. — Hooker, Josci)h Dalton. Ilornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken. //urfs. — Hudson, William. liuehn.— Huebener, J. W. P. Jncq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. A. Juss. — Jussieu, Adrien de. Z., Linn. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linn6. L.f. — Linn6, Carl von (the son). Z'/7er. — L'Heritierde Brutelle, C. L. Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano. jMin. — Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. Ledeb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von, Lehm. — Lehmann, J. G. C. Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich. Z/iy<^— Lightfoot, John. Lindb.— Lindberg, Sextus Otto. Lindenb. — Lindenberg, Johann B. W. Zmf/L — Lindley, John. Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. Lour. — Loureiro, Juan. [L. A. Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey. Mart. — Martens, Martin. Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann. il/ec//c. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Mey. — Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.). Mich. — Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Michx. — Michaux, Andrd. J/jcAa;./. — Michaux, Fran9ois Andre. 3IiU. — Miller, Philip. Mitch. —'ULitchell, J. il/i«. — Mitten, William. 3font. —Montague, (J. F.) Camilla. il/o«7. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. — Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). il/«A/. — Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst). Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de. iV^ti«. — Nuttall, Thomas. P«/;. — Pallas, Peter Simon. Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik. P/rt«cA. — Planchon, Jules l^lmile. Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll. — PoUich, Johann Adam. i2. # iS. — Eoemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes. 72ff/. — Kafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. ^ejVAenft. — Reichenbach, H. (J. L. Richards. — Eichardson, John. Roem. — Roemer, Johann Jacob. Rostk. — Rostkovius, F. W. G. Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries. St. mi. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Salisb. —Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sartw. — Sa.rt-we\l, Henry P. Sav. — Savi, (iaotano. ,Sc///ecA(. — Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. Sc/tleich. — Schleicher, J. C. Schltid. — Sch.leid.eJi, Matthias Jacob. Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich A. Schreb.— Schreber, Johann C. D. Schum. — Schumacher, Christian F. Schirein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de. Scoj). — Scopoli, Johann Anton. (Sc;i(!»7i. — Scribner, F. Lamson. (S//ii///w. — Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibih. — Sibthorp, John. Sieb. cj- Zmcc. — Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini. Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt. Stej)h. — Stej^h.a.m, F. Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. /Si. — Sullivant, William Starling. Taiji—TsLjloT, Thomas. Thuill. — Thuillier, Jean Louis. Thunb. — ThvLuberg, Carl Peter. Thuib. — Thurber, George. Turr. — Torrey, John. Town. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. r?-rt«. — Trattenick, Leopold. Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Underw. — TJnderwood, Lucien M. Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien. Vent. — Ventenat, I^>tienne Pierre. Fe'W. — Villars, Dominique. Wahl. — Wahlenberg, George. Wahlb. — Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. Walp. — Walpers, Wiliulm Gerhard. Walt. — Walter, Thomas. Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Wi'b. — Weber, Friedrich. Wing. — Wiggers, F. H. Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wils. -Wilson, William. Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich. With. — Withering, AVilliam. Wormsk. — Wormskiold. ;^L von. Wr. (Eat. if nv.) — Wright, John. fFw//. — Wulfen, Franz Xaver. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. ° \ ". The sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of minutes ('), for inches ; of seconds ("), for lines, — the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very- near ly equivalent to two millimetres. )tt. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromilli- metre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of a line. $ Bearing only stamens or antheridia. 9 Pistillate or bearing archegonia. 1 A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. Figures or words separated by a short dash (-) indicate the extremes of variation, as "5-10" long, few - many-flowered," i. e. varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers. BOTANY NORTHERN UNITED STATES, SERIES I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. Class I DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted- velned. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMiE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 3 34 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less united.) Order 1. RANUNCULACE^. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid Juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hijpogy- nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few {rarely sin- gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo. — Leaves often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-hke appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CL,JEMATIDE^. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended. — Leaves all opposite. 1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. Tribe II. ANEMONE^E. Sepals 3-20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike. — Herbs, never climbing ; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled. * Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended, ■t- All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled Peduncles 1-flowered. 2. *jiemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dis- secteii. Pistils very many. .3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several. 4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre com- pound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4 - 15, many-ribbed. 1- +- Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious, a. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few. * # Petals none. Sepals 3-5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate. 6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corj'mbose. Fila- ments white, clavate. * * * Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many. 7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended. 8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended. 9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. Achenes capitate. Seed erect. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 35 Tribe III. HKL.L.EBOKE^. Sepals iniliricatud in the bud, rarely persistent, petal- lilie. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staniinodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, few -many-seeded. — Leaves alternate. * Ovules and commonly seeds more tlian one i)air. Ilerbs. -•- Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconsiiicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous. 10. Isopyrum. Petals none. Sej^als broad, wliite. Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. Caltha. PetJils none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves ki(luey-sliai>ed, undivided. 12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves pal- niately lobed. 13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. 14. Helleborns. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped, Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning green. Pods sessile. 15. £rantliis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate. ■*- -t- Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5. 16. Aqnilegria. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound. •»-■»--»- Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5. 17. Delphininm. Ui>per sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two fonns ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 18. Aconitnm. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. ■*-■*-->-■*- Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound. 19. Ciiuicif uga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming many-seeded pods. 20. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. * * Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter. 21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Sta- mens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded bennes. Leaves simple, lobed. 22. Xanthorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5 - 10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves. 1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in tlie bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the per- sistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leaf- stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (KAtj^ot/s, a name of Diosco- rides for a climbing plant with long and lithe brandies.) § 1. FLAMMULA. Flowers r i/mose-pam'culate , rather small, in our species diacious. Sepals petoloid, ichitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers short, blunt. 1. C. Virgini^na, L. (Common Virgin's-Bower.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, wbich are cut or lobed. and somewliat heart- shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — Kiver-banks, etc., common, climbing over shrubs. July, August. 2. C. ligusticifblia, Nutt. Very similar, bjit the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate-ternate. — Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific. 36 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) § 2. VI6KNA, Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none. Anthers linear. •t- Stems climbing; leaves pinnate ; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 3. C. Viorna, L. (Leather-Flower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell- shaped; the purplish sepals {V long) very thick and leathery, wholly connivent or only the tips recurved ; long tails of the fi'uit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2 - 3-lobed or entire ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Kich soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May -Aug. 4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit fili- form and naked or shordy villous; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — S. Ind. to Kan., and Tex. June. 5. C. crispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish- purple sepals (1-2' long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins ; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. (C. cyliudrica, Sims.) — Va. near Norfolk, and southward. May -Aug. ^ •*- Low and erect, mostly simple ; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated. 6. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky beneath ; peduncles long ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses, Long Island to Tenn. and Ga. ; rare. May. 7. C. Fremonti, "Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, sparingly villous-tomentose ; peduncles very short ; tails villous or glabrate, not plumose. — Mo. and Kan. § 3. ATRAGENE. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less petaloid ; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely spreading. 8. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed ; flower bluish-purple, 2-3' across; tails of the fruit plumose. — Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. to Va., Minn., and northwest- ward; rare. May. — A pair of leaves with a peduncle betAveeu them, devel- oped in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. 2. ANEMONE, Tourn. Anemone. Wixd-flower. Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling abortive stamens. Acheues pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower ; peduncles 1 -flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, from Avi^l6a), to be shaken by the wind.) RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 87 § 1. PULSATILLA. Carpels numerous m a head, with long hairy sti/tes which in fruit form feather ji tails, as iti Clematis; flower large, usually with some minute or indistinct (jland-like abortive stamens answering to petals. 1. A. patens, L.,var.Nuttalli^na, Gray. (Pasque-flower.) Villous with long silky hairs ; peduncle solitary ; flower erect, developed before the leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments (leej)ly once or twice cleft into nar- rowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup ; sepals .5 - 7, purplish or whitish (1 -\Y long), spreading when in full anthesis. — Prairies, 111. and Mo., thence northward and westward. March- A])ril. — A sj)an high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu., Siberia.) § 2. ANEMONE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none. * Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed ; involucre far below the flower. t- Stem single, from a small tuber ; sepals 10-20; style filiform. 2. A. Caroliniana, AValt. Stem 3 -6' high; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong. — 111. to Keb. and southward. May. -t- 4- Stems several ; sepals 5-8; style fli form. 3. A. parvifl6ra, Michx. Stem 3-12' high from a slender rootstock, 1-flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions creuate- incised or lobed; involucre 2-3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, Avhite ; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. 4. A. multifida, Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (6-12' high) ; principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, north and westward; rare. June. ^ •1- -t- -H- Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles ; involucral leaves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath (4-6" /o/j^), oval or oblong ; style subulate. 5. A. cylindriea, Gray. (LoxG-FRUiXEr) A.) Slender (2° high), silky- pubescent ; flowers 2-6, on very long upright naked peduncles ; involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-tlivided ; their divisions wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, g;Teeiuii\i-w]ute; head of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Dry Avoods, N. Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May. — Pedun- cles 7-12' long, all from the same involucre and naked throughout, or one involucellate in the middle. 6. A. Virgini^na, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate ; involucral leaves 3, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate , pointed. ^*"t-serrate, the lat- eral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, 38 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. Woods and meadows; common. June - August. — Plant 2-3° higli ; the upright peduncles 6-12' long. * * Achenes naked , orbicular , compressed, vnng-margined ; sepals 5,obovate; involucre sessile. 7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Hairj^ rather low; primary involucre 3- leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or pedunclea with a 2-leaved involucre at the miihlle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves .5-7- parted or cleft; sepals white (6-9" long) ; head of fruit spherical. — W. Kew Eng. to Penn., 111., and northwestward. June- Aug. * * * Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, \ flowered ; leaves radical. 8. A. nemorbsa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled tri- foliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, ^May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower V broad. (Eu.) 9. A. nudicaulis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate Avith rounded crenate-incised or -lobed summit ; involucre of a single similar petiolate leaf or wanting ; achenes glabrous, tipped with a slender-subulate hooked style. — North shore of Lake Superior near Sand Bay, Minn., in bogs. {Joseph C. Jones.) Imper- fectly known. 3. HEPATIC A, Dill. Lr-er-leaf. Hepatica. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone. — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the floAvers, which tre single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse ; sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly Avhite ; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. — Woods ; common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward , flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.) 2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or some- times .5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Passes into the other and has the same range. 4. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8 - lO-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous perennial ; leaves all radical, compound. RANUNCULACEy*:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 39 1. A. thalietroides, Spach. (Uue-Anemose.) Stem and slender pe- tiole of iiuliial leaf (a s])au liii^li) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous roots; leaves 2-3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at tlie base, loug-petiolulate, those of the 2-3-leaved 1-2- ternate involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel; sepals oval (^' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, Alichx.) — Woods, common, flowering in early spring with Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Karely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets. 5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Kle. Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. I'etals none. Achenes 4 - 15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with alternate 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked ; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or diacious. (Derivation obscure.) * Flowers dioecious or sometimes })oli/(/amous, in ample panicles; Jilaments slen- der; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate ; achenes sessile or s/iort-stipilate, ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved. 1. T. dioicum, L. (Early Meadow-Kue.) Smooth and pale or glau- cous, 1-2° high; leaves (2-3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping, rounded and 3 - 7-lobed ; flow^ers purplisli and greenish, dioecious ; the yel- lowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on tine capillary filaments. — llocky woods, etc. ; common. April, May. 2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (Tall M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4-8° high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips,-,sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles very compound ; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, Idunt, the mostly wliite filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, Man., not L.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, N. Eng. to Ohio and southward ; common. Jul^ - Sept. 3. T. purpur^SCens, L. (Pl-rplish M.) Stem (2-4° high) usually pur])lish ; stem-leaves sessile or nearly so ; leaflets more veiny and reticulated beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms; panicles compound ; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish, ditecious; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary filaments occasionally broadened at the summit. — Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New Eng. to Minn., and soutliward. May, June. * * Flowers all perfect, corgmhed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther ; stigma short ; achenes gibbous, long-stipitate. 4. T. clavatum, DC. Size and ap])earance of n. 1 ; leaves only twice ternate ; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5-10, flat, somewhat crcscent-sliaj)ed, tapering into the slender stijic. — Mountains oi Va. and soutliward. June. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. False Bugbane. Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in- flated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-l«»bed leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 40 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. T. palm^ta, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2-3° high; root-leaves large, 5- 11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. — Moist ground along streamlets, Md. to S. Ind., and south to Ga. 7. ADONIS, DiU. Sepals and petals (5 - 1 6) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numer- ous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. .Seed suspended. — Herbs with finely dis- sected alternate leaves and showy flowers. {"ASwvis, a favorite of Venus,"after his death changed into a flower.) A. autujinAlis, L. a low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers, darker in the centre. — Sparingly naturalized from Europe. 8. MYOStlRUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20. Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from fxds, a mouse, and ovpd, a tail), the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 1. M. miniinus, L. Fruiting spike 1 -2' long; achenes quadrate, blunt. — Alluvial ground, 111. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.) 9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials ; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.) R. FicXria, L. (representing the § Ficaria), which has tuberous-thickened roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing a 3-sepalous and 8-9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as an escape from gardens about New York and Pliiladelphia. § 1. BATRACHIUM. Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or only the claw yellow ; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled ; aquatic or sub- aquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected {mostly by threes) into capillary divisions ; peduncles \-Jlowered, opposite the leaves. * Receptacle hairy. 1. R. eircinktUS, Sibth. (Stiff Water-Crowfoot.) Zea res all under water and sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdi- visions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing ichen with- drawn from the water. (E. divaricatus, Man., not Schrank.) — Ponds and slow streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and westward, much rarer than the next. June - Aug. (Eu.) 2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichoph^Uus, Gray. (Common White Water-Crowfoot.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil- lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less when withdrawn from the water; petiole rather narrowly dilated. — Com- RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41 mon, especially in slow-flowiug waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June -Aug. (Eu.) Var. csespitbsus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions. — S. 111. (Schneck), and westward. * * Receptacle glabrous ; no submersed leaves. R. hederXceus, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform, angulate-lobed. — I'resh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Xat. from Eu.) §2. HALODES. Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels thin-walled, striate, in an oblony head ; scapose, spreading bi/ runners. 3. R. Cymbal^ria, Pursh. (Sea-side Crowfoot.) Glabrous ; scapes 1-6' high, 1 -7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of tlie long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney -shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5-8. — Sandy sliores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to 111., Kan. and westward ; also at salt springs. June -Aug. §3. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow ; achenes nerveless. * Achenes smooth; mostly perennial. •*- Aquatic ; immersed leaves Ji I if or inly dissected, as in § Batrachium. 4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Stems float- ing or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ; emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped di- visions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed; petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 4-6" long, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak. — E. New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., and northward. May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in Var. terrestris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the base ; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline ; flowers and fruit twice or thrice smaller. — N. Ohio to N. 111., Minn., and westward. -t- +- Terrestrial but growing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear ; carpels forming a globular head. (Spearwort.) 5. R. ^mbigens, Watson. (Water Plantain Spearwort.) Stems ascending (1 -2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3 - 5' long), contracted into a mar- gined half-clasping petiole; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (2-3" long); carpels flattened, large (1" long), pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak. (R. alismffifolius, Man., not Gey.) — N. Eng. to Out., Minn, and southward ; com- mon, especially at the north. June - Aug. 6. R. Fl&ramula, L. (Smaller Spearwort.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below , leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate- oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1 -2' long) , petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, carpels small, fattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point. — Only a small form (var. inter- 42 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) iiiiDius) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, and northward), a span high, with flowers 3 - 5" in diameter, passing into Var. reptans, E. Meyer. (Creeping S.) Small, slender, the JiUform creeping stems rooting at all the joints ; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (i- 1' long) ; flowers small. — Gravelly or sandy banks ; Newf . to Penn., north and westward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 7. R. oblongifolius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, often pubescent below, slender (1-2° high), dij/useli/ branched above and viang-Jiowered ; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (i-H' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3-5'' broad; petals 5, bright yellow, 1 -Z" long; carpels minute, almo&t globular, the small style deciduoua. — Wet prairies, 111., Mo., and in S. States. June. 8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6-18' long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart- shaped (^' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1 - U' long) ; foivers very small ; petals 1 - 5, yellowish ; stamens 3 - 10 ; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places, S. New York, and southward along the coast. June- Aug. 4- -f- H- Terrestrial, but often in wet places ; leaves mostly cleft or divided. •w- Ruot-leaves not divided to the very base; achenes margirdess. 9. R. affinis, K. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous ; low or slender, 1° high or less ; leaves pcdately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate divisions; petals light yellow, 3-4" long or smaller; heads oblong; achenes turgid, with small an.d mostly recurved style, pubescent or glabrous. — And var. VALiDus, Gray, stouter and with more fleshy leaves, the lower mostly undivided and round isli, cordate, truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate or more or less cleft. — Minn,, Iowa, north and westward. 10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Loav (3-8' high), hairy; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem- leaves similar or 3 - 5-lobed, the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels orbicular icith a minute beak, in a globose head ; petals large, deep yellow. — Prairies, Mich, to N. lU., Minn., and northward. April, May. 11. R. abortivus, L. (Small-flowered C.) Biennial, ^/a&rous, branch- ing, 6' -2° high ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem and branches 3 - 5-parted or divided, subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed ; head globose ; carpels mucronate, with a minute curved beak ; petals pale yellow, shorter than the small refiexed calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks, common. April- June. Var. micranthus, Gray. Pubescent, roots often fusiform-thickened; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided ; peduncles more slender and carpels fewer, — E, Mass. to 111., Minn., and westward. 12. R. seelerktus, L. (Cursed C.) Annual, glabrous; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical llANUNCULACKiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 43 heads; petals scarcely exceeding the calijx. — Wet ditches; appearing as if introduced. Juue-Auf^. — Stem thick and liollow, l°high; juice acrid and blistering; leaves thickish; flowers small, pale yellow, (Ku.) ++ -t-^ Leaves varioushj cleft or divided ; achenes in [/lobular heads (except n. 17), compressed, with an evident Jinn man/in; hirsute or pubescent. = Achenes with long recurved beak ; root-leaves rareli/ divided. 13. R. reCUrv^tUS, Toir. (Hooked C.) Ilii-sutc, 1-2° high; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large ; the lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2 -3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. = = Stijle long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part usually deciduous; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the later S-b-J'oliolale ; petals bright yellow. 14. R. fascicul^ris, Muhl. (Early C.) Low, ascending, 5-9' high, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; 7-00/ a cluster of thickened Jleshy Jibres ; radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-di\ided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the leugtli of tlie spreading calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, ti])ped with a slender straight or rather curved beak. — Dry or moist hills. April, May. 15. R. septentrionklis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; stems ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming lonq runners; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least tiie terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variousl\- cut, never pinnately compound ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightisli beak. (R. repens, of Manual, mainly.) — Moist or shady places, etc.. May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before any long runners are formed. -^ = — = Style subulate, stigmatose along tlie inner nifirgin, mostly persistent.-' 16. R. repens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last spe- cies ; leaves frequently white-vari-egated or spotted ; commencing to flower somewhat later. — In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near the coast and probal)ly iiitroduced from Europe, but indigenous westward. 17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L.f. (Bristly C.) Stout and erect from a usually annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the top, 1-2° high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; flowers inconspicu- ous; calyx reflexed; head of carpels oblong. — Wet places, common. June- Aug. 18. R. hispidus, Ilook. (not Michx. or DC). Kesembling the last, but the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always hirsute ; petals (about 3" long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon decid- uous calyx ; achenes with a stout straiglit beak, in a globose or oval head. — On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north and westward ; i.robably in N. Minn. 44 KANUNCULACKyE. (CKOWFOOT FAMILY.) R. BULB6srs, L. (Bulbous C. or Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect from a bulb-like base, 1° high ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked aud 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at hase ; calyx reflexed ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in E. New Eng- land; rare westward. May -July. — Leaves' appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than au inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) R. XcKis, L. (Tall C. or Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect (2-3° high) ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common, especially eastward. June- Aug. — Elower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when these plants are cut Avith hay. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Achenes beset with rourjh points or small prickles ; anjiuals. R, MURicATUS, L. Nearly glabrous ; lower leaves roundish or reniform, .3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals lonqer than the'cali/x; carpels Jlat, spin/f-tubei-culate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir- ginia and southward. (Xat. from Y.u.) R. parvifl6ri"s, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse; lower leaves roundish- cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - .5-parted ; petals not longer than the califx -/carpels minuteli/ hispid and ronrjh, beaked, narrowly margined. — Norfolk, Va., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals .5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or mo4-e, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2 -several- seeded. — Slender smooth perennial herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2 -3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terriiinal, white. (From laoirvpov, the ancient name of a Fumaria.) 1. I. biternatum, Torr. <& Gray. Petals none; filaments white, club- shaped; pistils 3-6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds smooth. — Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn, and southward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Anemonella. 11. C ALT HA, L. Marsh Marigold. Sepals .5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Au ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.) 1. C. pallistris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney- shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and Avet meadows, common northward. April, May. — Often called incorrectly Cowslips ; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower. C. flabellifolia, Pursh, is a weak slender form, with opeu- rcniform leaves and smaller flowers (P broad or less), occurring in cold moun- tain springs,. N. Y. to Md. (Eu.) RANUNCLLACEJE. (CKOWFOOT lAMIJ.V.) 4"> 12. TROLLIUS, I.. (ii.oiiK-ri.owKH. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. I'etals niiincious, small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. I'ods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded — Smooth jierennials with pal mately parted and cut leaves, like Ha- nunc-ulus, and large solitary terminal Howers. (Name thought to be derived from the old Cicrman word trull, a globe, or something round.) 1. T. laxus, Salisb. (Sphkadinu GLonE-FLOWEK.) Leaves 5 - 7-parted ; sepals 5 -G, spreading ; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much slunter than tlie stamens. — Deep swamps, N. II. to Del. and Mich. May. — Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals sj)reading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the European (Jlohe-Jioiccr of the gardens, nor is tlie blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or ncnily white. 13. COPTIS, vSalisb. Cjoi.dthkead. Sepals 5- 7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. I'istils 3-7, on slender stalks. Tods diver- gent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-sceded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided I'oot-leaves, and small wliite flowers on scapes. (Name from kotttw, to cat, alluding to tlie divided leaves.) 1 C. trif61ia, Salisb (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed , scape 1-flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward , extending south to Maryland along the moun- tains, and west to Iowa. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3-5' high. (Eu.) 14. HELLEBORUS, Tourn. Hellkhokk. Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Tetals 8- 10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lipped. ristils 3- 10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs, with ample palmate or ])edate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.) H. vfuiDis, L. (Green IIellkboiu:.) Koot-leaves glaVirous, pedate; calyx spreading, greenish. — lias been found wild on Long Island, in I'enn., and W Va. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. ERA NT HIS, Salisb Winter Aconite. Sepals 5- 8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-li]))ri>ifi, and IkvQos, jhnrer.) E. hvemXlis, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-sliai)ed, U' in «liameter; petals shorter than the stamens. — Near Philadelpliia. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Collmhine. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Per- ennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and sliowy termiualing the branches. (Name from iujnileyus, water- drawing.) 46 RANUNCLLACE^.. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Spurs nearly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Ivocks, common. April- June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, 60 that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. 2. A. brevistyla, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly white ; spurs incurved. — Red River valley, Dak. ; Rocky Mts., northAvard. A. vulgXris, L., the common Garden Columbine, of Europe, with hooked spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 17. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short cIeavs; rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many -seeded pods in fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.) * Perennials, indigenous ; pistils 3. 1. D. exalt^tum, Ait. (Tall Larkspur.) Stem slender, 2-5° high; leaves deeply 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, di\'erging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; flowers pur- plish-blue, downy ; spur straight; pods erect. — Rich soil, Penn. to Minn, and southward. July. 2. D. tricorne, Michx. (Dwarf L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few-flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods stromjly diverrjing. — W. Penn. to Minn, and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6' -3° high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white, occasionally numerous. 3. D. azureum, Michx. Leaves deeply 3 -5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict: spur ascending, usually curved upward; pods erect. — Wise, to Dak. and southward. May, June. — Stem 1-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. * * Annual, introduced ; petals 2, united into one body ; pistil single. D. Cons6lida, L. (Field L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes ; inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod gla- brous. — Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va. ; also sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) D. AjXcis, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose; pods pubescent. — Sparingly escaped from gardens in E.Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 18. ACONITUM, Tourn. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel- met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usuallv wrinkled or scalv. — Perennials, with RANUNCULACK^l':. (CP.OWKOOT FAMILY.) 47 palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in rarfincs or panirks. (The anciont Greek and Latin name, of uncertain li/ 3-7-<-left, petioled, the lower orbicular in outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobed ; y/oM-crs white, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight- beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Va., and southward in the Alleghauics. Aug. — Lower leaves 5-6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bic.nANE. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after tlie flower expands. Petals, or rather tran.sformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in Aetata. Pistils 1 -8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 2-3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elongated wand-likc racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, andy»^o, to drive away.) § 1. CIMICIEUGA proper. Pistils 3-S, stijutafe ; seeds fattened laterallij, covered ivith chajfij scales, in one row /» the inembranaceotis pods ; style aivt-shaped ; sti/])0(/i/noHS, polf/androus, pobjuynons ; t/ic cd/i/j: and. aorolla colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and inihricatcil (rardi/ con- volute) in the hud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re- ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of (leshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen fleshy; embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. 1. MAGNOLIA, L. Scpuls 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, atid long anthers oj)eniiig inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry -like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, eacli pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is fohled lengthwise and applied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) * Leaves all scattered alonp the branches; leaf-buds silky. 1. M. glauca, L. (Small or Lauhel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.) Leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, 3-6' long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower globular, white, 2' long, vert/ fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, ob- long.— Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the const; in Penn. as far west as Cumberland Co. June-Aug. — Shrub 4-20° high, with tliickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen. 2. M. acuminata, L. (Cicumber-tree.) Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath, 5-10' \oi\g; floiver oblong bell-ahajud , glaucous-fjreen tinged with yellow, 2' long ; cone of fruit 2-3' long, cylindri- cal.— Rich woods, Avestern N. Y. to 111., and southward. Afivy, June. — Tree 60-90° high. Fruit when young slightly reS'Miilding a small (iKiunbcr, whence the common name. 3. M. maeroph^Ua, Michx (Great-leaved Magnolia.) Leaves obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white Iwneafh ; flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base ; petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of fruit ovoid. — S. E. Ky. and southward. May, June. — Tree 20-40° high. Leaves 1-3° long, somewhat clustered on the flowering !)ranches. * * Leaves crowded on the summit nf the flowering branches in an umbrella-like, circle : lenf-buds glabrous : fowers white, slightli/ scented. 4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (Pmbrella-tree.) Leaves oborate-lanceolate, jioinied at both ends, soon glabrous, 1-2° long; jiotnls obovate-oblong, 4-. ■>' long. — S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May. — A small trc«. Fruit roso- color, 4 -.')' long, ovoi(l-ol)long. 50 magnoliacete. (magnolia family.) '). M. Fr^eri, Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.) Leaves ohlong- ohonite or spotulate, auriculate at the base, gliibrcms, 8-20' long ; petals obovate- spatulate, with uarroAv claws, 4' long. — A-^a. and Ky., along the Alleghaiiies, and sovithAvard. April, May. — A slender tree 30 -.50° high. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding. 2. LI HI ODE ND RON, L. Tulip-tree. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a hell-shaped corolla. Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and nar- row, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded in the small cavit}- at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, tlie folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points to the base of tlie bud. (Name from Xlpiov, lily or tulip, and 5ev8pou, tree.) 1. L. Tulipifera, L. — Kich soil, S. Kew Eng. to Mich., Wise, and south Avard. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8-9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is Avrongly called White Poplar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad sliallow notch. Petals 2' long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long. Ordkr 8. ANONACE^E. (Custard- Apple Family.) Trees or slirnhs, wltJi naked hurls and no slijndes. n C(dijx of 3 sepals, and a corolla of (^ petals in tiro rows, valcate in the hud, hypofjynous, pohj- androus. — Petals thiokish. Anthers adnate, opening outward ; fila- ments very short. Pis-ils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropoiis, large, with a crusta- ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. — A tropical family, excepting the following genus : — 1. ASIMINA, Adans. North American Papaw. Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. vStamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1 -4 large and oblong pulpy several seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. — Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of -the French colonists, from the Indian name assimin.) 1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate lan- ceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, western N. Y. and Penn. to 111., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May. — Tree 10-20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clotlied with a rusty down, soon gla- brous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1^' wide. Fruits 3-4' long, yel- lowish, sweet and edible in autumn. MENISPERMACE^. ( MOONSEKD FAMILY.) 51 Order 4. MENISPERMXCEiE. (Mooxseed Family.) Woody climbers, wUh palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy- pogynous, dicecious, 3-6-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens sev' eral. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiriui, so that the seed and embryo arc bent into a cres- cent or ring. — Chiefly a tropical family. * Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celle(l. Seed incurved. 1. Cocculns. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. 2. Menisperiniiin. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8. * * Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped. 3. Calycocarpuiu. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. 1. COCCULUS, DC. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short. Anthers 4-cened. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers; style pointed. Drujte and seed as in Menispermum. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (.An old name, a diminutive of coccus, kokkos, a lierry.) 1. C. Cai'Olinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish, the petals iu the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-bauks, Va. to S. 111., Kan., and southward. July, Aug. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. Mooxseed. Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 iu the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle ; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embrvo therefore is horseshoe-shaped; cotyledons filiform. — Flowers wlute, in small and loose axillary panicles. (Name from iJ.r}vr], moon, and (nrfp/xa, s>rd.) 1. M. Canadense, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, .3-7-angled or lobed. — iJanks of streams; common. June, July. — Drupes l)lack with a bloom, ripe iu September, looking like frost grapes. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Xutt. Clpseed. Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short ; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a rach'ate many-cleft stigma. Drupe globular ; tlie thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on one side. End)ryo fuliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-wliite, in long racemose panicles. (Xame from kuKv^, a cup, and napiros, fruit.) 1. C. Ly6ni, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3- o-lobed, cordate at the base; the lobes acuminate; drupe an iuch long, black when ripe; the shell 52 BERBERIDACE^. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. — Rich soil, Kv. to S. 111. and Kan., and southward. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Order 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (Barberry Family.) Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu- allij in two rows of 3 {rarely 2 or 4) each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them ; anthei's opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style Aort or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate. * Petal;? ;niArK^:. (hakhkijuy iamii.v.) 53 ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, anil witiiering away ; the sjiherical seeds naked on tlieir thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, the fleshy integument turning bine; albumen hornv. — A perennial glabrc^us herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in eariv spring a sini])le and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternatelv com- pound sessile leaf (whence the name, from Kav\6s, slein, antl LANTS.) f,l Order 7. SARRACKNIACE^. (I'itcher-Plants.) Polijcindrous and hf/pof/ynons bof/-plan(s, tcii/i Iiollow pitcher-form or trumpet-ahaped leaves, — comprising one plant in tlu- mountains of Gui- ana, another (Darlingtonia, Turr.) in California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United States. 1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Side-saddlk Fi.owkr. Sepals 5, with 3 hractlets at the hase, colored, persistent. I'etals 5, ohlong or obovate, mcurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 5-celled, glohose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-sliaiied body , the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1 -flowered ; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr. Snrrasin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.) 1. S. purpurea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. riTcriER-PLAXT. Hunts- man's Clt.) /.c«i-e6- yj/fc/jer-i'/fayx'c/, ascending, curved, broadly winged ; the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish-yellow style. — Varies rarely Avith greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. — Peat-bogs ; common from N Eug. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned in- sects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing down- ward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high ; it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. 2. S. flava, L. (Trumpets.) Leaves lonrj (1-3°) and trnmpet-shnped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the bavse; wing almost none; Jloiver yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Va and southward. April. Order 8. PAPAVERACE^E. (Porrv Fa.mily.) Herbs ivith milky or colored Juice, rerpdar flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary \-celled with two or more parietal placentce. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 1 6, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in (ilaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1 -flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid. 58 PAPAVEKACE^. ( POPPY FAMILY.) * Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved. 1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock. * * Petals 4, crumpled iu the bud. Pod 2-valved or more. •t- Pod 2-4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow. 2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly; stjde distinct ; stigmas and placentas 3-4. 3. Chelidoniiim. Pod linear, smooth ; style almost none ; stigmas and placentas 2. 4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-ceIled by a spongy partition ; style none. -t- -I- Pod 4- 20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle. 5. Papaver. Ovary inconipletely many-celled ; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown. 6. Argeinone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4 - 6. Pod and leaves prickly. 1. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Blood-root. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short ; stigma 2-grooved. Tod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. 2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Celaxdixe Poppy. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2-4-lobed. Pods bristly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren- nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1 - 3-leaved, and umbellately 1 - few-flowered at the summit ; the flower-buds and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From (TTvXos, stt/le, and 0epa», to bear, one of the distinctive characters.) 1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; flower deep yellow (2' broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod oval. — Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wise, and Tenn. May. — Foliage and flower resembling Celandine. 3. CHELIDONIUM, L. Celaxdixe. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none ; stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- ward. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from x^-'^'Swj', the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.) C. mXjus, L. (Celaxdixe.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. Horx-Poppt. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crest- lUMAKIACKi*:. (lUMiroUY FAMILY.) 59 less. — Animals or biennials, with saffron-colorod juico, claspiiip^ leaves, and solitary yellow Howers. (The Greek, name, 7Aou»cio»', from the glaucous fuliap;e.) G. j.Cjtkim, Scop. Lower leaves ]tiunatifi(l ; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, conhitc-elaspinfif ; pods rou<;h («)-!()' hn\o(l (j/olxise ; coroHa mostly white or purple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Ku.) P. DtniiM, \j. (S.MooTn-FuriTKi) CoijN-roi'i'v.) Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks bristli/ ; jnxh cluh-ahajted, smooth ; corolla liglit scarlet. — Cult, grounds, Westchester, I'enn., and southward; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) P. Arge>i6ne, \j. (Rough-fkuitki) C.) Smaller, wit!) finernut leaves and paler flowers than the last ; ])ods rlub-shaped and bristlij. — Waste ground.s, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. AR GEM ONE, L. Prickly Poppy. Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none; stigmas 3 - 6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top. Seeds crested. — Annuals or biennials, Avith prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Elower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from &py€fxa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice of a ])lant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.) 1. A. platyceras. Link &, Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white, li-2' long; capsule armed with stout spines. — Central Kan. and Neb., south and westward. A. MexicXna, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. — Waste places, southward. July -Oct. (Adv. from troj). Amer.) Order 9. FUMAKIACEiE. (Fumitory Family.) Delicate sjnooth herbs, witli rcuterji juice, compound dissected leaves, irref/idar Jlowers, with 4 somcwhd united pctrds, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs; the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hvpogynous ; their fdaments often united: middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-sceded and indehiscent, or several-seedengelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as long as the Ixxly ; jiods loss torulose, on short pedicels; seeds acutish on the margin. — Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward. 4. PUMARIA, Tourn. Fumitort. Corolla l-spurred at tlie base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, globular, l-soo(U'd. Seeds crcstloss. — Hrancbcil ;ind leafy stennned annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small liowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from /)//«'/.«, smoke.) P. OFFICINALIS, L. (Common Ft mitokv.) Sej^ls ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharjdy toothed, narrower and shorter than the condla (which is fleshn'olor tijiped witli crimson); fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, al)out dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) Order 10. CRUCIFERyI^. (Mustard Family.) Herbs, icith a pungent water if juice and cruciform tetrad ijnainnus fnicers ; fruit a silique or silicic. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their sproadin'j limbs form- 62 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) ing a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the two marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceoiis). Seeds campylotropous, without albu- men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons decumbent, viz., their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o= ; or else incumbent, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, thus o||. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they are conduplicate, thus o». In Leavenwortliia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs ; pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves. * Pod comiiressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattisli, orbicular or oval ; cotyledons accumbent or nearly so. -•- Pod large, oblong-elliptical , valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow. 1 . Selenia. Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged. -»- -•- Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow only in n. 2. 2. L,eavenworthia. Seed winged ; embrj^o straight or nearly so. Annual ; stem often scapose, 1 - few-flowered. 3. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2-3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, long-styled. Seeds wingless ; cotyledons thick, very unequal. 4. Cardaixiine. Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless; cotyledons flattened, cfjual. I- -I- -(- Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular; valves l-nerved or nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows (except in species of n. 5). 6. Arabis. Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less l-nerved. Seeds winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at least below. 6. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate ; valves flat or flattish, faintly nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous. 7. Alyssiim. Pod orbicular : valves veinless, somewhat convex with flattened margin. Seeds wingless, 2-4. ♦ * Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. Seeds wingless, more or less turgid. ■t- Pods short. (See also n. 11.) 8. Ijesquerella. Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded ; valves ner\-eless. Cotjdedons accumbent. Flowers yellow. 9. Camelina. Pod obovoid, many-seeded, valves l-nerved; style slender. Cotyledons incumbent. Flowers yellow. 10 Subularia. Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded , valves l-nerved ; style none. Coty- ledons long, folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf stem less aquatic. CRUCiFER.*:. (mustard I amily.) 63 4- t- Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 11). ♦♦ Cotyledons accumbent. 11. Nasturtium. Pod often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds s mall, in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white. 12. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-8ided ; valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers yellow. ♦+ ++ Cotyledons incumbent or partially so. 13. Hesperis. Pod terete, elongated ; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers large, purple. 14. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided ; valves strongly 1-nerved ; stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pu- bescence of appressed 2-3-parted liairs. Flowers yellow. 15 Sisymbrium. Pod angled or teretish ; valves 1-3-nerved; stigma small. Flowers yellow or white, small. 16. Tlielypodium. Pod teretish ; valves 1-nerved ; stigma entire. Cotyledons ob- liquely incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled. •M- ++ -w- Cotyledons conduplicate. 17. Brassica. Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish. * * Pod short ; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. 18. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. 19. Tlilaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 20. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 21. Seuebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from the little paitition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints 1 -celled. 22. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed ; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent, 23. Kaplianus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted between the seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate. 1. SELENIA, Nutt. Pod large, ohlong-elliptical, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows iu each cell, rounded, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle short. — A low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate raceinos of yellow flowers. (Name from treATjj/Tj, the moon, with allusion to Lunaria, which it somewhat resembles in its pods.) 1. S. aiirea, Nutt. Lobes of the simj)ly pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ; pod h' long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style. — Mo. and Kan. to Tex. 2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; tlie valves nerveless, but minutely re- ticulate-veined. Seeds in a single row in eacli cell, flat, surrounded by a thick wing. Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent iu the direc- tion which if continued would make tlic orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, witli lyrate leaves and short 1 -few-flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of the late M. C. Leavemcorth.) 1. L. MichatlXii, Torr. Scapes 2-6' high; leaMol)es usually numer- ous (7-15); petals purjjlish ur nearly white with a yellowiah baae, obtuse; 64 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6-15'' long); style short. — S. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. 2. L. toruldsa, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear; style 1-2" long; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals emargiuate. — Barrens of Ky. and Tenn. 3. DEN TAR I A, Tourn. Toothwort. Pepper-root. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and very une- qual, their margins somewhat infolding each other. — Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless be- low, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle, and terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large Avhite or purple flow- ers. Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds larger than is usual in Carda- mine. (Name from dens, a tooth.) * Rootstoclc elongated ; leaves 3-foliolate. 1. D. diph^lla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute; petals white. — Kich woods, Maine to Minn, and Ky. May. — Eootstocks 5-10' long, crisp, tastiug like Water-Cress. * * Rootstock tuberous, more or less monUiform ; leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted. 2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor prominently tubercled ; root-leaves often none ; stem-leaves 3-parted, the lat- eral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less gash- toothed ; flowers wliite or rose-color. — N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., and southward. April, May. — Var. MULxfriDA, a slender form with the narrowly linear seg- ments usually more or less divided into linear lobes. (D. multifida, Muhl.) Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits. 3. D. heteroph;^lla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narroAvly oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled ; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets distinctlv petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate, rarely laciniate or lobed ; root-leaves Avith ovate or lanceolate and usually lobed leaflets. — Penn. to Ky. and southward. Blooming a little later than the last. 4. D. maxima, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled ; stem-leaves usually alternate, 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and somewhat cleft or lobed. — Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. May. 4. CARDAMINE, Tourn. Bitter Cress. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentas and partition thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accum- bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate. — Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from itp cordial or cardiacal qualities.) CRl'OIFEH.*:. (mI'STAUI) kamflv.) 65 * Root perennial ; leaves simple. 1. C. rhomboidea, ])C. (Simung Ckkss.) .stems upright from a tu- berous base and slox/ir rootsiock bearing small tubers, sivijile ; root-leaves round aud often heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rlioinl)ic-ol)long, somewhat petioled, tlie upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparin<;ly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style ti])ped with a consjjicuous stigma ; seeds round-oral. — Wet meadows aud springs; common. April -June. — Flowers large, wliite. Var, purptirea, Torr. Lower (4-6' high), and usually slightly pnbes- lont; flowers rose-pur])le, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil. Western N. Y. to Md. and Wise. " 2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (Mountain Water-Cress.) Stems branch- ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners, root Jibrous : leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the ba.se, petioled ; pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style ; stigma minute ; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, N.J. (Middletown, M'/7//.s) to Ky., and southward along the mountains. May, June. — P'lowers white, smaller than in u. 1. 3. C. bellidifblia, L. Z)zror/'(2-3' high), alpine, tufted; leaves ovate, entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4" long), on long petioles; pods 1' long, upright, linear ; style nearlij none, stout. — Summits of the White Mountains and Katahdiu, Maine. July. — Flowers 1 -5, white. (Eu.) * * Root perennial ; leaves pinnate ; Jlowers show g. 4. C. pratensis, L. (Cuckooflower.) Stem ascending from a short rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7 - 13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice tl;e length of the calyx ; pod 9-15" long, \" broad j stvle short. — Wet places and bogs, Vt. to N. J., Wise, and northward; rare. May. (Eu.) * * * Root mosthj biennial or annual; leaves pinnate ; flowers small, white. 5. C. hirsuta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Glabrous or beset with scattered hairs, stems (3' -2° high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster of root-leaves; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire ; pods linear, very narrow, erect or ascending; style variable. — Wet places; common. May -July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the European var. sylvAtica, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual form, with only 4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A form answering to C. parviflora of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets and pods often erect on sjiread- ing pedicels, is occasionally found in drier localities. (Eu., Asia.) 6. ARABIS, L. KocK Cre.ss. Pod linear, flattened ; placentas not thickened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oi)li(pie. — Leaves sel- dom divided. Flowers white ur i)urple. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.) 6 66 CRUCIFER.E, (mustard FAMILY.) § 1. ARABIS proper. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so, more or less wing-margined ; cotyledons strictly accambent. * Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base. 1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often aimual ; leaves all pinnately parted iuto oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the lower leaves numerous ; pedicels very short ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear, spreading, flat ; seeds winged. — Open grounds, Va. to Mo., and southward. * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly wingless seeds. 2. A. pktens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading haii-s, erect (1-2° high); stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, partly clasping by tlie heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascend- ing, tipped with a distinct style. — Peun. to central Ohio and southward ; Minn. April, May. 3. A. hirstlta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partlv clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx; pedicels and pods strictly upright; style scarcely any ; immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) « * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1 -3° high), icith small ichitish flowers, recurved-spreading or pendtdous flat pods (3-4' long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition ; root-leaves rarely lyrate. 4 A. laevigata, Poir. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narroiv, recurved- spreading ou ascending or merely spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, Maine to Minn, and soutliward. May. 5. A. Canadensis, L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June - Aug. § 2. TURRITIS. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less ' distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy. stemmed biennials ; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. {Our species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower leaves.) 6. A. perfoli^ta, Lam. (Tower Mustard.) Tall (2-4° high), glaucous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals yellowish- white, little longer than the calyx ; pods very narrow (3' long) and pedicels strictly erect ; seeds marginless ; cotyledons often oblique. — Rocks and fields, N. Eng. to Minn, (rare), north and westward. (Eu.) CRUCIFER^. (MUSTAUI) FAMILY.) 67 7. A. COnfinis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1-3° high; pubescence below finely stellate ; stem-leaves lanceolate or ol)lontj4inear, entire (1 -2' long), with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; petals white or rose-color, full 1/ twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels and flat;>o(/s loosetij erect, or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing-margined, when mature little nar- rower than the partition. (A. Drummoudii, Man.) — From the lower St. Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and 111. — Pods 2i-3^' lg, or in a var. (T. brachycarpa, Toir. ^' Gray) only 1-2' long. § 3. PSEUDAHABIS. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one row ; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching from the base. 8. A, lyr^ta, L. Mostly glabrous, except the /yra/«««///ir/roof-/<'arfs; Btem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals ivhitc, nmch longer than the yellowish calyx; pods long and slentlcr, flat, ascending or spreading. — On rocks or sandv shores, Kew p]ng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April-July. — Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial. •9. A. dentata, Torr. &Gray. Koughish-pubesceut, slender (I -2° high); leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; ])ods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked; style scarcely any. — N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and southward. May, Jime. 6. DRAB A, Dill. Whitlow-Grass. Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, mar- ginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow fiuwers ; pubescence often stellate. (Name from Spdfit], applied by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.) § L DRABjEA. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy- stemmed . flowers white, pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. ramosissima, Desv. DiJ/'uselymtcch branched and forming ma.ny radical tufts, perennial (5-8' high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed,Vmca.T- lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; ])uds hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2-5" long), on slender spreading pedicels, tij)pt'tl with along style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Ken- tucky River, and southward. April, May. 2. D. inc^na, L. Iloary-pubesccnt, biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire ; pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels ; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt. ; also northward and far westward. (Ku.) Var. arabisans, Watson. Caude.x nmch branciied ; i)od glabrous, acu- minate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, Michx.) — N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes. 68 CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) §2. DRABELLA. Winter annuals ; leaf y stems short ; flowers white {yellow in n. 5) ; style none. {Leaves oblong or ohovate, hairy, sessile.) 3. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (l- 5' high); leaves obovate, entire ; peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (^-1' long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, E. JNIass. to Minn., and southAvard. March -May. — Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. micraxtha, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods, Avhich is found with the other, westward. 4. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1 -3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal jiedicels. — Grassy places. 111. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April. 5. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2-4' high), minutely pubescent; steins leafy to tlie base of the dense at length elongated racSme ; leaves nar- rowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2-4'' long), few toothed or entire; floAvers small; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, 111., Ky., Va. {A. H. Curtiss), and southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none. 6. D. nemorbsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4-8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small; Xiods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widelij-spreadtng pedi- eels, pubescent or smooth. — Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. ]\Iiun., and westward. ( Eu. ) § 3. EROPHILA. Petals 2-c.left. {Annual or biennial; flowers white.) D. VERNA, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1 -3' high); leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and roadsides. April, May. (Nat. from Eu.) 7. ALYSSUM, Tourn. Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell ; valves nerveless, somewhat convex, tlie margin flattened. Elowers yellow or wliite Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of a plant reputed to check tlie hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) A. MARIT13IUM, L. (Sweet Alvssum), with green or slightly hoary linear leaves, honey-scented small Avhite flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly cult., begins to be spontaneous .southward. (Adv. from Eu.) A. CALYcixuM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs occasionally in grass- land. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. LESQUERELLA, Watson. Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerve- less. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, hoary Avith stellate hairs or lepidote. Flowers mostly yellow (Named for Leo Lesquereux.) CIUCIFEKiK. (mISTAUI) FAMILY.) 69 1. L. globbsa, Watson. Minutely hoary all over; stems sproadinp orde- cuinhcnt Ironi an annual or Inennial rout; leaves ohlong or lanieolate with a tapering base, repaud-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated, Avith filiform diverging ju'dicehs; petals light yellow; style filiform, much longer than the small globose, acutish, about 4-seeded pod; seeds marginless. (Vesicaria Shortii, Torr.) — Kocky banks, Ky. to Teun. and ^lo. May, Juue. 2. L. gracilis, Watsou. Aunual, slender ; pubescence very fine ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate ; pods glabrous, suberect on asceuding.or curved jiedi- cels, stijntate ; style long. (Vesicaria gracilis, Iluuk.) — S. Kan. to Tex. 3. L. liUdovici^na, Watson. Biennial or jierennial ; pubescence com- pact; leaves linear-t)l)lanceolate, mostly entire; ])o(ls j)ubcscent, jiendulous on recurved pedicels; style long. (Vesicaria Lud .viciaua, DC.) — Minn, to Neb. and southwestward. 9. CAMELINA, ('rantz. Falsk Flax. Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, llattish parallel to the broad jsarti- tion ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumlient. Stvle slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x«M«') ifi^'o'/, and \{vou, Jiax.) C. SATivA, Crantz. Annual ; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods margined, large. A Aveed in fiax-fields, etc, (Adv. from Eu.) 10. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwout. Pod ovoid or gl(jl)ular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1-nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; tlie tufted leaves awl-sha])ed (whence the name). Scape naked, few-tlowered, 1 -3' higli. Flowers minute, white. 1. S. aquatica, L. Margin of lakes in Maine; Echo Lake, Franconia, N. H. ; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. (Fu.) 11. NASTURTIUM, K.Br. Water-Cress. Pod a short .silKjue or a si lido, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numer- ous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except iu N. sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh ])lants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pun- gent qualities.) § 1. Petals Lchite, tvice the Iciir/ih of the rnli/x; pods linear; leaves pinnate. N". officinXle, K.Br. (Trie Water-Cress.) Perennial; stems spread- ing and rooting ; Icallots 3 -11, roundisli or oblong, nearly entire ; pods (G - 8" long) ascending on slender widely spreading })edicols. — Jirooks and tlitches; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Fu.) § 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceediufj the calyx ; pods linear, oblonfj, or even ovoid or (/lobular ; leaves mostly piuuatijid. * Perennial J'rom creepinr/ or subterranean shoots ; Jlowers rather large, yellow. N. SYLVESTRE, K. Br. (Yellow Cress.) Stems ascending; leaves pin- nately jjurted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (^' long) 70 CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) Oil slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; stijle verij short. — AVet meadows, Mass. to Va. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. N. sinuatum, Kutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves phmatel)/ cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4-6" long), on slender pedicels; sti/le slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. * * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial {?), with simple Jihrous roots; flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish ; leaves somewhat lyrate. 2. "N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely incised or tootlied, ubovate or ohlong; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elongated-oblong (5-6" long), thick; style very short. — W. 111. to E. Kan., Tenn., and southAvard. April -June. 3. N. obtusum, Kutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves pinnately jjaried or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repaud ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, vary- ing from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With n. 1 and 2. 4. N. palustre, BC. (Marsh Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciuiate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods; style short. — Wet places or in shallow water; common. June -Sept. — Elowers only l-l|^"loug. Stems 1-3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. ufspiDUM is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) §3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular ; leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifld ; root perennial. 5. N. lacdstre, Gray. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1-3- piuuately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or piuuatifid; pedicels Avidely spreading ; pods ovoid, \-cel led, a little longer than the style. — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., Minn., and southwestward. July -Aug. — Near N. amphibium, N. ArmorAcia, Fries. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifld, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels as- cending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. (Cochlearia Armo- racia, L.) — Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. BARB ARE A, R. Br. Winter Cress. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accum- bent. — Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.) 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yelloav Rocket.) Smooth ; lower leaves hrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifld at the base ; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. stricta, appressed ; in var. arcuXta, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north- ward and westward. (Eu.) CRLCIFER^. (mLSTAUD FAMILY.) 71 B. I'R.tcox, R. Br. (Eaklv Winter C), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick podirels, — yet ])rohal)lv onlv a variety of tlie otht'r, — .sink. rAusATiox. Calyx cvliiubical, nerved or striate, Tj-toothed, .subtended hy 2 or more im- bricated Lrattlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, 4-varve(l at the apex. Seeds flattish on tlie l)ack ; embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Ai6i, <>/ Jupiter, aud &vdos,JI(jircr, i. c., .Jove's own flower.) D. AKMicKiA, L. (I)i:i'Ti-oRi) Pink.) Annual; flowers clustered; bract- lets of tlie calyx and hracts htnce-airl-Jhnn, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves linear, hairii ; petals small, rose-color with white' dots, creuate. — Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Ya\.) D. rndLiFEK, L. Annual, smoofli, .slender; flowers clustered; hrartlets ovate, dri/, concealino; the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals small, pink. — N. J. and E. Pcnn. (Adv. from En.) D. DELTOiDES, L. (Maiden PixK.) Porouiiial ; leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, downy and rougliish ; flowers solitary; l)racts ovate, half as long as the tube ; petals rose-color or white, toothed. — Mich., L. H. Jjdilei/. (Nat. from Eu.) D. BARBATUS, L. (SwKKT WiM.iAM.) ]'ercnnial ; flowers fascicled ; leaves large, lanceolate ; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx. — Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. GYPSOPHILA, L. Calyx narroAvly top-shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals not croAvned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. I'od 1 -celled, 4-valved at the apex, sessile. — Slender glaucous annuals or pereimials, Avith numerous small flowers. (Name from yvxpos, gi/jisiim, and »'ew Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. ARE N ARIA, L. Saxdwort. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta- mens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few - many- seeded. — Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species grow.) — The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera. § 1. ARENAIUA proper. Pod splitting icholli/ or part-icai/ down into 3 or at length info 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hiliim. A. serpvllif6lia, L. (Thyme-leaved Saxdwort.) Diffusely branched, roughish (2-6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute, small ; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceo- late, pointed, 3-. 5-nerved, about equalling the petals and 6-tootlied pod. — A low annual; sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat, from Eu.) § 2. ALSINE. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds many, usu- alhj rough, naked at the hilum ; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose; root in our species perennial, except in n. 4. * Lrarrs small, rigid, awl-sha])rd or bristle-shaped. 1. A. Carolini^na, Walt. (Pixe-hauren S.) Densely tufted from a deep perpendici^lar root; leaves closely ifnbricated, but spreading, aicl-shaped, short, channelled ; branches naked and minutely glandular above, .several-flow- ered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. sijuarrosa, Michx.) — In pure sand, S. New York, N. J., and .southward along the coast. May- July. 2. A. Michauxii, Hook. f. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small root, sm(Jotii ; leaves slender, between aicl-shapcd and bristle-form, with 86 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) many others clustered in the axils ; cyrae diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, ^-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (A. stricta, Michx.) — Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. July. 3. A. verna, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted, glabrous or (var. hirta) somewhat pubescent, 1 - 3' high ; leaves narrowly linear or aAvl-shaped ; flow- ers loosely cymose ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter than the pod. — Smuggler's Notch, Vt. (Pringle) ; north and westward. (Eu.) * * Leaves soft and herbaceous, Jili form-linear ; petals retuse or notched. 4. A. patula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems filiform (6-10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging ; peduncles long ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-neri-ed. (A. Pitcheri, Nutt.) — S. W. Va. to Ky., 111., Kan., and southward. 5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from slender roots, smooth ; flowering stems filiform, erect (2-4' high), few-flow- ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless. — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., of the higher mountains of New Eng., and northward; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea, and near Middletown, Ct. June -Aug. — Leaves and peduncles 3-6" long ; flowers large in pi'ojjortion. § 3. MCEPIRINGIA. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours ; pod as in § 1, but the t/oung orari/ 3-celled ; seeds rather feio, smooth, loith a thichish ap- pendage (strophiole) at the hilum ; perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves. 6. A. laterifldra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse (j- 1' long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3 - 4-) flowered, soon becoming lateral; sepals oldong, obtuse. — Gravelly shores, etc., New Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.) § 4. AMMADENIA. Styles, cells of the ovarij, and valves of the fleshy pod 3, rarely A or b ; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum; disk under the ovary more pi-ominent than usual, glandular, lO-lobed ; flowers almost sessile in the axils, sometimes dioecious or polygamous ; root perennial. 7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, 6-10' high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8-10" long) very fleshy. (Hou- kenya peploides, Ehrh.) — Sands of the sea-shore, N. J. to Maine and north- ward. June. (Eu.) 7. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Staewort. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several -many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from Stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.) * Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or tico pubescent lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, ^-24' long. S. Mi:DiA, Smith. (Common Chickweed.) Annual or nearly so ; loicer leaves on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted , stamens 3-10. — Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) CARY0riIVLLACE.1<:. (I'INK FAMILY.) 87 1. S. ptlbera, Michx. (Grkat Chickwekd.) Hoot perennial; leaves aU sessile ; petals loiujer than the ca///x, deeply 2-cleft ; stumens 10. — JShaded rocks, Peuu. to Ind., and southward. May. * * Stems erect or spreading ; wholli/ glabrous perennials, icilh sessile and nar- row or small leaves ; stamens usually 10, perltji/nous. •t- Seal ji-bracted ; petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the cali/x. 2. S. longifblia, Muhl. (Lono-leaved Stitchwort.) Stem erect, weak, ofteu with rough angles (8-18' high) ; leaves linear, acntish at both ends, spreading ; ci/mes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, tha slender pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. — Grassy places; common, especially uorthward. June, July. (Ku.) 3. S. 16ngipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked S.) Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedi- cels strictlfi erect; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. — Maine to Minn., rare ; common farther north. (Eu.) S. GUAMixEA, L. Resembling the last; leaves linear-lanceolate, ^roac/e.sf above the base ; pedicels ividehj sjtreading : seeds strongly but minutely rugose. — Becoming ratlier frequent. (Int. from Eu.) 4; S. uligin6sa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or dif- fuse, at length jirolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx; seeds roughened. — Swamps and rills, Md. to X. Eng., and northward; rare. (Eu.) ■*- -t- Flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leaf g branches; bracts foliaceous ; petals 2-parted, small or often none; styles 3-4,' pod longer than the calyx. 5. S. crassif61ia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather JJeshy, xaryiu'^ from linear-lanceolate to oblong; petals longer than the calyx, or wanting; seeds rugose-roughened. — Springy places, eastern Ky. (Short), Kingwood, 111. (Vasey), and northward. April -June. (Eu.) 6. S. bore^lis, Bigel. (Xouthlrn S.) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oldong ; petals 2- f>, shorter than the calyx,orofiner none: sepals acute; styles usually 4; seeds smooth. — Shaded or wet places, K. I. to Minn., and northward. June -Aug. — Var. altestris has tlie later flowers more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also tlie seeds obscurely reticulated or roughish. — Lake Superior, Dr. Bobbins. (Eu.) 7. S. humifiisa, Hottb. Spreading or creeping; stems or brandies (2' high) l-3flowered; leaves flesh i/, ovate or oblong (2 -3" long); petals a little longer than (he calyx : seeds smooth. — Northern border of Maine on the St. John's (G*. A. G'oof/a/e), and liigh northward. June. (Eu.) 8. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jagged Ciiickweed. Sepals .'). Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-5, rarelv 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, many-seerh^d, opening at the top by 6 teetli. Seeds rougli, flattened on the back, attac-hed by the inner face. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel. 88 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of o\os, all, and oa-reov, bone, by autiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.) H. umbellXtlm, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around Lancas- ter, Penn., Prof. Porter, and Morris Co., N. J., C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. CERASTIXJM, L. Mouse-ear Chicioveed. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite them. Pod 1 -celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many -seeded. Seeds rough. — Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Our species have the petals 2-cleft or ob- cordate, the parts of the flower always in fives, and the exserted pods more or less curved. (Name from Kepas, a horn, alluding to the shape of the pod in many species.) C. visc6s[jM, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Annual, hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (4-9' high); leaves orate or ohovate to oblong-spatulate ; bracts herbaceous ; flowers small in close clusters at first ; pedicels even in fruit not lonr/er than the acute sepals ; petals shorter than the cali/x. (C. vul- gatum, L. Herb., and Man. The names of this and the next were transposed in the Linnajan herbarium, which has caused much confusion. They are here applied as originally by Linnaeus, and by many recent botanists. Others sub- stitute for this the later name, C. glomeratum, Thuill.) — Grassy places, east- ward and southward; not common. May -July. — Stamens often 5. (Nat. from Eu.) C. vulgXtum, L. (Larger M.) Perennial ; stems clammy-hairy, spread- ing (6-15' long); leaves obloncj ; upper bracts scarious-margined ; y/o roiks, coast of Maine to I'enn. (Ku.) 2. S. apetala, L. Annual, erect or ascending; leaves ciliate at base or glabrous; jutals none or very small; ]>eilundes altvai/s erect. — Dry soil, Mass. to Peuu. ; scarce, seemingly native '. (Eu.) * * Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10. 3. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending ; the peduncles and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves atfrst glandnlar-pnbesrent ; leaves short, often bristly -tipped, not fascicled in the axils ; peduncles slender ; petals equalling or shorter than the cali/x ; pod oblong-ovate, nearly twice longer than the acutish sepals. (S. subulata, Man., not Wi)iim.) — E. Mass., to 111., Mo., and southward. — ^'ar. S.Mf run, a slender form, apctalons, at least in the later flowers. — Near riiiladelpliia, in waste ground, and in sandy fields at Somers' Point, N. J., C. E. Smith. Seeds minutely roughened. 4. S. noddsa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above; stems ascending (3-5' high) ; lower leaves thread-form, the upper short anti awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets ap- pear knotty, petals much longer than the calyx. — "Wet .sandy soil, along the coast of ]Maine and N. H., also Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 11. BUD A, Adans. Sand-Spurrey. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many- seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals ! Em- bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea- coast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy oi)posite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils ; stipules scaly-mem branaceous ; flowering all sum- mer. (Named probably for the city so called.) — Genus also known as Tissa, Adims., Spergularia, Presl, and Lepigonum, Wahlb. The species are very variously understood by European botanists, and are much confused, as well as the synonymy. Our forms are annual, or at the most biennial. 1. B. rubra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the prostrate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sejjals usually glandular-pubescent ; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft ; pedicels longer than the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla snuill (1^"), hardly equal- ling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds rough with projecting ]ioinls, semi-obovate or gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. (Spergularia rubra, Presl.) — Dry sandy soil, New Eng. to Va., along and near the coast, but rarely maritime. (Eu.) 2. B. marina, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the preceding, erect or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules, terete leaves, and jjcdi- tels 2 - 4" long ; sepals usually becoming 2 - 2^" long, little shorter than the 90 CAKYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) pod ; petals pale ; seeds obovate-rounded and roughened with points, wingless or narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, Presl. Tissa marina, Britt.) — Brack- ish sands, etc., coast of N. Eng. to Va., and southward. A form with smooth seeds is var. leiosperma, N. E. Brown. (S. media, Presl.) (Eu.) Var. (1) minor, Watson. Small, ascending or decumbent ; flowers smaller, on shorter pedicels (rarely 2'' long), the sepals and pod 1-1^'' long; seeds wingless, usually ])apillose. — Coast of N. H. and Mass. 3. B. borealis, Watson. Diffusely branched, glabrous ; pedicels usually 2-4'' long; petals white; pod ovate, 2" long, about twice longer than the sepals ; seeds usually wingless, smooth or nearly so. (Tissa salina, Britt.) — On the coast, E. Maine to Labrador. 12. SPERGULA, L. Spurrey. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Buda. (>iame from spar (JO, to scatter, from the seeds.) S. ARVEKSis, L. (Corn Spurrev.) Annual; leaves numerous in the whorls, thread-shaped (1 -2' long) ; stipules minute ; flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme ; seeds rough. — Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.) Order 16. PORTULACACE^. (Purslane Family.) Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers; viz., sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number, but often indefinite, otherwise nearly as duckweeds. — Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5-20. Styles 2-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base. Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling. 1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx Pod opening by a lid. 2. Talinum. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogj'noiis Calyx deciduous. Pod many-seeded. 3. Claytonia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to theii" base. Calyx persi.stent. Pod 3 - 6-seeded. 1. PORTULACA, Tourn Purslane. Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8- parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals, with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) P olerXcea, L. (Common Pl'rslane.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ; sepals keeled; ])etals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6-parted; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. Seem- ingly indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. P. retusa, Engelm. Leaves often retuse; calyx-lobes obtuse in the bud; petals small or minute; style shorter, 3- 4-cleft; seeds larger, sharply ELATINACE.E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) 91 tuberculate; otherwise like the last. — Ark. to Tex. and westward ; reported from Kau., Iowa, and Minn. 2. P. pil6sa, L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axila ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 3 - 6" long ; petals red or purple. — Kan. to Tex., etc. 2. TALINUM, Adaus. Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous Petals .5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.) 1. T. teretifblium, Pursh. Perennial; leafy stems low, tuberous at base; leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3-6') and naked, bearing an open cyme of pink flowers (§' broad); stamens 15-20. — Serpentine rocka, Penu., to lnd.,Miim., and southward. Juue- Aug. 3. CLAYTONIA, Gronov. Spring-Beauty. Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens .5, adhering to tlie short claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Dr John Clai/ton, one of our earliest botanists, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3- G' long). — Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer ; leave3 epatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1-2' long). — Maine to Minn., and south- ward along the Alleghanies. Order 17. ELATINACE^. (Water-wort Family.) Liltlc 7?ia?\s/i annuals, icilh membranaceous stipules between the opposite dotless leaves, minute axillan/ flowers like those of the duckweeds, but the pod 2-5-celledj and the seeds as in St. John's-wort. The principal genus is 1. ELATINE, L. Wati:u-wokt. Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigma.^, 2-4. Pod membranaceous, globose, 2-4-celled, several -many -seeded, 2-4-valved; the partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straight- ish or curved, marked by both longitudinal and transverse lines. — Dwarf gla- brous plants, usually rooting at the nodes, juiuatic or terrestrial. (A Greek name for some obscure herb.) 1. E. Americana, Am. Tufted, r high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 1-3" long ; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic form ; sepals, petals, sta- mens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base, marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20-30 crossbars. — Margin of ponds, 02 ELATINACE^. ( WATER- WORT FAMILY.) etc., N. H. to 111., Ya., and south westward. Pod very thin and delicate ; the seeds large in proportion, straightish. 2. E. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate; petals and stamens commonly 3 ; seeds more slender, covering the axis — Ponds, 111., Neb., and westward. (Eu.) 3. E, braehysperma, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed base ; flowers mostly dimerous ; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal lines and 10-12 crossbars. — 111. and southwestward. Order 18. HYPERICACE^gE. (St. John's-wort Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipides, regular hypo gynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod 1-celLed with 2- b parietal piacentce, and as many styles, or S-7-ceUed by the union of the piacentce in the centre; dehiscence mostly septicidal. — Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. — Plants with a resinous juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually- smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or cymose. * Petals oblique, convolute, yellow ; hypog3mous glands none. 1. A«5cjTUin. Sepals 4, in 2 verj- unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct. 2. Hypericum. Sepals 5, alike. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and in 3 or 5 clusters. * * Petals equal, imbricate, purplish; glands alternating with the 3 stamen-clusters. S. Elodes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens usually 9. Ovary 3-celled. 1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. Sepals 4 ; the two outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4- valved. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and ueai-ly solitary liglit yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some plant, from a-, ivit/iont, and (XKvpos, roughness) 1. A. stans, Michx. (St. Peter's-wort.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, 1-2° high, stout; leaves oval or ohionq, somewhat clasping, thickish; flowers showy ; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate ; petals obovate ; styles 3 or 4. — Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn., and southward. July, Aug. 2. A, Crux-AndreSB, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much branched and decumbent; leaves narrowhj obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals linear-oblong : styles 2, very short ; pod flat. — Nantucket ; pine barrens of N. J. to S. 111., Neb., and southward. July - Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. 2. HYPERICUM, Tourn. St. John's-wort. SepaJs 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Sta- mens eommonly united or clustered in 3 -.5 parcels; no interposed glands. HYPERICACEi*:. (ST. JoHN'.s-WOKT FAMILY.) 93 Pod l-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually ovliiidrical. — Herbs or shruhs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) § 1. Stamens veri/ numerous, 5-adclphous ; sti/les 5, united below, the stigmas capitate ; pod ^x-clled, the placenta: turned far back into the cells ; peren- nial herb; Jiowers very large. 1. H. Ascyron, L. (Great St. Joiix's-wokt.) Stems 2-5° high; branches 2 -4-anglcd; leaves (2-5' long) ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals narrowly obovate (T long), not deciduous until after they wither ; ])od J' long, conical. (II. pyramidatum, Ait.) — Banks of rivers. New Eng. and Tenn. to Iowa and Minn. July. §2. Sta7nens veri/ numerous, obscurely if at all clustered; styles 3 (n. 2 ex- cepted), more or less united into one, the stigmas not capitate except in n. 10; sepals mostly foliaceous. * Bushy shrubs, 1 -6° high, leafy to the top. -*- Styles 5 ; pod completely 5-cellcd. 2. H. Kalmiknum, L. (Kalm's St. John's-wort.) Branches 4- angled; brauclilets 2-edge(l ; leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate (1-2' long); flowers few in a cluster (1' wide) ; pods ovate. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and northern lakes. Aug. ■*- -t- Styles 3 ; pod completely ^-celled. 3. H. prolificum, L. (SnRCBnY St. John's-wort.) Branchlets 2- edged; leaves narrinvly oblong (1-2' long), mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods lance- ules, the regular Jlowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals 96 TERNSTR(EMIACE^. (tEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) both imbricated in cestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (inonadelphous or B- 5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 - 5-celled loculi- cidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — rep- resented in this country by the two following genera. 1. STUARTIA, L. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens mouadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta- ceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen ; radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for JoJm Stuart, Marquis of Bute.) 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5, white (1' long); sepals ovate; style 1 ; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. — Woods, Va., and southward. 2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Leaves larger, 5-6' long ; sepals acute ; petals often 6 ; styles 5, distinct ; pod angled, pointed ; seeds wing-margined. — Moun- tains of Ky., Car., and southward, 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. G. Xjasianthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per- sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. — Swamps near the coast, Va. and southward. May - July. — Petals 1 1' long. Order 20. MALVACE^. (Mallow Family.) Herhs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the cab/x oalvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mena- delphous in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at base, per- sistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several- celled pod. Seeds with little albumen; embryo curved, the leafy cotyle- dons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary. MALVACILE. (MALLOW FA>nLT.) 9^ Tribe I. MAT.VEJE. Columns of stamens anthpr-bcaring at the top. Ovaries an«l carpels 5 - .<• .n more, closely united in a rinj,' aroiiii3S. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerabfo part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the veiy apex. Pod mostly &-celled, loculicidal, leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-ceLled, many-seeded. 1. ALTHiSA, L. Marsh-Mallow. Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. (Otherwise as in Malva. (Old Greek and Latin name, from &\du}, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) A. officinXlis, L. (Marsh-Mallow.) Stem erect, 2-i° hi^h; leaves ovate or sliglitly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety -downy ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered ; flowers pale rose-color. — Salt marshes, coast of N. Kng. and N. Y. Aug., Sept. — l^erennial root thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. MALVA, L. Mallow. CaJyx wtth a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calvx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit deprtss.scd, separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehiscent round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles, Hadicle ]K)inting downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, jxaKaxv, having allusion to the eanol- lieut leaves.) * Flowers fascicled in the axils. M. rotdndif6lia, L. (Commov Mallow.) Stems procumhent from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, rrenate, ol)scureli/-lohed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, wliitish ; carpels pul>e9- cent, even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds; common. (Nat. from Ku.) M. SYLVESTUis, L. (IlioH M.) Biennial; strtn erect, branrhrd (2-3° high); leaves sharpli/ r^-l-lohed ,- petals thrice the length oi the calvx, large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysios, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.) * Root stock perennial. 1. G. macul^tum, L. (Wild Craxesbill.) Stem erect, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw {^ long)- — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. -* * Root biennial or annual ; Jlou-ers small. -*- Leaves ternatcli/ much-dissected ; heavi/ scented. 2. G. Roberti^num, L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, Btrong-scented ; leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided. the divi.«;ions twice pin- 104 GERANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) natifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals ; carpels wrinkled ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines ; N. Eng. to Mo., and north- ward. June - Oct. (Eu.) -1- -t- Leaves palmately lohed or dissected. 3. G. Carolini^num, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; sepals aicn-pointed , as long as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals ; carpels hair\' ; seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated. — Barren soil and waste places; common. May- Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are hardly distinguishable from G. DissECTUM, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, Jinely and deeply pitted. — Waste grounds, rare. (Nat. from Eu.) G. rotundif6lium, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed of the lavSt ; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands ; leaves Bhort-lobed. — Rare. (Nat. from Eu.) G. PUSiLLUM, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals aimless, about as long as the (purplish) petals; stamens 5 ; fruit pubes- cent; seeds smooth. — Waste places, Mass. to Penn. ; rare. (Xat. from Eu.) G. MOLLE, L. Like the last ; more pubescent ; flowers dark purple ; sta- mens 10; carpels transversely wrinkled; seed slightly striate. — Occasionally spontaneous. (Xat. from Eu.) G. coLUMBiNUM. (LoKG-STALKED C) Miuutely hairy, with very slender decumbent stems ; leaves 5 - 7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes ; pe- duncles and pedicels Jill form and elongated ; sepals awned, about equalling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels glabrous; seeds nearly as in G. dissectum. — Karely introduced ; Penn. and southward. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) G. SiBfRicuM, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous ; leaves 3-cleft with serrate divisions; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary ; sepals awned ; seeds minutely reticulate. — Kare. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Storksbill. The .5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from ipwhios, a heron.) E. cicutXrium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; stipules acute ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several- flowered. — N. Y., Penn., etc. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. FLCERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. OA-aries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the centre ; stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1 - 2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.) 1- F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Leaflets 3 - 5, lanceolate, sometimes 2 -3-cleft. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky., Wise, and westward. April -June. Taste slightly pungent. GERANIACE.f:. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) lO.J 4. dXALIS, L. Woor>-SoRREL. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes uuitcd at base, witheriii"' after expausiou. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Tod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, each cell opening on the back ; valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, ana- tropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and drooj) at night- fall. Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful; and tlie ordinary flowers are often dimor- phous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from o^vs, sour.) * Stemles'i perennials ; leax^^s and scapes arisinrj from a rootstork or bulb ; leaflets broadly obcordate ; flowers nearly V broad ; cells of the pod few-seeded . 1. O. Acetosdlla, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Rootstock creeping and scaly-toothed; scape \ flowered (2-5' high); petals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Mass. to Penn., L. Superior, and northward; also southward in the A lleghanies. June. (Eu.) 2. O. Viol^cea, L. (Violet AV.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly; scapes umbellately se^-eral flowered (.5-9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. — Rocky places and open woods ; most common southward. May, June. * * Stems leafy, branching; peduncles axillary ; flowers yellow; cells several- seeded. 3. O. COmicul^ta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual or perennial by running subterranean shoots, erect or procumbent, strigose-pubescent ; stipules round or truncate, ciliate ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Rare ; on ballast, etc. ; indigenous in Mo. (Bush), and southwestward. (Cosmopolitan.) Var. striata, Sav. Stem erect, somewhat glabrous to very villous ; stipules none. (O. stricta, //.) — Common. May -Sept. Varies greatly. 4. O. reciirva, Ell. Like var. stricta of n. 3; leaflets larger (i-l^ broad), usually witli a brownish margin; flowers larger (6-8" long). — Penn. to S. 111., and southward. 5. I MP ATI ENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed. Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably con- sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal- sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short; fila- ments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united over the stigma; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary ii-celled; Btigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing sev- eral anatropous seeds, .5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo straiglit; albumen none. — Ecaves simple, alternate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, peti- 106 GERANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) oled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, which seldom ripen seeds ; — and very small ones, which are fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch- me-not, or Snap-weed.) 1. I. pallida, Xutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Floicers pale-fellow, spar- ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil ; most common northward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers, and less frequent. 2. I. fiilva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers orange-color, thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, ta- pering into a strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. — Rills and shady moist places ; common, especially southAvard. June - Sept. — Plant 2-4° high ; the flowers loosely panicled, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopite-shaped sepal upward. Spur rarely wanting. Spotless forms of both species occur. Order 24. RUTACE^E. (Rue Family.) Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and abounding with a pungent or bitter- aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogynous almost always regular Z-b-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (I'arely more numerous') ; the 2-5 pistils sep- arate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised 07i a pro- longation of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, even Avhen the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old AVorld and the southern hemisphere; our two indigenous genera are 1. Xaiithoxyliim. Flowers dioecious ; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. 2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous ; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 1. XANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash, Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or .5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or Avhitish. (From ^avdos, yellow, and ^v\oy, wood.) 1. X. Americanum, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache- tree.) Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters ; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 4 - 5 ; pistils 3-5, with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks; common, especially northward. April, May. — A shrub, with iLiciNE^. (holly family.) 107 yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aronuitic. 2. X. Clava-Herculis, L. (Southern T.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, sliining above ; flow- ers in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after tlie leaves ; 8e[»als and petals 5; pistils 2-3, with short styles; pods sessile. (X. Carolinianum, Lmn.) — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. — A small tree with very sharj) prickles. 2. P TELE A, L. Siikubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-8eeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.) 1. P. trifoliita, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Kocky places, Long Island to Minn., and southward. June. — A tall slirub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. AilAnthus olandul6sus, Desf., called Tree of Heaven, — but whoso blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but " aira from heaven," — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclined to spread from seed. It belongs to the order Simarubace.e, whii-h differs from Rutacese in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is known by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous greenish flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny sama- ras. (Adv. from China.) Order 2.5. ILICIENE^. (Holly Family.) Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 -^-vierous Jloicers, a minute calyx free from the 4 - ^-celled ovary and the 4 - ^-seeded herry-like drupe : the stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4-8-petallcd corolla and alternate icith them, nl/ached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatro- pous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves sinij^le, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenisli. — A small family, nearly related to the Gamopctalous order Ehenacecc. 1. Ilex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or ohovate. rcilircls mostly clustered. 2. Nemopanthes. Petals linear. Pedicels solitary. 1. ILEX, I>. Holly. Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4 -6. The berry -like drupe containing 4 -G little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly 108 iLiciNE^. (holly family.) sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Hollj-Oak, rather than of the Holly.) § 1. AQUIFOLIUM. Parts of the flower common! ij in fours, sometimes in Jives or sixes ; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or l-jrooved on the back; leaves {mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. * Leaves armed ivith spiny teeth; trees. 1. I. Op^ca, Ait. (American Holly.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils ; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, Maine to N. J., near the coast, west to S. Mo., and southward. Jujie. — Tree 20-40° high ; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly (I. Aquifolium, L.), the berries not so bright red, and nutlets not so veiny. * * Leai^es serrate or entire, not spiny ; shrubs. 2. I, Cassine, L. (Cassexa. Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, eremite (1 - lj|' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. 3. I, Dahoon, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins (2-3' long), the midrib and peduncles pubesceiit ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Va. and southward. May, June. Var. myrtifolia, Chapm. Leaves smaller {V long or less) and narrower. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Same habitat. Ma^^ § 2. PRINOtDES. Parts of the {polygamous or dioecious) flowers in fours or flves {rarely in sixes) ; drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-many-ribbed on the back ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely ser- rate, downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., Kan., and southward. May. 5. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample {3-5' long), taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., through Penn. (east to Northampton Co.), and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 6. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves soft downy beneath, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper-pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply serrulate ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very short. — Burgoon's Gap, Alleghanies of Penn. {J . R. Lowrie, Porter), and along the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last. § 3. PRIXOS. Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in fours, flves, or sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes {rarely in flves, sevens, or eights) ; nutlets smooth and even ; shrubs. CELASTRACE.E. (STAFF-TUEK FAMILY.) 109 » Leaves deciduous ; Jlowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary ; fruit briijlit red. 7. I. verticill^ta, Gray. (Black Alder. WixTKnnEnRv.) Leaves oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at lnuso, sorrute, dou-nij on the veins beneath ; Jlowers all very short-peduncled. — Low grounds; common. May, June. 8. I. laevigata, Gray. (Smooth Wintek«erkv.) Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at bt)th en(b, appressed-serrulate, shining al»ovo, beneath mostly r//a6rt»MS ; sterile Jlowers lon(j-peduTicled. — Wet grounds, Maine' to the mountains of Va. June. — Fruit larger than in tlie List, rijteniiig earlier in the autumn. « * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen and shining , often black-dotted beneath ; fruit black: 9. I. glabra, Gray. (Inkbekrv.) Leaves wedge-lanceolato or oblong, sparingly toothed toward the apex, smooth; peduncles (.V long) of the sterile flowers 3 - 6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Mass., to Va., and southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2-3° high. 2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountaix Hollv. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute de- ciduous teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread- ing, distinct. Stamens 4 - 5 ; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. P'low- ers on long slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name said by the author to mean " flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore prob- ably composed of vrj/iia, a thread, irovs,foot, and 6.vQos, flower.) 1. N. fasciCUl^ris, Raf. (N. Canadensis, DC.) — Damp cold woods, from the mountains of Va. to Maine, Ind., Wise, and northward. May. Order 26. CELASTRACE^. (Staff-tree Family.) Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular Jlowers , the sepals and the petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which flU the bottom of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. — Ovules ono or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous ; styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-cellc(l, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. * Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes. 1. Celastrus. A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet. * * Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary cyiues or solitary. 2. Euonymus. Ereotshrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3-5-li)l)ed. .T-.Vvalved. ,\rilred. 8. Pachystima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2-v:ilvcd. Aril white. 110 CELASTRACE^. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 1. C E L A S T E. U S, L. Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo- bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 1. C. scandens, L. (Wax-work. Climbixg Bitter-sweet.) Twin- ing shrub ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 2. EUdNYMUS, Tourn. Spixdle-tree. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, Avitli 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary ])eduncles. (Derivation from eZ, good, and uvo^a, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.) 1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burxixg-Bush. AYaahoo.) Shrub tall (6-14<^ higli) and upright; leaves petio/ed, OA'al-oblong, pointed; parts of the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours ; pods smooth, deepli/ lobed. — N. Y, to Wise, Neb., and southward ; also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 2. E. Americ^nus, L. (Strawberry Bush.) Shrub Ioav, upright or straggling (2-5° liigli) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in fives; pods roxf/h-urn-ti/, depressed, crimson when ripe; the aril and dissepiments scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to 111., and south- ward. June. Var. obovatUS, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- ing stems 1-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. — Low or wet places; the commoner form. * 3. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free ; style very short. Pod small, oblong, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a Avhite membrana- ceous many-cleft aril. — Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria- ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1 . P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, S"-V long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the leaves ; fruit 2" long. — Mountains of S. W. Va. RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Ill Order 27. RHAMNACE^. (Rccktiiorn Family.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers {some- times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigijnous stamens as many as the valvate sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals! Drupe or pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in- wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2 - 5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some- times dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent; the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) * Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 1. Bercheiuia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled bony iiutamen. 2. Rliainnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets. , * * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 3. Ceanotlius. Petals long-clawed, hooded. P'ruit dry, at length dehiscent. 1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple-Jack. Calyx with a very sliort and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with tiie pinnate veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.) 1. B. volubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely seiTulate ; style short. — Damp soils, Va. to Ky. and jNIo., and southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the poj)- ular name. 2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some- times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture. — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dioe- cious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.) § 1. KHAMNUS proper. FUnccrs usually dtaciuus ; nutlets and seeds deeply grooved on the back ; rhaplie dorsal ,- cotyledons foliaceous, (he jitargins revolute. * Calyx-lobes and stamens 5; petals wanting. 1. R. alnifblia, L'Her. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight-veined; fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Peuu., Neb., and north- ward. June. 112 RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) * * Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4. E.. CATHARTiCA, L. (CoMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, miuutely ser- rate ; fruit 3 - 4-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges ; spariugl/ naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. R. lanceolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong -lanceolate and acute, or on flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, Penn. (Mercersburg, Green) to 111., Tenn., and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, both perfect ; one with short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short included style ; the other with pedicels of tener solitary, the style longer and exserted. §2. FRAXGULA. Floicers perfect ; nutlets and seeds not furrowed ; cotijle- dons flat, thick; rhaphe lateral. 3. R. Carolini^na, Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves (3 - 5' long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers 5-merous, in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ; drupe globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniaua, Gray.) — Swamps and river-banks, N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward. June. 3. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. * Calyx .5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in § Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches ; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.) 1. C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped at base; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 1 -3° high from a dark red root » branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clus- ters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during the ATuerican Revolution. 2. C. ovatus, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pedun- cles. (C. ovalis, Blgel.) — Dry rocks, W. Yt. and Mass. to Minn., 111., and southwestward ; rare eastward. May. Order 28. VITACE^E. (Vine Family.) Shrubs ivith icatery Juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled, usually A-seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, liypogynous or perigynous. Filaments slender ; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma ; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatro- pous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute VITACE^,. (vrXE FAMILY.) 113 embryo at the base of the hard albumen, whicli is rrpooved on one side. — StipuU'S deciduous. Leaves alternate, j)alniatily viined or compound ; tendrils and ilower-elusters oj)posite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., acid.) • Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or f,'landuliferou.s disk ; plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. 1. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alteniato with the stamens. Fruit i>ulpy Leaves simple. 2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves simple or pinnately comjiound. » • No distinct hypogynous disk ; plants climbing by the adhesion of the diluted tips of the tendril-branches. 3. Axnpelopsis. CortiUa expanding. Leaves digitate. 1. VITIS, Touru. Grape. Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others stam- inate with at most a rudimentary ovary), .5-merous. Calyx very short, usually ■with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and falling off without expanding. Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like base. — Plants climbing by the coiling of uaked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a compound thyrse, very fragrant; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.) §L VITIS proper. Bark loose and shreddy ; tendrils forked ; nodes solid. -»- A tendril {or inflorescence) opposite each leaf. 1. V. Labriisca, L. (Northern Fox-Gkape.) Branchlets and young leaves very woolly ; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, con- tinuing rusty-woolly beneath : fertile panicles compact ; berries large. — Moist thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to S. Car. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord and other varieties. -I- -t- Tendrils intermittent {none opposite each third leaf). •*-*■ Leaves pubescent and JJoccose, especialli/ beneath and ivhcn young. 2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Branchlets terete ; leaves large, entire or mure or less deeply and obtusely 3-5-lubcd, with short broad teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young ; berries middle-sized, black with a bloom, in compact bunches. — Thickets ; common. May, June. Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept. — V. bicolor, LeConte, has its leaves smoothish when old and pale or glaucous beneath j common north and westwanl. 3. v. cinferea, Engelm. (I)owny Grapk.) Branchlets angular; pu- bescence whitish or grayish, persistent j leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed; inflorescence large and loose; berries small, black without bloom. — Central 111. to Kan. and Tex. ■»-*. -^Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs beneath, inciscly lobed or undivided 4. V. COrdif61ia, Michx. (Frost or Chicken Grape.) Leaves 3 -4' wide, not lobed or slightly 3 lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate, 114 VITACE^, (vine family.) coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence ample, loose; berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening after frosts ; seeds I or 2, rather large, with a prominent rhaphe. — Thickets and stream-banks, New Eng. to central 111., Mo., Neb., and southward. May, June. 5. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more per- sistent stipules (2 -3" long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acuminate teeth, smaller compact inflorescence, and berries (4-5" broad) with a bloom, sweet and very juicy, ripening from July to Sept. ; seeds very small ; rhaphe indistinct. (V. cordifolia, var. riparia, Gray.) — Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to Penn., west to Minn, and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late. 6. V. palmata, Vahl. Branches bright red ; leaves dark green and dull, 3 - 5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate ; inflorescence large and loose ; berries black, without bloom, ripening late ; seeds very large and rounded; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra, Michx.) — 111. and Mo. 7. V. rupestris, Scheele. (Sand or Sugar Grape.) Usually low and bushy, often without tendrils ; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed ; berries rather small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in Aug. — Mo. to Tex. ; also found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the Potomac, near Washington. § 2. MUSCADIXIA. Bark close! y adherent on the branches ; pith continuous throiujh the nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent ; seeds with transverse writikles on both sides. 8. V. rotundifdlia, Michx. (MrscADixE, BuLLACE, or Southern Fox-Grape.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ; berries large (^-f in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. (V. vulpina, Man., not L. ?) — River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo., Kan., and southward. Ma}' — Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc. 2. CISSUS, L. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous. Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding tlie base of the ovary. Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate. — Ten- drils in our species few and mostly in the inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.) 1 C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Nearly glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or trun- cate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; style slender ; berries of the size of a pea, 1 - 3-seeded, bluish ■ or greenish. ( Vitis indivisa, Willd.) — River-banks, Va. to 111., and southward. June. 2. C. Stans, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose; calyx 5- toothed; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate. (Vitis bipinnata, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Rich soils, Va. to Mo., and southward. SAPINDACE^. (soapberry FAMILY.) 115 3. AMPELOPSIS, Miclix. Virginian Ckkeper. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, tliick, expanding hefore they fall. Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 (3 - 7) oblong-lanccolatc sparingly serrate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from &fxir(Kos, a vine, and o\pis, appearance.) 1. A. quinquef611a, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well aa by its disk- bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivij, and still less appropriately, Wuudbine. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Order 29. SAPINDACE^. (Soapberry Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and often irregular Jlowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals imbricated in cesti- vation ; the 5-10 stamens inserted on ajleshy {perigynous or hypogynous) disk; a 2-3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1-2 {rarely more) ovules in each cell : and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved ur convolute, with- out albumen. — A large and diverse order. SuBORDKR I. Sapiiideae. Flowers (often polygamous) mostly un- symmetrical and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than tlic petals, rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo curved or convolute, rarely straight ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, without stiijules, mostly compound. \. ^sculus. Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens conimouly 7. Fruit a leathery 3-vaived pod Leaves opposite, digitate. ?. Sapindus. Flowers regular. Sepals 4 - 5, in two rows. Petals 4 -5. Stamens 8-10. Fruit a globose or 2-3-lobed beiTy Leaves alternate, pinnate. Suborder IT. Acerinene. (Maple Family.) Flowers (polyga- mous or diuicious) small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruits winged, 1 -seeded. Embryo coiled or folded ; the cotyle- dons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple or compound. 3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple. 4. Negundo. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 - 5 leaflets. Suborder III. Stapliyleae. (Bladder-Nut Family.) Flowers (perfect) regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate. 5. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and pettls 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3- cellcd bladdery-inflated pod. * 1. ^SCULUS, L. IIoRSE-CHESTNCT. Bdckeye. Calyx tubular, .'i-lobed, often obliciue or gibbons at base. Petals 4 - 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamons 7 (rarely 0 or 8) ; 116 SAPINDACE^. (soapberry FAMILY.) filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1 ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abor- tion 1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick shining coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ; plumule 2-leaved; radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digi- tate; leaflets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them Avith imper- fect pistils and sterile ; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.) § 1 . ^SCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young. 7R, HippocXsTAxuM, L. (Common Horse-chestxut.) Corolla spread- ing, wliite spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 1. ^. glabra, Willd. (Fetid or Ohio Blckeye.) Stamens curved, longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets usually 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not shoAvy. §2. PAVIA. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving ; the 2 upper smaller and longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw. 2. ^. flava, Ait. (Saveet Buckeye.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla; calyx ohlong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely doAvny underneath. — Rich Avoods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and soutliAvard. May. A large tree or a slirub. Var. purpurascens, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged Avith flesh-color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly doAvny beneath. — From W. Va., south and Avestward. 3. ^. Pavia, L. (Red Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co- rolla, Avhich is briglit red, as Avell as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft-doAvny beneath. — Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southAvard. May. A shrub or small tree. 2. SAPINDUS, L. Soap-berry. Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 4-5, Avith a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending OAule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2-3- lobed berry, 1 -3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. — Trees or shrubs, Avith alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small floAvers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of Sapo Lidicus, Indian soap, hav- ing reference to the saponaceous character of the berries.) 1. S. aeuminatus, Raf. A tree 20-60° high; leaflets 4-9 pairs, ob- liquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 1^-3' long; the rhachis of the leaf not Avinged ; floAvers Avhite, in a large panicle ; fruit mostly globose, 6" broad. (S. marginatus of authors, not Willd.) — S. Kan. to La., Fla., and Mex. SAPINDACE.E. (SOAIMiERKY FAMILY.) 117 3. ACER, Tcurii. Mait.k. Flowers polygamo-dlcrcious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 -12-) loV)ed or parted. Petals either none or as many ai> the lobes of the calyx, etjual, with short claws if any, inserted on the inar<;in of the lohed disk, wliich is either perirjynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a ])air of ovules in each cell; styles 2, lon^ and slender, united only below, stij^niatic down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at length sei)arable samanis or keys. Embryo vari- ously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with ojjposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) * Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearim] n'',er the leaves ; stamens 6-8. 1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped ..Iaple.) Leaves .'5-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and also serrate ; racemes droopinfj, loose : petals obocate ; fruit with large diverging wings. — Rich woods, INIaiue to Minn., aud southward to Va., Ky., and Mo. June. — A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called Striped Dog- wood and Moose- Wood. 2. A. spic^tum, Lam. (Mountain M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes ta])er-])ointed ; racemes upright, c?f?«se, somewhat compound; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small erector divergent wings. — ^Nloist woods, with the same range as n. 1. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. * * Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral itmbellate-cori/mbs, greenish- yellow, appearing with the leaves. 3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (Sigar or Rock M.) Leaves 3 -5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and ])ointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart- shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. — Rich woods, es])ecially nortliward and along the mountains .soutliward. April, May. — A large and handsome tree. Var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. (Black Sugar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and entire, the sinus at the base often closed. — With the ordinary form ; quite variable, sometimes appearing distinct. » * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much preceding the leaves; stamens 3-G. 4. A. dasyc^rpum, Ehrh. (White or Silver M.) Leaves very deeply h-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers (greenish- yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit icoolly when young, with large divergent wings. — River-banks; most common southward and westward. March - April. — A fine oruameutal tree. 118 SAPINDACE.E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 5. A. rilbruin, L. (Red or Swamp M.) Leaves 3-5 lobed, with Sicute sinuses, whitish uuderueath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually longest; petals Unear-oblowj ; flowers (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels; but the smooth fruit on pro- longed''drooping pedicels. -r- Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim- son in early autumn. 4. !N" EG UN DO, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder. Flowers dioecious. C:ilyx miuute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 - .5. Disk none. — Sterile flowers in- clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.) 1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — River-banks, W. New Eng. to Dak., south and westward. April. — A small 'but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves. 5. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-Nut. Calyx deeply S-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals o, erect, spatulate, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the calyx. Stamens .5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of .3 several-ovuled carpels, united in tlie axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, iu scanty albumen , cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name from v\T], a cluster.) 1. S. trifolia, L. (Americax Bladder-nut.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped branches. Order .30. ANACARDIACEJE. (Cashew Family.) Trees or shruhs;, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small, often poli/ganious, regular, b-merous flowers, hut the ovary l-celled and 1-ovuled, loilh 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous. 1. RHUS, L. Sumach. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehisceut, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.) ANACARDIACEiE. (CASIIEW FAMILY.) 119 § 1. RHUS proper. Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal. * Flowers polygamous, i)i a terminal thyrsoid panicle ; fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; stone smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate. {Sot poisonous.) — (§ Sumac, DC.) ' _ 1. R. typhina, L. (Staohorx St^MACn) Branches, and stalla densely velvet y-hair y : leaflets 11 -31, pale beneath, oblons^-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, rarely laeiniate. — Hillsides. 'June. — Shrub or tree 10-30° higlj, jvltli orange- colored wood. Apparently hybridizes with the next. 2. R. glabra, L. (Smooths.) Smooth, somewhat (jlaitcous ; Xcw^iit^ \\ - 31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. rFune, July..— Shrub 2-12*^ high. A var. has laeiniate leaflets. 3. R. COpallina, L. (Dwarf S.) Branches and sialks dnnny -, ptfioUs . wincj-manjined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate, (often entire) leaf- lets, which are obli(jae or unequal at tlie b;i.se, smootli and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 1 - ''^ high, with running roots. * * Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles ; fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate; leaves odd-pi^nale or 3- foliolate, thin. (Poisonous.) — (§ Toxicodendron, DC.) 4. R. venenata, DC. (Poison S. or Dogwood.) Smooth, or nearly so; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong , entire. — Swamps. June. — Shrub 6-18° high. The most poisonous species; also called Poison Elder. O i''^' ^ ^ ' ' 5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Climbing by rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, vafiously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — high-climbing plants (R. radlcans, L.) having usually more entire leaves. — Thickets, low grounds, etc. June. * * * Flowers pol ygamo-dit in n. 23) ; stamens mostly diadelphous ; pod 2-valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately seyeral-foliolate ; flowers i-acemose. a. Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs. 17. Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined. 18. ludigofera. Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets obscurely veined. h. Flowei's large and showy ; standard broad ; wings free; woody; leaflets stipellate. 19. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 20. "Wistaria. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners ; leaflets obscurely stipellate. c. Standard narrow, erect ; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs. 21. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp apjiendage. Pod with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two. 22. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect jioint ; otherwise as Astragalus. 23. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or muricate, short, nearly indehiscent. .»-.!-■»- Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-several-jointed. the reticulnted 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. (Hedysari.e.) = Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 24 .^schynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed ; joints square. 25. Coronilla. Stamensunequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints oblong, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate 26. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several- jointed ; joints roundish. = = Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 27. Desmodiiim. Stamens diade*lphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 28. Liespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 29. Stylosantlies. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. ••- -^ -^ -t- Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadelphous ; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several-seeded. (Vicie.«. ) 30. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. 31. L.athyru8. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face, ■t- -^ -t- -t- ••- Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs ; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5-7-) foliolate ; no tendrils} peduncles or flowers axillary pod not jointed, 2-valved. (Phaseole^. ) = Leaves pinnate. 32. Apios. Herbaceous twiner ; leaflets 5-7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled. = = Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. 33. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled ; standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded length- wise. Flowers racemose. Seeds round-reniform. 34. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent. 35. Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base ; keel broad, merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma. 36. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless ; keel scythe-shaped. Style bearded down the inner face. 37. Ampliicarpaea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect ; keel almost straight. Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground. LEGUMINOS^. (PILSK FAMILY.) 125 88. Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft. the upper lobe broadest ami entire. Style beardless. Drart and bractlcts minute, mostly deciduous. == = == Leaves 1 - 3-folioIate. Ovules and seeds only one nr two. Flowers ydlow. 89. Bhynchosia. Keel scytbe-shaped. Calyx 4 -5-partcd. Tod short. SuBORDKR II. Cscsalpiiiieae. (Hrasilktto Family. j COrolU imperfectly or not at all pa[)ilionaceoas, sonietiine.s nearly rpfrular, imbri- cated in the bud, the uj)per or odd ])etal inside and enclosed hv the other.", Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, in.'Jerted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. • Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, jierfeot. Trees. 40. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothcd. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. »* Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Herbs. 41. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate. 42. Hoffnianseg^gia. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. » * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious. Trees. 43. Gymnocladus. Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10. 44. Gleditschia. Thorny ; leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short ; its lobes, petals, and the stamens 3-5. Suborder III. Miinoseae. (Mimosa Family.) Flower regular, small. Corolla valvate in aBstivation, often united into a 4 - S-lohed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Em- bryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. 45. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth. 46. Sclirankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered witk small prickles or rough projections. 1. BAPTIST A, Vent. False Indigo. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed ; keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, dis- tinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and rarcme- lished on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and JNIass. (Adv. from Ku.) 7. CYTISUS, Tourn. Bkoom. Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel olttnse and slightly incurved. StanuMis monadciplunis. Pod flat, much longer than the calvx. ' Seeds several, with a stropliiolo at the hilum. — Shrubs, with stiff green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow flowers. (The ancient Koman name of a plant, probal)ly a Medicago.) C. sror.\Rirs, Link. (Scotch Bk<»<>m.) (ilabrous or nearly .»- scurely toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the i>edun- cles very long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the nhite rontlla ; pods about 4-sceded. — Fields and copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in the northern ])art of our range, if at all. 4. T. Carolini^num, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, procumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; stipules ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equalUnej the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Waste ground near Philadelphia, south to Va., Fla., and Tex. T. HV'BniDi M, L. (Alsike C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted. — Becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Flowers short-ped icelled in close heads, rejiexed when old ; corolla yellow, persistent, turninc/ dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood-shaped ; annuals, Ji. in summer. T. agrXrium, L. (Yellow or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6-12' high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cdl three from the same point (palmate) ami nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half' its length. — Sandy fields and roadsides; N. Scotia to Va. ; also iu western N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) T. PROcuMBExs, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pu- bescent (3 - 6' high) ; leaflets n-edge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. — Sandy fields and roadsides, common. — Var. Mi.virs, Gray, has smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. MELILOTUS, Tourn. :Melilot. Sweet Clover. Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small ; corolla de- ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Tod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer tlian the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herl)s, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. (Name from f/.4\i, honey, and Awtos, some leguminous plant.) M. officixXlis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.) Upright (2-4° high); leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow; the petals nearly of ejjual lengtli. — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) M. Alka, Lam. (White M.) J^eaflets truncate; corolla trhite ; the standard longer than the other petals. — In similar ph\ces. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. MEDIC A GO, Tourn. Medick. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliohite; leaflets toothed; stipules often cut. (MtjSjkt^, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) M. SATivA, L. (Li'CERNE. Alfalfa.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf- lets obovate-ol)long, toothed; flowers {purple) racemcd ; pods spirally twisted. — Cultivated for green fodder; spontaneous from Mass. to Minn, and Kan. (Adv. from Eu.) 1) 130 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) M. LUPULiNA, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pubes- cent, annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, tootbed at the apex ; flowers in short spikes (yellow); pods kidney -form, 1 -seeded. — AVaste places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., loAva, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) M. macuiAta, AVilld. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procumbent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed ; peduncles 3 - bflowered ; floAvers yellow ; pods compactli/ spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, /((/Tou-'ec/ on the thick edge, said fringed with a double row of curved prickles. — N. BrunsAvick to Mass. (Adv. from Eu.) M. denticuiAta, VVilld. Nearly glabrous ; pods loosely spiral, deeply reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge; otherwise like the last, and with the same range. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. HO S A OKI A, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens ; stand- ard ovate or roundish, jts claw often remote from the others ; Avings obovate or oblong ; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, several-seeded. — Herbs, Avith pinnate leaves (in ours 1 - 3-foliolate, Avith gland- like stipules), and small yelloAv or reddish floAA'ers in umbels (ours solitary) upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, of NeAV York.) 1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or gla- brous, often 1° high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1-3 leaflets OA'ate to lanceolate (3 - 9" long) ; peduncles often short, bracteate with a single leaflet. — N. C. ; S. W. Minn, to Ark., and Avest to the Pacific. Very variable. 13. PSORALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the loAver lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often Avrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) Avith glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-f oliolate. FloAvers spiked or racemed, Avhite or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, ^upaXeos, scurfy, from the glands or dots.) * Leaves pinnately 3-foIiolate. 1. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3 - 5° high) ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts aid-shaped ; racemes elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves : pods roughened and Avrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and Mo. ; also south and east to S. C. July. 2. P. stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, S. Ind. and Ky. June, July. 3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- dular; stems erect (1 -2° high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narroivly oblong ; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped ; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods strongly Avrinkled transversely. — Dry soil, Fla. to Teun., S. Ind. and Kan. June. LEGUMINOS^.. (PULSE FAMILY.) 181 * * Leaves palmateli/ 3 - b-fuliolate ; roots not tuberous. 4. P. tenuifldra, J'ursh. Slender, erect, mjuh hraucheil aiid bushy (2-4° liigli), ininutelji hmir n-puhesrcnt wlieii young; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-obloug (^-1^' l<^"g), glandular-dotted ; y/owprji (2 -."J" long) in loose racemes: lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. (P. tloribuiida, Niitt.) — Prairies, Minn, to 111., Tex., and westward. June- Sept. 5. P. argoph^lla, Pursh. -S"//f?pr//.s///7/-ir/(//eallover, erect, divergently branched (l-.'i^ higli) ; leaflets elliptiral-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted ; loltcs of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High jdains, N. Wise, to Iowa, Kan., and westward. June. — Flowers 4 - .')" long. 6. P. digit^ta, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1 - 2° high ; leaflets linear-oblanceolate ; bracts of the interrupted spike ol)cordate ; calvx-lobcs oblong, acute. — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. 7. P. lanceol^ta, Pursh. Glal)rous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely punctate ; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes ; calyx 1" long, with short broauri)le, crowded in clustered termin;il spikes. (Name, &iiop-Plant.) Whittned with hoanj donn (1-3° higli) ; leaflets 15-25 ])airs, oblong-ellij)tii-al, becoming sinoothish above; spikes usually clustered at the summit. — Sask. to Ind. and Te.x., west to the Rocky Mts. ; also eastward to (ia. 2. A. microphylla, Pursh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 1° high or less; leaflets ratlier rigid; spikes usually solitary. — Sask. to Minn, and Iowa, west to the Kockv Mts. 132 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) * * Pods 2-seeded^' leaflets larger, scattered. 3. A. frutic6sa, L. (False Indigo.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or smoothish , leaflets 8-12 pairs, oblong to broadly elliptical. — River-banks, S Penn. to Fla., west to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable. 15. DALEA, L. Calyx .5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx; the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glandular-dotteci, with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads (Named for Samuel Dale, an English botanist.) * Glabrous; flowers white or rosecduucled, soft-villous; corolla rose-color. — Wia^. to Mo., west to the Kocky Mts. 4. P. folibsus, Gray. *S'mooM, very leafy ; leaflets 15 -20, linear-oblong ; spikes ciiliiulrical, short-peduucled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the glabrous calyx ; ;je?o/<.s- througliout, erect, branching ; leaf- lets 3-9, linear to oblong; sjnL-es (J I ohose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much shorter than the acutely toothed calyx; petals white. — Kan. to Tex. 17. TEPHROSIA, Ters. IIoauy Pka. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely hunger than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadel- phous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Iloary per- ennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets niucronate, veiny. (Name from T€«- bescence of calyx appr-essed ; pod oblong (4-5" lonv;), finely pubesnnt, trian- gular-compressed, icith a deep dorsal furrow, straight. — Red Kiver valley, Minn., to W. Kan., and west\vard. (Asia.) 7. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender (6' -2° long), diffusely procumbent or ascending, zt'/i/i a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous^; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or retuse ; flowers violet, capitate : calyx loosely /nibesrent : pod as in the last, but ovate aud silky-villous. — Red River valley, Minn., to central Kan. and westward. 136 LEGUMINOSiE. (PLLSE FAMILY.) -f- -)- Pod not completely 2-celled. -w- Pod stipitate, pendent. 8. Ao alpinus, L. Diffuse (6-12' high), smooth or slightly hairy; leaf- lets 13 - 25 ; flowers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; calyx campauulate ; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, black-pubescent, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usu- ally rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocky banks. Lab. to Maine and N. Vt. 9. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender; leaflets 7-11; calyx more ohloug ; Jiowers white; pod oblong (6" long), ob- tuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed, not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab- ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. — Rocky ledges, Vt. 10. A. racemosus, Rursh. Stout (1-2° high), erect or ascending, ap- pressed-pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25; flowers numerous, white, pen- dent; calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod straight, narrow, 1' long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, the ventral edge acute. — Neb. to Mo., and westward. ++ ++ Pod sessile. 11. A. gracilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1° high or more); leaflets 11-17, linear, obtuse or retuse ; racemes loose; flowers small (3" long) ; pods pendent, 2 - 3'' long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, ivhite-hairy, at length glabrous, transversely veined. — Minn, to Neb. and Mo., and westward. 12. A. distortus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subgla- brous ; leaflets 17-25, oblong, emarginate ; flowers in a short spike, pale-purple ; pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6 - 9" long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, some- what grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat. — 111. to Iowa, Mo., Ark. and Tex. 13. A. lotifldrus, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs ; stems very short; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short; calyx campamdate, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube ; pod oblong-ovate, 9-12" long, acuminate, acute at base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly straight. — Sask. to Neb. and Tex., Avest to the mountains. 14. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely appressed silky jnibescence ; leaflets 5-15, oblong, elliptic or obovate ; flowers few, capitate or spicate, 5 - 8" long, violet : calyx oblong, the teeth very slender ; pod oblong (1' long), acute, obtuse at base, pubescent, nearly straight, obcom- pressed or obcompressed-triangular, depressed on the back and the ventral su- ture more or less prominent, transversely rugulose. — Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex. XL Pod 1-celled, neither suture being injlexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. — Phaca. 15. A. Cooper i, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1-2° high) ; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath ; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike ; calyx dark-pubescent ; pod coriaceous, in- flated, ovate-globose (6-9" long), acute, glabrous, slightly sulcate on both sides, cavity webby. — Out. and western N. Y. to Minn, and Iowa. LEGUMINOS.«. (rULSK FAMILY.) 1;)7 16. A. flexubSUS, Dougl. Ashy-imhcruh-nt, {wcendin^ (1-2° hx^rh) . leaflets 11-21, iiidstlv narrow; flowers small, in h.use racenms ; jmmI tliin-eori- aceous, cijlindrit (8-11" long, 2" i)roa, and rpSiTis, keel.) * Leaves shnpli/ /)iiuiate. 1. O. Campestris, DC, var. cserulea, Koch. Pubescent or srnootlu'sh } leaflets lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure white; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture. — N. Maine to Labrador. 2. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Silkij withfne appre.ssed hairs ; leaflets mostly linear; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white; pods carti/a(jinous or Jirm-corlaceons in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lan- ceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Sask. and Minn, to Mo. and Tex., west to the mountains. * * Leaflets numerous, mostli/ in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along the rhachis. 3. O. spl^ndens, Dougl Silvery silky-villous (6-12' high) ; scape spi- cately several to many-flowered ; floAvers erect-spreading ; pod ovate, erect. 2- celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx — Plains of ISask. and W. Minn., to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts. 23. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. Liquorice. Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con- fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc.. otherwise as in Astragalus — Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from yXvKvs, su-eet, and ^i(a, root) ; herbage glandular-viscid; leaves odd-pinnate, witii minute stipules*, flowers iu axillary spikes, white or bluish. 1. G. lepidbta, Nutt. (Wild Lu^i okk i:.) Tall (2-3^ high) ; leaflets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-])ointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; s])ikes pedunded, short ; flowers whitish; ]>od3 oblong, beset witli hocjked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xantliium on a smaller scale. — Minn, to Iowa and Mo., and westwanl ; Ft. Erie, Out. 24. ^SCHYNOMENE, L. Sexsitive Joixt-Vetch. Calyx 2-li])ped; the upper lip 2-, tiie lower 3-cleft. Standard nmndish ; keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. PihI flattened. 138 LEGUMINOS^, (pulse FAMILY.) composed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from al(rxvuofj.^ur], being ashamed.) 1. M. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual ; leaflets 37 -51, lin- ear ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers yellow, reddish externally ; pod stalked, 6 - 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug. 25. CORONILLA, L. Calyx .5-toothed. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphcus, 9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed ; the joints oblong. — Glabrous herbs or shrubs, witli pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary peduncles (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.) C. vXria, L. a perennial herb with ascending stems ; leaves sessile ; leaf- lets 1.5 - 2.5, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; pods coriaceous, 3 - 7-jointed, the 4-an- gled joints 3 - 4" long. — Conn, to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) 26. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-sliaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, oblifiuely truncate, not appeudaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- phous, 5 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable roundish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs; leaves odd-pin- nate. (Name com])Osed of ^5ys, stceet, and ipco/xa, smell.) I. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla- brous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed purple flowers; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated. — Lab. to northern Maine and Vt. ; north shore of L. Superior, and north and westward. 27. DESM ODIUM, Desv. Tick-Trefoil. Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate ; wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Per- ennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stip- ules and bracts scale-like, often striate (Name from Sea-fios, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the pods.) § 1. Pod raised on a stalk {stipe) mam/ tiines longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as lo7ig as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the back ; stamens monadelphous below; plants nearly glabrous: stems erect or ascending; raceme terminal, panicled; stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 1. D. nudiflorum, BC Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend- ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods, common. LEGUMINOSyE. (PULSK FAMILY.) 139 2. D. acuminatum, DC. leaves ail crowded at ihe summit of tite stem from wliitli arist s lln i hfin/nled naked raceme or /mnic/e ; leallcUs rounv:itc, taper-pointed, pjrecii both sides, the end one round (4-5' lon^). — Kith woods, from Canada to the Gulf. 3. D. pauciflbrum, DC. Leaves scattered alon^ the low (.S-15' high) asoeiidin;; steins; leallets rhombic-ovate, blunti.sh, pale beneath; raceme ftu>- foirered, terminal. — Woods, Ont. to I'enn., Mich., Kan., and southward. § 2. Pod raised on a stalk {stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyx ; stems long and prostrate or decumbent ; racemes axillary and terminal. « Stijiules conspicuous, orate, attenuate, striatey persistent ; racemes mostly simple. 4. D. rotundifolium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate; leajlets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges, 3 - .5-jointed ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky wot)ds, N. Kng. to P'la., west to Minn., Mo., and La. Var. glabratum, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordi- nary form. — Mass. and N. Y. 5. D. OChroletlCUm, INT. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent; leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated be- neath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ; corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2 -4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and reticulated but the margins downy. — Woodlands, Md. and Va. * * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and aid-shaped, less persistent; racemes panicled. 6. D. humifusum, Beck. Glabrous or nearly so, procumbent ; leajlets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding (lJ-2' long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2 -4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhomboid joints minutely scabrous throughout. — Dry sandy soil, S. Penn. to Md. § 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled. * Stems tall (3-5°) and erect ; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; floivers rather large. •*- Pods of i- 7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, ivhich are considerably longer than broad {about 6" long). 7. D. can6scens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy ; leajlets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, tchitish and reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very atlhesive. — Moist grounds, Mass. and Vt. to Minn, and southward, chiefly westward. Branches clothed with botli minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather glutinous hairs. — Var. viLLosfssiMCM, Torr. & Gray, ha.s the panicle and upper part of the stem very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate. — Mo. 8. D. CUSpid^tum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle ; .stem straight ; leajlets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides, longer than the petiole (3-5'); joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets, common. The conspicuous bracts and stipules J' long. -t- H- Pods of 3-5 ov(d joints (not over 3" long). 9. D. lUinoense, Gray. Erect (3-5'' I'ig'O ; stem and leaves with short rough pubescence ; k'aflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2-4' long), ubtu.>re scanty and usually fine and a])pres.se0£/6- oblony, 2-seeded, hairj. — N. Brun.s- wick to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Perennial ; peduncles eloiif/ated ; cali/x-teeth unequal; pod sfvfral-seeded. 1. V. Cr^CCa, L- Downy-pubesceut ; leaflets 20-24, olilonrj-lanreolate, stroncjli) mucronate; spikes denseli/ manij-Jlowered, 1 -sided; flowers blue, turn- ing purple, 6" long, reflexed ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. — Borders of thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. (Eu.) 2. V. Carolini^na, Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8 - 24, ohlonrj, ohtuse, scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosehj-Jiowered ; flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue ; calyx-teeth very short. — Kiver-banks, Out. and N. Y. to Ga., west to Minn, and Kan. 3. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets \0-\4, elliptircd or ovate- oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4- 8-flou-ered : flowers purplish (8" long). — Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., Minn., and westward. — Var. lineXris, Watson, a low form with linear leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb., and is common westward. 31. LATHYRUS, Tourn. Vetchlixg. Everlasting Pea. Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along tiie inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. — Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants, the rhachis of tlie leaves in some not produced into a tendril. {Addvpos, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) * Tendrils present ; stipules large and broad ; leaflets 3-5 pairs. 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stout (1° high or more); stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets, the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely tootlied ; leaflets thick; ovate-oblong (i -2' long) ; peduncles a little sh(n-ter tl;an the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered . flow- ers targe (9" loug),/^»/7>/e. — Se;vshore from N. .1. and Oregon to the Arctic Sea; also on the Great lyakes. (Eu.) 2. L. OchroleUCUS, Hook. Stem slender (1-3^ liigli) ; stipules semi- cordate, half as large as the thin orate leaflets; peduncles 7 - 10-flowereil ; flow- ers smaller, yellowish-white. — nWUides, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and westward. * * Tendrils present ; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate. ■*- Flowers purple ; leaflets several pairs. 3. L. ven6sus, Muhl. S7o»^ climbing, usually somewhat downy; stip- ules very small and mostly slender; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong ovate, mostly 144 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) obtuse (about 2' long) ; peduncles mamj-Jioicered. ; flowers 6 - 8'' long. — Shadj banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn. 4. L. palustris, L. Slender, glabrous or somewbat pubescent; stem often winged; stipules lanceolate, sbarp-pointed at both ends; leaflets 2-4 pairs, narroivli/ oblong to linear, acute (1 -2' long) ; peduncles 2-6flowered; flowers 6" long. — Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and westAvard across the continent. (Eu.) Var. myrtifblius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger ; leaflets ovate to oblong (1' long or less). — Same range, and extending south to N. C. -)- -I- Flowers yellow ; leaflets a single pair. L. PRATENSis, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to linear, acute ; peduncles several-flowered. — Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and Out. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Tendrils usmdly wanting ; low, mosdi/ erect ; stipules semi-sagittate ; flow- ers i-erij large, purple ; pod stipitate in the cal//x. 5. L. polymorphus, Nutt. Leaflets 3-6 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, thick and strongly nerved, 1-2' long; seeds with a narrow footstalk and short hilum. — Mo., Kan., and westward. 6. L. ornatus, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3-12" long ; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum. — Ivan, to Col. and Dak. Scarcely 1^ high. 32. A PI OS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. Calyx soniewliat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed ; the long scythe-sha])ed keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb (with some milky juice!), twining and climbing over bushes, and bearing edible tubers on underground shoots. Leaflets 3 - 7, ovate-lan- ceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often brandling racemes. (Name from awiov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tuberbsa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, violet- scented. — Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and La. 33. PHASEOLUS, Touru. Kidney Bean. Calyx .5-toothed or 5-cIeft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled. Stamens dia- delphous. Style bearded along the upper side; stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several -many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin- ing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, pro- duced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) 1. P. perennis, Walt. (Wild Bean.) Stem climbing high from a perennial root ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; flowers purple, hand- some, but small; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4-.5-seeded. — Copses, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn, and La. TJ-.nUMINOS^. (riLSE FAMILY.) 145 34. STROPHOSTYLES, KlI. Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and stvle elonpjated. stronj^lv incurved, not spirally coiled, l^od linear, terete or Hattisli, straight or nearlv so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, niealy-pulioscent or j;Iahrate ; hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and capitate clustered on the mostly long peduncles. Otherwise as Phaseolus. — Stems prostrate or dimliing, moru or less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from (rTpo(pr], a turn- in;/, and (TTvKo?, (I stij/c.) I 1. S. angulbsa, 1^11. Annual ; stems hranched, 1 -G° long; leaflets ovatn to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), wilh a more or less prominent roumltd lobe toward the base {the terminal 2-lobe(l), or some or all often entire, about I' (6-20") long; corolla greenish-white and purplish; pod terete, 2-3' long by 3" wide, 4-8-seeded, nearly glabrous ; seeds oblomj, about 3" lonff, usually very pubescent. (Phaseolus diversifolius, Per*-. 1*. lielvolus, />.) — Sandy shores and river-banks; coast of Ma.^^s. and southward, along the Great Lakes to Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex. Var. Missouriensis, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10-30°) ; leaves often 3' long, rliomhic-ovate, rarely at all lobed ; seeds 3-4" long. — River- bottoms near Indojiendence, Mo.; nearly two months later. (F. Bush.) 2. S. peduncularis, Ell. Stems more slender, from a perennial root- stock, 2-4^ long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rareli/ at all lobed, V long or less; pod 1^-2' long and scarreli/ 2" wide ; seeds much smaller, 1^-2" long, sliort-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus helvolus, A/an., etc. i not L.) — Sandy ground, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La. 3. S. pauciflbrus, Watson in herb. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pu- bescent ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, l' long; pod pubescent, V long, tiattish ; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, Bentlt.) — Hiver-banks, Ind. to Minn., south to Miss, and Tex. 35. CENTROSEMA, DC. Spurked Bi tteuflv-Pea. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base; keel broa ttkuflv-Pi.a. Calyx tubular, .5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, erect, rounded, notched at the top, not si)urred on the back; keel small, shorter 10 146 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, Avith mostly piuuately 3-f oliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.) 1. C. Mariana, L. Loav, ascending or twining, smooth ; leaflets oblong- ovate or ovate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short; the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long. — Dry banks, N. Y. to Va. and Fla.,.west to Mo. and Tex. 37. AMPHICABPiEA, Ell. Hog Pea-nut. FloAvers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on filiform creeping branches with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Ca- lyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed ; bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals similar, almost straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens diadelphous. Style beardless. Pods of the vipper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3-4-seeded; of the lower ones commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually but one large seed. — Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sti- pellate. Flowers in simple or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stij)ules. (Name from ajxcpi, loth, and KapiTos, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) 1. A. monoica, Nutt. Leaflets thin, j-2' long; racemes nodding; calyx of upper flowers 2" long, the ovary glabrous except the hairy margin ; pod 1' long; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy. — Kich damp woodlands, common. Aug., Sept. 2. A. Piteheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2 -4' long; rhachis of the racemes usually villous; calyx 3" long, the teeth acuminate : ovary hairy. — Western N. Y. to 111., Mo., La., and Tex. Tlie upper flowers more com- m6nly*fertile ; apparently producing subterranean fruit but rarely. 38. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Milk-Pea. Calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style be«ardless. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed) . — Low, mostly prostrate or tAvining perennial herbs. Leaflets usu- ally 3, stipellate. FloAvers in someAvhat interrupted or knotty racemes, pur})lish ; in summer. (Name from yaXa, -axTos, milk ; some species being said to yield a milky juice, Avhich is unlikely.) 1. G. glabella, Michx. Stems nearhj smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-floAvered ; jjods somewhat hairij. — Sandy Avoods, southern N. Y. to Va., Fla., and Miss. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stems (decumbent and someAvhat tAvining) and leaves beneath soft-downy and hoarij ; leaflets oval ; racemes many -flowered , pods very downy. (G. mollis, Gray, Manual; not Michx.) — Penn. to Fla. and Miss. LEGUMINOSiE. (iTLSE FAMILY.) 147 39. RHYNCHOSIA, L.mr. Calyx somewhat 2-Hj)ped,or deeply 4-5-parteorarv with Linnaius.) « 1. G. triacanthos, L. (Tiiree-thorned Acacia, or IIonuy-Locist.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanrcolate-oh/onf/, somewhat serrate; pods linear, elongated (1-1^° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between. the seeds. — Uich w^oods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ca., west to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in cultivation, with very hard and heavy wood. 2. G. aquatica, Marsh. (Water-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly simple; leajlets ovate or oblowj ; pods oval, \-seedcd, pulpless. (G. raonosper- ma, Walt.) — Deep swamps, Mo. to IS. Ind., S. Car., and southward. A smaller trie, 30-40^ high. 45. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx cam})amilate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens .'i or 10. I*od flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, seta- ceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name compcjsed of SeV/ia, a bond, and &vdos,Jloicer.) 1. D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1-4° high) ; pinnas G- I.t pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; peduncles 1 -3' long; stamens 5; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely r long, 2 - 6-seeded. — Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind and Ky. to Minn.. Mo., and Tex. ; also in Fla. 2. D. leptolobus, Torr. & Gray. Pinnaj 5-8 pairs; leaflets 10-20 pairs; peduncles V long or less; heads rather loose, stamens ^ ; pods usually few, narrowly linear, erect, 1-2' long. — Central Kan. to Tex. 46. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Briar. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4valved, i. e., the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin — Pe- rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Phints (Mimosa) ; the procum- bent stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose- colored flowers. (Named for t\ P. Schrank. a German bot.inist.) 1. S. uncin^ta, Willd. Prickles hooked ; pinnaj 4-6 pairs; leaflets ellifh- tical, reticulated with strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, ncarlv terete- short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to S. 111., Kan., and Tex. 2. S. angUSt^ta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblojig-linear, scnrcfh/ veined ; pods slender, taper-pointed, s}>aringly prickly (about 4' long). — S. Va. (.') (o Fla., Teuu., and Tex. 150 ROSACEA, (rose family.) Order 33. ROSACE^E. (Rose Family.) Plants ivith regular Jiowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in- serted on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the last tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) i -few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, icith large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some- times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4- 8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro- ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu- minos£B on one hand, and with Saxifragaceas on the other. I. 0\ary superior and not enclosed m the calyx-tube at maturity. * Calyx deciduous, without bractlets ; pistil solitaiy, becoming a drupe. Tribe I. PRUNED. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. Ovules 2, pendiilnus, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5. Stone of the drupe bony. * * CaljTC mostly persistent ; pistils few to many (rarely solitary), ■t- Calyx without bractlets ; o'sniles 2 - many. Tribe II. SPIR^E^. Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2 -several-seeded follicles. Shrubs or perennial herbs. a. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal 2. Spiraea. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves sim- ple or pinnate. 3. Physocarpns* Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub : leaves palmately lobed. 6. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal. 4. Gillenia. Herbs ; leaves 3-foliolate. Tribe III. KUBE^. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody stems. 5. Riibus. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle. 6. Dalibarda. Pistils 5 - 10, in tlie bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit. — -t- Calyx-lobes mostly with bractlets; o\Tile solitary. Tribe IV. POTENTIL,L.E^. Pistils few - many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes. Heibs a. Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or jointed. 7. Geurn. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stainens and carpels nu- merous styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed. l. Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous, 8. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 ; small or no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenes 2 - 6 : styles deciduous from the base. 9. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit. 10. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobos as many, with an alternat- ing set ot bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous ; the latter heaped on a dry re- ceptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit. 1 1 . Sibbaldia. Petals minute ; stamens and achenes 5 - 10 ; otherwise as Potentilla. ROSACEiT-:. (UOSK FAMILY.) 151 II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube. Tribe V. POTERIE.-E. Pistils 1-4, hccominR arhcnes, mnipleU'ly enclosed in the dry anil linn caiyx-tulte, which is constricted or nearly closed at the thmat. Herbs with conipound ur lobed leaves. Petals often none. 12. Alcheiuilla* Calyx urceobit«, bracteolate. Petals none. SUunens 1-4. Flowers minute, clustered. lo. Agriinonia. Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stiiiuens 5-12. FInwei-s yellow, in long racemes. 14. Poteriiim. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked PeUdsnonc. Flowci-s densely capitate or .spicate. Tribe VI. KOSE.^. Pistils many, becoming bony acheucs, enclosed in the glob*)se or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petids conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 15. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves. Tribe VII. POME..E. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in and coalescent with the fleshy or berrj'- like calyx, in fruit becondng a 2 - several-celled pome. Trees or shrubs, with stipulea free from the petiole. a. Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2-5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled. 16. Pyrus. Pome containing 2-5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. 17. Craticgus. Pome drupe-like, with 1-5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thoniy. b. Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled. IS. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 ca^jels : each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a projection from its back ; otherwise as Pyrus. 1. PRtJNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cherry, etc. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obcouical, decidu- ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary, with 2 pendulous ovnles. Drupe fleshy, with a l)ony stone. — Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) § 1. PllUNUS proper (and Cerasps). Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or somewhat rugged ; Jlowers (usualli/ white) from separate lateral scali/ buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the pedicels Jew or several in simple umbel-like clusters. 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Yellow or Eed Pm'm.) Tree thorny, 8-20° high; leaves ovate or somewhat ol)Ovate, consjticnoiisli/ pointed, coarsclji or doublij serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly desti- tute of bloom, roundish-oval, yellow, orange, or red, |-§'in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states T or more in diameter, the flattened stone with l)roader margins ; ple:isant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin. — Woodlands and river-banks, common. 2. P. maritima, AVang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (1 - 5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, Jinrly serrate, softly pubescent underneath; ])edicols short, pubescent ; fruit globular, pur])le or crimson with a bloom (^-1' in diameter) ; the stone very turgid, orj/^e on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. — Sea-beaches and the vicinity, N. IJrunswick to Va. It varies, when at some distance from the coast (X. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother and thinner and the fruit smaller. 3. P. Alleghanidnsis, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree (3-15*^ high), seklum tliurnv; leaves lauctulate to vblnnff-orate, ofh n loii'/-aru- 152 ROSACEA, (rose family.) mlnate,finelij and sharply serrate, soitly pubescent Avhen 3'oung, glabrate with age ; fruit globose-ovoid, verj dark purple with a bloom (less thau ^' in diameter) ; stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other. — Bluffs of the Alleghany Mts., Penn. 4. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny (8-15° high) ; leaves nearli/ lanceolate, Jitieli/ serrulate, glabrous ; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (^-f in diameter) ; the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Md. to ria., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. 5. P. gracilis, Engelm. & Gray. Soft-pubescent, 1-4° high ; leaves oblong- lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate, becoming nearly glabrous above, 1-2' long ; pedicels and calyx pubescent ; fruit less thau ^' in diameter; stone rather turgid, suborbicular. — Prairies and sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and Tenn. 6. P. ptiniila, L. (Dwarf Cherrv. Sand C.) Smooth, depressed and trailing (6' -6° high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, some- what toothed near the apex, pale underneath; flowers 2-4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red or nearly black Avhen ripe, without bloom ; stone ovoid, mar- ginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy banks, N. Brunswick to Va., west to ISIinn. and Kan. Fruit usually sour and astringent. 7. P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. (Wild Red Cherry.) Tree 20-30° high, with light red-brown bark; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods, Newf. to N. C, west to Minn, and Mo. P, spix6sA, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Brsmches ihoTny ; leaves obovate- oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels glabrous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. — Var. iNSiTiTiA (Bullace-Plum), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent. — Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. J. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. PADUS. Drupe small, globose, ivitliout bloom ; the stone turgid-ovate, mar- ginless ; floicers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 8. P. Virginiana, L. (Choke-Cherry.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sliarply {often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crim- son; stone smooth. — River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. — Fruit very austere and astringent. A variety with very short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass. 9. P. ser6tina, Ehrh. (Wild Black Cherry.) A large tree, with reddish-brown branches ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed , serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above ; racemes elon- gated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, N. Scotia to Fia., west to Minn., E. Neb., and La. — Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. 10. P. demissa, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3-12° high, resem- bling n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves ratlior thick and the teeth less slender; ra- cemes often elongated; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly astringent. — Central Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., Dak., and westward. ROSACEA. (rose FAMIF.Y.) 1^)'.] 2. SPIR^A, L. Meadow-Sweet. Calyx 5-cleft, short, persi.>^tfiit. Petuls 5, <»l»<>v:ite, e(|u;il, imbricated in tho bud. Stamens 10 - 50. Pods (follicles) 5 - 8, not inflated, few - several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in co- rymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, from a-rrfipdw, to ticist, from the twisting of the pods in the original species.) § 1 . SPIRj'EA proper. Erect s/irnbs, roith simple leaves ; stipules obsolete : pods mostljj .5, several-seeded. 1 S. betulsefblia, Pall., var. corymbbsa, Watson. Nearly smooth (1 - 2*^ high) ; leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex ; corijmhs larr/f, fiat, several times compound ; flowers ivhite. (S. corymbosa, Raf.) — Mountains of Penn. and N. J. to Ga., Avest to Ky. and Mo. 2. S. salieifblia, L. (Common Me ado w-Swei;t.) Xenrli/ smooth (2- ti° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; Jloirers in a crowded pdiiiele, white or Hesh-color ; pods smootii. — Wet or low grounds, Newf. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. ; also to the far northwest. (Ku.) 3. S. tomentdsa, L. (Hardhack. STEErLE-Busn.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves veri/ woolli/ ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods woolly. — Low grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn, and Kan. § 2. ULMARIA. Perennial herbs, ivith pinnate leaves and panicled ci/mose Jlowers ; stipules kidney form ; pods 5-8, 1 - 2-seeded. 4. S. lob^ta, Jacq. (Queen of the Prairie.) Glabrous (2-8° high); leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed ; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked peduncle ; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and Iowa. § 3. AR UNCUS. Perennial herbs, with dio'cious whitish foivers in mam/ slender s])ikes, disposed in a long compound panicle ; leaves thrice pinnate ; stipules obsolete; pods 3-5, several -seeded ; pedicels reflexed in fruit. 5. S. Anincus, L. (Goat's-Beari>.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lan- ceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Iowa and Mo. 3. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. NixE-nAKK. Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30-40. Other- wise as Spirrea. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs of wliite flowers. (Name from erly a blackberry, •t- -t- Stems biennial and wood I/, prick-Ii/ ; receptacle oNonj ; fruit hemispherical. 5. R. Strigdsus, Michx. (Wild Red TIasi'I?ekrv.) Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc., heset ivith stiff' straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; fruit lir/ht red. — "^rhickets and hills. Lab. to N. J., and south in the niountaius to N. C, west to Minn, and Mo. 6. B,. oecident^is, L. (Black RAsrnERKv. TiiiMnLEnKuuv.) Glaucous all orer ; slems recurved , armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles, not bristli/ ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, ])ointed, coarsely doubly ser- rate, whitened-downy uudcrneath, the lateral ones somewhat sUilked; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (rarely a wliitish variety), ripe early in July. — Common, especially nortlnvard. — An apparent liybrid (R. neglcc- tus. Peck) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermedi- ate between the two, and growing witli tliera. § 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separatinr/ from the juicy prolonged recep- tacle, viosth/ ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickhj and flowers white. — Blackberry. 7. R. vill6sus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1-6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved ])rickles ; branch- lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewliat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowers raccmed, numerous ; bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, mucli sliorter than the obovate-oblong spreatling petals. — Borders of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and sliape of fruit. — Var. froxd6sus, Torr., is smoother and mucli less glan- dular, with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With the type, more common at the north. — Var. iiuMirt'sus, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, and connecting Avith the next species. 8. R. Canadensis, L. (Loav Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharjjly cut-serrate; flowers racemed, Avith leaf-like bracts. — Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to central Minn, and E. Kan. 9. R. hispidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexcd prickles ; leaf- lets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovato, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; peduncles leafless, several flowered, of en bristly ; flowers small; fruit of few grains, black. — In low woods or swampy gnissv ground, N. Scotia to Ga., we.st to Minn, and E. Kan. 10. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Sand Blackberry.) Shrubby (1-3° high), u})right, armed with .'itout recurved prickles , branchlets and lower side of the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3-5, wodge-olwvate, thickisli, serrate above; 156 ROSACEA, (rose family.) peduncles 2 - 4-flowered ; petals large. — Sandy woods, southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La. 11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low BuSH-BLACKBERRr.) Shrubby, procum- bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), oA'ate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3- flowered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. 6. DAIilBARDA, L. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5 - 10, becoming nearly dry seed- like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnaeus.) 1. D. ripens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks ; common northward. Juue-xVug. — Li aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet. 7. GEUM, L. AvENs. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a coni- cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.) § 1. GEUM proper. Styles Jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated ; head of fruit sessile in the calyx ; calyx-lobes refexed. * Petals white or pale greenish-yelloic, small, spatulate or oblong ; stiptdes small. 1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender (2° liigh) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed ; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading ; recep- tacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Borders of woods, etc.; common. May - Aug. 2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem ; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; heads of fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs ; receptacle glabrous or nearly so. — Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June -Aug. * * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx ; stipides larger and all deeply cut. 3. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l - 3° high) ; root- leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes icedge-form and rounded ; receptacle nearly naked. — N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.) ROSACEiK. (rose FAMILY.) 157 4. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3-5° high); root-leaves inter- rui)te(lly piimato, (ho leaHfts \vo(li>;o-«>h()vate ; leaflets of the utim-lcavcs 3-5, rJtombic-ovate or ohlonij, arutr : nrefttdc/e (/uwn//. — Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Miuu., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Ku.) § 2. STYLIPUS. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuousi n stalked in the cd/i/.r; bractlcts of the cali/x none; otherwise nearlj as § 1. 5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundi.sli-hcart-sliaped, 3-5-lol)ed, or some ofi them pinnate, with tlic lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Penu. to 111., south to Ky. and Tex. April-June. §3. CAKYOPHYLLATA. Stifle jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose ,- jlowers large ; cali/x erect or spreading ; petals erect. 6. G. riv^le, L. (Water, or Purple Avens.) — Stems nearly sim- ple, several-Howered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate, retu.se, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked in the brown- purple calyx. — Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Miuu. and Mo. — Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Ku.) § 4. SIEVERSIA. Stj/le not jointed, icholhj persistent and straight ; heaa of fruit sessile ; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. {Floicering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) 7. G. triflbrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut- toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; brarflets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals: styles very lonq (2'), strongly plumose in fruit. — Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn, and Mo.; rare. April -June. 8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded -kid ney-shaped,TA(\\^to-ye\ned (2-5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut- toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8-18^ h'gli) 1-5-flowered; bractlefs minute; petals yellow,- round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx {V long) , spread- ing ; styles naked except the base. ( High mountains of N. C.) Var. P6ckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute. — Alpine tops of the White Mts. Drvas octopetala, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby ]>lant, with simple toothed leaves and large white s«ditary flowers, has the characters of this sec- tion excepting its S-'J-partod calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It wa.^ said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, X. 11., ninety years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since. 8. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenes 2-6, minutely hairy; the terminal .slender stales deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Low perennial herbs, witii 158 ROSACEA, (rose family.) chiefly radical 3 - 5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in lienor of Fi-ancis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed , scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. — Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn. 9. FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing tlie minute dry achenes scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, Avith runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical ; leaflets 3, obovate- Avedge-form, coarsely serrate , stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called Wild Straw^berry.) 1. F. Virginiana, Mill. Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower- ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified ; leaf- lets of a firm or coriaceous texture ; the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, silkij and appressed. — Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc. ; common. Var. Illinoensis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with floMcrs more inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, and the villous hairs if the scape and pedi- cels icidch) spreading. — Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. 2. F. vesea, L. Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) ; calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed ; leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky places ; less common. (Eu.) F. Indica, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, ijellow petals, and insipid fruit, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the S. States ; an escape from cultivation. Flowers and fruit produced through the summer and autumn, (Adv. from India.) 10. POTENTILLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-fixger, Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle ; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers ; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.) § 1. Stijles thickened and glandular toward the base ; achenes glabrous, numer- ous : inflorescence cymose. * Style nearly basal ; stamens 25 - 30 ; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers. \. P. argtlta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1 - 4° high), brownish- hairy, clammy above ; leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath ; ROSACE.*:, (rose family.) 159 cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick pjlandnlar disk. — Rocky hills, N. Brnnswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and wi-stwnrd. * * Stijle terminal; Jlotvers small, i/clluw ; Itares jn'niiale or tcrnate. •4- Annual or biennial ; leajlets incisely serrate, not whilc-tomentose ; stamens 5 - 20. 2. P. Norvegica, L. Stout, erect, hirsute {i-2° hi^r],) ; leaves temate ; leaflets obovate or ohlong-lanceolate ; ci/rne rather close, leafy ; cali/x lanje ; stamens 15 (rarely 20). — Lab. to N. J., west to Minn, and Kan. (Kn.) 3. P. riv^lis, Nutt. More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pinnate, with tiro pairs of closely approximate leajlets, or a single )»air and the terminal leaflet 3-parted ; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong; cyme loose, (ften dijfuse, less leafy; calyx small; ])etals minute; stanieus 10-20 (rarely 5). — Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward. Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate ; stems erect, or weak and ascending; achenes often small and light-colored. — Minn, to Mo., N. Mex., and westward. Var. pentandra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base ; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals. — Iowa, Mo., and Ark. 4. P. suplna, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect, often stout, leafy, subrillous ; leaflets pinnately 5-11, obovate or oblong; cyme loose, leafy ; sta- mens 20; achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side. (P. paradoxa, Nutt.) — Minn, to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes. — Var. NicoLLETii, AVatscni. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence mucli elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose. — Devil's Lake, Minn. •*- 4- Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose ; leaflets incisely pin- natifld ; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20-25. 5. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (}-2° high); leaflets 5-9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all rev^lute ; cyme fastigiate but rather open. — Coast of Maine, N. IL, and the lower St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug. — Var. strig6sa, Lehm. Stems 6-12' higli ; silky-tomentose throughout ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close. — Minn, and westward. § 2. Styles filiform, not glandular at base ; inflorescence cymose. * Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, icith rather large yellow flowers. •»- Leaves pinnate. 6. P. Hippikna, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1 - 1.^ Idgh), slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5 - 11 , cuneate-oblong, incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the petiole ; carpels 10-30. — N. W. Minn., and westward. 7. P. efiftisa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous liairs ; stems ascending (4-12' high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5-11, inter- ruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate-oblong, coarsely-incised-ser- rate or deiitate ; carpels 10. — W. Minn, to Mont. audCol. 160 ROSACE.^, (rose family.) •*- -(- Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets ; tomentose or villous. 8. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cinque-foil.) Stems ascending, pauicu- lately branclied at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge- oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June -Sept. (Eu.) 9. P. frigida, Till. Dwarf (1-3' high), tufted, villous when young; leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3-5-toothed at summit, nearly gla- brous above ; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems ; bractlets and sepals equal. — Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu.) * * Style lateral; purple petals {shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat persist- ent; disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becoming large and spongy. 10. P. paliistris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Fixger.) Stems stout, ascend- ing from a decumbent rooting perennial base (^ - 2° long), glabrous below ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath ; flowers few in an open cyme ; calyx {V broad) dark purple inside. — Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., 111., Minn., and northward. (Eu.) * * * Style attached below the middle ; achenes and receptacle densely villous ; icoody pe7-ennials. 11. P. fruticosa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, shrubby (1-4° high), much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, crowded, oblong- lanceolate, entire, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute ; petals yellow, orbicidar. — Wet grounds. Lab. to N. J., west to Minn., northern Iowa, and north and westward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 12. P. tridentata, Ait. (Three-toothed C.) Stems low (1-10' high), rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the apex ; petals ivhite ; achenes and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. {Barbour), and mountain-tops of the Alleghauies ; also shores of the upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wise, and Minn. § 3. Styles flliform, lateral ; peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flowered ; achenes glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers. 13. P. Anserina, L. (Silver-AVeed.) Spreading by slender many- jointed runners, ichite-tomentose and silk y-v ill ou s ; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 7-21, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, silky to- mentose at least beneath ; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft ; pedun- cles elongated. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N. J., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. (Eu.) 14. P. Canadensis, L. (Comjion Cinque-foil or Five-Finger.) Stems slender and decumbent or prostrate, or sometimes erect ; pubescence villous, often scanty ; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate by the parting of the lateral leaf- lets ; leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above ; bractlets entire. — Dry soil ; common and variable. Apr. - July. — Often pro- ducing summer runners. ROSACE.K. (koSK FAMrLV.) 161 11. SIBBALDIA, L. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 luattlets. rcLals '), linear-ohluug, iniuutc. Sta- iiieus 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the wv's Mantle. Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-i»!u-ted with aa manv alternate accessory li>bes. IVtals none. Stamens 1-4. I'istils 1-4, the slender style ari.sing from near the ba.so ; achenes included in the tube of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with ])alniately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish Howers. (From AILeiiifli/eh, the Arabic name, having reference to the silky jnibescence of some species.) A. ARVKNSis, Scop. (Parslky Pip^rr.) Small annual (.3-8' high), leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-sliaped lobes 2-3-cleft, ])ubescent ; flowers fascicled opposite the axils. — V'a. and N. C. (Adv. from Ku.) 13. A GRIM ONI A, Tourn. Aguimony. Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5 -15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Ar/om/-oborate, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July -Sept. (Eu.) 2. A. parviflora, Ait. (Small-flowerkd A.) Leaflets crowded, 11- 19, u-ith smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut- serrate, as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La. 14. POTERIUM, L. Blrnet. Calyx with a top-shaped tulte, constricted at tlie throat, ]»ersistent ; the 4 broad petal-like spreading lol)es imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1 - 3 ; the slender terminal style tip]»ed with a tufted or bru.sh-like stigma. Achene (commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-anglod dry and thickish closed calyx- tube. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unc«iually j)innate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di- oecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name iror-ffpiop, a drinking- cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some me- dicinal drink.) 162 ROSACEA, (rose family.) 1. p. Canadense, Benth. & Hook. (Canadian Burnet.) Stamens 4, long-exserted, elub-sliaped, w^hite, as is the whole of the elongated and cylin- drical spike ; stem 3-6° high ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. — Bogs and wet meadows, Newf . to mountains of Ga., west to Mich. P. Sanguisorba, L, (Garden Burnet.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers of the glol)ular greenisli head, with drooping capillary filaments, the upper flowers pistillate onlv ; stems about 1° high; leaflets numerous, small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, N. Y. to Md. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. KOSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit. — Shrubby and usually spiny or prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole ; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species are very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable upon imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.) * Styles cohering in a protrndinfj column, as lonrj as the stamens. 1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLnrnixG or Prairie Rose.) Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, shar{)ly serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets. Out. to Ohio, S. C, and Fla., west to Wise, Neb., and Tex.; also cultivated. July. — The only American climbing rose, Or with united protruding styles ; strong shoots growing 10-20° in a season. * * Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and persistent; pedicels and receptacles naked. -t- Fruit ohlong-ohovate to oblong ; infrastipular spines usually none. 2. R. Engelmanni, Watson. Stems usually 3 - 4° high or less ; infra- stipular spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often abundant; leaflets 5-7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and the teeth serru- late; flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; fruit 6-12" long. — Whisky Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and west to the Red River valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont, and N. Idaho to Col. M- +- Fruit globose ; infrastipular spines none ; acicular prickles often present. 3. R. blanda. Ait. Stems 1-3° high, it7to%imarwieo? (occasionally with a few or very rarely numerous prickles) ; stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed ; leaflets 5-7, usually oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not irsinous ; flowers usually large, corym- bose or solitary; sepals hispid, entire. — On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to N. Eng., central N. Y., 111. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes. 4. R. S^yi, Schwein. Stems usually low (1-2° high), very prickly; stipules usually dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, resinous- ROSACEA, (rosk family.) 163 pnherulent and teeth serrulate ; flowcM lin'ffc, solitary (very rarely 2 or .'^); outer sc'iKiLs usually with 1 or 2 nurrow latenil lohcs, not hispid. — N. Mich, and Wisf. to Minn, and Col. 5. R. Arkansana, Torter. Stems low, vcri/ jirirklij ; stipules narrow, more or less i^landular-toothed above (or eveu gland ular-ci Hate) ; Uajlets 7-11, broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, suhruneate at base, sessile or jMjtiolulate, simply toothed, not resinous ; flowers corymbose ; sepals rarely hispid, the outer lobed. — Miuu. to Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col. •♦- -t- •♦- Fruit (jlolH)se ; infrastipular spines present. 6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems usually low (i-3° high), with slender straiglit or recurved s|jines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or wholly un- armed above ; leaflets 5-7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, more or less toothed ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; scj)als naked or hispid, the outer usually lolnid ; fruit globose with a short neck. — Minn, to Mo., west to Col. * * * Styles distinct ; sepals spreading after powering and deciduous ; infra- stipular spines usually present, often with scattered prickles ; sepals, globose receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid ; teeth simple ; pubescence not resinous. ■i- Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed. 7. R. Carolina, L. Stems usually tall (1 -7° high), with stout straight or usually more or less curved s])ines ; stipules long and very narrow ; leaflets dull green, 5-9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end and petiolulate, but often broader, usualh' pubescent l)eneath. — Borders of swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn, and Miss. -»- -f- Leaflets coarsely toothed. 8. R. Iticida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6° high), with at length stout and usually more or less hooked spines ; stipules usually naked, more or less dilated ; leaflets (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, smooth and often shining above ; flowers corymbose or Sf^litary ; outer sepals freijuently with 1 or 2 small lobes. — Margins of swamj)s etioles ami young branchlets pubescent; corymbs smiii. — Shrub, spontaneous near Washington and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Lu.) 1. C. spathulata, Michx. Shrub or tree, 10-25° high; leaves thickish, shining, deciduous, spatulate or oblanceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. — Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. 2. C. COrd^ta, Ait. (Washingtox Thokx.) Trunk 15-25° high; leaves broadly ovate or triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole, variously 3-oetals. short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). I'istils .several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, re.sentbling those of the Kose; but the eidarged hip dry when rij>e, enclosing the achenes. — The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafj^ branches. liark and foliage aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or le.ss the fragrance of straw- berries. (Name composed of koKv^, a nip or calyx, and Hudos, jiaurr, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.) 1. C. fl6ridUS, L. Lrares oral,snf}-downy underneath. — Virginia(?) and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April- Aug. 168 CALYCANTHACE.^. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) 2. C. Isevigatus, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath ; flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co.,Penu. {Prof . Porter), ^nd south- ward along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. 3. C. glauCUS, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, conspicu- oushj taper-pointed, g/aucous-ivhite beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4 - 7' long) , probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia ( ? ) near the mountains and southward. May - Aug. Order 35. SAXIFKAGACE^gE. (Saxifrage Family.) Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceae bi/ hav- ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules , the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. Tribe I. SAXIFKAGE^E. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of tlie carpels distinct. * Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels. 1. Agtilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound. 2. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. 3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close. 4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined. * * Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none. 5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Pla- centas nearly basal. 6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Stamens 10. 7. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Stamens 5. 8 Chrysospleniuni. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10. ♦ * ♦ Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cluster of united sterile filaments at the base of each petal. 9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered. Tribe II. HYDRANGEA. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple Ovary 2 - 5-celled : the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular. * Stamens 8 or 10, 10. Hydrangea. CaljTC-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud. * ♦ Stamens 20 - 40. 11. Decuiuaria. Calyx-lobes sftiall. Petals 7 - 10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subu- late. Style 1. 12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Fila- ments linear. Styles 3-5 Tribe III. ESCAL,I.ONIEiE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2-5- celled. Fruit capsular. 13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule. SAXIFRAGACEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1G9 Tribe IV. RIBESIE^E. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to tlie petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 14. Kibes. Cal\.\-tube adnate to tiie 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, i»arictal, many-see. Flowers dicjeciously poIygamoiLs. Calyx 4-5-parted, 8niall. I'etals 4-5 spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celln(l, almost free, many-ovulcd ; styles 2, short. Capsule 2<-elled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lohrd and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, wliich are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d- privative and cttiA/Qtj, a briylit surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 1. A. dec^ndra, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3-5° high); leallcts mostly heart-shaped ; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers ; stamens 10. — Rich woods ; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C and Ga. Closely imitating Spiraja Aruucus, but coarser. 2. SAXIPRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovarv, 5-clcft or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated m the bud, commonly deciduous. Sta- mens 10. . Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked,2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxuin, a rock, audy'm«^o, to break; manv species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) * Stems prostrate, m tufts, leaf/; leaves opposite; cal^jx free from the capsule. 1. S. oppositif61ia, L. (Mountain Saxifrage.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1-2" long): flowers soli- tary, large; ])etals purple, obovate, much louger than the 5-cleft-calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward, (Eu.) * * Stems ascending : leaves alternate; cali/x co/ierent below with the capsule. 2. S. rivul^ris, L. (Alpine Brook-S.) Small, stems weak, 3-5- fiowered; lower leaves rounded, 3-b-/olted, on slender petioles, the upper lan- ceolate; petals uhite, ovate — Alpine region of tiie White Mts., to Lab. (Mn.) 3. S. aizoides, L. (Yellow Molntain-S.) Low (3-5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, flesh v, distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — X. \'t. to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. June, (I>u.) 4. S. tricuspid^ta, Ketz. Stems tufted (4 - 8' high), naked aliove ; flow- ers corymbose , leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the summit ; petals ohovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior, and northward. (Ku.) » * * Leaves clustered at the root ; scape mang flowered, erect, clammif-pubescent. ■*- Petals all alike. 5. S. Aizbon, Jacq. Scape 5 - 10' high ; leaves persi.stnit, thick-, sfmtulate, ivith white cartilaginous toothed margins; calyx partly adherent; petals ol> 170 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) ovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Yt., L. ^Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 6 S. Virginiensis, Michx. (Early S.) Low (4 - 9' high) ; leaves oh- ovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calijx erect, not half the length of the ohlonrj obtuse {white) petal s ; follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks and dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn. ; common, especially northward. April -June. 7. S. Pennsylvaniea, L. (Swamp S.) Large (1-2° high) ; leaves oh- lanceolate, ohscureljj toothed (4 - 8' long), narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanreolate (greenish) small petals ; filaments awl -shaped ; follicles at length divergent. — Bogs, N. Eng. to Va., west to Minn, and Iowa. 8. S. erosa, Pursh. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharplij toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8- 12' long) ; scape slender (1-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered ; pedicels slender ; cali/x re- flexed, entirelg free, nearli/ as long as the oval obtuse {white) petals; Jilaments club-shaped ; follicles nearly separate, diverging, narrow, pointed, 2-3" long. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C. 9. S. Porbesii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2 - 4° high ; leaves denticulate, oval to elongated oblong (4 - 8' long) ; filaments Jili form ; follicles short, ovate ; other- wise as in the last. — Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. 111. {Forbes) ; E. Mo. (Letterinann.) -t- ■«- Petals unequal, with claws, vhite, all or some of them with a pair of ijelloio spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate ; calyx free and refiexed. 10. S. leucanthemifdlia, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, ta- pering into a petiole ; stems (5-18' high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; petals lanceolate, the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. — Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. 11. S. Stellaris, L., var. comosa, AVilld. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed ; scape (4 - 5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves ; petals all Ian ceolafe and tapering into the claw. — Mt. Katahdin, "Maine, north to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.) 3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly couA^olute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — l^erennial herbs, with alternate palmately .5 - 7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.) I. B. aconitifdlia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6 - 20' high) ; leaves deeply 5 -7-lobed. — Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. Julv. saxifragace.t:. (saxifua<;k famii.v.) 171 4. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & (iray. Calyx bell-shapod, colicring bclmv uiily with tlm l»:i.se of the ovarv, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Cai)sule 2-celle(l, 2 -beaked, many-seeded, opening iMitween the beaks , the seeds wing-margined, ind)rieated upward. — A low and reelined- spreading perennial heri), with rounded and eut-tootlied or slightly lol^d smooth leaves, on slender petioles, anil small white flowers in a branehed lo<»sely rvmose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (G- 12' long). Pedun- cles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved iu fruit. (Dedicated to the di.s- tiiiguished bryologist who discovered our species.) 1 S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray. — Limestone cliffs, Ohio to lud., Iowa, and ^iinu. June. 6. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. Calyx bell-shaped, uearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1 -celled, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials ; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from Tidpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather j)i.stil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of M'ltre-ivort properly belongs.) 1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-sliaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; stem leafless or rarely with I or 2 leaves (5-12' higli) ; raceme simple ; petals oblong, often subserrate. — Rich rocky woods, N. Eug. to Miuu. and lud., and southward in the mountains. April, ^lay. 6. MI TEL LA, Tourn. IMitre-wort. Bi.siiop'.s-C.\p. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the cjvary, .5-cleft. Petals .5, slender, piniiatifid. Stamens .5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1 -celled, with 2 j)arietal or rather b;vsal several-seeded placent;e, 2- valved at the summit. Seeds smooth .and shining. — Low and slender peren- nials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles; those cm the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of mitra, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1 M. diph^Ua, L. Hairy; leaves heart-s/iaped, acute, soniowhfit 3-5- lobed, t(jotheil, those on the manij-Jiowered stem 2, opposite, nearlij sessile, with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6-8' long; stamens 10. — Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C, west to Minn, and Mo. May. 2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or ki(lneif-/orm,deei>\y and doubly crenate ; stem usualli/ lea/less, few-Jlowercd , very slender (4 - 6' high) ; flowers greenish ; stamens 10. — Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., Mich., Minn , and iKjrthward. May -duly. 7. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- als . "5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule I -celled, 172 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henrij Heucher, a German botanist of the beginning of the 18th century.) * Flowers small, loosely panicled ; stamens and styles exserted ; calyx regular. 1. H. villdsa, Michx. Stems (1-3° high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7 -9-lobed leaves villous ivith rusty hairs beneath ; calyx H" long ; pet- als spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Md. to Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept. 2. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, ^ - 2° high, glandular-hirsute, as well as the petioles, etc.; Iraves round-remform, with 7-9 short and broad rounded lobes ; flowers ver/ s.nall (1" long) ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes ; fruit narrow. — Shaded cliffs, S. 111. to Tenn. and N. C. 3. H. Americana, L. (Common Alum-root.) Stems (2-3° high), etc., glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs j leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx very broad, 1" long, the spatulate petals not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Conn, to N. C, west to Minn., Mo., and Miss. * * Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle ; calyx (3-4" long) more or less oblique ; stamens short ; leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed. 4. H. hispida, Pursh. Stems 2-4° high; hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. — Mountains of Va. and N. C, west to Minn, and E. Kan. May, June. 5. H. pubescens, Pursh. Stem (1-3° high) and petioles granular- pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Rich woods, in the moun- tains, from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow Avithin. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1- celled with 2 parietal placenta, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy- cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xp^^^^s, golden, and (tttK-^v, the spleen; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent a.nd forking; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely cre- nate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple). —Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., Avest to Minn. 2. C. alternifolium, L. Stems erect; leaves alte7-nate,TemioTm-coTda,te, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed ; flowers corymbose. — Decorah, Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.) SAXIFRAGACE^.. (SAXIFHACK FAMILY.) 173 9. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parxassi's. Sepals 5, iiuhricated iu tlie buil, slightly united at the baae, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals .'i, veiny, spreading, at k-ngth deciduous, imlu-icated in the bud ; a cluster of sonicwiiat united gland-tijjped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens .5, alternate with the petals, persistent; anthers iutrorse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal plaoentic ; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placcnt:c. Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placenta; on their middle. Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen. P^mbryo straight ; cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and scditary flowers on long scaj)e-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 1. P. parviflbra, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx (3" loi.g) ; sterile Jilumenls about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong, ta- pering at base. — Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward. 2. P. pallistris, L. Scapes 3-10' high; leaves heart-shaped; flower nearly 1' broad; petals sessile, rather longer than the calyx, few-veined; ster- ile Jilaments 9- 15 in each set, slender. — Same range as the last. (Eu.) 3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Scapes 9' -2° high; flower 1-1^' broad; petals sessile, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined ; sterile Jila- vients 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base ; leaves thickish, ovate or roundfed, often heart-shaped, usually but one low down on the scape and dasj)- iug. — Wet banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and La. 4. P. asarii'olia, Vent. Petals abruptlij contracted into a c/tar at base; sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidne y -shaped ; otherwise as in the foregoing. — High mountains of Ya. and N. C. 10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8- 10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4-.5-toothed. I^etals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8- 10, slender. Cajn sule 1.5-ribbed, crowned with 2-4 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petiolcd leaves, no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal -flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy mendiranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from vZwp, water, and tiyyos, a vase, from tlie shape of tlio. (•aj)sule.) 1. H. arborescens, L. (Wild IIvi)uan(;ka.) Glabrous or nearly .so, 1-8° high ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, (//t<'« both sides; cymes flat ; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant. — Kocky banks, Peun. to Fla., west to bnva and Mo. 2. H. radi^ta, Walt. Leaves drnselj/ tomentose and paler or u-hite be- neath.— S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo. 11. DECUMARIA, L. Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tul)e turbinate, 7- 10-toothed, coherent with the ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20-30. Styles united 174 SAXIFRAGACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) into one, persistent Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10- 15-ribbed, 7- 10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length sep- arating into numerous chaffy scales. — A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from decern, ten, referring to the fact of its being often 10-merous.) 1. D. barbara, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous. — Banks of streams ; Dismal Swamp. Va , to Fla- and La. 12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock Orange or String a. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - .5-parted, spread- ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3 -.5. united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule -3 - .5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen- dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white floAvers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no obvious reason.) L P. inodorus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth , flowers single or few at the ends of the divergmg brandies, pure wliite, scentless; calijx-lol)€s acute, scarcely longer than the tube. — Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala. 2 P. grandifl6rus, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches ; like the last, but somewhat pubescent, with larger flowers, and the cali/x-lobes long and taper-pointed. (P. inodorus, var. grandiflorus, Gra/j.) — Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated. P. coronXrius, L., the common iNIocK Orange or Svringa of cultivation, from S. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped. 13. ITEA, Gronov. Calyx .'j-cleft, free from tlie ovary or nearly so Petals .5, lanceolate, much longer than tbe calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2- grooved, 2-celle(l, tipped witli the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded — Shrubs, Avith simple, alternate, petioled leaA'es, with out stipules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) 1 I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate ; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat. — Wet places, Penn and N J. to Fla., west to Mo and La 14. E-IBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx , the surface of the numerous seeils swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em- SAXIFRAGACILt:. (saXIKUA(;K FAMILY.) 175 bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sonu-tinies pricklv f»hrul)s, with ultornate and palmately-lohed leaves, which are i)laitL'd in the l»ud (cvcopt in one species), often fascicled on the branches; the small thtwers from the same clusters, or from sejiarate lateral buds. (From riehs, i\ (Jcrnuin pojiular name for the currant. Grossularia was the i)roper name to have been adopted for the genus.) § 1. GROSSULARIA. (Gooseberry.) Stems mostli/ hmrinfj t/mrna (it the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered ftristli/ prickles ; berries pricklij or smooth. {Our species are Indlscrnnlnatelij called Wild Gooseberry; the flowers greenish.) * Peduncles I - 3-Jlowered ; cali/x as high as broad; lea res round ish-hi art- shaped, 3 - ')-lol)ed. 4- Cali/x-lohes decidedly shorter than the tube ; brrries apt to be pricklj. 1. R. Cynosbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer tlian the broadly bell-shaped calyx ; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely smooth. — Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C, and west to Minn, and Mo. +- -t- Cali/x-lobes decidedlij longer than the short and rather narrow tube ; berries smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant. 2. R. gracile, Michx. (Missouri Goosererry.) Spines often long, stout and red ; peduncles long and slender ; fowers white or whitish , filaments capillary, 4- 6'^ long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuousli/ longer than the oblung-Unear calijx-lobes. (R. rotundifolium, M<^x., in part.) — Mich, to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts. 3 R. rotund if 61mm, Michx. Spines short; peduncles short : flowers f/reenish or the l(d)cs dull purplish ; filaments slender, 2-3" long, more or less crceedinq the narrowli/ oblong-spatulate cahjx-lobes. — AV. Mass. and N. Y., south in the AUeghanies to N. C. 4. R. OXyacanthoideS, L. Peduncles verji short , flowers greenish or dull purplish : stamens usual/ 1/ scarceli/ equalling the rather broodl// oblong calijx- lobes. (K. hirtellum, Michx ) — Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and west- ward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north , the whitish spines often numerous. * * Flowers several m a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish. 5. R. laciistre, I'oir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with weak thorns ; leaves heart-shaj)od, 3 - S-parted, with the lobos deeply cut ; calyx broad and flat ; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, Xewf. to X. Kng., west to N. Y., Mich., and Minn. §2. RIBESIA. (CiRKANT.) Thornless and priclcless ; racemes few- man 1/- flowcred . stamens short. 6. R. prostr^tum, LTIer. (Fetid Currant.) Stems reclined ; leaves deeply heart-sliaped, 5- 7-lol)ed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes erect, »\euder , calyx flattish; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandu- lar- bristli/. — Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C, west to Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts. 176 SAXIFKAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 7. R. floridum, L'Her. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 - 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, downj ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; flowers large, whitish ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods, N. Eng. to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, aud Minn. 8. R. rilbrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3-5- lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping , calyx flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn. §3. SIPH6CALYX. Thornless and prickless ; leaves convolute in the bud ; racemes several -Jiowered ; cahjx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous. 9. R. aureum, Pursh. (Missouri or Buffalo Currant.) Shrub 5-12° high, leaves 3 -5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant ; tube of salverform calyx (6" long or less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes ; stamens short ; berries yellow or black. — Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common in cultivation. Order 36. CRASSULXcE^. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz., the petals and pistils equalling the sejials in number (3 - 20), and the stamens the same or double their rmmber, — technically different from Saxifrageas only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent ; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many- rarely few-seeded. — Stipules none. FloAvers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy. * Not succulent ; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule. 1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded- * * Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct. 2. Tillaea. Sepals, jietals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many. 3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8 - 10. Seeds many. 1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop. Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and ."j-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TreVre. fve, and opos, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.) 1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet places , N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July - Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens. CRASSULACEiE. (ORPINE KAMII.Y.) 177 2. TILL^A, Mich. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils ."3 ur 4. IVLs 2 - mauy-seedecl. — Very small tufted annuals, with opj)osite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Mirlin:ea Mi'sofiMLA, Ellis, the Venits's Flv-thap, — so nested for the ex traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing; quickly at the touch, — is :i native of the sandy savannas of the eastern ])art of N. ( '. It differs in several resiiccts from the character of the order _e;iven above; the stamens bein*,^ 15^ the stvles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. Order 38. HAMAMEL-IDEtK. (Witch-IIazf.i. Family.) Shrubs or trees, ic'Uh alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules , flow- ers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, lohich consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summU, with a single, bony need in each cell, or several, only one or tico of them ripening. — Petals in- serted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none .it all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them stiTllc nn woods, N. Scotia to Kla., west to E. Minn, and La. 2. FOTHERGILLA, L- Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell shaped, the summit truncate, slightly .")-7-t(K)thed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 180 HAMAMELIDE^. (wiTCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike ; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.) 1. F. Garden!, L. (F. alnifolia, L. f.) — Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Glm Tree. Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked ; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales ; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap- sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a \Wng- angled seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidits, fluid, and the Arabic amhar, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.) 1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilste/).) Leaves rounded, deeply 5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Moist woods, from Conn, to S. 111., and south to Fla. and Tex. April. — A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves frJigrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re- sembling sawdust. Order 39. HALORAGE^aE. (Water-Milfoil Family.) Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon- spicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tuhe coherent icith the ovary (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), ichich consists of 2-^ more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons minute. 1. Myriophyllutn. Flowers monoecious or polygamoiis, the parts in fours, with or with- out petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed iiinnately dissected. 2. Proserpiiiaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alteruate, the immersed pinnately dissected. 3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls. 4. Callitriche. Flowers moncecious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite. IIALORAr.E.T:. (WATKR-MILKOIL FAMII.V.) 181 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Watkr-Milfoil. Flowers iiiuna'tious or ijolygainous Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothecl. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- celled, deeply 4-lohed; stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into cajjillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually aher of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter; floxvers large, croioded and whorled in an inteirupted spike. L. SalicXria, L. (Spiked Tvoosestrife.) More or less downV and tall ; leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; rit)wer.s ])urple, trimor])hous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style. — Wet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.) 186 LYTHRACE^. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 5. DECODON, Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife. Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3 - 5-celled, loculicidal. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from SdKa, ten, and odovs, tooth.) 1. D. verticill^tUS, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2-8° long), 4-6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- lanceolate, rose-purple (|-' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nes{3ea verticillata, HBK.) — Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Out., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened. 6. CIJPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ob- long, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or race- mose, stalked. (Name from Kv(p6s, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.) 1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very viscid- hairv, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the ru])tured capsule. — Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La. Order 42. ONAGRACE.^. (Evening-Primrose Family.) Herbs, with A-merous {sometimes 2 - 3- or 5 - Q-merous) perfect and sym- metrical flowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2 -^-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete , the petals convolute in the bud, some- times wanting ; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen- der; stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. — Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular. * Parts of the flower iu fours or more. t- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal. *-*■ Calyx-liuib divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent 1. Jusslsea. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated. 2. L.utlwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short. ♦+ -H- Calyx- tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n 3) and deciduous from it Flowers 4-mei'ous. 3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite. 4. CEuothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate ONAGRACE^.. (eVENING-PRIMROSK FAMILY.) 187 ••- t- Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-4-sceilcd. Leaves alteiiiate. 5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments apj)endaged at bas»-. G. Stcnosiplion. Calyx-tube lilifonn. Filaments not appcndaged. ♦ • Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite. 7. Circaea. Petals 2, obcordatc or 2-lobed. Stjuncns 2. Fruit I -S-seero»s and glau- cous; leaves ovate to o/v-slia])ed, 4-angled at the summit. — Open pluces, Va. to ria., west to 111., Kan., and Ark. 6. STENOSIPHON, 8paranches spreading ; leaA^es ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled ; flowers yellow (7-10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9- seeded. — Prairies and plains. 111. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex. * * Seeds numerous, rounded and win(j-viargined ; petals 10, large and showi/ ; outer Jilaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong ; leaves sessile. 2. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1-2° high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute ; calyx-tube leafy-brac- teate; petals 2-3' long, yellowisK-white ; filaments all filiform or the outer dilated below; capsule l|-2'long; seeds narrowly margined. — On the plains, W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex. 3. M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1-5° high; leaves somewhat lanceolate, rather bluntly pr shortly repand-dentate ; ^a/re?-s half as large as in the last ; calyx not hracteate ; outer Jilaments nan^owhj dilated, sterile ; capsule about V long ; seeds plainly icinged. — Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex. Order 44. PASSIFLOKACE^E. (Passion-Flowek Family.) Herbs or woody plants, clnnhiiuj by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 mona- delphous stamens, and a stalked 1-ceUed ovary Jree Jrom the calyx, icith 3 or 4 parietal placentce, and as many club-shaped styles. 1. PASSIPLORA, L. Passiox-Floavek. Calvx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least Avithin ; the throat crowned Avith a double or tri])le fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 ; filaments united in a tube Avhich sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above ; anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, Avith stipules. Pedun- cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of ^os passi- oriis, a translation oifior della passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the floAver from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.) 1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; floAvers greenish-yeUoAV (1' broad) ; fruit Y in diameter. — Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., Avest to 111., Mo., and La. 2. P. incarnata, L. Pubescent; leaves 3-5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base bearing 2 glands; floAA^er large (2' broad), nearly A\'hite, Avith a triple purple and flesh-colored croAA-n ; involucre 3-leaA'ed ; fruit as large as a hen's egg. — Dry soil, Va. to Fla., AA'est to Mo. aiid Ark. Fruit called maypops. Order 45. CUCUKBITACE..E. (Gourd Family.) Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dioecious or monoecious {often gamo- petalous) Jlowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-celled ovary, and the CICUUBITACK.I^:. ((iOlKI) FAMILY.) lOo 5 or usually 2^ stamens (i. e., 1 with a l-cellcd an«l 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pcpo) Jleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatro{)ous, with no alliinm-n. Cotyledons leaf- like. Leaves alternate, palniately lobed or veined. — Mostly a tropical or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the Goukd (Lagk- NARiA vulgaris), Pumprin and Squasu (species of Clcurbita), Ml'sk- MELON (CucuMis Melo), Cucumber (C. satItos), and Watermelon (CiTKULLUS vulgaris). * Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. AnnuaL ■*- Ovary 1 -celled. Seed solitary, pendulous. 1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-Iobed. Fruit indehiscent. ■*- •»- Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending. 2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous. • * Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3-5 j^arietal placentae. Perennial. 4. Melothiia. Flowers small, greenish ; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small, 5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large. 1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cuccmber. Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1 -celled, with a single suspended ovule ; style slender ; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehi.scent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly l)ristles which are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) 1. S. angul^tus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks, and a weed in damp yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July - Sept. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-aitle. Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-cclled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-soeded, the inner part fibrous- netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat. — Tall clim])ing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, tliin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of ix^vos, n /if'df/dioi/, and kvo-tis, lobed ; fruit oval (2' long) ; seeds dark-colored. — Kich soil along rivers, W. New Kng and Peun to iNlinn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult, for arbors. July -Oct. 196 CUCIJRBITACE^. (gOURD FAMILY.) 3. CYCLANTHERA, Schrad. Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 parted. Stamens united into a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1 -3) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened. — Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, Avith very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from kvk\os, a circle, and avdi}pa, anther.) 1. C. dissecta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3 - 7-foliolate, the oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed ; tendrils simple or bifid ; fruit 1' long, ou a short peduncle. — Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex. 4. MELOTHRIA, L. Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla .5- lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam- panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled Avith many flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from ixT]X(aQpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 1. M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry oval, green, 4-6" long. — Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La. 5. CUCURBITA, L. Flowers monoecious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate ; corolla cam- panulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3-5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3-5 parietal placentas , ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent. — Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.) 1. C. fOBtidissima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, triangular-cordate; flowers 3 -4' long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2-3' in di- ameter. (C. perennis. Gray.) — Central Neb. to Tex., and westward. Order 4G. CACTACE^. (Cactus Family.) Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of pecidiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepcds and petals numerous, imbricated in sev- eral rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 ; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentae. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked ; berry succulent 2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants , the joints flattened or cylindrical. CACTACE^. (cactus FAMILY.) 1^ 1. MAMILLARIA. Haw. Flowers about as Ion;; as wide, tlie tuhc cainpaimlatc or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crust;ueous. — Cjilobose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their ba.se. (Xanio fn^ni mamil/a, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.) 1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1-5' high, the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5 - 8 retldish-brown spines (10" long or less), sur- rounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid ; flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval, green ; seeils pitted, light brown. — Plains of Dak. to Kan., and westward. 2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10-20) weaker aslwolored spines; flowers yellow, 1-2' broad; berry subgloJ)o.so, sc;irlet , seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Engelm.) — S. Dak. to centrid Kan., Tex., and westward. 2. O PUNT I A, Tourn. Prickly Pkar. Indian Fir.. Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat aud margined, covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen ; cotyledons large, f(jli- aceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints (Hattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our s])ecies yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.) * Spines small or none ; fruit pulpy. 1. O. vulgaris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly obovate (2 -4' long); leaves minute (2-2^" long), ovate-subulate, r/(';ifm//y ap- pressed ; bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small s])ines ; flowers pale yellow (about 2' broad), ivith about 8 jictals; fruit 1' long. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C, near the coast; Falls of the Potomac. 2. O. Rafinesquii, Engelm. Prostrate, deep green ; joints broadly obo- vate or orbicular (3 - 5' long) ; leaves (3 --i" long), spreading ; bristles briglit red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9- 12" long) or none; flowers yellow (2^-3^' broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals 10-12; fruit 1|' long, with an attenuated base. — Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast to Fla., aud in the Mississippi valley, from Mich, to Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark. * * Veri/ spmi/ , fruit drij and prirklg. 3. O. Missouridnsis, DC. Prostrate, joints light grocn, broad 1 1/ obo- vate, flat and tuherculate (2 - G' long) , leaves small (1^-2" long); their arils armed with a tuft of straw-cnlnred bristles and 5 - \0 flcnder radiating spinrs (1 -2' long) ; flowers light yellow (2-3' broad) ; fruit with spines of variable length. — Wise, to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable. 4. O. fr^gilis, Haw. Subdecumbcnt ; jojn/s small (1-2' U)ng or less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly l" long, red; bn'Mlcs 198 FICOIDE^. few , larger spines 1 -4, cruciate, ivith 4-6 smaller white radiating ones below; flowers yellow — Minn, to Iowa and Kan., and Avestward. Order 47. FICOIOE^:. A miscellaneous group, chiejly of fleshy or succulent plants, idth mostly opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryopliyllacea? and Por- tulacaceae by having the ovary and capsule 2 - several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceae (but the latter wanting in most of the genera) , seeds, as in all these orders, with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary. 1 Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 -60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent. 2. MoUugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslaxe. Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5- 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles .3 - 5, separate. Pod .3 - 5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) 1. S. pentandriim, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens 5. (S. Portulacastrum, Graij, Manual, not L.) — Sea-coast, N. J. to Fla. 2, M O L L U G O, L. Ixdian-Chickweed. Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis. — Low homely aimuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) M. verticillAta, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming patches ; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul- tivated grounds. June - Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) Order 48. UMBELLIFER^E. (Parsley Family.) Herbs, ivith small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ocary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in- serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps') cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon- gation of the axis {carpophore); each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and o£ten with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inte?'- r UMBELLIFER^. (i»ARSLP:Y FAMII^Y.) HM) (tices or intervals hetwcon them aro commonly lod^'od tho oil-tul)r8 (vitta), which are l()n;j;itu(]inal canals in the substance of the fruit, containin*' aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fniit.) Seed suspended from the snnnnit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embrvo in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com- pound, the petioles expanded or sheathin;^ at base; rarely with true stij)ules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones arc termed wnhellets : the whorl of bracts which often subtends the gen- eral umbel is the involucre, and those of the umbellets the inrnlurcls. The base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called the stijlopodium. In many the flowers are dichoyamous, i. e. the stNles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-fertilization. — A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) prop- erties. The flowers are much alike '■in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is con- sequently difficult for the young student. I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed witji barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly. 1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened doi-sally. Seed-face flat. 2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply .sulcate. II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel). * Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged. •1- Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers. +* Lateral wings distinct ; oil-tubes usually more than one in the inter^^'lls. 3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crcnulate Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves. 4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous perennial ; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound. ♦* ♦* Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick-conical. 5. Tledeinannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles. 6. Heracleuui. Dor-sal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout i)erennials, with large loaves. -t- 4- Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowera. 7. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and .solitary oil-tulws. 8. Polytaiiiia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and ver)' numer- ous oil-tubes. •*-■*-■*- Acaulesccnt or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopoilium. 9. Peucedanuin. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry {iround, with thick roots and finely dissected leaves. • * Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly. •*- Kibs all conspicuously winged ; stylopcHlium dei)re.sscd or wanting 10. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespito-so perennials, with pinnaloly com- pound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Westorn. 11. Thasplitni. Tall perennials, with temately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flow- ens (rarely purple). Oil tubes .solitary. 200 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) ■I- ••- Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged ; flowers white. 12. Ugusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes nu- uierous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves. 13. .a^thusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes soli- tary. Introduced annual. 14. Coelopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, adherent to the h,eed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial. ■t- -1- -»- Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary. ■^5. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping peremiials, rooting in the mud, with small simple umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles. * * * Fruit flattened laterally. •I- Carpels depressed dorsally ; fruit short. ■•-► Seed-face flat : flowers mostly yellow. 16. Foeniculitm. Ribs prominent Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform- dis.sected 'eaves 17. Piinpinella. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with com- pound leaves. ++ ++ Seed-face concave ; flowe:s white (yellow in n. 20) ; ribs filifoi-m or obsolete. l^. Eulophus. Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves. \0. Anthriscas. Fruic linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound. 20. Buplewrum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylo- podium. Leaves simple, perfoliate. -1- +- Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally ; flowers white (except n. 24). ■M- Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28) ; fruit short. = Leaves 3-foliolate ; stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes solitary. 31. Cryptotienia. Ribs obtuse, equal ; fruit linear-oblong. ^ ^ Leaves once pinnate ; stylopodium depressed ; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials. £2. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal. 2.S. Berula. Fruit nearly globose ; ribs inconspicuous ; pericarp thick and corky. = = = Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). Perennials. 24. Zizia. Ribs filiform ; stylopodium none. Flowers j-ellow. 2.). Caruin. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments filif- 7 Ian- 202 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) ceolate to ovate leaflets (1 -H' broad), sharply mueronate-serrate. (Archan- gelica atropurpurea, Hoffm.) — River-banks, Lab. to Del., 111. and Minn. June. 4. CONIOSELINUM, Fisch. Hemlock-Parsley. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended into broad wings ; oil-tubes 1 - 4 in the intervals, 4 - 8 on the commissure ; seed slightly concave on the inner face. — Tall slender glabrous perennial, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, in- volucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Com- pounded of Conium and Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.) 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as broad as the seed ; oil-tubes 2 - 3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4. — Swamps and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher moun- tains), lud., 111., and Mo. Aug. -Oct. 5. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs) ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 - 6 on the commissure ; stylopodium short, thick-conical. — Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.) 1. T. teretifdlia, DC. Stem hollow, 2-6° high ; leaves reduced to cylin- drical hollow pointed nodose petioles ; oil-tubes filling the intervals. — Ponds and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept. 2. T. rigida, Coult. & Rose. (Cowbane.) Stem 2-5° high; leaves simply pinnate, with 3-9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaf- lets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, DC.) — Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous ; roots tuberiferous. 6. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsxip. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle. — Tall stout perennial, with large ternately com- pound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4-8° high; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed. — Wet ground, Newf . to the Pacific, and south- ward to N. C, Ky., and Kan. June. 7. PASTINACA, L. Parsxip. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved to- ward the outer margin ; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2 - 4 on the commissure ; stylopodium depressed. — Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pin- UMBKI.LIFKK/E. (I'AKSLKV lAMILY.) 203 r.ately com]iouii(l leaves, mostly no involucre or invoUu-cls.and vollow flowers. (The Latin name, from jiastus, food.) P. SATivA, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oldung, eut-toothcd. — Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Ku.) 8. POLYT^NIA, DC. Calyx-leeth conspieuous. Fruit ohovate to oval, much flattened (h.rsallv; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral witli broad tliick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes 12- 18 about the seed and many scattered tlirough the thick corky pericarj). — A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper oj)posite and 3-cleft),the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from ttoXvs, vuinii, and raivia, (ijillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. Nuttallii, DC. riant 2-3° high; ])edicels and involucels pubes- cent.— Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Kocky Mts. 9. PEUCEDANUM, L. Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into broad closely coherent wings ; oil-tubes 1 - 4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the com- missure.— Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and styloj)odium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.) 1. P. nudicaille, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3-8' high; leaves hipinnate, the snid/l oblong ser/vients entire or toothed ; involucels of scarious-mar- gined {often purplish) lanceolate bractlets ; fioicers white or pinkish ; fruit almost round, emarginatc at base, glabrous, with wings hardly as broad as the body, and indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. — Minn, to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers. 2. P. foeniculaceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8-12' long; leaves Jinclij dissected, with short fd if orm segments; involucels gamophijllous, 5 - 1 -cleft, with co7ispicuousli/ hairij margins ; flowers yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, Avith wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs ; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals. — Minn, to Tex. March - Ajiril. 3. P. villdsum, Nutt. More or less puliescent throughout, 3 -8' higli ; leaves finely dissected, with I'ery numerous narrow crowded segments; involurds of ovate to linear bractlets ; flowers yellow ; fruit oval, with wings half a.«» l)road as the body, and prominc7it dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the interval.^. — Minn, to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. l?oot much elongated. 10. CYMOPTERUS, Kaf. Calyx-teetli more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, witli all the ribs cons])icuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2-8 on tlie commissure. Stylo])odium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave. — Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrt)us ])erennials, fmni a thick elongated root, with more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From Kv/xa, a uavr, and Trr(p6u, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings.) 204 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 1. C. glomeratUS, Kaf. Low (3-8'), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous ; rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5-7- parted bractlet ; fruit globose (3 - 4'' in diam.) ; wings rather corky ; oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals. — Minn, and Wise, to Iowa and Ark., and westward. 2. C. montknus, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1-6' high), glaucous and mostly glabrous ; raijs 3 - 9" long, pedicels very short ; involucre and invo^ lucels of mostly broad membranaceous usualli/ green-veined bracts (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3-6" long); wings thin; oil- tubes 1-3 in the intervals. — Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April. 11. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Farsxip. Calyx-teetli conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally ; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. — Per- ennials (2-5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.) 1. T. aiireum, Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostlij cordate, serrate ; stem- leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate) ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate ; flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2" long, a// the ribs equally icinged. — Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being Var. trifoliatum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately toothed. (T. trifoliatum, Gray, Man., in part.) — Ohio to 111., westward to Oregon. The common western form. Var. atropurpureum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. tri- foliatum, var. atropurpureum. Gray, Man.) — Same range as the species. 2. T. barbinbde, Nutt. Loosely branched, /?«6esce??^ on ^Aejo/w^s, some- times puberulent in the umbels ; leaves 1 -3-ternate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, Avith cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted ; flowers light yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, about 3" long and 2" broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings. — Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May- June. — Var. angustif6lium, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. — Penn. to 111. 3. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but puberident on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifd, the lobes linear or oblong ; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long- petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, l^-2|"long and 1-1|" broad, all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, Shuttlew. in herb.) — Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C. 12. LIGIJSTICUM, L. Lovage. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous ; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals ; oil- tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6- 10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical. — Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately com- UMrELLIFER/E. (PAKSLEY lAMILV.) 205 pound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow hrac-tlcts, anrti(i< of tlie gardens abounds.) 1. L. actseifblium, Michx. (Noxdo. An(;ki.ic<).) Stem HtMut, branched above (2-6° hi<^h) ; leaves very large, 3-4-ternate; kajlets hroadli/ oliloin/ (2- b' I (»}()), coarse! 1/ serrate ; fruit ovate (2-3" lonr/) ; seed with angieil back. — l\icli ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf. 2. L. Scbticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Stem simple (1-2° high); leaves bit ernate ; leajlets ovate {1-2' lony), coarseli/ toothed ; fruit uurruu-li/ ult- loiifj (4-5" Ion;/) ; seed with round back. — Salt marshes, along the coa.st from E. Conn, northward. Aug. (Ku.) 13. iETHUSA, L. Fool's rAusLi:v. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally ; carpel with 5 thick sharp ril)s ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commis.sure. — Poisonous annuals, with 2-.'3-ternateiy compound leaves, divisiuiis j)innato, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow invulucels, and white flowers. (Name from aiOoo, to buni, from the acrid taste.) ^. C vnApium, L. a fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June -Aug. 14. CCELOPLEIJRUM, Ledeb. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged) ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the riljs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp. — Stout glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2-3-tcrnate leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involu- cels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From ko7\os, holloiv, and TvAevpou, a rib.) 1. C. Gm61ini, Ledeb. Stem 1-3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut- serrate (2-2^' long); fruit 2-3|" long. (Archangelica Gmelini, DC.) — Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland. 15. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or sliglitly flattened laterally ; dor.sal ribs filiform, the lateral tliick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. — Small j)ereimials, creeping and rooting in tlie mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-sliaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, sim])le few- flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for Prof Iltnri/ John Crantz, an Austrian Itotanist of the 1 8th century.) 1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves very ol)tuse, 1-3' long, 1-2" broad; fruit 1" long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin. — In brackish marshes along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. .July. Vvry wi»k'ly distributed. 16. FCENICULUM, Adans. Fknnkl. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with pronunent ribs and soli- tary oil-tubes. — Stout glal)r(His aronuitic herl), with leaves dissected into 206 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, ixomfoenum, hay.) F. officixXle, ail, the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become natu- ralized along the shores of Md. and Ya., and is a common escape. 17. PIMPINELLA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium. — Glabrous perennials, Avith ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and invo- lucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed from hipinmda, referring to the bipinnate leaves.) 1. P. integerrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1-3° high, slender, branching ; leaves 2 - 3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets ; flowers yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, 2" long ; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, DC.) — Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May. P. S.vxfFRAGA, L.,var, mXjor, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply toothed leaflets; flowers Avhite ; fruit oblong, T'long; stylopodium cushion- like, — Rocky shores of Delaware River ; Sycamore, Ohio^ (Nat. from Eu.) 18. EIJLOPHUS, Nutt. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs ; oil-tubes 1 - 5 in the intervals ; stylopodium conical, with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge. — Gla- brous perennials (3 - 5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from €y, well, and \6ruus, with »W)tuso e(inal rihs; oil-tultes solitary iu the intervals and beneath each rib; styh.podiuni slender- conical; seed-face plane. — A glal)rous perennial, with thin 3-foliulate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white fiuwers. (Name from KpvTTTos, Itldilm, and raivia, ajillct, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.) 1. C. Canadensis, DC. Plant 1-3° high, leaflets large, ovate (2-4' long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed ; umbels irregular and unecjually few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2-3" long, often becoming curved. — N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June -Sept. 22. SiUM, T.mrn. Water Parsnip. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glal)rous, with prominent corkv nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals; stylopodium depres.sed ; seed-face plane. — Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From cr'.oy, the Greek name of some marsli plant.) 1. S. eicutsefblium, Gmeliu. Stout, 2-6° high; leaflets 3-8 pairs^ linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, 2-5' loiu/ (lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next) ; fruit 1^" lony, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare, Michx.) — Throughout N. America. 2. S. Carsbnii, Durand. Weak; 1-2° high; leajiets 1 -3 pairs, linear, sharply serrate, 1-2' long ; when submersed orjluatitn/, verij thin, ovate to oblong, usuallij lac.iniately toothed or dissected, the leaf sometimes reduced to the ter- minal leaflet; fruit about \" long. — Mass., P. I., Conn., and Penn^ 23. BERULA, Koch. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly rounds .^margiuate at.^ase, glj^brous; carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp ; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity ; seed terete. — Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and variously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of Celtic origin.) 1. B. angUStifdlia, Koch. Erect, |- 3° high, leaflets 5-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, s<»metime8 crenate (^-3' long); fruit scarcely 1" long. (Siuiu augustifoliuni, L.) — Tlu'oughout the U. S. July, Aug. 24. ZIZIA, Koch. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ril>s; oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib ; stylopodium wanting; seed terete. — Smooth perennials (1-3° high), with mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in early spring iu open prairies and upland niv^adow.s. (Named for /. B. Ziz, a Rhen- ish botanist.) 208 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLP^Y FAMILY.) 1. Z. atirea, Koch. Zea 27^5 (except the uppermost) 2- 3-ferna/e, the radi- cal very long-petioled ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate ; rays 1 5 - 25, stout (1-2' long); fruit oblong, about 1" long. (Thaspium aureum, var. apterum, Grag, Manual.) — Atlantic States, west to Minn, and Tex. Var. Bebbii, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaf- lets more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays 2-8, slender (2-3' long) ; fruit oval, 1 - l^" long. — W. Va. and Va. to Ga. 2. Z. COrd^ta, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, crenatelg toothed, very rarely lobed or divided ; stem-leaves simply ter- nate or quinate, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or some- times parted ; fruit ovate, 1^" long. (Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, Gray, Manual.) — Same range as the preceding, but extending farther westward. 25. CARUM, L. Caraway. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or incon- spicuous ribs ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium conical ; seed-face plane or nearly so. — Smooth erect slender herbs,^ Avith fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many bracts, and white (or yellow- ish) flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, Caria.) C. Carui, L. (Caraway.) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform di- visions. — Naturalized in many ])laces, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.) C. Petroselinum, Benth., the common Parsley, from Europe, with 3- pinnate leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is occasion- ally found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm.) 26. CI CUT A, L. Water-Hemlock. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest) ; oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary ; stylopodium depressed ; seed nearly terete. — Smooth marsh perennials, very poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usu- ally none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 1. C. macul^ta, L. (Spotted Cowbane Musquash Root. Beaver- Poison.) Stem stout, 2-6° high, streaked with purple; leaves 2-3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles ; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1 - 5' long), acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the notches ; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 1-H" long. — Throughout the U. S. Aug. 2. C. bulbifera, L. Rather slender, 1-3° high; leaves 2-3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate) ; leaflets linear, sparsely toothed (1-2' long); upper axils bearing clustered bulhlets ; fruit (rare) scarcely 1" long.- — Common in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn, and Iowa. 27. JEGOPODIUM, L. Goutweed. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and no oil-tubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly terete. — A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate leaves, sliarply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white flowers. (Name from ai'l, goat, and iro^iov, a little foot, probably from the shape of tlie leaflets.) JSj. PodagrXria, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, is re' ported from R. I. to Del. and E. Peun. UMBELLIFEK.*:. ( PARSLEY FAMILY.) 209 28. LEPTOCAiJLIS, Nutt. Calyx-tcctli ()l)S()lcte. Fruit vt-ry small, ov ate, usually l>ristly or tuberculate, with somewhat prominent ribs , oil-tubes solitary in tlic intervals ; stvloixxlium conical; seed-face plane or somewhat concave. — Very slender smooth Immch in<^ annnals, with finely dissected leaves (segments filiform or linear), and small white flowers in very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels (Name from AeTTTjj, slender, and KavKbs, a stem.) 1. L. divaric^tus, DC. Plant 1-2° high, with branches and umbels diffusely spreading, the very slender rays 1-1' long and the longer ])edicels often 3-6" long; fruit tuberculate, |" long. (Apium divaricatum, Benth. «6esce'nf; leaves 2 - 3-ter- nate; leaflets 2-3' long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenu- ation) 6" long; stijlopodium and stifle ^" long. — From N.Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June. 2. O. longistylis, DC. Glabrous or slightli/ pubescent ; like the last, but with the st;/le I" long or more, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly con- cave. — N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn,, E. Kan., and Dak. 33. ERIGENIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OiF-SPRING. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ohovate or spatulate, fiat, entire. Fruit didy- mous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1-3) small oil-tubes in the intervals ; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from 7}f}iy€veia, born in the spring.) 1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. Stem 3-9' high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; fruit 1" long, U" broad. — W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wise, S. E. Minn., and Kan. 34. HYDROCdTYLE, Tourn. Water Pennywort. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield- shaped ; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin ; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kiduey-torra leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all sum- mer. (Name from iiSwp, ivater, and kotvXt], a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.) LMHKI.l.IFKK.i-:. (I'Ali.^LllV lA.MlLV.) 211 * Pericarp thin except at the hroad rorLi/ dorsal tt.nl lateral ribn ; leaves ronntl- peltate, crenate ; peduncles as lowj as the petioles, fro ni creeping rootstocks. -«- Fruit notched at base and apex ; intermediate rihs corki/. 1. H. umbell^ta, L. UmUels manij-flown-ed, simple (sometinips pro- liferous) ; pedicels 2-G" long; fruit about 1^" broad, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs proniineut but obtuse. — Mass. to Minn., south to the (iulf. 2. H. Canbyi, Coult. & Rose. Umbels 3 - ^-flinrercd,grnerallij jiroliferons ; pedicels vcr>/ short, but distinct ; fruit about 2 lines broad : carpels broacler and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ril)s much more prominent; seed section much narrower. (M. umbellata, var.? ambi^ua, Graj/, Manual). — N. J. to Md. •<- •«- Fntit not notched ; intermediate ribs not cork//. 3. H. vertieill^ta, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 1^-2" broad ; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (II. interrupta, Muhl.) — Mass. to Fla. » * Pericarp uniformly cork //-thickened and ribs all filiform ; haves not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles. -»- Fruit small, xrithout secondary ribs or reticulations ; involucre small or none. 4. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping ; leaves thin,Tonnd-TemioTm,crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, sliining; few-flowered umbels axillary and cdmost sessile ; fruit less than 1" broad ; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval. — Common. 5. H. ranunculoldes, L. f. Usnall y floating ; leaves thicker, round-reni- form, 3 - 7-cIeft, the lobes crenate; peduncles 1-3' long, refiexed in fruit ; capi- tate umbel 5- 10-flowered ; fruit 1-1|" broad; ribs rather obscure ; seed-sec- tion oblong. — E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward. •*- •»- Fruit larger (2-2|" broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticula- tions; the 2 - 4flou-ered umbel subtended by tu-o conspicuous bracts. 6. H. Asiatiea, L. Petioles and peduncles (1-2' long) clustered ou creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, ropand-toothed, thickish; seed-section narrowly oblong. (II. repanda, Pers.) — Md. to Fla. and Tex. (Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.) 35. ERYNGIUM, T.mrn. Envvr.o. Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Stylos slender. Fruit ovate or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-cul)es on each carpel. — Chiefly jjerennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) * Stout, v.-itli parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves. 1. E. yucC9ef61ium, Michx. (Kattlesxake-Master. BiTTOx Snake- root.) Branching above, 1 -G° high ; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower sometimes 2-3° long), the margins remotely bristly ; heads ovate-globose {*)" long), with ovate-lanceolate mostl'f entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the head, and similar bractlets. — Dry or damp soil, N. J. to Mlun., south to Fla. and Tex. July - Sept. 212 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) * * Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined. 2. E. Virginianum, Lam. Slender (1-3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves linear- to ohlong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 1° long) Jistidous petioles, entire or with small hooked teeth ; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate ; heads ovate-oblong (6" long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps (the middle one largest). — Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept. 3. E. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1-3° high) ; lowest stem- leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply palmatehj -parted into narrow incisely-pinnatijid spreading pungent segments ; heads ovate-oblong (1-1^' long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3-7-cus- pidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts. — Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. * * * Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads. 4. E. prostratum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few- toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones) ; reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2 - 4" long). — Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 36. SAN I CU LA, Tourn. Samcle. Black Snakeroot. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- tubes. — Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or com« pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in tlie umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sano, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas ) 1. S. Marylandica, L. Stem l-3° high; leaves 3-7-parted, the di- visions mostly sharply cut and serrate ; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedi- celled ; fruit 1^-2" long, the styles longer than tlie prickles. — Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May -Aug. Var. Canadensis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, L ) — With the last, but westward only to Minn, and E. Kan. Order 49. ARALIACE^. (Ginseng Family ) Herbs, shridjs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, hut with usually more than 2 stijles, and the fruit a feio - several-celled drupe. — Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed. 1. A HAL I A, Tourn, Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla. Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5. epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile coRNACEiV,. (do<]w<)<)I) kamikv.) 21:{ flowers short and united. Ovarv 2-5-cellf'd, with a single anatntpoiw ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening int Elder.) Stem (1 -2° high) brisfli/, leaf/, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves twice pinnate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Kocky and sandy places, Newf. to Dak., south to the mountains of N. C. June. 4. A. nudicaulis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf (1° high) and a shorter naked scape, with 2-7 umbels; leaflets ol>long-ovate or oval, ])ointcd, .serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands; range of u. 3. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officiual Sarsaparilla. § 2. GINSENG. Flowers diceciously polygamous ; styles and cells of the red or reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 pal- mately 3-7 foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle. 5. A. quinquefdlia, Decsne. & rianch. (Ginseng.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked [-i-^' long, 2iYon\xt\<:) ; stein l°high; leajUts long- stalked , mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2; fruit bright red. — Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn, to Minn., soutli to the mountains of Ga. July. 6. A, trifdlia, Decsne. & Planch. (Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.) Root or tuber globular, deep iu the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4-8' high ; leaflets 3 -5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, N. Scotia to Minn., soutii to Ga. April, May. Order 50. COKNACE^l^. (Dogwood Fa.mii.y.) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the l-'l-ceUed ovary, its limb yninute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the mar(/in of an epigy- notts disk in the perfect flowers ; style one : a single anatropous ovule hang- ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a l-2-seeded drupe; embrno nearly 214 CORNACE.E. (dogwood FAMILY.) as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. — Including two genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-nnerous. Leaves mostly opposite. 2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate. 1. CORNUS, Tourn. Cornel. Dogwood. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4- toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments slender. Style slender ; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2 seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from coma, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) § 1 . Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a large and showy, A-leaved, corolla-like, ichite or rarely pinkish involucre ; fruit bright red. 1. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.) Stems low and simple (5 - 7' higli) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper croAvded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; leaves of the invo- lucre ovate ; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and the far north and west. June. 2. C. florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Tree 12-40° high; leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre obcordate {\}' long) ; fruit oval. — Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Out. a..d S. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. § 2. Flowers ivhite, in open flat spreading cymes ; involucre none ; fruit spherical ; leaves all opposite {except in n. 9). * Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading. 3. C. circinata, L'Her. (Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.) Shrub 6 - 10° high ; branches greenish, warty -dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, tvoolly beneath (2 - 5' broad) ; cymes ^at; fruit light blue. — Copses, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to Dak., south to Va. and Mo. June. 4. C. serieea, L. (Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.) Shrub 3-10° high ; branches purplish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the nar- rowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places, Canada to Dak., south to Fla. and La. June. 5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Branches broirnish ; the branchlets, etc., rough- pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath ; calyx-teeth minute; fruit white. (C. Drummondii, Mey.) — Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn, and the Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub. * * Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none. 6. C. Stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) Branches, espe- cially the osier-like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 215 on both sides, ivhitish underneath ; cymes small and Hat, rather few-flowered, smooth; //•«/< irhite or lead-color. — Wet places; common, especially north- ward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and f'.nns broad clumps, !i-»//< obUmtj, blue (!' or more in length). — Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April. Wood soft ; that of the roots very light and spongy. 216 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consistiog of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.* Order 51. CAPKIFOLIACE^. (Honeysuckle Family.) S/iruhs, or rarehj herbs, icith opposite leaves, no {genuine') stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one fewer in Linneea, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several- seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen. Tribe T. SAMBUCJE^. Corolla wheel-shajied or urn-sliaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3-5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose. ♦ Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. 1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate. * * Shrubs, Avith stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes. 2. Sanibucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 3. A'ibiirnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. Tribe II. L.ONICERE^. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender ; stigma capitate. ♦ Herbs, with axillary flowers. 4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3 celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile. 5. Linnsea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers. * * Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds. 6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 7. L.onicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile. 8. Dien-illa. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender. 1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL. Calyx-tube reaehiug uot quite to the summit of the 3 - 5-celled ovarv ; hmb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 - 6-clef t, beariug at each sinus a pair of separate or partly uuited stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3-5- parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. — A dwarf per- ennial herb with scaly rv)Otstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From &do^os, obscure or insignificant.) * In certain families, as in Erieace*, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compnsitaj and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division ; but the artificiMl analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order. CAPRIFOLIACE.K. (hon'eysicki.i: 1 amii.v.) 217 1. A. Moschat^Uina, L. Smooth, rmisk-siented ; nulical leaves 1-3- ternate, tlie cauline 3-clcft or3-parted ; leaflets ohovate, 3-eleft ; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or Nclluwish. N. Icnva, Wise., and Minn., and northward. (Hu., Asia.) 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Ki.oku. Calyx-lohes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a hroadlv spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens .5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berrv-like juicv drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrul)by |»lants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaHcts, and numcrMUs small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from crafx^vKT], an ancient musical instrument.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Kldkh.) Stems .scarcely woody (."i - 10° high); leujiets 5-11, ohlomj, mostly smooth, tiie lower often 3-parted ; cijmes fat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and soutli and west. June, July. — Pith white. 2. S. racembsa, L. (Ked-berkieu Elder.) Stems woody (2-12^ high), the bark warty; leaf els 5-7, ovate4anceolate, doicni/ underneath ; ct/mes panic-led, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.) — Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May ; the fruit ripening in June. — Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3-5 linear-lauceolate 2-3-cleft or laciuiate segments. 3. VIBURNUM, L. Arrow-wood. Lairestixls. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1 -3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustat-eous (flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) § 1. Cijvie radiant, the marginal fowers neutral, with greatli/ enlarged fat co- rollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid ; stone sulcate ; leaves jiinnatelij veined; xcinter-huds naked. 1. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hobble-bush. American Wavfaring- TREE.) Leaves (4-8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad aiid flat. — Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Dnt. and l*enn., and in the mounUiins to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root. § 2. Cgme peduncled, radiant in n. 2 ; dru})e light red, arid, glof>ose ; stnne verg fat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves pnlmately veined ; xrinter-lmds scaly. 2. V. Opulus, L. (Cranberrv-tree.) Nearly smooth, upright (4- 10° high) ; leaves 3-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly we«lge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lol)es pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the a])ex. — Ixjw ground, along streams, from N.Brunswick farwcstwanl, ami south to Penu. June, July. — The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names /////// Cranl>frry-l>u.^lien old ; -I- -t- Coinpaiitul ci/vies sessile, 3-5-rai/ed ; drupes oval, 5-7" lou.l'^ 10. V. Lentigo, L. (Sweet Viburnitm. Siikkp-hekuy.) I^avfsovVu' strong! ij pointed, closely and very shurpl.f serrate ; petioles long and margined ; cyme large; fruit oval, \' long or more, ri])e in autumn, edilde ; tree 15-30° higli. — Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and nortliward. ¥\. in spring. 11. V. prunifblium, L. (Black Hwv.) A^^/vs ora/,o/j/Mse or slightly pointed,. ////(/// mid shdrplj serrate, smaller tliau in tiie preceding (1 -2' long) ; fruit similar or rather smaller. — Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early. — A tall shrub or small tree. 12. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2-8° high; leaves olwvate or spatu- late, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1 - 1^' long), shining; cymes small ; fruit 5" long, black. — Kiver-bauks and swamps, Va. to P'la. May. 4. TRidSTEUM, L. Feveu-wout. House-Gentian. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens h. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed l-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, pei'ennial herbs, leafy to the top ; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the ba.se, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.) 1. T. perfoli^tum, L. Softli/ hair >/ {2-4° hh^h); leaves oral, ahrupth/ narrowed beloir, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered ; fruit orange-color, |' long. — Rich woodlands, (^anada and X. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called Tinkeu's-weei>, Wild Coffee, etc. 2. T. angUStifblium, L. Smaller, brisllj-hairij ; leaves lanceolate, taper- iufj to the base; fi(^wers greeuish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — Shady grounds, Va. to 111., Mo., and Ala. May. 5. LINN.^A, Gronov. Twin-flowek. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the ba.se of the corolla. Ovary and tlie small dry ])i»d .'^-celled, but only 1 -.seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves con- tracted at the ba.se into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles fork- ing into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal IJnnaus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a s])ecial favorite.) 1. Ij. bore^lis, Linnaus. — Moist mos.sy woods and cidd bogs, X. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains <»f Mil., west to Minn. ; also far nortii and west. June. (Eu.) 218 CAPRIFOLJ.CE^. (honeysuckle FAMILY.) etc. The well-kr ±>HORICARPOS, Dill. Snowberry. ' ^ ^ Abort, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4 -5-lobed, with *,.fiort stameus inserted into its throat. Ovarv 4-celled, only 2 of the , ith a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds ,-jny. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of avfjL(popew, to bear together, and Kapiros, fruit ; from the clustered berries.) * Sttjle bearded ; fruit red ; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters. 1. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Indian Clrrant. Coral-berry.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small. — Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Fenn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July. * * Sti/le glabrous ; fruit white ; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary. •2. S. OCCident^lis, Hook. (Wolfberry.) Floicers in dense terminal and axillarij spikes; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style pro- truded.— Rocky ground, N. Mich, and 111., west to the Rocky Mts. — Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next. 3. S. raeemosus, Michx. (Snowberry.) Flowers in a loose and some- what leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside , berries large. — Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Fenn., to Minn, and westward ; common in cultivation. June -Sept. Berries ripe in autumn. — V"ar. pauci- fl6rl'S, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about V long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils. — Mountains of Vt. and Fenn. to Minn., Dak., and westward. 7. L ONI CERA, L. HoNEYsrcKLE. Woodbine. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3- celled. Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of the 16th century.) § L XYLOSTEON. Upright bushy shrubs ; leaves all distinct ; peduncles axil- lary, single, 2-flowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes united into one ; calyx-teeth not persistent. * Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute. 1. L. eiliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3 - 5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petiokd, thin, downy beneath ; filiform peduncles .lo)iind (^' long, yellowish-white) ; Uiries {purple) united or nearly (list imt. — IJogs, N. New Kng. and N. Y., to Miun. June. * * T/ie twojloicrrs involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad folincenus bracts. 4. L. involucr^ta, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches 4-angular ; leaves (2-5' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-puljc.scent, cylindraceous (6-8" long); ovaries and globose dark-puqde berries distinct. — Deep woods: shores of L. Superior, and north and westward. § 2. CAPRIFOLIUM. Ticinimj shrubs, with the ^flowers in Sfssi/e whorhd clusters from the axils of the {often connate) upper leaves, forming interrujited terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) bei-rif. * Corolla trumpet-shaped , al most regular ; stamens and stgle little erserted. 5. L. semp6rvirens, Ait. (Thimpet HoNEVstcKLE.) Flowers in somewliat distant w]iorls, scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, yfllowish within or rarely tliroughout ; leaves oblong, smooth, tlie lower |)etit>led, the uppermost pairs connate. — Copses, Conn, to Ind.,and southward ; common in cultivation. May - Oct. — Leaves deciduous at the north. * * Corolla ringent ; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed ; stamens and stijle conspicuousli/ exserted. •»- Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside ; stamens and style glabrous. 6. L. gr^ta, Ait. (American Woodbine.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers wliorled in the upper- most axils; corolla whitish with a purjde tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant. — Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Midi, and Mo., and southward ; also cultivated. May. -t- -t- Corolla hairy ivithin, the tube 6" long or less. 7. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy IIoxevsuckle.) Twining and rather high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneatli, as well as the l)ranclies, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short- petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy- pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., ^licli., and Minn. July. — A coarse large-leaved species. 8. L. SuUivantii, Gray. At length inuch ichitened with glaucous bloom, 3-6° high, glaljrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2-4' long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk ; corolla pale yaWow ; f laments nearly glabrous. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.) — Ohio to 111., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C. 9. L. glauca, Hill. (Jlabrous, or lower leaf surfare sometimes jjuberu- ient, 3-5° higli ; leaves oblong (2-3' long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1 -4 upper pairs connate ; corolla greenish-yellow or purjtlish; tube only 3 - 4" long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. { L. par- viflcJra, Lam., and part of var. Doughisii, Cray.) — Hocky grounds, N. Eug. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. 222 CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 8. DIE H VILLA, Tourn. Bush-Honeysuckle. Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, aAvl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 -several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. Dierville, wlio brought it from Canada to Tournefort.) 1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. — Kocks, Ne^\'f . to the moun- tains of N. C, west to Minn. June - Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of Weigela. Order 52. KUBIACE^E. (Madder Family.) Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls ivithout ajjparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2-^-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the rerjular corolla (4-5), and inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in ^Nlitch- ella and Iloustonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or ampliitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical. I. CINCHONE^. Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves opposite. 1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or ftinnel-foi'm, 4-lobecl. Seeds rather few, thimble- sliaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs. 2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs. II. COFFEINEvE. Ovules solitary in the cells ; leaves mostly opposite. -•- Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-seeded. ^_ H- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2 eyed berry. 4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. ^- -t- M- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 5. Sperniacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. 6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels ; otherwise as n. 5. III. STELLAT^E. Ovules solitary ; leaves in whorls, without stipules. 7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-j jiarted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. 8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate. L HOUSTONIA, L. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes val- vate in the bud. Stamens 4 ; antliers linear or oldong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across RUBIACE.E. (madder FAMILY.) 223 the top. Seeds ratlier few (4-20 iu each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globular-tliimhle-shaped, pitted. — Small lierhs, wiili .sliort entire stipules con- necting the j)etioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cyinose or soliuirv and peduncled Howcrs. 'I'hese are dimorphous, in some individuals with ex.serted anthers and short includeil stvle; in others the anthers included and the stvle long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Win. Iloustun, an English botanist who collected in Central America.) * ,Sin(ill and delicate, vprmd-Jlowering ; peduncles \-Jiowered ; corolla salrer- form ; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lohcd pod free ; seeds globu- lar, icith a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face. ■(- Perennial by delicate Jili form creeping rootstocks or creeping stems ; peduncles filiform, 1-2' long. 1. H. CBBrulea, L. (Bluets. Innocence.) Glabrous; .s/ewse/er^, slen- der, sparingly branched from the base (3-5' high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (3- 4" long) ; peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearlv white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those (»f the calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich, and Ala. ; pro ducing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little Howcrs. 2. H. serpyllifolia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to orate (2-4" long); co- rolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue. — Along streamlets and on mouiitain- tops, Va. to Teun. and S. C. -t- ■*- Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much shorter. 3. H. patens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect peduncles ; leaves spatulate to ovate ; corolla much smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purjdish witliout yellowish eye, the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes. — Dry or sandv soil, S. Va. to Tex. and 111. (?) 4. H. minima, Beck. Morediiin^e, com nvmly scabrous; stems at length much branclied and s])reading (1-4' high) ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier ])eduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short ; tube of the })urj)lish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (H" long). — Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March -May. * * Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6 - 20' high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flow- ers in small terminal cymes or clusters ; corolla funnel-form, }mr})lish, of en hairy inside : .seeds meiiiscoidal , with a ridge across the hollowed inner face. 5. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smoiy woods, creeping about the foot of troes, especially Conifene, tliroughout our ranoe and southward. June, July. — Leave.s often variegated with whitish lines Rarely the two flowers are c(nnplotelv conflu- ent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla. 6. SPERMACbCE, Dill. Bitton-wekd. (\alyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel form oi salver-form, valvate in the bud Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2afy -tipped and poiiitoil l)racts among the dtMiselv capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leavod calyx-like in- volucel investing tlie ovary and fruit (a<-lieiie). Cal\ x-tnlte cohereiit with the ovary, the limb cuj) shaped, without a pajipus. Corolla nearly regular, 4Hdeft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse bieu- 230 DiPSACE^. (teasel family.) nials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from Sixl/du, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.) 1. D. SYLVESTRis, Mill. ( WiLD Teasel.) Prickly ; leaves lancc-oblong ; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of 2. D. full6num, L., the Fuller's Teasel, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth ; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Lu.) Order 55. COMPOSIT^E. (Composite Family.) Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a common receptacle, surrounded hy an involucre, with 5 (i~arely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). ■ — Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-sliaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu- lar ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoe- cious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (Jigulate) corolla are called rays or ray-fiowers ; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head Avhich has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. AVhen the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous ; when only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked. — The largest order of Phaenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger. Systematic Synopsis. Series I. TUBULIFLOR^. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). Tribe I. VERNONIACEiE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- lar, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, mi- nutely bristly-hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 1 . Elephantopus. Heads 3 - 5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. 2. Vernonia. Heads several -many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- pus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles. composite:, (compositk family.) 231 Tribe II. KUPATORIACE^. Heads discoul, the M..wt;rM all alike, perfect and tu- l)iil.ir, never yelluw. Branches f)f the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly imbescent ; the stigmatic lines indistiuct. ♦ l'ai)pus a row of hard scales. 3. Sclerolepis. Head niany-llowercd. Scales of the involucre eatoriuiu. Involucre of iiioru than 4 scales and the Happus a scarious liispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western. 41. Partheniuin. Rjiys 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows. • 2. Fertile flowers 1-5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube ; starninate corolla fuunel-fonn. Pappus none. ■1- Heads with 1-5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chafi'y. 42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish .scales. •♦- -t- Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper starninate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1-4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre. 43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded. 44. Xanthiuin. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1-4-celled, 1-4-beaked. • 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; disk-flowei-s all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chafi'y scales. — Leiives more commonly opposite, •t- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid : pappus none. ■t- t- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. ++ Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped. 46. £clipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10-12, in two rows, herbaceous. ++ ++ Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes. = Recei)tacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown. 47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite. 48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent. 49. liudbeckla. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the toji, marginless. 50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined. = = Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat, 51. Borrichia. Achenes 3- 4-angled ; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby. 52. Hellanthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales. = = = Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent. 53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows. 54. Actinonieris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading. • 4. Rays few, neutral, or wantnig. Achenes obcompressed, i. e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre dcmble ; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite. 55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed uj)ward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown. 56. Bidens. Papjjus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth. 57. Tlielespemia. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns re- tro rsely bearded. • 5. Heads radiate or discoid ; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5- angled ; pappus of sevenil chaffy scales. ■»- Leaves alternate, entire. Disk -flowers purplish. 58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed. 59. Marshallia Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chafTi'. 234 cu-Mrosn\i:. (composite family.) ■i- ■*- Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow. 60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4-5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffj'. Tribe VI. HELENIOIDE^. Nearly as Ti-ibe V., but receptacle not chaffy (some- what so in n . 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile ; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65) ; the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61). * Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate. 61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western. 62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western. 63 Heleniuin. Rays fertile or sterile, 3- 5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent. 61. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine finibrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the pro- jecting midvein. Western. « * Dotted with oil-glands. Inv(jlucral scales united into a cup. 65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE.^]. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the pei-fect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubu- lar. Achenes small ; pappus a short crown or none. — Mostly strong-scented ; leaves alternate. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered. 66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemisplierical, rather large. 67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanula te or obovate. * * Receptacle naked. -(- Heads raUier large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless. 68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none. 69. Clirysaiitliemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none. -t- -*- Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate. 70 Tanacetuni. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit ; pappus a short crown. 71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; pappus none. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. * Heads monoecious or subdicecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligu- late or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style- branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical. 72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious. 73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdicecious. Flowers white or purplish. * » Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involu- cral scales connivent-erect. ■*- Leaves opposite. 74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous. •(- -t- Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious, 75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed. 76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft. 77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas. COMPOSIT.E. (coMi»usrri: family.) 235 Tribe IX. CYNAROIDE^. Flowers all tubular and iK;ifect (the outer ray-like and neutral iii n. 8J). Invohurre mucli imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appen.laged at tip. Styl.-brancliLS short or united, obtuse, unaj>i.t;ndagi'.d, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly. — Leaves altermate. • Achenes attached by tlic base. Flowers all alike, t- Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct Filaments glabrous. 78. Arctium. In volucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles. ■t- - Loaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below. 79. Cnlcus. Pappus-bristles jdumose. Receptacle densely bristly. SU. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. 81. Onopordon. Pappu.s-V)ristles nut pliiino.se. Receptacle deeply honeycorabed. • • Achenes attached obliquely, ftrarginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like. 82. Centaurea. luvolucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and biistly, or very short Skuies ir. LIGULIFLOK^. Tribe X. CICHORIACEy'E. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- fect.— Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus none. 83. L.aiupsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8-12-flowered. * * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 84. Kriffia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles. 85. Cichoriuiii. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. * * ♦ Pappus plumose. 86. Traffopogron. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy 87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical. 88. Pieris. Out«r involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy. * * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. •♦- Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender. ♦♦ Achenes not beaked. = Flowers yellow or orange. 89. Ilieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose jterennials. 90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft Not pilose. = = Flowers white or cream-color or pinki.sh. Involucre calyculate. 01. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding. 92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless ; heails erect Western. ++ *♦ Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow. 93. Troxiiiion. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribl)ed. 94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4- 5-ribl>etacle chafly 04 • 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chafl'y scales corresjiunding with the edges or angles of the achene, ofteu witli intervening niiuuLe bjistles or scales. H- Receptacle naked. Achene flat, wing-margined. Pajtpus of separate little bristles and usually 2 •• 4 awns . 22 Acliene flat, marginless. Pai)pus none. Receptacle conical 19 Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 09 Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical . . 20, GS Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alLcmatiug awns . . . .21 ••- ••- Receptacle chaffy. Rays ueutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and Chaffy only at the summit; tiie chatt' deciduous. Pappus uone .... 06 Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all . . .48, 49, 50, 52 ,54 Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened parallel with the scales or chafl' . 55, 50 Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57 Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. Achene much flattened laterally, 1 -2-awned 53 Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus uone .... 67 Achene 3-4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless. Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66 Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simi)le. Achene nbovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45 Achene 4-aJigular. Involucre of separate scales 47 Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51 Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers staniinate and sterile (pistil imperfect). Receptacle chafly 36-41 1. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ElephantVfoot. Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered, several together clustered into a coinpound ])eduiu'ulate liead ; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 ol»k»ng dry scales. Achenes lO-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name com- posed of eA€0os, elephant, and Ttovs,foot.) * Stem leafij; upper leaves very like the basal. 1. E. Carolini^nus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves ovate-obluiig, thin. — Dry soil, I'enn. to 111. and Kan., and soutiiward. * * Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked. 2. E. tomentoSUS, L. Somewlmt hairy ; basal leaves obov.-ite to nar- rowly spatulatc, silky and ])rominently veined bcneatlj ; heads large ; pappus- scales attenuate. — Va., Ky., and southward. 3. E. nud^tUS, Gray. Strigose-puberulent ; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not ])rominently veined beneath ; heads smaller; paj)]nis .scales broadly deltuid. — Del. and southward. 238 cOMPOsiTiE. (composite family.) 2. VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. Heads discoid, 1 5 - many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Recep- tacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed ; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difticult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) * Heads large, 50- 7 Q-Jioivered. 1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate ; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips. — Mo., Kan., and southward. * * Heads Y ^^^9^1- or less, 15-40-Jloicered. H- Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire. 2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flow- ered ; scales obtuse or acute. — Plains of Neb. and southward. H- •<- Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined. 3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate"; achene smooth. — Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug. 4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong ; cyme loose ; scales close, obtuse or mucronate ; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. — Low grounds, AV. Penn. to 111., and southward. — Heads variable, 2- 4" high and the scales in few or many ranks ; the var. grandifl6ra, Nutt., with large heads, tlie involucre of 35-40 scales in many ranks. 5. V. Noveboraeensis, Willd. Rather tall ; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong ; cyme open ; involucre usually purplish ; scales ovate and lance- ovate tipped Avith a slender cusp or awn. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug. Var. latif 6Ha, Gray. Leaves broader ; heads few ; scales merely acute or acuminate. — Penn. to Ohio and southward. 6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose ; heads small, at first globose ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate ; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, scjuarrose, the scales acute or acuminate. — Prairies and barren hills ; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4. 3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Head discoid, many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4-6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of a-K\7}p6s, hard, and Kewls, a scale, from the pappus.) 1. S. verticillata, Cass. — In water; pine barrens. New Jersey and southward. Aug. I COMPOSITE.. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 239 4. MIKANIA, Will.l. CLiMiuN(i IIkmp-weed. Heads discoid, 4-lU)\verL'(l. Iiivuluirc of 4 scales. Kocoptacle small. Flow- ers, achencs, etc., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and C()ryml)Ose-pan- icled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mi/can, of Prague.) 1. M. SC^ndens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangu- lar-heart-sliapcil or halberd-form, ])oiiite(l, toothed at the i)ase. — Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July -.Sept. 5. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Tiiokoughwort. Heads discoid, 3 - many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla .5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled ; pappus a single row of slender capillar}- barely roughish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled witii l)itter resinous dots, with generally corym]>ose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap- pearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mitliridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) §1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle fat. * Heads cylindrical, 5-l5-Jlowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely im- bricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate ; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and fesh-colored fowers. 1. E. purptireum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 -G in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies greatly in size (2-12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds ; common. Var. amoenum, Gray. Low ; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong ; heads few, 3 - 5-flowcred. — Mountains of Va. and N. Y. * * Heads 3-20 fowered ; involucre of 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; fowers irhite. t- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected ; heads panicled, very small, 3-5 fowered. 2. E. fOBnicul^ceum, Willd. (Dog-Fennel.) Smooth or nearly so, ])aniculately much-branched (3-10° high); leaves 1 -2-pin nately parted, fili- form.— Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia. •*- -t- Leaves long-pet ioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12 - 15 fowered, in compound corymbs. 3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3 - 7° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3-6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. t- -t- -t- Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-fowered. = Inrolucral scales with white and scarious acute tips. 4. E. Alburn, L. lioughish-hairy (2° high) , leaves oblong-Janceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; involucral scales close v 240 coMPOSiT.E. (composite family.) iml)ricatecl, rigid, narroAvly lanceolate, /o;?^er than the flowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward. Var. subvenosum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1 - 2' long, finely toothed and less veiny. — Long Island and N. J. 5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1-2° high) ; Icaces linear -lanceolate, closehj sessile, \-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, roiujh both sides ; corymb hoary. — Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward. = = Scales not scarious or ohscurelij so, obtuse, at length shorter than thejloicers. 6. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1-2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, I -3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base. — Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward. Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate. — Penn., Ky., and southward. 7. E. semis erratum, DC. Minutely velvety -pubescent, branching (2 - 3° high) , leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; heads small. (E. par- viflorum, Ell.) — Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward. — Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate. 8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3-7° high), downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Minn, and Ky. — Leaves 3-4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago. ^_ H_ H- .;- Le'ires sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes ; heads pubescent. = Heads 5 - 8-Jloicered ; leaves not clasping. 9. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2-8° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple- nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly peti- oled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers. — Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast. 10. E. rotundifblium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves roundish- ovate,obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1-2' long) ; corymb large and dense ; scales of the (b-fowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward Var. ovatum, Tt)rr. L'sually taller , leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5 -8- flowered. (E. pubescens, J/»/i/.) — Mass. to Va., near the coast. 11. E. sessilifolium, L. (Upland Boxeset.) Stem tall (4-6° high), smooth, branching; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the shai-p point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3 - 6' long) ; co- rymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Mass. to III., and southward along the mountains COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 241 = = Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widcli/ spreading ; heads vwstli] \Q -lii-Jlotcered ; corijmbs very compound and large. 12. E. perfoli^tuni, L. (Thokoughwout. Boneskt.) Stem stout (2-4° liigli), hairi/ ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (coriuate- perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5 - 8' lone;) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ; common and well-known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separateil and truncate at base. Var. cuneatum, Kngelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fowcr-tlowered. Terhaps a hybrid with n. 7. — Mo. and southward. 1-3. E. resin6sum, Torr. Minutelg velvet 1/ -down)/ {2-3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, Semite, partl/j clasping, tapering tressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish. — Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and sontliward. — Involucre often resinous, very smooth. Var. mont^na, Gray. Low and stout; leaves l)roader, o])tu.se; s])ike short and lieads hirgo. — Mountain-tops, \'a., and southward. 8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1-3° high) slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, l-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-tiowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, oppressed ; achenes hairy. — Va. and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in Var. dubia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate. — Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward. 9. TRILISA, Cass. Heads discoid, 5-10-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or ob- long. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose. — Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, ol)SCurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose- purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.) 1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (Vanilla-plant.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; heads co- rymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.) — Low pine barrens, Va., and south- ward.— Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. 2. T. panicul^ta, Cass. Viscid-hairy ; leaves narrowly oblong or lan- ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris paniculata, Willd.) — Va. and southward. 10. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. Heads few - several-flowered, radiate ; rays 1 - 6, pistillate. Involucre ob- long-clavate ; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete ; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray -flowers. — Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.) 1. G. Euthamise, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1-2' long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each. — Dry plains, Mont, and Miim. to central Kan., southward and westward. 11. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. Heads hemispherical ; rays .5-10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pap- pus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like 244 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) scales, more or less dilated and united at base. — A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the brauchlets ; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From a/xj orate or oval someichat triple-ribbed leaves minutel>/ velvet j/- pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — S. W. 111., Mo., and southward. H- -1- ^- H- Heads in a compound corpnb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib. ++ Leaves flat, not S-nerved. 37. S. rigida, L. Bough and someichat hoari/ with a minute pubescence ; stem stout (2 - 5° high), very leafy ;^ corymb dense ; leaves oval or oblong, copi- ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the ui)per closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, over 30-flowered ; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. 38. S. Ohioensis, Kiddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2-3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile ; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numer- ous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16-20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wise. — Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to 1 - 2% with rough margins, like the rest. ++ ++ Leaves someichat folded, entire, the lower slightly S-nerved. 39. S. Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout {2- A° high), very leafy, t\\Q branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- olate, elongated (4 - 6' long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole ; heads very numerous, clustered, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prai- ries, Ohio to Minn, and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va. — Heads larger than in the last, 2-3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem rather low and slender (1-2*^ high); leaves scattered, linea7-4anceolate, acntish, tapering into a nar- rowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads few or several, 20 -30-flowered; the rays 7-9. — Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined, 2-5' long, 2-4" wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly ^' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. § 2. EUTHAMLA. Corymbosely much branched ; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in fat-topped corymbs ; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous ; receptacle fmbrillate ; rays 6 - 20, sho7't, more numerous than the disk-flowers ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile. 41. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3- 5-nerved; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, etc., in moist soil ; common. — Stem 2-3° high ; leaves 3-5' long. 42. S. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; leaves very narrowly linear, mostly l-nerved, dotted ; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Mass. to 111., and southward ; common near the coast. COMPOSiT.*:. (coMPOsiTi: KAMir.v.) 253 18. BRACHYCHJETA, Torr. & Gray. False Golden-rod. Heads ami llowers nearly as in Solidago, except the papjius, wliicli is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. — A p«!rennial herh, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones hiart-slmped ; the small yellow heads in sessile dusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name coinposeil of fipax^s, s/iort, and X"''''^> bristle, from the papi)us.) 1. B. COrd^ta, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Tnd. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. Oct. — riant 2-4° high, slender, more or less pubescent. 19. BELL IS, Tourn. Daisv. Heads many-flowereil, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the in- volucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pa])pus. — Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. PERKNMS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy -stemmed, as is tlie following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) 1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (Western Daisv.) Annual or biennial, diffusely ])ranched (4'-l° high), smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovatc ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. — Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March -June. 20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, tlie outer sliorter. Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pap- pus. Otherwise as Bellis. — Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pu- bescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy -like heads. {'Acpavris, inco)iS})icuous, and aricpos, croicn ; in allusion to the pappus.) 1. A. Arkansanus, Gray. Diffuse, 1° high; leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, the hnver often toothed or lobed ; rays white to pur])le, Y long; pappus mostly -l-S-lobed. — Plains of Kan. and southward. 21. CH^TOPAPPA, DC. Heads several-flowered, radiate ; disk-Howers often sterile. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Keceptacle flat, naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed ; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless jjaleiv, alternating with rougli bristly awns, or these wanting. — Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray white or })ur]tle. (XaiTrj, a hrisile, and irdinros, pappus.) 1. C. asteroides, DC. slender, 2- lO' high, pubescent; involucres nar- row, 2'' long; rays 5-12; achenes pubescent. — Dry grounds, Vernon Co., Mo., and soutlnvard. 22. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with nar- row membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely lieart shaped, margined with a callous 254 coMPOSiT.^. (composite family.) •wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned witli a pappus of several minute bristles and usually 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and l)ush} -branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster ; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.) * Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed. 1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stems 2-8° high; leaves lanceolate; invo- lucral scales acuminate ; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or none. (B. glastifolia, L'Her., the awned form.) — Moist places along streams; Penn. to 111., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct. — A'"ar. decukrexs, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and branches. Mo. (Eggert). 2. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger ; involucral scales oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate ; pappus-awns conspicuous. — W. Mo. and Kan. * * Heads small, panided on the slender branches. 3. B. difFilsa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those on the branclilets very small and awl-shaped ; rays short, mostly white ; pap- pus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies of S. 111. ( Vasey), and southwestward. Aug. - Oct. 23. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to Avhite) in a single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales im- bricated in several series. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, Avith thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs ; pap- pus a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales. — Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and large heads. (Named for David Townsend, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.) 1. T. sericea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads sessile, solitary or few, i-1' high; ray-pappus mostly bristly. — Dry plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May. 24. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. White-toppkd Aster. Heads 12 - 20-flowered, radiate ; the rays about .5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and Avhitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyr- amidal, very silky ; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial tufted herbs (1-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yelloAv. (Name from a-npiKSs, silky, and Kapnos, fruit.) * Pappus rusty ; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin. 1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, ciliate ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4 - 6" long). — Dry ground ; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July. COMPOSIT.*:. (COMI'OSITE lAMILV.) 255 * * Pappus tvliite ; leaves entire, obscnreli/ veined, Jinner and smaller. 2. S. SOlidagineus, Nces. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigiil, obtuse, ■with rou^li niar>:;ius, tai)ering to the base; heads narrow (3" long), in close clusters, fL'\v-Ht)\\ rrcd. — Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July. 3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oljlong- spatulatc, short (i - 1' long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather lo(jsely corynibed, obovoid (4-5" long). — Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug. 25. ASTER, L. Starwokt. Aster. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or le.ss flattened ; papi)us simple, of ca])illary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5). — I'erennial iierbs (annual only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemo.se heads; flowering in autumn. Kays wliite, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often changiiig to purple. (Name aar-np, a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.) Conspectus of Gi'oups. Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54 Pappus double 4G-48 Scales closely imbricated, not gi'een-tii>ped, often scarious-edged .... 40-52 Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous ; leaves cordate, sen-ate . 2, 3 Scales neaj-ly eqiuil, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles rigid, some thickened at top 1 Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. Asteu proper. Pajipus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping ; heads few, large . 4-S Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15 Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17-24 Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with cordate-clasiiing base . IG Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular ; leaves uot cordate, mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9-13 Lower leaves all acute at base ; not glandular nor viscid nor silky-canescent. Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous ; scales coriaceous at base ; leaves firm, usually entire 25-30 Hoary-pubescent or hirsute ; scales scjuarrose ; stem-leaves small, linear, entire 31, 32 Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads many, small 83-35 Remaining species ; branches erect or ascending. Stem-leaves auric.ulate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; involucre lax 42-45 Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base .... 30-41 § 1. HELlASTRUM, Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the sti-otiger bristles somewhat clavate ; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal. 1. A. palud6stlS, Ait. Stems 1° high; glabrous or nearly so; heads V higli, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays purple; leaves linear, entire. — Kan. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga. § 2. BIOTIA. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, apjiressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6-18 {ivhite or nearly so) ; achenes slender ; pappus slightly rigid, simple ; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate ; heads in open corymbs. 2. A. COrymbbsus, Ait. Stejn slender, somewhRt zigzag; leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed , 256 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost lieart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; rays 6-9. — Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug. — Plant 1-2° high, with smaller heads, looser co- rymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next ; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. 3. A. raacrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2-3° high); leaves tJiickish, rough, closely serrate, abruptly pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4 - 10' long, 3-6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rai/s 10-15 (white or bluish). — Moist woods ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept. — Involucre i' broad ; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-ob- long, the innermo.st much larger and tliinner. § 3. ASTER pro])er. Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous ; rays numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform {coarser and more rigid in the first group); (ichenes flattened. (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.) * 1 . Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spread- ing tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping ; heads feiv, or ichen several corymbose, large and showy. -I- Lowest leaves ovate or ovatc-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base. 4. A. Herveyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1-2° high, the summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent ; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose, Y high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all erect, with Aery short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, Y long. — Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass. and "R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the last. H- -t- Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); root stocks slender. 5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems 1-2° high, roughish and glandular- puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire ; heads few, hemisplierical, ^' high; scales glandular-puberulent and viscid ; mostly with the upper half herbaceous and spreading ; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1' long. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept. -Nov. One of the hand- somest species of the genus. 6. A. SUrCUloSUS, Michx. Stems 1° high or \q^&, from long filiform rootstocks ; leaves entire or nearly so, r/id-(ili;ite, 1' long or mo.stly much less; heads .scattered, .'}" high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute. — Central Kan. (Kllis, Dr. L. Watson) and southwestward. -(- -t- Heads lanjer ; involucral scedes spreading, in few or man// ra)ds. 10. A. grandiflbrus, L. Rough icith minute hispid hairs; stems slender, loosely much l)ranched (1-3° higli) ; leaves very small (?-!' long), oblong- linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (T long) ; achenes hairy. — Dry opeu j)laces, \'a. and southward. — Heads large and very showy. 11. A. oblongifdlius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1-2° high) ; leaves narrowly ob- long or lanceolate, mucronate-])ointed, partly clasping, thickish (1-2' long by 2 -5" wide); involucral scales nearly ecpial, broadly linear, appressed at the ba.se; rays violet-purple; acheues canesceut. — Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn, and Kan. — Heads middle-sized or smaller. Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, Avith more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves. — In drier jtlaces, 111., Wise., and southwestward. 12. A. Novae-Anglise, L. aS7c/« s/o«/, /m/r_y (3 - 8° high), corymbed at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acide, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence, 2-5' long ; scales nearly ecpial, linear-iiwl -shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as the branciilets ; rays violet-])urple (in var. liosEL'S rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy. — Moist grounds ; com- mon. — Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species. 13. A. moddstus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate ; stem slender, simjde, with few large lieads terminating slender brancldets; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; scales linear- attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue. — N. Dak. and westward. * 3. Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate ; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows ; rays showy, purple-violet. 14. A. serlceus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong , heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ; S''(des of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous ba.se; achenes s)H(>olh, many-ribbed. — Prairies ami dry l)anks, Wise and Minn, to Ky., and southward. — Heads large ; rays 20-30. 17 258 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 15. A. Concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenes silk I/. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, R. I., N. J., and southward. — Plant 1 - 3° high, with the short leaves V or less in length, grayish-silky both sides. * 4. Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the caul ine all loith sessile and cordate-claspinij base, the auricles generalltj meeting around the stem. 16. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1 - 3° high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below tlie middle, rough, especially above and on the margins ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips ; achenes silky. — Var. phlogif6lius, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostlv much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground ; common, Mass. to Minn., and southward. Heads i' broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays. * 5. Loiver leaves heart-shaped and petioled ; no glandular or viscid pubescence ; heads ivith short and appressed green-tipped scales {except in n. 17 and 24), viostlg small and numerous, racemose or panicled. H- Heads middle-sized, with manij rags, and squarrose foliaceous involucre. 17. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous ; stems slender (2 - 4° high), simple or racemose-branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile ; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth. — Limestone cliffs, W. 111. and Mo. to Ark. — Rays violet-purple. -t--t- Rags 10-20; involucral scales appressed or erect. •(-»• Leaves entire or slightlij serrate; heads middle-sized ; rags bright-blue. 18. A. azureus, Liudl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the brandies slender and rigid; leaves rough, the lower ovate- lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceo- late or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical. — Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. luTolucre much as in A. liBvis, but smaller and sliglitly pubescent. 19. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing- very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pu- bescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles, none clasping ; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to 111., and southward. — A pretty species, 2-4° high ; leaves 3-5' long. 20. A. undulatUS, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence ; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ivith wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy un- derneath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abrupdy con- tracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 2i')9 Aos^, or directly sessile by a heart-shapeil hiuie ; involucre ohovoid, the scales less rigid. — Dry copses; coniinon. ++ ++ Leaves conspicuous! // serrate ; heads small ; rays pale blue or nearly white. 21. A. COrdifdlius, L. Stem imich branched above, ^/jc .s/)r<-ar//n7 or ^/Z- i-iercjinrj branches bcarinrj very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all lieart- shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; scales of the inverseh/ conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or acutish. — Woodlands ; very common. — Heads profuse, l)ut (juite small. Vai ies with the stem and leaves either smooth, rouf^hish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 'i.T also occur. 22. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, witii ascendiny branches bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into aivl- shapecl slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. to Ky., and north- ward.— Green, but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile. 2-3. A. Drummondii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence ; leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles, the uppermost lan- ceolate and sessile; scales acute or acutish. — Passing into the last. Open ground, etc.. 111. to Minn, and Kan. 24. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1 -2° high, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or obscurely cordate, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends ; heads larger, rather few in a loose tliyrse or panicle, the linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated; rays pale violet. — Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (C. E. Faxon), and Mt, Desert {Rand}. * 6. Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or attenuate at base ; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent. "t- Stnooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so,except forms of n. 30), and usu- ally pale and glaucous ; involucral scales closely imbricated, Jirm and whitish- coriaceous below, green-tipped ; leaves firm, usually entire. •*•*■ Rays violet or blue; scales j-ather abruptly green-tipped ; leaves on the branch- lets reduced to rigid snbidate bracts. 2.5. A. turbinellus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3° high, paniculately branched ; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, taj)oring to each end, with rough margins ; involucre elongated-obamical or almost club-shaj)ed {\' long) ; the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue ; achencs nearly smooth. — Dry hills, etc., 111., Mo., and southwestward. — Well-marked anil handsome. 2fj. A. laevis, L. Stouter, 2-4° high; heads in a close panicle; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaj)ed ba.se; scales of the short-obovnid or hemispherical involucre with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes smooth. — Borders of woodlands ; common. A variable and elegant species. 27. A. virg^tUS, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several racemose or terminal /learfs, like those of the last; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower usually long and narrow. — S. W. Va., and southward. 260 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 28. A. concinnus, Willd. Kot glaucous, slender, 1-3° high; leaves lauceolaf,e, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged ]>etioles; heads smaller than in the preceding, naiiieroas,panicled ; rays violet. — Rare ; Penn. and southward. ■^ -^ Rai/s lohite or turnlnfj jmrpUsh ; scales narrow, suhidaieli) green-tipped; leaves viostlij narroic, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate. 29. A. polyphyllus, AVilld. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5' long; heads ])aniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4" long. — N. Vt. to Wise, and soutliward. Heads larger and flowering earlier than the next. 30. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1 -3° high) ; the sim- ple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped ; heads 3" high or less ; involucral scales often nearly equal, Avith attenuate or awl-shaped green tips. : — Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Var. vill6sus, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves ; chiefly in the Western States. — Var. pusf LLus, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (Porter), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads. — Var. Pringlei, Gray, a low strict form, witli few erect branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain. ■»- 4- Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squnr- rose or spreading ; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base: heads numerous, small, racemose. 31 . A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall (2 - 5° high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute ; leaves not rigid ; heads 3" high, the tips of the scales merely spreading ; rays light clear blue. — Moist grounds, E. Mass. to 111. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11. 32. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much braiiclied and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spread- ing racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2 -3" long; rays white or rarely bluisli, 10-20. — Dry sandy soil; common. T- ■*- -t- Scales glabrous, closely imbricated {the outer regularly shorter), not cori- aceous, with short appressed green tips ; branches slender, divaricate or diver- gent; leaves lanceolate to subulate ; heads small {2 -S" high) and numerous. •*■*■ Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets. 33. A. dumoSUS, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1-3° high; leaves linea. or the upper oblong, crow-ded, entire, with rough margins ; scales linear-spatu- late, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. — Thickets; common. — A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell- shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms. ++ ++ Heads raceviosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets. 34. A. Vimineus, Lam. Smooth or smoothish, 2-5° high, bushy ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate iu COMPOSITyE. (COMl'OSrn. FAMILY.) 2(U the middle with fine sharp teeth ; smles of the inmlucre narrowly linear, acute or octtlis/i, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescaiiti, of previous ed.) — Var. fulio- l6sls, Gray, has linear entire loaves, the ascending hranchos with more scat- tered paniculate heads. — Moist banks ; very common. — llcails very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Kays white or nearly so. 35. A. diffilSUS, Ait. More or less pubescent, much branched; leaves lanceolate or obhmg-lauceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply ser- ritte in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imhri- catctl in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.) — Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the ])receding (2-5') ; the involucre intermediate between tlieni.as t(j the form of the .scales. Kays mostly sliort, white or pale bluish-puiide. — Var. TnVRSo- fDEUS, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leases, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-'^lomerate heads less socuud. N. Y. to 111. — Var. musuTiCAtJLis, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of tlie long narrow leaves very hirsute. X. Y. and Ky. — Var. uf fkoxs, Gray, a luxuriant fcrm with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely dis- posed on the spreading branches. Ky. to 111. ^_ .t- -(- -*- Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely panic- ulate on erect or ascending branches. ■M- Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms ofn. 41 ), nor ivinged -petiole-like ; glabrous or nearly so. = Heads small or middle-sized ; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not ddated. 36. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem much branched (2-4° high); the nu- merous heads (2-3" high) somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2-6' long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle ; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.) — Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and 111. Kays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms ap- proach n. 32-34, others differ from A. panlculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray. 37. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem (2-8° liigh) much branched; the branches and scattered lieads (about 4" high) loosely paniculate; leaves long- oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simj)lcx, previous ed.) — Shady moist banks; common. Kays wliite or purplish, 3-4" long. Approaches in its different forms the jireceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40. 38. A. salicif61ius, Ait. Like the la.st; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire ; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered ; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.) — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward ; most abundant westward. — Var. sl'bAsi'ku, Gray, a rigid scal)rous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. 111. to Tex. 2C)2 COMPOSITE., (composite family.) = = Heads small or middle-slzecl , the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous. 39. A. jlinceus, Ait. Slender, 1-3° high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3-5^ long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate ; headvS small (3" high) ; scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4-5" long. (A. ajstivus, previous ed., mainly.) — Wet meadows and cold bogs^ N. Scotia and N, Y. to jVIich. and Minn. 40. A. longifolius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1-3° high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled ; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lance- olate (3-7' long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4 - 5" high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3-4" long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish. — Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Lng. to Minn. — Var. villicaulis. Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary head.s, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely ■white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent {Miss Furbish). = = = Heads middle-sized ; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatuJate, more herbaceous and Jirmer^ the tips often slightly spread- ing or squarrose. 41. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat au- riculate; heads 4 - .5" long ; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.) — N. Brunswick to 111. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narroAvly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous ahove, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips. — Var. l.-evigXtl'S, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half- clasping by an abrupt base ; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward. — Var. lit^reus. Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy ; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate ; scales in several loose rows, all but the inner- most with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marslies and shores. Can. to Ga. — Var. el6des. Gray, slender, often low and simple ; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va. ++ ++ CauUne leaves conspicuously contracted into a icing ed-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping ; involucre lax. 42. A. patulus, Lam. GlaTarous or subpubescent, 1-4° high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so ; heads loosely panicled, about 4" high ; scales unequal, erect or nearly so ; rays light purple or white. — N; Brunswick and eastern N. England. 43. A. tardiflorus, L. Glabrous or stem someAvhat pubescent (not his- pid), 1-2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base ; heads often few, corym- bose, 4 - 5" high ; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous ; rays pale violet. — Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITK FAMH.Y.) 263 44. A. prenanthoides, Mnhl. Stem l-.^o hi^li, corymhose-paniiled, liairv above in linos; leaves rfiugh above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, couspicuously taper-pointed, and rather al>- ruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire porticjii, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously JiuricleLLLS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat sliin- ing; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate. § 4. IXELLINGERIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillari/ bristles {some tliickened at to])),the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips ; heads small, corymbose or solitary ; rays rather feic, ichite ; leaves not rigid, veiny. 46. A. umbellatUS, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2 - 7° high) ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3 - 6' long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; involucral scales rather close, ob- tusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. {Dipl<)pa])pus umbellatus, Torr. ^' Gray.) — Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug. — Var. rti- BEXs, Gray ; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich, to Minn. — Var. latif6lils, Gray; with sliorter leaves ovate- lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdaliuus, Torr. iS- Gray.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward. 47. A. infirmus, ^Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1 -3° high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy be- neath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (1). cornifolius, Darl.) — Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward. § 5. IANTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter ; scales ivell imbricated ,appressed , without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves nutnerous, rigid, small, linear, \-nerved and veinless. 48. A. linariifblius, L. Stems 3-20' high, several from a woody root ; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large ; leaves about 1' long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish .scales. (D. linarii- folius, Ilook.) — Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white. §6. ORTIIOMERIS. Pappus sim})le , scales imbricated, oppressed, without herbaceous tij)s, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding. 264 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 49. A, ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- tered (6 - 20' high), simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2-4' long) ; heads small, in a flat corymb; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; raija white (2-4" long). — Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and nortliward. Aug. — Var. lutescens, Gray; rays small, pale yellow. — N. 111. and Sask. 50. A. acurainatUS, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuousli/ pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base ; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceo- late, pointed, thin (3 -.5" long); heads ie^v or several; rays 12-18, Avhite, or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleae. 51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1-2° high) ; leaves small (1 - 1^' long), rather 7-igid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept. 52. A. tenuifolius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6' - 2° high ; heads rather large, terminal ; leaves few, long-linear, ta- pering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points ; rays large, numerous, pale purple, (A. flexuosus, Nutt.) — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept. § 7. 0XYTRIP6LIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, flne and soft ; glabrous annuals, hearing numerous small heads and ivith narrow entire leaves. 53. A. SUbulatus, Michx. Stem 6-24' high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear- awl-shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be- yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius. of previous ed.) — Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug. - Oct. § 8. CONYZOPSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 roics, nearly equcd, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose ; pappus copious, very soft ; rays very short or xcithout h'gules ; low annuals ivith numerous rather small heads. 54. A. anglistUS, Torr, & Gray. Branching, 6-20' high, nearly gla- brous ; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate ; ray-floAvers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style. — Minn, to Sask. and westAvard, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.) 26. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little im- bricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Keceptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-uerved ; pappus a COMrOSIT.'E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 265 sinc^le row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a dis- tinct short outer pappus of little hristles or chaffy scales. — Ilerhs. witli entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and stditary or corvnihed nakeil-pedun- culate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from t}p,.s/)n«r/, and ytpwu, an old man, suf^gested Iiy the hoarine.ss of some vernal species.) § 1. CiKNOTUS. Rai/s iunmspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer tluin the papftns ; pappus simple ; annuals. 1. E. Canadensis, L. (IIoitSE-WKi:i>. Buttkk-weed.) Bristly-hairy; sleni erect, inind-like {1 -5° hiijjh) ; leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut- lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. — Waste places ; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Oct. — Ligule of the ray-llowers n)uch shorter than the tube, white. 2. E. divaricatUS, Michx. DiJ/'use and decumbent (:y-l°hi^h); leaves linear or awl-sha])ed, entire; /leads loosely corymbed; rays purple ; otherwise like n. 1. — Tnd. to Minn., and southward. § 2. TKIMORPILEA. Like § 1, but a series offliform rayless pistillate Jloiv- ers icitliin the outer ruiv oj' ray-JJoicers ; biennial or sometimes perennial. 3. E. acris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish ; stem erect (10-20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4-5" long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus. — Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and north- ward. The var. DitoiBACiiENSis, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.) § 3. ERIGEKON proper. Hays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows. * Annuals (or sometimes biennial), lea/y-steinmed and branching ; pappus doable, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray. 4. E. annuus, Pers. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabioi:s.) Stem stout (.3-.')° high), branched, /;ese^ with spreading hairs ; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed ; ravs white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. — Fields and waste places; a very comnum weed. June -Aug. (Xat. in Eu.) 5. E. Strigdsus, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Stem panicled-corym- bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy invcducre. — Fields, etc., common. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England. * * Leaf y-stemmed perennials ; pappus simple {double in n. 6). 6. E. glabellas, Nutt. Stem (6-15' high) stout, hairy above, the leaf- less summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the 266 coMPOsiT.E. (composite family.) margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, tlie outer of minute bristles. — Plains of N. Wise, and westward. June. 7. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6-12' high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20 -'iO, rose-purple or Avhitish. (Aster gramiuifolius, Piirsh.) — Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward. 8. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (Eobin's Plantain.) Hairy, producing offsets from tli<- base: stem simple, rather naked above, bearing fcAV (1 -9) large heads on slender ])eduucles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rai/s {about 50) rather hnxtd, light bhds/i-pxrple. — Copses and moist banks; common. May. 9. E. Philadelphicus, L. (Common Fleabane.) Hairy; ste7n leaf i/, corymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob- long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raijs innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. — Moist ground ; common. June -Aug. * * * Perennial by rosulale offsets, with scape-like sterns : pappus simple. 10. E. nudicaulis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1-2° high), bearing 5-12 small corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. vernum, Torr. <^' Gray). — Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May. 27. BACCHARIS, L. Groundsel-Tree. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, i. e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed ; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchis.) 1 . B. halimif olia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves oboA ate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beaches, Mass to Va., and southward. — Shrub 6-12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus. 2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so ; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse. — Pine barrens, E. Va. ( ? ), and southward. 28. PL tie HE A, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Keceptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, COMPOSITyK. (COMI'OSITK lAMII.V.) 267 somewhat plandnlar, emittino: a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purjjlish, iii summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.) 1. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial, 2-3° high; leaves closel// sessile or half- claspiii;/, ohlou^ to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2-3' long); heads clustered in a corymb ; scales lanceolate. — Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and sinithward. 2. P. camphorata, DC. (S.vi.t-m.\i:.sii Fi.KAnAM:.) AmiiKil, pale (2-5° high); Icai-es scared i/ petiolcd, <)l)l()ng-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. fcetida, DC.) — Salt marshes, Ahiss. to \'a., and southward, and on river- banks westward to Ky., 111., and Nel). (!) 29. EVA X, Caertn. Heads rather many-flowered, discoid ; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usu- ally sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Keceptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate ; pappus none. — Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.) 1. E. prolifera, Xutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from tlie base; leaves numei'ous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex ; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong. — Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex. 30. FILAGO, Tourn. Cottox-Rose. Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resem- bling the proper involucral scales, each covering a sijigle pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pap])us of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in ca])itate clusters. (Name from Jilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) F. GermAnica, L. (Hekha Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one t)r more branches, each terminated liy a similar head, and so on ; — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifullv exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 31. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting. Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; flowers all tubular ; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Recep- tacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pappus a single row of bri.stles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and clul)-shaped or barbel- late at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resem- blance of tlie sterile pa])])us to the antenmv of certain insects.) 1 A. plantaginifblia, Hook. (Plantain-leaved Everlastini;.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3- 18' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simj)le and scaj e 268 COMPOSlTiE. (cOMrOSITE FAMILY.) like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval- spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of the fmostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant. — Sterile knolls and banks ; common. March - May. 32. ANAPHALIS, DC. Everlasting. Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thick- ened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.) 1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (Pearly Everlasting.) Stem erect (1-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above ; involu- cral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea. A'. Br.) — Dry hills and woods; common north- ward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.) 33. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slen- der, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from yvd(pa\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.) § 1. GXAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct. 1 . G. polycephaluni, Mic"hx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect, woolly annual (1-3° high), fragrant ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the 6ase, with undu- late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-cori/mbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. — Old fields and woods ; common. 2. G. deciirrens, Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear- Lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish. — Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., ]\Iinn., and northward. 3. G. uliginosum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Diffusely branched, ap- pressed-woolly annual (3-6' high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent ; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales brownish, less imbricated. — Low grounds ; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 4. G. supinum, Villars. (Mountain Cudweed.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2' high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems ; scales l^rown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous ; achenes broader and flatter. — Alpine summit of Mount Washing- ton; very rare. (Eu.) COMl'OSnVK. (COMPOSITK FAMII.V.) 269 § 2. GAMOCH-/l!^TA. Brist/es of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so fa/ling oj/' all together. 5. G. purpureum, L. (Purplish Cldwkk d.) Anmijil, simj.le or branched from the base, asoendiiig (6-20' high), silvery-canosceiit with dense white wool ; leaves oldong spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above ; heat/s in sessile clusters in tlie axiUs of the up^ier leaves, and spiked at the wand-liice summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward. 34. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Heads 5- 10-flowered; the fiuwcrs all tul)ul:ir and with similar cor(jllas ; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. An- thers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from adiffi/, a gland, and KavKos, a stem). 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- lar-tootlied margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe- rior, and westward. Stem 1-3° high. 35. INULA, L. Elecampane. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemisiilierical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Recep- tacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4-.5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccoso-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (Tlie ancient fiatin name.) I. HEL^ixirM, L. (Elecampane. ) Stout perennial (3 -.5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath ; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the otiiers partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and (himp pastures. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat from Eu.) 36. POLYMNIA, L. LEAP-Crp. Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate . rays several (rarely abortive), pistil- late ; disk-flowers perfect l)ut sterile. Involucral scales in two rows ; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, partly eml)racing the tliick triangular-obovoid achenes. Recejitacle flat, mem- branous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opj)osite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panided corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedi- cated to the Muse, Polijhgmnia, for no obvious re;isou.) 1. P. Canadensis, L. Clui/,aud Oipii, resemblance ; from the foruj of the acheue.) 282 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) § 1. Style-tips trancate or nearli/ so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose- color or i/ellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none. 1. C. rosea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6-20' high) ; leaves linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short pe- duncles ; rays rose-color, 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, wingless. — Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward ; rare. Aug. 2. C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6' -2° high; leaves 1 -2-pinuately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear ; rays yel- low with brown-purple base ; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged. — Kan. to La. and Tex. 3. C tinetoria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2-3° high; leaves 1-2-piu- nately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear ; achenes oblong, wingless ; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown. — Minn, to Tex., etc. ; common in cultivation. §2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, loinged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex ; pappus 2 small teeth or none ; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed ; perennials, with long -pedunculate heads ; lower leaves petiolate. 4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1-2° high), tufted, branched only at the base ; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a i)air of small lat- eral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate ; outer scales ovate- lanceolate. — Rich or damp soil, Mich, and 111. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1' long. — Var. angusti- f6lia, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles. — Var. vill6sa, Michx., is hirsute below, tlie leaves rather broad. 5. C. grandiflbra, Nutt. Mostly glabrous ; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the upper 3 - 5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2-3-parted lobes ; heads as in the last or larger. — S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga. 6. C. pubescens, Ell. More leafy, 1-4° high, pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2-4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller. — Va. to S. 111., Mo., and southward. 7. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1-4° high, branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3-5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate ; achenes nar- rowly winged and strongly involute. — Rich woods and banks, Va. to 111., and southward. June -Sept. §3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the icing narrow or none ; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed. * Outer scales narroiv, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base ; rays mostly entire, acute ; pappus 2-toothed or none ; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if ivhorled ; jyerennial, 1-3° high. •*- Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base. 8. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge- shaped, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., and southwestward. July. COMPOSIT.*:. (coMi'o.-^irr. iamilv.) '2X'.\ •»- 4- Leaves divided to the bane, uppennust and loirest sometimes simjtle. 9. C. senif61ia, Michx. Plant mimUcly soft-pubescent ; leaves each di- vided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leajiets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl. — Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July. Var. Stellata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and tlie h-avcs narrower. — Va., Ky., and snutbward. 10. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 sessile hajlets which are 2 - b-parted, their divisions lance-linear ( I - 3" broad ), rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Va. and southward. July. 11. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile /f«7y?f-/s wliieh are I -2-pittiiateii/ parted into narroivly linear or Jiliform divisiona. — Damp soil, from Out. and Mich, to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July - Sept. * # Outer scales narrow, shorter , (dl united at base; rai/s entire, obtuse ; pappus none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3-5-divided ; perennial. 12. C. tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4 - 9° high), corymbed at the top ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. — Penn. to Wise, Iowa, and southward. Aug. -Sept. — Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised ; disk turning brownish. * * * Scales mostli) distinct, the outer leafy, rejlexed or spreading ; achenes Jlat, obovate or cuneate-oblong , l-nerved on each face, 1-toothed or 2-awned {rarely 4-awned) ; leaves petiolute, usually pinnately 3-7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching Bidens. •*- Rays conspicuous, golden yellow. ++ Ache7ies cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked ; outer scales about 8. 13. C. aiirea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1-3° high; leaves variable, com- monly 3-7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1 -2" long, with 2 very short blunt spreading teeth. — Wet ground, Va. to Fl. 14. C. trichosperma, Michx. (Tickseed Sixfloweh.) Smooth, Itranched ; leaves sliort-petioled, nearly all 3 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - .5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-corymbose ; achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge- linear, about 4" long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the coast. Also Cayuga, N. Y., to 111., where is a var. XEXtfLOBA, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug. - ( )et. tH- ++ Achenes obovate, very jlat, with thin ciliate margins. 15. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat ]nibescent ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately 5- 7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani- cled-corymbose; outer scales 8-10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug. -Oct. — Var. MtjTiCA has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns. — W. 111. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spread- ing or retrorse, hybrids with Bidtnsfrondosa or other species. 284 coMPosiT.«. •(composite family.) 1 6. C. involucrata, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12-20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid ; achenes with 2 short acute teeth. — W. 111. to Kan. and Tex. •1- -»- Ra}js none, or rarely rudimentary ; outer scales usually 3-5, loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads ; achenes narrowly cune- ate ; plants (jlahrous, 1 -3° high; leaves petiolate. 17. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched; leaves undivided, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends ; heads 6 - 10" long ; achenes nearly subulate, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns sur- passing the corolla (4" long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. — Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with Bidens frondosa. 18. C. discoidea, Torr. .S: Gray. Diffusely branched, 1-2° high ; leaves ternately divided, sleuder-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2 - 3" long ; achenes linear-wedge-shaped (2-3" lor g), bearing a pair of shoi't and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. — Wet banks and swamps, Conn, to Ohio, 111., and southward. July. 56. BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold. Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu- ous with the fruit. Achenes flattered parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4 sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, witli opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, hidens, two-toothed.) * Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous ; annuals. M- Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate. 1. B. frondosa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2-6° high), branching; leaves 3-5-divided ; leaf eta mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below ; achenes ivedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate (the bristles ascending except near the summit). — Moist waste places; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with Coreopsis aristosa and other species. July -Oct. 2. B. COnnata, Muhl. (Savamp Beggar-ticks.) Smooth ( 1-2° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined slightly united petioles ; the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divi- sions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2- 4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. — E. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Var. com6sa. Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger aiul with very leafy involucre. 111., Ky., and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Var. pinnXta, Watson ; leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5-7 narrow divisions sparingly incised ; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. [F. L. Couillard). COMPOSITE, (composite iamilv.) 285 t- ■*- Heads sompirhat nodding, common} 1/ radiate ; leaves sessile, undivided. 3. B. c6rnua, L. (Smaller Bur-Makigoli>,) Nearly smooth (5' -3° high); leaves Uuiceolnte, iine(jiial/i/ serrate, srurrelij connate : heads ijO(hlinff, xvith or trithoitt (light yellow) rai/s; outer involiiere longer tluiii tiie head; achenes wedge-ol)ovate, 4-a\vne(l, the margins downwardly harlied. — Wet places, N. Kng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July -Sept. — Havs, if any, smaller tlian in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Ku.) 4 B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (Lakgek Buu-Makigold.) Smooth, erect, or recliiiing at the base (G'-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularli/ serrate , outer involucre mostly shijrter tlian the slioin/ golden-i/ellow (V long) rays: achenes wedge-shaped, with al- most prickly downwardly harbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamjjs; com- mon. Aug - Oct * * xichenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upivard. 5* B. bipmn^ta, L (Spanish Needles.) Smooth annual, l)ranched ; leaves 1 -.3-i)innately ])arted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, inostly wedge- shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3-4-awne(l. — Damp soil, K. I. to N. Y., 111., and southward. * » * Achenes terete, truncate at hoth ends, with 3-6 very long aivns smooth below. 6 B. B6ckii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth ; stems long and slender ; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (|' long), the stout divergent awns (1' long) barbed only toward the apex. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug. -Oct. 57. THELESPERMA, Less. Heads many-flowered ; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Co- reopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingle.ss and beakless achenes ; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns. — Smooth herbs, with oppo- site dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From 07jA^, a nipple, and (nrtp^ia, seed, on account of the papillose achenes.) 1. T. gracile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1-2'^ 'dgh; leaves with narrow or tilit'orm divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays short or usually none; achenes pajjillose. — Kan., south and westward. 58. BALDWINIA, Nutt. Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herl). smoothish, with slender simple stems (2-3^ ^dgli), bearing alternate oblauceolate leaves, 286 composittE. (composite family.) and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1' long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.) 1. B. uniflora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug. 59. M A.RSHALLIA, Schreb. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slen- der and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, f(jliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, witli narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled ; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) termi- nating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; anthers blue. (Named for HiimpJireij .}fars/iall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustiim Americanum, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) 1. M. latifolia, Rursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile. — Dry soil, Va. and southward. 2. M. C88Spit6sa, Nutt. Stem common'ly leafy only at base; leaves uarrowlv oblanceolate <"o linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse. — Kan. to Tex. 60. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pavon. Heads several-flowered, radiate ; rays 4 - .5, small, roundish, pistillate. Invo^ lucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. ^Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for rr'a/Zz/so^a, a Spanish botanist.) G. parvifl6ra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer ) 61. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate ; pappus of 15-20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from v/j.-nt^, membrane, and irdinros, pappus.) — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. * Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales. 1. H. SCabiosteUS, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1-3° high); leaves 1 -2-piunately parted into linear or ob- long lobes ; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish. — Sandy barrens. 111. and southward. May, June. 2. H. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above ; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex. * * Pappus of conspicuous spatulate \ -nerved scales ; involucre greener. 3. H. tenuifblius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, l - 2° high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong ; achenes long-villous. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex. COMPOSITE. (C0MPO.SITK FAMILY.) 287 62. AC TIN ELL A, Pers, Xutt. Heads many-flowererl ; rays several, we(ln;e-olilon<^, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hcinisplierieal invulucre ovate or lanceolate, meiuliraiiaceous or coriaceous, nearly eciual, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, littk; shorter than the disk. Receptacle heniisj)herical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shapf''(ii/-) * Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire. 1. A. Iinearif61ia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or gla- brate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform. — S. Kan. to La., and Tex. 2. A. acatllis, Nutt. I'erenuial, densely ccspitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky ; leaves spatulate to linear, short. — Hills and plains bordering the Hocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. giAbra, Gray (A. scaposa, var. gla- bra, Man.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, 111. The less densely cespitose A. scAr6sA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probaldy in S. Kan, * * Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base ; leaves ternately parted, 3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1-2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly ; heads small, scattered ; leaves 1 -3-piuuately divided, the lobes filiform. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. 63. HELENIUM, L. Sneeze-weed. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray? several, wedge shaped, 3 - 5-(left, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, rettexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed ; pappus of 5-8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves de- current on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with l)itter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Ilelenus, son of Priam.) 1. H. nudifl6rum, Nutt. Somewhat ])ubcrulent, 1-3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and den- tate ; heads mostly small ; disk brownish, globo.se ; ray yellow or partly brown- purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. <^- Cj-ai/.) — 111. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Pliiladelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June -Aug. 2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1 -G*^ high ; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; heads larger (about 6" broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow. — Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn, to Minn., south and westward. Sept. 288 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 64. GAILLARDIA, Foug. Heads many-flowered ; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2 - 3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous ; pappus of 5-10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve. — Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gaillard de Merentonneau.) 1 . G. simplex, Scheele. Annual ; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire ; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless. — S. Kan. to Tex. 2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy -stemmed, branched, 1-2° high, finely pubescent ; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire ; rays rather few or none ; chaff very short or obsolete. — S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla. 3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high ; leaves lanceo- late to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid ; rays usu- ally numerous and long ; chaff bristly or subulate. — Dak., west and southward. 65. DYSODIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold. Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; rays pistillate. Involucxe of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled ; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted Avith large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the French Marigold of the gardens, which belongs to the same group) ; heads terminating the branches ; flowers yellow. (Name SvcwS/a, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.) 1 . D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6 - 18' high) ; leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut ; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn, to 111., Tenu.. and southwestward. Aug. -Oct. 66. ANT HE MIS, L. Chamomile. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle"^ conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate ; pappus none or a minute crown. — Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays white; disk yellow ('Aj/^eyuis, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.) A. Cotula, DC. (May-wked.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin ; pappus none ; leaves finely 3-pin- nately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, X'C) — Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.) A. arvexsis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling Mav-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1 - 2-pinnately parted , cliaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed ; pappus a minute border. — Waste places ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) A. NOBiLis, L. (Garden Chamomile.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 289 finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle Muut; pappus none. — Established near Lewistou, Delaware, Xutlall. (Adv. from Eu.) 67. ACHILLEA, L. Yaurou-. Heaas many flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales im- hricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achencs oblong, flattened, margined ; pappu.s none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 1. A. Millefblium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stemssimple; leaves ttrice-pinnatel 1/ parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblotvj ; rai/s 4-5, short, white (sometimes rose- color). — Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.) A. PtArmica, L. (Sneezewort.) fjeaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth ; corymb loose; rajis 8- 12, much longer than the broader cavipanalate involucre: flowers white. — Mass., Mich., etc. ; rare. Ap- parently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.) 68. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile. Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, nakfd. Achenes 3-5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or b(jrd('r, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays wliite or none; disk yel- low. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) M. ixod6ra, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost fili- form lobes; heads large, naked-peduncled, ami ivith man// long rai/s ; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verriil. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) M. discoidea, DC. Low (6-9' high); leaves 2 -.3-pinnately parted into sh(n-t linear lobes; heads rai/less, short-pedunded ; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; achenes more terete ; pappus obsolete. — Banks of the Mississippi op])osite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also" established in N. Europe. July -Sept. 69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. l)isk<-orollas with a flattened tube. Acliones of disk and ray similar, striate, witliout papi)us. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves. and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, Xpva-dyeeiJLov, i. e. golden flower.) C. LErcANTHEMUM, L. (Ox-KVE or White Daisy. White-weed.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root- leaves spatulato,petioled,the otliers partly clasj)ing,all cut or i>innatifiil-toothed; scales of the involucre witli rusty-brown margins. (Leucantliemnm vulgare, /,(t/n.) — Fields and meadows ; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy lieads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubu- lar and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) C. Pauthkmu.m, Pers. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-])innatelv divided, the divisitms ovate, cut ; heads cori/mbed, rather small. (Leucanthemiim Parthenium, Godron.) — Esaiped from gartlens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 19 290 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 70. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex- naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top ; pappus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1 -3-piunately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.) T. vrLoXRE, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2-4° high) smooth; leaf- lets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. ckispum has the leaves more cut and crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides ; Atlantic iStates. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. T. Huron ense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1-3° high) ; lobes of the leaves oblong ; heads large ( ^ - 1' wide) and usually few ; pistillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. — St. John's River, Maine ( G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward. 71. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptable small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes ; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.) § 1. Receptacle smooth ; luarfjinal ffoirers pistillate and fertile ; disk-flowers per- fect hut sterile, the style mostli/ entire; root perennial, except in n. 1. * Leaves dissected. 1. A. caud^ta, Michx. Smooth (2-5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 -3-pin nately divided ; the divisions thread f or m, A\\erg\ng; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle ; root biennial. — Sandy soil, coast of N. II. to Va. ; also Midi, to Minn., and southward. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1-2° high); loAver leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3-7-divided, the divi- sions linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and nortliAvard. (Eu.) * * Leaves entire or some 3-cleft. 3. A. dracunculcides, Pursh. Tall (2-5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous ; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; heads small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, Minn, to 111., Mo., and westward. 4. A. glauca. Pall. Strict, 1-2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutdy silky-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate ; heads as in the last. — 8ask. to Minn. (Sib.) 5. A. filifblia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1-3° high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted ; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle. — Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward. I COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 291 § 2. Receptacle, smooth ; Jloicers all fertile, afiir jiistiilate, the others perfect. Two cultivated sliruhby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, ^avc occasionally escaped from gardens and liecome spontaneous, viz., A. Ah- noTiNUM, I>. (the Solthkunwood), of strict lialiit, with leaves 1 - '2-pinnatifid and pubescent lieads, and A. riJ^cEUA, ]>., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-piunatifid, and heads glabrous. * Tall (1-5°) and braiichitiff perennials, icltitened with Jine and close-pressed icool ; heads small, in lea/i/ panicles. 6. A. serrclta, Nutt. Very leafy, 6-9° high; leaves lanceolate or tlie upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beueath, green above ; heads greenish, oblong, 2" long or less. — 111. to Dak. 7. A. longif61ia, Nutt. stem 2-5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, entire, usually glabrate above ; heads oblong, cauescent, 2 - 3" long — Minn, to Neb., and westward. 8. A. Ludovici^na, Nutt. (Western Migwort.) Whitened iroolli/ throughout; leares lanceolate, the u\)\)er most 1 1/ entire, the lower usually cut- lol)ed, toothed or pinnatifid, the U])per surface sometimes glabrate and green ; heads campanulate, mostly sessile iu narrow panicles. — Dry banks, 8ask. to Mich., 111., Tex., and westward. Very variable. A. vtloXris, L. (Common Mikjwoht.) f.eaves mostli/ c/lahrous and nreen above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all piimatifid, with the divisions often cut-lol)ed, linear-lanceolate; heads snuill in open panicles. — Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) « * Denselji white-tomentose perennial: heads large, racemose-glomerate. 9 A. Stelleriana, Be.ss. Stout, 1-2° high, from a creeping base; leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse. — Sandy sea-beaches, E. Mass. ; locally nat. from N. E. Asia^ * * * Less branched (1 -3°), biennial or annual, glabrous. 10. A. biennis, Willd. Strict, 1 -3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, tlie upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut- toothed ; heads in sliort axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio toTenn., Mo., and northwest- ward , rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, I'liiladelphia, etc. A. Annua, L. Tall, much branched ; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeplv pinnatifid; lieads small, in a loose ample panicle. — Ind. to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.) § 3. Receptacle hain/ ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate. A. Absinthhm, L. (Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2-3° high), silky- hoary ; leaves 2-3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; lieads hemisjiherical, panicled. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 1 1. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6-20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky ; leaves pinnately parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow- linear; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Miun., W. Tex., and westward 72. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot. Head many-flowered, ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistil- late, fertile ; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capil- 292 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) larv. — A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded- heart-shaped angled' or toothed leaves later in tlie season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) T. Farfara, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn. ; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. PETASITES, Tourn. Sweet Coltsfoot. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious ; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk ; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheath- ing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a coryml). (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from ireTaaos, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.) * Pistillate Ji OIL- ers ligulate ; Jlowers whitish. 1. P, palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata. Hook.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich, Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May. — Full-grown leaves 6-10' broad. 2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate. — N. Minn, and westward. * * Liffules none ; Jlowers purplish. P. tttlgXris, Desf. Rootstock very stout: leaves round-cordate, angulate- dentate and denticulate. — About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.) 74. ARNICA, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fiml)rillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped ; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of moun- tains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) 1. A. Chamissonis, Less. Soft-hairy ; stem leafij (1-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads; leaves thin, rf^/^y, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper ovate- lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; scales pointed ; pai)pus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.) — N. Maine, moun- tains of N. II. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July. 2. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1-3° high); leaves thickish, 3-5-nerved, ovate or ohlonrj, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the cauline small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed, showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May. 75. SENECIO, Tourn. Groundsel. Heads many -flowered , rays pistillate, or none ; involucre cylindrical to bell- shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. COMPOSIT^f:. (rOMPOSITK FAMILY.) 2'J3 Receptacle flat, naked. I'appus of numerous very soft and slender capillarv l)ristles. — Herbs, in tlie United States, with alternate leaves and solitarv or corynibed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) * Rool annual or in u. 3 biennial; heads several or inanij in a cori/mh ; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so. •*- Rat/s none or minute. S. vulgXris, L. (Common Ghoi-ndskl.) Low, corymhosely hranchfd,, plaltrate ; leaves pinnatifid and toothed ; clasping tips of involiicral .scah-s blackisli; rays none. — Waste grounds. July -Sept. (Adv. from Kn.) S, A i^rosrs, L. Coarser, viscid-i)ul)escent and strong-scented; leaves 2- piiinatitid ; scales not black-tipped; ravs minute. — Waste grounds, coast of N. Eug. (Nat. from Eu.) ■*- •*- Heads conspicuousl// radiate. 1. S. lobatus, Pers. (RiTTER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat flesliy, l>/rate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, varial)le; heads small in a naked corymb; j-ai/s 6-12, rons/)iruous. — Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. 111., ^[o., and southward. April -July. 2. S. pallistris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; stem stout, 6' - 2^ high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularlg toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rai/s 20 or more, short, pale yel- low ; pappus copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wise, Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.) * * Root perennial ; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked cori/mb. 3. S. aureus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Sqi-aw-weed.) Smooth, or floccose-woollij when young (1-3° high); leaves thin, tlie radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, creuate-toothed, long-petioled ; lower stem-leaves Igrate ; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Common everywhere. ^lay, June. Varies greatly. Var. obovatUS, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves tliicker, round-obovate with a cunoate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, Torr. ^- Gray.) — Open grounds. Can. to Ind. and Ga. Var. Bals^mitse, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate ; root-leaves oblong, spatu- late, or lanceolate, narrowed to tlie petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatilid ; heads rather small and numerous. — Common. 4. S. tomentdsus, Michx, (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary woo! (1 -2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles ; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate- pinnatifid ; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. — Del. and mountains of I'enn. (Pursh.), to Fla. and Ark. May. 5. S. e^nus, Hook. I'sually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate , leaves much smaller, si)atulate to oblong, all entire or some cut- toothed or pinnatifid ; achenes glabrous. — N. Minn., Dak., and westward. 6. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon gla- brate and green ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oldong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6'' high), with green-tipped scales. — Sask. to Minn., and westward. 294 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last ; leaves usually repand- or callous- denticulate ; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales. — Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains ; reported from Minn, and X. Iowa. * * * Root perennial ; heads large and often solitary. 8. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becom- ing glabrous ; stem stout, 6-12' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base ; heads 1-4, over an inch in diameter ; ravs 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island, off Maine {Prof. Verrill), to Lab., and northward. 76. C AC ALIA, L. Ikdiax Plaxtaix. Heads .5 - many-flowered ; the floAvers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Recep- tacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alter- nate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) * Involucre 25-30-floice7-ed, ivith several bracts at its base; receptacle fat. 1. C. Suavdolens, L. Stem grooved (-3-5° high); leaves trianfjular- lanceolate, halherd-i>haped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged pet- ioles. — Rich woods. Conn, to Mich., Iowa, and southward ; rare. Sept. * * Involucre 5-leaved and 5fou-ered,its bracts minute or none ; receptacle bear- ing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 2. C. reniformis, ^luhl. (Great Ixdiax Flaxtaix.) Not glaucous ; stem (4-9° high) grooveci and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan- shaped, or the lowest kidnei/form (1-2° broad), repand -toothed and angled, palmately veined, petioled ; the teeth pointed; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, N. J. to 111., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug. 3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (Pale Ixdiax F.) Glaucous; stem terete (3-6° high) ; leaves palmatehj veined and angulatelobed , the lower triangular- kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, ^oo^Aerf. — Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wise, Minn., and southward. Aug. 4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (Tuberous Ixdiax P.) Stem angled and grooved (2-6° higli), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5-7-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wise, Minn., and southward. June. 77. ERECHTITES, Raf. Fireweed. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pis- tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end ; pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.) COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 295 1. E. hieracif61ia, Kaf. (Fire weed.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1 -6° liigli) ; leaves laiieeolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at base. — Moist woods ; coniniou, especially northward, and in recent clearings that have been burned over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. 78. ARCTIUM, L. Bckdock. Heads nianv-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the iniliricatcd scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long stiff ])oints with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flat- tened, wrinkled transversely ; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, sepa- rate and deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers jmrple, rarely white. (Name probably from &pKTos, a bear, from the rough involucre.) A. L.4i'PA, L. Stout, 1-3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose- tonientose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lap]ia officinalis, .1//.) — The several i-eputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. .-^lixis, lias rather small ovoid subraceuKJse heads (about 8" broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, e([ualling the flowers; leaves occa.sionally cut- toothed. By road.ped with short pi'ickles. 2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout , low ; stem very leafy ; leaves all pinnatcl ;i parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes 296 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) a(/ain pinnatijid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cir sium, Tor?-, c^ Gray. ) — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 3. C. undulatus, Gray. Wliite-ivoolli/ throughout, low and stout, leafy ; leaves lanceolate-ohluu(j , partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatijid, or rarelv pinnately parted, moderately prickly j fTowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size. 4. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (.3-10° high), /c-o/^ quite to the heads ; leaces roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool be- neath, oblong-ovate to narrowltj lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate- pinnatijid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads l-|-2' high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Fields and copses, ]Mass. to Minn., and southward. Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2-6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnat- ifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, iSj)reng.) — Common; N. Eng. to 111., and scjnthward. 5. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (1 -3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked ; leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. (Cirsium, J//c/?x.) — Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward. •(--t- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cohwebbi/ hairs underneath ; heads large ; scales scarcely prickly-pointed. 6. C. mtlticUS, Pursh. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3-8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit ; branches sparingly leafy, bearing single or few rather large heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened icith loose ivehby hairs })eneath when young, deeply pinnatijid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the u:ebby and glutinous (.sometimes glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucrouate; floAvers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.) — Swamps and low woods ; common. 7. C. pumilus, Torr. (Pasture Thistle.) *S7em Zo<^• and stout (1 -2° high), hairy, bearing 1 -3 very large heads (1^' broad), which are often leafy- bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatijid, icith short and cut very pricki y-margined lobes ; outer scales prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Dry fields, N. Eng., near the coast, to Penn. * * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed ; heads imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous. C. ARVExsis, Hoffm. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, slender, 1 -2° high, the roots extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; flowers rose-purple. (Cirsium, Scop.) — Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common ; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) 80. CARDUUS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle. - Bristles of tlie pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cuicus. (The ancient Latin name.) COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 297 C. NtrxAxs, L. (MisK Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinv; heads sulitarv, clrooj)iiig; tiowers purple. — Fields near liarrisburg, Vii.,'Prof. Purti.r. (Adv. from Eu.) 81. O N O P 6 R D O N, Vaill. Cotton- or Scotch Thistle. Receptacle deej)ly lioneyconibed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Other- wise as Cuicus. — Coarse, branching annuals, or Idennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lol)ed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large ; flowers purple. (The ancient Cireek name of the plant.) O. Ac.4nthum, L. IStem (2-4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scale.s linear-awl-shaped. — Koadsides and waste j)laces in the Atlantic States ; rather rare. July-8ept. (Adv. from Eu.) 82. CENT A UREA, L. Star-Thistlk. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Keceptade bristly. Involucre ovoid or glo- l)use, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or ot)]ong, attached ol)li(juely at or near tlie base; jiaj^jnis setose or partly chaffy or none. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.) * Achenes terete, lO-clentate ; pappus <>/ \0 long bristles and 10 s/iort inner ones. C. HEXEDfcTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnat- iti 1 cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowe-rs yellow. ' (Cnicus benedictus, A.) — Koadsides and waste grounds, IS. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Achenes compressed or ^-amjled ; pappus verij short or none. C. CvANUS, L. (Bu'ebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe- margined ; false rai/s large ; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or tot)thed at the base; root annual. — Koadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flow- ers lilue, varying to purplish or white. (A(lv. from Eu.) C. >:t(;RA, L. (KxAi'WKKi).) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; rai/s wanting ; papi)us very short; leares lanceolate, entire, or the lower ly rate-toothed, rough; rout perennial. — AVaste places, E. New Eng. Aug. — Flowers inirplo. (Adv. from Eu.) C. CALcfxRAPA, L. (Star-Thistle.) Stem diffusely much branched; leaves pinnateli/ lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, tlie middle scales of the ovoid involucre sping; pap))us none; flowers purple; root annual. — Sea- ports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) C. JAcea,» L. J.,ike the hust ; heads rather larger, the brownish scale- a])pendages lacerate ; rays conspicuous, ])almatc. — Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N, Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) 83. LAM PS AN A, Tonrn. Niitle-wokt. Heads 8- 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Keceptade naked. Achenes nlilong; j(ai)pus none. — Slender branch- ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and looselv j)anicled small heads; flowers yellow. (Tlie \au.\l/dv7} of Diosi-orides was evidently a wild Mustard.) L. co.MMtjxis, L. Nearly smooth, 1-2° high; lower leaves ovate, some- times lyre-shaped. — Koadsides, N. Eng. to N. V. and I'enii. (Nat. from Eu.) 84. KRIGIA, Sclireber. Dwarf Daxdeliox. Heads several - many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Acheiics short and truncate, top shaped or colunuiar, terete or angled; 298 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles. — Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed ; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanical collector in this country. ) § 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled ; pappus of 5-7 short roundish chaff and as nianj alternating bristles. Annual. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1 -10' high), becom- ing branched and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April- Aug. § 2. CYNTHIA. Achenes more slender; pappus q/'10-15 small oblong chaff and 15-20 bristles. Perennial. 2. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous ; scapes leaJJess, 6-18' high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.) — Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March - July. 3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Roots Jibrous ; stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2-5. (Cynthia Virginica, Z>o».) — Moist banks. Conn, to Minn., and southward. June. — Stem 1 -2° high. 85. CICHOmUM, Tourn. Succorv or Chicory. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate ; pappus of nu- merous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) C. f XTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 86. TRAGOPOGON, L. Goat's-beard. Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenu- ate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles. — Stout glabrous biennials or per- ennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yel- ,low or purple flowers. (Name from rpdyos, goat, and irdywu, beard.) T. porrif6lius, L. (Salsify. Oyster-plaxt.) Stem 2-3° high; pe- duncle thickened and fistulous below the head ; flowers purple ; achenes and pappus 3' long. — Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) T. PRATExsis, L. (Goat's-beard.) Very similar ; leaves somewhat broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow. — Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) 87. L E d N T O D O N, L., Juss. U.\ wkbit. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but Avith several bract- lets at tlie base. Achenes spiiuUe-shaped, striate, all alike ; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITi: FAMILY.) 299 bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name hom hfuv, a lion, and oSovs, a tooth, in allusion to tlie toothed leaves.) — 'Die following helonr,^s to tlie subgenus Oj'oufMA, with a tawny pappus of a single roiv of equal bri.stlos. Ij. aitlmnXlis, L. (Fall Dandllion.) Leaves laeiniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, .'i - 1 .'/ high; peduncles thick(!ned at the summit, scaly-bracteate. — Meadows and roadsides; N. Kng. to Teuu. June -Nov. (Nat. from Eu.) 88. PICRIS, L. Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spread- ing. Achenes terete, with 5-10 rugose ribs ; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles. — Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from -niKpos, hitter') P. Hip:RACioh)Es, L. Kather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip ; leaves lanceolate or broader, clas])ing, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak. — Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 89. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawk weed. Heads 12 -many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked ; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from Upa^, a hawk.) § 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scared i/ cahjculate; achenes oblong ; pappus not copioua. H. aurantiacum, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark ; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered ; flowers deep orange to flame-color. — Roadsides and fields ; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) H. PRyEALTLM, \'ill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy ; heads in an open cyme ; flowers yellow. — N. New York ( Word). (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Head. 'i large ; involucre irregularis imbricated ; achenes columnar ; pa]>pus copious, une(]ual. H. MUR6RrAr, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base ; heads few, dark-glandular. — Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the sum- mit (1-3^ liigb) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasjiing. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. §3. Heads small ; involucre cylindrical, scared j imbricated. * Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward irhen mature ; panicle not virgate. 2. H. paniCUlktum, L. Stein slender, leaf//, diffusehf branched, hairy only below (1-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on sleuder and diverg- ing pedicels, \2-20-Jfowered ; achenes short. — Open woods; rather common. 3. H. vendsum, L. (Rattlesnake-wekd.) Stem or scape (1-2° high) naked or with a single lea/, smooth and slender, forking above into a spread- 300 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) ing loose corymb ; leaves all radical or near the base, oboA-ate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins ; pedicels very slender; involucre 12-35-flowered; achenes linear. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common from the Atlantic to Minn, and Iowa. 4. H. Mari^num, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2-3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish- veiny ; heads 20-40-Howered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflo- rescence commonly ichitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid. — Open Avoods and clearings; K. I. to western N. Y., and southward. — Var. spathu- LA.TUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn. 5. H. SCabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1-3° high), leafy, ro;/^/i- halry, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose ; tlie thick- ish pedicels and the hoary 40-5'0-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common. * * Achenes tapering upward; heads l5-30-floivered in a narrow or virgate panicle. 6. H. Gron6vii, L. (Hairv H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (l -3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenes with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. 7. H. longipilum, Torr. (Long-bearded H.) Stem wand-like, sim- ple, stout (2-3'^ liJg^')) '■'''7/ ^f'"f:i toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo- late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often r long) ; peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; achenes narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., and southwestward. 90. CREPIS, L. Involucre few -many -flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some ])lant, from Kpr^iris, a sandal.) C. BIENNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy ; leaves runcinate-pin- natifid ; heads rather large, corymbose ; achenes oblong, glabrous. — Vt., Mass. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) C. tect6rum, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves nar- row, runcinate ; heads small, in a loose panicle ; achenes fusiform, the ribs sca- brous. — In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) 91. P RE WANT HE S, Vaill. Eattlesnake-root. Heads 5-30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable COMPOSITE. (COMrOSITK lAMILV.) 301 leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly noddin^^ heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with purple ; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the sul)genus Xdbalus. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name from vpr]vi]s, drooping, and 6.v0t}, blossom.) *■ Heads ratJier broad, 2^-3^)-J}owcred, in a rori/tnhose panicle. 1. P. crepidinea, Micdix. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (.5 -9"^ high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (G- 12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged j)ctiok's ; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.) — Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. — Flowers cream-color. * * Heads narrow, 8 - Vt-Jiowered , in a lony racemc-lihe or thi/rsoid injlorescence ; stcmf simple ; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straiv-color. -♦- Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect ^ 12-15-Jlowered. 2. P. racemosa, Michx. Stem 2-.')° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as tlie oval or ol)long-Ianceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly chusping; heads iu crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC) — Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward. — Var. PiNNAxfFiDA, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinna*ifi !. Ilackensack marshes, N. J. 3. P. aspera, INIichx. Stem 2-4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; upper leaves not clasping ; heads in small clusters ; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. ^^ Graij.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward. ■*- -t- Whole plant (jlabrous ; heads nodding, S-\2-Jioi(:ered ; thjrse looser. 4. P. virgata, Michx. (Slender Kattlesnake-root.) Slightly glau- cous ; stem 2-4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme {\\- 2° long) ; heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinuatifid ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.) — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward. 5. P. Main6nsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole ; heads })ersist- ently drooping on slender pedicels. — St. John's Kiver, N. INIaine (PringU). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7. * * * Heads 5-\8-Jlon:cred, UKcmose or pan'culate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base. ■t- Involucre cylindrical ; scales scarious-margined , the outer very short, apprcssed. •M- Pappus reddish-brown ; stem tall, generally juirplish. 0. P. alba, L. (White Lettuce. Ratteesxake-root.) Smooth and glaucous (2-4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angu- late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3 - .'j-tdeft, the upi)ermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of al)out 8 scales, 8- 12-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.) — Borders of rich woodsj common, especially northward. ++ ++ P(tp])us dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable. 7. P. serpent^ria, Pursh. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves 302 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) mostly deltoid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (green- ish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8-12-flow- ered ; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.) — Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward. Var. nana, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6-16' high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.) — Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward. 8. P. altissima, L. Smooth ; stem tall and slender (3 - 7° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and Avand- like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft ; involucre slen- der (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.) — Rich moist woods ; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga. 1- -*- Involucre campanulate-oblong ; secondary basal scales 2-3, linear, loose. 9. P. Boottii, Gray. Stem simple, dAvarf (5-6' high), pubescent at the summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper- ing into a margined petiole ; involucre (livid) 10 - 18-flowered, the proper scales 10-15, very obtuse ; pappus straw-color. — Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York. 92. LYGODESMIA, Don. Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of \vyos, a pliant twig, and Sear/xv, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.) 1. L. juncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate ; loAver leaves lance-linear, 1-2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute , heads 5-flow- ered. — St. Croix River, Wise, to Kan., and westward. July. 93. TROXIMON, Nutt. Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped iuA'olucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none ; pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles. — Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from rpwyco, to chew, of no obvious application.) 1. T. CUSpidatum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed , achene beakless — Prairies, Wise, N. 111., and westward. April, May. COMPOSITif:. (COMPOSITK lAMILY.) 303 2. T. gladcum, Nutt. Scape 1 - 2° high ; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire to dcntaie or laciniate ; head often pubescent or villous; acheue long- beaked. — Minn, to Neb. and southwestward. 94. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dam.ki.ion. Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achencs oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4 - 5-ribbed, the ribs rough- ened, the apex prolonged into a very slender l)eak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary papjius. — Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, j>innat- ifid or ruiiciiialc ; flowci's yellow. (Name from raplaff^, to disijuitt or dis- order, in allusion to medicinal propeities.) T. officinXle, Weber. (Com.mo.v Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Deus-leonis, /■'es/'.) — Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Kocky Mountains. April -Sept. — After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming ; the whole involucre is then refiexeiis.) 1. P. Caroliniinus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branehing (1-2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatitid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April- July. 2. P. scap6sus, DC. Low, scapose, ])erenuial by roundish tubers ; leaves all radical, pinnatifid. — Prairies ; Kan. to Tex. 96. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly ])rojecti()ns. from among which springs an abrupt slender beak ; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.) C. JUNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly -hairy below, smooth a])Ove (1 -.3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads .scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6-H" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Ku.) 97. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettice. Heads several - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcom- pressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, whicli is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pap- 304 coMPOsiTiE. (composite family.) pus, its bristles falling separateh^ — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads ; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. satica ; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) § 1. SCARtOLA. Achenes verij flat, orbicular to oblong, l-nerved on each face, icitli aflUform beak; biennial or annual ; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping. L. ScARiOLA, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below sparsely prickly- bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinu- lose-denticulate vertical leaves ; panicle narrow ; heads small, G - 1 2-flowered ; achenes striate. — Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic Slates to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Mostly tall (4-9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6-12' long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatitid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire) ; heads about 20-tlowered, 3 - 6" long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles ; flowers pale yellow ; achene oval, rather longer than the beak. — Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets ; common. 2. L. integrifdlia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3-4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled ; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire ; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integ- rifolia, Torr. cj- Graij.) — N. Eng. to 111., and southward. 3. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2-3° high, commonly hirsute at base ; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pin- natifid ; heads in a loose open panicle ; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. san- guinea, Torr. cj- Gratj.) — E. Mass. to Minn., and southward. 4. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2-5° high; leaves oblong, sinuate-piunatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate ; heads in an open panicle ; involucre more imbricate ; flowers yellow. — Minn., Iowa, and southwestward. § 2. LACTUCASTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak ; perennial ; flowers blue. 5. L. pulchella, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1-2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pin- natifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles ; in- volucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.) — Upper Mich, to Minn. ; common on the plains westward. § 3. MULGEDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck ; annual or biennial ; flowers chiefly blue. 6. L. acuminata, Gray. Tall biennial (3-7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leaves ovate to oblong-lan- ceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate ; achenes beak- less; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.) — Borders of woods, N. Y. to 111. and Fla. 7. L. Floridana, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked ; otherwise as n. 6. — Rich soil, Penn. to 111., and southward. LOBELIACE.E. (LOUELIA FAMILY.) 305 8. L. leuCOphaea, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3-12° high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatitid, sometimes runeinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline set^sile and aurieulate, sometimes chisping ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers l)luish to cream-color; achenc short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, DC.) — Low grounds; rather common. — Var. inti;(;i{Ii6lia, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinu- ate-pinnatifid. Ohio to 111. 98. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ri!)bcd or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and tine bristles mainly falling together. — Leafy- stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smootli and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel- late heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) * Annual (1-5° higli) ; Jloicers pale yellow. S. olekXceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pin- natifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young; achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) S. Asi'EK, Vill. (Si'iNV-LEAVEi) S.) Stcm-leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded, achenes margined, 3 -nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu) * * Perennial, ivith creeping rootstocks ; Jloivers brif/lit yellow, in large heads. S. ARVEXsis, L. (Field S.) Leaves ruucinate-pinuatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Koadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y. ; be- coming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) Order 56. LOBELIACE^. (Lobelia Family.) Herbs icith acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered Jiowers, an irregular monopetalous b-lohed corolla . the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their Jilaments and always hy their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 , stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropou?, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — Nearly passing into the following order. L LOBELIA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla witli a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped : the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedi- cated to Matthias De I'Dbel, an early Flemish herbalist.) » Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 1. L. cardin^lis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (2- 4° high), smooth- ish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1 -sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds, common. 20 306 LOBELIACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, vary- ing rarely to rose-color or even wliite. Hybrids with the next species also occur. * * Floirers blue, or blue variegated ivith white. -1- Flowers rather large {corolla-tube 5-6" long), spicate-racemose ; stems leafy y 1-3° high ; perennial. ++ Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous ; lip of corolla glabrous. 2. L. syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hainj ; leaves thin, acute at. both ends (2-6' long), irregularly serrate ; flowers (nearly V long) pedicelled, longer than tlie leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous defexed auricles, tlie short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds, common. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. L. pubdrula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (1 -2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided ; bracts ovate; sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuons auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped. — Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla. — Corolla bright blue, \' long. 4. L. amoena, ^Vlichx. Glabrous or nearly so ; raceme virgate ; leaves narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous. — S. Atlantic States, in swamps. — Var. GLAXDULfpEKA, Gray ; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves;, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward. •t-i- ++ Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base. 5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent ; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx- tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla. 1- -»- Flowers smaller {corolla-tube not more than 2-3" long). ■*•* Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like ra- ceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticu'ate or repand. 6. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-rdiaped bracts ; calyx- lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl -shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. — Sandy soil, Ohio to 111. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga. 7. L. spic^ta, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1 -4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts ; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged. — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer. — Var. parvifl6ra, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly sulnilate, and pale corolla but 3" long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. {Porter); beginning to flower in June. — Var. HiRTELLA, Gray ; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute- ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi. CAMl'ANL'LAOK^. (CAMl'ANt LA FAMILY.) 307 *+ -M. Stem leaf ij, often p^, ruot-panv- sitic, entirely destitute of green foliaj!:e, and with the aspect of Beech-dro]).s. Seeds as in Sui)()rder 3. « Corolla«ionopetalous ; anthers 2-celled. 24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-sliapud, 5-lobed ; antliers opening at the top. * * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like. 26. Monutropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. Hicklehkrry. Corolla tubidar, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-c'left. Stamens 10; an- thers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry -like drupe, containing 10 .seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, fjoi/-Lussac. ) * Leaves thick and evergreen, someu-hat serrate, not resinous-dotted. 1. G. braehycera, Gray. (Box-Hucklebekrv.) Very smooth (1° high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothcd ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped — Wooded hills, Perry Co., Teun., to Del. and Va. May. — Leaves resembling those of the Box. * * Leaves deciduous, entire, spri7ikled more or less with resinous of waxy atoms. 2. G. dumbsa, Torr. & Gray. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Someichat hairi) and glandular, low (1 -5° high from a creeping base), bushy, leaves ob- ovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovart/ bristlij or glandular ; corolla bell-shaped , fruit black (insipid) — -Var hirtella has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy swamp.s. Xewf., along the coast to Fla. and La. ; the var. chiefly southward. June. 3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray (BlueTaxule. Danglebehuv.) Smooth (3-6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose , bracts oblong or linear, decidu- ous, shorter than the slender droojung pedicels; corolla globular-bellshaped • fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible) — Low copses coa.^t of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky.. south to La ami Khi. May. June 4. G. resinbsa, Torr & Gray. (Black IIicKLEBERRV. ) Much branched, rigid, slightlji pubescent when young (1-3° high) , leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammi/, as well as the floweis, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlcts (reddish) small and deciduous , corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an o])en mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white). — Hocky woodlands and swamj^s, Newf. to Minn. , south to N. Ga. May, June. — 'I'he common Huckleberry of the markets 312 ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 2. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry. Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awne(l on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up- ward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8- 10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers ; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name^of obscure derivation.) § 1, BATODENDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed ; anthers with long tubes, and 2-aicned on the back; berrtj {hardly edible) spuriously lO-celled ; leaves deciduous but firm ; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-ped icelled . 1. V. arboreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (6-25° high), smoothish ; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, briglit green, shining above, at the south evergreen; corolla ichite; anthers included ; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded. — Sandy soil, S. 111. to Tex., Fla., and N. C. 2. V. stamineum, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Dif- fusely branched (2-3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers viuch exserfed ; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, largo, few-seeded. — Dry woods, ]\Iaine to Minn., south to Fla. and La. § 2. CYAN0C6CCUS. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to campan- ulate, ^-toothed ; filaments hairy; anthers included, aicnless ; berry (siveet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely lO-celled ; fiowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-ped icelled, appearing from large scaly buds ivith or before the leaves. * Corolla cylindraceous when developed. 3. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above ; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches ; corolla rose-color ; berry black. — In swamps, south of our range, but represented by Var. tenellum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters. — Va. to Ark., and southward, « * Corolla shorter and broader. (Blueberries or Blue Huckleberries.) 4. "V. Pennsylvanieum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf (6- 15' high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate icith bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical- bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous. — Dry hills, X. J. to 111., north to Xewf . and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries. — Var. angustif6lium, Gray ; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with nar- rower lanceolate leaves. — White Mts. of N. H., Newf ., and far northward. 5. V. Canadense, Kalm. Low (l -2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as Avell as the crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter ; otherwise as the last. — Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., 111., Minn., and northward. KRICACE.E. (lIEATII FAMILY.) 313 6. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low Bmiekeuky.) Low (l-2J° hiffli), glalrroitti, witli \ tllowisli-^reon hranohlota; leaves nhovate or oval, veri) pale or dully iflaucuus, at least uiidoriieath, minutely ciliolate serrulate or entire ; co- rolla between bell-sliajjed and cylindraeeons, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry places, especially in?findy soil, New En<;. to Mich, and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo. — Berries ripening later than those of n. 4. 7. V. corymbdsum, L. (Common or Swamp-Bluebekry.) Tall (:■»- 10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or ellipticoNanceolate ; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped tooblong-cylindrical, 3-4" long. — Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common hlueherri/ or blue hurUeberri/ of the latter part of the season. Tiie typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be })ubescent or glabrous (var. glaurl'm, Grai/, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the iol- lowing varieties : — Var. amCBnum, Gray. Leaves bristly -ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. — Middle Atlantic States. Var. pallidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. — Common in the Alle- ghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges. Var. atrococcum, Gray. The most distinct form ; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. — New P^ng. to Penn. §3. VACCINIUM proper. (Bilberries.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4- 5- toothed ; Jilaments glabrous; anthers 2-aicned on the back, included ; bern/ 4 - 5-celled ; leaves deciduous ; Jlowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or aJJer the leaves ; mostlg glabrous. * Parts ofthejlower mostli/ in Jours; stamens 8. 8. V. Uligin6sum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4' -2° higli), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- cent underneath; Howers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile ; corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) * * Parts of the flower in Jives ; stamens 10; leaves viembranaceous ; flowers solitari) on short axillari/ peduncles, nodding. 9. V. Caespitdsum, Michx. Dwarf (3 -C high), tufted , leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate • corolla oblong, slightly urn- shaped; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mts.,and high northward. — Var. cuNEiFoi.iuM, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatu- late leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute. — Shores of L. Superior and westward. 10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1 -5'^ high; branchlets some- what angled ; leaves mostli/ ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of tiie calyx aluK s' entire; co- rolla depressed-. OXYCOCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, icith linear refiexed lobes ; anthers exserted, aivnless, with very long terminal tubes ; berry 4- celled ; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels. * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries ; flowers axillary and solitary ; corolla deeply 4-clefi ; berries light red, turning purple, insipid. 13. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1-4° high) ; leaves oblung-lauceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Ya. to Ga. July. * * Steins very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened be- neath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored floicer nodding ; corolla 4-parted ; berries red, acid. — Cranberries. 14. V. OxycoCCUS, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4 - 9' long) ; leaves orate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2-3" long) ; pedi- cels 1-4, terminal; filaments fully -J as long as the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June. — Berry 3-4" broad, often speckled with white when young; seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.) 15. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems elongated (1 -4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4 - 6" long) ; pedicels several, becoming lateral \ filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N C. to Minn., and every- where northward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry l-V long. 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla hell- shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk , filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening l)y a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. FloAvers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, Avith 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from x'»''> snow, and y4vos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) KRICACE^. (lIKATII FAMILY.) 31o 1 . C. serpyllif 61ia, Salisb. Leaves 3 - 4" long ; berries 3" broad, bright white. (C. liisi)i(luhi, Torr. r 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depre.ssed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire ; the many- seeded placenta; borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.) * Anthers awnJess ; stigma b-rai/ed ; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calijx not bracteolate. 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval , abrupt! n pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles ; sepals broadly ovate. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2-4° high. 2. L. Catesb^i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuousli/ petioled (3 - 6' long) ; sepals ovate-oblong, often acute. — Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the moun- tains. May. — Shrub 2-4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. * * Anthers awned ; stigma simple ; Jlowers very short-pedicelled, in long one- sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate. 3. L. reciirva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recnrved-spreading ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate; anther-cells \-awued ; pod 5-lohed ; seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April. — Lower and more straggling than the next. 4. L. racem6sa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect ; leaves ob- long or oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned : pod not lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. — Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June. — Shrub 4-10° high. Corolla cylindrical. 10. CASSANDRA, Don. Lkathkr-Leaf. Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- mens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depres.sed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever- green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flow- ers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy racemes. ( Cassandra, a daughter of Friam and Hecuba.) 318 ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 1 C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs, Newf. to Minn., and south to Ga. 11. CASSiOPE, Don. Calyx Avithout bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved aAvn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4 - 5-celled, 4 - 5-valved , the valves 2-cleft ; placent{3e many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, Avhite or rose-color. [Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) 1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1-4' high) ; leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla .5-cleft ; style short and conical. — Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward. 12. CALL UN A, Salisb. Heather. Ling. Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta- mens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. — Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes Avhite, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of Avhich are more or less scarious. (Xaraed from KdKXvvw, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its tAvigs.) 1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. LoAv grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced. Tavo European heaths. Erica cix^rea and E. Tetralix, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island. 13. BRYAN THUS, Steller. Corolla urn-vshaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule .5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — LoAv alpine Heath-like evergreen underslirubs, clothed Avith scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. FloAvers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllddoce. {Bpvov, moss, and 6.vdos, flower, because groAving among mosses.) 1. B. taxifolius. Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth ; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifoiia, Salisb.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July. ERICACE.*:. (UKATH KAMII.Y.) 319 14. KALMIA, h. Amkhican Laurel. Calyx Spurted. Corolla httwccn wheel shaped and bell-shaped, S-lohed, furnished ^vith 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments lon^ and thread-form. Capsule j^lobose, 5-eellcd, many -seeded. — Kvergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire eoriaeeous leaves, naked buds, and showy liowers. (Dedicated to J'ctpr Kalm, a pupil of Linnajus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last ceiiturv, afterwards Professor at Abo.) § 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked nmliel-like rori/mhs ; pedicels f'roin the axils of small and Jinn foliaceous persistent bracts ; cali/.r smaller than the pod, persistent ; leaves and branches (jlabrous, or nearly so. 1. K. Iatif61ia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoox-wood.) Le.aces mostly alternate, bright (jreen both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled ; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4-8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. south- ward forming dense tliickets and often tree-like (10-30° high). May, June. 2. K. angUStifblia, L. (Sheep Laukel. Lambkill. Wickv.) Shrub 1-3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, liyht green above, narroicly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga. ; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two tliirds smaller than in the last. 3. K. glauca, Ait. (Pale LAr-RKL.) Branrhlets 2-edged ; leaves oppo- site, nearly se.ssile, oblong, ivhite-glaucous beneath, ivith revolnte margins ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; flowers V broad, lilac-jnirple ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. §2. Floicers .'scattered, solitary in the 'axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equ(dHng the corolla, deciduous ; leaves and branches bristly-hairy. 4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May -Sept. — Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color. 15. MENZIESIA, Smith. Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothcd or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- urn-shaped and soon bell-sliaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included ; an- ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woodv, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A lo^T shrub; the straggling l)ranches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, devel- oped with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Xamed for Archibald M's-eve Primrose.) Scape 3- 10' high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lauceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3 - 20-flo\v- ered inmlucre, etc., covered iviih a icliite mealiness, at least when young ; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.) 2. P. Mistassinica, ]\lichx. Scape 2-6' high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealjj ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate. — Wet banks and shores, northern X. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and noi-thward. May. (Eu.) 4. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube short. Corolla salver-sliaped or fuuuel-form ; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.) 1. A. OCCident^lis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2-4' high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (wiiite) corolla. — Bare hills, from Minn, to 111. and Ark., and west to the mountains. 5. TRIE NT A LIS, L. Chickweed-Wixtergueex. Calyx mo.stly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, l)earing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) 1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks ; loaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; petals finely ])ointcd. — Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May. — liootstocks often 1 - 2^ long {Ilitchinjs}. 330 PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) 6. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Calyx 5-parted Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-deuticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating- with 5 subulate staminodia ; anthers linear. Capsule 10-20 seeded. — Leafy -stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From aTc7pos, sterile, and vTi/xa, thread, referring to the stamiuodia.) 1. S. Ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect (2-4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2-6' long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.) — Low grounds and thickets, common. July. 2. S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, inostlij rounded at base, on slender petioles ; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, ^oofc.) —Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 3. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect (10' -2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, vartjintj to o!ilong and linear, narrowed into a short marrjined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt.) — Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymor- phous ; the extremes are var. hybridl^m, Gray, with cauline leaves from ob- long to broadly linear, common north and west, — and var. angcstif6lium, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, I -2" broad ; mainly southward. 4. S. longifolium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1-3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narroicli/ linear, elongated (2-4' long, 2-3" wide), smooth and sliiniug, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure ; the lowest oblong or spatulate ; corolla (8-9" broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysi- machia longifolia, f»r.s/;.) —Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa July - Sept. 7. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong or oval ; stami- nodia none. Capsule few - several-seeded. — Leafy -stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from Kvcris, a release from, and fiaxV} strife.) § 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens inoreorless monadelphous, often unequal ; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate. * Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle ; corolla without marks. If. VULGARIS, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branch- ing, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle. — Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass. PKiMLLACK.*:. (PHnn{<»i: family.) ;53l • * Floivers (small) in a n'lyate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked ; Jilaments conspicuousl y monadclphoHS, unequal. 1. L. quadrifblia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1-2° higli) ; leaves whorled iii fuiirs or fives (sometiincs in tw«)s, threes, or sixes, rarelv onlv opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate ; Jiowers on long capilhiry pe- duncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla ovate-uhloug. — ^loist or sandy soil, X. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June. 2. Ij. striata, Ait. Stems 1 -2° high, often hearing oblong or moniliform bullilets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; Jloicers on slender jiedicel.s in a lonfj raceme (5-12'), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June- Aug. ♦ * * Flowers {rather large) solitarij in the axils of ordinary/ leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked ; f laments slifjhtli/ monadelphoiis. L. nlmmilXkia, L. (Moxeywokt.) Smooth: stems trailing and cree|>- ing; leaves roundish, small, sliurt-petiolfd ; pedumdcs axillary, l-Howered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, ol)tu.>LMOx Pnii'ERNEL.) Leaves ovate, set^sile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands. — Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the Englisli popular name of " Poor Man's W'tathtr- glass." (Nat. from Eu.) 332 I'RI.MULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 10. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. Chakfweed. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually Avithering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 ; filaments beardless. — Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. nainiraus, L. Stems ascending (2 -6' long) ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. — Low grounds, from 111. and ^linn. to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.) 11. SAMOLUS, Tourn. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewliat bell-shaped, .5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, .5-valved at the sum- mit, many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. . ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.") 1. S. Valerandi, "L. Stem erect (6-12' high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate ; bracts none ; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.) — Var. Americanus, Gray. More slen- der, becoming diffuse ; racemes often pauicled, tlie pedicels longer and spread- ing. — Wet i^laces, through the U. S. June - Sept. Order 62. SAPOTACE^E. (Sapodilla Family.) Trees or shrubs, mostly icith a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular /lowers usu- ally in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent : the fertile statnens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and oppo- site them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4-12- celled, tcith a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapo- dilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits. 1. BUM ELI A, Swartz. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5 ; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal- like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Asli.) 1. B. lycioides, Pers. (SoutherxBcckthorx.) Spiny (10-25° high) ; leaves wedge-ohlong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2 -4' long); clusters densely many flowered, gla- brous , fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Va. to S. 111., Fla., and Tex. May, June. STYRACACE.*:. (SToKAX FAMILY.) 333 2. B. lanuginbsa, Pers. Spiny (10-40° liigli); leaves ohloiiff-ohovate oi xvedge-obovatc, nisti/-ir(iolli/ heneafh, obtuse (1^-3' lout;) ; clusters 6 - 1 2-jloicered, pubescent; fruit globular. — Woods, S, 111. to Fla. and Tex. .July. Order (33. EBENACE.^. {Ebony Family.) T}-ces or shrubs, icith alfernate entire leaves, and poli/fjatnous re rjular flow- ers which hare a calyx free from the 3 - 1 2-celled orart/ : the stamens 2-4 times as many as the lubes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the suynmit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, larj^e and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat coty- ledons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — AVood hard and dark- colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum. Pkksim.mon. Calyx 4 - 6-lol)ed. Corolla 4-6-lobed, convolute in tbe bud. Stamens com- monly 16 in tbe sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4 - 8-celled, 4 - 8-seeded. — Flowers dia'ciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Aids, ofJore, and irvp6s, (/rain.) 1. D. Virginiana, L. (Common Perslmmon.) Leaves thickish, ovate- oblong, smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted ; corolla ])ale yellow, thickisli, between bell shaped and urn-shaped, 6 -8" long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods and old fields, K. I. and N. Y, to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June. — Tree 20 - 70° high, with very hard blackish wood ; ]jlum-like fruit I' in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost. Order 64. STYKACACE^. (Storax Family.) Shi'ubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute ofstipides, and per- fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary; the corolla of -i - S petals, comynonly more or less united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base : style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - b-celled, the cells commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen ; radicle slender, as long as or longer than thi' flat cotyle> dons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free ; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more m each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes. Tribe I. STYRACE.E. Calyx 4-8-toot.hed or entire. Staiueus 2 - 4 times as many lis the petals, in oue series ; authei-s linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 1. Styrax. CaljTc coherent only with the Ijase of the 3-<'elled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit l-relled, l-seeded. 334 STYRACACEii':. (sTORAx fa:mily.) 2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the wliole surface of the 2-4-celle(l ovary, which is 2-4-winged and 2-4-cened in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. Tribe II. SYMPLOCINE^. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo tei-ete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. 1. STYRAX, Touru. Storax. Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-tootlied, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-cellecl many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube ; anthers linear, adnate. Truit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1 -seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles ; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree wliich produces storax.) 1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Shrub 4-12° high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, irhite-tomentose beneath (3-6' long) ; Jluwers mostli/ in elongated ra- cemes ; corolla (^' long) convolute-imbricated in bud. — Woods, S. Va. to Fla. 2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Shrub 1 - 4° high ; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2' long), above sparing! i/ puberuletii, and scurf //-tomentose beneath ; flowers (I' long) 1-3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. 3. S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4-8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1-3' long), smooth, or barely pnlverident beneath ; flowers axiUarij or in 3-4floicered racemes {V long); corolla valvate in the bud. — Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark. 2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16; fila- ments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1- 4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oltlong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1|' long. — Banks of streams, W. Va. to 111., south to Fla. 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-Leaf. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very nume- rous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal ; filaments slen- der ; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1 -seeded OLEACE,«. (olive famii.v.) 335 — Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly tuniiiif;^ yo/lowish in drying, and furuisliing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary c-lusttTs or rutenies, vclluw. (Name ctv^itKokos, connected, from tiie union of the stamens.) 1. S. tinctbria, L'ller. {IIou^^k-Sigar, &c.) Leaves clongatcd-ohlung, acute, ohscurcly tuothed, thiekish, almost ])ersisteut, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3-5' long); Howers 6-14, in close and l)racted cln.sters, (»d(>r- ous. — liich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. Aj)ril. — Leaves sweet, greedilv eaten I>y cattle. Ordek fio. OLEACE^. (Olive Family.) Trees or shrubsy icilh opposite and pinnate or simple leaces, a 4-cle/t (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular A-clefl or nearly or (jiiite A-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous : the stamens only 2 {rurdy or accidentally 3 or 4) ; the ocary 2-celled, with 2 {rarelji more) oriiles in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true 01eacea>, to which belongs the Lilac (-"^yrinyo), etc. ; and the Jessamine (Jasminujn) rep- resents another division of the order. Tribe I. FKAXINE^. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate. 1. Fraxiniis. I'lowers dioecious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx. Tribe II. OLiEINE.ranchlots and rnstv-colorrd Imds. Monoecious flowers rarclv occur. 336 OLEACE.E. (olive family.) •t-t. ++ Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less margined upward by the decarrent wing. 2. F. pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost en- cire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit 11-2' long, the edges gradu- ally dilated into the linear or spatulate loing. — Low grounds, throughout our range ; rare Avest of Ohio. — Tree of middle or large size ; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh. 3. F. Viridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5 - 9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides ; fruit much as in n. 2. — Along streams ; com- mon. — Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent be- neath. A small or middle-sized tree. M- H- Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body. 4. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9" wide), with a tapering lase. — Deep river-swamps, Ya. to La. March. Tree of middle size. 5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7 -9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex (H' long, 3-4" wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich, and Minn., south to Tenn. — Large timber tree, the ii.ner bark yield- ing a blue color to water. * * Lateral leaflets sessile ; anthers short-oblong ; flowers ivholly naked. 6. F. sambucifdlia, Lam. (Black Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7-11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, ob- tuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. — Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Va. and Mo. — Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. 2. FORESTIERA, Poir. Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute se- pals. Stamens 2 - 4 ; anthers oblong Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; style slender ; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered. (Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.) L F. acuminata^ Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5- 10° high; leaves thin, oi)long-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate ; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed. — Wet river banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., soutli to Tex. April. APOCYNACE.*:. (DOdBANK FAMILY.) 337 3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fuimjk-tukk. Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long antl linear petals, which are barely united at ha-se. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of tlie corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, gli)bular, becoming 1-celled, 1 -3-seeded. — Low trees or shrul)s, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panich's, from lat- eral buds. (Name from x'ti^"- snow, and ii^dos, hlosso/n, alluding to the light and snow-wliite clusters of flowers.) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or olwvate-lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels ; petals l' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number ; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6 - 8" long). — River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. ; very ornamental in cultivation. June. 4, LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. Privkt. Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celle(l, I - 2 seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The chussical name.) L. vulg\re, L. (Privet, or Prim.) Leaves very smooth ; berries black. — Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward ; from Europe. Order 6G. APOCYNACE^E. (Doghaxk Fa.mily.) Plant!^ almost all with m'dkij acrid Juice, entire (chiejl;/ opposite) leaven without stipules, refjular b-merous and 5 -and rous flowers ,■ the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (eomose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle. 1. Ainsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthei-s longer than the fila- ineiits. Leaves alternate. 2. Trachelospennum. Seeds coniose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Fila- ments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 3. Apocyiium. Seeds eomose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glamlular. Leaves opposite. 1. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx .5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into .'> long linear lobe.s. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included ; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2 ; style 1 ; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrui)t at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal i)anicled cymes. (Said to be named for a ^fr. Charles Ainson.) 338 APOCYNACEvE. (DOGBANE FAMIl.Y.) 1. A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper- pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous. — Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. 2. TRACHELOSPERMXJM, Lemaire. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included ; filaments slender ; an- thers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — TAvining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from rpa-xv^os, a neck, and airfpjxa, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was beaked.) 1. T. dififorme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-lan- ceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. (Forste- ronia difformis, A. DC.) — Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April. 3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Lndiax Hemp. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 tri- angular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of tlie corolla ; filaments flat, shorter than the arroAv-sliaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are sliglitly adherent to it. Style none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2-7') and slen- der follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, Avith upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous l)ark, and small and pale cyniose flowers on short pedi- cels. (Ancient Jiame of the Dogbane, composed of airS, from, and kvu>v, a clog ) L A. androssemifolium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.; Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, brauclied above ; branches dii-ergeiitli/ forking .- leaves oi^ate, distinctly petioled : ajmes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 4'' broad) open-bell-shaped, with reiolule lobes, the tube much longer than the orate pointed divisi07is of the cali/jc. — Borders of thickets ; common. June, July. 2. A. cannabinum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Glabrous or more or less soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2 -3° high), termi- nated by erect and close man !/- flowered cgmes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; corolla (greenish-white) iv'ith nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of th". cali/r. — Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug. Order 67. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (Milkweed Family.) Plants with milky juice., and opposite or whorl ed (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular ])ods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sen- siUe properties^ etc., jnsi as m the lastfamdy. from which they differ in the ASCLEPIADACE.E. (mILKWKKD FAMILY.) 339 commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or (jrannlar masses (pol- linia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Aselepias. T'ek/ploca Grjkca, L., a woody climbinp; plant of the Old World, in orua- niental cultivation, and in one or two ])lacos inclined to he spontaneous, repre- sents a trihe with olleu-tubcs into the point 340 ASCLEPIADACE.^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hi- lum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots ; pedun- cles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of yEsculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) § 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usuallj angxdate-truncate and salient at base ; horn conspicuous. * Flowers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered ; juice not 7nilkt/. 1. A. tuberosa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Roughish- hairy (1-2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange) ; hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-sliaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. — Dry fields, common, especially southward. — Var. decumbens, Pursh. Stems reclining ; leaves broader and more com- monly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils. — Ohio to Ga., etc. * * Corolla bright red or purple ; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 5) ; leaves opposite, mostly broad. •*- Flowers rather large ; hoods about 3" lor.g and exceeding the anthers ; leaves transversely veined. 2. A. paupercula, Michx. Glabrous ; stem slender (2-4° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear (.5-10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled, umbels 5- \2-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn. — AVet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 3. A. rubra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2-6' long, i-2^' wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the co- rolla and hoods oblong4anceolate, purple-red , the horn long and slender, straight- ish. — Wet pine-l)arrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla,, La., and Mo. 4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1-3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovale-oJjlong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety- downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate- ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narroiv and abruptly in flexed horizontal point.- — Dry ground, !X. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward. — Flowers 6" long. t- ■»- Fioivers small; hoods V^ long, equalling the anthers; veins ascending. 5. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp Milkweed.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches I ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEKD FAMILY.) 341 of the peduncles (2-3° liigli), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or oltscurely heart-shaped at base; Howers rose-jjurple ; hoods scarcely equalling tiie slender needle-pointed horn.— S\\ainj)8, common. — Var. PULCHKA, Pers. ; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, nnjre or less hairy- pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty. — With the smooth form. * * * Flowers greenish, i/e/lowish^ white, or mereli/ purji/ish-tiiifjed : leaves oppo- site or ichorled, or the upjnr nircl ij scattered. -t- Follicles echinaie with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose {smooth, and onlij minutely echinate at the apex in u. S), large (3 -5' long), ovate and acu- minate, erect on dejiexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled ; umbels terminal and lateral. 6. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely cauescent-tomentose or glabrate, f Ae many- Jlowercd umbel and calyx densely tomentose; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4 - 5" long ; hoods 5 - 6" long, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate- ligulate appendage. — Along streams, Minn, to Ark., and westward. 7. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Common Milkwekd or Silkwekd.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oldong (4-8' long), pale, mi- nutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc. ; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 3-4" long; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, ivitli a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn. — l\ich ground, everywhere. 8. A, Sulliv^ntii, Engelm. Very sjnooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate, en- tire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside ; flowers larger (9" long) and more purple than in the last ; anther-wings 2-toothed at base ; pod nearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak. — Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minu. -»- -*- Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent, ++ Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels. — Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, trans- versely veined, wavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous. 9. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2-3° high; leaves oblong with a heart- shaped claspin;/ base, very obtuse or retuse (2^ - 5' long) ; peduncle 3-12' long ; corolla pale greenish purple , hoods truncate, somewhat tootlied at the sum- mit, shorter than the slender awl-j)ointed horn. — Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of tlie peduncle occa- sionally occurs. 10. A. Meadii, Torr. Stem sleiuler (1 -2° high) ; leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, obtuse or acutish (1^-2^' long) , peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves, pedicels rather short , corolla greenish-white, hoods rounded- truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceed- ing the stouter horn. — Dry ground. 111. and Iowa. June. = = Umbels mostly more than one ; peduncle not overtopping the leaves. a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate : hoods broad, little if at all exceed- ing the anthers ; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts. 11. A. Jam^Sii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or bioadly oval, rften emarginafe, 342 ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) subcordate at base, nearly sessile; umbels 2 -3, densely many-flowered, on short peduncles, corolla-lobes orate, greenish ; hoods truncate, entire. — Plains of central Kansas and soutliwestward. 12. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (PoKE-MILK^VEED.) Stem 3-5° high; leaves hroadli/ ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5 - 8' long) ; lateral um- bels several; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1 -3' long), equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point. — Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark. 13. A. variegata, L. Stem 1-2° high; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into shoii petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled ; pedicels {numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divis- ions of the corolla ovate [white) ; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, tlie horn semilunar with a horizontal point. — Dry woods, soutliern N. Y. to Ind., south to Pla., x\rk., and W. La. Jnly. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent ; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers. 14. A. Ovalifolia, Decaisne. Low (6- 18' high), soft-downy, especially the lower surface of tlie ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (1^-3' long); umbels loosely 10- 18-flowered, sessile orpeduncled; pedicels slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). — Prairies and oak-openings, X. 111. and Iowa, to Wise, and Dak. •*-*■ ++ Follicles and pedicels erect ; leaves often whorled ; glabrous or nearly so. = Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled. 15. A. quadrifolia, L. Stem slender (1-2° high), mostly leafless be- low, bearing usually one or two wJiorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2 - 4' long) ; pedicels slender ; corolla-lobes {pale pink) oblong ; hoods Avhite, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick. — Dry woods and hills, X. Eng. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ark. 16 A. perennis, Walt. Stems (l - 2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather .slender-petioled ; ^ozt-ers ivhite, smsdl; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma! — Low grounds, S. Ind. and 111. to Tex., and eastward. = ^ Leaves narrowly linear to filiform ; horn subulate, exserted ; column con- spicuous. 17. A. verticillata, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit; leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2-3' long, 1" wide), 3-6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-wliite) ; hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns. — Dry hills, common, especially southward. — Var pumila, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, filiform. — Dry plains, Neb. to Kan and N. Mex. ASCLEPIADACE^.. (mILKWEKD FAMILY.) 343 § 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuouslt/ auriculate-notched Just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lohcd apex. 18. A. stenophylla, Gray. Pubemlent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender (1-2° lii^li) , leaves narrowly linear (3-7' long, l-2f wide), the upper alternate, lower o])posite ; umbels several, short-pedunclcd, 10- 15-flow- ered ; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish ; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-coneave ; follicles erect on ascending pedicels. — Dry prairie.s, Neb. to E. Kan., soutii and westward. 3. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. Nearly as in Asclei)ia5 ; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the name, from a ])rivative, and Kfpas, a horn). — Flowers greenish, incompact many-Howered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-peti- oled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender. * Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigma , leaves mainly alternate-scattered. 1. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (1-3° lii^li), \ery leafy; leaves linear (3 -7' long); umbels latei-al, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels ; flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July -Oct. * * Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers ; leaves often opposite and broader. 2. A. viridiflbra, Ell. 'M\\mtQ\\ soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems ascending (1-2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (1^-4' long); umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) nearly |' long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil, common, especially southward. July - Sept. — Runs into var. lanceolXta, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2|- 4' long; — and var, lixeXuis, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems; umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., Dak., and southward. 3. A. lanugindsa, Decaisne. //a »7/, low (5-12' high); leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled ; flowers smaller; pedicels slender. — Prairies, N. 111. to Minn., and westward. Julv. 4. ENSLENIA, Xutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla .5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurelv lobed at the apex, where they bear a jiair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of tiie stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceo- late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.) 1. E. albida, Nutt. Climbing 8-12° high ; leaves 3 -5' wide. — River- hanks. S Penn. and Va. to 111 , Mo., and Tex July -Sept. 344 ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 5. VINCETdXICUM, Moench. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5 - 10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name from vi7icens, binding, and ioxicum, poison.) V. NIGRUM, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; floAvers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup- shaped, in the tliroat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgitl, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with oppo- site heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappeudaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of ywuia, an angle, and Ko^os, a pod, from the angled follicles of some species.) * Crown a low undiilatelij 10-lobed Jleshy disk ; follicles unai-med, glabrous, 3 -b- costate or angled. 1. G. SUberbsus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or some- times deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3 - 5' long) ; umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadhj conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted ; lobes ovate OTtvi&ugnlsLT-lanceol&te, acute, pubescent inside; cali/x half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.) — Near the coast, Va. to Fla. 2. G. IseviS, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3-6' long); umbels 5 - 10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole ; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted ; lobes nar- rowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3-4 times as long as the calyx. — South of our range. — Passes into var. macrophyllus, Gray, with larger broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, Michx.) — River-banks, Ya. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C, and Tex. * * Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers ; follicles muricate, not costate. -I- Crown Jleshy, merely \0-crenate, or the crenntures bidentate. 3. G. obliquUS, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3-8' long); umbel many flowered ; corolla in bud obi on g -conical ; its lobes linear-ligalate (5-6" long, 1'' wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside. — River-banks, moun- tains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant. 4. G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy ; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping ; peduncles fewer-flowered ; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong (3 - 4" long), barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish- purple. — Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla. I LOGANIACE^:. (lOGAXIA FAMILY.) 345 4- -t- Crown thinner, t/ie border lobed or toothed ; leaves as in the precedinij. 5. G. Sh6rtii, Gray. Rcsembloa n. 3, but larger-leaved ; corolla ohlong- conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6" long); crown about lO-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and /onf/er, either emarginate or 2-parted. — Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W, Ga. {Chapman). 6. G. Carolin6nsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish- purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4-5" long) ; crown undulate! y and venj obtusehj b-lobed and with a longer bijid subulate process in each sinus. — From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo. Order ()8. LOGANIACEiE. (Logama Family.) Herbs, shruh, or trees:, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line hetiveen them, and with regular 4 - b-merous 4-5- androus perfect Jlowers, the ovary free from the calyx ; a connecting group between Gentianaccie, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariacete (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Kubiacejr, from which they differ in their free ovary ; our representatives of the family are ail most related to the Rubiaceie, to which, indeed, they have been appended. * Woody twiners ; leaves evergreen; stigmas 4. 1. Gelseniiutn. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the biul. Style slender. ♦ » Herbs ; stigma siugle, entire or 2-lobed. 2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle. 4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma. 1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, .5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in tlie bud. Stamens 5, with oldong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened con- trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyle- dons nuTch shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( Gelso- mino, tlie Italian name of the Jessamine.) 1. G. sempdrvirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves .sjiort-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly -bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1 - H' long); capsule flat, pointed. — Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April. 2. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little 346 LOGANIACE^. (lOGANIA FAMILY.) flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many -seeded. — A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl- shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla incon- spicuous, white. (Name altered from TroKvirpefjLvos, many-stemmed.) 1. P. procumbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex,; also adventive in Penn. Juue-Oct. 3. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.) 1. S. Marilandica, L. (Maryland Pink-root.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6-18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 1^' long, red outside, yelloAv within ; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, N. J. to Wise, and Tex. June, July. — A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant. 4. MI THE OLA, L. Mitrewort. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at tlie base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled ; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — An- nual smooth herbs, 6' - 2° high, with small stipules Ijetween the leaves, and small white floAvers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal peti- oled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled. — Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex. Order (il). GENTIANACE^. (Gentian Family.) Smooth herhs, with a colorless hitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) loithout stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute {rarely im- bricated ajid sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentce, or nearly the ichole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved and sepAicidal many-seeded capsule.— Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly wither- ing-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, (Bitter-tonic plants.) GKNTIANACt:^. (<;ENT1AN FAMILY.) 347 Suborder I. Geutianese. Leaves always simple and entire, ses- sile, never alternate. /Estivation of corolla never valvate. • Lobes of coroHa convolute in tin- bud. •*- Style lilifonn, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or cur\-ing in age. I. Erythrsea. Parts of flower 5 or 4 : corolla salver-form ; anthers twisting spirally. '2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5 - 12 ; corolla rotate ; anthers recurved or revolute. 3. Eustoina. Parts of flower 5 or 6 ; corolla canipanulate-funnel-fonn ; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate. 4- -t- Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight. 4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. 5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate ; a fringed glandular spot on e.ich lobe. 6. Haleiiia. Corolla 4-5-clcft, campanulate, and 4-5-si)urred at the base. ♦ • Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages. 7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. 8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate. Suborder II. Menyanthoa*. Leaves all alternate ami mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. ..Estivation of corolla indu- plicate-valvate. Marsh or a(iuatic perennials. 9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 10. Liiniianthenium. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded. 1. ERYTHR-SIA, Richard. Centaury. Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions sleiulcr. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, witli slender tube and 4 - 5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spi- rally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small brandling annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (wlience the name, from ipvQpos, red) ; in summer. E. CKNTAtJKirM, Pers. (Centaury.) Stem upright (6-12' high), coj-yw- hoschi hninched above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; ci/mes cl nstereil , Jlat-topjx'd , the jioirers all tuiirli/ sessile ; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Ku.) E. KAMOSfssi.^iA, Pers. Low (2-6' high); stem uiant/ times forked idtore and forming a diffuse cifme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below ; fotrers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. — Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) E. spicXta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6-10' high) ; the flowers sessile and spiked alonfj one side ffthe simple or rarelji forked branches : leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, tlie lobes oblong. — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Ma^s., and Porti^mouth, Va. (Nat. fn>in Ku.) 2. SABBATIA, Adans. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5- 12-i)arted, wheel- shaped. Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender. — Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to L. Salt- bati, an early Italian botanist.) 348 GENTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) * Corolla b-parted, or rarely 6~7-parted. -»- Branches all opposite and stems more or less -i-angled ; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes. ■M- Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying. 1. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1 -2° high) ; leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. 2. S. lanceolata, Ton-. & Gray. Stem simple (2-3° high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, S-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1. — Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. -M- ++ Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye. 3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slighdy angled, simple below (1-2° high) ; leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few- flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla. — Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla. 4. S. angularis, Fursh. Stem somewhat ^-winged-angled, xnwch branched above (1-2^° high), many-flowered ; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-sha})ed clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and ^lich., south to Fla. and La. -1- H- Branches alternate {or the lower opposite in n. 5) ; peduncles l-flowered. ■*-*• Calyx-lobes foliaceous. 5. S. calycdsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate (I -T long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. — Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex. •*-*■ ** Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short {prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or cjuite enclosing the refuse capsule). 6. S. campestris, Xutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (^-1' long), on the branches lan- cejlate ; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1| - 2' broad). — Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex. 7. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyx-lobes aicl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2- parted. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next ; corolla in both at times ])ink or white. 8. S. gracilis, Salisb. .S^ewi rery s/eHc/er, at length diffusely branched ; branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle. — Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La. 9. S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely much branched ; leaves small, lower cauline (6" long or less) thickish, /row obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly linear and rather hunger, on the flowering l)ranches subulate; ralyx-lobes slen- GLNTIAXACK.i:. (<;ENTIAN FAMILY.) 349 (fer-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla; st \ Ic 2-j)artetl. — Piue barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla. * * Corolla 8-\2-partcd, large {about 2' broad). 10. S. Chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1 -2° higli), loosely pauided above; peilmicks slcudcr, l-llo\vered; leaves obloug-lanceohito ; calyx-lobes liuear, luilf the leugtli of the deep rose-colored (rarcdy white) corolla. — Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala. 3. EtrSTOMA, Srilisb. Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrih. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5-6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versa- tile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent ; stigma of 2 broad lamelke. — Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasp- ing and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-tlowered peduncles. (From e5, icell, and (rrdixa, moafh, alluding to the open- mouthed corolla.) 1. E. Russelli^num, Oriseb. ( )nc or two feet high ; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (H' long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age. — Neb. to Tex. 4. GENTIAN A, Tourn. Gentian. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually witli intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved , the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover- ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Geutius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) § 1. GENTIANELLA. Corolla {not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses : root annual. * (Fringed Gentians.) Flowers lanje, solitan/ on long terminal peduncles, mostli/ 4-merous ; corolla campanulate-funnel-form , its lobes usualli/ Jimbriate or erose, 7iot crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the Jilaments. Autumn-Jloircring. 1. G. crinita, Froel. Stem 1 -2° high; leaves lanceolate or orate-lanceo- late from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue co- rolla (2' long), the lobes of which are iced ge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit ; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga. 2. G. Serr^ta, Gunner. Stem 3-18' high; leaves linear or lanceolate- linrar ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; lobes if the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate- f ringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit ; ovary ellip- tical or obovate. (G. deton.sa, .}f(tnual.) — Moi.st gr<»nnds, Ne»vf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward. 350 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) * * Flowei's smaller, 4- 5-merous ; corolla someirhat funnel -form or salver-form, its lobes entire: peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute- angled stem. 3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2 - 20' high ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest olwvate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous ; calyx- lobes (4 - 5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear ; corolla mostly blue, ^^ long or more, with a fmhriate croirn at the base of the oblong acute lobes ; capsule sessile. — Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae. — Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward. 4. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3-7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; corolla pale blue, 6-9" long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bnstle-pomted, without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest ; capsule stipitate. — Moist hills, Maine to Out., 111., and south along the mountains to Fla. — Var. occident\lis. Gray. Sometimes 2-3° high, and paniculately much-branched ; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla. — Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La. § 2. PNEUMONANTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salverform) with thin- membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands , capsule stipitate ; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate {except in n. 12). * Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined ; seeds winged. 5. G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less; leaA-es oblong or lanceolate to lmea.T; flowers numerous and thipso'id-racemose or few or rarely almost solitary ; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute ; corolla (blue or bluish) V long or less, rather narrowhj funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes. — Minn, to the Pacific. 6. G. puberula, Michx. Stems (mostlg sol/tan/) erect or ascending (8-16' high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid, linear- lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1-2' long) ; flowers clustered; rarely solitary; calgx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. — Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn, and Kan. Oct. * * Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube ; flowers in terminal and often axil- larij clusters. -I- Calgx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous ; seeds conspicuously winged ; leaves rough-margined. 7. G. Saponaria, L. (Soapwort G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base ; caltjx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, (iKNTlAXACKA:. ((^KNTIAN FAMM.V.) ^i '> I erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuons 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendd yes. — Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 8. G. Andrdwsii, (Jrisel). (Closed G.) Stems u]>riglit, smooth ; leaves ovatc-lauccolate and lanceolate from a narrower l)ase, gradually jxtinted ; calijx- lobes lanceolate to ovale, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages. — Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white. H- •♦- Maryins of leaches, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal Jloiver-cluster leafii-involncrate ; seeds winyed. 9. G. ^Iba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout ; flowers sessile ami crowded in a dense terminal cluster ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering ; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many time.s sliorter than the tube of the corolla, reflcxed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages. — Low grounds and mountain meadows. Out. to 111., Ky.,and Ya. 10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1-2° high; flowers 1 -.') in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with some- what narrowed base ; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes lin- ear or lanceolate ; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, (^iraij.) — Bogs, mountains of ^Nld. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almo.st ovate-lanceolate , appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad. — Minn, and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y. Var. latif olia, Gray, Stout ; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate. — L. Superior; X. Brunswick (Howers blue). -«--.--*- (Jal ijx-lobes and bracts icith smooth margijis or nearlij so ; seeds com- ptetelij maryinless. 11. G. ochroledca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-obloug, tlie lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost some- wiiat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appen- dages.— Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La. * * * Anthers not connected : Jlowers terminal, solilari/, commonly peduncled and naked ; seeds winyless. 12. G. angUStif61ia, Michx. Stems .slender and ascending (6- 15' high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open- funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. ;3')2 riENTiANACE^. (gentian family.) Fleurogyne Carixthiaca, Griseb., var. prsf lla, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4-5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found. 5. FRASERA, AValt. American Collmbo. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-sliaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduucled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.) 1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3-8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py- ramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (T broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle ; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wise, south to Ga. 6. HALENIA, Borkh. Spurred Gextian. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a German botanist.) L H. deflexa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9-18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3-. 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and peti- oled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. — Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward. 7. BARTONIA, Muhl. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3-10' high), with thread- like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduucled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 -3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calijx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish : ovar}^ 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, Newf . to Wise, south to Va. and La. Aug. — Scales and branches occasionallv alternate. <;kntianack.*:. (<;i:NriAN family.) 353 2. B. v6rna, Muhl. Stem 1- few-flowered ; flowers .'J - 4" long, larger ; IvUs of the corolla spatulnte, olituse, spreading, thrice the lentjth of the calyx ; anthers ohlonrj ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March. 8. OBOLARIA, L. Calyx of 2 .spatulate .spreading .sc])al.s, resieinhling the leaves. Corolla tubu- lar-bell-sliaped, witliering-persi.steut, 4-cleft ; the lohes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamen.s inserted at the sinuses of the co- rolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform ; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — Alow and very smooth purplish-greeu perennial (.'3-8' high), with a simple or spar- ingly branched stem, o])posite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or pur- plish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly se.ssile; in spring. (Name from 6^o\6s, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.) 1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like ; flowers 4" long. — Moist woods, X. J. to 111., south to Ga. and Tex. 9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbeax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned in- ward. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thicki.sh creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets ; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from fi-ffu, month, and dvOos, n flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. M. trifoliata, L- — Bogs, N. J. and Teuu. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, .June. (Ku., Asia.) 10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Hkart. Calyx .5-parted. Corolla almost wlieel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the ba.se. Style short or none ; stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Capsule few - many-seeded, at length l>ursting irregularly. Seed-coat liard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polyganu)us) flowers, along with a cluster of short and s])ur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreaid.\, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form. POLl•:MONIACE;^:. (i'OLKMoMlM lA.MILV.) 355 » * Stems, at least the Jiowerintj ones, asccndimj or erect ; Jlowers in rnri/nihcd or simple r.ijmes ; corolla4obes obocate or oltrordate. ■*- Calt/x-teeth tri. Stems ascending (^-2° lii^li), <>ft('ii from ;i i)rostrate base ; leaves obluny-lanceolate, or the upper orale-lanceolute, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled ; c«/^.r-^'e//i sliort and l»road, «r«/e. (1*. Carolina, A.) — Open woods, in the mountain region froin Tenn. to Ahi. June, July. 4. P. glaberrima, L. -Stems slender, erect (l -3° high); /f«ws /mm/ - lanceolate or rartl// uUonii-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and some- times revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point {.'3-4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed ; flowers pedunded (pink or whitish); cahjx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed. — I'rairies and open woods, N. Vn. to Ohio and Minn., soutli to Fla. and Mo. July. •«- ■*- Calt/x-teeth long and slender ; more or less hairij or glandular-pubescent. *■*■ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots. 5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1 - H° Idgh), usually hairy, as are tlic lanceolate or linear leaces (1 -4' long), which commonly taper to a sharp point; cymes at length open ; cali/x-teeth slender aicl-shaped and aicn- like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose- red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. 6. P. amdena, Sims, Stems ascending (i-li° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (i- H' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; c//?«e mostli/ compact and sessile, leaf if- hracted ; cali/x-teeth awl-shaped or //Hear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awued, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (I*, procuujbens, fi'rai,' ; not Lehni.) — Dry hills and l)arrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. •^ +-<- Sterile shoots from the Ixise creeping in- decumbent ; leaves rather broad. 7. P. reptans, Michx. Bunners creeping, henrmfn; roundish-oltovate smooth- tsli and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4-8' high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (^' long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered, calyx-teeth linear-awhshaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the red- dish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostlji entire. — Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June. 8. P. divaricata, !>• Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent l)ase (9 -18' higli) ; leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (H' long), acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or ivedge-obovate and notched at the end, or ojlen entire, ■J- 1' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them. — Kocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May. — A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flow- ers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube. 356 POLKMONIACE.*:. (POLEMONIUM PWMILY.) * * * Stems low, diffuse and branching ; Jiotcers scattered or hareli/ cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bijid ; cahjx-lobes subulate-lanceolate. 9. P. bifida, Beck, Minutelij pubescent ; stems ascending, branched (5 - 8' high) ; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (^- H' long, H" wide) ; flow- ers few, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube ; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleJt to or below the middle (4" long), equal- ling the tube, the divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo. 10. P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (I -2' long, 1" wide or mors), acute, rather rigid ; flowers scat- tered, mostly long-peduncled ; lobes of the pale blue or almost ichite corolla bifd at the apex into barely oblong lobes. — Cliffs of Ky. Kiver {Short), S. 111., and Tenn. (Gattinger). May. § 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, ei-ergreen, icith mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves. 11. P. SUbulata, L. (Ground or Moss Pixk.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old) ; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or nar- rowly linear ('3 - 6" long) ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-sliaped, rigid ; corolla piuk-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Pla. and Ky. 2. GILIA, Euiz & Pav. Calvx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsu-le with solitary to numerous seeds. — Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the § Collomia, in which the flowers are capitate-glom- erate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire ; annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.) 1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6-18' high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute ; corolla 6" long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.) — From Minn. Avest to the Pacific. 3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek A^aleriax. Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla ; fila- ments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few -several- seeded. — Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets some- times confluent ; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from iroAefios, war, of doubtful application.) 1. P. r^ptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6-10' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaf- lets 5-1.5, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs feAv-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube ; sta7n€ns and style included; corolla light blue, about Y wide; capsules about 3-seeded. — Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June. IlVDKOl'UVLLACK.*:. ( WATKKLKA K FAMILY.) o>) i 2. P. caeruleum, L. (Ja((»I5's Lai.i.kh.) SUmu omt (1-3° high); leallets 9-21, linear-lanceohvtc, ohlung- or ovatc-laiiccuhitc, mosLly crowded; Howers uumerous, iu a tliyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx l(Jiip;or tlian tlie tube ; stamens and sti/le moxi/ij exscrted beyond the brif^ht blue corolla, which is nearly 1' broad; capsule several-seeded. — Rare in our ranc;e, occur- ring iu SAvani]is and on mountains iu N. II., N. Y., N.J., and Md., l)ut conunon iu the western mountains and far northward. Ordi-u 71. HYDKOPHYLLACEyE. (Watkrli: af Family.) Herbs, commonly hairi/, ic'itli mosthj alternate leaves, regular b-merous and b-androus /lowers, in aspect heticeen the fore f/oing and the next order; but the ovary entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placentce, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentce in ifie axis ; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles ; fruit a 2-valred A -many-seeded capsule. — Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Kinbryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers chieny blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of })lants of no marked properties ; some culti- vated for ornament. Tribe I. HYDKOPHYLLE^. Ovary and capsule l-colled. Seeds pitted or retiou- lated ; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-tootlied, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft. * Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentai, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp. L Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. Neniophila. Stamens included ; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses. 8. Ellisia. Stamens intduded. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal placentse, in fruit projecting inward more or less. 4. Pliacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages. Tribe II. HYDROL.E.tlrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell shaped. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf. Calyx 5-parted, sometiuics with a small ajipeudage iu each sinus, early open iu the bud. Corolla bell-sha])od, o-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube furuished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a necta- riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted ; filaments more or less bearded ; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; i\\^ 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, eacii bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Ca])sule ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of uSwp, irater, and short lobes ; racemes solitary, loosely 5- 15-flowered , pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes ; corolla opeu-campanulate, bluish- 360 HYDKOPHYLLACE^.. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) wliite (4-6" broad) ; filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6- 12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx. — Shaded banks, Peun. and Ohio to Mo., south to S C. and Tex. April -June. Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil ; corolla larger, 5 - 7" in diameter ; seeds 4-8. — Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex. ; also Va. and Ga. 5. P. Covillei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2-5-flowered; calyx- lobes linear, in fruit 3" long or more ; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb ; filaments glabrous ; capsule depressed-globose ; seeds 4, large. — Lark- spur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. {F. \\ Coville.) § 4- EtlTOCA. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta ; corolla rotate- campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellce within. 6. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6-15' high), rather stout ; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded mto an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue. — Shores of li Superior, thence north and westward. 5. HYDROLEA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentae, thin-walled, 2-4-valved or burst- ing irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed. — Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from vdup, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. 1. H. afifinis, Gray. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creep- ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole ; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters ; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule. — Banks of streams, S. 111. to Tex. Order 72. BOKRAGINACE^. (Borage Family.) Chiefly rough-hairij herbs, icith alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical Jiowers with a b-parted calyx, a regular b-lohed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4:-lobed ovary {as in Labiatfe), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into tico 2-seeded or four l-seeded nutlets. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from ihe end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.) Tribe T. HEL,IOTROPIE^. Ovary not lobed ; fruit separating into 2 - 4 nutlets. 1 Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1 - 2-celled. BORRAGINACEiE. (UORAGK FAMILY.) 3GI Tribe II. BOKRAOINEiE. Ovary ilneply 4-parU''l, f(»rmin« as many separate 1- seedcil uutleus in Iruit; style rising from tlie centre between tlieni. • Corolla and stamens regular. •K Nutlets armed, attaclied laterally : corolla short, tdosed by 5 scales. 2. Cj'noglossuin. Nutlets horizontally radiatf, much luoduccd downward, covered wiih barbed prickles. 3. Kchinospenmiin. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed jinekles. ■^ -I- Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally. 4. Krynitzkiu. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle. 5. Merten«ia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets flesliy, attached just above the b;use. ■!-■•-•»- Nutlets unarmed, attaelied by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining. ♦♦ Scar Uat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6. 6. Myjjsotls. Cortdla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested. 7. Lithosperinum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the ihioat either naked or with low crests. 8. Onosinodiuiu. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute. ++ 4-* year large and excavated. 9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales. * • Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes uneiiual. 10. L.ycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included. 11. l^cliium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted. AspERtJGO PROCUMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged memhranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn. 1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Tourk.sole, Heliotrope. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style sliort ; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-c-elled and 2-seeded closed car- pels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from "]\ios, the sun, and rpoir-f], a tarn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.) § I. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit A-lobed, separating into four l-celled l-seeded nutlets. iStyle short. * Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes. H. ErKOP.V:rM, L. Erect annual (6-18' high), hoary-pul)esceut ; leaves oval, long-petiuled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreiwl- ing in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascend- ing; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs. — Sandy seashore, Va. ; saline soils, S. HI., ami soutli and westward. * * fnjlonsccnce not at all scorpioid ; Jiotcers scattered. 2. H. ten^Uum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigosc-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless. — Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kiui., south to Ala. and Tex. 362 BORRAGINACEiE. (bORAGE FAMILY.) § 2. EUPLOCA. Frnd didpnous, the 2 carpels each spUttmg into two l-seeded nutlets ; style elongated ; flowers scattered, large. 3. H. COnvolvulaeeum, Gray. Low animal, strigose-liirsute and hoarv, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short- petioled ; floAvers opposite the leaves and terminal ; corolla 6" broad, tlie strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals. — Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers. § 3. TIARIDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, ivith sometimes a pair of empty false cells : style very short ; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes. TT. Indiccm, L, Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicura, DC.) — ^Yaste places, along the great rivers, from S. lud. to Mo., and south- ward. (Adv. from India.) 2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. IIound's-Toxgue. Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets de- pressed or convex, obli(iue, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, rough- ened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves ; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from kvojv, a dog, and y?\a)(ra-a, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) C. OFFICINA.LE, L. (Common IIouxd's-Toxgue.) Jjicunml; clothed wilh short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. C. Virginicum, L. (Wild Comfret.) Perennial; roughish ivith spreading bristly hairs; stem sim\i\e, few-leaved (2-3° liigh); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. — Open woods, Out. and Sask. to Fla. and La. 3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. Stickseed. Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1 -3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes ; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ex^vos, a hedgehog, and (nrepfia, seed.) * Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base ; slender pedicels recurved or de- flexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed ; biennial, not hispid. 1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. (Beggak's Lice.) Stem 2 - 4° high ; radi- cal leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 - 8' long) ovate- BORKACilN.VrK.K. (lUHtAdK lAMII.Y.) 363 oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ac-uniinate at botb ends ; loosely paniculate racemt'S divaricate; jjcdicel and flower each a line l(Mig; nutlets of the (jlobose fruit c(juci/l_i/ short-fjloc/u'dialc over the whole luick. (Cynoglossuin Morisoni, I)(' ) — Borders of woods and thickets, N. Kng. to Minn., south to Va. and La. 2. E.defldxum, Lelini.,var Americanum, (iray Diffusely l)ranched, about 1° liigh , leaves oblong to liuiceolatt- , racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small ; nutlets of the f/lubular-jti/niimddl fruit onhj iiKirrjindlli/ (jlochidiute. — Iowa, Minn., and northward. 3. E. floriblindum, Lehni Kather strict, 2° high or more; leaves ol)long- to'linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined peti(des ; nx- ccmes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict ; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2-3" in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles. — Minn and Sask., and westward. * * Racemes leafj-bracteale. stout pedicels not defexed ; calijx becominf/ foli- accous ; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the loiver spatulate ■ hispid annuals. E. LAppula, Lehm. Erect. 1-2° high , nutlets rough-granulate or tuber- culate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of tiic back — Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Ku.) 4. E. Redowskii, Lehm., var occident^le, Watson. Erect, 1-2° high, at lengtli diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base. — Minn, to Tex., and westward. 4. KRYNITZKIA, Eisch. & Meyer. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the ba.se upward. — Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small Aviiite flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Pnf. J. Krijnitzki, of Cracow.) 1. K. Crassisdpala, (iray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate ; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate ,- lobes of the persistent cali/x closed over the fruit, the midrib below becominr/ much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissivdlar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle. — Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex. 5. MERTENSIA, Hoth. Lixgwoht. Corolla trujupet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or ajipendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and tliread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, oblicjuely attaehed next the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small. — Smooth or soft- hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and hand.some purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose aiid short panided or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted ; pedicels slender. (Named for I'rif. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.) 364 BORRAGINACEiE. (bORAGE FAMILY.) * Corolla trumpet-shaped', with spreading nearlij entire limb and naked throat; Jilaments slender, exserted ; hi/pogynous disk 2-lohed. 1. M. Virginica, DC. (Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1-2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4-6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, T long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; nutlets dull and roughish. — Allu- vial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C , and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament. * * Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat. -t- Filaments broad and short ; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry. 2 M. panicul^ta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1-2° high), loosely branched , leaves ocate and orate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6" long) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx , filaments broader and shorter than the anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug 3. M. lanceolata, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, sim- ple or branched , leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1 -2' long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute ; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lan- ceolate calyx-lobes; Jilaments generally longer than the anthers. — Dak. to N. Mex. and westward. H- 4- Filaments lonrjer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets shining, utricular. 4. M. maritima, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper sur- face becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3" long), twice the length of the calyx. — Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June -Aug. 6. MYOSOTIS, Dill. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or .5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the founded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar mi- nute.— Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally Avith one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Xame composed of fivs, mouse, and ovs, wtos, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is Mouse-ear.) * Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hoolced or glandular. M. PALUSTRis, Withering. (True Forget-me-not.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9-20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx- lobes much shorter than its tube ; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a vellow eve. — In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems very slender, decumbent ; pubescence all appressed ; leaves lanceolate-oblong borraginace;^:. (horack family.) 365 or somewhat si)atulate ; ealyx-lobes as lonp as its tube ; limb of corolla 2 or 3" bruail, ])aK'r l)lne. (M. palustris, var. laxa, (''ni'/.) — In water and wet ground, Xewf. to N. Y. (l>u.) * * C(tli/r c/osin;/ or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with sprtadiitfj hnirs, some minuteJij hooked or gland-tipped ; corolla small ; annual or biennial. 2. M. arvdnsis, lloffin. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend- ing (G - 15' liigb) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-rlrj} erpial cali/x. — Fields, etc. ; uot very common. (Eu.) •'3. M. V^rna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4- 12' higii) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafij at the base ; corolla very small, white, with a short limb ; j>edicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, ra''ier shorter than the deeplg b-cUft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calj.r. — Dry ground, rather common. May -July. M. vEKsfcoLOR, Ters. More slender than the last, simple at base ; racemes loose, mostly naked at base ; Jiowers almost sessile ; corolla pale yellow chanrj- ing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft. — Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.) 7. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base ; scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commouly red roots and sessile leaves ; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of \idos, stone, and airdpfia, seed, from the hard nutlets.) § 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-icrinkled and pitted, gray and dull ; tliroat of the {nearly ichite) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. L. ARVEXSE, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or \/ biennial; stems erect (6-12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; /\ corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and I'oadsides. May- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory ; coro'la greenish-white or pale- yellow, small, tcith 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial. L. OFFICINALE, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, erect (1-2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx. — Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. L. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2-3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (eyen the floral ones 2-4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx. — Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark. §3. BATSCHIA. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, salver- form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pulwsccnt, the tube much 366 BOKRAGINACE^. (bOKAGE FAMILY.) exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. {Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dije.) * Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobrs entire ; appendages little if at all projecting. 2. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1-2° high); stem- leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla icoolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8-12" broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy ; fruiting calyx {^ long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. — Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westAvard. April - June. 3. L. eaneseens, Lehm. (Plxcoon of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6-15' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less doiuny beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above ; ^ou^ers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx (3" long) barely tivice the length of the nutlets. — Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May. * * Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2-4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching ; later flowers small, cleistogenous. 4. L. angUStifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6-18' higli, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy -bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and shoAvy (corolla- tube 8-18'' long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, Avith inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, Avithout crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit ; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-tlowered form.) — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich, to Dak. and Tex., and AvestAvard. 8. ONOSM ODIUM, Michx. False Gromavell. Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular- funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or bareh^ spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arroAv- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much ex- serted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not holloAAed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, AA-ith oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and Avhite, greenish, or yelloAvisIi floAvers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters ; in sum- mer. — Our species belong to true 0NOSMODiU3r, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments ; the corolla rarely tAvice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, Avhich name means ass-smell.) 1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed (dl ever idth harsh and rigid ap- pressed short bristles ; stems rather slender (1-2^ higli) 5 leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1 - 2|' long), the loAver narrowed at base ; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-aicl-shaped , sparingly bearded outside Avith long bristles. — Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La. 2. O. Carolini^num, DC. Shaggy all over icith long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2-4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or I CONVOLVrLACE.*:. (CONVOLVILI-S FAMILY.) 367 oblortfj'lanceolate, acute ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovatc-tiiangular or trianijiihir-ldiirrolatp, t/tickli/ hirsute outside. — Alluvial grounds, \V. New York to MiuM., south to Ga. and Tex. Var. molle, Gray. Pubescence shorter (tnd less sjirendiuf/ or oppressed, 1 -2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2' long), when young softly strigose-i-anes- cent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.) — 111. to Minn., Tex., and westward. 9. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Co.mfkey. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed , the short teeth spread- ing; the throat closed with 5 converging lincar-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated. Style tliread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, tixed by tlie large liollowed base, which is finely toothed on its mar- gin.— Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name ixom a-ufj-cpetv, to grow together, probably for its rejnited healing virtues.) S. officinXle, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, l)ranched, winged above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower leaves ovate-lancerdate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowisli-white, rarely jnirplish. — Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 10. LYCOPSIS, L. Blc;lo.ss. Corolla funnel-shaped, Avith curved tube and slightly unequal limb ; the throat closed with .5 convex obtu.se bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out base. — Annuals. (Name from Au/cos, a icolj] and 6\l/is,face.) L. ARVENSis, L. (Small Bigloss.) Very rough-bristly (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New Eug. to Va. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss. Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tulie, and a more or less un- equal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Stamens mo.stly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fi.xed by a flat base. (A naiiie of Dioscorides, from exts, " riper.) E. vllgXre, L. (Bll'e-weed.) Kough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, .sessile ; flowers showy, in sliort lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla red- dish-pur])le changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Koadsiiles and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.) Order 73. CONVOLVULACEiE. (Convolvulus Family.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky Juice, with alternate leaves {or scales) and regular f>-androus Jfowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated . ing, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 -S-fiowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristl ji-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, ^- J' long) corolla. — Kiver-bauks and low grounds, Peuu. to 111., south to 8. C. and Tex. ■(- •»- Leaves linear ; not tivining. 3. I. leptophylla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2-4° higli), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10- 100 pounds) ; leaves 2-4' long, 2-3" wide, short-petioled, acute ; peduncles short, 1 - 2-flowered ; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3' long. — Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. 3. CONVOLVULUS, Tourn. Bindweed. Corolla funnel-forju to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions be- tween the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. — Herlis or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolve, to entwine.) § 1. jPtLYSTEGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; cali/x enclosed in 2 broad leafy bracts. 1. C. spithamaeus, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6 -12' long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base ; corolla white (2' long) ; stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamsea, Pursh.) — Dry and sandy or rocky soil ; not rare. 2- C. sdpium, L. (Hedge Bindweed.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent ; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively ; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (H-2' long). (Calystegia scpiuni, /?. Dr.) — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams ; N. Atlan- tic States and westward, (En., etc.) Var. Americ^nus, Sims. Glabrous ; corolla pink or rose-purple ; bracts obtuse. (C. scpium of Ain, authors mainly.) — Common, across the continent, 24 ' 370 coNVOLvuLACE^:. (convolvulus family.) Var. repens, Gray. More or less pubescent ; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate ; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cor- date, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire ; corolla from almost white to rose-color ; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Graij.) — Common. § 2. Siigmas fdiform ; no bracts at or near the base of the cali/x. C. ARVENSis, L. (Bindweed.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (9" long) Avhite or tinged with reddish. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.) 4. BKEWERIA, II. Br. Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below ; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs ; flowers small ; in summer ; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.) 1. B. humistrata, Gray. Sparselj hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; Jilaments hairy ; styles united at base. (Bouamia humistrata, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Va. to La. 2. B. aquatica, Gray. Minutely soft - posed to he of Arahic derivation.) § 1. Stiijinas eloiujated ; capsule chxumscissi/e. C. Ei'f LiNUM, Weihe. (Flax Doddkr.) Stems very slender, low ; flowers glohular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-])arted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the ltroase panicled cymes. ■^ Acute tijis of the corolla-lobes infe.red. 4. C. dec6ra, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less ]>a])illose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly cami)auulate 372 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C. indecora, Choisij.) — Var. PULCHERRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicu- ous flowers 1^ - 2^" long and wide ; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple, — Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosse and Com- posite), from 111. to Fla. and Tex., and westward. 5. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding ; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only 1" long), generally 4-merous ; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule ; scales reduced to a few teeth. — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark. f- -t- Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading. 6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla- lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed ; capsule globose, umbonate. — Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters. — Var. latifl6ra, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward. 7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding ; flowers larger (2 -3" long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped ; capsule long-pointed. — Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward ; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs. * * * Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capil- lary; scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla. 8. C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender ; flowers (1|- 2^" long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles ; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube ; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosa, etc., Neb. to Tex,, occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis. 9. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems coarse ; floicers closely sessile in densely compart clusters; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, oppressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter tlian the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter, — Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo, and Tex, In damp woods, almost always on shrubs. 10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lol)es ; style seve- ral times longer than the ovary. — Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositae. The rope-like twists (^-f thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance. SOLANACE^E. (nICHTSII AIH: FAMILY.) 373 Ordkr 74. SOLANACEyK. (Xuihtshadk Family.) Herbs (or rarely shrubs), wilh colorless Juice and alternate leaves, regu- lar b-merous and b-androus Jloicers, on braclless pedicels; the corolla im- bricate or valvule in the bud, and mosllf/ plaited : the fruit a 2-celled {rarely S-5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry. — Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly e(iual, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma sinji;le. I'lacentae in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very i)oisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scro- phulariacea?, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. ♦ Corolla wlicel-sliaped, 5-parted or 5-lobecl; the lobes valvatc and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 1. SolHiium. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. * * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate. •*- Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx. 2. Cliatnaesaraclia. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit. •<- t- Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding. 3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celIed. 4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled. •*-■)-■•- Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. 5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled, •t- •<- -t- -^ Fruit a capsule. 6. Hyoscyamiis. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the to]) falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular. 7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, .5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form. 8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 1. SOLAN UM, Tourn. Xi(;htsh.\de. Calyx and wlieel-shaped corolla 5-partetl or o-cleft (rarely 4- lO-parted), the latter plaited in tlie hud, and valvate or induplicatc. Stamens exserted ; fila- ments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or slirubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one ; the peduncles al.so mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the Pot.\to (S. tibkk6si:m) and the Egg-plaxt (S. MELON(;i:\A) ; while tlie Tomato (Lycopkksicl'.m escu- lentum) is closely related. (Name of unknown (b'rivatiou.) * Not prickly ; anthers blunt ; Jlowers and glol)ose naked buries svi-dl. -t- Perennial, climbing or tirining. S. Di:lcam.\ra, T.. (Bitterswekt.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halljerd-shaped, or witli two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; flowers (])ur])le or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. — Moist banks and around (Iwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 374 SOLANACEiE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) -1- -f- Simple-leaved annuals. 1 . S. triflbrum, Xutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong, pinnatijid (7 - 9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1-3- flowered ; corolla white ; berries green, as large as a small cherry, — Central Kan., and westward ; chiefly a weed near dwellings. 2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, icavg- toothed ; flowers white, in small umbeNike lateral clusters, drooping ; cali/x spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July -Sept. Var. vill6sum. Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous ; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate ; filaments glabrous ; berries yellow. — Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.) S. GRACiLE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2-3^ high), with virgate spreading branches ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearlj/ entire; corolla white or bluish ; calijx somewhat appressed to the black berri/ — Coast of N. C, and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.) * * 3Iore or less prickiij ; anthers tapering upicard ; pubescetice stellate. ■1- Perennial ; fruit naked ; anthers equal ; corolla violet, rarely white. ' 3. S. Carolinense, L. (Horse-Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent ivith 4- S-rayed hairs : prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty) ; leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid , ra- cemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuniinate; berries about 6" broad. — Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn, to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex. 4. S. elseagnifolium, Cav. Silver y-canescent with dense scurf-like pu bescence of many-rayed hairs ; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire, calyx-lobes slender; herry seldom iig) ; berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvauica, Gray, Man., in part ; not L.) — Dry open ground, Peun. to 111., Minn., and south and westward. Var. ISBVigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or witli some rerv short hairs on young parts. — Neb. to Tex., and westward. Var. hirta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hir- sute-pubescence of the leaves 2 - 3-f orked, as also are some of the abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem. — Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan. 4. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-.5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb (2-3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.) N. PHYSALOiDES, Gacrtu. — Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gar- dens. (Adv. from Peru.) 5. LYCIUM, L. Matrimont-Vixe. Calvx 3 - 5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-sliaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 ; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender ; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.) L. vulgXre, Dunal. (Common ]\r.) Shrub Avith long sarmentose recurved- drooping branches, smooth, s])aringly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or spatu- late-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple ; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red. — About dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn. Henbaxe. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lo'bed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule SCKOPIIULAHIACK.i:. (fI<;\V()KT lAMII.Y.) 377 enclosed in tlie persistent calyx, 2-colle(l, openin"^ transversely all round near tlie apex, which falls off like a lid. — Claminy-puhescent, fetid", narcotic herhs, with lurid Howers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Nam*' composed of us, v6s, a liof/, and Kva/xoi, a bean ; said to l)e poisonous to swine.) H. Nir.EU, L. (Black IIknbaxi:.) Biennial or annual ; leavefl claspinp^, sinuate-toothed and angled; Howers sessile, in one-siilod leafy si)ikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with ])urple veins. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Ku.) 7. DATURA, L. Jamkstown-Weed. Thoun-Ai'itk. Calyx ])rismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely ahove the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funiud-furm, with a large and sjtreading 5-l()-tootlied jdaited border. Stigma ^-lipjicd. Capsule gl(»hular, ]>ricklv. 4-valved,:2-celled, with 2 tliick placentic ])rojfcted from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfec-t false ]»artition, so that the cajisule is 4-celkHl except near the ti»p, the jdacenta^ as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Kank weeds, narcotic- poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short ])e(luncles iu the forks of the brauchin;[; stem ; produced aUsummerand autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tato^ah.) D. Stkam^xhm, L. (Common Stramomi m or Thorn Apple.) Annual, glabrous ; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem f/rren ; corolla white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth ; lower ])rickles of the cajjsule mostly shorter. — Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?) D. Tatlla, L. (Pl-rple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple ; prickles of the capsule nearly equal. — Waste grounds, iu the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop, Amer.) 8. NICOTIAN A, Tourn. Tobacco. Calyx tubular-bell-sliaped, .'i-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Kank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-])ubesceut, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have intro- tluced Tobacco (N. Tab.Ict.m, L.) into Europe.) N. RusTiOA, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx. the lobes rounded. — Old fields, from X. V. westward and southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.) Ordkr 75. SCKOPHULARIACE^. (Figwokt Fa.mily.) Chiejiy herbs (rarely trees), tcith didynamons stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-Upped or more or less irrer/ular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the hud ; fruit a 2- celled and usually many-seeded capside, with the placentce in the axis ; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, tcith a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single; stigma entire or 2-lol)ed. Leaves and inlL^re.si-ence various; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous. I. ANTIRRHINIDE.E. Ujjper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower iu the bud (with occasiomil excei)tions in Mimulus, etc.) Caj)sule usually septicidal. 378 SCROPHLLARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) Tribe I. VEKBASCE^. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate. 1 . Verbascuni. Stamens 5, all with anthers, aud 3 or all with bearded tilanients. Tribe II. ANTIKRHINE^. Corolla tubular, witli a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opeuiug by chinks or holes. Flowers in sim- ple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4. 2. liinaria. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat. 3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat. Tribe III. CHELOJ^E^. Corolla tubular, or 'i-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2-4-valved, Leaves opposite Inflorescence usually compound, of small axil- lary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth. 4 Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip. 5 Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged. 7 Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless. Tribe IV. GRATIOL,E.3E. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2- valved Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves ; peduncles naked (or 2-bracte- olate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen. * Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. 8 Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated. 9. Couobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. 10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-part.ed, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short. 11 L.imusella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, i3-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant. * * Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments. 12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included . the sterile pair short or none. l:J Ilysanthes. Calyx o-parted. Stamens included . the sterile filaments protruded. 14. Micrantlieinum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage ; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic. 11. RHINANTHIDE^. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla cover- ing the up)3er in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal. Tribe V. I>IGITAL,E.iE. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Sta- mens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2 celled. 15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2-4-lobed, irregular Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate Flowers racemed. IG. V^eronica Calyx 4-( rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost legular Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed. Tribe VI. GEKARDIE^. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal S-lobed limb Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate. * Corolla salver-shaped. Anthei-s 1-celled. Flowers in a spike. 17. Buchnera. CaljTC tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft. * • Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled. 18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. 19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included. Tribe VII. EUPHRASIES. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped ; the upper lip nar- row, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens. * Anther-cells unequal and separated Capsule many-seeded. 20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated ; the lower short, often very small. SCROPHULARIACE.t:. (iniWolM lAMILV.) 379 21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubuhir-ciimpanulaie, 4-clcrt. Upi^er lip of corolla little lon;ier and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one. • « Anther-cells equal. Capsule many - several-seeded. 2-2. Scliwalbea. Calyx 5-toothcd, very oblique, the upper tooth mu«h the smallest. 23. Euphrasia. .Calyx 4-cleft. Upj)fr lip of the corolla 'J-lobed, and sides folded back. L'ap.sule oblong. 24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back. 2:). Khinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate Capsule orbicular : seeds wini,'(!d. 2G. Petlirularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped ; seeds wingless. • * ♦ Anther-cells equal. Cajjsule l-4-.seeded. 27. Melampyruni. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Cajisule flat, oblique. 1. VERB AS CUM, L. Mlllkix. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla .j-lohod, open or concave, wheel-shaped , the lobes broad and rounded, a little unccinal Stamens.'), all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattene'>tem 2-4° high, mostly glabrous except the iufioresceuce ; leaves firmer, aomewhut gluisy, the cauline ovate- ur oblong- 382 SCROPHULARIACEiE. (p^IGWORT FAMILY.) lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2 -5' long); thyrse broader; corolla white (commonly tinged with ^xxv^Ae), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile Jiloment thinly bearded above. — Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high ; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.) — Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc. 3. P. gracilis, Xutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish. — Minn, to Mo., and westward. -^ ■*- Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western. 4. P. Cobdea, Xutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed ; thyrse short ; corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish. — Prairies, Kan. to Tex. 5. P. tubiflorus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2-3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse ; corolla 9" long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish. — Low prairies, Kan. and Ark. 6. P. albidus, Xutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6-10' high; leaves oblong-lan- ceolate or narrow, entire or sparsely toothed ; clusters of the strict thyrse few- flowered, approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9" long, with shorter tube and more dilated throat. — Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex. * * Glabrous throughout and glaucous ; leaves sessile, entire ; thyrse raceme-like. 7. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Stem 2-4° high ; leaves thickish, the upper and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate ; pedi- cels short ; corolla 2' long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender- blue ; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex. — Prairies, from 111. and Wise, to Dak., Neb., and Kan. 8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1-2° high; leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; thyrse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla 1 -lY long, bright blue to violet-purple, dilated above ; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute. — Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward. 9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Stem 6-20' high, stout; leaves thick, the lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate ; thyrse leafy below, very narrow ; corolla 9" long, lilac or violet ; sterile filament mostly bearded above. — Kan. to Minn., and westward. 8. M I M U L U S, L. Monkey-flower. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu- lar ; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3- lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, with- opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.) SCROPHULARIACEiE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 383 » Erect from n perennial root, glabrous; leaven feather-veined ; corolla violet' purple. 1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1 -2"^ higli) ; leaves ohlontj or lanceolate, pointed, claspimj hy a heart-shaped baj»e, serrate ; peduncles Xon^vv than the flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal ; ccn-olla ))ersonate. — Wet places, N. Enj;. to Minn., and southward; common. .iuly-St'jjt. — Flower 1 - 1|' long, rarely white. 2. M. al^tus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong- ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than tiie calyx, which has verv short abruptly pointed teeth ; otherwise like the last. — Wet places, western X. Eng. to 111., south to N. C. and Tex. * # Leaves several-nerved and vcini/, dentate, the tipper sessile and clasping ; (•(di/.r ohlifpw, the upper tooth longest ; corolla i/ellow, the lower lip bearded. 3. M. Jam^sii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at base ; stem-leaves roundish or kidney -shaped, nearly sessile, equal- ling the peduncles ; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit ; throat of corolla broad and open. — In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich, and Minn, to 111., Kan., and westward. M. LtjTEUs, L. P>ect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate ; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large. — Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.) 9. CONOBEA, Auldet. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 2-lol)ed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile ; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lol)ed, the lobes wedge- form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.) 1. C. multlfida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge- shaped ; peduncles naked ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — Along streams and shores, Ohio to 111., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelj)hia. July -Sept. 10. HERPESTIS, Gaertn. f. Calyx .5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very nar- row. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower .'Mobed, or the linil) nearly equally .5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at tlio apex. Seeds numerous. — Low herbs, with oj)posite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers ; in summer ; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from €pTrv(TTr}s, o creeping thing, tiie species being chiefly procumbent.) * Corolla plainlij bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip ; leaves many-nerved. 1. H. nigr^scens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1-2' long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the u})per surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish. — Wet places, .Md. and N. C to Tex., along and near the coast. 384 SCROPHULAKIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 2. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nea% smooth, creeping; leaves round- ohovate, half -clasping (i-1' long), entire, basally nerved ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; upper sepal ovate ; corolla white or pale blue. — Margins of ponds, 111. to Minn., Mo., and southward. 3. H. amplexicaulis, Fursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; leaves ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved; peduncles shorter than the calt/x; upper sepal heart-shaped ; corolla blue. — Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La. — Aromatic when bruised. * * Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequaUij b-lohed ; stamens almost equal, 4. H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping ; leaves spat- ulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile ; corolla pale blue. — River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex. 11. LI MO SELL A, L. Mudwort. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4 ; anthers confluently 1 -celled. Style short, club- shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slen- der runners, without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clus- ters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from limus, mud, and sella, seat.) 1. L. aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. — Brackish river-banks and shores. Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.) 12. G RATI OLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop. Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or Avanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered pedun- cles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer ; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on ac- count of supposed excellent medicinal properties.) § 1. Anthers with a broad connectii'e, the cells transverse ; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or sraooth ; corollas 4- 6'' long ; bractlets fol iaceous, equalling the calyx. * Sterile f laments minute or none ; corolla whitish, with the tube yelloivish. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4-6' higli) ; leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed; peduncles almost equalling the leaves {\-V long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very common. 2. G. sphgerocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5-10' high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1 -2' long), toothed ; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3") globular pod. — N. J. and Md. to 111., soutli to Fla. and Tex. SCROPHULARIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 385 » * Sterile Jilaments slender, tipped with a little head ; leaves short (i - I' long). 3. G, viSOOsa, JScliweiu. Clammi/-j)ul>escent or ylandular ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or olnonj, acute, toothed, mostly sliorter tliaii the peduncles ; corolla whitish, ijellow aithin. — Ky. to M. C. aud Ga. 4. G. aurea, Muhl. Nearltf glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong4inear, entire, equalUug the peduucles ; corolla golden-yellouo {^' longj. — JSaady swamps, \'t. aud N. 11. to Ohio, aud south to Fla. § 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical ; sterile Jilaments tipped with ahead; hairg apparenll// annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple sle7us. 5. G. pilbsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (^' long) ; liowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, 3 - 4" long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Low grouud, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 13. ILYSANTHES, Kaf. Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2 lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from iKvs, mndy or mire, and av^os flower.) 1. I. riparia, Raf. (False Pimperxel.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4 - 8' high), or at first simple and erect, leafy ; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3" long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.) — Wet places; common. 14. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5) parted. Corolla short. 2-lip])ed, with the up- per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete ; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila- ments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage ; anthers 2-celled, didymous ; no sterile filaments. Style short ; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several -many-seeded. — Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or cree])ing annuals, in mud or siiallow water, witli opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute wliite or ])urplish flowers solitary in tlie axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of fiiKpos, small, and &w9€/j.ou, flower.) 1. M. Nuttallii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1 -2' high; leaves obovate- spatulate or oval ; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit be- coming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of tlie lateral ones ; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the fila- ment itself; stigmas subulate. — Tidal mud of rivers, N.J. to Fla. Aug. - Oct. 25 386 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 - 4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted ; anther-cells not confluent. Style slen- der ; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering be- low with the axis. — Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, erenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from cvv, together, and evp'.s, a little door ; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped ; spike dense (5-12' long) ; corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than the calyx, usually 2-3-parted. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich, to Minn., south to Ind., 111., and Iowa, 16. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. Calyx 4- (rarely 3 - 5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely .5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many- seeded. — Chiefly herbs ; leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; floAvers blue, flesh- color, or white. (Derivation doubtful ; perliaps the flower of St. Veronica.) § 1. LEPTANDRA. Tall perenmals, with mostly ichorled leaves; racemes terminal, dense, spiked ; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cle/t. 1. V. Virginica, L. (Cclver's-root. Culver's Physic.) Smooth or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2 - 6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. — Rich woods, Vt. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug. § 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla wheel-shaped ; capsule more or less notched, strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs. * Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite ; corolla pale b'ue. -t- Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded. 2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and rcoting at base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2-3' long) ; pedicels spreading; corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June- Aug. (Eu., Asia.) 3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, decumbent at base, then erect (8-1.5' high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base ; the slender pedicels spreading. — Brooks and ditches, common. June - Aug. SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWOUT FAMILY.) 387 ■«- •»- Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded. 4. V. scutellata, L. (Maksh Spke!)\vell.) .^';/jno//(, slender and weak (6- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remoteli/ denticulate ; racemes several, very slender and zigzag; Jioicersfew and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels ; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didymous. — Bogs, common. June- Aug. (Ku., Asia.) 5. V. officinalis, L. (Common Spkkdwell.) Pulicsmit ; stem inns- trate, rooting at base; leaves short-petioled, uhovule-elliptical or ived;je-ol>lont/, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely manij-Jlowered ; pedicelsshorter than the calvx ; capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woi^d.s, N. Kng. to Mich. , and southward. July. (Ku., Asia.) V. Cii.\M^i)KYS, L. Stem pubescent, at least in two lines, ascending from a creeping base; leaves subsrssile, ovate or cordate, incisel// crcnate ; racemes looselij-jloivered ; pedicels little longer than calyx ; capsule triangular-obcor- date. — Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and l*enn. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Leaves opposite ; floivers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts leaf -I ike; capsules fat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostli/ turning blackish in drying). 6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2-12' high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile ; raceme hairy, few-foivered, crowded ; capsule obovate, notched. — Alpine sum- mits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.) 7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Spkedwkli..) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches ascending and simple (2 - 4' high) ; leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rouniled, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts; raceme loose; corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes ; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Roadsides and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May -July (Eu., Asia.) * * * Annuals ; foral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate ; corolla shorter than the calyx. H- Flowers short-pndicelled ; foral leaves reduced ; corolla shorter than the calyx. 8. V. peregrina, L. (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.) Glan- dular-puberulent or nearly smooth, erect (4-9' high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost .-sessile (whitish) flowers; cap- sale orbicular, slightly notched, many-seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April -June. V. ARVENSis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched (3 - 8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate ; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire ; cajisule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Culti- vated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) ■*- -•- Flowers long-pedicelled in axds of ordinary leaves ; seeds cup-shaped. V. AGRESTis, L. (Field Speedwell.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate- toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calvx-lobes oblong; flower small; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1 - 2 seeded. — Saixly fields, \ Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.) V. BVxBAt':Mii, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovato. crenately cut-toothed (§ - 1' long) ; flower large (nearly i' wide, l>lue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely 388 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) spreading in fruit ; capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 1 6 - 24-seeded. — Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) V. heder^f6lia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3- 7-. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 389 § 1. DASYSTOMA. Corolla yellow, the tube woollij inside, as well as the an- thers and Jilaments ; anthers alike, aicn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatljid. * Pubescence partly glandular and viscid ; corolla pubescent outside. 1. G. pedicul^ria, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2-3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lauceolate, i)innatlfnl, and the lobes cut and tootlied ; ])edicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes. — Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. * * No glandular pubescence ; corolla glabrous outside ; perennial. 2. G. grandiflbra, Benth. Minutely downy ; stem much branched (2- 4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatljid ; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or tootlied calyx-lobes. — Oak openings, Wise, and Minn, to Tenn. and Tex. 3. G. fl^va, L. (Downy False Foxglove. ) Pubescent with a Jine close down; stem (3 -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pmnatijid ; pedicels very short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube , corolla H' long. — Open woods, X. Eng. to Wise, and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark. 4. G. quercif61ia, Pursh. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Smooth and glaucous (3 - G° high), usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnat- ijid ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatljid or entire ; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx ; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2' long. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and 111. 5. G. laevigata, Eaf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1-2° high) mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; pedi- cels shorter than the calyx-tube: corolla 1' long. (G. integrifolia, Gray.) — Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and 111., south in the mountains to Ga. § 2. OTOPHYLLA. Corolla purple {rarely white), naked ivithin, as ivell as the very une(jual Jilaments ; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or spar- ingly hairy. 6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rougii-hairy ; stem erect, nearly simple (9-20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lol)e on each side at the base ; Jiowers nearly sessile in the axils (T long). — Low gi'ounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo. 7. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3-7 narrmrly linear acute divisions, those sub- tending the densely spicate Jiowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1' long. — Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex. § 3. GPniARDlA proper. Corolla jnirple or rose- terranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3 - 5' high) ; divisions of the calyx lance- awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla, Avhich is 1' long, with 2 yellow LKNTIHLLAlilACE.IC. (BLADDKKWoIM lAMILV.) 395 bearded folds iu the throat, and obovate lobes. — Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. aud Tex., and west to tlie Pacific. April- July. 2. A. fascicul^tum. Gray. ScaJij stem erect and risiiuf 3-4' out of the ground, mostly longer tliau the crowded peduudee; dirisions of the rnli/x tri- angular, veri/ much shorter than the corolla, which has rounosite leaves. (The alxM-iginal name.) 1. C. speciosa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with tliihn Marlyn, of Cambridge, England.) 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oldique. entire or un- dulate, the u])i)er alternate ; corolla dull white or j)urplish, or spotted with yel- low and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., 111., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north. Order 80. ACANTHACEiE. (Ac.WTiirs Family.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamuus or diandrous sta- mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4 - 12-) seeded capsule: seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually fiat and 400 ACANTHACEi-E. (aCANTHLS FAMILY.) supported by hooked projections of the placentce (retinacula). — Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form ; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the Avorld ; represented in gardens by Thunbp:rgia, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks. * Corolla not obviously bilabiate, tlie 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading ; stamens 4. 1. Caloplianes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2 - 4-seeded. 2. Kuellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6- 20-seeded. * ♦ Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading ; stamens 2. 3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded. 1. CALOPHANES, Don. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristiforra. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Sta- mens 4, the anthers muci'onate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2 -4-seeded. — Low branching per- ennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from kuKos, beautiful, and (paivw, to appear.) 1. C. Oblongifolia, Don. Stems usually erect and simple, ^-1° high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (!' long or less) ; co- rolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom Tloug; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute. — Fine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla. 2. RUELLIA, Plumier. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, Avith spreading ample border, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8- 12-seeded. Seeds with a muci- laginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the nucroscope innumerable taper- ing short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, wdth rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Ca- lyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.) 1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft Avhitish hairs (1 -3° high) ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (I -2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla (1 - H' long) fully twice the length of the seta- ceous cali/x-lobes ; the throat short. — Dry ground, ISIich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. June -Sept. — Var. AMnfouA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubes- cent or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger ; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx. — Va. and Ky. to Ala. Ap- pearing like a liybrid with the next. 2. R. Strepens, L. Glabrous or sparincjly pubescent (1 -4° high) ; leaves narroived at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^-5' long) ; tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slitjldlt/ VKRBENACE.*:. (VKKVAIN lA.MIl.V.; 401 exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lubes. — Kich soil, I'eun. to Wise, south to Fla. and Tex. .luly - Sept. — \'ar. cleij^tAntha, (Jniv. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong ; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. — Com- mon with the ordinary f(»rni. 3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Watek-Willuw. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the l)ud. Stamens 2; anthers 2celled, the cells separated and somewhat unecjual. Capsule obovate, flattened, con- tracted at base into a short stalk, 4-sceded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary pe- duncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of his, double, ^nd avQy^pd, anther , the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.; 1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1-3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- gated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; corolla 4-5" long. — In water, N. W. Vt. to Wise, south to S. C. and Tex. July -Sept. Order 81. VEKBENACE.^. (Vervain Family.) Herbs or shi'ubs, ivith opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled) fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many l-seeded indehiscent nutlets; differing from the following order in the ovarv not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants .«eldom aro- matic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions. Tribe I. VEKBENE^. Ovary '2-4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell 1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calj'x tubular. Fruit siilitting into 4 nutlets. 2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets. 3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets. Tribe II. PHRYME.iE. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect, ortliotropous. 4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene. 1. VERBENA, Tourn. Vervain. Calyx tubular, .'j-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat une(jually 5- deft. Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled sj)ikes, bracted ; produced all sum- mer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.) — The spe- cies present numerous spontaneous hybrids. § 1. Anthers not appendaged ; Jlowers small, in narroiv spikes. * Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspic- uous bracts shorter than the calyx. V. ofkicjnXlis, L. (European V.) Annual, glabrous or nearlv so, loosely branched {l-3<=> high); leaves pinnatifld or 3-clff}, oblonfj-Ionce'olate, •26 402 VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled ; flowers pur- plish, very small. — Roadsides and old fields, N. «J. to Minn., south to Tex., and westward. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. V. urticaefolia, L. (White Y.) Perennial, from minutely pubes- cent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3-5° high); leaves oval or oblung-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes at length much elongated, loosely pan- icled; flowers very small, wJdte. — AYaste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.) * * Spikes thicker or densel ij flowered ; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other ; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers ; perennial. 2. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Low (6-18' high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; spikes few or single ; tlie purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry or sandy gronnd, Mass. to Minn., south to Ila. and Ark. 3. V. hastata, L. (Blue Vervain.) Tall (4-6^ high); leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanreolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at base ; spikes linear, erect, corymbed or pani- cled ; flowers blue. — Waste grounds and roadsides ; common. 4. V. Stricta, Vent. (Hoary V.) Downy with soft ivhitish hai7's, erect, simple or branched (1-2° high); leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick, someAvhat clustered, hairy ; flowers rather large, purple. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex. * * * S])ikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted ; annual. 5. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, re- motely flowered ; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple flowers. — Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward. §2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped ; flowers showy, from de- pressed-capitate becoming spicate. 6. V. bipinnatifida, Xutt. Hispid-hirsute, ^-\° high; leaves (l|-4' long) bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions, the lobes commonly linear or broader; bj-acts mostly surpassing the calyx; limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 - 5" broad. — Plains and prairies, Kan. to Ark. and Tex., and westward. 7. V. Aubl6tia, L. Slender, 1° high or less, soft-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves (1 -2' long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, in- cisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft ; bi'acts shorter than or equal- ling the calyx; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6-8" broad. — Open woods and prairies, Ind. and 111. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex. 2. LIPPIA, lloust. Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2 lipped ; upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (Fog-fruit.) Creeping extensively, roughish, green ; leaves ohlanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; peduncles axillary, slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish- LABIA'IVK. (MINT FAMILY.) 403 white flowers ; bracts mucronate or jtointless. — Kiver-baiiks, E. Vcnu. to Minn., soulli to Fla. ami Tex. July -Sept. 2. L. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, pro- cumbent (not cic(/tiii(j), inhiuteli/ cunesceiit (hroiujhont ; leaies rif/id, cuneate- linear, incisely 2-G-tuotlicd above the middle; peduncles axillary, mostly shorter than the leaves ; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abrupt/ 1/ acuminate ; corolla white (?). — Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona. 3. CALLICARPA, L. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular bell-sha])ed, 4-.5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted ; anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry -like druj)e, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small (lowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of kclWos, beauti/, and Kapnoi, fruit.) 1. C. Americana, L. (Fuencu MuLniiUUV.) Leaves-ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes n»any-flowered; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color. — Rich soil, Va. to Tex., thence north to Mo. May -July. 4. PHRYMA, L Lopsked. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped tterh; the lower shorter, 2-tO()tlied. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower nmch larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. F'ruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. Cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herl), with slender branch- ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petiolcd ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reHexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 1. P. Leptost^chya, L. riant 2-.3° high; leaves 3-5' long, thin; calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long .sientier teetii hooked at the tip. — Moist and open woods, common. (IC. Asia.) Ordkr 82. LABIATyli:. (.Mint Family.) Cliiejlij herbs, icith s(]uare stems, opposite aromatic lewes, more or less 2- lippeil corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply A-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes^ surroundiny the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filed icith a sin- f/le erect seed. — Nutlets smooth or barely rougliish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. I'mbryo straight (excei)t in Scutellaria); radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lij) of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted (m the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lol)ed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. F^oliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which deju-nds the warnjih and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family. 404 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally ; ovary merely 4-lobed. Tribe I. AJUGOIDE^. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5- 10-uerved. * Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes, 1. Tricliostema. Corolla-lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted. 2. Isantlius. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included. * * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very short ; stamens exserted from the cleft. 3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip. 4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip. II. Nutlets smooth or granulate ; scar basal, small ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Tribe II. SATUKEINE^. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers 2- celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave. * Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit. 5. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2. 6. Ferilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included. * * Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate. *- Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant. 7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 8. Lyeopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. H- ••- Corolla more or less 2-lipped. *+ Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never cojivergent nor curved. = Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair. 9. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. = = Stamens 4 ; calyx 10-13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10). 10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally .5-toothcd. Stamens exserted. 11. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2- lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-tootlied. Spikes with large colored bracts. 13. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lii)ped. Bracts minute ; leaves very small. ■H- ++ Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 15). 14. Satwreia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. 15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-Iipped. Tube of corolla straight. 16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-sliaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward. 17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. Tribe III. MONAKDE^. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel ; anthers apparently or really 1-cellcd. Corolla strongly 2-lipped. 18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower. 19. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con- flueni; into one, the connective inconspicuous. 20. Blepliilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last. Tribe IV. NEPETE^. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. * Anthers not approximate in pairs ; their cells parallel or nearly so. 21. liophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted ; upper pair declined, lower ascending. 22. Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla. I LABiAT.i-:. (mint rA.MIl.V.) 405 • • Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; tlieir cells divuricatc or divei-gent ; filaments ascending, not exscrtcd. 23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 6-tootlied. 24. Dracocephaluin. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger. Tribe V. SCLTEL,L,AKINE^. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit; the rounded lii>s entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched. 23. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side. Tribe VI. STACHYDE.^. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, tiie lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5-10- nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 2G). * Calyx reticulate-vemy, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit. 26. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft * * Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3-5-lobed. oi)en. 27. Physostegla. Calyx 5-toothed or .Vlobed. Antl.ii -. ells parnllel. 28. Synaiidra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed ! Anthei-cells widely divei-gent. • « * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5 - 10-toothed. -t- Stamens included in the short oorolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave. 29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth. ■t- -t- Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla. ** Stamens not deflexed after anthesis ; naturalized from the Old World. BO. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-forni, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 31. Plilomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 32. Leonurns. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised. 33. Liaiuiuni. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate. 34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers trans- versely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate. *~- ++ Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis. 35. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into one. Nutlets rounded at top. 1. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue Curls. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1-flowercd pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlet.s, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, tlie short teeth of the calyx u])ward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to pink, rarely white, small; in .snmmer and autumn. (Name comi)o.sed of dp(^, hair, and arriixa, sUnncn, from the ca|)illary filaments.) 1. T. dichotomum, L. (H.vstakd rj;NNYRovAL.) ^'iscid with rather minute pubescence ; leaves lance-oblonf/ or rhombic-lanceolate , rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. 2. T. line^re, Nutt. Pubemlent, more slender and less forked ; leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Conn, to La., near the coast; in sandy ground. 40G LABiAT.i:. (mint family.) 2. ISaNTHUS, .Michx. False Pennyroyal. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spread- ing lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely ex- ceeding the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3-flowered peduncles. (Name from Xbular or interrupt! d and oblonej head, often with one or more clust(!rs in tiie axils of the ui)per leaves; calyx and usuallv the pedicels liairv. 'IMie common form has the stems hairy downward. — Wet places, N. Eng. to Del. ; rare. — \.\x. < ufspA, Henth., is a glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dcntate and crisped leaves. — Ditches, N. J., etc. * * * Flowers in globular tchorls or clusters, all in the arils of the leaves, the up- permost axils not Jiowtr-bearing ; leaves more or less petioled, toothed. M. SATivA, L. (WnoRi.ED MiNT.) Stem hairy downward : leaves ovate, sliarplv serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender tetth. — Waste damp places, ALass. to Penn. ; not conunon. Passes into the next. 408 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) M. ARVExsis, L. (Corn Mint.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; leaves obtusely serrate ; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields, N. Eug., etc. ; rare. 1. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Leaves varying from ovate- oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short ; hairs on the stem not conspicuously refiexed. The commoner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. — Wet places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward. Var. glabrata, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former sometimes very shurt-petioled ; scent sweeter, as of Monarda. — Similar range. 8. LYCOPXJS, Tourn. Water Horehound. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the upper pair either vSterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins. — Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinuatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers ; in sum- mer. (Name compounded of \vkos, a wolf, and vovs,/oot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) * Stolon if erous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous ; leaves onhj serrate. -H- Calgx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets. 1. L. Virginicus, L. (Bugle-^veed.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6' -2*^ high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acu- minate at both ends, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth ovate. — Shady moist places. Lab. to Pla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent. H- -*- Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets. •^ Bracts minute; corolla tivice as long as the calyx. 2. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; leaves closely sessile, o\3ite or lanceolate-oblong (1-2' long), sparsely sharply serrate; calyx- teeth subulate, rigid. (L. Europseus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man.) — Pine barrens of N. J, to Cape Cod, Mass. {Deane). 3. L. rubellus, Moench. Stem ratlier obtusely 4-angled ; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, (tttenuate-acn- minate at both ends (S' long) ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, wof rigid-pointed. (L. Europaeus, var. integrifolius, Gray.) — Penn. to Minn., and southward. •^ -t-t- Outer bracts conspicuous ; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx. 4. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2-3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 -4' long), acute or acu- minate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so ; calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate. — Sask. and Minn, to Kan., thence west to Calif. * * Xot stoloniferous ; leaves incised or pinnatifid. 5. L. sinuatns, Ell. Stem erect, 1-3° high, acutely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (li-2' long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate- pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole : calyx-teeth short-cuspidate ; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with glob- ular or spatulate tips. (L. Europ^us, var. sinuatus, 6'ra//.) — Common. LABIATE.. fMINT FAMILY.) 409 9. CUNILA, L. DiTTANv. Calyx ovate tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- lipped ; upper lip erect, Hattish. mostly notched ; the lower .spreading, 3-cleft. 8t:imen.s 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile filaments short, minute. — Peren- nials, with small white or |)urplish tiowers, in corymbcd cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.) 1. C. Mariana, L. (Co.mmon' Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymhosely much branched (1° liigh) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at ba.sc, nearly sessile, dotted (T long) ; cymes pedunded; calyx stri- ate.— Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark. 10. HYSSOPUS, Tonni. Hyssop. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, eciually 5-tootlied, naked in the tliroat. Corolla short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle hjbe larger and 2urplish or wliitisli flowers, produced all summer; infloresi-ence various. (Name composed of koAo's, heauti/ul, and fxlvda, Mint.) § 1. Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts: cali/x villous in tlie throat. * Pubescent; peduncles short but nwstlii distinct : bracts minute. C. Nepeta, Link. (Basil-Thyme.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1-3° high) ; leaves petioled, l)roa s ly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from fieXicra-a, a bee ; the ti.^..ers yielding abundance of houey.) M. officinXlls, L. (Co.^imon Balm.) Upright, branching, perennial, pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Xat. from Eu.) 17. HE DEO MA, Pers. Mock Pexnyroval. Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Eertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clus- ters of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from T]Zv6(T^iov, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) * Sterile filaments manifest; leaves ohlong-ovate, petioled, somewhat serrate. \. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pexn-yrotal.) Erect, branch- ing, hairy ; whorls few-flowered ; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower setaceous-subulate ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) .scarcely exserted (2 - 3" long) ; taste and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. — Common from N. Eng. to Dak., and southward. * * Sterile filaments minute or obsolete ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so. 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low; leaves linear, crowded, almost gla- brous, somewhat hispid-ciliate ; bracts spreading or refiexed ; upper flowers rather crowded ; calyx-teeth all subulate, equalling the bluish corolla. — Plains, Minn, and Dak. to W. 111. and La. 3. H, Drummondi, Benth. Pubescent or pnberulen*, a span or two high; leaves oblong to linear ; bracts mostly erect; calyx hirsute or hispid, its teeth at length connivent, the lower nearly twice as long as the upper. — Cen- tral Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward. 18. SALVIA, L. Sage. Calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; upper lip straight or scythe shaped, entire or barely LABI AT.*:. (mint FAMILY.) 413 notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Sta- mens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective one end of which, ascending under the upper lip, hears a linear l-celled (half ) anther, the other, usually descending, bears an ini])erfect or deformed (half) anther or none at all. — Flowers mostly large and sliowy, in spiked, racemed, or panided whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in alhi- sion to the reputed iiealing qualities of Sage.) * Both anther-cells polliniferous ; leaves mostly It/rateli/ lobed or pinnatifid. 1. S. lyr^ta, L. (Lyre-leaved Sage.) Low perennial (10-20' high), somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves lyre-shaped or sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a single- pair, smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not hunger than the ca- lyx ; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1' long) short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, N. J. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. * * Lotver antheriiiLis/i, not spotted. — Neb. to Tex. 20. BLEPHILIA, Uaf. Calyx ovoid-tubular, l.J-ncrvcd, 2-lii)i)ed, naked in the tliroat ; upper Up with 3 awned teeth, tlie lower with 2 nearly awnlcss teeth. Corolla inllated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cle£t, its lateral lobes ovate and rountled, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exstrted (the ui)per pair minute or none) ; anthers, etc., as in Monarda. — I'erennial herbs, with nearly tlie foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale ])luish purple flowers crowde*! in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from fi\f(pap{s, the eijcUtsh, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.) 1. B. Ciliata, Kaf. Somewhat downy (1 - 2° high) ; leaves tdmost sessile, ohloiuj-ovate, narroiced at base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx ; corolla hairy. — Dry open places, Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan. 2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-aicl-shaped, shorter tlian the long-haired calyx ; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. — Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex. 21. LOPHANTHUS, Bcnth. Giaxt Hyssop. Calyx tul)ular-l)ell-sliai)ed, 15-nerved, ol)]i(ine, 5-tootlied, the upper teeth rather longer than tlie others. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip nearly erect, 2- lobed, the lower somewhat sjjrcading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; tlie upper ])air declined, the lower aiul shorter pair as- cending, so that the pairs cro.ss ; anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrn])ted terminal sjdkes; in summer. (Name from \j(pos, (X crest, and &v6os, ajloner.) 1 L. nepetoides, Benth. Stem stout, 2^-6° high, .sharply 4-angled, smooth, or nearly so ; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-tootlied (2-4' long); spikes 2-6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; rali/x- teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish- yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex. 2. L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes- cent ; cah/r-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4-15' long); otlierwise like the last. — Same range. 3. li. anis^tUS, Benth. Smooth, bnt the ovate acute leaves glaucous ivhitc underneath with minute down; r(di/.r-teeth htnccolatr, acute. — Plains, Wise, to Minn., Neb., and westward. — Foliage with the scent of anise. 416 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 22. CEDRONELLA, Moench. Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3- cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale pur- plish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aro- matic leaves of C. triphylla, the Dalm-of-Gllead of English gardens.) 1. C. COrdata, Benth Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (1^' long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. — Moist shady banls, W. Penu. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn. 23. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mixt. Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concavo, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta- mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter ; antliers ap- proximate in pairs, the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) § L Ci/mose clusters rather dense and man ij-Jioicered , forming interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and brad-like. "N. CatXkia, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched ; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dotted with purple. -^ Near dwellings; a very common weed. July -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) §2. GLECH6MA. Leaves all alike ; the axillari/ clusters loosehjfeiv-Jlou-ered. N. Glech6ma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.) Creep- ing and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. — Damp or shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 24. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. Dragon-Head. Calyx tubular, 13- 15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, Avith its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter . anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many -flowered, mostlv spiked or capitate, and Avith awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts- (Name from SpaKcou, a dragon, and Ke - U) toothed, the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. I'pjier lip of the corolla erect, 420 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla. — Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) M. vulgXke, L. (Commox Horehocnd.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 re- cnrved teeth, the alternate ones shorter ; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 30. BALLOT A, L. Fetid Horehound. Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread- ing regular border, with 5- 10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.) B. NIGRA, L. (Black Horeiiouxd.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ; the root pereimial ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-tiowered, dense ; calyx- teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, X. Eng., Penu., etc. ' (Xat. from Eu.) 31. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerusalem Sage. Calyx tubular, .5 - 10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and ap- proximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair longer than the others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther- cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. AVhorls dense and many-flow- ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.) P. TUBEROSA, L. Tall perennial (3 -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate- heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. — S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 32. LEON CJ BUS, L. Motherwort. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla ob- long and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, Avith cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers m their axils ; in summer. (Name from k4wv, a lion, and ovpa, tail, i. e. Lions-tail.) L. Cardiaca, L. (Common ^Motherwort.) Tall perennial ; leaves long- petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. — Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) L. Marrubiastrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem- leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx- teeth, the tube naked within"; loAver lip rather erect. — Roadsides, N. J. to Del., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) L. SiBiRicus, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2-5-cleft, or deeplv 3-7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Penu. ; also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and Asia.) 33. LAMIUM, L. Dead-Nettle. Calvx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth." Corolla dilated at tlie throat ; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, uar- LABIAT.K. (mint FAMILY.) 421 rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at tlie apex, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones sniall, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers ap- ])r(»ximatc in pairs, 2-cclled, the cells divergent. Nutlets trun<-:ile. — Decum- bent herbs, the lowest leaves sniall antl long-jx-iioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral sul)tending the whorled Hower-cluster; spring to autumn. (Name from Aai/xos, throat, in allusion to the ringeut corolla.) * Annuals or biennials, low ; Jioxcors small, purple, in few u-horls or heads. L. AMPLEXiCAtJLE, L. Leaves rouudcd, dee])ly crenate-toothod or cut, the vpjter ones claspinrj; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lol)es truncate. — Kather common. (Nat. from Eu.) L. PLKPtiREiM, L. Leaves roundish or (d)long, heart-shaped, crenate- toothed, all petiole (l. — N. Eng. and Tenn. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Perennial, taller ; Jloivers larger, in several axillarif whorls. L. AuMM, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, oblicpiely con- tracted near the ba,se, where there is a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth. — E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.) L. M.^ciLXTr.Ai, L. Like the last, but leaves more fre(piently marked with a white spot on the ujjper face, and flowers i)urplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique. — Sparingly esca})ed. (Adv. from Eu.) 34. GALE dp SIS, L. 1 1 1: mi-Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about .5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- ti])])e(i teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart sliai)ed ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending uuder the u])i)er lip; anther-cells transverseli/ 2-valved : the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches, and several - mauy-fiowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves whieli are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed uf yaK^rj, a iceasel, and o |<$, re- semblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) G, TetkXiiit, L. (Commox Hemp-Nettle.) Stem swollen below the Joints, brisiljf-hairij ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx ; or, in var. grandiflOka, 3-4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) G. l...\nANi::M, \j. (Red 11.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; leaves oblong -lan- ceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted witli yel- low), much exceeding the calyx. — E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu. ) 35. STACHYS, Tourn. Hedge-Nettle. Calyx tubular-bell shaped, 5 - 10-nerved, eipuilly 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often aroiied, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually- longer and spreading, 3-lobcd, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers api)roximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2 -many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from aTaxvs, a spike). Flowers i>urple or rose-retl, in summer. * Root annual ; stems decumbent, low. S. ARVENSis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovjite, obtuse, crenate ; whorls 4-6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx. — Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.) 422 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) * * Root perennial ; stem erect, •i- Leaves ohscurehj or not at all cordate, sessile or short-pet loled. 1. S. hyssopifdlia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, ov the. noi\e?,h\rs,\\ie\ stems slender (1° high); leaves linear-ohlong or narrowly linear, sessile, ob- scurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4-6-fiowered, rather distant; corolla glabrous, twice or thrice the length of the triangnlar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo. — Yar. AMBiGUA, Gray, is stouter (1-2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3-6") serrulate leaves. — 111. and Ky. to Ga. 2. S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angled (2-3° high), leafy, hirsute icith spreading or refiexed hairs, especially on the angles; leaves sessile, or the \ov,^v short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenatehj serrate, rounded at base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2-4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the upper crow . ed into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid ; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit ; upper lip of corolla pubescent. — Wet ground, NeAvf. to Penn., westward across the continent. 3. S. aspera, Michx. Taller; stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff refiexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the last, but nearly all distinctly petioled, the lower floral as long as the floAvers; spike often slender and more interrupted; calyx mostly glabrous, the tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; corolla glabrous throughout. (S. palustris, var. aspera. Gray.) — Wet ground, common. Var. glabra, Gray. More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with feAV bristly hairs ; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, all more conspicuously petioled. (S. palustris, var. glabra. Gray.) — Western N. Y. to 111., and southward. -t- -t- Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate. 4. S. COrdata, Riddell. Rather Aveak, hirsute, 2-3° high; lea\-es all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2-5' long), the floral mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous fe\A^-floA\-ered clusters; calyx only 2" long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5" long. (S. palus- tris, var. cordata, Gray.) — Thickets, S. Ohio to loAva, south to Va., Tenn.. and Mo. Order 83. PLANTAGINACE^E. (Plantain Family.) Chiefly stemless herbs, icifh regular 4-merous spiked floicerSy the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry ajid membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the Iavo following genera. 1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. Plaxtaix. Ribavort. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly Avith dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, Avitheriug on the pod, the border 4- parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some floAvers Avith long and Aveak PLANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMII.V.) IJ.'J exseited filaments, and fugacious 2-celle(l anthers. Ovary 2- (or iu n. 5 falsely 3 - 4-) celled, witli 1 - sevenil ovules iu each cell. Style and long hairy stipjma single, filifurni. Capsule 2-celled, 2-scveral-seedLMl, opening transverielv, so that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitisli, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked .scape. (The Latiu name.) § 1. Stamens 4; Jioivers all perftct ; corolla not closed over thej'ntit. * Flowers proterogynous, the st/jlejirst projecting from the unopened corolla, the anthers long-exserted ajler the corolla has opened ; seeds not hollowed on the face {except in P. lanceolata). -t- Corolla glabrous; leaves si ronglg ribbed ; perennial. ++ Ribs of the broad lea res rising from the midrib. 1. P. COrdata, Lam. Tall, glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3-8' lon2;), loiig-pctioled ; spike at length loosely Howered ; bracts round- ovate, flesliy; capsule 2-4-secdcd. — Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. •*-<• ■*-*■ Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base. 2. P. major, L. (Common Plantain.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely roughish; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often tootiied, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense, obtuse ; sepals round- ovate orobovate; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8- 18-seeded ; seeds angled, reticulated. — Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubt- less introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward. 3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; s/>iL-es long and thin, attenuate at the apex; sepals oblong, acutely carinate ■ capsules cglindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4 -9-seeded ; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. (P. Kamtschatica, Grog, Man., not Cham.) — Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. 4 P. eriopoda, Torr. UsuaUg a mass of gellowish wool at the Ixtse ; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short stout petioles; spike den.se or loose; sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded. — Moist and saline soil; Red Kiver valley, Minn., and westward ; also on the Lower St. Lawrence. P. lanceolXta, L. (Rnj(;nASS. Ripim.kgrass. English Plantain.) Mostly hairy ; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer tlian the tauceo- late or lance-oblong teares, slender (9'- 2° high) ; s}»ike dense, at first ca|)itate, in age cylindrical; l)ract and sepals scarious, l»rownish; seeds 2, hollowed on the face. — \'ery common. (Nat. from V,\x.) -■- -t- Corolla-tube externallg pubescent; leaves linear or fibform, flesh g, indis- tinctlg ribbeel ; seeds 2-4; maritime, eiften woollg at base. 5. P. decipiens, Barncoud. .4 nn»/a/, or sometimes biennial with a stout rootstock, smootli, or the scape pubescent ; leaves fiat or fiattish and channelled, erect, nearly as lung as the scape (5- 12'), acuminate ; s|)ike sh^nder, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, Grag, Man.) — Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to X. J. The characters distinguishijig biennial speci- mens of this from the next are obscure. 424 PLANTAGINACE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 6. P. maritima, L. Perennial; spikes deuse. — Coast of Mass.; Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu-) * * Flowers of 2 sorts {as respects length of anthers and f laments) on different plants, viostljj cleistogamous; corolla-lohes broad, rounded, persistently spread- ing; seeds 2, boat-shaped ; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky -pubescent or woolly ; annual. 7. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves 1 -3-uerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform ; spike very dense (i-4' long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre. — Prairies and dry plains, Minn, to Ind., Ky., and Tex., Avestward to the Pacific. Very variable. — Var. nuda. Gray • with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts. — Var. spinulosa, Gray; a canescent form with aristately pro- longed and rigid bracts. — Var. aristXta, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.) § 2. Floicers subdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the corolla in the fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted ; sterile flowers ivith spreading corolla and long-exserted f laments ; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial. * Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile ; stamens 4. 8. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary -pubescent (2-9' high) ; leaves ob- long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5 nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1-2' long); seeds usu- ally 2. — Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. 111., south to Fla. and Ariz. * * Leaves linear or filiform; fiowers very small ; stamens 2; spike slender. 9. P. pusilla, Xutt. Minutely pubescent (1-4' high); leaves entire; capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.- Aug. 1 0. P. heterophylla, Xutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed ; capsule oblong-conoidal, lO-2S-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. — Low sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr. -June. 2. LITTORELLA, L. Flowers monoecious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; stamens exserted on very long capillar} filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape ; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals ; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3 - 4- toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, ti])ped witli a long later- ally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or Itttus, shore, from the place of growth.) 1. L. laeiistris,, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless ; leaves terete, linearfsubu'ate, 1 -2'' long. — In water or on gravelly shores. Nova Scotia and N. Bfi-unswick, to L. Champlain (Pr ingle) and Out. I NYCTAGINACE.*:. (FOUR-o'cLOCK FAMILY.) 4'2o Division III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether. Order 84. NYCTAGINACKyK. (Folr-o'clock Family.) Herbs {or in the tropica often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funucl-form calyx icliich is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-ULe pericarp ; the stamens fete, slender, and hypor/ynous ; the embryo coiled arowul the out- side of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledoJis (in Abronia mono- ootyledonous by abortion). — Rej)resonte(l in our f^artlens by the Four- o'clock, or Marvkl of Pkru (Miraijilis Jalapa), in which the calyx is connnonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx. L Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx boll shajiwi, '2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-\vinged. Calyx salvcr-fi^nn. 1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Flowers .3 -.5 in the same .5-lobe(l membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thiu and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or jini-ple) deciduous limb, plaited in the hud. Stamens mostly 3 (3-.')),hypogynous. Style filiform ; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours). — Herbs, abounding on the western plains, witii very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mcjstly clustered small flowers. (Name o^ufidcpov, a viiifyar-saurer, or small shallow ves.scl ; from the shape of the involucre.) 1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth ; stem becoming repeatedly forked, 1-3° high; leaves all petioled (except the uppermo.st reduced ones), from broadli/ ovate to la7ireolate, rounded or cordate or ciniente (it liase; inflo- rescence loose and hut slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first soli- tary in the axils) ; fruit ol)long-obovate, 2" long, rather acutely angled. — Minn, and Wise, to Tex. and La. ; rare escape from gardens in K. .Miuss. and I\. I. 2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. More or less f/landular-hirsitte, esj>ecially about the nodes and tlie usually contracted inflorescence, 1-3° high; leaves lunreo- late to linear-iancfolale, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short l)etiole; stamens often .5; fruit with thickened o])tuse angles. — Plains of the Sask. to Wise, Iowa., Xeb., and Tex. 3. O. angustifblius, Sweet. Often taW, yiabroiis except the more or le.ss hirsute peduncles and iuvcducres; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, often elongated (2-6' long) ; fruit as in the last. — Minn, to '\\'\., and wt>stward. 2. ABRONIA, Ju.ss. Involucre of 5 - 1 .') distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. Caly.x. salver-form, with oljcordate lolics. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the calyx- tube. Style included ; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit 3 - .5 winged. 426 NYCTAGINACEJE. (POUR-o'CLOCK FAMILY.) Embryo niouocotyledonous. — Low herbs, with thick opposite petioled une- qual leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy flowers in solitary heads. (Xanie from a^pos, rjracefuL) 1. A. fragrans, A'utt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial root ; leaves ohlonj^ or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base ; involucre conspic- uous, of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4-10" long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated wings. — From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex. Order 85. ILLECEBRACE^E. (Knotwort Family.) llerhs, lollh mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except in Scleranthus), a 4-d-foothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persis- tent calyx, no petals, stamens home on the calt/x, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal funiele, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen. — Small diffu^^e or tufted herbs, with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes. 1. Anycliia. Stamens on the basj of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any. 2. Paroiiycliia. Stamens on the bas§ of the 6-paited calyx ; the sepals hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top. 3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. Styles 2 Stipules none. 1. ANYCHIA, Michx. Forked Chickweed. Sepals .5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenisli. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Kadicle turned downward. — Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same deri- vation as the next genus.) 1. A. dichotoma, Michx. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and spreading ; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or ob- lanceolate ; ^oz<;ers nearly sessile and somewhat clustered. — Mostly in open places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark. 2. A. capillacea, DC. Smooth, lomjer-jointed, slender and erect ; leaves thinner, broader and longer (5-15" \ou^) ; flowers more stalked and diffuse. (A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, Torr.) — Diy woodlands, same range as the last, but more abundant northward. 2. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort. Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or stami- nodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs (ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.) 1. P. argyrocoma, Xutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, s;j/-eai/i'«^ ,- leaves linear {^' long) ; flowers densely clustered, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery bracts; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mere teeth between the AMAI:AXTA( K.I-, (AMAKANTII lA.MII.V.) 427 Stamens. — Bare mountaiu slopes of the White Mts., and in the Allei?hauie« from V'a. to Ga. ; also coast of Maine and near New hniv port, Mass. July. 2. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (G- 12' hi^li) ascending from a rather woody base ; leaves (^ - 1 A' long) nud hrurts narrow Iv (itrl-shn/ted ; ci/nies open, man n-times forked ; se])als short-pointed; minute bristles iu place of petals. — Kocks, Md. to X. C. and Te.x. July - Sept. 3. P. Jam^sii, Torr. & (iray. Suhcespitose, much branched from the somewhat woody base, minutely puherulent; leaves filiform subulate, obtust.' or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; caly.x narrow-campanulate with turbinate base. — Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex. 3. S CLE RAN THUS, L. Knawkt.. Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cu]), en<'lnsing tlie utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, witli awlshajjcd leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no sti])ules. (Name from .) Leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifil ; spikes more elon- gated, mostli/ leafess. — From Long Island and southward, west to Wise, and Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Anier.) ROUBIEVA, Moquin. k Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx urceolate, 3-5-tootlie(l, becoming enlarged and saccate, contracted at the apex and enclosing the fruit. iStamens 5, included; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular. — Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves. R. :\rrLTfFiDA, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; leaves lanceolate to linear (|- H' long), deeply ]»innatilid with narrow lobes ; fruiting calyx obovate. (Chenopodium inultitidum, A.) — Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 5. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. Orache. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate like the flowers of Cheno- podium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile consisting simjdy of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orache, there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without stamens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and .'\utumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of tlie Greek, aTpdthed ; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts broad, often cut- toothed and warty. — Sj)aringly introduced at the cjvst. (.\dv. from Eu.) 1. A. patulum, L. Erect or prostrate (1-4° high), dark green and glabrous or s(»me\viiat scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate (1 -4' h>ng), tiie lower sometimes opjjosite, entire or sparingly sinuate-/c!iral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into two portions. — Fleshy saline plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) 1. S. linearis, ^Nloq. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1-2° high, branched; leaves narrou- at base, \-2' long, acute ; floral bracts acuminate, on slender branchlets ; sepals very thick ; anthers exserted ; seed horizontal, round-oval, black, ^" broad. (S. maritima, (jraij ; not Dumort.) — Sea-coast, N. Scotia to Fla. — A doubtful form of E. Mass. has the bracts and shorter leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender branchlets, and reddish seeds nearly 1" broad. 2. S. depressa, Watson. Annual, decumbent or erect, branching from the base; liares broadest at base, the cauline3- 12" long, the floral lanceolate to ovate ; one or more of the calyx-lobes reri/ strongly carinate or crested. — Saline soil. Red Kiver Valley, Minn., to Col., and westward. 9. SALS OLA, L. Saltwout. Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, ))ersistent and enclosing the de])resse(l fruit in its base; its divisions at lengtli horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without all)umen, filled by the embryo, which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs or slightly shrubby branching plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl sliaped leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty.) 1. S. Kali, L. (Co.MMON Saltwort.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, rough or smoothish ; leaves all alternate, awl-shaj)ed, pricky-pt)iiited ; flowers single ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orltiiular aud spreading. — Sandy sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.) Order 88. PHYTOLACCACE^. (Pokewekh Fa.mily.) Plants laith alternate entire leaces and perfect Jlowevs, having the general characters of Chenopodiaceae, hid usuallg a several-celled ovarg coniposid of as 77ianJ/ carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit. 436 PHYTOLACCACEJi. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. Calyx of 5 rouuded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5 - 12 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of (pvrov, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.) 1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeon- Berk v.) Stamens and styles 10. — Low grounds. July -Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 4-6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6-9° high ; calyx white; ovary green; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn. Order 89. POLYGONACE^E. (Buckwheat Family.) Herbs, with alternate erdire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocrese, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or S styles or stiymas, and a single erect orthoti^opous seed. Fruit usually an achene, compressed or 3 -4-angled or -winged. Km- br\o curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 - 6-cleft calyx. (Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) * Flowers iuvolucrate ; staineus 9 ; stipules none. 1. Kriogouuin. luvohicre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft. * * Flowers witliout involucre ; stamens 4 to 8. t- Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell. ++ Sepals 4 or 6, tlie outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniforin. 3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. ** *+ Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene triangular or lenticular. 4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Pedicels mostly fascicled. .0. Fasopynim. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. G. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitaiy. Leaves jointed at base. — -t- Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 7. Brunnicliia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril- climber. 1. ERIOGONUM, iMichx. Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4 - 8-toothed or lobed, usually many- flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Sta- mens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene I'OLVCONACKi*:. (urtKWUKAT lAMIl.V.) 437 triaugular. Embryo straicflit and axilo, witli foliaieous lotyleilons. — Anim- als or pereunial.s, with radical or alteruate or whorleil entire leaves, without stipules. (Name from ^piov, woul, and yivu, kiui.) 1. E. ^nnuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked ahove, 2*^ high, white- floccose-tomentose throughout; leaves ohlong-lanceolate, acute at huth ends, short-petiolate, Hat ; bracts small, triangular ; involucres numerous in terminal cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1 - 1 V' long, very tomentoso ; fiowcrs white, the outer sepals obloug-obovate, 1" long or less. — Central Kan. to ('..1.. and southward. 2. OXYRIA, Hill. MAINTAIN SORRKL. Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the outer smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but uncliaiiged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Acheue lenticular, thin, Hat, much larger tlian the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the wing. Embryo straight, in the centre of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennial, witli round- kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from 6^6$, sour, in allusion to the acid leaves.) 1. O. digyna, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney -form, usually notehed at the end; fruit orbicular. — Alj)iue region of the White Mts., and far north and westward. (Eu.) 3. RUM EX, L. Dock. Sorrkt.. Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, .sometimes united at ba.se, spread- ing in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called valves) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the all^umen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mo.stly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorlcd in panicled racemes; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name; of unknown etymology.) § I. LATATIIUM. (Dock.) Flotvers perfect or motmciouslij poli/f/amous ; herbage not sour or scarcely so ; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. {Flower- ing through the summer.) * Perennials, \ -7° high, mostli/ with fusiform roots; valves not hearing bristles. -4- Valves {large, 3" broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a small grain. R. rATiENTiA, L. (Patiknck Dock.) A very tall species, with ovate- oblong and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the joot 2- S° h^ng, and one of the heart-shapo-^ Naturalized European weeds ; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at base. R. CRfspus, L (Curled Dock.) Smooth (3-4° high); leaves ivith slronrjly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base; ivhorls crowded in prolonged ivand-Uke racemes, leafless above ; valves round-heart-shaped , obscurely denticidate or entire, mostly all grain- bearing. — In cultivated and waste ground, very common. A hybrid of this with the next is reported from ]Mass., N. Y., and ]\[d. R. obtusif6lius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish ; lowest leaves ovate-heart-shaped , obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy- margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at base, strongly reticu- lated, one of them principally grain-bearing. — Fields, etc., common. R. SANGufxEUS, L. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, often fiddle-shaped, wavy- margined ; vhorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes ; pedicels very sliort, jointed at base ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or green. — Waste and cultivated ground. R. co>rGLO:MERXTUs, Murray. (Smaller Greex Dock.) Like the last, but leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy; pedicels short, jointed below tlie middle ; valves acutish, all grain-bearing. — Moist places. POLYGON ACE.1<:. (BUCKWHEAT KAMII,V.) 43i) * * Annuals, low ; valves bearing long awns or bristles. 6. R. maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched, 6-12' hin^h ; leaves lauce-linear, wavy-margined, tlie lower auricled or lieart-shaped at base ; whorls excessively crowdetl in leafy and corni)a,itsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 4. Liindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 1. PERSEA, Gaertn. Allig.\tor Pear. Flowers perfect, Avith a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland- like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. with each proper cell divided trans versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outAvard, the others introrse. — Trees, Avith ])ersistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.) LALUACE.i:. (LALKKI. FAMILY.) 447 1. P. Carolin^nsiS, Nees. (Ri:o Bay.) Iluury with a fine down, at least when vouu^^ ; Iciives ublong, pal»,', soun smooth above; peduncle bearing few flowers iu a close cluster; sepals downy, the outer shorter; berries dark blue, on a red stalk. — Swamps. S. Del. to Kla. and Tex. May. A small tree. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nccs. Flowers dioecious, witli a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind witli 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, tlie 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers with G short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a clul)-shaped and rather flesliy reddish })edicel. — Trees, witli spicy -aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; leaves decidu- ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with .>erry-like in fruit. Style slender ; stigma 1 -sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for Joh?i Shepherd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery -downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath ; fruit yel- lowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and north and westward. May. — Shrub 3-6^ high, the branchlets, young leaves, yellowisli flowers, etc., covereil with rusty scales. 2. S. argentea, Nutt. (Blffalo-Beuuv.) Somewhat thorny, .'3 - 18^ high; leaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid and edible. — N. Minn, to Col., and westward. Order 96. LORANTHACE^. (Mistletoe Family.) Shrubby plnrHs with coriaceous greenish foliaffc, parasitic on trees, repre- sented in the northern teini)erate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near allies; distinguished from the next family more by the parasitic growth and habit, and by the more reduced llowers, than by essential characters. 1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Ben y globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous. 2. Arceuthobium. Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, fleshy. Leaves scale-like, connate. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. F.vlsk Mistletoe. Flowers dio?cious, in short catkin like jointed spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed; in the .staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of muci- laginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched items, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name composed of 'pup, a thief, and SiySpoy, tree ; from tlie parasitic habit.) 29 450 LOKANTHACE.E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (American Mistletoe.) Leaves ol)Ovate or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes, yellowish ; berries white. — On various deciduous trees, N. J. to S. Ind., Mo., and southward. 2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. Flowers axillary or teriuiual, solitary or several from tlie same axil. Calyx mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry compressed, fleshy, on a short recurved pedicel. — Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves ; flowers often crowded in apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing fruit the next autumn (From apK€u6os, the Juniper, and j8ioj, lije.) 1. A. pusillum, Peck. Very dwarf, the slender scattered or clustered stems 3-10" high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut; scales obtuse; flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly oblong, l" long. — On Abies 7H(jra ; N. New York; Hanover, N. H. {Jesup).; Pocono Mt., Penn. Order 97. SANTALACE^S:. (Saxdalwood Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4 - 5-cleft calyx valvale in the bud, its tube coherent icllh the 1-celled ovary, ichich contains 2-4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta ivhich rises from the base of the cell, but the {indehiscent) fruit altcays 1-seeded. — Seed destitute cf any projjer seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen ; radicle directed upward ; cotyledons cylindrical. Sta- mens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part belonging to warm regions. 1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low lierbacenus perennials. 2. Pyrularia. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in short spikes or racejues. Shrub. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.* Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk Avhich has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens in- serted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed. — Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic) perenni- als, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from kojxi), hair, and duSpes, for stamens, in allu- sion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem 8-10' high, branched, very leafy; leaves oblong, pale (T long) ; peduncles several and cory mhose-clustered ot the summit, se veral flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes oblong ; style slender. — Dry ground, com- mon. May, June. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees. 2. C. pallida, A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and aeuter, linear to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or some- EUPHORBIACEiE. (SPUUCK FAMILY.) 451 wliat cuspidate ; /rH/7 ovoid, larger (3-4" lon^), scflsilo or on short stout [K'tli- cols. — W. Minn, to S. W. Kan., and westward. .3. C. livida, Rii-hardson. i^cdnndes sleiidor. nrillnrii, .1 - ^^fhrn-trrd, shorter tliaii the oval leaves; calyx-tul)e not continuod l)ovoiid the ovarv, the lohrs orate; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Ncwf., N. V't., saudy shores of L. Superior, and northward. 2. PYRULARIA, Michx. Oil-nit. Hi fi am>-nit. Flowers dicccious or polyi^aiiioiis. Calyx 4-r)-cleft, the lohes recurved, hairy-tufted at base in the male Howers. Stamens 4 or .'), on very short fila- ments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear- shaped ovary invested hy the adherent tuhe of the calyx, naked at tlie Hat summit; disk with 5 glands; style short and thick; stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit Heshy and drupe-like, pear shaped ; the globose endocarj) thin. Embryo small ; albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate siiort-petioled and deciduous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and sinijjle spikes or racemes. (Name a diminutive of Pi/rus, from the shape of the fruit.) 1. P. pubera, Michx. Shrub straggling (.3-12° high), minutely downy when young, at length nearly glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate; spike small and few-flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft; fruit 1' long. (P. oleifera, (nai/.) — Rich woods, mountains of Feun. to Ga. Whole plant, especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil. Order 98. EUPHORBIACE.li:. (Spurge Family.) Plants usually tcith a milkij acrid juice^ and moncecious or dlijccious Jloir- ers, mostly apetaloxis, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally pal ypetalowt or monopetalous) ; the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or some- times a pair of ovules hanr/ing froin the summit of each cell; stigmas or branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells : fruit commonly a 3-lobed capsule, the lohes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valced ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight^ almost as long as and the fat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world ; most numerously represented in northern countries hy the jrenus Ku- phorbia, which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre. • Flowers all without culyx, included in a cup-sliaped calyx-like involucre, — the wiiole liable to be mistaken for a single flower. 1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staniinate flowers (each of a single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lol)ed pistil). • • Flowers with a calyx, without inv(»liicre. ■»- Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell ; (lowers nionaH-ious. 2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-partfletalous, in cymosc panicles (•2-3-chotomous) , stamens 10, erect in the bud. 4. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form ; armed with stinging hairs. 452 EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) i. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the hud. Stellate-downy or scurfy, or hairy and glandular ; leaves mostly entire. 5. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2 - 4-) celled. G. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. c. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes {except n. 0), apetalous (except n. 7). Stamens S or more ; anthers erect in the bud. 7. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10-15, united. Styles bifid, linear. 8. Acalypha. Calyx 4- (3-5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected. 9. Bicinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3-5-parted, Stamens very numer- ous ; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted. d. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles siniple- 10. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent. 11. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glandu- liferous. Glabrous. 1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. riowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-5-lobed involucre [flower of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flow- ers numerous and lining the base of the involuci-e, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament; anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and S-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1 -seeded carpels, which split elas- tically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6). — Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after Eupliorbus, physician to King Juba.) A. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usualli/ white or rose-colored, margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete in n. 1. § 1. AXISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all opposite, short-petioled , small, oblique at base ; stipules awl-shaped or scali/ and often fringed, persistent ; stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent ; involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands; seeds ash- colored {except in n. 10) ; annuals. * Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire ; whole plant glabrous. 1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong -linear, ob- tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4 - 8'' long) ; stipules seta- ceously divided ; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles ; lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods obtusely angled ; seeds ovate (over 1" long, the largest of this section). — Sandy shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes. 2. E. Geyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; /ea i-es oWo»^-ofa^e, obtuse, slightly mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3 -6'' long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foli- aceous lateral clusters; glands with narrow white or red appendages ; pods LI I'HUKBlACK.t:. (?SPLK«;K FAMILY.) i'i'.^ atutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at oue end (4" lung). — .^andv .s.»il, 111. i.i Wise, Minn., and Kan. 3. E. petaloidea, Kngelm. Hesemlding the last, but half-^rect and spreading ; lt(ict:i luu- 10' long), forking from near the base; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, glabrous; peduncles elongated (^-V long); pod loug-pedicelled, obtu.sely angled, nearly smcxjth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn, to Fla. ; also barrens of S. Ind. * * Leaves scattered, only the Jioral in the umbelliform injlorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape ; glands mostly 4. +- Leaves serrulate or rarely entire ; glands transversely oval, obtuse. ■w- Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or roiit/h. 16. E, Darlingtdnii, Gray. Tall /xr^MH/a/ (2-4° high); leaves entire, minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5 - 8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty ; large glob- ular seed with a small caruncle. — Copses, N. Y. and Tenn., to the mountains of N. C. July -Sept. 17. E. ObtUSata, Pnrsh. Erect annual (1-2° high); leaves oblong-spat- ulate, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; Moral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2; involucre ivith naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles dis- tinct, longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with l«>ng warts. — Damp woods, Va. to S. C, west to Iowa and Kan. May -July. E. rr.ATVntvi.LA, L. Erect annual (8-18' high) ; upper stem-leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, sulicordate ; umbel .'■)-ray«'(l ; invo- lucre icith ciliate lobes auiWiw^^e sc^nWo ^hiwU: sti/les longer than the ovary, united at base, slighthf 2-^/^/'/ ,• pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) ** -fH- Seeds rugose or reticulated ; leaves serrulate; annuals. 18. E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8-18' high); leaves oblong- or olinvatc-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper ones cordate at b;ise ; floral ones rounilish-ovate or obscurely heart- shajicd, slightly mucronate ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forkeil ; involucre with nearlv naked lobes and small almost sessile glands; styles shorter than the ovarv. spreading or recurved; pod tvarty ; seeds delicately reticulated. — Prairies and roadsiiles, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward May- July. 456 ?:uPHORBiACE^. (spurge family.) E. Heliosc6pia, L. Stems ascending (6-12' high), stout; leaves all oho- vate and very rounded or retuse at the end,^ne/y serrate, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked ; pods smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeijcoiiih-like reticulations. — Waste places, eastward and along the Great Lakes to Mich. July -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) -1- H- Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned. •t-t- Seeds smooth and dark-colored ; perennials, with running rootstocks. E. EsuLA, L. Stems clustered (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, the floral (vellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many "rays, then fo/king ; glands short-horned (brown) ; pods smoothish and gran- ular. — Mass., western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) E. Cypakissias, L. Stems densely clustered (6-10' high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent- shaped; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.) E. Nic.^^ENSis, All. Stout and tall glabrous perennial ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; terminal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; pods Jinely wrinkled. — A rare escape ; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) +-f ++ Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth; annucds or biennials. E. Peplus, L. Erect or ascending (5-10' high); leaves petioled, thin, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over |" long). — "Waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de- cumbent base (6-12' high) ; leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands Avith slender horns; capsule obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (V'' long). — Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo. * * * Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands. E. LAthyris, L. Stem stout (2-3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate ; filaments loug-exserted, thick and flat ; an- thers oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper stam- inate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented ; sepals greenish or purplish ; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from TTixx^s, thick, and avT)p, used for stamen). 1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6-9' long) bearing several ap- proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered EUPlIORBIACEiE. (SPUUGE FAMILY.) 457 spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. — Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. Marcli- May. 3. PHYLLANTHUS, I.. Flowers monaM-ious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-parted, iniI)ri(atod in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly . 'J, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in eaciicell of the ovary. C'apsulc depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-8eoded. Seeds not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name composed of ?y-p?<6escen^ (6- 12' high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile, paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens 2. (T. urens, L.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May -Aug. — Not stinging. 2. T. nepetsefolia, Cav. Ei-ect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti- oled; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticsefolia, Michx.) — Virginia [Pursh), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and westward. — T. stylIris, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from Kan., may be distinguished by its 4 - 5-parted sterile calyx, 4-5 stamens, and elongated styles. 3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Ticining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply cordate, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3-5' long), all but the uppermost long-petioled; pod |' broad. (T. cordata, Michx.) — Ky. to Ga., Fla.. and La. 11. STILLINGIA, Garden. Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of the disk none. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick ; stigmas 3, UKTICACK/E. (nKTTLK FAMILY.) 461 diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobefl, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Siiiootli upright plants, witli the alternate leaves mostly 2-glaudular at base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarelv separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. Stillimijleet.) 1. S. sylvatica, L. Herbaceous (l -3° high) ; leaves almost sessile, ob- long-lan( eohite, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry soil, \'a. to Flu., west to Kan. and Tex. June -Sept. Ordek 99. UKTICACEiE. (Xkttlk Family.) Plants with stipules, and moncEcious or dioscious or rarely (in the Elm Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calf/x, free from the 1- celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward ; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Co- tyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater part tropical). Tribe I. ULME^. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. An- thers erect ia the hud, extrnrie. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a winged samara or nut- like. Seed suspended. Embryo straight. — Trees, with alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules. 1. Ulinus. Flowers preceding the leaves Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around. 2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-lilecies. which |)artly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the Romans.) 30 466 URTICACE.'E. (nettle FAMILY.) 1. P. pumila, Gray. (Richweed. Cleakweed.) Low (3-18' high); stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clustei-s much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. — Cool and moist shaded places. July - Sept. 11. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Boehmer, Professor at Wittenberg in the last century.) 1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more or less scabrous ; stem (1 - 3° high) simple ; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stip- ules distinct; petioles short or elongated; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex. — Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable. 12. PARIETARIA, Touru. PELLiTORr. Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in- termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Style slender or none ; stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted .herbs, not stinging, with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because growing on old walls.) 1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, E. Mass. and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June - Aug. Order 100. PLATAXACE^, (Plaxe-tree Family.) Trees, icith imterTj juice, alternafe palmately-lohed leaves, sheathing slip- ules, and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, des- titute of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1 -seeded nutlets, furnished ivith a ring of bristly hai)'s about the base ; consists only of the following genus (of uncertain relationship). 1. PL AT ANUS, L. Sycamore. Buttoxwood. Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter- mixed ; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy be- low, containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of JUCiLANDACK-l-:. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 467 thin albumen. — Large trees, with the hark deciduous in broad thin brittle ])late8; dilated base o[ the petiole enclosing; the l)ud of the next season. (The ancient name, from irAarvs, hnuid.) 1. P. OCCidentillis, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, anp;ularly sinu- ate lobcd or toi»th((l, the sliort lobos sharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary, hanginf; on a long ])ednncle. — Alluvial banks, S. Maine to N. ^'t., Ont., S. E. Minn., K. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often 90-1.30° liig^b ^'th a trunk G-14° in diameter. Order lOL JUGLANDACEiE. (Walnut Family.) Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; Jlowers monoecious, the sterile t/i catkins {aments) icith an irregular calyx adnate to the hract ; the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 - b-lohed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled hut only l-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or hony nut-shell, containing a large 4-lobed ortholropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed ; radicle short, superior. Petals some- times present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera. 1. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the pre- ceding year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6- cleft. Stamens 12-40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers .solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas 2, somewhat club-sliajjcd and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy iudehi.scent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong-scented or resinous aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked l)uds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pin- nate leaves of many serrate leaflets, and tlie embryo sweet and edible. I'ith in plates. (Name contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 1. J. Cin^rea, L. (Butternut. White Walnut.) Leaflets 5-8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, the petioles and hranchlets down>/ with rlamyny hairs; fniit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured and rougli with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. Tree .50-75° high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and lighter brown wood than in the next. 2. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets 7-11 jiairs, ovate-lanceo- late, taper-pointed, somewhat lieart-shaped or une()ual at l>a.se, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy : fruit spherind, rongiily dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods, W. Mass. and Conn, to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and southward. A large and handsome tree (often 90-150° high), with rougli brown bark, and valu- able purplish-brown wood turning bhickish with age. 468 JUGLANDACE.E. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 2. GARY A, Jsutt. Hickory. Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins ; calyx naked, adhe- rent to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10; filaments short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2 - .5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle ter- minating the shoot of the season ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the smooth and crusta- ceous or bony endocarp or nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. {Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) § 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding year; bud-scales few ; fruit elongated-oblong ; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below; seed siceet ; leaflets short-stalked, numerous. 1. C. Olivselormis, Nutt. (Pecan-xut.) Minutely downy, becoming nearly smooth ; leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen- der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — Kiver Ixtttoms, S. Ind., S. 111., and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90-160° high), with delicious nuts. § 2. Sterile catkins in threes {rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers ; fruit globular or oval ; nut 4-celled at base ; leaflets sessile or nearly so. * Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner ones accres- cent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous ; husk of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 mve or less thick and when dry hard or woody valves ; seed sweet and deliciou >. (The hickory tints of the market.) 2. C. alba, Nutt. (Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.) Bark of trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully devefoped ; leaflets 5-7, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper- pointed ; fruit globular or depressed ; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mu- crouate, the shell thinnish. — N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie an^ S. E. Minn., south to Fla., E. Kan., and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70-90° high, or more), of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets. 3. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Big Shell-bark. Kixg-nut.) Bark, etc., as in n. 1 ; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above the middle, the husk very thick; nut large (lj-2' long) and usually angular, dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. — Central N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70-90° high, or more, in rich soil of bottom lands. 4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Mocker-nlt. White-heart Hickory.) Bark c/ose, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins, shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ; !kiYHiCAri:.i:. (s\vkkt-(;alk family.) 46'J leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit glob- ular or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut (jluhulur, not romj/ressi^d, 4-ridged toward the slig/itl// pointed smnmit, hroicnish, very thick-shelled, I' in diameter or sr;:i.ller. — N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, E. Nel)., and south to the Gulf. Tree 70-100° high, u.sually on rich upland hillsides. 5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. With rough clo.se hark, small ovate huds, and the glaltrous lolianc, etc., of n. 6 ; fruit small, subglohose, with rather thin husk; nut thin-shelled, not angled. — N. Y. to Del., west to Mich, and 111. » * Bud-scales numerous or feiv ; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at ma- turitijy A-valved only to the middle or tardilij to near the base ; seed more or less bitter; bark of old trunk not exfoliating. 6. C. porcina, Nutt. (Pig-nut or Buoom II.) Bud-scales nearly as in n, 4, but smaller, caducous ; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taj)er-pointed, serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (1^-2' long), with a thick bony shell ; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. — 8. Maine to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 70-90° high (rarely 120^), on dry hills and uplands. 7. C. am^ra, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged; nut globular, short-pointed, white (barely I' long), thin-walled ; seed at first sweet- tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 50-75° high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species. Order 102. MYRICXCE^. (S\vket-(;ale Family.) Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kititls of flowers in short scalg catkiyis, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birches chiefly in the l-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and j)erianth none. 1. MY RICA, L. Bavbekkv. Wa.\-Myrtle. The only genus. — Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlcts, tlie sterile in oblong or cyliiulrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; stamens 2-S; filaments somewhat united below; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular or oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with resinous grains or wax. {MvpiKrj, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub; perhaps from fivpiCo), to perfume.) « Mostly dioecious ; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2-4 scales at base; nut globxdar ; leaves entire or somewhat serrate. 1. M. Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) Shrub 3-5° high; leaves wedge-lan- ceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers ; sterile catkins closely clustered ; nuts in imbricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate 470 MYRICACE^. (sweet-gale FAMILY.) scales which coalesce with its base. — Wet borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng. and along the Great Lakes to Minn., south in the mountains to Va. 2. M. cerifera, L. (Eayberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, shining and resinous-clotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant ; sterile catkins scattered, oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil near the coast, from Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala. ; also oq L. Erie. Shrub 3-8° high, but some- times a tree 35° high ; fruit sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years. * * Frequentlg monoecious; fertile catkins globular ; ovari/ surrounded by 8 long linear-aivl-shoped persistent scales ; nut ovoid-oblong ; leaves pinnatifld with many rounded lobes. 3. M. asplenif61ia, Endl. Shrub 1-2° high, with sweet scented fern- like linear-lanceolate leaves ; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. ( Comptonia asplenifolia, AH.) — Sterile hills, N. Eng. to N. C, west to Minn, and Ind. Known as Sweet Fern. Order 103. CUPULIFER^E. (Oak Family.) Moncecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins {or capitate-clustered in the Beech), the fertile solitary, clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins, the l-celled and 1-seeded nut icith or without an involucre. Ovary more or less 2 - 7-celle(l, with 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed . with no albumen, filled with the embryo. Tribe I. BETlTl.E.iE. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2-4, and calyx usually 2 - 4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calj-x, and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the nuts. 2. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have fallen. Tribe II. COKYLE^. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 3 or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers l-celled). Fertile flowers in a short anient or head, 2 to each bract, and each witli one or more bractlets which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. ♦ Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few, ?. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut. * * Bract of staminate flower^imple ; fertile flowers in short catkins ; nut small, achene-like. 4. Ostrya. Each ovary »nd nut included in a bladdery and closed bag, 5. Carpinus. Each nut Subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. Tribe III. QUEKCINE^. Sterile flowers with 4-7-lobed calyx and stamens indefi- nite (3-20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut. * Sterile flowers in slender catkins. 6. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire ; nut hard and terete. 7. Castanea. Cupule 2 -4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe. * * Sterile flowers in a small head. 8. Fagrus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts. CUrULIFKU/E. (oak lAMILY.) 471 1. BE TULA, Tourn. Bikch. Sterile flowers 3, and liractlots 2, to each shield-sliapod scale or bract of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale hearing 4 short filaments with 1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-i>arte(l filaments^ each division hearing au anther-cell). Fertile Howers 2 or 3 to each 3-l()hed hract, without hractlets oi calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooj>ing, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in sum- mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden flowers in early spring, with or jjreceding the leaves; fertile catkins oblong or cylindrical, pedunded, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name, of Celtic origin.) * Trees, with brown or yellow-gray hark, sweet-aromatic as well as the twigs, viembranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves heart-shaped or rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins ; their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather persistent ; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body. 1. B. lenta, L. (Chkrry B. Sweet or Black Birch.) ^ar^- of trunk dark hroirn, clone (oucer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves ovateor oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical (1-1^' long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. — Rich woodlands, Newf. to N. Del., «nd south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. lud. Tree .50-75° high, with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine- grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of trunk yel- lowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin Jilmy /a //ens, within and the twigs much less aromatic ; leaves (3 - .5' long) slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often uarrowisli toward the base, duller-green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid {V or less in length, 6-9" thick), the thinner scales (5-6" long) twice as large as in d. 1, and with nar- rower barely spreading lobes. — Rich moist Avoodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Del., west to Minn. ; also along high peaks to Teim. and X. C. Often 60-90° high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable. * * Trees, with chalky-ivhite bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or triangular leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles ; fruiting catkins cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their scales glabrous, icith short diverging lobes, freely deciduous ; wing of the fruit much broader than its body. 3. B. populifdlia, Ait. (American White Birch. Gray Birch.) Trunk usually ascending (15-30° high) ; leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper- pointed (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, srnooth and shining both sides, exce])t the resinous glands when young. (B. alba, var. 472 cupuLiFER^. (oak family.) populifolia, Spach.) — Poor sandy soils, N. Bruuswick to Del., west to L. Ontario. Bark much less separable than the next; leaves on slender peti- oles, tremulous as those of the aspen. 4. B. papyrifera, ^[arshall. (Paper or Canoe Birch. White Birch.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge- shaped) at base, smooth and green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea. Ait.) — Rich woodlands and stream- banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. 111., and Minn., and far north and westward. Tree 50-75° high, with bark freely splitting into paper-like layers. — Var. MiKOR, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the alpine region of the White Mts. * * * Ti-ee, ivith greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy pedunded fruiting catkins. 5. B. nigra, L. (River or Red Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy under- neath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (.3-7") and with the oblong catkin tomentose ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes ; fruit broadly winged. — Banks of streams, Mass. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Tree 50-75^ high, with light-colored wood and somewhat Alder-like leaves. * * * * Shrubs,icith brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly small leaves ofthickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical gla- brous and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles. 6. B. piiniila, L. (Low Birch.) Stems (2-8° high) erect or ascend- ing, not glandular ; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-downy ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6-16''' long), /xt/e beneath, veinlets on both faces finely reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. — Bogs,W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and northward through- out Canada. Leaves usually not at all resiniferous or glandular-dotted. 7. B. glandulosa, iNIichx. (Dwarf Birch.) Stems erect or mostly spreading (1 -4° high), or when alpine procumbent; branchlets glabrous, con- spicuously dotted with resinous icart-like glands ; leaves roundish wedge-cbovate or sometimes orbicular (6 - 9" long), green and glabrous both sides, less reticu- lated ; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval ; wing of the fruit narrower than or sometimes equalling the body. — High mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far northward. 2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with a 3 - 5-parted calyx and as many stamens ; filaments short and simple ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the fleshy scales each 2-3- flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3-5- lobed, and persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.) CLTILIKKK/H, (oak FAMILY.) 4 To § 1. Flowers developed in spr'nirj with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which have remained naked over winter ; while the fertile hare Iwcn enclosed in a scaly bud : fruit with a conspicuous thin wiwf, as in Birch. 1- A. viridis, DC. (Giuckn- or M()i:xtain Aldku.) Shrul) .'J -8° liii'h ; Icavi's rouiul-dval, ovate, or slightly heart .shajjcd, glutinous and smooth or softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate «.)r biserrulate with very sharp and closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate (var. siniXta, Kegel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid (6-8" long). — On mountains and mountain streams, Newf. to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far north and west ; also in the Alle- ghauies to N. C. (Eu., Asia.) § 2. Flowers developed in earliest sprin;/, before the leaves, from moslli/ clustered catkins which {of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have re- mained naked over winter ; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin. 2. A. incaDa, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary A.) Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, sharply and often doubly serrate, whitened and mosth/ down// beneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit orbicular. — Borders of streams and sv/ainps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb., Minn., and westward. Shrub or tree 8-20° high ; the common Alder northward. (Eu., Asia.) 3. A. serrulata, Willd. (Smooth A.) Leaves obovate, acute at base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often downy beneath ; stipules oval ; fruit ovate. — Borders of streams and swamps, Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn, and Tex. ; common. Shrub forming dense thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree G-35° high. § 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly soli- tar ij in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later; fruit ivingless. 4. A. maritima, Muhl. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate -with a wedge-shaped ba.se, slender-petioled, sharply .serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or oblong (9-12 long, 6" thick). — Borders of .streams and swamps. S. Del. and E. Md., near the coast. Small tree 15-25° high. (E. Asia.) 3. CORYLUS, Touni. IIazel-nct. Filbert. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1 -celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering viore or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile liowers sev- eral in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and ac- companied by a pair of lateral bractlets ; ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile; style .short; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong,' bony, enckxsed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), edilile ; the short radicle included. — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in tiie bud, flowering in early sjmng; sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile ter- 474 cuPULiFER^. (oak family.) miuating early leafj shoots. (The classical name, probably from KSpvt, a helmet, from the iuvolucre.) 1. C. AmeriCctna, AValt. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Leaves roundish-heart- shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foil - aceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed. — Thickets, N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and southward. Twigs and petioles often glandular-bristly. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-xut.) Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, someivhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much pro- longed above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — N. Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and south iu the moun- tains to Ga. Shrub 2-6° high. 4. OS TRY A, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract ; filaments short, often forked, bearing 1 -celled (half) anthers ; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; a pair to each de- ciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 longdinear stig- mas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed blad- dery oblong Ijag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; tliese inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch ; leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers in spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1 -3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 1. O. Virginica, Willd. (American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever-wood.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubl}' serrate, downy beneath, with 11-15 principal veins ; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., E. Kan., and southward. Tree 25 - 45° high ; hop4ike strobiles full-grown in Aug. 5. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale4ike bract ; filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1 -celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya ; but the single involucre- like bractlet is open, enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech ; leaf -buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.) 1. C. Caroliniana, Walter. (American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets 34obed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. (C. Americana, Michx.) — Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to CrrLLlKEK.K. (oak FAMILY.) 47') Minn., Iowa, K. Kan., and lex. Troc «r shrub, 10-4')° higli, with ridged trunk, and very hard wood. 6. QUE Reus, L. Oak. Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins ; bracts caducous ; calyx 2 - 8-parted or lohed ; stamens 3- 12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or some- what clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and G-ovuled ovary, with a ."i-lol^ed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre whicli becomes an indurated cup (ciipule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground in germination ; radicle very short, included. — Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly bud, filiform and lianging in all our species. (The cla.ssical Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or the next year, § 1. LEUCOBALANUS. Bark pale, often scalij ; leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed ; stamens 6-8; scales of the cup more or less knobby at base ; stigmas sessile or nearlij so ; abortive ovules at the base of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut glabrous ; fruit maturing the first year, often peduncled ; kernel commonly sweetish; wood tough and dense. * Leaves deciduous, ly trite or sinuate-pinnafijid, pale beneath. — White Oaks. 1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) ]\Iature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn (r long). — All soils, Maine to S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A large and valuable tree; lobes of the leaves short and broad (3-5), or deep and narrow (5-9). 2. Q. Stellata, Wang. (Post Oak. Iron Oak.) Leaves grayish or yelloivish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1-3- notched ; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the ovoid acorn (6-9" long). (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.) — Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's Vineyard to Mich, and E. Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. ; common, especially southward. A small tree with very durable wood. 3. Q, macrocarpa, Michx. (Bur Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak.) Leaves ol)ovate or oblong, lyratel y-pinnntifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearhf parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or tlie smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody (9"- 2' across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed sccdes, the upper ones auned, so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn broadly ovoid {\-\V long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and Kan. A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and fringe of the acorns. — Var. oi,iv/Kf6umis, Gray, is only a narrower-leave*! form with unusually small oblong acorns. 4. Q. lyr^ta, Walt. (Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak.) Leaves crowded at the end of tlie branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7 -9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath or at length smoothish. //(c lobes trian- gular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed ; fruit short-peduncled 47G CTPULIFEK^. (oak FAMILY.) or sessile ; cup round-ovate, thin, icith rugged scales, almost covering the depressed- globose acorn (8 - 10" long). — River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C, and southward. — A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3 and n. 5. * * Leaves coarselij sinuate-toothed, hut not lobed (except slightly in n. 5), whitish and more or less downg beneath ; cup hoarg, hemisphericcd or a little depressed, about half as long as the oblotig-ovoid edible acorn. — Chestnut-Oaks. 5. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Zeares . obovate or oblong-obovate, icedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather jiinnatijid than toothed, usually soft-dou-nj and white-hoar:/ beneath, the mr>in primary veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting peduncle much longer than the petiole ; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes form- ing a mossy -fringed margin; acorn scarcely 1' long. — Borders of streams and swamps, S. Maine to Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the moun- tains to N. Ga. — A large tree, Avith flaky bark. 6. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. (Basket-Oak. Cow-Oak.) Leaves (5-6' long) oval or obovate, acute, obtuse or even cordate at base, regularly dentate (commonly not deeply), I'ather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath; stamens usually 10 ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and stout acute scales, without fringe ; acorn 1^' long. (Q. Prinus, var Micl:- auxii, Chapm.) — Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Ela., and in the west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf. — A large and valuable tree, with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible acorns. Intermediate forms ap- pear to connect with n. 5, of which Dr. Engelmann considered it a sub- species. 7. Q. Prinus, L. (Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves thick, varying, obovate or oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, ivith an obtuse or acute base, undu- lately crenate-toothed, pale and m'inutely downy beneath, the main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; irmting peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short ; cup thick (6-12" wide), mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales ; acorn large (sometimes 1-1$' long). (Incl. var. monticola, Michx.) — Rocky banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Out., and south in the mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark, rich in tannin. 8. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Yellow Oak. Chestnut-Oak.) Leaves (5-7' long) slender-pefioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather sharply toothed ; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales, 5-7" broad ; acorn globose or obovate, 7 - 9" long. (Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. — Leaves more like those of the Chestnut than any other ; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A tall tree, with thin flaky bark. 9. Q. prinoides, Willd. Like ohe last, but of /ow sto^wre (usually 2 -4^ high), icith smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles (.3-6" long), and deeper cups with more tumid scales. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh.) — Same range as last. Apparently quite distinct at the east^ where it is very low, but running into Q. Muhlenbergii at the far west. crprLirF.!t>t. (<>ak iamilv.) 477 ♦ * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rureli/ s])iiii/-tuot/teil. — LiVK Oaks. 10. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, lioarv beneath as well as the hranchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1 -3- fruitcil; cup toi)-shape(l ; acorn oblon^; ; cotyledons c'onijjletcly united into one mass. — Along the cojist from Va. to Fla. and Tex. liec-oming a large tree at the soutli, and formerly extensively used in ship-building. §2. MELANOBALANI'S. Bark dark; furrowed ; leaves deridmns, their lobes and teeth acute a)td bristle-pointed (at least in youth) ; stamens mostly 4 - 6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long and spreading ; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut tomentose ; fruit ma- turing the second year, sessile or on short thick jjeduncles ; wood porous and brittle. — Black Oaks. * Leaves pinnatijid or lobed, slend€r-])€tioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed. H- Mature leaves qlabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatijid to deeply pinnatijid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with reddish coarse-grained wood ; species closely related and apparently readily hybridizing. 11. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow raised border (9- 12" in diameter), of rather fine closely ajjpressed scales, se.ssile or ou a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn, which is V or less iu length; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich and poor soil, westward to E. Minn, and E. Kan. Timl)er 'coarse and poor. — Var. rinci- n\ta, a. DC, is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fi.'.it nearly a half smaller; found near St. Louis. 12. Q. COCCinea, Wang. (Scaulet Oak.) Cup top-shajted, or hemi- spherical with a conical base (7-9" broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales somewhat appressed and glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var. tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatitid, the slender lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6-9" long; bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil; comnum, from S. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains. Var. tinct6ria, Gray. (Quercitron, Yellow-harked, or Black Oak.) Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubes- cent beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn ; cup-scales large and loosely imbricated or scjuarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher ou the surface, thicker, and inter- nally orange, much more valuable f()r the tanner and dyer; buds longer and more pointed ; cup sometimes less top sliaped. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram.) — Dry or gravelly uplands, 8. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used iu tanniug. 478 CLPULiFEii.i:. (oak family.) Var. ambigua. Gray. (Gray Oak.) Found along our uortheasteru bor- ders to Lake Chainplaiii and north-ward, figured and briefly characterized by Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It was considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups hemispherical or even turbinate. 13. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak.) Cup Jiat- saucer-sluiped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine scaled (5 - 7" broad), verij much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn, which is 5 - 7" long ; leaves deeply pianatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. — Low grounds; rather common, from Mass. to Del. and Md., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. ■*~-i-2Iature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, ivith a somewhat top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn. 14. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves grayish-downy or ful- vous underneath, obtuse or rounded at base, 3 - 5-lobed above (sometimes entire) ; Ihe lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn globose, 4 - 5" long. — Dry or sandy soil. Long Island to Fla., and from S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A \arge or small tree, extremely variable in foliage ; bark excellent for tanning. 15. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-Oak.) Dwarf (3 - 8° high), straggling; leaves (2-4' long) thickish, obovate, wedge-shaped at lase, angularly about 5- (3 - 7-) lobed, ivhite-downy beneath ; lobes short and tri- angular, spreading ; acorn ovoid, globular, 5 - 6" long. — Sandy barrens and rocky hills, N. Eug. to Ohio and Ky. *t * Leaves entire or with afeiv teeth [or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed at the summit), coria- ceous, commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small {not over 6''' long). -r- Leaves thick, widening or often-much dilated upward and more or less sinuate or some u-hat 3 -5-lobed ; acorns globular-ovoid. 16. Q. aquatica, Walter. (Water-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shining, obovate-sputulate or narrowly wedgeform, with a long tapering base and an often obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi- spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf, and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex. — Tree 30 - 40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate- pinnatifid ; then mostly bristle-pointed. 17. Q. nigra, L. (Black-Jack or Barren Oak.) T^eaves broadly wedge- shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4 - 9' long) ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly ; ac° high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.) S. viminXlis, L., the Osier Willow of Europe, is occasionally planted, but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SmithiXka, Willd., etc., stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive. 4- H- t- Capsules sessile ; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one. S. PURPUREA, L. (Purple W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue-shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, witli only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple ; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse. — Low grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Capsules glabrous. -^ Tall shrubs, 4-10° high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4' long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate ; sterile aments very silkg, with a few bracts at base, V long or more, the fertile leaf y-ped uncled, in fruit 2' long or more; capsules tapering, pointed. -M. Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled ; style medium. 14. S. COrdata, Muhl. (Heart-leaved W.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, finelv denticulate or subentTre, green both sides or scarcely paler beneath, the young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in drying ; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous ; aments rather slender; capsules greenish or rufescent, 2-3" long. (S. rigida, MnhL)—Y&T. angustXta, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely serrate.— In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely dis- tributed and variable species. — S. myricoides, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myri- SALICACK.E. (WILLDW FAMILY.) 48o coitles, Ihirl., Fl. Cestr., .3 ed.), is a li\ l)ri(l between tin's species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even tliose of the must vigorous slioots, tapering and rather acute at base, ghxucous or glaucescent beneatli and sparsely aj)prcssed-hairv ; stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, be- coming glal)rate, sht)rtly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S. incana (surprising on account of tiie rarity of the cultivated parent) is found at Itliaca, N. Y. {Dudle.i/). 15. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly rounded base to oUomj-lanceolute and equally pointed at both ends (3-4' long, nearly 2' wide), glandular-serrate, snbcoriaceoiis, glabrous throughout, dark grem and shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black ; stipules large, ear- shaped, dentate ; aments thick, oblong<'ylindrical,'\n size and silkiness resem- bling n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3-5' long, greenish, drying l)rown. — Var. AXGUSTiFOLiA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3' long, %' wide), pointed at both ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.) — Var. ijrevif6lia, Bebb; leaves obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined. — Common on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N. Ill and Wise. 16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. Leaves broadly rounded and usually sub- cordate at base, at jirst very thin, subpeliucid and of a rich reddish color, at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-serrulate ; petioles long and slender ; stipules obso- lete; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the long slender pedicels 6-8 times the length of the gland ; style short. (S. pyrifolia, Anders.) — In open swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of N. H. {Little, 1823; rediscovered by Pr ingle, and C. E. and E. Faxon). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs shining- chestnut on the sunny side. •M. ++ Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, icith a long silky tomentum on both sides, ivhich is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile ; style elongated. 17. S. adenoph^lla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate (1-2' long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments Icafy-pedunded, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely flowered. — Shores of the Great Lakes, root- ing extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout to- mentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata. •^ -t- Loiv erect shrub, I -3° high ; leaves small, entire ; capsules oblong-ry I indric ; stigmas sessile or nearly so. 18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovato, about 1' long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, r^'ticulated, pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles ; capsules reddish green ; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale. — Var. pedicellXris, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1-2^' long. — Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and X. J. to Iowa, and northward. (En.) 486 SALiCACE^. (willow family.) ■*-•<--»- Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs. 19. S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (Bearberry W.) Leaves elliptical and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than V long, 3-4'' wide, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath; aments borne on slender lateral leaf,j peduncles, ohlong-cylin- dric, 6 - 9" long, the fertile lengthening to 2' and narroAvly cylindric, densely flowered above, often loose below ; scala obovate, rose-red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, Tuckerm.) — Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1-2° in diameter. 20. S. herb^cea, L. Leaves roundish ora?, heart-shaped, obtuse orretuse, less than 1' long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined ; aments ter- viinating 2-leaved branch! ets, small, ovoid, 4 -\0 flowered ; scales concave, obovate, ohtnse, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; capsule subsessile. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom rising above 1 - 2' from the ground. (Eu.) 2. POPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or more ; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4, elongated. Capsules 2 - 4-valved. — Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.) § 1. Sti/les 2, with 2-3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, 2-valved ; seeds very small ; leaves ovate. * Petioles laterally flattened ; bracts silky ; stamens 6-20; capsules numerous, small, on very short pedicels. P. ALBA, L. (White Poplar. Abele.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-tootlied acute leaves white-tomen- tose ; scales crenate, fringed. — Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspex.) Small tree 20 - 50° high, with smooth greenish-white bark ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear di- visions, fringed with long hairs. — Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward. 2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (Large-toothed Aspex.) Tree 60- 75° high, with smoothish gray bark; leaves roundish-ovate, icith large and ir- regular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed. — Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C, west to N. Minn, and Tenn. EMPETRACE.E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 487 * * Petioles terete; bracts not silky ; stamens 12 -GO. 3. P. heterophylla, L. (Downy Poplau.) Tree 40 - 80° high ; leaves ovate with a soiiicwliat truiu-ate or cordate base, obtuse, crcnate, white-woolly wlicu young, at length nearly smooth, except on tlie elevated veins beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules -i' long, equalling the pedicels. — Bor- ders of river swamps, Conn, to Ga., and iu the west from S. Ind. and HI. to Ark. and W. La. § 2. Stifles 2-4, irith dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to vratc-oblon(j,2-4-ralre(l : bracts mostly glabrous ; seeds I -2'' long. 4. P. balsamifera, L. (Balsam Poplar. Tacamaiiac.) Tree 50- 75° high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate , graduallij tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles i - 2' long ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; stamens 20-30; capsule ovate, 2-valved. — Bor- ders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich, and Minn., and far north and westward. — Var. cAndicaxs, Gray. (Balm of Gilead.) Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped ; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultiva- tion, but rare or unkncjwu in a wild state. 5. P. monilifera, Ait. (Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.) Tree 75-150° higli ; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-friuged, not hairy; stamens 60 or more; cap- sules on slender pedicels (4 - 5" long) in long catkins, oblong-ovate, 3 -A-valved. (Incl. P. angulata. Ait.) — Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. Order 105. E3IPETRACEiE. (Crowberry Family.) Low shrubby evergreens^ icith the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen oj Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some EJuphorbiacea? ; — probably only an apet- alous and poly,L:;amous or dioecious degenerate form of Ericaceae, — com- prising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third farther south. 1. Einpetrum. Flowers scattered and sohtjiry in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal- like. - Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none. 1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowbkrrv. Flowers polygamous, .scattered and solitary in the axils of tlie leaves (incon- spicuous), scaly-bracteil. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short ; stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-Hke drupe, with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from iv, upon, and irerpos, a rock.) 1. E. nigrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) Procumbent and spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Newf., Mount Desert and 488 EMPETRACE^. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) 2. CO RE MA, Don. Broom-Crowberry. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slen- der, 3- (or rarely 4-5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last. — Diffusely much- branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath- like leaves. (Name Kopiqixa, a broom, from the bushy aspect.) 1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'- 2° high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in floAver, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers. Order lOG. CEKATOPHYLLACE^E. (Hornwort Family.) Aquatic herbs, with ichorled finehj dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers icithout Jioral envelopes, hut with an 8 - 12- cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple \ -celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule ; seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and leaves. — Consists only of the genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. Hornwort. Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under Avater, in ponds or slow-flowing streams ; the sessile leaves cut into thrice- forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from Kepas, a horn, and vK\ou, leaf). 1. C. demersum, L. Fruit smooth, marg'inless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. — Var. echinXtum, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3" long), rough-pim- pled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.) comfkim:. (i'ine family.) 489 Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMiE. Pistil represented l>y an oi^on scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; tiie ovules and seeds tiierefore naived (without a peri- carp), and I'ci-tilized l)y tlie direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. OFiDKii 107. CONIFERS. (Pink Family.) Trees or shrubs, wi(/i resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or iietdle-shape.d entire leaves, and monoecious or rarelij dioecious Jioicers in catkins or soli- (ari/, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovn'es ortliotroj)ous or inverted. Em- bryo in the axis of the allmnien, nearly its lenirth. (^Voofai-es sometimes in threes,//"OTO long sheaths, slender (3-5' long); cones ovate- or oblong conical (liarely 2' long), the scales ivith a minute weak prickle. — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to F'la., S. Lid., S. E. Kan. and Tex. — A straight tree, 50- 100"^ high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The west- ern form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones, * * Cones terminal ; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes. 8. P. resinbsa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves in ^mos from long sheaths, elongated {5-6' long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2' long), their sc(des slightlg thickened, poiiitless ; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6-9" long), subtended by about 6 involucral .scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base. — Dry woods, Mass. to X. Penn., Mich., and ]\Iinn., and northward. — A tall tree, with reddish, j-athor smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. 9. P. paliistris, Mill. (Long-leaved, Yellow, or Georgia Pine.) Leaves in threes from long slieaths, verg long (10- 15'), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 2^-3' long, rose-purple; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong (6- 10' long), the thick scales armed ivith a short recurved spine. (P. australis, Michx.) — Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. 2. PICE A, Link. Sprice. Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preced- ing year; antiiers tipped witli a rounded recurved appemlage, their cells open- ing lengtliwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous: their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.) 1. P. nigra, Link. (Black Sprlce.) Branchlets pubescent ; leaves short (usually 4 - 8" long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish ; cones ovate or ovate- 492 CONIFERiE. (pine FAMILY.) oblong ( 10 - 20" long), mostli/ recurved, persistent, the 7'igid scales with a thin den- ticulate edge. ( Abies nigra, Poir.) — Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the moun- tains to Ga. A tree 40-70° high. — Var. r^bra, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more riBadily deciduous. 2. P. alba, Link. (White Spruce.) Bra7ichlets glabrous ; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; cones noddhig, ctjlindrical (about 2' long), pale, de- ciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, Michx.) — Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. — A hand- somer tree than n. 1, 50-150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. 3. TSIJGA, Carriere. Hemlock. Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous ; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scat- tered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.) 1. T. Canadensis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse H' long) ; cones oval (6 - 8" long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) — Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich, and Minn. — A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath. 4. ABIES, Link. FiK. Sterile flowers from tlie axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Finns. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading l)ranches ; cones maturing tlie first vear; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts dfeciduous at maturity Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.) 1. A. balsamea, Miller. (Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear (6-10" long) ; cones cijlindrical (2-4' long, 1' thick), violet- colored ; tlie bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. — Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub. 5. LARIX, Tourn. Larch. Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red iji flower. (The ancient name.) CONIFKK.K. (riNK FAMII.V.) 493 1. L. Americana, Midix. (Amkrican or Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6-9" long), of few rounded scales, arr.mged in f order. — Cliietly in cold swamps, N. Peun. to N. Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30- 100° high, with hard and very resinous wood. 6. TAXODIUM, Pvichard. Bald Cyprkss. Flowers monoecious, tlie two kinds on the same l)rauches. Sterile flowers spiked-i)anicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-liko, shieM shaped, liearii 2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the hase of each scale. Cone glohular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewliat shield-shaped scales, l)earing 2 angled seeds at the hase. Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with narrow linear 2-rauked light and deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also de- ciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of rd^os, the ijeic, and ilhos, resem- blanre, tlie leaves being Yew-like.) 1. T. distichum, Kichard. (Amkrkan Bald Cypress.) Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering liranchlets. — Swamps, S. Del. to 8. 111. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very largo and valuable tree. March, April. 7. CHAM^CYPARIS, Spach. White Cedar. Cypress. Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de- cussate in pairs, bearing few (1 -4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed- iml)ricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. ( From Xo-ixai, on the grouiul, and KuTrdpicraos, ci/press.) 1. C. sphaeroidea, Sjjach. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3-5" in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thy- oides, L.) — Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30-90° high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitje. 8. THUYA, Tourn. Akhok Vit.e. Flowers mostly mona?cions on different hranches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked si)ray, and closely imbricatetl, small, appre.ssed, persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. (Qvia or Qva, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.) 494 CONIFER.E. (pine family.) 1. T. oecidentalis, L. (Arbor Vit.e. White Cedar.) Leaves ap- pressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C, west to Minn. A tree 20-50° high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. 9. J UNI PER US, L. Juniper. Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fer- tile catkins ovoid, of 3 -6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit form- ing a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1 -3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two sliapes in § 2. (The classical name.) § 1. OXYCEDRUS. Aments axillary ; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and ivhite glaucous above. 1. J. communis, L. (Common Jun:per.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5-9" long) ; berry dark blue (3" or more in diameter). — Dry sterile hills, common. Var. alpina. Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2-4" long) less spreading leaves. — Maine to Minn., and northward. §2. SABINA. Aments terminal; leaves mosflii opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back. 2. J. Sablna, L., var. prOClimbenS, Pursh. .1 procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub ; scale-like leaves acute ; berry on short recurved peduncles, 3 - 5" in diameter. — Pocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eug. to N. Minn., and northward. 3. J. Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar or Savix.) From a shrub to a tree 60-90° high, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 3" in diameter. — Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic. 10. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a fcAv naked stamens; anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary,' scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of au erect sessile ovule, with an annu- lar disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from to^ov, a bow ; the wood anciently used for bows.) 1. T. Canadensis, Willd. (American Yew. Ground Hemlock.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward. IlYDltoCHAinDACK.i:. ( KI{( m;'.S-I5IT FAMILY.) 41)') Class II. MOXOCOTYLEDOXOUS ok ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pitli, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads whicli are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; pcrcii nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel- veined (nerved) and slieathing at the base, seld(jm separatinL,^ by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the Howler commonly in threes. Em- bryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate. Order 108. HYDROCHARIDACE^li:. (Froo's-bit Family.) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or jfoli/f/amons regular Jlotcers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spat/ie, and simple or double Jiorul envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent icitli the 1 - ^-celled ovary. Stamens 3-1 2, distinct or monadelplious ; anthers 2-eelled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen ; embryo straight. Tribe I. HYDKILLK^. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile. 1. Klodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely oiiposite). Perianth-tube long-filil'orm. Tribe II. VALLISNEKIE^. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate. 2. Vanisneria. Submerged ; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a verj' long scape. Tribe III. STKATIOTE^E. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pe- dunculate. Ovary 6-9-cell