LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIF"T OF* BIOLOGY Class 6 MANUAL OF THE BOTANY NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. BY ASA GRAY, FISHER PEOFESSOE OF NATUEAL HISTORY IN HARVAED CXIYERSTTY. (THE MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS BY WM. s. SULLIVANT.) FOTIETH EEVISED EDITION. TO WHICH IS ADDED GARDEN BOTANY, AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OP THE COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. WITH TWENTY-TWO PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE GENERA OP THE GRASSES, FERNS, MOSSES, ETC. NEW YORK: IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO., CHICAGO : & C. GRIGG3 & CO. . UNIVERSITY OF - W\ Kntered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by IVI90N. PHINNET & COMPANY. IL Uio Clfrk'^ Office of the District Court of tho Uiiitetl States iur th« Soutbern Dultiot of New York. JOHN TORREY, LL. D., CORRE8P. MEMBER OP THK LINXiAN 80CIETT. KTC.. THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND TUB COUNSEL WHICH HAS AIDED THE AUTHOR FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS. CAJTBRIDGE January 1 1S48. 132502 CONTENTS. Page ADVERTISEMENT .- ; .."' . "• '., . . vi PREFACE ., ,.,.:. J, .:.»-. ; -i?. - ->»v • e& i • *=/* . v" LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK *>: ' •»>•' xiii DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT . . xv ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ETC. . xvii GARDEN BOTANY . .^t ..... xxix ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES xc FLORA. — PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS . . 1 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . . 1 Angiospermous, Polypetalous . . .2 Monopetalous . . • . 163 Apetalous . . .359 Gymnospermous Plants ». . . 420 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants . .426 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . 607 INDEX ''j-' Y . . . . . .705 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES • . * .731 ADVERTISEMENT TO THE REVISED EDITION, 1863. THE additions and alterations of the Revised Edition of this work, now issued, are mainly the following. 1. The addition of an entirely new part, entitled GARDEN BOTANY, AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS : see pp. xxix. - Ixxxix. By this, the common exotics, no less than the wild plants, are made available for botanical classes, which will be a great convenience in many cases. Most of these cultivated plants are everywhere common, and generally at hand for botanical illustration ; and it is desirable that they should be scientifically known and rightly named. And there is no great difficulty in studying them, if double flow- ers, and those which are otherwise in a monstrous or unnatural condition, be avoided, at least by beginners. It is obviously absurd and highly in- convenient to mix in the cultivated with the wild plants in such a work as this. But a separate account of the common exotics, annexed and sub- sidiary to the Botany of the Northern United States, especially in the School Edition, will doubtless be popular and useful. Directions for the use of the Garden Botany will be found on p. xvii. and p. xxix. 2. The ANALYTICAL KEY, p. xvii., upon which the pupil so greatly depends, has been altogether revised, much simplified, adapted to the Garden Botany as well as to the Botany of the Northern States, and printed in a larger type. 3. Numerous corrections in particulars have been made throughout the body of the work, whenever the required alterations could well be effected upon the stereotype plates. Many others, suggested by acute and obliging correspondents, or by my own observation, are necessarily deferred until the work can be recomposed. 4. The plants which have been newly detected within our limits, and one or two which were before accidentally omitted, are enumerated and characterized in the ADDENDA, p. xc. 5. Eight plates have been added, crowded with figures, illustrating all the genera (66 in number) of Grasses. They are wholly original, having been drawn from nature and engraved by Mr. Sprague. They will be of great assistance in the study of this large, difficult, and important family. The flattering success which the Manual has met with stimulates the author's endeavors towards its continued improvement ; — in regard to which he still solicits aid from his correspondents. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, March 10, 1863. PREFACE. THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern portion of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the use of students and of practical botanists. The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want Its plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the Mississippi River. This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm- temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume. The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner : 1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south- ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun- daries, or add that it extends southward, meaning thereby that the species Viii PREFACE. in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar- ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminata, "W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward"; &c. While in species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as, Nuphar Kalmiana, p. 23, "New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine pratensis, p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &c. And so of Western plants; e.g. Isopyrum biternatum^. 11, " Ohio, Kentucky, and westward"; Psoralea argophytta, p. 94, "Wisconsin and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 95, " Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward." 2. Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38 ; Sullivanlia Ohionis, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for which there is no room in a manual like this. For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range ol those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indigenous to both. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu- merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be- ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus ACRIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face letter (e. g. B. repens). Moreover, the country from which they were introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the deni- zenship. That is, following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the thoroughly naturalized, and the adventive ; the first comprising those species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec- ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob- ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank witfc the adventive plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivated with out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europt are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. fron? PREFACE. IX En.)": those adventive, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c. Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap- parent distinctness : — 1 . Those which, I think, can hardly be doubted to be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi- tals; e. g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPLDUM, p. 30; Vitis cordifolia, var. RIPARIA, p. 78. 2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regr^rd hereafter, on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divaricatus, p. 7 ; Actaea spicata, var. r libra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu- ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph. Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates, fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv- erworts are furnished by my generous friend, MR. SULLIYTAXT, the author of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by MR. ISAAC SPRAGUE. MR. SULLIVANT has included in this edition all the species of Musci and Hepaticce known to him as natives of any part of the United States east of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology, but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been afforded in a book of this kind.f * The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of ' them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which hav» before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim- per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made. t The reference " Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepaticee east of the Mississippi, the types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter. The materials from which these sets have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own very extensive collections, the result of his numerous journjys made during the last six or seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleg'aauy Mountains. To these have been added Mr. Sullivant's ample accumulations, embracing the collections of the lamented X PREFACE. Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially of the labors and investigations of PROF. TUCKERMAN upon our Lichenes. of the REV. DR. CURTIS upon our Fungi, and of PROF. HARVEY upon our Algce, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LESQUEREUX upon our Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to the student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com- prising the Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants. I have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially intended for beginners (First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these, all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus- trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is distinguished. Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to the beginner, — whose interests I have particularly kept in view, — while the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, I have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names, and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva- tion of the generic names. The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds, in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the •highest class and ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve- Mr. Oakes in the White Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas. The title of the work is " Musci Boreali- American!, sire Specimina Exsiccata Muscorum in Ameri- cse Rebuspublicis Foederatis detectorum, conjunctis studiis W. S. SULLIVANT et L. LESQUEREUX, 1856." Mr. Sullivant's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal responsibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec- tion ever made of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprises nearly 400 species and marked varieties, is published at 8 20 for each set, and will doubtless be eagerly sought after by Bryological students. PREFACE. XI lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (perigynous and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono- petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit- ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat- ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary student. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu- ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci- mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis- tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and printed in italics in the first sentence of the description. Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, I have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com- prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters, and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex- tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals), subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (-<-, ++, &c.) ; and whenever there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanica), so that they may at once catch the student's eye. To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., 1 * No Linnaean Artificial Arrangement is here given, experience having shown that, as a Key to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage ou the score of facility over a well-devised Analytical Key ; which the learner will find equally certain, and much mora satisfactory in its result*. Xll PREFACE. Lave not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed Loudon's mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the grave (v), and the short sound by the acute accent^mark ('). In respect to this, my friend, MR. FOLSOM, has obligingly rendered most important assistance throughout the pages of this volume. The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu- merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con- tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata- logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the comparison of our flora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my excellent friend and correspondent, M. GODET of Neuchatel, author of the Flore du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon many of our own identical or related species. As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to the acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, JOHN CAREY, ESQ., now cf London, for various emendations in the genus Carex, formerly elaborated by him for this work ; and DR. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for foil notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser- vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus- cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece. The renewed and still more extensive contributions of MR. SULLIVANT have already been referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per- sonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science in this country. I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, June, 30&, 1856. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS Adans. = Adanson. Hartm. = Hartmann. Ait. Alton. Hedw. Hedwig. Andr. Andrews. Hoffm. Hoffmann. Arn. Arnott. Hook. Hooker. Aubl. Aublet. Hook.f. (JUius) J. D. Hooker. Bart. Barton. Hornsch. Hornsch acb Bartl Bart ling. Ends. Hudson. Beauv. Palisot de Beanvois. Hub. Hiibener. Benth. Bentham. Jacq. Jacquin. Bernh. Bernhardi. Juss. JUSSIEU. Bieb. Bieberstein. L. or Linn. LlKN^EUS. Bigel. Bigelow. Lao. Lagasca. Br. fr Sch. Bruch and (W.P.) Scliimper. Lam. Lamarck. Brid. Bridel. Lamb. Lambert. Brongn. Brongniart. Ledeb. Ledcbour. Cass. Cassini. L'Her. L'Heritier. Cav. Cavanilles. Lehm. Leluoann. Cham. Chamisso. Lesqx. Lesquereux. Chav. Chavannes. Lestib. Lestibudois. DC. De Candolle. Lindenb. Lindenberg. A. DC. Alphonse De Candolle. Lindl. Lindley. Desf. Desfontaines. Mich. Micheli. Dew. Dewey. Michx. Michanx (the elder). DiU. Dillenius. Michx. f. F. A. Michaux (the Dumort. Dumortier. Mill. Miller. [younger). Ehrh. Ehrhart. Mitch. Mitchell. Ell. Elliott. Mont. Montagne. Endl. Endlicher. MuM. Muhlenbcrg. Engdm. Engelmann. Mull. C. Mailer. Gcertn. Gaertner. Nees. Nees von Esenbeck G.L.&N. Gottsche,Lindenberg, & Nees. Nvtt. Nuttall. Gmd. Gmelin. Pav. Paron. Good. Goodenough. Pen. Persoon. Grev. Greville. Pink. Plukenet Griseb. Grisebach. Plum. Plumier Gronov. Gronovius. Poir. Poiret. XIV ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. R. Br. = ROBERT BROWN. Steud. = Steudel. Raf. Rafincsque. Sulliv. Sullivant. Rich. Richard. Tai/l. J. Taylor. Richurd&. Richardson. Toir. Ton-cy. R(£m. Roemcr. Torr. Ac Gr. Torrcy and Gray. Salisb. Salisbury. Tourn. Touraefort. Schimp. \V. T. Schimpcr. Trin. Trinius. Schk. Sckktthr. 'I Kckerin Tuckernian. Scldccht. « Schlcchtcudal. rjffl. Vaillant. Sclrad. Schrader. Vent. Vcntenat. Schreb. Schreber. VM. Viliars. Schult. Schultcs. Wold. Wahlenberg. Schw. or Schwein. Schweinitz. WaU. Walter. Schuxzgr. Schwaegrichcn. Web. Weber. Scop. Scopoli. mud. Willdenow. Soland. Solander. Wils. Wilson. Spreng. Sprcngel. Wulf. Wulfcii. II. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (T) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. 1J. A perennial plant. ? A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. 1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min- utes; 0 for inches; of seconds ("); for lines, — the (English) line being the twelfth part of an inch. The dash - between two figures, as 5- 10, means from 5 to 10, &c. DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. THE Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea- tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner's use To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he docs not precise- ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic- tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that in the Lessons on Botany. To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants, we will take an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common Spiderwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long. With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti- ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant belongs to the great series of Phcenogamous or Flowering Plants. To which of its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc- tions — of Class I. given on p. xviii., and of Class II. on p. xxviii.b Without the seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly ascertain whether the embryo is monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. But the other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the stem; is it formed 6n the exogenous or endogenous plan? A slice across it plainly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass, that there is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody tissue between these two : but the woody part of the stem is here represented by separate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the form of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk of Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six (twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants. We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily done by following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The first XVI DIBECTIONS TO TUE UNPRACTISED STUDENT. division is into three groups, marked A« B. and C. Our plant, having dis- tinct floral envelopes and neither spadix nor glumes, must belong to B., the Petaloideous Division. This is subdivided into three sections, designated by stars. The parts of the flower being all separate from each other, our plant evidently falls under the third section, -with three stars, viz: "*** Perianth wholly free from the ovary (inferior)." Next, as its perianth consists of three green sepals and three colored petals, it belongs to the subdivision -t- -*-. Under this there are four alternatives, based on differences in the pistil. The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first ; the many or several seeds in each cell exclude the second ; the one-celled ovary, .• 270 (62) PLUMBAGINACEJB. Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. 77 (41) VITACE.S:. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. 78 KHAMNACEJE. C. Stamens not more than 10, or at least not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them. 1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior, # Ovaries 2 or more, separate. Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . 350 ASCLEPIADACE.&. Stamens unconnected, Inserted on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. *v. v- . . 74 (40) RUTACEJE. Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Tree, with pinnate leaves: flowers polygamous or dioecious. . . ... . . (40) SIMARUBACEJB. Low shrub with pinnate leaves and perfect ^ flowers in racemes. . Za;.thorhiza in £ 2 (30) RANUNCULACEJE. Herbs with the leaves not thickened. Herbs with thickened succulent leaves. . 139 (53) CRASSULACEJE. Inserted on the calyx, Just twice as many as the pistils : leaves thick and succulent. ." v .' .' ;i;':;i . 139 (53) CRASSULACE^B. More than twice as many as the two, or occasionally three, many-seeded pistils. Hi%r . . 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACEJB. Seldom just twice the number of the few-seeded pis tils : leaves not succulent or thick, mostly fur- nished with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACEJB. ANALYTICAL KEY. XXI * * Ovaries 2-5, more or less united into one below, but at the .apex separate, at well as their styles. Leaves strong-scented, punctate with pellucid dots. . . (40) RUTACEJC Leaves scentless, not pellucid-punctate. Herbs, without real stipules or stipels. '-* » ' . 141 (54) SAX i FRAG ACE^E. Shrubs, with opposite compound (trifoliolate) leaves, caducous stipule^ and stipels. . Staphylea, 82 SAPINDACE^K. * # * Ovaries or lobes of a compound ovary 2 to 5, united by a common single style. Stamens distinct : ovaries or lobes commonly 3. Flower irregula*, spurred : cress-scented plants. (40) TROP^EOLACEJB. Flower regular. •?/-.) •-t-*;t*n-!i «. . . 74 LIMNANTHACE^E. Stamens monadelphous at the base : ovary 5-lobed. 72 (38) GERAXIACEJE. * * # * Ovary only one. Ovary simple (of one carpel), with only one parietal pla- centa and a single perfectly undivided style and stigma. Flowers mostly irregular, the corolla papilionaceous, rarely regular or nearly so. . 88 (43) LEG UMiNOS.fi.' Ovary one-celled, but either the styles or the stigmas more than one or lobed, or the placentae more than one, showing the pistil to be compound. Corolla irregular, Of 4 petals : stamens 6 in two sets. . . . 26 (32) FUMARIACEJE. Of 5 petals : stamens 5, their anthers united. . . 41 (35) VIOLACELZ. Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary and hanging in the cell. . . Isatis, (33) CRUCIFERE. Ovule solitary at the base of the cell : stigmas 3. 76 (41) AXACARDIACE<£. Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. Petals not on the calyx. . . ". . 53 (35) CASTOPHYLLACE^B. Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tabular calyx. 127 LYTHRACE.E. Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placenta?. Stamens inserted on the calyx. . . . .,, , ,- . . 141 SAXIFRAGACE^. Stamens 5, borne on the long stalk of the ovary : styles 3 : climbing plants with tendrils. 138 (52) PASSIFLORACE.S. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Sepals deciduous after flowering, Four, with 4 petals and 6 stamens. . . (34) CAPPARIDACE.S. Five, with regular 5 petals and 5 stamens : style one: shrub, with coriaceous leaves. . (35) PITTOSPORACEA Sepals persistent, 5, or rarely 3. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, all of them opposite and entire. ~ . . 48 HYPERICACEA Leaves not pellucid-punctate, and Not beset with gland-bearing bristles. ANALYTICAL KEY. Sterile filaments or some appendages resem- bling them before each veiny petal. 48 PARNASSIACEJB No sterile filaments : style 1 or none. 45 CISTACEA:. Beset with strong bristles tipped with a clam- my gland : styles divided so as to be twice as many as the 3-5 placentae. 47 DROSERACE.S. Ovary 2 - several -celled. Flowers irregular. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous, Six or eight, connected with the corolla : anthers one-celled, opening at the top. ... 85 POLYGALACE.B. Ten, free from the corolla : anthers 2-celled. (As- tragalus, &c.) . . . . :' .•;:;*<• 88 LEGUMINOS.E. Stamens 5, the anthers somewhat monadelphous or united over the stigma 73 (40) BALSAMINACE.K. Stamens distinct both as to the filaments and the anthers. Anthers opening at the apex. , Khodora, 245 ERICACEAE. Anthers opening lengthwise. Calyx spurless. . ".- '".- • . . .- 82 (41) SAPINDACE.E. Calyx with a spur (except Cuphea, p. 127). (40) TROF.EOLACE.E. Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens (2 or 3) fewer than the 4 petals. . . . 356 (72) OLEACE.E. Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many, Triadelphous : leaves opposite. . .... 48 HYPERICACE^E. Distinct, usually 6 or 8, of equal length. . . 84 (41 ) SAPINDACEJE. Tetradynamous, i. e. 2 short and 4 long : petals 4. 28 (33) CROCIFER^:. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs : flowers monoecious : styles fewer than the sepals, mostly 3. 385 EUPHORBIACE^E. Herbs : styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals. Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 74 LIM.VANTHACE^J. Sepals and petals 5 : ovary and pod 10-celled. 70 (38) LINAGES. Sepals, petals, and cells or lobes of the ovary 5 : stamens5-10. . ' . ' .. ' '. . 72 (38) GERANJACE.E. Shrubs or trees. , Leaves palmately veined and lobed: fruit two- winged, a double samara. * •; :> ' Acer, 84 (41) SAPINDACE^:. T«eaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent : seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. •' * •"". 81 CELASTRACE^. Calyx minute : stigmas sessile : fruit a berry- like drupe. -. -' '"'.- ' _'i- '•••";* v' ' :i? tlr--. 263 AQUIFOLIACE^E. Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. 52 ELATINACE^E ANALYTICAL KEY. Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, 82 SAPINDACE.E. Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup : leaves simple, all radical. . . 262 GALACINEJE. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf- lets 3, obcordate. 71 OXALIDACE-S:. Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided. 245 (61) ERICACEAE. Styles 2-5, separate. , . . . 52 (35) CABYOPHYLLACK^:. Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. 141 (54) SAXIFBAGACEJE. Style 1 : pod enclosed in the calyx, becoming 1-celled at maturity. . . . 127 (50) LYTHRACE^E. 2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . 138 (52) CUCUEBITACEJB. Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . 63 (36) PORTDLACACEJB. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal few - many-seeded placentae. Herbs: fruit a capsule 141 SAXIFRAGACE^SJ. Shrubs : fruit a berry. **..', . . . 136 (53) GEOSSULACE^:. Ovary 2 - several-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. 127 MELASTOMACEJE. Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. 81 CELASTRACE^E. Stamens on the calyx. . Style 1 : petals 4, rarely 5 ... 129 (50) ONAGEACE^E. Styles 2 or 3, or only one and 3 -5-cleft. 141 (54) SAXIFEAGACE^. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens 10 (instead of many) accidentally and rarely in some 111 POME ^ .^ ' . . 241 (60) LOBELIACE.E. Stamens separate, and Free from the corolla or nearly so ; leaves alternate, without stipules : juice of the stem milky. 243 (60) CAMPANULACE^E. Inserted on the corolla, Didynamous : ovary 1-celled, with two parietal and many-ovuled placentae. . ,.«;,,, (63) GESNERIACE.S:. Not didynamous. One to three, always fewer than the lobes of the corolla. •;,:--• • • • I?4 (56) VALERIANACEJE. * Beware here of Mirabilis ! which seems to be monopetalous, with the ovary between the oalyx and corolla ; but it is really apetalous. See pp. Ixxiv, and 360. ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV Four or five, generally as many as the lobes of the corolla. Flowers in an iuvolucrate head : stipules none. 176 (56) DIPSACE.E Flowers if in heads not involucrate. Leaves whorled without stipules. ^ Leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, with [-168 (56) RUBIACEJB. stipules. Leaves opposite without stipules (or some- times with appendages to the petioles imitating them). .".- , ] . 163 (55) CAPRI FOLIAGES, * * Ovary free from the calyx (superior). *- Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. 300 (67) LABIATE. Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . 298 (66) VERBENACE.E. Ovules numerous or as many as 2 in each cell. Ovary and pod 1 -celled, With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. 275 LENTiBULACE-a:. With 2 or more parietal placenta : stamens 4. Plants with ordinary foliage (63) GESNERIACE-E. Plants leafless, root-parasitic. . . . 279 OROBANCHACEJE. Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Martynia, ) J . f 278 (63) BIGNONIACEJ3. Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. ) Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentas in the axis. Seeds numerous, rarely few, not on hooks, &c. 281 (64) SCROPHULARIAOE^. Seeds few, borne on hook-like, or slender, or else cup- shaped projections of the placentae. . 296 (66) ACANTHACEJB. •«-•«- Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : anthers open- ing by a hole at the top of each cell. . Azalea, 245 (61) ERICACEAE. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, 281 SCROPHULARIACE.B. Filaments not woolly 338 (71) SOLANACEJE. •«-•*-•*- Corolla regular. •M- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovaries 2, separate ; their Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, 332 CONVOLVTJLACEJE. Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. Filaments distinct : pollen in ordinary grains. 349 (73) APOCYXACE.E. Filaments commonly monadelphous : anthers united with the stigma : pollen in masses. . 350 (72) ASCLEPIADACE^E. Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. 319 (69) BORRAGINACE.E. XXVI ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary one : pod 2-lobed or 2-horncd at the summit. Loganieae, 169 Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed, One-celled, simple : style and stigma 1, undivided. 88 (43) LEGUMINOS.E. One-celled, compound : styles, stigmas, or parietal placentae 2. Leaves (or in Menyanthes 3 leaflets) entire. . . 341 GENTIANACE.S, Leaves toothed, lobed or pinnately compound. ^ Imperfectly 2-celled by two broad parietal pla- j-26 (69) HYDROPHYLLACE.E. centae meeting each other. ; " . . J Two- to ten-celled. Leafless and parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, 332 CONVOLVULACE^C. Plants with ordinary green leaves. Style none : corolla deeply 4 - 6-parted. . . 263 AQTJIFOLIACEJE. Style present. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 245 (61) ERICACEAE. Stamens inserted on the corolla, Four : corolla scarious : pod 2-cellcd, opening transversely, the top falling as a lid. 268 PLANTAGINACE^E. Four: ovary 2-4-celled, with one ovule in each. 299 VERBENACEJE. Five or rarely more. Leaves opposite, with stipules, or a transverse line in their place. Gelsemium, p. 296, and 169 LOGANIE^B. Leaves mostly opposite, no stipules. 1 Leaves alternate : style 3-cleft at apex. , }-329 (70) POLEMONIACEJB. Leaves alternate and opposite : an- j thers transversely 2-valved. Leaves mostly alternate : style undivided or rarely 2 -cleft. Ovules and seeds very numerous. Corolla imbricated in the bud. 281 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Corolla either plaited, valvate, or twisted, rarely imbricated, in the bud . 338 (71) SOLANACE^E. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Style short : fruit splitting into two or four seed-like nutlets. . 319 (69) BORRAGINACE.E. Style long : flowers showy : fruit a 2 - 3-valved pod. . . 332 (70) CONVOLVULACE^. •«-«• ++ Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells 2 - few-seeded. . . 296 (66) ACANTHACE^J. Ovary 2-4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. ;. .: ; r.u.,- 298 (66) VERBENACE^E. Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled. Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. 268 PLANTAGINACE^E. Herbs (rarely shrubs) : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, slightly irregular, deciduous. Veronica, 281 (64) SCROPHULARIACE^. Shrubs or trees. ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV11 Lobes of the corolla 4,valvate in the bud : seeds suspended. 356 (7 Lobes of the corolla 5 or more, convolute in the bud : seeds erect from the base of the cells. . . . (73) JASMIXACE.E. DIVISION TEL APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting. A* Flowers not in catkins. * Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), Six-celled: stamens 6-12. . . . 359 ARISTOLOCHIACB^B. Four-celled: stamens 4. . • . - . . Ludwigia, 129 ONAGRACELS:. Three-celled : flowers monoecious : stamens many. (53) BEGONIACE^:. One-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, 141 SAXIFRAGACE.E. Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate, monoecious : tree. 147 HAMAMELACEJB. Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . 384 PODOSTEMACE^B. Ovary and pod, &c. superior, i. e. free from the calyx, Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks which fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, 139 CRASSULAOE.E. Three - 5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, 63 PORTULACACE.E. Three-celled and 3-valved. .' . Mollugo, 53 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. Two-celled or 1-celled: placentae central. Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. 127 (50) LTTHRACE^E. Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx, Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . . Glaux, 270 PRIMULACE^B. Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Flowers with scarious or colored bracts. . 367 AMARANTACE^E. Flowers without such bracts. . . . 52 CARYOPHTLLACE^S. One-celled, with one parietal placenta. . . . ) Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. . , . . f 2 RANTJ * * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. +- Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACE x. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. . . Zanthoxylum, 74 RUTACE^E. Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. 2 (30) RANUNCULACEJB. Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. 383 SAURURACEJE. •*- •*- Pistil one, either simple or compound. Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . 147 HAMAMELACEJB. XXVU1 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers. Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-aelled. 129 HALORAGBJS. Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1 -celled. Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, 160 CORNACEJE. Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. 382 LORANTHACE.S:. Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. 381 SANTALACE^J. Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly dioscious. 380 EL^AGNACEJE. Herbs : calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple 360 (74) NYCTAQINACE.E. Leaves alternate, pinnate. . . ,,;:, *.,-,> . Sanguisorba, 110, ROSACEJE. Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree : calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. 400 PLATANACE^E. Herbs : calyx present and often colored. 371 (75) POLTGONACE^B. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so. Leaves whorled-dissected : style 1. . . 383 CERATOPHYLLACE*:. Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-celled. 384 CALLITRICHACEJE. Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled : berry 10-seeded. *.. +>•: 361 PHYTOLACCACEJE. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1 - 2-celled : juice milky. 385 (76) EUPHORBIACE^B. Ovary one-celled : juice not milky. Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple : no scarious bracts around the flowers. ,:„..,. . .394 URTICEJB. Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved. Stipules not scarious : leaves palmatcly cleft or palmately compound. » ; !. 395 (76) CANNABINE^E. Stipules scarious. . . .^.. •: ; -f1 54 ILLECEBRE^E. Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. 54 SCLERANTHE.S:. Stipules none : but scarious bracts crowded around the flowers. . -:*• , I. t 367 (75) AMARANTACE^;. Stipules and scarious bracts none. 361 (74) CHENOPODIACEJS. Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a 3-celled pod : leaves evergreen. Buxus, (76) EUPHORBIACE^:. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. . . , . %,.'»* 82 ACERINEJS. Fruit a 1-celled 1 -seeded samara or drupe. . 356 (73) OLEACEJE. Ovules single in each cell of the Three -9-celled ovary : leaves small and heath-like. 393 EMPETRACEA Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. . . . 78 RHAMNACEJB. ANALYTICAL KEY. One - two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2- cleft 394 (76) URTICACE^. One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire. Anthers opening longitudinally. . 380 (75) THYMELEACE^:. Anthers opening by uplifted valves like trap-doors. 378 LAURACE^:. IS. Flowers (monoecious or dioecious) one or both sorts in catkins. * Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . 394 (76) URTICACEJB. Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins. Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. 401 (77) JUGLANDACE.E. Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cupule. 403 (77) CUPULIFER^. * # Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads. Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded : seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. . . . 413 (78) SALICACE^. Ovary and woody pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, 148 HAMAMELACEJB. Ovary 1 -2-celled, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1 -seeded. Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry 382 LORAXTHACE js. Trees or shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular, conspicuous, that of the fertile flowers succulent in fruit 394 (76) URTICACE^. Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma one, simple : flowers in heads. 400 PLATANAC^B. Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin : nutlets naked, winged or woody. 410 BETULACE.E. Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets naked, globose, mostly waxy-coated or drupe-like. 409 MYRICACEJE. Fertile flowers single in a membranous sac. Ostrya, ^ Fertile flowers 2, subtended by a one-sided and j-403 CUPULIFERE. lobed leafy involucre. Carpinns, J SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPEK\L£. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monrecious or dioscious. Leaves simple : stems branched. . . { , . , 420 (78) CONIFERS. Leaves pinnate, rigid : stem or caudex simple : plants therefore resembling Palms in aspect . . . (80) CYCADACEJS. XXV1110 ANALYTICAL KEY. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis- tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. (A transverse slice of the stem therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion- ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in threes, never in fives. A* SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Aracese, where, however, they are on a spadix) and also of glumes (husky scales). Leaves often with netted veins. Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. 430 LEMNACE^B. Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves. Immersed aquatics, with jointed stems and inconspicuous flowers. ,..,.„•"• ••""„'/.; ".''.. V. 431 NAIAD ACE^E. Reed-like or Flag-like marsh or aquatic herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads. Flowers monoecious : destitute of floral envelopes. p . 429 TYPHACE^E. Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : sepals 6. Acorus, 'j Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct j- 426 (80) ARACE.E. netted-veined blade, petioled. J B. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like. * Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary (superior). Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Aquatics : ovules and seeds several or numerous. 440 HYDROCHARIDACE.E. Twining plants : ovules and seeds one or two in each cell : veinlets of the leaves reticulated. . 460 (84) DIOSCOREACEJE. Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous or several. Stamens (bearing anthers) only one or two : flower irregular. Gynandrous : ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. 442 ORCHIDACE.E. Not gynandrous : ovary 3-celled (80) CANNACE^E. Stamens 3. Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . 442 BURMANNIACE.E. Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. 457 H^EMODORACEJE. Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . 459 (82) IRIDACE^J. Stamens 6 : flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. 455 (80) AMARYLLIDACEJB. ANALYTICAL KEY. # # Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6 ; the anthers turned inwards : perianth covered with wool or scurf. 457 Stamens 6 ; the anthers turned outwards. . . . 472 MELANTHACEJE. # # * Perianth wholly free from the ovary (inferior) : •*- Its 6 (or rarely 4) divisions similar, and colored alike. Perianth glumaceous, i. e. chaffy or husky : rushes. . . 479 JUNCACE.S:. Perianth herbaceous : somewhat rush-like marsh plants : anthers turned outwards. .'•„•.-. . 436 JUNCAGINE.E. Perianth petaloid, or at least somewhat colored and corolla-like. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the perianth, or unequal and of two sorts : aquatic plants. . :'w P''- ''."•' 483 PONTEDERIACE2E. Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth and all alike. Style 1, undivided (in Tulip no style : stigma 3-lobed). 465 (84) LILIACEJB. Style 1, but 3-parted or 3-lobed. Uvularieae, 472 (86) MELANTHACBJG. Styles 3, or sessile stigmas 3, separate. Leaves with tendril-bearing petioles : flowers dioecious. ) (461 SMILACE2B Leaves whorled : flowers perfect. . . . . > Leaves not tendril-bearing nor whorled : anthers turned outwards 472 (86) MELANTHACE.S. +-+- Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 3 herbaceous or membranaceous sepals and 3 col- ored petals ; not furnished with glumaceous bracts. Pistils numerous and distinct ; stamens from 6 to many. 436 ALISMACEJS. Pistil (ovary) one, 3-celled, many - several-seeded. Style 1. Thick or scurfy -leaved epiphytes. ... . . 458 BROMELIACE^E. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled. . . 461 TRILLIACEJS. Pistil (ovary) one, 2 -3-celled ; the cells 1 -2-seeded. 485 (86) COMMELYXACE.S:. Pistil 1 : ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae. . . 487 XYRIDACE^E. «-•»-•*- Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting ; the outer (calyx) mostly glumaceous or chaffy ; the flowers also furnished with glumaceous or chaffy bracts. Rush-like herbs : flowers in dense heads. Pod 1 -celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal placentas. . 487 XYRIDACE.E. Pod 2 -3-celled, 2 -3- seeded 488 ERIOCAULONACE.E. C. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scale- like bracts. Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. 490 CYPERACEJS. Glumes in pairs, of two sorts 535 (87) GRAMINBLE. ANALYTICAL KEY. SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS: those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores instead of seeds. CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the foliage when there is any (in the form of veins). Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on their backs or margins .«,-.«..] 587 Fiucus. Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth at each joint of the stem, i ;;.«i; . . . 585 EQUISETACE^S: Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple leaves or bracts. 602 LYCOPODIACEJE. Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches. Aquatics. i.*;v « ^* v ? . • • • 605 HYDROPTERIDES. CLASS IV. ANOPHYTES. (MOSSES.) Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct, or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond). Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct. . . 607 Musci. Spore-cases not opening by a lid. Leaves sometimes con- fluent into a frond. • •« . . , ' . . 682 HEPATICE.S GARDEN BOTANY: AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. THIS simple Introduction to a knowledge of the plants commonly cultivated in this country, whether for use or ornament, is prepared as a useful accom paniment to the Botany of the Northern United States, and is made &a extensive as the needful limits of such a volume will allow. It will serve the purpose of enabling pupils to study our ordinary exotic as well as indigenous plants, to ascertain their names, and to refer them to their place in the system. It is to be used wholly in connection with the foregoing Artificial Key, p. xv., which is arranged to lead the pupil, if he has an exotic or other cultivated plant in hand, to this Garden Botany, — if a wild plant, to its order in the proper Botany of the Northern United States. If the cultivated plant be one which is described in the main body of the work, — as may frequently be the case, — the analysis will conduct to a reference, " Man. p. . . ," where the plant in ques- tion may be found described. It is needless to repeat the description of such species. For the same reason, the character or brief description of the orders and of the genera already in the Botany of the Northern United States is not repeated in the Garden Botany ; but a reference, " Manual," or " Man.," followed by the page, directs the student to the place where the order or the genus, &c. is characterized. Since by far the greater part of the names of the genera, &c. of our cultivated plants occur in the body of the work, where they are duly accentuated to in- dicate their proper pronunciation, the accents are not introduced here, except in the case of a few words, for the most part not already in the Manual, which are particularly liable to be mispronounced. As this Garden Botany is intended to be used only for exercise in botanical analysis, an Index of the names of the plants contained in it, for obvious rea- sons, is purposely omitted. XXX GARDEN DOT ANY. ORDER BANUNCULACE.aS. CROWFOOT FAMILT. See Manual, p. 2. — The cultivated sorts may be known by having many stamens inserted on the receptacle, and from 2 to many separate pistils, except that the annual Larkspurs have only one pistil, and in Fennel-Flower the five pistils are partly united into one. Climbers, with opposite and usually compound leaves. . . Genus 1. CLEMATIS. Herbs, except the Tree Paeony, not climbing. Pistils many in a head, one-seeded, in fruit resembling seeds. Calyx like a corolla, no real petals. , . t ^ . - j, ... 2. ANEMONE Calyx and corolla present : the petals conspicuous, With a little scale inside on the claw ...... 3. RANUNCULUS. Without any scale. . ».-.•«. . . . 4. ADONIS. Pistils several-seeded, in fruit becoming pods. Calyx like a corolla : petals small and stamen-like. Pistils 5, partly united, making a 5-horned pod. ... 6. NIGELLA. Pistils 9 or more, separate : flower yellow, globe-like. . . 6. TROLLIUS. Pistils 5 : flower white or greenish, open ..... 7. HELLEBORUS. Calyx like a corolla, regular ; the petals large spurs. , ^ , . 8. AQUILEGIA. Calyx like a corolla, irregular. Upper sepal spurred behind : petals 1 to 4, small. . . 9. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal helmet-shaped : petals 2, hammer-shaped. . . 10. ACONITUM. Calyx green or greenish : petals large. • «' • -• « H 1. Clematis, VJKGIN'S-BOWER. Man. p. 3. No. 5 is sometimes cult.; also C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER. Flower solitary, long-peduncled, large, blue or purple, in summer ; styles naked. C. Flammula, SWEET VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Flowers panicled, white, sweet-scented, in late summer ; leaves pinnate ; styles plumose in fruit. 2. Anemone corpnaria, the original of most of the showy GARDEN ANEMONIES, of various colors, single or double, fl. in spring. 3. Ranunculus, CROWFOOT or BUTTERCUPS. No. 14 and 15, in Man. p. 10, furnish the hardy YELLOW DOUBLE BUTTERCUPS of our gardens, and R. Asiaticus furnishes the DOUBLE RANUNCULUSES with large flowers, white, red, and other colors, resembling Anemonies. 4. Adonis. Like Ranunculus, but without any scale on the petals; these are usually 6 to 12. Leaves very finely divided. A. vernalis, SPRING ADONIS. Low perennial ; flowers large, yellow. A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE. Annual ; petals small, red, dark at the base, late in summer. 6. Nigella, FENNEL-FLOWER. Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals much smaller than the white or bluish sepals, and five pistils partly united into one pod, containing rather large, dark-colored, spicy seeds. N. Damaseena, FENNEL-FLOWER, RAGGED-LADY. Flower overtopped by a leafy involucre; pod smooth and bladdery, the lining of the 5 cells separating from the outer part, making 5 outer empty cells. N. sativa, NUTMEG-FLOWER. Flower naked ; pod rough, less inflated. 6. Trollius Europseus, GLOBE-FLOWER. Flower golden-yellow, globe- shaped (instead of wide open, as in our wild species, Man. p. 12), in early spring. Resembles a large and showy Buttercup. GARDEN BOTANY. XXXI 7. Helleborus niger, CHRISTMAS ROSE. Rare in gardens, should be common, being very hardy, and handsome (not dull green, like H. viridis, Man. p. 12) ; the large pedate leaf evergreen ; flower from the ground in earliest spring, l£' across ; sepals white, persistent, and turning green. 8. Aquilegia vulgaris, COMMON COLUMHIXE. Spurs of the variously colored flower (single or double) hooked at the end ; the parent of all the common garden Columbines. 9. Delphinium, LARKSPUR. Man. p. 12. Several are cult, for ornament. # Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals united in one body, and a single pistil : flowers blue, varying to pink or white. D. Consolida, COMMON or FIELD LARKSPUR. Flowers scattered on the spreading branches ; pod smooth. D. Ajacis, ROCKET LARKSPUR. Flowers crowded in a close spike or raceme ; spur shorter ; some marks on the base of the united petals were fancied to read AI-AI = Ajax. * * Perennials, with 4 separate petals of 2 sorts, and 2 to 5 pistils : flowers various shades of blue, rarely white. •+- Low , branching species : lower petals not notched. D. Sinense, CHINESE LARKSPUR. Cultivated only with double flowers, of deep indigo-blue ; leaves bright green, rather rigid. D. grandiflorum, GREAT-FLOWERED L. Leaves cut into distant narrowly linear lobes ; flowers single or double, of various tints of blue. D. cheilanthum, with lanceolate or oblong lobes to the leaves, is the parent of some of the choice varieties of the Great-flowered Larkspurs. •*- Tall and single-stemmed : lower petals notched. "D. elatum, BEE LARKSPUR. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped, gashed and toothed lobes ; lower petals strongly bearded. Many varieties. 10. Aconitum Napellus, ACONITE, MONKSHOOD. An upright species, with 5-parted leaves many-cleft into narrow lobes ; the broad, erect helmet short-pointed in front, is the parent of the common sorts of MONKSHOOD in the gardens. 11. Pseonia, PEONY. Perennials, with thick roots, compound and cleft leaves, and very large flowers : calyx leafy : petals 5 in the natural state, white or red. Pistils 2, 3, or more, becoming thick pods. P. officinalis is the COMMON PEONY of all gardens, generally with full double flowers ; pods downy. P. albiflora, SWEET PEONY, has smaller, sweet-scented, mostly white flowers, and smooth recurved pods. P. Moutan, TREE PEONY, has shrubby stems, pale leaves, very large flowers (white, purple, or variegated), and the pistils enclosed in a, curious urn -shaped cup (disk), which bursts as the pods grow. ORDER MAGNOLIACEJE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. • Manual, p. 15. — Besides the Magnolias described, p. 16, one from Japan and two of the Southern States are planted, viz. : — 1. Magnolia purpurea, PURPLE M., from Japan : a shrub with petals about 3' long, erect, pink-purple outside, white inside, beginning to flower in early spring before the pbovate bright green leaves appear. XXXH GARDEN BOTANY. M. grandiflora, GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA of the Southern States, barely hardy in the Middle States: tree with evergreen coriaceous leaves, oblong or obovatc, shining above, rusty beneath ; flower like that of M. glauca on a much larger scale and more fragrant. M. COrdata. Like M. acuminata, but leaves ovate or slightly cordate, darker green above ; flowers pure light yellow. ORDER BEBBERIDACE^J. BARBERRY FAMILY. Manual, p. 19. — Besides COMMON BARBERRY, described p. 19, the only common cultivated plant of the order is 1. Berberis (or Mahonia) Aquifolium, of Rocky Mountains and Oregon : leaves pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets spiny-toothed ; flowers in clus- tered racemes in early spring ; berries blue. ORDER PAPAVERACEJ3. POPPY FAMILY. Manual, p. 24. — Besides three naturalized plants of the order, Poppies and Eschscholtzias are common in the gardens. Juice of the stem yellow or saffron-colored. Pod short, prickly : leaves prickly and blotched : flowers yellow, rarely white U' » . Man. p. 25. ARGEMONE. Pod long and slender, smooth (flowers yellow, &c.), One-celled, with 2 placentae Man p. 25. CHELIDONIUM. Two-celled by a spongy partition. . ^'' Man. p. 26. GLAUCIUM. Juice of the stem white : pod partly many-celled by the several strongly projectirg placentae 1. PAP AVER. . Juice of the stem colorless, with the odor of muriatic acid : calyx like a caudle-extinguisher, falling off whole : peduncle inflated under the flower : pod slender, striate : stigmas slender. 2. ESCHSCHOLTZ1A. 1. Papaver, POPPY. Man. p. 25. Cultivated for ornament, and one of them for medical use. P. SOmniferum, OPIUM POPPY. Annual, smooth, glaucous ; leaves wavy and clasping ; flowers white, purple, &c., often double ; in summer. P. Hhoeas, CORN POPPY. Annual, low, bristly ; leaves nearly pinnate ; flowers scarlet, in gardens double, colors various. P. orientale, ORIENTAL POPPY. Perennial, rough-hairy ; leaves almost pinnate ; flowering stems tall, bearing a very large red flower, in June. 2. EschSCholtzia. Low annuals of California and Oregon, with finely divided leaves and showy 4-petalled flowers, produced all summer. E. Californica. Petals orange-yellow ; receptacle flat-bordered. E. Douglasii. Petals pure yellow (and a white variety) ; no flat border to the receptacle. ORDER FUMARIACE-a3. FUMITORY FAMILY. Manual, p, 26. — The only cultivated plant not in the Manual, and a very handsome one, is the Chinese or Tartarean 1. Dicentra spectabilis. Large, with leafy stems, Peony-like leaves, and heart-shaped, pink-red flowers an inch long, in drooping one-sided racemes ; blooming in spring. GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER CliUCIFERJE. MCSTARD FAMILY. Manual, p. 28. — Well known by the pungent taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4 petals with claws, 6 tctradynamous stamens, and the kind of pod called a silique or silicic. The following is a simple key to the cultivated species. Flowers deep orange or brownish yellow, sweet-scented. . . 1. CHEIRANTHUS. Flowers pure yellow. Pod long or longish, beak-pointed, several-seeded : seeds spherical. Mostly biennials : sepals erect : upper leaves sessile or clasping. 2. BRASSICA. Annuals : sepals loose or spreading : leaves cut. Man. p. 36. SINAPIS. Pod slender, not beaked, several seeded : seeds flat. Man. p. 35- BARBAREA. Pod flat, wing-like, 1-celJed, 1-seeded, hanging, not opening. . 3. ISATIS. Pod very short, 2-celled. few-seeded : low plants. ... 10. ALYSSUM. Flowers pale yellow, turning white or purple : pod jointed. . . 4. RAPHANUS. Flowers not yellow, white, pink, or purple. Seeds spherical , several in a beak-pointed thick and indehiscent pod. 4. RAPHANUS. Seeds several or many in a long and narrow pod. Leaves green, toothed : flowers fragrant chiefly at night. . . 6. HESPERIS. Leaves hoary, entire : flowers fragrant in the day. ... 6. MATTHIOLA. Seeds many or few in a shortish pod : flowers white. Man. p. 30 NASTURTIUM. Seeds several in a broad and flat pod, having a broad and silvery partition : flowers purple, large i ", 7. LUNARIA. Seeds one or sometimes two in each cell of a short pod. Corolla irregular : 2 exterior petals larger than the other two. 8. IBERIS. Corolla regular, as in all the rest of the order, white, small. Leaves cut or toothed : partition of the pod very narrow. . 9. LEPIDIUM. Leaves narrow, entire : partition oval. . .10. ALYSSUM. 1. Cheiranthus Cheiri, WALLFLOWER. Perennial, with narrow and entire pointed leaves ; cultivated everywhere for its deliciously fragrant orange or red-yellow flowers. 2. Brassica. So much like Sinapis botanically, that the two should form, only one genus. Cult, as biennials for food. B. oleracea, CABBAGE, with roundish, thickish, strongly-veined, gla- brous and glaucous fleshy leaves, in cultivation forming a head the first year. Var. BROCCOLI has fleshy irregular branches bearing clusters of abortive flower-buds, instead of a head. Var. CAULIFLOWER has a depressed head, formed of short and fleshy flower- branches changed into a dense fleshy mass. Var. KOHLRABI has the main stem thickened below into a sort of turnip above-ground. Var. KALE is more nearly the natural wild state, leaves not forming a head. B. campestris, with lower leaves rough-hairy and pinnatifid, upper ones clasping by an auricled base, and flowers brighter yellow, is the original of the Var. TURNIP, with depressed fleshy (napiform) white root, and (probably) Var. RUTABAGA or SWEDISH TURNIP, with a longer yellowish root. Var. COLZA, or RAPE- SEED, is near the wild state, with the small root annual ; cult, for the oil of the seeds. 3. Isatis tinctoria, DYER'S WOAD. Tall biennial, with branching racemes of small yellow flowers, succeeded by hanging 1-seeded pods, not opening, winged, like a small samara : formerly cultivated for a blue dye XXXIV GARDEN BOTANY. 4. RaphamiS sativus, RADISH. Lower leaves lyrate , flowers purple and whitish ; pods thick, knobby, pointed, never opening, the seeds separated by pithy partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root. R. Raphanistrum, WILD RADISH or JOINTED CHARLOCK, a trou blesome weed : see Man. p. 40. 5. Hesperis matronalis, ROCKET. A rather coarse ornamental peren- nial of country gardens, tall, pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, toothed ; flowers light purple, in summer, hardly fragrant except at evening. 6. Matthi'ola, STOCK, GILLIFLOWER. Garden or house plants, with hoary • leaves, cult, for their fresh fragrant, commonly pink or reddish, sometimes white, often double flowers. M. incana, COMMON STOCK. Perennial, almost woody : flowers mostly full double. M. annua, TEN-WEEK STOCK. Annual : flowers commonly single, pur- ple or white. 7. Lunaria, HONESTY, SATIN-FLOWER. Hardy plants, with heart-shaped leaves, and broad flat pods, which are raised out of the calyx on a stalk of their own ; their broad white partition, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen. L. biennis, COMMON HONESTY, is occasionally met with in the country : root biennial ; pods broadly oval and obtuse. L. rediviva, the perennial kind, with lanceolate pods, is still more rare. 8. Ib'eris, CANDYTUFT. Well marked by the irregular corolla, the two petals on the lower or outer side of the flower larger than the other two : leaves nar- row. Low plants, cult, for ornament. I. umbellata. Annual ; flowers purple, in summer ; pod deeply notched. I. saxatilis. Almost shrubby, fleshy-leaved ; flowers white, in spring. 9. Lepidium sativum, GARDEN PEPPERGRASS. Annual, smooth ; leaves much cut ; pods round-oval : rarely cult, as a Cress. 10. Alyssum saxatile, ROCK ALYSSUM, a low, hoary-leaved species, full of bright yellow flowers, occasionally cultivated for ornament. A. maritimum, SWEET A., of the subgenus Keniga, with white flowers, scarcely hoary linear-lanceolate leaves, and small white sweet-scented flowers, blooming in long succession, is commonly cultivated for bouquets, &c. ORDER CAPP ARID ACE JE. CAPER FAMILY. Manual, p. 40. — Rather common as a garden annual is one species of 1. Cleome. Sepals and petals 4, spreading, the latter with long claws. Sta mens 6. Ovary long-stalked, becoming a many-seeded narrow pod. C. pungens. Clammy-pubescent; leaves digitate; leaflets 5-9; stipules spine-like ; flowers pink or purple. ORDER RESEDACEJS. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Manual, p. 41. — A most common and favorite species in cultivation is 1. Reseda odorata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, as an annual, low and spreading, with many of the leaves 3-cleft, and a raceme of greenish-white very fragrant flowers ; anthers orange. GARDEN BOTANY. XXXV OKDER VIOLACE^E. VIOLET FAMILY. Manual, p. 41. — Some of our Wild Violets are occasionally cultivated in gardens, and the following are common. 1. Viola odorata, SWEET VIOLET, of Europe. Stemless perennial, spread- ing by creeping shoots, the round-cordate leaves and scapes all from the root- stock ; flowers blue, violet, and a white variety, single or double, produced in early spring, often again in autumn. V. tricolor, PANSY, HEARTSEASE. Biennial or annual, with leafy stems, ovate or cordate leaves, and large pinnatifid stipules ; flowers violet, whitish, or yellow, or a mixture of the three, in many varieties, spring and summer. ORDER PITTOSPOBACE^l. PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. Has to be included for the sake of a shrub or small tree from Japan, cultivated as a house plant in winter, because of its sweet-scented flowers and coriaceous evergreen leaves/which bear the dry air of our parlors better than most plants, viz. : 1. Pitto'sporum TobiTa. Sepals, petals (with connivent claws), and sta- mens 5, regular. Style 1 : ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, in fruit forming a thick-walled pod, with several pitchy-coated seeds. Flowers white. Leaves obovate, retuse. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEJ3. PINK FAMILY. Manual, p. 52. — The common garden species are all of the Pink Family proper, viz. Pinks and the like. Calyx-tube furnished with scaly bracts at its base : styles 2. . 1. DIANTHUS. Calyx-tube naked, i. e. without such bracts. Styles 2. Tube of the calyx not angled. . ..'.... . Man. p. 54. SAPONARIA. Tube of the calyx strongly 5-angled Man. p. 55. YACCARIA. Styles 3 Man. p. 55. SILENE. Styles 5, or sometimes 4 2. LYCHNIS. 1. Dianthus, PINK. Man. p 54. The common cultivated sorts belong to the following species. * Flowers solitary and peduncled or scattered : leaves narrow, glaucous. D. CaryophyllllS, CLOVE PINK, with the petals merely toothed, the scales under the calyx very short and broad, is the original of all the varieties of CARNATION, PICOTEE, &c. D. Chinensis, CHINA PINK, with the petals merely toothed, is known by its greener leaves, and the leaf-like scales as long as the calyx itself. D. plumarius, PHEASANT'S-EYE or PLUMED PINK, has short scale under the calyx, the (white and pink-purple) petals deeply cut into a fringe, and often fringe-bearded at the top of the claw. * # Flowers many, crowded in a close flat cluster. D. Carthusianorum, CARTHUSIANS' PIXK, has narrow leaves, black- ish bracts (making the cluster dark-colored), and small crimson flowers. D. barbatUS, SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK, has oblong-lanceolate green leaves, and a very flat cluster of various-colored flowers. 2. Lychnis. The following are common and hardy garden perennials. L. coronaria, MULLEIN-PINK or ROSE-CAMPION, with ovate-lanceolate and white-tomentose leaves ; flowers pink or red. XXXVI GARDEN BOTANY. L. Chalcedonica, SCARLET LYCHNIS, a tall herb, rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate slightly cordate and clasping green leaves, and a close flat- topped cluster of many flowers ; the 2-lohed petals usually bright scarlet. Ii. Flos-CUCUli, RAGGED-ROBIN, is somewhat clammy-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers panided ; petals rose-red, and cut into 4 narrow lobes, commonly double-flowered in the gardens. ORDER PORTULACACEJE. PURSLANE FAMILY. Manual, p. 63. — The common garden species wholly belong to the genus 1. Portulaca, PURSLANE. The Common Purslane is a weed, rather than a cultivated plant, although sometimes used as a pot-herb. P. grandiflora, SHOWY P., has slender and cylindrical fleshy leaves, with a beard in their axils, and large, brilliant red, scarlet, or purple flowers (or in some varieties white or yellow), with a 5-angled white eye under the yel- low stamens. P. Gilliesii is like the last (probably a mere variety of it, or else they have crossed freely), but has shorter leaves and no white eye to the flower. These two are the handsome Portulacas so common in the gardens, blossoming all summer, opening only in sunshine and but once. ORDER MALV ACE-SI. MALLOW FAMILY. Manual, p. 65. — Known at once by the numerous monadelphous stamens, with kidney-shaped anthers. Ovaries many and heaped together in a head. Involucel, like an outer calyx, 6 - 9-leaved or cleft. . •'*''• *• KITA1BELIA. Involucel of 3 heart-shaped leaves 2. MALOPE. Ovaries or cells of the compound ovary 5 or more in a circle. Each one-seeded : stigmas capitate, 5 - 10. . . . Man. p. 67. SID A. Each one-seeded: stigmas running down the branches of the style: fruit a circle of 9 to 30 carpels round a solid centre. Petals truncate at the end, wedge-shaped 3. CALLIRRHOE. Petals obcordate, or obovate with a notch at the end. Involucel 3-leaved. 4. MALVA. Involucel 3-lobed. ... ^ ... 6. LAVATERA. Involucel of 6 or more lobes or leaves. .' • • • 6. ALTHJEA. Each several-seeded : no involucel under the calyx. . • '.' 7. ABUTILON. Each of the 5 or only 3 cells many-seeded. Involucel under the calyx of many narrow pieces. Calyx B-cleft, not falling off. '. * " .-' ' . . V - 8. HIBISCUS. Calyx splitting down one side, and falling off early. . . 9. ABELMOSCHUS- Involucel of 3 broad toothed or cut leaves : seeds bearing long wool. 10. GOSSYPIUM. 1. Kitaibelia vitifolia is a tall, leafy, hardy perennial, with heart-shaped, 5-lobed, toothed leaves, and white petals. 2. Malo^pe malacoides is a low annual, with ovate crenate leaves, and long-peduncled purplish or white flowers : rare. 3. Callirrhoe, Man. p. 66. — The following from the South and West are very ornamental in gardens, especially the first. Leaves palmately parted or cleft and cut. C. pedata. Erect and smooth biennial or annual, with rich mauve- crimson flowers, no involucel, produced all summer. Texas. GARDEN BOTANY. XXX VU C. Papaver. Low perennial, with ascending stems, rather hairy ; flowers red-purple, very long-peduncled ; involucel none or small. C. tnvolucrata. Perennial, with root like a turnip ; the hairy stems prostrate ; peduncle shortish ; flower red-purple ; involucre 3-leaved, large. 4. Malva sylvestris, HIGH MALLOW, is already described, Man. p. 66. M. Mauritiana, TREE MALLOW. Taller than the last, 4° to 6°, with 5-lobed leaves and deep purple flowers, in autumn. M. moschata, MDSK MALLOW. Perennial, 2° high ; leaves iissected into linear lobes, faintly musk-scented ; flowers rose-color. M. crispa, CURLED MALLOW. Tall annual ; leaves rounded, toothed, much crisped around the edge, with small white flowers in their axils. 5. Lava'tera trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. Annual, with smoothish, round and heart-shaped leaves, scarcely lobed, and large rose-colored or sometimes white flowers ; the fruit covered by a broad and flat umbrella-like enlargement of the receptacle. Commoner in gardens than L. Thuringiaea. Perennial, rather downy ; upper leaves 3-lobed ; petals deeply obcordate, rose-purple, with darker stripes ; a conical projection from the centre of the fruit. 6. Althaea rosea, HOLLYHOCK. A familiar tall biennial or annual, with a simple hairy stem, round and cordate angled leaves ; the large flowers (of various colors, single or double) forming a long spike. A. ficifolia, FIG-LEAVED HOLLYHOCK, with deeply 7-lobed leaves, is a much rarer species. 7. Abutilon. Besides the common VELYET-LEAF, Man. p. 67, there is A. Striatum, STRIPED A. Cult, in all greenhouses, shrubby, nearly smooth, the thin leaves with 5 taper-pointed lobes ; flowers gracefully hanging on long peduncles ; petals orange, with darker stripes and veins. 8. Hibiscus, Man. p. 68. Besides No. 3 there described, the following are more or less cultivated for ornament. H. Syriacus, TREE HIBISCUS, called SHRUBBY ALTH^IA. A hardy shrub, 8° to 14° high, with smooth wedge-ovate and 3-lobed leaves, and short- peduncled flowers, red-purple, white, &c., either single or double, in autumn. H. Rosa-Sinensis, CHINA ROSE-MALLOW. Shrubby, smooth, with ovate pointed and somewhat toothed leaves, and bright red flowers on slender peduncles ; a green-house plant. H. COCCineus, GREAT RED R. A tall herb of the S. States, smooth, with a perennial root ; leaves deeply cleft into 5 long and narrow lobes ; flowers red, 8' to 11' broad, in autumn. 9. Abelmoschus esculentus, OKRA. An annual, with round-cordate more or less 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, succeeded by narrow and angled pods, 4 inches long, which when green are very mucilaginous, and are eaten as a garden vegetable or in soups ; common at the South. A. Manihot, sometimes cultivated for ornament, has a large and hand- some sulphur-yellow flower, with a dark purple eye, and the leaves 5-parted into long and narrow divisions. 10. Gossypium herbaceum, COTTON-PLANT. The genus differs from Hibiscus in having an involucel of 3 toothed or incised green leaves, heart- shaped and a little united at the base, and the seeds covered with the long and soft wool which now makes so large a part of human clothing. The Common Cotton is an herb, with broad 3 - 5-lobed leaves, and pale yellow corolla with 3 XXXV111 GARDEN BOTANY. a purple eye, often turning reddish ; the seeds green or brownish. SEA-!SLAND COTTON is a variety with black seeds and longer wool ; the stem becoming woody at the bottom. TREE COTTON (G. arboreum), which it has been pro- posed to cultivate (but which will not answer), grows to a shrub in warm climates, and has narrower lobes to the leaves, the flower often reddish. ORDER CAMELLIACE-ffi. CAMELLIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 70. — Two Chinese and Japanese showy-flowered shrubs of this order are familiar, viz. the Tea-plant, which is rare in green-houses, and the Camellia, which is very common. They are so much alike that they ought to belong to the same genus. 1. Thaea Chinensis, TEA PLANT, has rather small white flowers, the pet- als and the stamens nearly distinct ; the anthers roundish. 2. Camellia Japonica, CAMELLIA, has large flowers (white, pink-red, &c., single or double), the base of the petals and of the stamens united together, and the anthers oblong. The varieties are many : the flowers, produced in winter, are much prized. OEDER AURANTIACE^E. ORANGE FAMILY. The shrubs or trees of this order common in cultivation, in houses, &c., are known by their evergreen alternate leaves, which are pellucid-punctate (i. e. through a glass they appear as if riddled with small holes), and with a joint between the blade and the petiole, which last is generally leafy-winged or mar- gined ; the flowers white and very fragrant ; the stamens rather many in a single row, on an hypogynous disk. They are all of the genus CITRUS, and originally perhaps of one species. 1. Citrus vulgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with a broadly winged petiole, the fruit with a bitter and acid pulp. C. Aurantium, SWEET ORANGE, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, and a sweet pulp. C. Limonium, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, oblong and acute toothed leaves, and a very acid pulp. C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, and roundish serrate leaves, & harder rind, and sweetish pulp. C. Medica, CITRON, with wingless petiole, oblong leaves, and a very thick rind to the fruit, the pulp acid. ORDER LINACE2E. FLAX FAMILY. Manual, p. 70. — Two or three species of Flax are cultivated in gardens for ornament, and one in the fields for its fibres and seeds. 1. Linum USitatissimum, COMMON FLAX. Annual, with narrow lan- ceolate leaves, blue flowers, pointed sepals, and a 10-celled pod. L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Sparingly cult, in gardens ; with blue flowers and oval blunt sepals. L. grandiflorum, with oval leaves and showy red or crimson flowers, produced all summer in gardens. ORDER GERAISTIACE^I. GERANIUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 72. — The common cultivated plants, especially house-plants, prized for their scented leaves as well as handsome blossoms, are from the Cape GARDEN BOTANY. of Good Hope, have the flowers a little irregular, with a hollow tube extending from the base of one of the sepals some way down one side of the peduncle, some of the 10 filaments without anthers; and so, although called Geraniums, belong to the genus 1. Pelargonium. There are a great many varieties and hybrids in cultiva- tion. Most of the common sorts come from the following botanical species ; but some of them are much mixed. * Leaves peltate, fleshy: stems trailing. P. peltatum, IVY-LEAVED P. Smooth or smoothish, the 5-angled 5-lobed leaves fixed near the middle ; the flowers pink. # * Leaves rounded or round-cordate, crenate, toothed, or moderately lobed. P. ZOnale, HORSE-SHOE P. Shrubby, with thick and juicy branches; the roundish-cordate leaves marked on the upper face with a dark semicircle ; flowers many in a close umbel ; petals narrow, scarlet, red, or sometimes white. P. in'quinans, STAINING or SCARLET P. Resembling the foregoing, but velvety-pubescent and clammy, the leaves without the horse-shoe mark ; petals broadly obovate, intense scarlet, also with pale varieties. P. CUCUllatum, COWLED P. Shrubby, not juicy, softly villous ; leaves round-reniform and cupped ; umbels panicled ; flowers rather large, pink- purple. P. cordatum, HEART-LEAVED P. Like the last, or smoother, with open cordate-ovate leaves. P. angulosum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Shrubby, harsh-hairy; the leaves not cordate at the base, sharply-toothed, angled, and more or less lobed; flowers much like the two last, pink-purple, with dark streaks. P. capitatum, ROSE-SCENTED P. Scarcely shrubby, spreading, softly hairy, with the rose-scented leaves round -cordate and moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many sessile flowers in a head ; petals short, rose-purple. P. odoratissimum, NUTMEG-SCENTED P. Low, with herbaceous and weak branches, and soft-velvety round and crenate leaves, which are sweetly aromatic ; the flowers white and insignificant. * * * Leaves conspicuously lobed, cleft, or compound. P. grandiflorum, GREAT-FLOWERED P. Shrubby, smooth and glau- cous ; leaves palmately 5 - 7-cleft ; peduncles bearing about 3 large flowers, with white petals, the 2 upper larger and elegantly veined, sometimes varie- gated with pink or rose-color. P. tricolor, THREE-COLORED P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long- petioled small leaves silky-hoary, oblong, incised, and 3-lobed or pinnatifid ; peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three lower petals white, the two upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base. P. exstipulalum, PENNY-ROYAL P. Low, rather shrubby, with t.» leaves small, velvety, roundish-ovate, truncate at the base, 3-lobed, also incised, with the scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot ; stipules obsolete; flow- ers few, small, and white. P. quercifolium, OAK-LEAVED P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular ; leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with a cordate base" and wavy-toothed blunt lobes, often spotted, strong-scented ; flowers rather lew, purplish. P. grave'olens. Leaves more deeply cleft into 5 or 7 obtuse lobes, more hairy, and the scent balsamic ; peduncles many-flowered ; otherwise resem bling the last. P. Ra'dula, ROUGH P. Very rough and hairy with short and rigid bristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted, and the divis- Xl GARDEN BOTANY. ions pinnatifid, lobes linear ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals small, pule pur- ple, with darker streaks. This and the two preceding are much mixed. P. ' myrrhifolium. Stems slender, herbaceous or nearly so, hairy, leaves once or twice pinnatifid, with narrow linear lobes ; peduncles few- flowered ; petals often only 4, white, the two upper obovate and with purple veins, the two lower linear and much smaller. P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very short from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy, the lobes unequal ; umbel many-flowered ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night. ORDER TROP^EOLACE^l. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. South American twining or straggling herbs, with the pungent taste and smell of cresses, and showy, irregular flowers, with a spur to the calyx, — all of the genus 1. Tropseolum, commonly called NASTURTIUM, which is the botanical name of the true Cress. T. majus, COMMON NASTURTIUM. Low annual; leaves rounded, an- gled, peltate ; flowers yellow, varying towards red, the claws of three of the petals fringed. T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Annual, climbing high; leaves deeply lobed and cut ; petals pale yellow, all cut-fringed. ORDER BALSAMINACE.ZE. BALSAM FAMILY. Manual, p. 73. — Many varieties are common in gardens of the familiar 1. Impatiens Balsamina, GARDEN BALSAM or TOUCH-ME-NOT. A low annual, with succulent stems, crowded lanceolate leaves, and very showy (white, red, or purple, mostly double) flowers in their axils ; spur short. ORDER RUTACEJE. RUE FAMILY. Manual, p. 74. — Besides Ptelea, which is sometimes planted in grounds, the following are cultivated, both very strong-scented plants. 1. Rllta graveolens, RUE. A very strong-scented and acrid-bitter peren- nial of country gardens, almost woody at the base, with decompound coarsely punctate leaves, and oblong or oborate leaflets ; flowers pale yellow, cymose ; petals 4, concave ; stamens 8, short ; pod globular, 4-lobed. 2. Dictamnus Fraxinella, FRAXINELLA, is a pleasanter-scented peren- nial, with pinnate leaves, and a stout erect raceme of large, rather irregular flowers; petals 5, either white or purple; stamens 10; filaments long, de- clined, glandular towards the summit ; fruit of 5 compressed pods united with each other in the axis. ORDER SIMARUBACEJE, which we may call Rutaceae without dotted leaves, is represented by the cultivated JL. Ailanthus glandlllosus, TREE-OF-HEAVEN. A shade tree of rapid growth, with large pinnate leaves of many pairs of leaflets, and small, polyga- mous or dioecious, greenish flowers. Lobes of the calyx and the petals 5. Stamens 10 in the staminate, 2 or 3 in some of the fertile" flowers. Pistils 2 to 5, with somewhat lateral styles. Fruit a samara, much like that of Ash. Staminate flowers of very unpleasant smell. GARDEN BOTANY. Xl ORDER ANACABDIACE^. CASHEW FAMILY. Manual, p. 76. — One foreign species is much planted as an ornamental shrub, viz.: — 1. Rhus Co'tinus, VENETIAN SUMACH, or SMOKE-TREE. Smooth; leaves simple and entire, obovate ; flowers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, which afterwards becomes a great feathery mass (looking like a cloud of smoke), by a growth from its branches and pedicels into long, hair-like threads. ORDER VITACE-S5. VINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 77. — The various cultivated varieties of Grape fall by their bo- tanical characters under three of the American species described in the Manual, and under 1. Vitis vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Leaves very soon glabrous ; flow- ers all perfect. ORDER SAPINDACE^. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Manual, p. 82. — Besides those described, there are some foreign Maples planted, a Buckeye or two, and a climbing annual in the gardens. Herb, climbing by tendrils, with alternately compound leaves and bladdery 3-celled pods. . . ....;. 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Trees or sbrubs, with the leaves opposite and Palmately compound : fruit a leathery or prickly few-seeded pod. 2. .33CULUS. Simple, palmately lobed : fruit 2 samaras united at their base. 3. ACER. 1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, HEART-SEED or BALLOON VINE. A delicate annual, climbing by a pair of short tendrils on the peduncle, with twice-ternate leaves, and small white flowers (sepals and petals 4, irregular: stamens 8), succeeded by an inflated 3-celled 3-seeded pod; seeds globular, hard, marked with a heart-shaped spot. 2. .ZEsculus Hippocastanum, HORSE-CHESTNUT, and the common BUCKEYES, are described in Man. p. 83. JE. parviflora, SMALL-FLOWERED BUCKEYE. Shrub 3° to 6° high, with stalked and narrow leaflets, and a long and slender panicle of smallish white flowers : stamens very long ; fruit smooth. Planted for ornament, from the S. States. 3. Acer, MAPLE. Man. p. 84. Some of the wild Maples are much planted for shade trees ; also A, Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, from Europe, with large leaves having 5 strong and acuminate serrate lobes, and hanging racemes of greenish flowers, appearing soon after the leaves : wings of the fruit rather spreading. A. platanoides, NORWAY M. A handsome tree, from Europe, with bright-green and thin leaves, having rather small pointed lobes, and very few and coarse teeth ; yellowish flowers in an erect corymb, appearing with the leaves ; the fruit with large and divaricate wings. A. macrophyllum, the LARGE-LEAVED M., from Oregon and Cali- fornia,— a fine tree, with deeply 5-lobed leaves, 6' to 9' broad, and drooping racemes of yellow flowers, — is beginning to be planted. So is A. circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED M., from Oregon ; a tall shrub, the leaves round-cordate, moderately 7-9-lobed, plaited, serrate; flowers greenish, in a corymb ; wings of the fruit divaricate. ilii GATCDEN BOTANY. ORDER LEGTJMINOSjE. PULSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 88. — Many are cultivated for food or ornament. Some of them are in the Manual, and have only to be led up to by the following easy key. 1. Flowers papilionaceous ; the standard covering the other petals in the bud. # Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Leaves digitate, of 5 to 15 leaflets ; flowers in an erect raceme. . 1. LUPINUS. Leaves of 3 leaflets, or the uppermost sometimes simple. Shrubs or undershrubs, with yellow and monadelphous flowers. Flowers single or in pairs in the axils of small leaves along the rigid, upright, angled, green branches : style long and coiled. 2. SAROTHAMND8 Flowers in racemes : style subulate. 3. CYTISUS. . Shrubs or plants with a thick and woody base, with large red flowers, the wing-petals wanting or minute. 'V •" V ' '. -.-• • 4. ERYTHRINA. Herbs, not twining nor disposed to twine. Leaves sweet-scented ; pods short and wrinkled. Man. p. 93 AIELILOTOS. Leaves not sweet-scented. Flowers capitate : pod small, enclosed in the calyx. Man. p. 92. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in a raceme or spike, or few : pods curved or coiled. 6. MEDICAGO. Herbs with the stems twining or disposed to twine. Keel with the included stamens and style coiled. ••:*?'•.» +:• . 6. PHASEOLUS. Keel incurved, but not coiled .?-* 7. DOLICHOS. Leaves pinnate : leaflets serrate. 8. CICER. Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire, as in almost all the order. With a tendril, or a rudiment of one, at the end of the common petiole. Style flattened, hairy on the upper side 9. LATHYRUS. Style filiform : stigma villous or hairy. .... 10. V1GIA. Style filiform : stigma naked : pod 2-seeded. . . 11. ERVUM. Without any tendril. Leaflets only 4, none at the end .12. ARACHIS. Leaflets an odd number, one of them terminal. Ovary and small indehiscent pod 1-seeded. Herb. . . 13. ONOBRYCH1S. Ovary and pod 1 - 2-seeded : petal only one. Shrubs. Man. p. 95. AMORPHA. Ovary and pod several-seeded. Flowers um belled or capitate ; pod narrow. •; ; • . „ . 14. CORONILLA. Flowers racemed. Herbs : keel spurred on each side. . . . . . 15. INDIGOFERA. Shrubs or trees, with hanging or drooping racemes, Of few yellow flowers: pod inflated 16. COLUTEA. Of many white or rose-colored flowers : pod flat. Man. p. 96. ROBINIA. Woody twining plants with lilac or purple flowers. . . 17. WISTARIA. * * Stamens distinct. Tree, with pinnate leaves and hanging white flowers. Man. p. 107. CLADRASTIS. Perennial herbs, with palmate leaves of only 8 leaflets. Man. p. 107. BAPTISIA. 2. Flowers not papilionaceous : Appearing papilionaceous, but the standard covered by the other petals : tree, with simple and cordate leaves. . Man. p. 108. CERCIS. Not at all papilionaceous. Leaves simply pinnate: flowers yellow, perfect: stamens 10 or sometimes fewer Man. p. 108. CASSIA. Leaves some simply, others twice pinnate: flowers polygamous, greenish, in spikes : stamens 3 to 5 : a thorny tree. Man. p. 109. QLEDITSCHIA- GARDEN BOTANY. Leaves unequally twice pinnate : flowers dioecious, in a raceme or corymb, dull white : a tree with rough bark. Man. p. 109. GYMNOCLADUS. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small leaflets, or if simple then vertical or edgewise (phyllodia) : flowers small but many in a head or spike, perfectly regular, often monopetalous. Stamens 4 or 5, or 8 - 10, distinct : flowers rose-color ; pod break- ing up into joints leaving a slender framework. . . .18. MIMOSA. Stamens 10 - 15, monadelphous at the base, purplish. . . 19. ALBIZZIA. Stamens very many, yellow or yellowish. . . .• . . 20. ACACIA. 1. Lupinus, LUPINE. Man. p. 91. Handsome garden plants. L. albus is the Lupine which the ancients cultivated as pulse, an annual, with obovate-oblong leaflets, hairy underneath but smooth above, and white flowers alternate in the raceme. L. pilosus is an old garden annual Lupine, all over very villous with white hairs, the flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, flesh-color, rose-color, or light blue. L. luteus is the old yellow annual Lupine, the flowers in whorls in a long dense spike ; the leaves mostly radical. L. mutabilis, cultivated as an annual, from S. America, is a large and very smooth species, with broadish leaflets, and large pale bluish flowers with some yellow. L. Cruckshanksii is a fine variety of the last with bluer flowers. L. polyph.yU.US, from Oregon, is the fine perennial Lupine of the gar- dens, with 13 to 15 lanceolate leaflets, and a very long and dense raceme of blue flowers ; there is also a white variety. 2. SarothamnilS SCOparillS, the COMMON BROOM of Europe, is a smooth shrubby plant, 3° to 5° high, with rigid green branchlets, bearing small round- ish leaflets (upper leaves simple), and large, yellow, scattered flowers. 3. Cy'tisus Laburnum, COMMON LABURNUM or GOLDEN CHAIN; a small tree with long hanging racemes of golden-yellow showy flowers ; leaflets 3, oblong or oval. 4. Erythrina Crista-galli. A green-house shrubby plant, planted out in summer, with large leaves of 3 leaflets, and a long raceme of very large red flowers : the genus is known by having the two wing petals so small that they are concealed in the calyx. 5. MedicagO SCUtellata, SNAIL MEDICK. A low annual, spreading, with small yellow flowers, but rather large and singular pods, coiled up like a snail-shell or shaped like a bee-hive, smooth. M. sativa, LUCERNE, Man. p. 93, is cultivated for fodder. 6. Phaseolus, KIDNET BEAN, &c. Man. p. 104. We cultivate the fol lowing : — P. COCCineus, SCARLET RUNNER, with bright scarlet flowers in long racemes (rarely varying to white), for ornament. P. vulgaris, COMMON STRING BEAN or POLE BEAN, with white flow- ers and straight linear pods. P. nanus, DWARF or FIELD BEAN, is a cultivated variety of the last, growing low and bushy, not twining. P. lunatus, LIMA BEAN, SIEVA BEAN, of several varieties, has rather small white flowers, and broad, curved, or scymitar-shaped pods, with large nnd flat seeds. GARDEN BOTANY. 7. Dolichos Lablab, EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN, cultivated for orna- ment, rarely for its b^ins, is a smooth twiner, with showy red-purple flowers (also a white variety) an inch in diameter, and thick oblong pointed pods ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. D. Sinensis, CHINA BEAN, the var. melanophtlialmus, BLACK- EYED BEAN, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers at the end, the beans (which are good) white with a black circle round the scar, is occasionally met with. 8. Cicer arietimim, CHICK PEA, is like a Vetch, but has its obovate leaflets serrate, and usually one at the end of the stalk instead of a tendril ; flowers white, solitary ; pod turgid, containing 2 large seeds which are shaped somewhat like the head of a sheep, and are used as a substitute for coffee 9. Lathyrus, PEA. Man. p. 103. This genus must include Pisum. L. Pisum, FIELD PEA. Lobes of the calyx leafy ; seeds spherical ; leaf- lets mostly 2 pairs, broad ; corolla white, sometimes variegated with purple or red ; cult, for food. L. odoratus, SWEET PEA. Annual, pubescent, with the stems some- what winged ; leaflets one pair ; the long peduncles bearing 2 or 3 sweet- scented large flowers, white with the standard rose-color or red-purple ; culti- vated for ornament. L. latifolius, EVERLASTING PEA. Root perennial ; plant smooth, wing-stemmed, with one pair of leaflets ; peduncle bearing several pink-purple flowers, not fragrant, but ornamental. 10. Vicia, VETCH. This common Vetch or Tare, described Man. p. 102, is a weed, but hardly cultivated here. V. Faba, WINDSOR or HORSE BEAN, is a Vetch which grows upright with hardly any tendrils, but bears one or two pairs of large leaflets, and a small raceme of white flowers with a dark spot ; pod short and broad ; seeds large, flattish, oval, with the scar at one end ; prized in England, but a poor bean where better will grow. 11. Ervum Lens, LENTIL. A low annual, like a small Vetch, with broad 2-seeded pods ; rarely cultivated here for soup. 12. A'rachis hypOgSBa, PEANUT, also called GROUND-NUT, here occasion- ally raised, but cult, at the South for its well-known fruit, which is a thick reticulated pod, ripening under ground, containing one or two large eatable seeds. Known by its even-pinnate leaves of 4 obovate leaflets ; flowers small, yellow. 13. Ono'brychis sativa, SANFOIN. cult, for fodder, like Lucerne, in Eu- rope, but rarely in this country, is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, and long- peduncled spikes of handsome pink flowers ; pod small, indchiscent, 1 -seeded, prickly-toothed, and veiny. 14. Coronilla, CORONILLA. Two species cultivated for ornament, viz. : — C. varia, COMMON CORONILLA. A hardy low perennial, with running roots, numerous oblong leaflets, and long-peduncled heads or close umbels of ' handsome rose-colored flowers. C. E'merus, SCORPION SENNA. A hardy low shrub, with 7-9 obovate small leaflets and few-flowered peduncles ; petals yellow, with very long claws. 15. IndigO'fera tinctoria, INDIGO-PLANT, common at the South, now rarely cult., is a rather hoary herb, with 9 or 1 1 oval or obovate leaflets, small flowers in racemes, and small deflexed pods. GAEDEX BOTANY. xv 16. Colutea arborescens, BLADDER SENNA, is a common hardy shrub in country gardens, with pinnate leaves, oval leaflets, and a raceme of 5 or 6 yellow flowers, succeeded by bladdery inflated pods. C. cruenta has obovate leaflets, saffron-colored or blotched flowers, and pods opening by a little slit at the top. 17. Wistaria. Man. p. 96. The handsome wild species is occasionally cul- tivated for ornament ; but we more commonly meet with W. Sinensis, the beautiful Chinese and Japanese species : this has longer hanging racemes, of paler blue-purple flower*, in spring ; wing-petals with only one auricle ; ovary pubescent. 18. Mimosa pudica, COMMON SENSITIVE-PLANT, well known for its leaves closing at the touch, is a low or trailing plant, with bristly stems ; petiole bearing 4 partial petioles on its apex, each with many linear-oblong leaflets ; stamens 4 or 5, of the same number as the sepals or the petals, the latter united in a cup. 19. Albizzia Jlllibrissin, planted at the South, a rare house-plant at the North, is a tree with twice-pinnate leaves, of many obliquely oblong leaflets, their midrib at one margin, and heads of rather large purple or rose-colored flowers ; the stamens being the showy part. 20. Acacia. True Acacias are green-house plants, flowering in winter, known by their vellow bunches of flowers, consisting almost entirely of stamens. A. dealbata, with glaucous, almost hoary-white twice-pinnate leaves, and very- small leaflets, the flowers in heads which are loosely panicled, is the commonest species of the kind with compound leaves. A. linearis, with long and linear simple leaves and pale yellow flowers in interrupted spikes, — and A. longifolia, with broader, lanceolate leaves and deep yellow flowers, — are the commonest of the Australian Acacias, having leaves turned edgewise, or phyllodia. instead of true and compound leaves. ORDER ROSACE-SI. ROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 110. — Important for the fruits and the ornamental flowers it fur- nishes. Pistil only 1, entirely free from the calyx, becoming a drupe or stone-fruit. Stone wrinkled or rough on the surface : flowers pink or rose-color. 1. A31YGDALUS. Stone smooth and even: flowers v\hite 2. P&UNUS. Pistils 1 or 2 becoming achenia, enclosed in the tube of the dry calyx: flowers perfect : herb, with pinnate leaves. Man. p. 115. SANGUISORBA Pistils from 2 to many, free from the calyx, which is never fleshy. PL-tils only 2, or even 1, in the fertile fl. : stamens many in the tterile : flowers monoecious, spiked : petals none : leaves pinnate. 3. POTERXUil. Pistils about 5 (or 3 to 15) in a circle. Shrub, with yellow flowers, usually full double. ... 4. KERRIA. Shrubs or herbs, with an open calyx and usually broad (white or pink) petals 5. SPIR^A. Perennial herbs, with a narrow tubular calyx and narrow petals Man. p. 114. GILLENIA. Pistils many, heaped on the receptacle, the ovaries Becoming dry achenia on a dry receptacle 6. POTENTILLA Becoming dry achenia on an enlarged juicy receptacle. . . 7. FRAGARIA Becoming juicy or berry-like 8. RUBUS- GARDEN BOTANY. Pistils many (becoming bony achenia in fruit), enclosed in the hollow tube or cup of the calyx, which is fleshy, and becomes thick and pulpy in fruit. Prickly shrubs 9. ROSA. Pistils 2 to 5 combined into one by their ovaries to make a compound ovary, which is coherent with the thick tube of the calyx ; this becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit : all shrubs or trees. Only one ovule and one seed in each cell, the latter stony in fruit. One thick stone in the fruit, having 2 to 5 cells. Man. p. 123. CllAT^GUS. Three to five small and 1-seeded stones hi the fruit. .' . 10. COTONEASTER. Two or few ovules and seeds in each cell. 11. PYRUS. Many ovules or seeds in each cell. ...... 12. CYDONIA. 1. Amyg'dalus nana, DWARF ALMOND. The DOUBLE-FLOWERING va- riety is common in gardens (but not the single), its numerous rose-colored flowers appearing early in the spring, before the narrow and lanceolate leaves. A. Persica, the PEACH, with rose-pink-colored flowers, broadly lance- olate leaves, and downy-coated fruit. Var. Isevis, the NECTARINE, has the fruit smooth, like a Plum, but came originally from the Peach. 2. Primus, PLUM, CHERRY. Besides Nos. 1, 7, and other species in the Man. p. Ill, 113, the following are common in cultivation : — P. Armeniaca, the APRICOT, with almost sessile white flowers appear- ing much before the leaves, which are ovate and somewhat cordate, the yel- lowish fruit with a velvety surface. In this respect it is like the preceding genus ; but the flowers, the smooth stone, &c. are as in the Plum. P. Domestica, the GARDEN PLUM, of many varieties, has thornlcss branches and lanceolate-ovate leaves ; it is thought to be a long-cultivated production of P. instititia, the Bullace Plum, and -this a variety of the SLOE, Man. p. 112. P. Cerasus, the GARDEN CHERRY, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong- ovate smooth and veiny leaves, and flowers in sessile umbels, opening at the same time as the leaves ; this is the original stock as well of the OXHEART or DUKE CHERRY as of the SOUR CHERRY, MORELLO, &c. 3. Poterium Sanguisqrba, GARDEN BDRNET. A common low peren- nial in country gardens, with small and ovate deeply-toothed leaflets, and a head of greenish or purplish flowers, the lower ones staminate, the upper ones pistillate. 4. Kerria Japonica, is called COHCHORUS in the gardens, where it is a common shrub, with ovate and pointed coarsely toothed leaves, and full double yellow flowers. The state with single or natural flowers has lately been introduced from Japan. 6. Spiraea. Man. p. 113. Several of our wild species and the following exotics are cultivated for ornament. * Shrubs or undershrubs. S. trilobata. Low shrub, with recurved branches ; leaves smooth, glau- cous, rounded, and cut-lobed ; flowers very many in umbel-like corymbs, white, showy. S. hypericifolia, ITALIAN MAY, or ST. PETER'S WREATH. Shrub, with long recurved branches ; leaves small, cuneate-oblong, a little crenate or lobed at the end ; flowers small, white, in small umbels. S. Douglasii, of Oregon, is coming into the gardens : it resembles S. tomentosa (Man. p. 114), but has longer, narrower, and blunter leaves, and deeper rose-purple flowers. GARDEN BOTANY. S. SOrbifolia, with pinnate leaves, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate sharply serrate leaflets, and a large panicle of white flowers. * # Herbs, perennial. S. Ulmaria, ENGLISH MEADOW-SWEET. Leaves pinnate with a large 3-lobed leaflet at the end, and smaller lateral ones, also minute ones inter- mixed, whitish-downy underneath ; flowers yellowish-white in a compound cyme, sometimes double. S. Filipendula, DROPWORT. Boot fibrous, some of them swollen below ; leaves mostly radical, smooth and green both sides, with very many small pinnatifid or cut leaflets ; flowers fewer and larger than in the last, white often tipped with reddish ; both single and double-flowered. 6. Potentilla, CINQUEFOIL. Man. p. 1 18. The three following red-flow- ered, perennial, digitate-leaved species are rather common in gardens, where they are much crossed and mixed. The first is from the Mexican, the two others from the Himala} an Mountains. P. hema'tochrus. Silky or velvety ; leaflets 7 or 5 on the lower, 5 and 3 on the upper leaves ; flowers deep red or crimson. P. Nepalensis. Leaflets green both sides, 5 or only 3 in the upper leaves ; flowers rose-red. P. atrosanguinea. Leaflets white-downy underneath, 3 in all the leaves ; flowers dark purple-crimson or brown-red. P. recta : a coarse, hirsute, erect, yellow-flowered species ; leaflets 5 or 7, digitate, narrowly cuneate-oblong, coarsely toothed. 7. Fragaria, STRAWBERRY. Man. p. 119. The originals of the cultivated varieties are mainly these : — F. vesca yields the ALPINE STRAWBERRY, the PERPETUAL, £c., with small, very fragrant fruit. F. elatior of Europe, the HAUTBOIS, a taller plant, with calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is deep red with a peculiar musky odor. F. Virginiana, the parent of the AMERICAN SCARLET, and similar sons; and its crosses with the next have given origin to the PINE-APPLE, and the greater part of the large sorts now cultivated. F. Chilensis, with thick leaves very silky underneath, and the large fruit erect in ripening (instead of hanging as in the rest), is the parent of the QUEEN VICTORIA and WILMOT varieties, &c. F. Indica has creeping leafy stems, yellow flowers, and tasteless fruit. 8. Rubus Idaeus, the GARDEN RASPBERRY, is very much like our wild Red R. (Man. p. 121), but is taller, larger-leaved, the prickles hooked, and the fruit larger and firmer, pale red, amber-colored, &c. 9. Rosa, ROSE. Man. p. 122. Besides the SWEET-BRIER, and the varie- ties of our wild PRAIRIE ROSE (already described), the common cultivated Roses come from the following. But many of them, especially the tender ones, are so mixed and altered by long cultivation, that it is difficult, if not impossible, for the student to refer them to their true types. # Styles not projecting out of the calyx-cup nor cohering. R. Cinnamomea, CINNAMON ROSE. Tall, 5° to 8° high, with brownish- red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red cinnamon-scented (double) flowers, not showy. R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE. Low, 1° or 2° high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, single, double, and white, pink, and even yellow. Xlviii GARDEN BOTAXY. R. SUlphurea, the old YELLOW ROSE. Tall, with scattered straight prickles, glaucous or pule leaves, and sulphur-yellow (double) flowers. R. Eglanteria, YELLOW EGLANTINE ROSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but lower, 3°- 5° high, with straight prickles ; leaves deep-green (not pale, as in the last) ; flowers deep yellow, and sometimes variegated with red, either single or double. B,. Damascena, DAMASK ROSE. Flowers white or red, single or double ; the parent of many sorts, such as the Red and White Monthly, York and Lancaster, &c. ; distinguished from the next by its greener bark and larger (curved) prickles, long reflexed sepals, and elongated hips. R. centifolia, PROVENCE, CABBAGE, and HUNDRED-LEAVED ROSE. Flowers drooping, large, white, blush, or red, mostly full double, and the pet- als curved inwards ; calyx clammy ; the hips short or roundish ; prickles un- equal, the larger ones curved. Var. muscosa, the Moss-RosES of various sorts, have the clammy glands of the calyx grown out into a moss-like covering. R. Gallica, FRENCH ROSE. Flowers red or crimson (sometimes white) ; of many varieties ; differs from the last by the rigid coriaceous leaflets, erect flowers, and spherical hips ; less sweet-scented, and petals more astringent. R. alba, WHITE ROSE. Flowers white or with a delicate blush, fragrant; sepals pinnate, reflexed, but conniving and remaining on the oblong hip ; prickles straightish ; leaflets glaucous. Many common varieties. R. Indica, TEA ROSE. Came from China, and has furnished endless sorts ; the leaflets are only 3 or 5, ovate, acuminate, thickish, smooth, and shining. NOISETTE Roses are thought to have originated in a cross between this and the Musk Rose. R. semperflorens, PERPETUAL CHINA or B&NGAL ROSE. Many sorts, usually with red or crimson flowers, with very little fragrance ; leaflets as in the last, from which they probably originated, at least in part. R. Lawrenceana, FAIRY ROSE. Dwarf, very small-flowered Chinese Roses, often only 6 inches high, which came from the last. R. Banksiae, BANKSIA ROSE. A slender, tall climbing species from China, cult, in greenhouses, well marked by having no prickles, 3 to 5 lanceo- late leaflets, and rery small (white or buff, violet-scented) flowers, many together in an umbel-like corymb. # # Styles cohering in a column which projects out of the calyx-cnp. R. multiflora, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing spe- cies, from Japan and China, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white or pale red, not sweet-scented. The BOURSALT ROSE is a more hardy, climbing, red Rose, said to come from the multiflora, but probably from a cross with some hardy European species. R. moschata, MUSK ROSE. Rambling, but hardly climbing, with re- curved prickles; the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, nearly smooth ; flowers white, with a yellowish base to the petals, mostly simple, in umbel-like clusters, very fragrant, especially at evening. R. sempervirens, EVERGREEN ROSE. Climbing, hardy at the South, with coriaceous bright-green leaves, curved prickles, and nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more hardy variety, the leaves deciduous. 10. Cotoneaster VUlgaris is a low shrub, sparingly planted, with the small oval leaves white-downy beneath, and small greenish-white flowers ; the fruit like that of Hawthorns, but including 3 or 4 little seed-like stones. GARDEN BOTANY. 11. Pyrus, PEAR, APPLE. Man. p. 124. — Besides the American Crab, we have in common cultivation, — P. communis, PEAR. Leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers pure white ; fruit tapering down to the peduncle. P. Malus, APPLE. Leaves ovate, obtusely toothed, mostly downy be- neath ; flowers tinged with pink ; fruit globular, sunk in at both ends. P. prunifolia, SIBERIAN CRAB. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser- rate, smooth ; fruit smaller than that of the American Crab- Apple, and yellow- ish ; cult, for the fruit. This is probably a mere variety of P. baccata, in which the lobes of the calyx fail away from the fruit P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERING-APPLE. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, smooth ; flowers large and showy, rose-red, usually semi-double ; cult, for ornament. P. aucuparia, EUROPEAN ROWAN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH. A larger tree than our wild Mountain-Ash, and more commonly planted, except in the interior of the Northern States ; leaflets 9-15, narrowly oblong, not taper- pointed. 12. Cydonia vulgaris, COMMON QUINCE. Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches, white, appearing after the leaves ; leaves ovate and entire, downy as well as the leaf-like lobes of the calyx ; fruit pear-shaped, and in one variety apple-shaped. . C. Japonica, JAPAN QUINCE. Flowers on side spurs of the thorny branches, with short and rounded lobes to the calyx, and large scarlet petals (single or partly double, also a pale or white variety), appearing a little before the smooth oval leaves ; fruit like a small apple, not eatable. A very orna- mental shrub. ORDER CALYCANTHACEJE. The Calycanthuses, although here generally met with only as planted shrubs, are all natives of the United States, and are "described in the Manual, p. 126. ORDER MYRTACE.2E. MYRTLE FAMILY. Differs from the Pear Family, i. e. suborder Pomese of Rosaceae, by having the leaves punctate with pellucid dots (under a magnify ing-glass), and generally opposite. But two of the three following are exceptions in the latter particular, and the Pomegranate in both. Leaves not punctate, often alternate or whorled : ovary with two tiers of cells, one above the other .1. PUNICA. Leaves punctate, unler a lens, Alternate, turned edgewise by a twist : stamens very long and red. 2. CALLISTEMON. Opposite, horizontal, in the usual way : stamens not so long, white. 3. MYRTUS. 1. Punica Granatum, POMEGRANATE. Low tree, with smooth and thin narrowly oblong: leaves ; flowers solitary at the end of the branchlets, large, bright scarlet (often full double) ; fruit red, containing many seeds invested by an edible pulp. 2. Calliste'mon lanceolatum, called BOTTLE-BRUSH, on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below the latei leaves) with tbeir very long red stamens, is a greenhouse shrub from Austra- lia, with the leaves turned edgewise by a twist. 3. Myrtus communis, MYRTLE. Shrub, with oblong-ovate smooth leaves, and small white flowers, single or double. I GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER LYTHRACE-33. LOOSE-STRIFE FAMILY. 1. LagerstrGBmia Indica, CKAPE MYRTLE, a handsome greenhouse shrub, which stands the winter farther south, is known not to he a real Myrtle by its dotless leaves, and the calyx free from the ovary. Flowers showy, in panicles, purple ; petals 6, on long claws, crisped. 2. Cu.ph.6a ignea (wrongly called platycentra) is a verv handsome low undershrub, with oval bright-green leaves, and vermilion-red flowers, with their dark-colored tips bordered with white. The showy part is the calyx, which is spurred, the petals minute or none : it flowers all winter in the green- house, and all summer in the garden. 8, Lythrum Salicaria, Man. p. 128, is not uncommon in old gardens. ORDER ONAGRACEJE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 130. — Besides some of our wild Evening Primroses, the following are cultivated for their showy flowers. Shrubs (of the greenhouse, &c.) with hanging flowers, a calyx re- sembling a corolla (red, or white in some varieties), and blue petals convolute around the lower part of the 8 stamens : fruit a berry. 1. FUCIISIA. Herbs : fruit a 4-celled pod. Stamens 8 : scarlet flowers like those of Fuchsia, but with a pod like that of Epilobium, having hairy-tufted seeds. . . 2. ZAUSCHNERIA. Stamens only 4 : calyx prolonged above the ovary into a slender tube : petals short-clawed and 3-lobed. . .'".''." . 3. EUCHARIDIUM. Stamens 4 good ones, and 4 sterile with abortive anthers or none : petals with long claws ' . . 4. CLARKIA. Stamens 8 with anthers : petals with hardly any claws, entire or notched at the end : seeds not tufted 5. (ENOTHERA. 1. Fuchsia, FUCHSIA or LADIES' EAR-DROP. The cultivated kinds, now so common, are from the following, but much crossed and varied. They came from Mexico, Chili, &c. F. microphylla has small leaves as well as flowers, the latter globular in the bud, and the stamens not protruded. F. COCCinea is the parent of all the common Fuchsias with short flow- ers, the lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, and the stamens long-exserted. F. fulgens is the parent of the commonest long-flowered sorts (2^-3 inches long), the short lobes of the calyx often greenish-tipped, the stamens little exserted. 2. Zauschneria Californica, a very choice ornamental perennial, from California, low, pubescent, with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 3. Eucharidium COncinnum: a low, California annual, like a Clarkia, except in the particulars mentioned above ; flowers pink-purple. 4. Clarkia pulchella, from Oregon, a handsome garden annual, with lanceolate leaves, large 3-lobed petals (rose-purple, and a white variety), with a pair of teeth on the claw, and 4 dilated stigmas. C. elegans, from Oregon and .California, is taller, with ovate and serrate leaves, the rhomboid rose-purple petals not lobed. 6. CEnothera, EVENING PRIMROSE. Nos. 1, 4, 5, of the Manual, p. 130, occur in gardens. GARDEN BOTANY. li CE. Missouriensis, from Missouri and Texas. Cinereous, very low ; leaves broadly lanceolate ; corolla yellow, 4' to 6' across ; pod 4-winged ; root perennial. CE. speciosa, from Arkansas and Texas, with large white flowers fading to rose-color, and club-shaped pods. CE. acaulis, from Chili, with very large white flowers close to the ground , the stem short and creeping ; leaves pinnatifid. CE. purpurea, from Oregon and California, a low annual with purple flowers opening in the sunshine ; and some others of the same section (GoDE- TIA), with rose, lilac, or nearly white petals with a purple spot, are occasion- ally raised. ORDER CACTACE-5I. CACTUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 136. — Hundreds of species are cultivated by amateurs; the fol- Ijwing are the most generally met with. Stem globular or melon-shaped : flowers immersed in a mass of wool. 1. CACTUS. Stem cylindrical and ribbed, or triangular : flowers mostly ephemeral. 2. CEREDS. Stem or branches flat, leaf-like, smooth, and not prickly, often jointed : flowers rose-colored, tubular, lasting day after day. ... 3. EPIPUYLLUM. Stem or branches jointed, flat or flattish, bearing prickles or bristles : flowers not tubular, mostly yellow. . . . Man. p. 136. 4. OPTJNTIA. 1. Cactus MelocactllS, TDRK'S-CAP. Plant melon-shaped, a foot or more high, many-ribbed, with star-like clusters of spines on the ribs, sur- mounted, when about to flower, by a cylindrical woolly mass like a muff in which the small red flowers are partly imbedded. Brought occasionally from the West Indies. 2. Ce'reus grandiflorus, NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS, with very long and rooting cylindrical stems, and producing a very large flower, with many narrow yellow sepals and broader white petals, opening at night and shrivelling before morning, — is only occasionally met with in conservatories. C. flagelliformis is more common, as a house-plant, with long and slender flexible stems, clothed with clusters of short and bristly prickles, bear- ing rather small pink-red flowers. C. speciosissimus, with erect and only 3 - 4-angled stems, very large bright-red flowers with a tinge of violet inside, and white stamens, is one of the most showy of all, and is common. 3. Epiphyllum phyllanthoides, known by the flat and leaf-like or winged stems, with creuate margins, from which spring the flowers ; these are 4' long, narrow, tubular below, rose-colored, and lasting several days. E. truncatum, known by its flat and jointed recurved branches, which are more or less toothed ; the flowers from the truncate apex of the joints, only 2 or 3 inches long, rose-color, with a short tube, below bearing spreading petaloid sepals, above very oblique ; continuing in bloom for several days. ORDER MESEMBRYANTHEMACE^. MESEMBRYAXTHEMUM FAMILY. Mesembryanthemums are fleshy-leaved plants, with an adherent calyx, bear- ing a great many petals and" stamens ; the fruit dry and several-celled. 1. Mesembryanthemum spectabile is the commonest as a house- plant, with long triquetrous and acute opposite leaves, rather woody stems, and large red flowers. Ki GARDEN BOTAXY. M. crystallinum, called ICE-PLANT, because the oval and wavy alter- nate leaves and the branches look as if frosted over with white transparent vesicles ; flowers white, small. ORDER GBOSSULACE^J. CURRANT FAMILY. Manual, p. 136. — The cultivated Currants and Gooseberries generally met with are, — 1. Ribes Grossularia, GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. Prickly ; leaves obtusely 3-5-lobe.I ; flowers solitary or in pairs on short pedicels, green ; calyx cam- panulate , berry large, prickly or smooth. R. rubrum, COMMON CURRANT, with flat greenish flowers in hanging racemes, and red'berries, also a white variety. See Man. p. 137. R. nigrum, GARDEN BLACK CURRANT, has black berries, like those of our R. floridum, but the greenish flowers are fewer in the racemes and shorter, and the bracts minute. R. aureum, BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, from the Far West, with smooth 3-lobed leaves and a tubular calyx, is planted for its bright-yellow spicy-scented flowers, appearing in early spring ; berries blackish, useless. R,. sanguinetim, RED-FLOWERED CURRANT, from Oregon and Call fornia, has rounded and 5-lobed leaves, downy beneath, and hanging racemes of red or rose-colored flowers ; cultivated for ornament. R. speciosum, SHOWY GOOSEBERRY, from California, a prickly species, with small and shining leaves, deep-red hanging flowers, and long-exserted red stamens ; when trained on a wall and protected is a beautiful species. ORDER PASSIFLORACE-ZE. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Manual, p. 138. — Out of a number of Passion-Flowers of conservatories, the following are commonest, and may be planted out in summer. 1. Passiflora CSerulea. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and not serrate ; crown blue of varied tints, purple at the base, shorter than the white corolla. P. edulis, GRANADILLA. Leaves shining-green, large, 3-lobed, the lobes and bracts serrate ; flower pale blue or whitish ; fruit eatable. ORDER CUCURBIT ACE JE. GOURD FAMILY. Manual, p. 138. — A few are cultivated for ornament, and others for their edible fruit. CorolU 6-parted, small : fruit soft-prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Man. p. 139. ECIIINOCYSTIS. Corolla moderately 5-lobed, bell-shaped, large, yellow. ... 1. CUCURBITA. Corolla of 5 almost separate large and white petals. ... 2. LAGENARIA. Corolla 5-cleft beyond the middle, buff or sulphur-color. . ; 3. CITRULLUS. Corolla 5-parted to the calyx, or nearly of 5 petals, yellow. . 4. CUCUMIS. Corolla 5-parted, white, the divisions cut into a delicate fringe. 5. TRICHOSANTHES. 1. Cucurbita. The common Pumpkin and the Squashes, in great variety, are shown by a recent investigation to belong to only two botanical species the fruit of each of which is immensely variable. C. Pepo, PUMPKIN, WINTER SQUASH, &c. Stalks and veins of the leaves very rough with hispid hairs, almost prickly ; leaves more or less 5-lobed ; GARDEN BOTANY. liii stalk of the fruit woody, strongly 5 - 8-ridged with deep intervening grooves. The little ORANGE GOURD (C. ovifera) is probably the original of this. C. maxima, SQUASH, CYMLING, &c. Less rough leaf-stalks, and rounder less lobed leaves than in the foregoing ; stalk of the fruit thick, not deeply grooved, but many-striate. 2. Lagenaria vulgaris, BOTTLE GOURD, is well marked by its large white flowers on long peduncles, and its hard-rinded fruit of diverse shapes, used for bottles, dippers, &c. 3. Citrullus vulgaris, WATERMELON. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or bluish ; the edible pulp of the fruit consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta (reddish or rarely white) ; a variety with hard flesh is cultivated for preserving, under the name of Citron. 4. Cu'cumis. The genus includes two familiar esculents, viz. the CUCUM- BER and the True MELON. C. Melo, MELON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round-cordate or reniform, the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery placentae being discarded with the seeds. The SERPENT MELON, sometimes called SERPENT-CUCUMBER, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with a long and snake-like fruit. C. sativus, CUCUMBER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when young, smooth when ripe, eaten unripe. 6. Trichosanthes COlubrina, SNAKE-PLANT. Cult, for ornament in hot-houses, &c. ; the white flowers remarkable for having the petals cut into slender fringes ; the fruit imitating a snake, green mottled with whitish and yellowish, when ripe turning red, from 4° to 7° long. ORDER BEGONIACE.E. BEGONIA FAMILY. Begonia. Many species are cultivated in hot-houses, some for their curious leaves, others for their pretty flowers. They are known by their leaves, which are always inequilateral, one side being much larger than the other, and by their monoecious flowers ; the staminate flowers having one large pair of rounded petaloid sepals, and within a pair of smaller ones or petals, and many stamens. The pistillate flowers have a triangular or 3-winged inferior ovary, and usually 5 less unequal sepals, resembling petals. ORDER CRASSTJLACE.SJ. ORPINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 140. — All the Sedums in the Manual, except No. 3, are more or less cultivated ; also 1. Sedum acre, Moss STONECROP, WALL-PEPPER. Spreading on the ground and rooting, moss-like, with very small and thick ovate leaves and scattered yellow flowers ; cult, for garden edgings, &c. 2. Sempervivum tectorum, HOUSELEEK. Spreading by offsets, the leaves thick and broad, in bulb-like rosettes ; rarely flowering here ; flower-stem a foot high; flowers cymose, with 6 or more sepals, petals, and pistils, and twice as many purplish petals. ]iv GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER SAXIPBAGACEJB. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 141. — Several are cnlt. for ornament, especially shrubby species. Herbs : stamens 10 : pod 2-celIed and 2-beaked, or else two pods. 1. SAXIFRAQA. Shrubs, with opposite leaTes : calyx coherent with the ovary. Stamens twice as many as the petals : styles mostly 2. Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones much larger and neutral. 2. HYDRANGEA. Flowers panicled or racemed, and all alike : filaments dilated. 8. DEUTZIA. Stamens very numerous : filaments slender : style 3 - 5-cleft. 4. PHILADELPHUS. 1. Saxifraga sarmentosa, BEEFSTEAK SAXIFRAGE, is an old-fashioned house-plant, from Japan, with Strawberry-like runners ; the leaves round- cordate, toothed, rather fleshy, on shaggy petioles, the lower surface reddish, the upper green variegated with white ; flowers on a scape, panicled, three of the petals pink and spotted, two of them much larger, paler, and hanging. S. crassifolia is a showy hardy species, with large and thick roundish leaves, and an ample cluster of large rose-colored flowers on a scape, from a short creeping rootstock, in early spring. &. Hydrangea Hortensia, the COMMON HYDRANGEA of house culture, from Japan, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright- green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. H. radiata, of the South, is hardy in our gardens, and differs from H. arborescens (Man. p. 146) in having the leaves white-downy beneath. H. quercifolia, also of the Southern States, has the leaves sinuate- lobed and pubescent underneath ; not quite so hardy. 3. Deutzia. Fine ornamental white-flowered shrubs, from Japan, now be» coming common, and mostly hardy. D. gracilis, the least hardy, is low and smooth, with ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and bright white flowers. D. SCabra is a tall shrub, with the leaves rough, veiny, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, and the filaments not toothed on each side, as they are in both the others. The shrub generally cultivated under this name is D. crenata, with the filaments toothed, leaves ovate, crenulate, rough, short-petioled, flowering in summer. 4. Philadelplllis coronarius, MOCK-ORANGE, also called STRING A. Shrub with erect branches, oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white flow- ers ; styles distinct almost to the base. A common shrub, flowering rather earlier and for a shorter time than P. inodorus, var. grandiflorus, Man. p. 146 ; varieties of which are often planted ; its flowers are pure white, larger but less numerous than iu the last, and nearly scentless. ORDER UMBELLIFEHJS. PARSLEY FAMILY. Manual, p. 148. — The plants of this family are classified mainly by the fruit. Jt will not be difficult to make out the common cultivated species, with much recourse to technical characters. Flowers yellow : fruit flat, wing-margined : leaflets coarse, incised. Man. p. 152. PASTINACA Flowers yellow : fruit terete, wingless: leaflets filiform, -aromatic. 1. FCENJCULUM. Flowers greenish-yellow or whitish : fruit ovate : wmewhat flattened laterally : leaflets lobed and incised. 2. PET ROSELINUIL, Flowers white : fruit prickly, in dense concave umbels. Man. p. 152. DAUCUS. Flowers white : fruit smooth, not winged. Calyx-teeth conspicuous on the globose strongly aromatic fruit. 3. CORIANDRUM. Calyx-teeth none. Leaflets filiform : fruit pleasantly aromatic 4. CARUM. Leaflets coarse and broad, wedge-shaped, incised: plant heavy scented 5. APIUM. 1. Foeniculum VUlgare, FENNEL, a tall perennial, with decompound leaves, very slender leaflets, and large loose umbels of small yellow flowers, is cultivated in country gardens for its sweet-aromatic leaves and fruits. 2. Petroselinum sativum, PARSLEY, a biennial, familiar in kitchen- gardens, particularly the crisped-leaved or Curled Parsley. 3. Coriandrum sativum, CORIANDER, a low annual, with pinnately dissected strong-scented leaves and small umbels of few rays, occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruit, the Coriander-seed of the shops. 4. Carum Carui, CARAWAY, a familiar biennial or perennial, in all country gardens, cultivated for its aromatic fruit In some parts of New England it is beginning to run wild. 6. Apium graveolens, CELERY. A coarse and strong-scented biennial, of which a cultivated state has enlarged and succulent petioles of the radical leaves, which, after being blanched by covering with earth, become mild and spicy, and are largely used for winter salad. ORDER ABALIACE-E. GINSENG FAMILY. Manual, p. 159.— The only cultivated plant to be added to those already described is, ' J 1. He'dera Helix, ENGLISH IVY, a woody vine, climbing by rootlets with evergreen, ovate, angled, or lobed leaves, and short umbels of yellowish- green flowers ; styles united into a single short one. ORDER CAPEIFOLIACE.E. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Manual, p. 163. — The common species cultivated are the SNOWBERRY Man. p. 164, the SNOW-BALL or GUELDER ROSE, p. 168, and:— 1. Diervilla Japonica, called ^YEIGELA ROSEA ; a low shrub, loaded in June with large rose-colored flowers. 2. Lpnicera sempervirens, TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, with Ion- and tubular almost regular corolla, Man. p. 164. L. Periclymenum, WOODBINE H., with the deeply 2-lipped corolla purple red outside, sweet-scented ; leaves all separate. L. Caprifolium, ITALIAN H. Flowers like the last, but paler outside; leaves glaucous, the upper pairs connate-perfoliate. L. Japonica, JAPAN HONEYSUCKLE. Twining, like the foregoing, but flowers only a pair in the axil of the leaves (which are pubescent and all separate) very sweet-scented at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside, turning yellowish. Iv » - GARDEN BOTANY. L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. An upright much branched shrub, smooth, with cordate-ovate leaves ; flowers a single pair on an axillary peduncle, rose or pink-colored, in spring, the two berries often united by their bases as they grow. ORDER BUBIACE^l. MADDER FAMILY. Manual, p. 168. — The useful plant which gives its name to the order is 1. Rubia tinctoria, MADDER. Like a Galium, but the parts of the flower in fives, and the fruit a berry ; leaves in whorls of 6, rough-edged ; flowers greenish or yellowish : cult, for its deep, perennial, red roots, which furnish the well-known dye. ORDER VALERIANACEJE. VALERIAN FAMILY. Manual, p. 175. — Two are species common in gardens : — 1. Valeriana officinalis, COMMON VALERIAN. Stems tall and simple ; leaves pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets; flowers white or pinkisli ; stamens 3. The strong-scented rootstock furnishes the Valerian of the druggist. 2. Centranthus ruber, RED VALERIAN. Smooth or glaucous, with ovate-lanceolate entire leaves and light-red flowers (also a white variety), with a spur, and only one stamen ; root perennial. ORDER DIPSACE.ZE. TEASEL FAMILY. Manual, p. 176. — Besides the Fuller's Teasel, p: 177, a Scabious is com- mon, viz. : — 1. Scabiosa atropurpurea, SWEET SCABIOUS, or MOURNING BRIDE. The genus differs from Dipsacus in having round heads of flowers with soft scales or bristles on the receptacle ; the corolla oblique, often 5-lobed, but only 4 stamens ; the limb of the calyx a little cup bearing 4 or 5 long and naked bristles or awns. Our cultivated species is an annual or biennial, with pinnate leaves, a long-peduncled head of dark crimson-purple flowers, with rose-colored and even white varieties. ORDER COMPOSITJE. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Manual, p. 177. — There are many weeds, but not a great many commonly cultivated plants of this order, considering that between an eighth or a tenth of all flowering plants belong to it. There are, however, a good number of rarer ornamental sorts, both of greenhouse and gardens, which we cannot here take into account. * Juice of the stem not milky : strap-shaped corollas, if any, not bearing stamens. Pappus consisting of numerous bristles or hairs, With also a little bristly cup surrounding its base. . . 2. CALLISTEPHUS. With no outer cup, scales, or the like. Involucre a single row of equal scales, or with only some very short ones at the base 16. SENECIO. Involucre imbricated. A row of strap-shaped marginal flowers, which are Purple, blue, white, &c., never yellow. Man. p. 190. ASTER. Yellow, and very numerous and narrow. Man. p. 208. INTJLA. GARDEN BOTANY. Ivu No strap-shaped flowers, but with, a ray of enlarged and cleft tubular flowers Flowers all tubular and alike : scales of the involucre fleshy. Pappus of several, or more than 2, conspicuous chaffy scales, which are often awned or bristle-pointed. Rays none : flowers all alike, tubular, mostly blue. . Rays or marginal strap-shaped flowers conspicuous, yellow, or partly brown or purple. Involucre of separate leafy scales : leaves not punctate- Involucre a solid cup : strong-scented herbage glandular- punctate with coarse pellucid dots Pappus none, or a small cup, or of only 2 teeth, scales, or awns. Heads with rays or larger strap-shaped flowers round the mar- gin, or in cultivation sometimes all the corollas changed into such (double) flowers. Achenia incurved, rough, not flattened : flowers yellow. Achenia not incurved except in Coreopsis. Involucre double, of few scales, the outer different from the inner, each in one row or nearly : leaves opposite. Ray-flowers many in the cultivated varieties. . • Ray -flowers, 6 or 8, broad, neutral : achenia compressed. Involucre not double, but usually imbricated. Receptacle bearing chaffy scales among the flowers. Rays persistent without fading, paper-like, pistillate. Rays not persistent, Neutral : pappus of 2 deciduous chaffy scales. Neutral : pappus a little cup or none. Man. p. 214. Pistillate, numerous, elongated. . ... Pistillate, few, short and broad. Receptacle naked, i. e. no chaff among the flowers. Receptacle conical Receptacle flat or convex Heads without any obvious rays, Rose-colored or white : a quilled state of the Daisy. • . Orange, large, with a leafy and spiny involucre. Yellow or greenish, small, not prickly : strong-scented plants. Pappus a minute cup or none : heads hemispherical. Pappus none : heads globular, very small. . 18. CENTAUREA. 19. CYNARA. 1. AQERATUM. 8. GAILLARDIA. 9. TAGETES. 10. CALENDULA. 6. DAHLIA. 7. COREOPSIS. 4. ZINNIA. 6. HELIANTHUS. RUDBECKIA. 12. ANTHEMIS. 13. ACHILLEA. 3. BELLIS. 11. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 3. BELLIS. 17. CARTHAMUS. 14. TANACETUM. 15. ARTEMISIA. * * Juice of the stem milky : flowers all perfect and urith strap-shaped corollas. Pappus a row of many short scales united into a cup or crown : flowers 20 or less, blue, ephemeral. . Man. p. 235. CICHORIUM. Pappus of 5 to 7 long and pointed scales : scales of the involucre scarioufi, imbricated : flowers blue. . ... 20. CATANANCHE. Pappus of many strongly plumose stout bristles : achenia long- beaked : flowers purple or purplish. .... 21. TRAGOPOGON. Pappus a tuft of soft and white smooth hairs : achenia flat, with a long and slender beak : flowers yellow. ... 22. LACTUCA. 1. Ageratum conyzoides, var. Mexicanum, is a tender annual, with ovate and cordate pubescent and veiny opposite leaves, and loose corymbs of small heads of sky-blue flowers ; the most prominent part of these consists of the club-shaped styles. Iviii GARDEN BOTANY. 2. Callistephus Chinensis, CHINA ASTER. An annual, with alternate spatulate and toothed leaves, and solitary large heads, the involucre leafy and spreading : the showy rays of various colors : the choicer sorts are double- lowered by the change of most of the disk-flowers into rays. 3. Bellis perennis, ENGLISH DAISY. Leaves all from the root, obovate and spatulate ; scape 3 or 4 inches high, bearing a single head, with a yellow centre and white or pink rays : but the full double varieties are generally cul- tivated, especially the quilled form, with the corollas all changed into tubes. 4. Zinnia. Showy garden annuals, with opposite entire and sessile leaves, and a large head of flowers on a thick peduncle ; the broad and short rays parchment-like, and lasting a long while without withering. Z. multiflora has ovate-lanceolate leaves, and one-awned achenia ; the rays red, yellow, &c. Not now common. Z. elegans, with cordate-ovate leaves and large heads, of various-colored flowers, is now the common garden ZINNIA. 5. Helianthus annuus, COMMON or ANNUAL SUNFLOWER, its great head with a flat and brown disk, 4' to 10' in diameter. H. tuberosus, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (see Man. p. 219), with well- known edible tubers, has small heads with a yellow and convex disk, flower- ing in autumn. 6. Dahlia variabilis, the COMMON DAHLIA, too familiar to need de- scription, as usually cultivated has all the flowers changed into rays. In its natural state it resembles a Coreopsis on a larger scale, but with rays pistillate. 7. Coreopsis, Man. p. 219. The perennial species Nos. 7, 8, 10, 11, there described, are often in gardens : also the following, more showy annuals and biennials, from Texas, Arkansas, &c. C. tinctoria. Leaves pinnate, with linear leaflets ; rays yellow with a brown-purple base, or nearly all brown-purple ; achenia wingless. Common in all gardens. C. Drummondi. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong or obovate ; rays broad, golden-yellow with a black-purple spot at the base ; disk dark-colored ; ache- nia wingless. C. coronata. Leaves simple and spatulate or oblong, or some of them 3 - 5-parted ; rays broad, golden-yellow, crowned with dark-purple or brown and tawny stripes or murks above the base ; disk yellow, achenia winged. 8. Gaillardia. Head, coarsely-toothed rays, &c. much like Coreopsis, but leaves alternate, and the pappus consisting of 5 or more thin and awned or bristle-pointed scales. G. pulchella, from Southwestern States, is the commonest species, an annual or biennial, with nearly glabrous leaves, and a large and showy head of flowers, the rays 12 or more, reddish or brown-purple with yellow tips. G. aristata, from Nebraska and Oregon, has a perennial root, pale and pubescent leaves, and pure yellow rays. 9. Tagetes, FRENCH MARIGOLD. Strong-scented annuals, the herbage dotted with pellucid glands; flowers yellow or orange, sometimes partly brown or purple. T. patula. Leaves pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncle hollow, cylindrical. T. erecta. Larger in all parts and coarser than the other ; peduncle in- flated and club-shaped. Flowers often full-double. Called African Marigold : but both this and the last came from South America. GARDEN BOTANY. It* 10. Calendula officinalis, COMMON MARIGOLD ; a familiar low annual, with simple alternate leaves, a leafy involucre, yellow flowers with many rays, the disk-flowers sterile ; found in all country gardens. 11. Chrysanthemum, including Pyrethrum, &c. The summer-flowering CHRYSANTHEMUM of country gardens is C. COronarium, an annual, with twice-pinnately-parted and sessile alternate leaves, solitary heads with a very scarious involucre, and yellow flowers, or the rays varying to white. C. Parthenium, FEVERFEW, perennial, with corymbed heads and •white rays. Matricaria Parthenium, Man p. 226. C. Indicum, a perennial with rather woody stems and ovate pinnatifid and incised leaves, is the parent of the autumn-flowering CHINESE CHRYSAN- THEMUMS, of various colors. 12. Anthemis, Man. p. 225. CHAMOMILE heads of the shops come from A. nobilis, COMMON CHAMOMILE, a low creeping herb, with aromatic scent, the leaves dissected into setaceous divisions ; heads solitary ; white rays. A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is an erect rather tall perennial, the leaves not so finely cut ; the heads larger ; rays yellow. 13. Achillea Ptarmica (Man p. 226), in gardens, both semi-double, and with all the flowers changed into white rays. A. Millefolium, YARROW (Man. p. 226) ; a rose-colored variety is rather common in gardens. 14. Tanacetum vulgare, COMMON TANSY, a familiar strong-scented and bitter herb ; see Man. p. 227. T. Balsamita, COSTMARY, a low perennial, with a pleasant balsamic, scent, oblong and toothed leaves, and corymbed flower-heads. 15. Artemisia, Man. p. 227, where COMMON WORMWOOD and the MUG- WORT are described. Besides, the gardens have A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON. Perennial, green and glabrous; stem- leaves li near-lanceolate, mostly entire. A. Abrotanum, SOUTHERNWOOD. Shrubby ; leaves once or twice pinnate, capillary, pleasant-scented. 16. Senecio, Man. p. 230. The following species are commonly cultivated. S. cruentUS, from the Canaries, is the original of manifold arietics of the common Cineraria of the greenhouses, a perennial, with very veiny leaves, downy underneath, the lower ones round-cordate and angled or obscurely lobed, their petiole winged, at least at the base, which is auricled and clasping the upper leaves sessile, the base partly clasping ; heads corymbed, with nu merous ray-flowers, purple, crimson, blue, white, &c. S. populifolius resembles the last, but is less common, the stem a little woody ; leaves whiter beneath, with nearly naked petioles ; ray-flowers fewer, yellow or white. S. Cineraria, an old-fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cineraria) with a woolly coating; leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads corymbed, with ray flowers, yellow. S. COCCineus, TASSEL-FLOWER (Emilia sagittata, DC.) : a common garden annual, with the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping and minutely toothed, the stem naked above, and bearing a corymb of a few heads of orange- red flowers, without any rays. x GARDEN BOTANY. 17. Carthamus tinctorius, SAFFLOWER. A coarse annual of kitchen gardens, with ovate-lanceolate prickly-toothed leaves, those of the large invo- lucre somewhat"" similar ; the orange-colored flowers used as a substitute for saffron ; whence the plant is often called SAFFRON. 18. Centaurea Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE, very common in country gardens, is described in Man. p. 232. C. Americana, from Arkansas, a showy annual, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a very large flower-head on a stout peduncle ; scales of the invo- lucre with pectinate appendages ; flowers pale purple, the marginal ones much larger and forming a ray. 19. Cynara Scolymus is the true ARTICHOKE, a kind of Thistle with large heads, the receptacle and the lower part of the ovate scales of the invo- lucre thick and fleshy, forming the eatable portion. Not widely cultivated \u this country. 20. Catananche CSerulea. An annual, cult, for its handsome blue flow ers ; head solitary on a long peduncle, with a dry and scarious involucre ; leaves linear, villous. 21. Tragopogon porrifolius, SALSIFY, OYSTER-PLANT. A smooth and somewhat glaucous herb, with a biennial fusiform root, — for which the plant is cultivated as an esculent, — long grass-like leaves which taper from a clasp ing base to a slender apex ; the peduncle enlarged at the summit under the large head ; involucre about 8-leaved ; corolla brown ish-pui-ple or violet. 22. Lactuca sativa, GARDEN LETTUCE. Cult, for the tender root-leaves as a salad ; these broad and rounded, often wavy or crisped, and crowded into a head ; leaves of the flowering stem cordate-clasping ; flowers yellow : acheniu obovate. ORDER LOBELIACEJS. LOBELIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 241. — The Cardinal-Flower is often cultivated. The two follow- ing Lobelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, with small blue flowers, blossom all winter in greenhouses or all summer in gardens. 1. Lobelia Eri^nus. Annual, glabrous, with disuse filiform stems, small lanceolate upper leaves, and small bright blue corolla not much longer tlum the linear lobes of the calyx. L. bicolor. Perennial, slightly pubescent ; corolla larger (£ inch long) and its tube longer than in the last, white in the throat. ORDER CAMPANULACEJE. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Manual, p. 243. — The following Campanulas are commonly cultivated tor ornament, most of them both single and double-flowered, all blue and with white varieties. 1. Campanula Medium, CANTERBURY BELLS. A hairy and tall bien- nial, with very large and erect flowers, the tube of the calyx covered by re flexed appendages ; corolla oblong-campanulate and 2' or 3' long. C. glomerata. A hairy perennial, a foot or so high ; the stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate and sessile by a cordate base ; flowers sessile in small axillary clusters, at the summit forming a leafy head ; corolla open-campanu late, about an inch long. C. Trachelium. A rough-leaved perennial; stem-leaves ovate, short- petioled, very coarsely toothed ; flowers two or three together in the upper axils GARDEN BOTANY. x or at the summit of the stem, drooping, on very short peduncles ; calyx bristly ; corolla 1' or so long, campanulate. C. rapunculoides. A slender smoothish perennial, with the stem- leaves ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; flowers single in the axils of small bracts, forming a terminal raceme; corolla oblong-campanulate, about 1'long. C. persicsefolia. A smooth perennial; slender stems 1° or 2° high; root-leaves lance-obovate, stem-leaves lance-linear ; flowers few in a terminal raceme ; corolla large, open-campanulate. slender stems pctioled campanulate, 1' long. C. pyramidalis. Not quite hardy, cultivated as a biennial, smooth ; lower leaves cordate, upper ones oblong-lanceolate ; stem producing a long pyramidal panicle of very many flowers ; corolla widely expanded and deeply 5-cleft. C. grandiflora, a low, hardy, very smooth perennial, with ovate-lance- olate coarsely serrate leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers, the large corolla balloon-shaped in bud, 5-lobed and widely expanded when it opens, — makes the genus Platycodon, its pod opening at the top instead of on the sides. ORDER ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. Manual, p. 245. — The cultivated species to be added all belong to the suborder Ericinece, the proper Heath Family. Many of our wild ones are planted as ornamental shrubs. Corolla \nthering on the receptacle instead of soon falling off, Deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx 1. CALLUNA. Only 4-toothed or 4-lobed. of various shapes 2. ERICA. Corolla deciduous after flowering. (Buds scaly.) Leaves thin and deciduous : stamens commonly 5. ... 3. AZALEA. Leaves coriaceous, persistent : stamens usually 10. ... 4. RHODODENDRON 1. Calluna vulgaris, SCOTCH HEATHER, is seldom cultivated except as a greenhouse plant, along with true Heaths. A patch has recently been dis- covered wild in Tewksbury, Mass. 2. Eri'ca, HEATH. The Heaths (a few of which are from Europe, but a vast number from the Cape of Good Hope) belong not to common, but only to choice cultivation : we cannot enumerate the many species which adorn conservatories. 8. Azalea. Man. p. 257. Besides the wild species, there is one tender and one hardy exotic. A. Pontica. A hardy shrub, with large and dammy yellow flowers, pre- ceding the pubescent leaves. A. Indica, CHINESE AZALEA. A common greenhouse species, with the flowers (purple, red, rose, white, &c.) later than the leaves; sepals green in- stead of scale-like, and the stamens commonly 10. 4. Rhododendron, Man. p. 257. Besides our wild ones, Nos. 1 and 2 : R. punctatum, of the Southern Alleghanies : a much-branched shrub, with slender and drooping branches, small leaves dotted with rusty globules, and fine rose-colored flowers, in June. 4 Lxii GARDEN BOTANY. R. Ponticum, from Armenia, hardy, but here growing low, with smooth lance-obovate leaves green on both sides, and large purple flowers. R. arboreum is the commonest greenhouse species, with obovate-lanceo- late leaves, either silvery-white or reddish-brown underneath ; and the ovary of 8 or 10 cells ; flowers large, red, purple, or white. ORDER PLUMB AGINACEJE. LEAD WORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 270. — One hardy and one tender greenhouse plant represent the order in cultivation. Stems leafy, branching : flowers in a loose spike ; corolla monopetalous, salver-shaped, with a slender tube : style one : stigmas 5. . .1. PLUMBAGO. Caespitose perennials, with narrow and rigid radical leaves, and naked scapes, bearing a head of nearly 5-petalous flowers: styles 5. 2. ARMERIA. 1. Plumbago Capensis, CAPE LEADWORT ; has rather woody and an- gled stems, oblong-spatulate leaves, and handsome pale lilac-blue corollas, the tube l£' long. 2. Armeria VUlgaris, COMMON THRIFT. Familiar in gardens, where it is used for edging ; the densely tufted leaves narrow linear ; scape 3' to 6' high ; flowers rose-color, intermixed with scarious bracts. ORDER PRIMULACE^J. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Manual, p. 270. — Several are familiar in gardens or greenhouses, cultivated for ornament. Corolla salver-shaped or narrowly funnel-shaped : leaves all radical. 1. PRIMULA. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions reflexed : leaves all radical, From a fibrous root : scape many -flowered. . . Man. p. 272. DODECATHEON. From a flat conn : scape 1-flowered 2. CYCLAMEN. Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate : stems leafy. Filaments beardless : pod not opening round the middle. . . 3. LYSIMACHTA. Filaments bearded : pod opening round the middle. ' \ " . 4. ANAGALLIS. 1. Primula Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE. A common house-plant, pubescent ; leaves 7 — 9-lobed and toothed, rounded, with a cordate base ; umbel many-flowered, often proliferous ; calyx conical-inflated, nearly as long as the tube of the large and showy pink or white corolla. Some varieties have double flowers. P. veris, COMMON PRIMROSE. Leaves many in a tuft, wrinkled, pale- green, denticulate, oblong, with the base contracted into a short-winged petiole ; corolla straw-yellow, but varying in cultivation into many colors, the lobes notched at the end. — The POLYANTHUSES are cultivated varieties. The English COWSLIP is the form with the umbel of flowers raised on a peduncle above the leaves, the corolla smaller and its limb concave. The true English PRIMROSE is a variety with a large and flat limb to the corolla, and the com- mon peduncle wanting, so that the umbel is sessile, and the flowers thus appear as if radical among the leaves. The OXLIP is between these two. P. Auricula, AURICULA. Leaves obovate-spatulate, sessile, thick, and very smooth, pale, often mealy ; umbel raised on a scape ; corolla funnel- shaped, of many colors, single, double, &c. 2. Cyclamen Europseum, COMMON CYCLAMEN, and occasionally one or two other species, are prized for house-culture; the broad and flat corm sends up thick and smooth round-cordate leaves, often purple underneath, on slender GAEDEN BOTANY. bail stalks, and one-flowered scapes, on the apex of which the graceful flower is recurved, so that the reflexed divisions of the corolla turn up ; this is rose- colored or white with a pink base. 3. Lysimachia, LOOSESTRIFE. Man. p. 272. Two species are com- monly met with in gardens : — L. nummularia, MONEYWORT. Smooth, creeping over the ground and rooting, with opposite small orbicular leaves, and solitary axillary light- yellow flowers. It flourishes in moist places, and is often grown in hanging pots. Zi. VTllgaris, ENGLISH LOOSESTRIFE. A stout perennial, more or less downy, with whorls of ovate-lanceolate leaves and a leafy panicle of deep- yellow flowers. In old gardens. 4. Anagallis aryensis, PIMPERNEL. Man. p. 274. The common red variety is frequent in gardens ; the larger blue one is choicer. ORDER GESNEBIACE^l. GESNERIA FAMILY. Tropical plants with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corollas, didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-seeded placentae, — therefore botanically like Orobanchaceae, Man. p. 279, but with green herbage, and not parasitic, — and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx co- herent at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order are in the conservatories ; the commonest are the following, all perennials. 1. Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles; the corolla deflexed or hor- izontal, 2' long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a short and spreading, somewhat unequal, 5-lobed border, pale violet with a deeper-colored throat, in one variety altogether white. 2. Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety, purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ; corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border, glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. — There are several other species. 3. Achime'nes longiflora. Stem leafy; flowers in the axils of oblong or ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or more broad, violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets from the root. ORDER BIGNONIACE^I. BIGNOXIA FAMILY. Manual, p. 277. — The following are common ornamental exotics : — 1. Tecoma grandiflora, GREAT-FLOWERED TRUMPET-CREEPER. Like our T. radicam, but less hardy, therefore less climbing, and with a larger but proportionally shorter orange-red corolla, its proper tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. T. Capensis. A bushy greenhouse species, with the flowers crowded, the red-orange corolla tubular and curved, the stamens exserted. T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, twining, very smooth, with the leaflets pinnate, lance-ovate, entire, bright green ; corolla white, pink- purple in the throat Ixiv GARDEN BOTANY. ORIJER SCROPHULABIACE-ffil. FIGWORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 281. — The following represent this order in the gardens. Stamens 5, rather unlike : corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Man. p. 283. Stamens 4 with anthers, and sometimes a fifth sterile filament. Corolla with a very short tube and a large deeply 2-lipped and 5-cleft spreading limb : leaves all opposite or whorled. Corolla with a more or less elongated tube or cup. Personate, i. e. 2-lipped and the throat closed with a palate. Spurred at the base on the lower side. . . . . . Saccate at the base on the lower side. .... Scarcely gibbous at the base : palate small. .... Open at the throat. Herbs (climbing by the petioles and peduncles). Seeds wingless. . . . . • . . . Seeds winged. . * „._ Not climbing : a tree with opposite and cordate leaves. . Not climbing, herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. Leaves hardly any or minute : branches slender and rush- like, drooping : corolla slender, tubular. Leaves opposite. • Calyx 5-parted : a sterile filament conspicuous. . . Calyx 5-toothed, 5-angled : sterile filament none. . Leaves alternate. Calyx 6-parted : flowers nodding : sterile filament none. Calyx 5-toothed : sterile filament present. • Stamens only 2 with anthers. Calyx 5-parted : corolla rotate, very irregular, its divisions once or twice cleft or cut-lobed Calyx 4-parted : corolla 2-lobed, the larger or lower lobe inflated into a sort of bag or slipper Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted : corolla rotate or salver-shaped : the limb mostly 4-parted, one or two of the lobes smaller than the others. . vv~ • • VERBASCUM. 1. COLLINSIA. 2. LINARIA. 3. ANTIRRHINUM. 4. MAURANDIA 4. MAURANDIA. 5. LOPHOSPERMUM. 6. PAULOWNIA. 7. RUSSELLIA. 8. PENTSTEMON. 9. MIMULUS. 10. DIGITALIS. 11. SALPIGLOSSI3 12. SCHIZANTHUS. 13. CALCEOLARIA. 14. VERONICA. 1. Collinsia bicolor. A showy Californian annual, with many more flowers than in C. verna (Man. p. 284) ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; upper lip of corolla white, lower purple. 2. Linaria triornithopliora. Perennial, tall, glaucous ; leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1^' long, on slender peduncles, pale violet with purple stripes, and a long spur. For other species see Man. p. 284. 3. Antirrhinum majus, GREAT SNAPDRAGON. Perennial, erect; leaves linear-oblong ; raceme many-flowered ; corolla 1^' to 2' long. 4. Maurandia. Perennials, cult, as annuals ; the leaves mostly alternate, with long petioles and long 1 -flowered peduncles in their axils; by means of both the plant climbs. M. antirrhiniflora. Leaves hastate ; corolla 1' long, violet or white, with a hairy palate nearly closing the throat. M. Semperflorens. Corolla without a palate ; otherwise like the last. M. Barclayana. Like the last, but handsomer ; leaves broadly trian- gular-cordate. GARDEN BOTANY. 1XT 5. Lophospermuin. Like Maurandia, but with a more leafy calyx and open corolla. Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, and slightly lobed. L. scandens. Corolla 2' long, purple, smooth, as also the leaves. L. erubescens. Corolla 3' long, rose-color, pubescent ; leaves downy. 6. Paulo wnia imperialis. Tree, from Japan, with leaves like those of Catalpa, but white-downy when young, appearing a little after the flowers, which are panic-led ; calyx and panicle rusty-downy ; corolla lilac or pale violet, with a cylindrical tube and a large 5-lobed border. Seeds winged. 7. Kussellia juncea. Cult, in greenhouses, with slender bright-scarlet flowers, hanging on the rush-like drooping filiform branches. 8. Pentstemon. Besides those in the Manual, p. 286, the following are commonest in the gardens, from Mexico, &c. P. barbatUS. Wholly glabrous, pale, 2° - 4° high ; leaves linear-lan- ceolate ; flowers in a loose elongated panicle ; corolla long and narrow, bright red or scarlet ; upper lip erect, lower reflexed, and sterile filament usually bearded. P. Hartwegi. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2' long, deep red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked. P. campanulatllS. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ventricose above, purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. 9. Mimulus, MOXKET-FLOWER. Man. p. 287. From W. America are, — M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly clasping ; flowers large, brick-red. M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown. M. moschatUS, MUSK-PLANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy- villous, smelling strong of musk ; flower small, pale yellow. 10. Digitalis purpurea, PURPLE FOXGLOVE. A very showy and hardy perennial, with rugose pubescent leaves, and a long raceme of large and showy drooping flowers, in summer, the corolla cylindrical-campanulate, 2' long, with the lobes hardly any, purple, or a white variety, spotted within. 11. Salpiglossis sinuata. Cult, as an annual ; clammy-pubescent ; leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with a tapering base ; flowers large and showy, much like those of a Petunia; corolla 1' or 2' long, funnel-form and inflated above, purple, straw-color, or variegated, 4 fertile stamens. 12. Sch.izanth.US pinnatus. A handsome garden annual, from Chili, with clammy-pubescent branches ; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately dissected ; corolla widely spreading:, one lip small, 3-lobed, violet-colored, the other paler, often blotched, much larger and 5-partcd, its divisions 2-cleft, and their lobes generally cleft again. 13. Calceolaria. Several species, from the Andes, are in greenhouses ; but the common ones are too much crossed and varied to tell the species. 14. Veronica, SPEEDWELL. Man. p. 289. Besides our V. Virginica, there are in the gardens, — V. spicata. Erect hardy perennial, 1° hieh ; with oblong-lanceolate crenate-toothed leaves, and racemes or spikes of delicate blue flowers ; also mixtures of this with two other European species. GARDEN BOTANY. V. speciosa, with oval or obovate leaves, and dense spikes of violet- blue flowers, and V. salicifolia, with lanceolate leaves and large spikes of blue flowers, are showy tall-shrubby species from New Zealand, cult, in conservatories. ORDER ACANTHACEJB. ACANTHUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 296. — Many adorn the richer conservatories ; but the only com- monly cultivated plants of the order belong to 1. Thunbergia. Differs from the rest of the order in having a cartilagi- nous ring or cup, in place of a hook, supporting the seed. A pair of large bracts cover the calyx ; tube of the corolla more or less inflated, the almost equally 5-parted border widely spreading : stamens 4, anthers bearded. Pod 2-4-seeded, globular, pointed with a long flat beak. They are cultivated as annuals : the common sorts belong to T. alata. Twining, hairy ; leaves cordate-sagittate, the petiole winged ; co- rolla yellow, buff, or white, with a dark purple eye. ORDER VERBENACEJE. VERVAIN FAMILY. Manual, p. 298. — Comprises some familiar ornamental plants, such as Ver- benas. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-angled or plaited : corolla salver-shaped : herbs. . . 1. VERBENA. Calyx tubular, not plaited : corolla funnel-form, or somewhat 2-lipped. 2. LIPPIA. Calyx very short : corolla salver-shaped or tubular-funnel-form : shrubs. 3. LANTANA. Flowers in cymes or cymules which are mostly panicled or spiked : corolla 2-lipped : shrubs with palmately-compound leaves. . . • 4. VITEX. 1. Verbena. The handsome Verbenas which adorn the gardens and houses mainly consist of the following botanical species and their mixtures : — V. Aubletia, Man. p 299, known by the glandular appendage which tips the larger stamens, and the deeply cleft or pinnatifid and incised leaves : flowers purple, violet, and varying to white. V. ehamsedrifolia, the SCARLET V., with procumbent rooting stems, oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster. V. phlogiflora, also named TWEEDIANA. Resembles the last, but nearly upright ; the leaves decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. V. incisa. Differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the petioled ones with a cordate base ; flowers in flat clusters or spikes, rose-color or purple. V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised ses- sile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, which are very sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. All but the first come from Buenos Ayres and that region. 2. Iiippia (or Aloysia) citriodora is the name of the S. American shrub, called LEMON-SCENTED or SWEET VERBENA, from the fine fragrance of its leaves : these are linear-lanceolate, roughish with glandular dots, and whorled in threes or fours ; flowers small in slender spikes. 3. Lantana. Tropical shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flow GARDEN BOTANY. Ixvii ers odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The fruit is a berry-like drupe, commonly sky-blue. Flowers in a depressed head or cluster. L. Camara. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red. L. mixta. FJowers opening white, turning yellow, orange, and then red. L. nivea. Flowers white, pleasant-scented, unchanging. L. odorata. Not prickly, small-leaved ; flowers lilac-purple. 4. Vitex Agnus-eastus, CHASTE-TREE, with 5-7 lanceolate entire leaf- lets, white underneath, and bluish flowers with the clusters spiked, stands only at the South. V. incisa, which stands at the North (a native of N. China), has the leaf- lets pinnatifid or incised, and the cymules peduncled and corymbose. ORDER LABIATE. MINT FAMILY. Manual, p. 300. — Most common Labiatae in gardens are already described in the Manual. They have only to be indicated by a simpler key, and a few species added. Stamens only 2 with anthers. Calyx 5-toothed : anther of 2 cells confluent end to end. Man. p. 309. MONAEDA. Calyx 2-lipped : anther halved, i. e. with only one good cell, and that borne on one end of a long connective, the other end bear- iug a rudiment of the other cell or none at all. Man. p. 309. 1. SALVIA. Stamens 4 with anthers. Filaments decurved towards the lower lip or side of the corolla. Flowers in an interrupted raceme : calyx deflexed after flowering. 2. OCIMUM. Flowers in a virgate spike : calyx not deflexed : leaves hoary. . 3. LAVANDULA. Filaments erect or ascending towards the upper side of the flower. Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small : calyx erect Man. p. 303. MENTHA. Corolla 5-lobed. hardly 2-lipped : calyx nodding in fruit. . . 4. PERILLA. Corolla more or less strongly 2-lipped. Upper or inner pair of stamens longer than the other pair. Upper lip of corolla merely concave. . . Man. p. 311. NEPETA. Upp<5r lip of corolla arched or hooded. . . Man. p. 318. PHLOMIS. Upper or inner pair of stamens shorter than the other pair. Stamens diverging or parallel and distant, Long-exserted : calyx 15-nerved. . . Man. p. 304. HYSSOPUS. Short-exserted or included : calyx 10 - 13-nerved. Calyx naked in the throat : leaves linear. Man. p. "307. SATUREIA. Calyx hairy in the throat. Flowers surrounded by colored bracts. Man. p. 306. 5. ORIGANUM. Flowers without conspicuous colored bracts. Man. p.306. 6. THYMUS. Stamens above incurved under the upper lip. Man. p. 308. MELISSA. Stamens ascending parallel, approximate under the upper lip. Flowers in simple spikes, one to each bract. Man. p. 313. PIIYSOSTEGIA Flowers several in each cluster or half- whorl. Anthers included in the tube of the corolla Man. p. 315. MARRUBIUM Anthers not included in the tube of the corolla, and Opening transversely by 2 unequal valves, one of them dliate Man. p. 316. GALEOPSIS. Opening lengthwise. Corolla dilated at the throat : flowers not spiked, and the calyx-teeth not spiny. Man. p. 318. LAMIUM. Ixviii GARDEN BOTANY. Corolla dilated in the throat : flowers densely spiked. 7. BBTONICA. Corolla not dilated in the throat. Calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla. ... 7. BETONICA. Leaves not cleft or incised. Man. p. 316. 8. STACHYS. Leaves 3 - 6-«left and incised. Man. p. 317. LEONURUS Calyx expanded into a membranaceous reticu- lated open cup longer than the corolla. 9. MOLUCCELLA. 1. Salvia, SAGE. Man. p. 309. The common ones in gardens are, — S. officinalis, GARDEN SAGE. Woody at the base, hoary-tomentose ; leaves elongated-oblong, crenulate, rugose ; corolla light-blue or purplish. Cultivated in kitchen gardens. S. patens. Leaves hairy, triangular-ovate ; flowers very large and deep- blue, the lips widely gaping. Cultivated for ornament. S. splendens, the SCARLET SAGE, so commonly cultivated and showy, with corollas, calyx, and floral leaves all bright scarlet ; stem-leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous. S. fulgens, the MEXICAN RED SAGE, has a green calyx, leaves cordate- ovate and downy beneath, and deep scarlet and hairy corolla 2' long. S. pseudo-COCCinea has red corollas about an inch long, more or less pubescent, the lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the stems hairy ; leaves mostly cordate. S. COCCinea, which is wild in the Southern States, is much like the last, but the corollas are glabrous, and the stem as well as the lower face of the cordate leaves hoary-pubescent, not hairy. 2. O'cimum Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. A low kitchen-garden annual, with ovate-oblong fragrant leaves, and small bluish flowers ; the calyx re- flexed in fruit, and its upper lip enlarged. 3. Lavandllla vera, GARDEN LAVENDER. A low, undershrubby, hoary plant, with linear-lanceolate leaves, and long-peduncled naked and interrupted spikes of small bluish flowers. 4. Perilla Wankinensis. An annual herb, prized in ornamental garden- ing for its lustrous dark-purple foliage ; the leaves are broadly ovate, coarsely- toothed and crisped ; the purplish flowers insignificant. 6. Origanum Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. One of the sweet herbs of the kitchen garden, scarcely a foot high, downy and hoary, with small and roundish leaves, and dense clusters of small whitish flowers. Cultivated along with Savory, &c. 6. Thymus Vlllgaris, GARDEN THYME. Plant forming perennial larjre tufts on the ground, with small oblong-ovate leaves, and clusters of purplish small flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; cultivated as a siveet herb. 7. Betpnica grandiflora, GREAT BETONT. A handsome garden peren- nial, with cordate-obtuse leaves, and 2 or 3 whorls of flowers forming a naked spike; the showy purple corolla l£' long. B. officinalis, WOOD BETONY, has far smaller flowers, the cordate- oblong leaves coarsely crenate and mostly radical ; spike dense. 8. Stachys COCCinea, SCARLET STACHYS, of Mexico, with ovate-oblong and cordate leaves, and bright red corollas 1' long, is becoming rather common. 9. Moluccella lasvis, MOLUCCA BALM or SHELL-FLOWER. A glabrous annual, much branched, with roundish leaves ; flowers in their axils with a small whitish corolla in an immensely enlarged cup-shaped calyx, which has a remarkable appearance. • GARDEN BOTANY. ORDER BOE,RAGIK"ACE-ffi3. BOSKAGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 319. — A number of species are cultivated for ornament. OTary deeply 4-lobed (the style rising from the centre between the lobes), each in fruit forming a distinct nutlet. Corolla rather irregular, blue : the stamens exserted. . Man. p. 319. ECHIUM. Corolla regular, and Trumpet-shaped, no scales in the throat : smooth plants. Man. p. 323. MERTENSIA. Tubular, enlarged above, with long scales closing the throat: rough and coarse plants. Man. p. 320. SYMPIIYTUM. Rotate, with scales closing the throat : rough-bristly plants. . 1. BORRAGO. Short salver-form or very short funnel-form, throat partly closed by short scales : delicate plants. Nutlets or lobes of the ovary attached by their base only, erect, smooth and even 2. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets or lobes of the ovary fixed to the base of the style, cnpped when full grown 3. OMPHALODES. Ovary not lobed, the style or stigma borne on its summit. . . 4. HELIOTROPIUM. 1. BorragO officinalis, BORRAGE. A rough, hairy annual or biennial of country gardens, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and rather large flowers ; corolla exactly rotate, 5-parted, blue, with dark projecting anthers. 2. Myosotis, FORGET-ME-NOT. The cultivated sorts are varieties of No. 1, in Manual, p. 323, and of M. sylvatica, with a rather stout perennial root, bright-blue corolla, and 5-parted calyx, erect when in fruit, its hairs spreading and minutely hooked. 3. Omphalodes verna, BLUE NAVELWOHT. Flowers like those of a Forget-me-not, but larger, produced in early spring, bright azure-blue ; leaves ovate, the radical ones cordate and long-petioled ; plant spreading by runners and creeping rootstocks. 4. Heliotropium Peruyianum, SWEET PERUVIAN HELIOTROPE. The common shrubby species of house cultivation, with vanilla-scented pale blue- purple flowers, and ovate-lanceolate rugose-veiny leaves. H. COrymbosum, cultivated with the other, has rougher leaves and deeper-colored and larger flowers, of much less fragrance. ORDER HYDROPHYLLACE.SJ. WATERLEAF FAMILY. The synopsis of the genera, Man. p. 326. will serve, adding the following spe- cies, cultivated for ornament : also Whitlavia, — nearly all Californian annuals. 1. Nemo'phila insignis. Flowers bright blue, 1 in diameter, very long- peduncled ; leaves deeply pinnatifid. N. atomaria. Flowers smaller, white, finely spotted with chocolate. !N. maculata. Flowers white, with a large violet blotch on each lobe. 2. Phacelia COngesta, from Texas ; pubescent, with irregular pinnate leaves, the leaflets ovate or oblong, incised ; flowers in a compact cyme, small, blue; stamens scarcely exserted. P. tanacetifolia, from California, is taller, bristly-hairy ; the leaflets linear-oblong and pinnatirtd ; flowers larger, crowded ; stamens long-exserted. P. (EutOCa) viscida, from California ; clammy-pubescent, leaves ovate, serrate ; flowers large, deep blue, in a loose raceme ; pod many-seeded. 1XX GARDEN BOTANY. • 3. Whitlavia grandiflora, a showy low Californian annual, with round- ovate coarsely-toothed leaves, and a lax raceme of tubular-bell-shaped blue flowers, over an inch long ; s amens exserted ; seeds numerous. ORDER POLEMOWIACEJS. POLEMONIDM FAMILY. Manual, p. 329. — Furnishes many ornamental plants to the gardens, all but a few North American, many from California and Texas. Herbs, not climbing. Corolla salver-form with a long tube : stamens enclosed in the tube, inserted at unequal heights : leaves entire, sessile, all but the uppermost opposite. . . •- . 1. PHLOX. Corolla of various shapes : stamens equally inserted, not declined : leaves often cleft or compound. . ..«.-» . . 2. GIL1A. Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped : stamens declined, hairy appendaged at the base : leaves pinnate. ... 3. POLEMONIDM. Climbing by tendrils at the end of the pinnate leaves : calyx of 5 large and ovate foliaceous sepals : corolla campanulate : stamens declined : a large and fleshy 5-lobed disk around the base of the oyary : seeds winged. 4. COBCEA. 1. Phlox. Man. p. 330, where the perennial species cult, in gardens are de- scribed. The handsome annual Phloxes recently common all come from P. Drummondi. Low, widely branched, glandular-pubescent ; leaves oblong and lanceolate, the upper cordate-clasping at base ; corolla crimson, purple, varying to rose and white. 2. Gilia tricolor. Californian annual, with 2 - 3-pinnately divided alternate leaves, linear divisions, and a few loosely panicled flowers ; corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, bluish-lilac with a purple throat and yellow tube. G. capitata. Annual from Oregon, twice-pinnate leaves, alternate, with almost filiform divisions, and a head of light blue flowers. G. androsacea. Californian annual, low and slender; leaves opposite, palmately 5 - 7 -cleft, divisions narrowly linear; flowers capitate-clustered; corolla salver-shaped, with a very long tube, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. G. C9ronopifolia, CYPRESS GILIA. Biennial, from S. States, 3°-5° high, strict, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions ; flow- ers in a long and very narrow thyrsus ; corolla 1^' long, tubular-fun nel-^c-rm light scarlet with whitish specks inside. 3. Polemonium CSeruleum, GREEK VALERIAN. Stem erect, leafy; leaflets many, lanceolate ; corymbs many-flowered ; flowers deeper blue than in P. repttnis, Man. p. 330. 4. Cobcea SCandens, from Mexico, cult, as an annual, climbing high, corolla green turning dull violet, 2' or more in diameter. ORDER CONVOLVULACEJE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Manual, p. 332. — Most of those there described are cultivated for ornament; also the following : — 1. Quamoclit VUlgaris, CYPRESS-VINE. Annual twiner; leaves dell cate, pectinate ; corolla trumpet-shaped with a spreading border, crimson or scarlet. GARDEN BOTANY. Ixxi 2. Ipomcea Learii. Like the common /. purpurea (Man. p. 333), bat with violet- blue flowers 4' across, some of the leaves 3-lobed. I. Bona-nox, of the section or genus Calonyction, the corolla salver-form, limb 5' across, on a tube 3' or 4' long, opening at evening, white. I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Low and spreading from the fleshy root (for which the plant is cultivated) rarely twining ; leaves angled, lobed, or pedate ; corolla bell-shaped, rose-purple. 3. Convolvulus tricolor. A diffuse low annual, not twining, pubescent, with oblong-spatulate leaves, the showy open-funnel-form flowers opening in sunshine, blue, white in the throat, and yellow in the tube. OBDER SOLANACEJE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Manual, p. 338. — Some cult, for ornament, others for food or medicine. Parts of the flower in cultivated species often more than five. Corolla wheel-shaped : anthers connivent and sometimes connate. Anthers longer than their filaments, opening by a hole at the end. 1. SOLANUM. Anthers longer than their filaments, united by a membrane at their tips, opening lengthwise. . . . \ : i;V . 2. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers shorter than their slender filaments, opening lengthwise. 3. CAPSICUM. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, &c. ; anthers separate. Calyx bladdery-inflated after flowering, enclosing the red or yel- low berry : corolla short, and Five-parted: berry dry, 3 -Celled. . . . Man. p. 340. NICANDRA. Five-cleft : berry juicy, red or yellow, eatable, 2-celled. . . 4. PHYSALIS. Calyx urn-shaped, with a spreading reticulated border, enclosing the pod, which opens by a lid : corolla dull-colored, veiny, short, open-funnel-form, rather irregular. . Man. p. 340. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx long and prismatic : corolla funnel-form : pod naked, usu- ally prickly, more or less 4-celled 5. DATURA. Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, foliaceous. Corolla bell-shaped, dull purple : berry black on the enlarged and open calyx. ^ ^ . . . . . . 6. ATROPA. Corolla funnel-form : fruit a dry pod 7. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-toothed <>r 5-cleft, not prismatic, urn-shaped, nor inflated, Covering the pod : annuals or cultivated as annuals ; corolla funnel-form or salver-form. Tube of the corolla filiform : stigma kidney-shaped. 8. NIEREMBERGIA. Tube of the corolla not filiform : stigma capitate. 9. NICOTIANA. Under or only partly covering the berry : shrubby plants. Corolla short-funnel-form, 5-cleft : stamens exserted. 10. LYCIUM. Corolla tubular or narrow-funnel-form : stamens included. 11. CESTRUM. 1. Solanum Dulcamara, BITTERSWEET, with ovate-cordate leaves, some of them lobed at base, and purple-blue flowers : described in Man. p. 339. S. tuberosum, POTATO. Cult, from the tubers ; leaves pubescent, pin- nate, with several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue or white ; berries round and green. S. Melonge^na^ EGG-PLANT. Annual, with ovate downy leaves, prickly stems, vidlet-blue flowers, and an oblong fruit, violet-colored or white, 2' to 6' long, eatable when cooked. S. Pseudo-Capsicum, JERUSALEM CHERRY. Low, tree-like shrub, GARDEN BOTANY. with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, and small white flowers ; cult, in houses for the bright red berries, resembling cherries, ornamental in winter. 2. Lycopersicum esculentum, TOMATO. A hairy., rank-scented annual ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, their larger leaflets incised or pinnatifid ; flowers yellowish ; berry red, by cultivation large, esculent. 3. Capsicum annuum, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. A smooth annual, with ovate entire leaves, small white flowers with a truncate calyx, and a dry berry (for which the plant is cultivated) either globose or oblong, sometimes very large, red or green, most pungent and acrid. 4. Physalis Alkekengi, called STRAWBERRY TOMATO, is a cultivated perennial GROUND CHERRY : stem not much branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, tapering into a long petiole ; corolla yellowish ; fruiting calyx turning red. 5. Datura. Besides the common STRAMONIUM, Man. p. 341, which has erect fruit, the following more showy ones are cult, for ornament. D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent; corolla white, limb 10-toothed, 4' broad, fruit nodding. D. meteloides. Pale, almost glabrous ; corolla white or purplish, limb 5-toothed, 5' or &' broad; fruit nodding. Recently introduced from New Mexico ; very handsome. D. arborea is a greenhouse shrub or tree, with hanging white flowers 6' or 7' long. 6. A'tropa Belladonna, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, of Europe, a smoothish perennial, with ovate entire leaves, one-flowered nodding peduncles ; berry poisonous. 7. Petunia nyctaginiflora, the original PETUNIA of the gardens, with clammy leaves and flowers ; the tube of the white corolla narrow and 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx. This is much crossed with P. Violacea, now more common, with weaker stems and a violet or pur- ple corolla, its shorter and broader ventricosc tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. 8. Nierembergia gracilis. A low, slender, pubescent annual, with nar- row spatulate-linear leaves, and white corollas streaked with purple, violet in the throat, the almost thread-shaped tube 1' long. "N. filicaulis is similar, but diffuse and spreading, glabrous ; tube of corolla shorter, limb broader, l£' wide, lilac or white, with violet streaks and yellow in the throat. 9. Nieotiana Tabacum, COMMON TOBACCO. Clammy-pubescent, 4° to 6° high ; leaves lance-ovate, the lower 1° or 2° long, the upper lanceolate, pointed, sessile, decurrent ; flowers paniculate ; corolla funnel-form, 2' long, greenish, with the limb rose-colored. Cultivated in fields as far north as lat. 42° or 43°. 10. Lycium "VTLlgare, MATRIMONY-VINE. A smooth shrub with long and lithe branches, trained against walls and buildings ; leaves small, oblan- ceolate or spatulate ; peduncles slender ; corolla greenish and purple, bearded in the throat. 11. Oestrum nocturnum. A shrub of house-culture, with ovate-oblong smooth leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. GARDEN BOTANY. OEDER APOCYNACEJE. DOGBANE FAMILY. Manual, p. 349. — To the synopsis there given add the following exotics : — Corolla salver-form or the tube more or less funnel-form, Rose-colored, crowned with appendages in the throat. . . " . . 1. NERIUM. Blue, or sometimes pink or white, naked at the throat. .... 2. TINCA. 1. Nerium Oleander, OLEANDER. Shrub, of common house culture, with smooth and coriaceous lanceolate leaves, often in whorls, and clusters of large and showy rose-colored flowers, single or double. 2. Vinca minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE. Stems prostrate, rooting more or less, only the short flowering ones erect ; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, shining above ; flowers blue, in spring, also a white variety. V. major, GREAT PERIWINKLE, is rarer and not quite hardy, with larger and round-ovate leaves (often variegated with white), larger flowers, and sterile stems not so prostrate. V. herbacea is hardy; stems reclining; leaves lanceolate-oblong, not evergreen ; lobes of the blue corolla oblong. V. rosea is a tender low shrub, with oblong leaves, the showy corolla pink-purple, or white with a pink eye. ORDER ASCLEPIADACE-aS. MILKWEED FAMILY. Manual, p. 350. — No common hardy plants, excepting some of our wild spe- cies, are found in the gardens. In house-culture the only common ones are, — 1. Hoya carnosa, WAX-PLANT; a climbing plant, with opposite and oval smooth leaves of very thick and firm texture, and an umbel of wheel- shaped flowers, which look as if made of wax. 2. Stapelia. Two or three species, looking like Cactuses, having fleshy and lumpy stems and no leaves ; flowers solitary, large, wheel-shaped, lurid, of strange appearance and disgusting odor. ORDER JASMINACEJE. JESSAMINE FAMILY. Shrubs, often twiners, with compound leaves and fragrant flowers ; corolla salver-form, convolute in the bud, usually 5-lobed ; the stamens only 2 ; ovary 2-celled, a single erect ovule in each cell. One or two Jessamines are common house-plants. 1. Jasminum odoratissimum, YELLOW SWEET JESSAMINE. Leaves alternate, with 3 or 5 leaflets ; corolla yellow, an inch long. J. officinale, WHITE JESSAMINE. Leaves opposite, with 7 leaflets; corolla white ; teeth of the calyx slender. ORDER OLEACEJE. OLIVE FAMILY. Manual, p. 356. — This order furnishes some familiar flowering shrubs. Corolla with a tube longer than its lobes and longer than the calyx, Salver-form, the tube elongated : pod flattened 1. STRING A. Funnel-form, small : fruit a berrj. . . . Man. p. 356. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petaled : leaves simple. Leaves earlier than the flowers : petals long-linear, white. . .,.•...-. CfflONANTIIUS. GARDEN BOTANY. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous : lobes of white corolla narrow. . 2. OLE A. Leaves later than the showy yellow flowers, which appear in early spring, along the last year's shoots : seeds numerous ! . . 3. FORSYTHIA. Corolla of 2 or 4 greenish petals or none : flowers polygamous or dioecious : leaves pinnate 4. FRAXINUS. 1. Syringa, LILAC. Hardy shrubs, everywhere familiar, with large and dense panicles of fragrant flowers, in spring. S. vulgaris, COMMON LILAC. Leaves ovate or cordate; flowers in dense panicles, lilac, and a white variety. S. Persica, PERSIAN LILAC. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; branches slen- der ; panicles loose ; flowers of various shades of lilac, also a white variety. 2. Olea fragrans is a greenhouse shrub, with green and glabrous oblong leaves, and small panicles of small white flowers, very sweet-scented. 3. Forsythia Viridissima, a Chinese shrub, recently introduced, perfectly hardy, much prized for its handsome bright-yellow flowers on the naked long shoots in early spring ; the leaves oblong and lanceolate, shining green. 4. Fraxinus, ASH. Besides our own species, Man. p 357, two European ones are planted, viz. : — F. excelsior, ENGLISH ASH. Leaflets 9 to 13, bright green, lanceolate- oblong, almo.st sessile, serrate ; petals none ; key broadly linear. F. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH. Leaflets 7 or 9, lanceolate ; petals 4. Not ORDER NYC T AGIN ACEJE. FOUR-O'-CLOCK FAMILY. Manual, p. 360. — Two genera are in the gardens, one of them very common. Flower solitary, apparently with a green cup-shaped calyx and a mono- petalous corolla ; but the calyx is really an involucre, which in other cases surrounds several flowers, and the apparent corolla is a colored calyx. Stamens 5. . "•" V ''""• "' •' '"• " . " . 1. MIRABILIS Flowers capitate, with an involucre of small bracts : calyx colored like a corolla, salver-form, plaited. Stamens 6 2. ABRONIA. 1. Mirabilis, MARVEL OF PERU, or FOUR-O'-CLOCK. Huge-rooted peren- nials, with opposite ovate or cordate leaves, and large showy flowers, opening towards evening. M. Jalapa, COMMON M. Flower tubular-bell-shaped, red, white, yel- low, &c., also variegated. M. longiflora, LONG-FLOWERED M. Flower with a very long and nar- row tube, white or pinkish, fragrant. 2. Abronia limbellata, from California. Prostrate ; leaves oblong; flow- ers rose-purple, handsome. ORDER CHENOPODIACEJE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Manual, p. 361. — Two exotic esculents and one ornamental plant, viz. : — L Beta VUlgaris, GARDEN BEET. Flowers perfect, nearly as in Cheno- podium, but the fruit hardened or corky in the dry caiyx ; leaves ovate-oblong wavy, smooth, often purplish ; root fleshy, biennial. GARDEN BOTANT. 2. Spinacia oleracea, SPINACH. Flowers dioecious ; calyx greenish, 4-5-parted in the sterile, ventricose-tubular and 2-3-toothed in the fertile flowers ; styles 4, long and slender : achenium enclosed in the globular cap- sule-like calyx, which is often 2 -4-horned on the back ; root annual ; leaves sagittate or hastate and lanceolate, petioled : the best of potherbs. 3. Boussingaultia baselloides grows from tubers like potatoes ; these send up twining stems, climbing high, bearing smooth and succulent cordate- ovate leaves, and in autumn bear long racemes or spikes of small, white, sweet-scented flowers ; sepals and stamens usually 6 ; style 1 : stigmas 3, thick. ORDER AM AH ANT ACE-SI. AMARANTH FAMILY. Manual, p. 367. — A few are cultivated ; their dry and scarious bracts, being brightly colored and persistent, render these plants lastingly ornamental, al- though the flowers themselves are insignificant. Utricle (little pod) many-seeded, opening transversely by a lid. . 1. CELOSTA. Utricle one-seeded, opening transversely by a lid : anthers 2-celled. 2. AMARANTUS. Utricle one-seeded : anthers 1-celled : flowers in heads. ... 3. GOMPHRENA. 1. Celosia cristata, COCKSCOMB. Annual 5 with coarse herbage and dense crimson spikes, which are flattened, in the choicer sorts much dilated, wavy and crested, resembling cocks' combs. 2. Amarantus hypochondriacus and A. paniculatus, Man. p. 368, are the coarser sorts of PRINCE'S FEATHER in gardens. A. caudatus, LONG-TAILED A. or PRINCE'S FEATHER. Annual, 3° or 4° high ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong, often purplish ; flowers in a panicle of many slender drooping spikes, the terminal one very long, deep crimson ; bracts short. A. melancholicus, LOVE-LIES BLEEDING. Cult, for the purple or blood-red (oblong-ovate) leaves, the flower-clusters inconspicuous, being in the axils and much shorter than the petioles. Var. tricolor ; leaves green or purplish, marked with red. 3. Gomphrena globosa, GLOBE AMARANTH. Low branching annual, pubescent, with oblong entire leaves, hardly petioled, and round heads of flowers, very compact, with firm unfading bracts, crimson, rosy, or white. ORDER POLYGONACE-SI. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Manual, p. 371. — BUCKWHEAT, cult, for its grain, Polygonum orientale (also called PRINCE'S FEATHER), for ornament, described in Man. p. 372, 375, and L Rheum Rhaponticum, GARDEN RHUBARB or PIE-PLANT. Flowers panicled, with 6 white sepals and 9 stamens ; leaves round-cordate or kidney- shaped, mostly radical, very large, the fleshy acid petioles cooked in spring. ORDER THYMELACE^. MEZEREDM FAMILY. Manual, p. 380. — Cultivated for ornament are two species of the genus 1. Daphne. Calyx salver-form or somewhat funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the sta- mens 8, included ; almost no filaments : berries red. D. Mezereum, MEZEREUM. A hardy shrub, 1° to 3° high, with bright rose-colored flowers, in fascicles along the shoots of the previous year, in earliest spring, the lanceolate leaves coming later. GARDEN BOTANY. D. Odora, SWEKT DAPHNE. A house shrub, with evergreen smooth oblong leaves, and a terminal cluster of sessile purple or whitish flowers, in winter, very fragrant. ORDER EUPHORBIACE2E. SPURGE FAMILY. Manual, p. 385. — The following exotics of this order are to be noticed : — 1. Euphorbia, SPURGE. Man. p. 385. Three showy shrubs of this genus are winter ornaments of most conservatories. E. j acquiniflor a. Smooth, with slendei recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves; peduncles shorter than the petioles, few-flowered; what appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red lobes of the cup or involucre containing stamens and a pistil. E. splendens, of the Mauritius, with thick and horridly prickly stems, oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a cyme of several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are bracts around a cup which encloses stamens and pistil. E. pulclierrima, or POINSETTIA, of Mexico. A wide-branched shrub, with ovate or lanceolate-oblong angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, those next the flowers (which arc in globular green involucres, bearing one great gland at the top on one side) mostly entire and of the brightest vermilion-red. 2. Ricinus communis, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Cult, as an annual for its magnificent foliage, also for the seeds, from which castor- oil is expressed ; a stately plant, with large palmately 5 - 7-lobed and glandu- lar serrate leaves, and greenish momiecious flowers in a terminal panicle ; the stani inate ones below and polyandrous ; the pistillate above, ovary bearing 3 plumose 2-parted stigmas, and becoming a prickly-pointed 3-lobed pod. 3. Buxus sempervirens, Box. Cult, as a shrub, usually dwarf, and for borders ; leaves evergreen, oval or obovate, with small and yellowish mo- noecious flowers in their axils. ORDER UHTICACEJE. NETTLE FAMILY. Manual, p. 394. — A few species are to be added, mostly trees. Trees, without milky or colored juice : flowers not capitate. Flowers polygamous : fruit a berry-like drupe. Man. p. 394. CELTIS. Flowers often perfect : fruit winged (a samara). Man. p. 394. 1. ULMUS. Trees, with milky or yellowish juice, monoecious or dioecious. Both kinds of flowers in spikes or catkins, usually monoecious, the pistillate catkin becoming berry-like in fruit. . . 2. MORUS. Staminate flowers in spikes : pistillate in close round heads which become fleshy : dioecious. . . _^. ..... . 3. BROUSSONET1A. Staminate flowers in racemes : pistillate in a large round head, yellow and fleshy in fruit : dioecious 4. MACLURA Both kinds lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle (like a rose-hip), which becomes pulpy in fruit : stipules convolute, caducous .•••»:' . .: •,'.,* • * • 5. FICUS. Herbs, without milky juice, Erect, annual : leaves palmately compound. Man. p. 400. CANNABI8 Twining : leaves palmately lobed. . . . Man. p. 400. HUMULUS. GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Ulmus montana, WYCH or SCOTCH ELM. Resembles our Slippery Elm, but the buds not rusty-downy ; flowers short-pedicelled, and fruits more leaf-like : occasionally planted. U. campestris, ENGLISH ELM. A large tree with the branches spread- ing at right angles from the trunk ; leaves small and smoothish ; fruit obovate, not ciliate, with a deep notch at the apex reaching nearly to the cell : occa- sionally planted as a shade-tree. 2. MorilS nigra, BLACK MULBERRY, from W. Asia, to be added to those described in Man. p. 397. Leaves heart-shaped, with shallow lobes or none, rough ; fruit oblong, red or black, edible. 3. BroilSSOnetia papyrifera, PAPER MULBERRY. A shade-tree, from Japan, &c., spreading by suckers, with a tough bark ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or variously lobcd : flowering in spring. 4. Maclura aurantiaca, OSAGE ORANGE, BOW-WOOD (Boisd'arc). A low bushy tree, from Arkansas, &c., multiplying rapidly by the root, used for hedges ; branches slender, armed with slender spines ; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire, smooth and shining above, roughish beneath ; fruit (consisting of the coalescent pistillate flowers) when ripe of the size, shape, and color of an orange. Tough wood, used for bows. 5. FicilS Carica, FIG-TREE. Cult, as a shrub or small tree, a house-plant at the North, with stout branches full of acrid milky juice ; leaves large, 3-5- lobed, cordate at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath ; figs pear-shaped, produced singly in the axils of the leaves, seemingly without any flower, the flowers being'minute and inside, lining the walls of the fig, which is a hollow flower-stalk, becoming pulpy, sweet, and luscious. F. elastica, the INDIA-RUBBER-TREE of East Indies (not that of South America, which belongs to the Spurge Family) ; a handsome tree, of house culture, full of milky juice (India-rubber or caoutchouc); with large, coria- ceous, entire, elliptical or oblong, very smooth, bright green and shining leaves having straight transverse veins ; figs small and sessile in the axils, not eatable, seldom produced in cultivation. ORDER JUGLANDACEJE. WALNUT FAMILY. Manual, p. 401. — To the wild species already described, add 1. Juglans regia, the true WALNUT, called ENGLISH WALNUT, because we received it from the mother country, but it is a native of Asia ; a fine tree in the Middle States ; leaflets oval, acutish, entire, smooth or nearly so ; fruit round-oval, smoothish ; the nut with a nearly smooth surface, thin-shelled ; seldom ripening well in this country, usually imported. ORDER CUPULIFEILS!. OAK FAMILY. Manual, p. 403. — Several species are beginning to be introduced in orna- mental planting ; but only two are at all common, viz. : — 1. Quercus Robur, ENGLISH OAK. Belongs to the same section with our White Oak ; but leaves smaller than in that species, not glaucous beneath, sinuate-lobed but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over anmch long, — one or a few in a cluster nearly sessile in the axils in var. SESSLLIFLORA,— raised on a slender peduucle in var. PEDUNCULATA. Ixxviii GARDEN BOTANY. 2. FagUS sylvatica, EUROPEAN BEECH, with shorter and less toothed leaves than ours, — a variety with copper or bronze-colored leaves is planted. 3. Corylus Avellana, EUROPEAN HAZEL-NUT or FILBERT. Shrub 6° to 10° high ; leaves roundish-obovate, slightly heart-shaped ; involucre smooth- ish, not much lacerate, not longer than the oval nut, which is larger than in ours. ORDER SALIC ACE JE. WILLOW FAMILY. Manual, p. 413, where the cult. Willows are sufficiently described, except 1. Salix Babylonica, WEEPING- WILLOW ; a fine ornamental tree with slender hanging branches, and linear-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves ; catkins terminating short leafy branches of the season. Var. annularis, KING- LEAVED or HOOP WILLOW, is a singular variety, with the leaves curled into a ring. 2. Populus, POPLAR, — BALM or-Gi LEAD or BALSAM POPLAR, Man. p. 419, is common as a planted tree, but rarely seen indigenous. P. dilatata, LOMBARDY POPLAR; formerly much planted in avenues, a tall stiff and slender tree with strictly erect branches ; leaves small, deltoid, acuminate, smooth both sides. Supposed to be a remarkable variety of P. nigra, the Black Poplar of Europe and Asia. P. alba, WHITE POPLAR or ABELE. Tree with spreading branches, and roundish heart-shaped leaves green above but white-tomentose beneath. The contrast in hue makes the tree handsome in plantations ; but it becomes a nuisance by spreading widely from the root. ORDER CONIFE!LS3. PINE FAMILY. Manual, p. 420. — The exotic Coniferous trees of the choicer kinds recently introduced into ornamental planting are numerous, and are mostly from Califor- nia, Japan, and the Himalaya Mountains. But only the following are now at all common. The indigenous kinds are all included in the following key, which is so simple that any one can at once make out the genus of any common Coniferous tree by the most obvious marks. Leaves all deciduous in the autumn, and Dilated, fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, lobed or incised at the end, petioled. 9. S ALISBURIA. Linear and 2-ranked, except on flowering shoots. Man. p. 424. 6. TAXODIUM. Needle-shaped, many in a cluster, but scattered on shoots of the season. 3. LARIX. Leaves persistent, evergreen, Many in a cluster, as in Larix, but evergreen and rigid . . .10. CEDRUS. Two to five in a cluster (no scattered ones), long and needle-shaped. 1. PINUS. Not in clusters, linear or needle-shaped, spreading, none scale-like. Bearing cones, and with two winged seeds under each scale. . 2. ABIES. Bearing a nut-like seed in a berry-like cup 8. TAXUS. Bearing a berry -like and few-seeded fruit, without a cup. i' . - 7. JUNIPERUS Not in clusters, a large part of them small and scale-like, imbricated and adherent to the branch, those on other shoots subulate. Fruit berry -like, the scales fleshy and coalescent, few-seeded. Man. p.425. 7- JUNIPERUS. Fruit a dry cone of few scales Scales overlapping, fixed by their base, 2-seeded. ... 4 THUJA. Scales not overlapping, peltate, several-seeded. ... 5. CUPRESSU3 GARDEN BOTANY. 1. PimiS, PINE. Man. p. 421. The commoner exotic species are, — P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called Scotch Fir, the common Pine of N. Europe ; with leaves in twos, bluish, seldom over 2' long, a reddish bark on the trunk, and small cones, the scales armed with a short deciduous point P. Laricio, especially the var. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN PINE, has dark green leaves like those of our P. riyida, but in twos, 3' to 5' long, and ovate- conical cones 2' or 3' long. P. Cembra,,CEMBRAN PINE, of the Alps, &c., is a handsome small tree, with the leaves in fives and much crowded on the branches ; the cones ovate, erect, their scales not thickened on the back. P. excelsa, HIMALAYAN WHITE PINE, resembles our White Pine, but has longer and whiter drooping leaves, and the cones (never produced here) much longer. 2. Abies, SPRUCE, FIR. Man. p 422. One European Fir is occasionally, and a Spruce very commonly planted. A. pectinata, SILVER FIR. A handsome tree, not perfectly hardy in the Northern States, resembling our Balsam Fir, but with leaves longer and more decidedly two-ranked on the side branches, greener above ; cones 6' to 8' long, with slender exserted points to the bracts. A. excelsa, NORWAY SPRUCE. A fine, hardy tree, with compressed- 4-angled needle-shaped leaves, like those of our Black Spruce, but longer, the growth more vigorous, and the cylindrical cones hanging at the end of the branches 4' to 6' long. 3. Larix EuropSBa, EUROPEAN LARCH, is the species commonly planted, a finer tree and of more rapid growth than the American, its leaves longer, and its cones larger, 1^' long. 4. Thuja orientalis, ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^E, is less hardy than ours ; leaves furrowed down the middle ; cones roundish, the seeds crustaceous and wingless, wherefore it has been separated as a genus, Biota. 5. Cupressus sempervirens, ORIENTAL or TRUE CYPRESS. Not hardy at the North, in growth like our Red Cedar ; branchlets 4-sided, slen- der ; cone globose, 1' in diameter, resembling that of Taxodium. 6. 7. See the Manual, pp. 424, 425, for the species of these two genera. 8. Taxus baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Like our Yew botanically, except that it becomes an erect tree : rarely grows well in this country. T. Hibemica, IRISH YEW, is a marked variety, with branches stiffly erect, and the leaves equally spreading all round the branchlet instead of two-ranked. 9. Salisburia adiantifolia, GINKGO-TREE; of Japan, though hardy, rarely flowers and does not fruit here. It is of the Yew Family, but of most remarkable foliage, the leaves being wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, on a slender petiole, with parallel simply forked veins in the manner of a Fern, the end or margin erosely toothed or cleft. 10. Cedrus, CEDAR, i. e. True Cedar (what are popularly called Cedars in this country are Junipers, Cypresses, Arbor- Vitas, £c.) is botanically between Larch and" Pine, but nearer the former, from which it mainly differs in the leaves being evergreen, therefore more rigid, and pungent, and the cones large, short, and thick, with broad and thin scales, closely packed. The type is the 1XXX GARDEN BOTANY. C. Libani, CEDAR OF LEBANON, with dark green foliage, horizontal side-branches, and terminal shoot, erect. Not hardy northward. C. Deodara,' DEODAR, of the Himalayas, is a nearly related species or marked variety, with pale glaucous foliage, lighter spray, and drooping lead- ing shoots, unfortunately little if any more hardy here. ORDER CYCADACE.®. CYCAS FAMILY. 1. - Cycas revoluta, a plant with the aspect of a Palm, and wrongly called Sago Palm, represents this singular order in our conservatories, but endures the winter on the coast of the Southern States. The pistillate plant only is met with : the large obovate ovules are naked on the margins of reduced pinnate leaves, where they take the place of leaflets, and grow into red drupe-liko seeds as large as hickory-nuts or larger. ORDER ARACEJE. ARUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 426. — The familiar cultivated representative of the order is, — 1. Richardia Africana, called EGYPTIAN or ^ETHIOPIAN CALLA, but a native of Cape of Good Hope, largely cultivated for its ample sagittate green leaves and showy white one-leaved spathe, both on long radical stalks, the latter convolute at its base around the cylindrical spadix, which is thickly covered below with minute pistils, above with yellow anthers. 2. Colocasia antiquorum is a kind of huge Arum, raised in greenhouses, or planted out in moist places in summer, for its immense sagittate-ovate and peltate leaves, sometimes variegated in color. The flowers are uncommon and insignificant; the spadix enclosed in a greenish spathe, pistillate at the base, neutral for a small distance, then staminate, and the summit slender and naked. ORDER CANNACEJE. CANNA or ARROWROOT FAMILY. Known by its irregular flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, and only one good stamen (free from the style), its anther one-celled. Tropical plants ; two are cultivated for ornament. 1. Canna Indica, INDIAN SHOT (so called from the round hard seeds) : tuberous-rooted, planted out in summer; the stems sheathed with the bases of the large oblong pointed leaves, the nerves of which spring from the mid- rib ; flowers red, or yellow towards the base ; pod rough or warty, several- seeded. 2. Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a magnificent leaf-plant in con- servatories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long being purple underneath, the upper surface satiny and deep green with alternating pale stripes. ORDER AMARYLLIDACE^I. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Manual, p. 455. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants. A cup or crown on the throat of the perianth ; its Divisions short and broad : stamens included in the cup. . . 1. NARCISSUS. Divisions long and slender : stamens exserted from the edge of the cup. 2. PANCRATIUM GARDEN BOTANY. No cup or crown within or on the perianth. Anthers erect, not versatile or swinging free on the filament. Stems leafy, branching, leaves twisted : flowers irregular. . 3. ALST&CEMERIA. Stems naked, simple, scape-like, . From a tuber : flowers numerous hi a spike, fragrant. . 4. POLIANTHES. From a coated bulb : spathe 1-leaved, 1 - few-flowered. The three petals notched and shorter : anthers long-pointed. 5. GALANTHUS. The three petals and three sepals alike : anthers blunt. 6. LEUCOIUM. Anthers versatile, fixed bj their middle and swinging free on the long filament. Leaves herbaceous and 1 - few-flowered scape from a coated bulb. 7. AMARYLLIS. Leaves thick and fleshy, with hard rind : no bulb : flowers pani- cled or racemose, greenish 8. AGATE. 1. Narcissus, NARCISSUS. Fine ornamental plants, flowering in spring, or as house-plants in winter, from coated bulbs. All but the Daffodil hare a slender tube and a short crown or cup to the sweet-scented flower. N. poeticus, POET'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered ; crown of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellow- ish throat : in double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. N. biflorus, TWO-FLOWERED N., or PRIMROSE PEERLESS of the old gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the form of a short yellow cup. N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of POLYANTHUS N. ; flowers numerous, white, the cup ajso white. N. Tazetta, POLYANTHUS N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one half the length of the divisions. N. Jonquilla, JOXQCIL. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ; flowers 2 to 5, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant. N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL, Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell- shaped cup, having a wavy -toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens. 2. Pancratium rotatum, Man. p. 456, the bulbs brought from the South, with very handsome flowers, is sometimes cultivated, and more rarely some exotic species. 3. AlstrCBmeria. Lily-like plants from South America, with leafy stems often disposed to climb, twisted leaves, tuberous roots, and large, rather irregu- lar, usually party-colored or spotted flowers, cultivated in conservatories. The commonest are, — A. Pelegrina. Flowers few or solitary at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some yellow towards the base of the inner divisions. A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulato divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted. 4. Polianthes tuberosa, TUBEROSE. A choice house-plant, with linear leaves and a many-flowered scape, rising from a bulbous tuber; the flowers spiked, funnel-form, white, very sweet-scented. 5. Galanthus nivalis, SNOWDROP, the earliest harbinger of spring ; its bulb sending up a pair of linear leaves and a scape, bearing usually only one GARDEN BOTANY. nodding white flower, the 3 proper petals shorter than the sepals, obcordate and tipped with green : sometimes double-flowered. 6. Leucoium vernum, SPRING SNOWFLAKE. Like the §nowdrop on a larger scale, but the six pieces of the perianth all alike, ovate and entire, white, with a green spot outside near the apex ; anthers blunt. L. 8BstisVUm, SUMMER SNOWFLAKE, is commoner than the last in gar- dens, taller (the 2-edged scape and leaves 1° or 2° high) ; flowers several and smaller, in June. • 7. Amaryllis, AMARYLLIS. Man. p. 455. Plants with strap-shaped leaves and a simple scape from a coated buib ; flowers one or more, generally red or pink, large and showy, lily-like, regular or considerably irregular. Many hy- brids are cultivated. A. Belladonna. Flowers several in an umbel, 4' long, between funnel- form and bell-shaped, with hardly any tube, rose-colored, almost regular ; sta- mens and style declined ; leaves appearing after the flowering season. A. Hegin93, with 2 -4 equally large deep-red flowers ; leaves two-ranked. A. formosissima, JACOBJEA LILY, or ST. JAMES'S CROSS. Scape bearing one large rich crimson-red flower, which is declined, with hardly any tube, and as it were 2-lipped, three of its divisions upwardly recurved-spread- ing, the other 3 turned down, their lower portion involute around the base of the deflexed stamens and style. 8. Agave. Man. p. 456. To this belongs that very striking plant of con- servatories, the Mexican A. Americana, CENTURY-PLANT, AMERICAN ALOE, with very thick and large spiny-pointed and spinulose-margined leaves in a close cluster at the root : it propagates freely by offsets from the root : when it blossoms (which it does in its native tropics in 7 or 8 years, but in the colder northern countries after so many years that it has obtained the name of Century-Plant), it rapidly sends up a scape as thick as a man's leg, 15 to 30 feet high, bearing an immense panicle of yellowish-green flowers ; and the plant dies as the pods ripen their seeds. A variety has the leaves striped with yellowish or white. ORDER IRIDACE^J. IRIS FAMILY. Manual, p. 459. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants of the gar- dens. Filaments monadelphous in a long and slender tube sheathing the Btyle : stigmas 3 each 2-parted, slender : perianth widely spread- ing, spotted, the 3 outer divisions very large, the 3 inner divis- ions small. L TIGRIDIA. Filaments distinct and separate : stigmas more or less dilated. Perianth irregular, more or less bilabiate : flowers in a 1-sided spike. 2. GLADIOLU3. Perianth with the divisions unlike, the 3 outer (or sepals) recurved, the 3 inner alternate with them (or petals) erect : stigmas petal- like, arching over the stamens 3. IRIS. Perianth regular and the 6 divisions alike or nearly so, Widely spreading, spotted, without any tube above the ovary : stem leafy, branching above 4. PARDANTHUS Less spreading, broad, with a slender tube between them and the ovary, which is underground ; no proper stem : leaves all radical, not equitant 6. CROCUS. GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Tigridia pavonia, TIGER-FLOWER, from Mexico : the scaly-coated bulb, planted out in summer, sends up a simple or branching stem 2° high, bearing broaiish ensiform and plaited leaves, and 1 to 3 very showy large flowers (5-' or 6' across) crimson-red with a yellow middle and violet-tinged centre, spotted with purple or crimson, opening in sunshine, but only once and for a few hours. 2. Gladfolus, GLADIOLUS or CORN-FLAG. Familiar garden plants, raised from solid bulbs or corms, sending up tall and simple leafy stems, terminating in a spike of flowers all turned to one side, very showy late in summer, the 6-clefc perianth more or less oblique, or as it were 2-lipped ; filaments slender. G. COmmunis is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose- red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers. G. ByzantinilS is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers. G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of the tender white or pale rose-colored varieties. G. psittaclnus is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers with very broad divisions, yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the parent of G. GANDAVENSIS, now so much cultivated, and from which so many fine varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and other colors. 3. Iris, IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Man. p. 459. The CRESTED DWARF IRIS, No. 4, is in some gardens. * A bearded crest on the base of the three outer divisions of the perianth. I. pumila, DWARF IRIS. Stem very short ; the violet and purple flower close to the ground, with obovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short sword- shaped leaves, in early spring. I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCE of the gardens ; stems 2° high, several-flowered ; flowers scentless, very large, the outer reflexed divis- ions deep violet, the inner erect ones about as large, obovate, lighter-colored and bluer ; anthers as long ars the filament. I. sambuctna, ELDER-SCENTED F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- leaved ; the flower not so large and later in the summer, the outer divisions less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale or dull blue ; anthers shortei than the filament. I. Florentina, FLORENCE or SWEET F. Less tall than the Common F., with broader leaves, and white or bluish faintly sweet-scented flowers. I. variegata, VARIEGATED F. Stem several-flowered; divisions of the perianth oblong-obovate, the inner ones yellow, the outer white or whitish with dark -purple veins, and usually purple toward the extremity. # * No beard or ci'est to Hie flower. I. graminea, GRASS-LEAVED F. Leaves and 1 - 3-flowered stem slen der; flower small, with narrow divisions, violet-purple, with yellow stripes on the outer ones. I. Persica, PERSIAN IRIS. Dwarf, nearly stemless from a kind of bulb, from which the flower rises on a long tube, earlier than the leaves ; this is del- icately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divis- ions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. A choice house-plant. 4. Pardanthus Chinensis, BLACKBERRY LILY. — so called because the cluster of black berry-like seeds after the valves of the pod fall looks like a blackberry ; — a common plant in gardens, the foliage, &c. resembling an Ixxxiv GARDEN BOTANY. Iris ; perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, the divisions all alike, buff-yellow or orange, with darker spots. 5. Crocus vernus, SPRING CROCUS. Corm or solid bulb sending up its flower (yellow and or various other colors) in early spring, and soon after- wards producing the short leaves. To this belong all our common and hardy Crocuses of the gardens. C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and more fragrant flowers, in autumn, is hardly ever seen in this country. Its orange-red stigmas are saffron. ORDER DIOSCOREACEJE. YAM FAMILY. Manual, p. 460. — Recently introduced into cultivation as an esculent is 1* Dioscorea Batatas, a glabrous species from China, with cordate-3-lobed or cordate-hastate leaves, and long and deep farinaceous roots ; proposed as a substitute for the potato ; of not much account. ORDER LILIACEJE. LILY FAMILY. Manual, p. 465. — Furnishes some esculent and many well-known ornamental plants. Bulbous plants, the simple stem or scape rising from a bulb. Stem few-leaved toward the base, terminated by a large and showy erect flower, of bell-shaped form ; perianth 6-leaved : style none : stigma sessile : ovary 3-sided : bulb coated. . 1. TTJL1PA. Stem many-leaved : flowers large, 6-leaved : style elongated. - A pearly nectariferous gland at the base of each piece of the perianth : a crown of green leaves above the whorl of nod- ding flowers : bulb coated. . . .. » . . 2. PETILIUM. No conspicuous glands to the perianth : bulb scaly. *. . 3. LILIUM. Scape leafless, from a coated bulb : flowers not very large. Perianth divided to the base or 6-leaved. Flowers corymbed ; style 3-sided. . . Man. p. 468. ORNITHOGALUM Flowers umbel led, from a spathe 4. ALLIUM. Perianth 6-toothed, globular or ovoid : flowers racemed. . 5. MUSCARI. Perianth 6-cleft, short funnel-form : flowers racemed. . . 6. UYACINTHUS. Not bulbous, but with rootstocks, tubers, or fibrous roots. Perianth tubular at the base : stamens more or less declined and curved : flowers large, and Blue, in a many-flowered umbel : leaves linear. ... 7. AGAPANTHUS. Blue or white, in a raceme : leaves ovate or heart-shaped. . 8. FUNKIA. Yellow or orange, few ; leaves linear, keeled 9. HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed : flowers small, white, in a raceme. 10. CONVALLARIA. Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, greenish : flowers small, axillary : fruit a berry : stems (from matted rootstocks) much branched : leaves (which are strictly speaking leaf like branchlets) spring- ing from the axil of a small scale. Stem erect : leaves bristle-shaped or thread-like, fascicled. . 11. ASPARAGUS. Stem twining and climbing : leaves ovate, single. . . 12. MYRSIPHYLLDM Perianth 6-leaved, white, large, tulip-like: flowers in a large panicle terminating a woody stem : leaves persistent, rigid, spiny-pointed. . . . . . . Man. p. 471. YUCCA. GARDEN BOTANY. 1. Tulipa Gesneriana. COMMON TULIP. Leaves oblong, glaucous; flower of various colors, its divisions broad and very obtuse ; in spring. T. suaveolens, SWEET TULIP. Low, the short scape somewhat pu- bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions acutish, scarlet bordered with yellow ; often double. T. sylvestris, a rarer species in gardens, has lanceolate leaves, a tall scape-like stem, the yellow flower nodding in the bud, its divisions lance-ovate and acute. 2. Petilium imperiale, CROWN IMPERIAL : a stately ornament of the gardens in spring, with a circle of showy reddish-orange or yellow flowers hang- ing under the tuft of leaves which crowns the summit of the stem. 3. Lilium, LILY. Man. p. 470. Our splendid wild species, no. 1 and 4, are sometimes cultivated. L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILY. Tall, with scattered lanceolate leaves, and several hardly nodding white flowers, of bell-shaped form. L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Flower only one, horizontal, twice the length of the common White Lily, and more funnel-shaped, often pur- plish outside towards the base ; leaves on the stem somewhat petioled. L. longiflorum, LONG-FLOWERED WHITE L. Like the last, but the stem short, and the flower 5' or 6' long. L. speciosum, another showy species from Japan, becoming common ; stem 2° or 3° high ; leaves scattered, ovate or bbloug, pointed ; flowers few, nodding, the divisions revolute, white or rose-colored, marked inside with purple warty projections. L. tigri'num, TIGER BULBLET-BEAKING L. Stem tall, woolly, bearing bulblets in the axils of the scattered lanceolate leaves, and at the summit a considerable number of large orange-red nodding flowers, the divisions re- curved, strongly dark-spotted inside. L. bulbiferum, COMMON BULBLET-BEARING L. Not so showy as the last, but more common in country gardens ; stem not woolly ; flowers erect, more bell-shaped, reddish-orange, with brownish spots inside and rough pro- jections towards the base. 4. Allium, ONION, GARLIC, LEEK, &c. Man. p. 469. A. Moly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Leaves flat, lanceolate ; scape a foot high, bearing an umbel of large yellow flowers ; ornamental. A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered ; leaves nearly flat, lance-linear ; flowers pale purple, or bulblets in their place. A. Porrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, keeled or folded ; flowers violet-purple, crowded. A. Schcenoprasum, CHIVES, with slender terete leaves and rose- colored flowers : see Man. p. 470. A. Cepa, ONION. Both leaves and scape terete and hollow, the latter usually inflated in the middle, bearing a large umbel of whitish flowers, or in TOP ONION a set of bulbs iu their place. 5. Muscari, GRAPE-HYACINTH. The flowers — which appear in early spring, in a raceme or spike on a low scape — in the common species resemble small blue berries. M. racemosum, which is the commonest, has flaccid leaves, and the deep-blue flowers ovoid, densely racemed. M. botryoides has stiffer leaves and almost globular blue flowers. 5 GARDEN BOTANY. M. moschatum has dull purplish ovate-oblong flowers, musky-scented, of no beauty ; but a monstrous variety, later in the season, produces from the scape a large panic-led mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branchlets. of a striking and handsome appearance. 6. Hyacinthus orientalis, HYACINTH, most familiar in cultivation ; the fragrant flowers, originally blue, have sported into many colors, are single, double, &c. 7. Agapanthus umbellatus. A showy house-plant, from the Cape of Good Hope ; the tall scape bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers, the six divisions as long as the tube and widely spreading. 8. Funkia. — The blue and white DAY LILIES, so called, are very different from Hemerocallis, having long-petioled leaves, with an ovate or cordate blade and a midrib, from which most of the ribs or main nerves spring (these con- nected by some netted veins) ; the flowers numerous in a raceme, nodding or drooping ; stamens on the receptacle ; seeds winged and flat. F. SUbCOrdata is the species with long, white, and tubular-funnel-form flowers. F. OVata, with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 9. Hemerocallis flava, YELLOW DAY-LILY. Less large than H.fulva (described in Man. p 468) and not so common in country gardens ; flowers light yellow, the inner divisions acute. 10. Convallaria majalis, LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. Described in Man. p. 467, because wild in the Alieghany Mountains ; but students ordinarily will meet with it only in gardens, where it everywhere abounds. 11. Asparagus officinalis, GARDEN ASPARAGUS, having run wild in a few places, is described in Man. p. 466. 12. Myrsiphyllum asparagoides is a rather common, small, climbing plant, of house and conservatory culture, with slender angled branches, and small flowers like those of Asparagus ; the leaves bright green, narrowlv ovate, acute, often obscurely heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, commonly curved, many-nerved, each proceeding from the axil of a little scale which represents the true leaf; the apparent leaves being (here and in Asparagus) of the nature of branchlets. ORDER MEL ANTH ACE-SI. COLCHICUM FAMILY. Manual, p. 472. — The only cultivated exotic of this group to be noticed is 1. Colchicum autumnale, FALL COLCHICUM. Flower purple, some- times white or variegated, of 6 similar divisions on a long and slender tube which rises from the corm underground, like a Crocus, in autumn, without green leaves, which appear the next spring. The free ovary, 3 separate styles, and 6 stamens, distinguish Colchicum from Crocus. ORDER COMMEIiYNACE-ZE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Manual, p. 485. — The common cultivated Spiderworts, &c. are natives of the United States, and are described in the Manual. GARDEN BOTANY. bcxxvii OKDER GRAMINEJD. GRASS FAMILY. Manual, p. 535. — The cultivated meadow Grasses are all described in the Manual. The following very simple key leads up to them, and also to the few ornamental Grasses, and the cereal grains, &c. Flowers of two very distinct sorts and sexes ; the staminate in a terminal cluster of spike-like racemes ; the pistillate in 2 or 3 great axillary spikes covered with husks, from the lower part of the same stem, ' . . Flowers of two kinds, one staminate, the other pistillate, on differ- ent plants, La a very large compound panicle, the pis- tillate flowers (only cultivated) beset with long white silky hairs. . . , t? _, Flowers hi only one kind of inflorescence, viz. : In two or more one-sided spikes at the top of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, densely crowded in the spike, Awn-pointed and very much flattened. . . Man. p. 554. Awnless and blunt. •. . .V .^..-^ . Man. p. 554. Spikelets with only one perfect flower. Glumes nearly equal : a creeping perennial. Man. p. 554. Glumes very unequal, the lower minute : annual. Man p. 577. In many racemed or panicled spikes, awned or more or less pointed, . . Man. p. 580. Echinochloa, $ of In a single terminal spike or contracted panicle looking like a spike. Spikelets or flowers on all sides of the jointless axis or rhachis, in clusters on very short side-branches, so that it is not a simple spike : only one perfect flower to a spikelet. Awns rough, springing from the short pedicels. Man. p. 581. Awns short, one terminating each glume. Man. p. 541. Awn low down on the back of the single palea. Man. p. 540. Awns none : glumes winged : an abortive flower each side of the base of the perfect one. . . Man. p. 574. Spikelets borne directly on the rhachis, at the joints, alter- nately on opposite sides, each spikelet Several-flowered, edgewise : only one glume. Man. p. 569. Several-flowered, flatwise, with a pair of glumes. Two-flowered, only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis, nearly as in the last, long -awned. •.:,.» , • Two - three-flowered, two or three Spikelets on each joint of the rhachis, awned, . . Man p. 579. One perfect flower only to each spikelet, long-awned. . . 5. In a panicle. Spikelets strictly 1-flowered and with only two paleae, i. e. no empty paleae or rudiments of a second flower. Paleae indurated, much flattened laterally : stamens 6. 6. Paleae indurated, rolled up in a cylinder : one long awn. 7. Paleae thin and delicate, smaller than the glumes. Man. p. 543. Spikelets i-flowered, and with a single palea or a pair of empty paleae between the perfect flower and the lower glume. Paleae of the perfect flower chartaceous or coriaceous. Man. p. 576. Paleae all delicate ; glumes coriaceous. . . . . 8. Spikelets with a short rudiment, or abortive pedicel, at each side of the base of the chartaceous perfect flower. Man. p. 574. 1. ZEA. 2. GYNERIUM. DACTYLOCTENIUM ELEUSINK CYNODON. DIGITARIA. PANICUM. SETARIA. PHLEUM. ALOPECURUS. PHALARIS. 3. LOLIUM. TRITICUM. 4. SECALE. ELYMUS. HORDEUM. ORYZA. STIPA. AGROSTTS. PANICUM. SORGHUM. PHALARIS. Ixxxviii GARDEN BOTANJC. Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awned palea on each side of the chartaceous perfect flower and larger than it. Man. p. 574. Spikelets with one perfect flower and a staminate flower on each side of it Man. p. 574. Spikelets with one (or rarely 2) perfect and one stauiinate flower, Lower flower perfect and awnless ; the upper staminate and awned on the back Man. p. 673. Lower flower imperfect (its pistil more or less abortive) and merely pointed, the next one awned on the back, the uppermost a rudiment. . . . Man. p. 573. Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers. One of the two or three large flowers awnless, the others bearing a twisted awn on the back. . . All the flowers alike, or an uppermost abortive one, and Awned from towards the base of the lower palea ; flowers in the spikelet only 2. . ' •» ' . Man. p. 571. Awned or bristle-pointed from just below the tip of the lower palea : flowers many in the spikelet. Man. p. 666. Awned or sharp-pointed from the tip of the lower palea, this Keeled or laterally compressed. . . Man. p. 557. Convex or rounded on the back. p Awnless and pointless. > Man. p. 565. Narrow, rounded on the back, few-nerved. ^ Ovate or heart-shaped, ventricose on the back, dry and papery when old without falling, obscurely nerved. 10. Rounded on the back, strongly 5- 7-nerved, falling away when old, the axis breaking into joints. Man. p. 568. Keeled on the back, scarious-margined. Man. p. 661. ANTHOXANTHUM. HLEROCHLOA. HOLCUS. ARRHENATHERUM. 9. AVENA. AIRA. BROMUS. DACTYLIS. FESTUCA. BRIZA. GLYCERIA. POA. 1. Zea Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN CORN. Culm solid (not hollow as in most Grasses), terminated by the clustered racemes of staminate flowers (the tassel), in 2-flowered spikelets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch, 2 flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long style, the silk. 2. Gynerium argenteum, PAMPAS GRASS. A reed-like grass, from S. America, planted out for ornament, with a large tuft of rigid linear and tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length, the flowering stem 6 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle of (pistil- late) flowers. 3. Triticum, WHEAT. Produces the troublesome COUCH GRASS, described in Man. p. 569, and the most valuable cereal or bread plant, viz. T. VUlgare, COMMON WHEAT. Annual (Spring Wheat), or more com monly by autumn-sowing raised as a sort of biennial (Winter Wheat) • spike dense, somewhat four-sided; the spikelets imbricated, turgid, 4 -5-flowered ; lower palea either awned or merely mucronate : many varieties. 4. Secale cereale, RTE. Similar to Wheat in structure, but taller and earlier, with bluish glaucous foliage, the spikelets decidedly two-ranked, only two-flowered, always long awned ; grain oblong, brown, hairy at the summit. 5. Hordeum, BARLEY. Differs from Wheat and Rye in having three spikelets side by side on each joint of the rhachis (although the lateral ones are sometimes small and sterile), perfecting only one flower : annual. GARDEN Bf, ANT. H. VUlgare, COMMON BARLEY. All three spikelets producing a fer- tile awned dower and a subulate rudiment, the spike therefore six-rowed or four-rowed. H. distichum, TWO-ROWED BARLEY. Lateral spikelets at each joint sterile and awnless, the middle one alone fertile and awned. 6. Oryza sativa, RICE. Annual, rough-leaved ; spikelets in an open pani- cle, one-flowered, very much flattened contrary to the short glumes and hard and rough paleae, which are conduplicate ; the latter firmly enclosing the grain, the lower one awned or awnless. Cult, southward. 7. Stipa pennata, FEATHER GRASS, of Europe, is occasionally raised in gardens for ornament, the awn of the flower being several inches long and beautifully plumose, instead of naked, as in the wild species, Man. p. 549. 7. Sorghum VUlgare, SORGHO, DOURRA, GUINEA CORN, &c. Stem solid, tall; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate; flowers in an ample terminal panicle, short-awned or awnless. BROOM CORN is a variety of this species, with long branches to the large and open panicle, which is made into brooms. SUGAR SORGHUM is a form of the same with sweeter stems, a northern sub- stitute for Sugar-Cane. GUINEA CORN, or DOURRA, the original cereal grain of tropical Africa, has the panicle densely contracted and the grain larger. 9. Avena sativa, COMMON OAT. Annual, with a loose panicle of very large and drooping two-flowered spikelets ; paleas enclosing the grain, that of one flower with a long and twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. 10. Briza maxima, GREAT QUAKING-GRASS. Annual, resembles B. wedia of Man. p. 565, but the spikelets are larger, over half an inch long, and very turgid : occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornament. AD D ENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. MARCH, 1863. Page 5. la. Anemone Carolinian:*, Walt. Stem 3' to 6' high from a small tuber, hairy above, simple, one-flowered, bearing a 3-parted sessile involucre at or below the middle ; its divisions wedge-shaped and 3-cleft ; root-leaves 3-parted or divided with the divisions incised, or again 3-cleft and incised ; sepals 1 1 - 20, linear-oblong, purplish; head of fruit oblong. — N. and W. Illinois (0. Everett, J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, E. Hall, T. J. -Hale, &c.) and southward. May. P. 38. ALYSSUM CALYCINUM, L. (For the genus, see Gard. Bot. p. xxiii. Like Vesicaria, but the pod flat.) A low annual, hoary, with linear-spatulate leaves, and racemes of small flowers ; petals pale yellow turning white ; pod orbicular. — Amherst, Mass., Prof. Tuckerman; in grass-lands. (Adv. fromEu.) 4. LEPIDIUM DRABA, L. Perennial; stems 1° high, leafy to the top ; leaves oval or oblong, mostly entire, pale, very minutely hoary, the upper partly clasping ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, turgid, wingless ; style promi- nent. — Shore of Long Island, N. Y ., at Astoria, &c., D. C. Eaton. (Adv from Eu.) P. 39. THLASPI ARVENSE, L. (PENNYCRESS.) (Genus much like Capsella, but the pod winged and the cotyledons accumbent.) Annual, smooth; leaves oblong, toothed, the upper ones sagittate-lanceolate and clasping ; pods half an inch broad including the wings, orbicular-obcordate. — Mackinaw, Michigan, Nuttall, H. Mann, and common m Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) P. 57. LYCHNIS VESPERTINA, Sibth. Resembles Silene noctiflora, p. 56, but has 5 styles, therefore belonging to Lychnis, and is usually dioecious ; a coarse, hairy biennial, more or less viscid, loosely branched above ; leaves oblong or ovate- lanceolate; flowers opening in the evening; petals white or pinkish, 2-cleft, crowned ; fertile calyx ovoid in fruit, with long lance-linear teeth. — Waste places, &c. Elmira, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tat- nall. (Adv. from Eu.) ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES. Xci P. 59. 2a. Stellaria liwmif usa, Rottboell. A low, glabrous, perennial species, spreading on the ground, with the leaves oblong (2" -3" long), fleshy, sessile ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; stamens 10. — N. Maine, on the upper part of St. John's River ( G. L. Goodale), and northward. (Eu.) P. 73. 3*. GERANIUM COLUMBINUM, L. Somewhat hairy, decumbent ; leaves 5-7- parted and the divisions once or twice 3-cleft into linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels long and slender; sepals a\vn-pointed, about as long as the entire or barely notched purple petals ; seeds strongly reticulated. — Lancaster, &c., Penn., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 94. 6. Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. (POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE.) Hirsute with rough hairs; stem 3' to 12' high from a farinaceous tuberous root ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong ; peduncles elongated ; spike short and dense ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, about equalling the blue corolla. — On th« Wisconsin River (Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c.) and northwestward. June. P. 97. Olycyrhiza lepidota, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) (The genus may be known from Astragalus, which it considerably resembles in foliage and in flower, by the pods usually beset with prickles, few-seeded, and one-celled.) Roots long, perennial, sweet ; stem 2° - 3° high ; leaflets 7 to 9 pairs and an odd one, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled in the axils of the leaves, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, scarcely dehiscent, beset all over with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the sands of the shore, probably drifted from the northwest, but perfectly established, G. W. Clinton. P. 97. 2». Astragalus PlattensiS, Nutt. Villous ; stems decumbent or as- cending, 6'- 18' long; stipules conspicuous, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceo- late and pointed; leaflets 10-17 pairs, oblong, often glabrous above; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head ; calyx villous ; corolla cream-color or yellowish, often tinged with purple ; fruit oblong, somewhat incurved, nearly an inch long, fleshy and thick- walled (but less so than in no. 1 and 2), villous with white hairs. (A. Tennesseensis, Gray in Chapm. S. Fl.} — Illinois, on the gravelly banks of Illinois River or on sand-ridges ( Vasey, Slosson, Bebb), and southward and westward. May. P. 98. 4*. A. alpinilS, L. Stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high ; leaflets 13 -25 ; corolla 5" or 6" long, violet-purple or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; teeth of the calyx nearly the length of the tube; pods black-hairy, narrowly oblong, with the dorsal suture decidedly introflexed and projecting internally, raised on a stalk XCii ADDENDA TO THE longer than the calyx ; otherwise much like A. Robbinsii. (A. secundus, Michx. A. Labradoricus, DC. Phaca astragalina, DC.) — Willoughby Mountain, Ver- mont, Rev. J. Blake; a form with rather elongated racemes of smallish flowers. Coast of Maine, Dr. Scammon, &c. On the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, Maine, G. L Goodale, and northward. June, July. — In the former edition specimens of this were confused with A. Robbinsii, which has smaller white flowers, a broad and flatter pod, with very slight dorsal introflexion, and is nearer the European Phaca australis, L. (Eu.) OxytropiS Lamberti, Pursh. (Genus next to Astragalus, known by the mucronate tip or beak to the keel of the corolla, to which the generic name refers. The seed-bearing suture of the pod is introflexed.) Flowers blue, purple, or sometimes white ; pod 2-celled or nearly so by the introflexion of the seed- bearing suture, the dorsal suture not at all projecting inwards (as it does in O. campestris, DC.). The common forms of this species, which abound on our northwestern plains, may reach our borders. A form with thinner pods, fewer flowers, and loose dark hairs on the calyx, long ago found near Quebec, has re- cently been detected on the St. John's River in Maine, by G. L. Goodale. It is one of the forms which connect O. Lambert! with O. Uralensis. P. 108. 2*. Cassia Obtiisifolia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between -those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender, 6' long, curved ; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. P. 116. 1s. Ocuni iirbmiiini, L. Petals yellow; otherwise nearly as in G. album. — E. Fairfield, Ohio, S. B. McMillan. — I have seen only incomplete specimens ; the petals very small. P. 120. 3. FRAGARIA INDICA, L., or DUCHESNEA FRAGARIOIDES, Smith, — which differs from the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and an insipid fruit, — has established itself in copses around Philadelphia (Charles E. Smith), and in the Southern States. (Adv. from Ind., &c.) P. 128. 3. Anmiannia IViittalSii. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terres- trial, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad tri- angular lobes, the appendages at the sinuses obsolete or wanting ; petals none ; style very short ; ovary 2-celled. (Peplis diandra, Nutt., but stamens usually 4. Hypobrichia Nuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Hale), Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &c.), and southward. June -Aug. — When in water, stems l°-3° long, very leafy. BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XC111 P. 130. 6. EPILOBIOI HIRSUTUM, L. — a branching, soft-villoas species, of our sec- ond division, only the flowers are large, the 'rose-purple petals £' long — is estab- lished as a wild plant at New Bedford, Mass., T. A. Greene, (Adv. from Eu.) P. 132. 10. CEiiottiera scrrulata, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves lance-linear, oblunceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or toothed ; flowers axillary ; tube of the calyx funnel-form, shorter than the ovary, with 4 strong nerves which are continued as keels to the lobes ; petals yellow, obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; anthers oblong ; stigma discoid, merely crenulate ; pods cylindrical, pubcrulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, "Wisconsin (Lesquereux) , and westward. 2. Jussiaea repens, L. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod cylin- drical, with a tapering base. 1J. — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. P. 136. 2. Opuntia JVIissouriensis, DC. Prostrate, with narrow and obo- vate tuberculate joints ; the axils bristly and all armed with 5 to 10 slender radiating prickles, some of them stronger ; flowers yellow ; berry prickly. — Borders of Wisconsin and westward. P. 143 9. Saxifraga stellaris, L. var. comosa, Willd. Leaves wedge- shaped, more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted panicle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate, white, with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a distinct claw. — Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. 10. S. Icucantticniifolia, Lapey rouse, Michx. Leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate, coarsely toothed or incised, tapering into a petiole ; scape a span to a foot and a half high, bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts, and a loose and spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; calyx free and reflexed; petals unequal, with claws, white, the three larger ones cordate-lanceo- late and with a pair of yellow spots, the two smaller ones lanceolate with a tapering base and no spots. — Salt-Pond Mountain, Virginia ( Wm. M. Canby), and southward in the Alleghanies. P. 156. To Discopleura capillacea add : — Var. ? cost fit a. Larger ; rays of the umbel and divisions of the involucre numerous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois, Vasey. Heloscmdiiiin nodinoruin, Koch. A remarkable aquatic form of this European species, or perhaps an allied new species, was discovered in brooks on the Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania, by "Prof. Traill Green. For lack of mature fruit the determination is still uncertain. ADDENDA TO THE P. 169, after line 13 from bottom, add to the Synopsis : — 9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla (white) and single Btyle very short. Pod ovoid, many-seede loculicidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow. 10. GELSEMIUM. Corolla yellow : style slender : stigmas 2, each 2-parted. Pod fla several-seeded. Seeds winged. Leaves ovate or lanceolate : stipules obsolete. See p. 29 P. 174. 9. POLYPREUHJUI, L. POLYPREMUM. Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scariou margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, beard* in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short : anthe globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little fla tened, notched at the apex, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A smoot diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leave connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line; the sni£ flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corol inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXwpe/ii/os, many-stemmed.) 1. P. procumbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia ar southward. June - Sept. P. 196. 30*. Aster amethystimiS, Nutt. Differs from A. oblongifolius in i more upright growth, more hirsute and cinereous pubescence (that of the ste widely spreading), which is not at all glandular or viscid, more racemose hea of smaller size, the scales of the involucre erect or less spreading, the rays of light clear blue. — E. Massachusetts, Dr. Robbins, W. Boott ; and meadows ne Amherst, Prof. Tuckerman. Athens, Illinois, Mr. E. Hall. P. 200. 3. Boltonia diflfusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lane linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; heads panicled, ve small ; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies ne Centralia, Illinois, Vasey. Common south westward. P 205. 27*. SolidagO Riidllla, Nutt Stem and oblong or obovate-spatula leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involuc oblong, rigid ; rays 3 - 6 : otherwise much as in S. nemoralis, of which it is pro ably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, W. Illinois and south westward P. 227. 3tt. Artemisia dracimculoides, Pursh. — a perennial species, coi mon west of the Mississippi, with leaves linear and entire, or the lower 3-cle cinereous or nearly glabrous, and small panicled heads — has been found in W. Illinois by Dr. Vasey. 7a. A. frigida, L., of the third section (p. 228), — a low species, slight woody at the base, white all over with a soft silky wool, the leaves pinnate parted, their divisions 3-5-cleft and linear, — was found at the Falls of St. A thony by L. Lrsquereux and T. J. Hale. It is common thence northwestward. BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV P. 231. 5. Senecio palustris, Hook. Root biennial ; stem stout, £° - 3° high, woolly when young, glabrous with age ; leaves laciniate or irregularly cut- toothed, the upper with a cordate-clasping base ; heads many in a corymb, with 20 or more short rays, the pappus becoming very long. — N. W. Wisconsin ( T. J. Hak) and northward. (Eu.) 6. S. lobatus, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Annual, glabrous, or loosely woolly at first ; leaves rather fleshy, lyraie or pinnately divided ; the divisions crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads many in a corymb, small ; rays about 12. — Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. P. 237. Lygodesmia juncea, Don. Flowers nearly as in Nabalus (only 5 in the head), purple or rose-colored, the heads erect and solitary ; pappus copious, soft and whitish; stems branched, rush-like, 1° high, striate, with few lanceolate or subulate rigid leaves. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and common northward. P. 250. CALLUXA VULGARIS, Salisb., the HEATHER of Europe, was recently dis- covered by Mr. Jackson Dawson well established in Tewksbury, Massachu- setts, in low grounds, whether indigenous or in some way introduced is still in question. P. 268. 2». Plantago sparsi flora, Michx. Belongs to § 1, except that the seeds are only one in each cell and somewhat boat-shaped ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or denticulate, 3 - 5-nerved, tapering into a margined pe- tiole, hain* or smooth; scape long and slender (6' -18' high) ; spike filiform, sparsely flowered ; bracts ovate ; lobes of the corolla acute ; pod oblong, 2-seeded. — Mound City, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward. P. 273. 6*. LTSIMACHIA NUMMUL\RIA, L., described in Garden Botany, p. Ixiii., — a creeping species, with round leaves and solitary flowers from their axils, — has escaped from the gardens and run wild in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 293. 8*. Gerardia grandifldra, Benth. Intermediate in appearance and in the size of the corolla between no 6 and no. 9, minutely downy ; stem 3° - 4° high, much branched ; leaves mostly pinnatifid and cut. (Dasystoma Drum- mondi, Benth. ) — Oak-openings, &c., Wisconsin, Lapham, Illinois, Vasey, and southward. P. 318. 3. LAMIUM ALBUM, L , a perennial species, with rather large white flowers, and petioled coarsely crenate leaves, is found in waste grounds around Boston by D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) XCV1 ADDENDA TO THE P. 326. Hydro lea quadrivalvis, Walt. The genus differs from most Hydrophyllacese in having the ovary and pod 2-celled or nearly so, by the pla- centae united in the axis, and the numerous seeds : the species is a pubescent perennial ; the stem ascending from a creeping base, with a slender spine in the axil of most of the broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers axillary ; corolla blue. — In water or wet places. S. Illinois ( Vasey) and southward. P. 330. 2. Polemonium caeruleum, L. Stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers numerous, blue; stamens and style mostly exsertcd ; pod rather many-seeded. — Borders of a marsh, 3 miles east of Charlottesville, Schoharie County, New York, Dr. E. C. Howe. July - Aug. Otherwise found in this country only high north, and in the Rocky Mountains and westward, but common in gardens. (Eu.) P. 352. 2*. Asclepias Meadii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale ; stem simple (1° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long) ; leaves all opposite, sessile, obloug, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- tuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy) margins and the numerous rather slender pedicels downy when young ; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong-ovate (4" long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the slightly stipitate crown fleshy below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the thickish incurved horn, fur- nished with a small sharp tooth at the inner margin on each side towards the summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, l^'-ty' long. Fruit not seen ; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia. P. 354. la. Acerates monocepliala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (6' -12' high), rather stout, hirsute; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2' long and £' wide) ; umbel .solitary and terminal, peduncled, very many-flowered ; divis- ions of the greenish corolla oblong (2^" long), more than twice the length of the calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect, with the obtuse apex somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lap- ham, Mr. Cornell. July. — Intermediate in several respects between A. viridiflora and A. longifolia; having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflora ; the two small appendages within each (and the still smaller pairs of appendages alternate with the hoods) more conspicuous than in the last-named species; otherwise very similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A. longifolia is well distinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much shorter than the anthers, and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should Dr. Engelmann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear the name of A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCVii 2*. A. paiiiculfita, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short, about a foot high; leaves alternate, short- petioled, elongated-oblong, l'-2' wide ; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (!' in diameter), green, with a short purplish crown ; pods oblong-ovate, often bearing some soft spinous pro- jections.— Prairies, Illinois (Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June. P. 362. Corispermum hyssopifolium, L. An annual, smooth or some- what hairy, branching herb, with slender striate branches, narrowly linear thick- ish leaves, the upper ones small and short, orate-lanceolatc, scarious-margined, and forming the bracts of the slender spikes, a solitary and perfect flower sessile under each one ; fruit round-oval, convex on the back, wing- margined, resem- bling a small bug, whence the name of the genus. — Sandy shore of Lake Mich- igan, near Chicago, Dr. Scammon, and of Lake Erie, at Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. (Adv. from the Northwest.) P. 378. 11. Rumcx Eiigclmailiii, Ledeb. (R. hastulatus, Batdw., not of Campd.), — a dioecious species, with narrow and hastate leaves, or the lowermost cordate, distinguished from no. 10 by its very simple panicle, and the valves of the fruit enlarging and samara-like, — occurs in S. W. borders of Illinois, thence southward and westward. Bi'iuiiiicliia cirrliosa, Banks, a Southern plant of this family, climb- ing by tendrils, and with the fruiting calyx and its pedicel winged on one side, is said by Dr. Bntendel to occur in S. Illinois. I have seen no specimen. P. 435. 8\ Pofamogetoii crispus, L. Leaves lance-oblong or oblong-linear, wavy-crisped, obtuse, sessile, serrate, 3-nerved ; stems much branched ; spikes long-peduncled, few-flowered. — Streams, Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall, &c. Lehigh River, Pennsylvania, T. Meehan, and at Lancaster, Prof. Porter. Abundant where it occurs ; probably indigenous ; flowering in May and June, earlier than the others. (The remarks on p. 436 to be erased.) (Eu.) P. 439. Sagnttaria calycina, Engelm. Pedicels of the two kinds of flowers of equal length, the fruit-bearing ones recurved ; flowers polygamous, the sterile ones with a few rudimentary pistils and numerous stamens, their filaments smoothish, and about the length of the broadly ovate anthers, the fertile ones with 7 to 12 stamens ; style longer than the ovary and erect, but horizontal on the lunate or obovate narrowly -winged achenium ; sepals orbicular, strictly ap- pressed to the head of fruit. — Kennebunk, Maine, Mr. Swan, growing under water, with no blade to the leaves, the petioles stout, subulate. Hackensack marshes, Xew Jersey, C. F. Austin ; mostly with a small and halberd-shaped emersed blade to the leaves. Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnatt; the blade rudimentary, or oblong and entire, or halberd-form or sagittate, short, obtuse. Athens, Illinois, E. Hall, with well-developed sagittate acute leaves. Probably not uncommon. XCV111 ADDENDA TO THE P. 448. Spiraiithes graminea, Lindl. ? has been detected in New York and New Jersey by C. F. Austin, and some other species or forms are apparently con- fused with S. cernua. They must be studied hereafter with fresh materials, and identified with Lindley's various species. P. 459. 2». Iris cilprea, Pursh. Stem tall and slender; leaves linear-sword- shaped (£' wide); flowers copper-colored, or dull yellow tinged with blue, the tube longer than the ovary. — Cairo, S. Illinois, growing with I. versicolor, Dr. Vasey. Common in the Southern States. P. 460. PARDINTHCTS CmNENSis, Ker, described in Garden Botany, p. Ixxxii., Ixxxiii., has escaped from gardens in some places, and is established along road- sides in Delaware, Wm. M. Canby. P. 461, 465, 472. The anthers are so attached to the filament as to be really extrarse in Medeola (as ascertained by Prof. H. G. Clark), and in Lilium (as shown by Dr. Chap- man), Hemerocallis, &c. Other distinctions having also given way, it becomes apparent that Smilaceae and Melanthacese will hereafter be merged in the great order Liliaceae. P. 488. 4. Xyris torta, Smith. Scape terete and one-edged, slender, 9' -20' high, from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming spirally twisted ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the mid- dle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the S. States ; in dry sand. P. 497. 10. EleocliariS compressa, Sulliv. This is common in Illinois and westward, in a taller form, with elongated and many-flowered spikes (£'-!' long) : the style is 2-cleft, the achenium when well formed is smooth, or nearly so, with a rather large tubercle ; the hypogynous bristles generally present, shorter than or surpassing the achenium, and retrorsely barbed. The species should stand after no. 6. P. 498, 500. la. ScirpllS paiicifldrus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, 3' - 9' high ; the sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, chestnut- colored ; glumes nearly 2-ranked, blunt, the lower and larger ones not equalling the uppermost ; bristles 3-6, re- trorsely barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak -pointed triangular achenium. — Watertown, near Lake Ontario, New York, Dr. Crawe (mistaken for S. planifolius) ; Point de Tour, Lake Michigan (State coll.) ; Ringwood, N. Illinois, on the borders of a pond, Dr. G. Vasey. Also in the Rocky Mountains. This and Eleocharis no. 7, with other species, serve to combine Eleocharia with Scirptis. (Eu.) BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XC1X 8». S. (Istilepis) Hullii, n. sp. Like S. dcbilis in general appearance, but stems more slender (5'- 12' high), sometimes 1-leaved above the middle; spikes 1-5, ovate-fusiform, becoming cylindrical (4" or 5" long, hardly \±' thick), some of them occasionally short-stalked; scales ovate, the greenish cen- tre strongly keeled, sharp-pointed ; stamens 2 ; bristles none ; achenium strongly rugose transversely, plano-convex or (especially in Texan specimens, coll. C. Wright) triangular. — Along ponds, Mason Co., Illinois, with S. debilis, E. Hall, and near St. Louis, Dr. Engelmann, and southwestward. Varies, like no. 8, with a 2-cleft or 3-cleft style. I refer it to Scirpus, as the Scirpeous genera will probably have to be reduced. P. 519. 32*. Carex Norvegica, Schk. Pale ; stem 1° or less high, angled ; spikes 2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate flowers at their base, or the terminal one all staminate ; perigynia oval or ob- long, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse scale. — Salt Marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.) P. 519. 53*. C. rarifidra, Smith. Resembles C. limosa (of which it was formerly thought to be a variety), but smaller, 4' - 9' high ; the leaves flatter and rather broader ; pistillate spikes with only 5-10 flowers, which are usually less crowded ; perigynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the broadly-ovate blackish scale. — Mt Katahdin, Maine (G. L. Goodak), and northward. (Eu.) P. 530. 106». C. pallid osa, Good. More slender, spikes smaller and leaves narrower than in no. 107 ; perigynia ovate, very strongly nerved, smooth, with a 2-toothed orifice, about the length of the lanceolate awned scale. — Border of a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., near Savin Hill, W. Boott. (Nat from Eu. "?) P. 534. 130*. C. Olneyi, Boott Near C. bullata, but with stouter stems, broader leaves, and more numerous (4 - 6, usually 5) spikes, the fertile ones longer and narrower (so as to appear more like those of C. vesicaria), more approximate, the perigynia smaller, and with a shorter beak. — In swamps, Rhode Island, Olney. P. 541. CRYPSIS SCHCEXOIDES, Lam. (See Plate 1.) A dwarf'grass, with decumbent branched culms, short and rather rigid pointed leaves, and somewhat inflated sheaths hairy at the throat, the uppermost partly enclosing the condensed spike- like panicle ; the structure of the spikelets nearly as in Vilfa. (C. Virginica, Nutt.) — Streets of Philadelphia and vicinity. (Adv. from Eu.) P. 542. 2a. Vilfa cuspidata, Torr. Root perennial; culms and leaves more slender than in no. 2 ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets C ADDENDA TO THE smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palea cuspidate. — Borders of Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward. P. 547. la. Calaniagrostas Laiigscltirffii, Trin. Resembles no. 1, but the spikclets are larger, the oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed glumes 2^" to 3" long, and more strigose- scabrous ; the awn stouter. This and C. Canadensis are the only species in this country which have the panicle loose and open after flowering. — White Mountains of New Hampshire (IV. Boott) and northward. (Eu.) lb. C. Stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, its branches erect or appressed after flowering; glumes l|"-2" long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate ; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment ; awn straight, from the middle of the thin palea or lower, and barely exceeding it; leaves narrow, soon involute. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont ( W. Boott), and northward. (Eu). 3. C. NuttalliaiKl, Steud. This name must take the place of C. coarc- tata, Jbrr., as there is an older one of the latter name in South America. 3a. C. Porteri, Gray, Proceed. Amer. Acad. 6, p. 79. Panicle long and narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2^" long ; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching about to the middle of the flower behind the upper palea, but very short or none at the base of the firm-membraceous lower palea, which bears near its base a twisted awn of its own length ; stem 2° -4° high ; -leaves flat, bearing a woolly- bearded ring at the junction with the sheath. — Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co , Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C. Porter. P. 556. Grapliepiiorum melicoidos, Beauv., is to replace Dupontia Coo- leyi. See Gray in Ann. Bot. Soc. Canad., and Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 190. P. 565. la. FESTUCA MYtrRUS, L. Panicle narrow and simple, one-sided (2' to 6' long), strict; spikelets about 5-flowered; lower glume setaceous; flowers awl- shaped, rough, long-awnod, the awn longer than the palea; leaves as in no. 2. Annual, 6'- 12' high. — Pine-barrens of New Jersey, and Delaware Co., Penn. ( W. M. Canby), and southward. (Nat from Eu.) P. 569. 1. Triticiim repcns, L. : add var. JUNCEUM, Benth. (T. junceum, L.) A marked maritime variety, glaucous, rigid, awnless ; the glumes obtuse ; the leaves involute and shra-p-pointed. — Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Prof. Tuckerman. (Nat. from Eu.? ) P. 572. 2. Dantlionia sericea, Nutt. Larger than no. 1 ; culms not tufted ; leaves broader ; glumes three quarters of an inch long ; lower palea densely vil- lous with long silky-white hairs. — Pine-barrens of New Jersey, near Philadel- phia (C. E. Smith), and southward. BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. Cl P. 573. (rather than Avena) CARYOPHYLLEA, L., — resembling A. praecox, but taller, and with a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets, — was detected in abandoned fields reverting to forest, near Newcastle, Delaware, by Wm. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.) P. 576. 1». Paspalum Walteriamim, Schult. Spikes few (3-7), the lowest scarcely emerging from the sheath, the mcmbranaceous rhachis blunt and not projecting; spikelets glabrous. — Delaware (E. Tatnall, Wm.M. Canby) and southward, in very wet places. P. 586. 5». Equisetmn palustre, L. Stems 6' - 18' high, much more slender than those of no. 5, and with numerous branches, roughish, with only 5 — 9 broad and deep grooves separated by prominent narrow ridges ; sheaths with as many elongated lance-subulate teeth, pale. — In wet places, Buffalo, New York (G. W. Clinton), and northward. (Eu.) P. 592. 3. Cheilantlics lanuginosa, Nutt. in herb. Hook. Stalks slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining; fronds (3'-8' high) delicate, lanceolate in outline, woolly with soft whitish hairs, becoming smoother above, 3-pinnatc ; pinnae ovate, the lower ones distant ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute roundish segments, the herbaceous margin recurved, forming an almost continuous involucre. (C. vestita, Hook, &c. C. gracilis, Metten.) — In dense tufts on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin (T. J. Hale), Iowa, and west- ward. — Ultimate pinnules exceedingly small and crowded. P. 606. 3. iHARSIUBA, L. Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send- ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more globular but somewhat excentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit are 2- celled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo- rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob- long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. 1. M. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; spo- rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float- ing on the surface, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. The only known habitat in America ! (Eu.) 2. ITI. vestita, Hook and Grev., with hairy leaflets and villous short-stalked or sessile sporocarps, will doubtless be found in the western part of Wisconsin. ^*^ OF TM-- BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, SERIES I. PH^NOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EX6GE- NOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; .the wood form- ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net- ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. SUBCLASS I. ANGIO SPERMS. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and fp;rms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 2 RANUKCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) DIVISION I. POLYP^TALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co- rolla ; the petals not united with each other.* ORDER 1. RANUNCUL.ACE.aE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs (or woody vines) with a colorless acrid juice, polypetalous, or apeta- lous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3- 15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, 01- seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. TRIBE I. CLEM ATIDE^E. Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inwards. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens- 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. TRIBE H. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op- posite or whorled, forming an involucre. * Seed suspended. 8. PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens. 4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re- mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves. 6- HEPATICA. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves, and resembling a calyx. 6. THALICTRUM. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like. * * Seed erect. 7. THAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none. TRIBE III. RANUKCULE^. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed solitary. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Aohenia in a head. Seed erect. 9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended. TRIBE IV. HELLEBORIKE^J. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few -several-seeded.— Leaves all alternate. * Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped. * In many exceptional cases some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous order* are destitute of petals; as Clematis, Anemone, our Isopyrum, and other plants of the Crow foot Family. RANUHCULACKfi. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 12. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base Pods 8-16, sessile. Leaves divided. 13. COPTIS. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid- uous. Leaves divided. 14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 6, persistent, turning green with age. 15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5. * * Flower u asymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded. 16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed hi the spur of the calyx. 17. ACONITUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals. * * * Flower pjmmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby. 18. ZANTHORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in droop- ing compound racemes, polygamous. TRIBE V. CIMICIFUGEJE. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals small and flat, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry. Leaves all alternate. 19. HYDRASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2- seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none. 30. ACT^A. Flowers hi a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest. 21 . CIMICIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1 - 8, in fruit forming dry several- seeded pods. Leaves 2- 3-ternately compound. 1. ATIliGENE, L. ATBAGENE. Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud. Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks; stems a little woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1-flowered. (A name of obscure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Theophrastus.) 1. A. Americana, Sims. (AMERICAN ATBAGEKE.) Leaflets stalked, ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem- atis verticillaris, DC.} — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — From each of the opposite buds in spring arise two ternate leaves with long-stalked leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across. 2. CLEMATIS, L. YIRGIX'S-BOWER. Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bud. Petals none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite. (KXrjparis, a name of Di- oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe brarchcs.) * Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery: anthers linear. +- Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside. 1. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile, «lky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above ; tails of the fruit very plu- the bluish-pu margins ; fc||| to lanceolate May-Aug, * j:; 5. C. VI i bearing 3 ovn at the base; i over shrubs, white flowen; the fertile an 3. Sepals 4- Achenia wit genus does was given be 1. P. Wil oped before tJ! I ed, the midli into narrow!; f leaves, at tlie ing. (P. ptttil DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapharn) and westAvard. April. — A span high. Sepals !'-!£' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe. 4. ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to- RANDNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from avcpos, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind blows.) See Addend. * Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit: sepals downy or silky underneath. 1. A. parvifldra, Michx. (SMALL ANEMONE.) Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender and simple, one-flowered ; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions wedge-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval, whitish; head of fruit globular.— Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant 2' -12' high. 2. A. iiiultifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy; prin- cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun- cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant 6' -12' high : sepals ^ long. 3. A. cyliiidrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.) Slender, clothed with silky hairs ; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun- cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower- stalks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish-white ; head of fruit cylindrical (!' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun- cles 7' -12' long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4. 4. A. Virgiiiiaiia, L. (TALL ANEMONE.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute, greenish (hi one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows ; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high ; the upright pe- duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf- less ; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which are 2-leaved at the middle; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer. * * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent. 5. A. Pennsylvanica, L. (PENNSYLVANIA^ ANEMONE.) Hairy , involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3- cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5 - 7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ; head of fruit spherical ; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hairy, 6' high when it be- gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by a naked peduncle, through the summer ; flowers 1^' broad, handsome. 1 * 6 RANUHCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 6. A. ncmorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD ANEMONE.) Low, Bmoothish ; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted ; radical leaf single ; sepals 4-7, oval, while, sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal species; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 5. HEP AT 1C A, Dill. LITER-LEAP. HEPATICA. Involucre simple and 3-leavcd, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals 6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or rounded. (Eu.) 2. H. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pala purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1. 6. THAL,iCTRUITI, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15, tipped by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend- ed.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva- tion obscure.) # Stem-leaves fonninq an involucre at tJie summit, as in Anemone: root tuberous- thickened and clustered .' flowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved. 1. T. aneinonoides, Michx. (RuE- ANEMONE.) Low; root-leaves twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo- lucre obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone thalictroides, L., Bigel.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant, more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves at the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole, so that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 5-10, half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink. Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma. # # Stem-leavea scattered, 3-4 times compound: root fibrous: Jlowers ditecious or RANUNCULAC£LE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.; 7 polygamous : sepals 4-5, falling away early : fruits sessile, tipped with long stig- iiias, ribbed-angled. 2. T. dioicinn, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Leaves all with general petioles; leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green- ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides ; common northward. April, May. — A foot or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on capillary filaments. 3. T. CoriiUti, L. (MEADOW-RUE.) Stem-leaves witfuwt general peti- oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem 3°-9° high, furrowed. Leaves whitish and glandular, or downy beneath. Fila- ments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 7. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANE. Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia numerous, in a head, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym- bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 1. T. palinata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.) Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar- ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high. 8. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache- nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where those animals abound.) § 1. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or naked pit at the base, white, the claw yellow : adienia turgid, transversely wrinkled: aquatic perennials, with i\e immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes. 1. R. aquiitilis, L., var. divaricatus. (WHITE WATER-CROW- FOOT.) Floating; leaves all immersed and similar, compouncJy dissected into many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori- zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus. Sibthorjj. ) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June - Aug. ( Eu. ) § 2. Petals with a little scale at the base (yellow in all our species). * Achenia smooth. •*- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves jiliforml.y dissected. 2. R. Pursliii, Richards. (YELLOW WATKR-CROWFOOT.) Stem floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divis 6 8 EANUNCULACE^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidney-shaped or round and variously lobed or cleft ; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx . carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (R. multifidus, Pursh, Biyd. R. lacustris, Beck.) — Stagnant water ; most common northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tub'ular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as large as in the common Buttercup. •«- •*- Terrestrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometimes annual. •*-*• Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous. 3. R. alisni£ef61ius, Geyer, Benth. (WATER-PLANTAIN SPEAR- WORT.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels flattened, pointed with a long and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flammula & R. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places ; common northward. June -Aug. Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flower 5" -6", in Ore- gon and California 7" -9", broad. Carpels much larger than in the next. 4. R. I'laiaimiilci, L. (SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so, mostly petioled ; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels turgid, mucronate with a very short and usually curved blunt point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ; thence northward. June -Aug. Corolla 4" - 6" broad. (Eu.) Yar. rep tans. (CREEPING SPEARWORT.) Much smaller and slenderer ; the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. fili formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' -6' long. (Eu.) 5. R. pnsillllS, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round- ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem- leaves similar; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, scarcely petioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the calyx, yellowish ; stamens few (5-10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July.— Stems 5' -12' high. 6. R. Cymlmlfdi'in, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Stem sending off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; leaves all roundish, mostly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothed, rather fleshy, on long petioles ; Jlower-stalks (scapes) leafless, 1 - 7-flowered ; petals 5 - 8, bright yellow ; carpels in oblong heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York, to Illinois and westward. June-Aug. — Scapes 3'-6' high. •w- •»•+ Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base. 7. R. rllOHlboideilS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaves roundish, or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpels RANUNCULACEJ1. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head • petals large, exceeding the calyx (Also R. brevicaulis & ovdlis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, April, May. — Stems 3'-6' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 12. 8. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT.) Glabrous and very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3-5-parted or divided, subsessile; then* divisions oblong or narrowly wedge- form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks, common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above, the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion. Var. micranthns. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa- chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward. 9. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED CKOWFOOT.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near- ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) 10. R. recur vat us, Poir. (HOOKED CROWFOOT.) Hirsute,- leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad- ly wedge-shaped, 2 -3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob- ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles; petals shorter than the reftexed calyx, pale. — "Woods, common. May, June. — Stem l°-2°high. *+ •*-*• ++ Leaves all ternately parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia flat. a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx. 11. R. Peimsylvanicus, L. (BRISTLY CROWFOOT.) Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. — A coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers. b. Head of carpels globular : petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx. 12. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY CROWFOOT.) Low, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses- sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread- ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May.— Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel low flower 1' broad ; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale, often 6 or 7. 10 EANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. R. repens, L. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners ; leaves 3-divid- ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c., May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.) 14. II. BULu6sus, L. (BULBOUS CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy, stem erect from a bulb-like base; radical leaves 3-divided; the lateral divisions ses- sile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas- tures ; very abundant only in E. New England ; seldom found in the interior. May -July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) 15. II. ACRIS, L. (TALL CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg- ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields. June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in diying, when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles : annuals. 16. K. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni- form, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; petals longer than the calyx ; carpels Jlat, spiny-tiiberculate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. R. PARVIFL6RUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round- ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar- gined.— Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. MYOSURUS, DiU. MOUSE-TAIL. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20. Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /xCs, a mouse, and ot>pa, a tail) , the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root- leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and Kentucky, thence south and west. (Eu.) RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 10. ISOPYRUUI, L. (ExiMiox, Raf.) Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or -more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (Name from ifros, equal, and irupos, wheat; of no obvious application.) 1. I. biternatlim, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com. monly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds even. 1J. — Moist shady pla- ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum . anemonoides. 11. C ALT II A, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from icoXaflos, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.) 1. C. palustris, L. (MARSH MARIGOLD.) Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals about 6, broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north- ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower, under the name of COWSLIPS ; but the Cowslip is a totally different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.) 12. TROLLIIJS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun- culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 1. T. kixus, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow. 13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at CLe apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4 - 8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternatcly divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from KOTTTO), to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 12 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. C. triiolia, Salisb. (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.! Leaflets 3, obovate- wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape I -flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward; extending south to Maryhmd along the mountains. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Loaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.) 14. HELLEBORUS, L. HELLEBORE. Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from cAelz/, to injure, and /Sopti, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.) 1. H. vfRiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate , calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn. and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. AQUIL.ECIA, Toum. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren- nials, with 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves, the leaflets lobcd. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.) 1. A. Caiiadcnsis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs inflated, sud- denly contracted towards the tip, nca'ly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk be- comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the A. VULGXRIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, from the Old World, which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 16. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short claws: rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Delplun, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un- like the classical figures of the dolphin.) 1. I>. exaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5- cleft; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute; racemes wand-like, panic-led, many-flowered; spur straight; pods 3, erect. 1J. — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2° - 5° hi^h. Low er leaves 4' - R' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy. RANUNCDLACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13 2. D. tric6rne, Michx. (DWARF LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 5-part- ed, their divisions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme fev>- flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods stronyly diverging. "]\. — W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'- 12' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white. 3. D. azure 11 in, Michx. (AZURE LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5- parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect, 1J. — Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish. 4. I>. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD LARKSPUR.) Leaves dissected into nar- row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the bracts; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. (D — Penn. (Mer- cersburg, Porter) and Virginia, escaped from grain-fields : and sparingly along road-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu. ) 17, ACO-NITUM, Tourn. ACONITIS. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet- shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev- eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an- cient Greek and Latin name, said to bo derived from Acone, in Bithynia.) 1. A. niiciliatum, L. (WiLD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slen- der, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-lobcd, petioled ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams. S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June - Aug. 2. A. reclinatiim, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous > stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3 -T -cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu- lar in outline; the divisions wedge- form, incised, often 2-3-lobed; Jloivers irhite, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanics. Aug. — Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 18. ZANTIIORI1IZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-KOOT. Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10 Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant ; the bark and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound drooping racemes, appearing; along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves, from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av66s, and pt£a, root.) 14 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. Sherburnc, New York, Dr. Douglass. Stems clustered, 1° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots of this, and also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. 19. Ill DKASTIS, L. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW FUCCOOK. Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson 1 - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from dficop, water, and 8paco, to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.) 1. H. CanadeilSis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobcd, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' - 9' wide. 2O. ACT^EA, L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobcd. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, witli ample 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from a/erjj, the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.) 1. A, spicata, L. (A. Americana, Pursh. A. brachypctala, DC.) Called HERB CHRISTOPHER in Europe. Var. r libra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRY.) Petals about half the length of the stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherry-red, oval. (A. rubra, Willd., Bigel, Sfc. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. Plant 2° high. (Eu.) Var. alba, Michx. (WHITE BANEBERRY or COHOSH.) Petals rather longer and narrower; pedicels thickened both in flower and fruit; berries milk' white, short-oval or globular. (A. alba, Biyel. A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rich woods, more common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. — Plant 2° -3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle. Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (Dr. Knies- kern) ; while in some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi- cels ( Mr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Nor docs the length of the petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one species. 21. COIICIFUGA, L. BCGBANE. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15 in Act«a. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away; the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) § 1. MACR6TYS, Raf.— Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3: seeds smtvth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actffia : stigma broad and flat. 1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long; pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes in fruit becoming l°-2° long. i 2. CIMICIFUGA, L.— Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with cliaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-sliaped: stigma minute. 2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BOGBANE.) Racemes slen- der, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- seeded. — Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle- ghanies. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than No. 1. Ai>6Nis AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously m Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- caped from gardens. NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark- able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. P-S6NIA, the PJ2ONT, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACE^:. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored al&e, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu- men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Liriodendron. 1. MAGNOLIA, L. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit •, each car- 16 MAGNOLIACEjE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) pel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap- plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) * Leaves all scattered along the branches : buds silky. 1. HI. glauca, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.) Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; petals white, roundod-obovate ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south- ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as far west as Cumberland Co. June - Aug. — Shrub 4° -20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are ever green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2' - 3' broad. 2. M. aciiminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath ; petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow, oblong; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May, June. — Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5'- 10' long. Flower 3' broad. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling a small cucumber, whence the common name. 3. M. macropliylla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) leaves obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; petals white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Rock- castle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2£°-3° long. Flower 8' -10' broad when outspread. * * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrdla-like circle : buds glabrous. 4. JH. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong. (M. tripetala, L.) — York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof. Porter,} to Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves l°-3° long. Flowers white, 7'-8/ broad. Fruit rose-color, 4:'-5' long, ovoid-oblong. 5. M, Fraseri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves ob- long-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate, with narrow claAvs. (M. auriculuta, Lam.} — Virginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° -50° high. Leaves 8f- 12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding. M. CORDATA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, ami M. GRANDIFLORA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant flowers, and thick evergreen leaves, which are shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be- neath), are the only remaining North American species. The former is hardy as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos- soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New England, where M. macrophylla is precarious. ANONACE.fi. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17 «. LIRIODNimON, L. TULIP-TREE. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. An- thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from \ipiov, lib/ or tulip, and favdpov, tree.) 1. L,. Tulipifera, L. — Rich soil, S. New England to Michigan, Illi- nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the "Western States, where it is called wrongly POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla 2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange. ORDER 3. ANOJVACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, arid a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypoyynous, polyandrous. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter- nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid- aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United States, viz. : 1. A §1311 IV A, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inne*. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colo- nists.) 1. A. triloim, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan- ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Toi~r. fy Gray.) — Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and Perm, to III and southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, !£•' wide. Fruits 2' - 3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn. A. PARVI FLORA., a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably does not g-ow so ar north as Virginia. 18 MENISPERMACEJS. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) OIIDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hypo- gynous, dioecious, 3 - 6-gynous ; fruit a l-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family: there are Dnly three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States. Synopsis. 1 COCCULDS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled. 2. MENISPERMUM. Stamens 12 - 24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled. 8. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens hi the sterile flowers 12, short ; in the fertile flowers 6, abor- tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. 1. COCCUL.US, DC. CoccuLrs. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed. Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, from coccum, a berry.) 1. C. CarollnilS, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobcd, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ; the petals in the sterile ones auricula te-inflexed below around the filaments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and southward. July. 2. IttENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED. Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals : anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 - 4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone (putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary panicles. (Name from ^i]vr], moon, and (nrepfjia, seed.) 1. Itt. Caiiadensc, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near the edge, 3 - 7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July. Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 3. CAI^YCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers 2-cellcd. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup BERBERIDACK«. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19 on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in long racemose panicles. (Name composed of KoXu|, a cup, and Kapxos, fruit, from the shape af the shell.; 1. C. Lydlli, Nutt. (Menispennum Lyoni, Pursk.) — Rich soil, S. Ken- tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows o/2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite them: anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophvllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a ber- ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves alternate. Synopsis. TRIBE I. BERBERIDE.E. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries add and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.) 1. BERBEE1S. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base. TKIBS n. NAXDEVEJE. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Roots and foliage some- times draetic or poisonous.) * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked 3- DIPIIYLLEIA. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 - 4-seeded. 4. JEFFERSONIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid. » * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. 6. PODOPHYLLUM. Petals 6-9. Stamens 6 - 18 ! Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir- cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers hi drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 1. B. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re- duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop- ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds, in E. Xew England, where it lias become thoroughly wild : else- where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. B. CanadcnsiS, Pursh. (AMERICAN BAKBERRY.) Leaves re- pandly-toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petal* 20 BBRBEBIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) notched at the apex ; berries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Alleghauies of Virginia and south- ward : not in Canada. June. — Shrub 1° -3° high. B. (MAH6NIA) AQDIF6LIUM, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber- ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub. 2. CAULOPHi'LLlJM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look- ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani- cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from Kav\6s<, stem, and , leaf.) 1 . I>. cymosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia and southward. May. — Root-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 6 - 7-lobed ; lobes toothed. Berries blue. 4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton TWIN-LEAF. Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8: anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2- lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part NELUMBIACKfi. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21 making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-pctioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 1. J. dipliylla, Pers. —Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south- ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places. 5. PODOPHYL,L,UM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE. Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga- cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima- layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up- lifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from TTOVS , a foot, and <£uXXoi>, a leaf, from a fancied resemblance of the 5 - 7-parted' leaf to the foot of some web-footed animal.) 1. P. pel tutu ill, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7-9- lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2 one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge ; the nodding white flower from the fork, nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in July, slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and poisonous ! ORDER 6. NEL.UMBIACE.3E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, forming acorn- shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-shaped receptacle. Seeds solitary, filed with the large and highly developed embryo : albumen none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy- nous, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular, centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus 1. NELitlMBIUM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Ccy lonese name of the East Indian species.) 1. N. Ill ten in, Wilid. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHIXQUEFIN.) Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa- ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : introduced into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced by the aborigines. June, July. 22 NYMPHJSACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) — Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5' -8' in diameter. Tubers farinaceous. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphasa on a large scale. Cotyle- dons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. ORDER 7. CABOMBA.CE.flE. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.) Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the hypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct and separate. Seeds very few. — Really no more than a simple state of Nymphaeaceae : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow- ing genus. 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SIIIELD. Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fill form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! Embryo enclosed in a peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.) 1. B. pcltuta, Pursh. (Hydropeltis purpurea, Miclix.) — Ponds and slow streama June -Aug. — Stalks coated -with clear jelly. Leaves entire, 2/-3/ across. (Also a native of Puget Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India!) ORDER 8. NY31PH^EACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate Jloating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from a prostrate roolstock; the partly colored sepals and numerous petals and stamens imbricated in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en- closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persis tent, hypogy- nous or perigynous ; the latter passing into stamens : anthers adnate, opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned with the radiate stigmas, 14-30-celled ; the many anatropous seeds at- tached to the sides and back of the cells. — Kootstocks imitating the endo- genous structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous). 1. NYMPH^SA, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILY. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower and gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of the ovary. Stamens inserted on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal- like filaments. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white rose-color, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.) SARRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 23 1. N. odorata, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILY.) Leaves orbic- nlar, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole, the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant ; petals obtuse ; anthers blunt. — Va- ries occasionally with the flowers rose-coior. — Ponds, common; the trunks im- bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man's arm. June - Sept. — Flower closing hi the afternoon. 2. NIJPIIAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILT. SPATTER-DOCK. Sepals 5 or 6, partly- colored, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu- lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under the ovary, shorter than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit OToid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate- cor- date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.) 1. N. lid vena, Ait. Leaves floating, or oftener emersed and erect, on stout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly oblong, very thick and fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens and shorter than they; anthers much longer tlian the JUaments ; stigma 12-24- rayed ; the margin entire or repand ; fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun- cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. — In still or stagnant water ; com- mon. May -Sept. — Leaves 8' -12' long, thick, rounded or oblong-ovate in outline. Flower 2' broad. 2. N. Kalmiaiia, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti- oles ; sepals 5 ; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; stigma 8-14-rayed, the margin crenate ; fruit not furrowed, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled beak. (N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. $* Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium, Ledfb. ?) — Ponds, £c., New England, New York, and northward. July, Aug. — Leaves l£'-4' long, roundish, the veins beneath much fewer and more branched than in the last. Flower 1'- 1£ broad. (Eu. ?) N. LtJTEA, Smith, I have not seen anywhere hi the United States. ORDER 9. SARRACENIACE^. (PITCHER-PLANTS.^ Polyandrous and Jiypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or //•«»»• pet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, an« other (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in those of California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United States 1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placenta 24 PAPAVEKACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1 -flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.) 1. S. purpiirea, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged, the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; floicer deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla, Eaton.) — Peat-bogs ; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high : it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not veiy unlike a pillion. (Illinois, Dr. Vasey.) 2. S. flava, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (l°-3°)and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Virginia and southward. April. ORDER 10. PAPAVERACEJE. (POPPY FAMILY.) Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypoaynous, the ovary l-celled witTi 2 or more parietal placentce. — Sepals 2, some^mes 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry l-celled pod (in the Poppy im- perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatro- pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipule0 Peduncles mostly 1-flow- ered. Juice narcotic or acrid. Synopsis. * Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud. t- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placentae, not valved. 1 PAPAVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none. •*- •»- Pod strictly l-celled, 2-6-valved ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread like placentae, which remain as a framework. 2. ARGEMONE. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 8. STYLO PHORUM. Stigmas and placentae 3-4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod bristly. 4. CHELIDONIUM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4. •t- -4- •»- Pod 2-celled by a spongy partition between the placentae, 2-valved. 5. GLAUCIUH. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4. * * Petals not crumpled hi the bud. 6 SANQUINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod oblong, turgid, l-celled, 2-valved. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25 1. PAP^VER, L. POPPY. Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. 1. P. SOMNIFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) ® Smooth, glaucous ; leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur- ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. P. Dt/BiuM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) ® Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-sliaped, smooth; corolla light scarlet. — Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. ARGEHIONE, L. PRICKLY POPPT. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from dpye/ia, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.) 1. A. MEXIC.\NA, L. (MEXICAN PRICKLY POPPY.) (i) (2) Flowers sol- itary (pale yellow or white) ; calyx prickly. — "Waste places ; not common. July- Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 3. STYL.6PIIORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed. Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the nppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from -", sinu- ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad. 4. CHELIDONIUM, L. CELANDINE. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none: stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel- low flowers. (Xame from ;(fXiSa>i>, the Swallow, because, according to Dios- corides, it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.) 1. C. MAJUS, I*. (CELANDINE.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters. — • Waste grounds near dwellings. May- Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 26 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 5. GLAilCIUKI, Tourn. HORN-POPPY. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2- horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-eelled by a spongy false par- tition, in which the crestless seeds are partly immersed. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, y\avKiov, from the glaucous foliage.) 1. O. LtJTEUM, Scop. Glaucous; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin- uate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6' -10' long). — Waste places, Maryland and Virginia ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. SAJVGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short : stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1 -celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root- stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand- some. (Name from the color of the juice.) 1. S. CanadeilSiS, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. EscHSCH6LTziA CALIF6RNICA, and E. DODGLASII, now common orna- mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor- nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with -the odor of muriatic acid. ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^J. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread- ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy- nous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary. Pod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 pa- rietal placentae. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.) Synopsis. * Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae. 1. ADLUMIA. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals united. Seeds crestless. 2. DICENTRA. CorolLn heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. 3. CORYDALIS. CoroUa 1-spurred at the base. Seeds crested. * * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded. 4. FUMARIA. Corolla 1-spurred at the base Seed crestless. FUMABIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27 1. ADL.tr 311 A, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY. Petals all permanently united in .an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be- coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine, with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.) 1. A. cirrliosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods; com- mon westward. July - Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places. 2. »I CENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either decidu- ous or withering. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem- less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Si's, twice, and tcevrpov, a spur.) 1. D. CllCUllaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Granulate-bulbous; lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-flowered ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es- pecially westward. April, May. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color. 2. D. Canadensis, DC. (SQUIRREL-CORN.) Subterranean shoots tuberiferous ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with tho fragrance of Hyacinths. 3. D. exilllia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare ( Thomas, Sartwell), and AUeghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant than the others. Flowers reddish-purple. 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist- ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.) 1. C. a urea, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDALIS.) Stems low, spreading ; ra- cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest. — 28 CRUCIFER2E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Rocks by streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April - July. — Glau- cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler and less handsome. Pods 1 ' long, uneven. 2. C. glailCcl, Pursh. (PALE CORTDALIS.) Stem i,priyht ; racemes panicled ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a small entire crest. — Rocky places ; common. May - July. — Corolla whitish, shaded with yellow and reddish. 4. FUMlRIA, L. FUMITORY. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit iudehiscent, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from fumus, smoke.) 1. F. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply tcothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh- color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — "Waste places, about dwell- ings. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 12. CRUCIFJERjE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers: fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. , Petals 4, hypogynous, reg- ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placentae, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomentaceous). Seeds campy lotropous, without albumen, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz . their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle- don applied to the radicle, thus c(Q. In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where they are conduplicate, thus cjjj). In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs: pedicels not bracted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOSJE. Pod long, a silique, opening by valves. TRIBE I. ARABIDE.3E. Pod elongated (except In Nasturtium) Seeds flattened. Co- tyledons accumbent, plane. CKUCIFERjE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 29 * Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless. 1 N iSTURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly In two rows in each cell, small. 2. IODANTHUS. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each celL * Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row in each cell. 8. LEAVENWORTHIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical. 4. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved. 6. CARDAMINE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stems leafy below. * * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved hi the middle, or veiny. 6. ARABIS. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds hi one row in each cell. Flowers white or purple. 7. TURRITIS. Pods and flowers as in Arabia, but the seeds occupying two rows in each celL 8. BARBAREA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds hi one row hi each celL Flowers yellow TRIBE II. SIS Y3I BRIE. E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow, plane. 9. ERYSIMDM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow. 10. SISYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 - 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow. TRIBE III. BRAS SIC E,E. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle. 11. SINAP1S. Pod terete ; the valves 1 -6-nerved. Calyx spreading. II. SILICULOS.ZE. Pod short, a silicle or pouch, opening by valves. TRIBE IV. ALYSSIXE^E. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane. 12. DRABA. Pod flat, many -seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved or nerveless. 13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several-seeded : valves nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless. TRIBE V. C A3IEI.IXEJE. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti- tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane. 14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender. TRIBE VI. LEPIDIXE.E. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane. 16. LEPIDIUM. Pod two-seeded. 16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular. TRIBE VII. SUBUL, ARIEJE. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and incumbent. 17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped. TRIBE VITI. SE:VEBIERE;E. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti- tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut- lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 7. 18. SENEBIERA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated. HI. LOMENTACE.tusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; flowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods elon- gated-oblong (5" -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south- ward. April - June. 5. N. obtUSlim, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4. 6. IV. palustrc, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; leaies pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet ditches and borders of streams, common. June - Sept. — Flowers only 1 " - 1 \" long. Stems 1 ° - 3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartivell). Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. HISP!DUM (N. hispidum, DC.) is this, with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) $ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx : pods ovoid or globular : leaves undi- vided, or the lower ones pinnatifid. (Armoracia. ) 7. IV. lacustre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic, immersed leaves 1 - 3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31 pods ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. 1|. (N. natans, ed. 1. N. natans, var. American um, Gray. Armoracia Americana, Arn.) — Lakes and rivers N. New 5Tork to Illinois and Kentucky. July. 8. W. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob- long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short, y. (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE ROCKET. Pod linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple pettils longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in panicled racemes. (Name from 10)87;?, violet-colored, and av6os, flower.) 1. I. liesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx.) — Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high. Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to nearly 2' long, somewhat curved upwards. 3. LEAVEN WORT HI A, Torr. LEAVENWOKTHIA. Pod linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate- veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em- bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one- few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer of one species.) 1. It. Itticliauxii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish, yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.) — On flat rocks, Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends it with purple flowers). March, April. 2. li. sifirea, Torr. Scapes 1 -^-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the «ther (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward. 4. I>ENTARIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and flat. — Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a single raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) 1. I>. clipliylla., L. Rootstock long and continuous, toothed ; stem-l>aves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5' -10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white. 7 2 CRUCiFERuE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 2. D. maxima, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a tiring of toothed ; stem-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate ; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (D. laciniata, var. 8., Torr. $- Gr.) W. New York, and Penn., Nuttall! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawe ! May. — Stem 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. 1, purple. Joints of the rootstock l'-2' long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3. 3. D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high: raceme scarcely longer than the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected. 4. D« heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire , root-leaves of 3 round-cvate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. — West- ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — A span high, slender: stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple. 5 CARDAMIIVE, L. BITTER CRESS. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing- less; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple. (From KapSa/ioi/, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other. # Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 1. C. rliomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright, tuberifer- ous at the base; stems simple; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan- ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point- ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — Wet meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April - June. Var. plirpurea, Torr. Lower (4' -6' high) and slightly pubescent; leaves rounder ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil, W. New York to Wisconsin. 2. C. rotimdifolia, Michx. (AMERICAN WATER-CRESS.) Stems branching, weak or decumbent, ivith creeping runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the lowest frequently 3-lobed or of 3 leaflets ; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool, shaded springs, Pcnn., and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summc- l°-3° long. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1. 3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, en- tire, or sometimes 3-lobed (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upright, linear; style. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33 nearly none. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so that the plant might as well be an Arabis ! (Eu.) * * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy. 4. C. pratensis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7- 13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. May. (Eu.) * * * Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small. 5. C. liirsuta, L. (COMMON BITTER CRESS.) Mostly smooth in the United States, sometimes hairy ; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate- pinnatifid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper oblong or linear, often entire; petals twice as long as the calyx (white) ; the narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod. (C. Pennsylvanica, MM.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety, with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is £. VIRGINICA, Michx. (not of Hb.Linn.) May -July. (Eu.) S. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS. Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, 1 -nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds hi a single row in each cell, usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.) * Leaves all pinnately parted: root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.) 1. A. L ud ovici film, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous, oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small ; pods erect-spread- ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic) ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) — Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. * # Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials. •*- Seeds wingless or slightly margined. 2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4' -10' high), glabrous ex- cept the lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering to the base, the uppe'r entire ; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April - June. — Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety ? from Upper Michigan and northward, (Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.) has erect pods, and the cotyledons often whol- ly incumbent. 3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched (l°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread- inq, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin- 34 CBUCIFER.S:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ia and Kentucky May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1' long, almost fill- form ; the valves obscurely nerved. 4. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (l°-2° high); item-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half- clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Suttivant. Penn., Prof. Porter. May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods l£'-2' long. 5. A. hirsute!, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish- white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high, simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near- ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.) •«- «- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition : petals narrow, whitish. 6. A. laevigala, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stem l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. heterophylla, Nutt.) 7. A. CanadensiS, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above ; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods drooping, flat, scythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Pods 3' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like a scymitar. •7. TURRIT IS, Dill. TOWER MUSTARD. Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from turris, a tower.) 1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glau- cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base ; the yellowish white petal* little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3' long) straight pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); stern-leaves lanceolate or linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up- right or spreading at maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York, North Illinois, and northward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white, tinged with purple. Ripe pods 2^' -4' long, 1" wide. 3. T. bracliycarpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; stemJeaves linear-lanceolate, acute, arrow-shaped ; pedicels of the flowers nodding, of the short CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 36 and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan. — Boot-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple. 8. B A It B A R E A , R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. — Mostly biennials : flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar- bara.) 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCK- ET.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style ; — or, in the var. BTRfCTA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. praecox. Hook. Fl. Bar. -Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading ped- icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe- rior northward and westward. (Eu.) B. PRJECOX, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy- Grass, — is becoming spon- taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods, scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of the stem-leaves. 9. ER^SOIUM, L. TREACLE MUSTARD. I Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. (Name from epvo>, to draw blisters.) 1. E. dieiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Penn., Illinois, and north- ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.) 2. E. Arkansanum, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3r - 4' long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and south westward. June, July. — • Plant stout, l°-2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. 1O. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD. Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family ) 36 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 1. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves runcinate ; flow- ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, awl-shaped, scarcely stalked. (J) — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed, 2° -3° high. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. TUALIANUM, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. @ — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts lo Kentucky, &c. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. S. canescens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed ; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi- cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. ® — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon- sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent. 11. SIN APIS, Tourn. MUSTARD. Pod nearly terete, with a stout beak (which is either empty or 1 -seeded) ; the valves 3 -5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum- bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel- low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name St'i/cnri, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) 1. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid. — (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) 2. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK.) Pods smooth, knot- ty, about thrice the length of the conical 2,-edyed usually empty beak ; upper leaves merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, NCAV York and Wiscon- sin. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. S. NiGRA, L. (BLACK. MUSTARD.) Pods smooth, l-cornered (the valves l-nerved only), oppressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ; leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places. The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS. Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex, I - 3-nerved : partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each sell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu- bescence mostly stellate. (Name from Spa/3^, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of the leaves.) $ 1. DRAB A, DC. — Petals undivided. * Perennial, tufted, leafy-stemmed : flowers white : pods twisted when ripe. 1. I>. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched (5'- 8' high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanccolate; ra- ORUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 37 ceraes corymbose-branched ; pods hairy, oral-oblong or lanceolate (2" - 5" long), on slender pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May. 2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; flowering stems (6' -10 high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu- late, sparingly toothed; racemes short, usually simple; pods glabrous, oblong- lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style. — Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north- ward. May, June. — Petals large. * * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 3. D. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2/-4' high), minutely pubescent, stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2^"-4" long), few-toothed or entire ; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April. 4. I>. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4;- 8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.). — Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.) 5. D. cimeifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (!' — 3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April. 6. D. Caroliiliana, Walt. Small (l'-4' high); leaves obovate, most- ly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (£' — 1' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and southward . March - June. 7. 1>. lllicrailtlta, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers small or minute; raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6, of which Mr. Bebb proves it to be a variety. — From "Wisconsin southwestward. 4 2. ER6PHILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.) 8. 1>. verna, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes l'-3'high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 13. VESICARIA, Lam. BLADDER-POD. Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or sev- 38 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) eral, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes* cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica, a bladder, from the inflate 1 pods.) 1. V. Slaortii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, somewhat hoary; leaves oblong, entire or repand; raceme loose; style fllifurm, longer tfian the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod; seeds not margined, 1 -2 in each cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short. 2. V.I Lesciirii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green; stems diffusely ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base ; racemes elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the length of the his- pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margined, 1-4 in each cell. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo Lesquereux. April, May. — Flow- ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky. 14. CAMEL.INA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad partition : valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xaP-a^ dwarf, and AiVoi/, flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.) 1. C. SAxlvA, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined. large. © — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. liEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually notched at the apex ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from XeTri'Stoi/, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials. 1. lt» Virgiiiiciim, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Pods orbicular, wing- less, notched ; cotyledons accumbent ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised ; the lowest pinnatifid; petals 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A weed which has immigrated from farther South. 2. JL. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire : otherwise like No. 1 . — From Michigan northward and southwestward. — Petals often thrice the length of the calyx. 3. 1<. RUDERALE, L. Pods oval and smaller ; cotyledons incumbent ; petals uone; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road- sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. JLit CAMPESTRE, L. Pods ovate, uringed, rough with minute scales, notched ; leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy; stamens 6. Fields, sparing from Massa- chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.) CBCCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39 16. CAPSELLA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PUHSE, Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum- bent. — Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.) 1. C« BDRSA-PASTORIS, Mcench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 17. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e. the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white. 1 . S. aqufitica, L. — Lakes ; Maine, N. Hamp. (Tuckerman.) (Eu.) 18. SENEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWIITE-CRESS. Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indchiscent, but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin- kled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) 1. S. didyilia, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidiurn didymum, L.) — Waste places, at ports, £c., Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South. 2. S. CoRoyftpus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Bobbins. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. C A KILE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET. Pod short, 2-jointcd across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1 -celled, 1-seeded; the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obo- vate sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, tiattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 2O. RAPHANTJS, L. RADISH. Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seed- less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, 40 CArPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — An- nuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and <£cuW, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) 1. R. RAPHANfSTRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.) The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already mentioned, are CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI, the well-known WALL-FLOWER. MATTH^OLA ANNUA, and other sorts of STOCK. HESPERIS MATRONXLIS, the ROCKET, which begins to escape from gardens. BRASSICA OLERACEA, of which the CABBAGE, KOHL-RABI, CAULIFLOWER, and BROCCOLI are forms : B. CAMPESTRIS, which furnishes the SWEDISH TUR- NIP or RUTABAGA : and B. RAPA, the COMMON TURNIP. The latter becomes spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised. RAPHANUS SATIVUS, the RADISH; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous. LUNARIA BIENNIS, the MOONWORT or HONESTY, with its broad flat pods. IBERIS UMBELL\TA, the CANDY-TUFT, and ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, the SWEET ALTSSUM. SATlvuM, the cultivated PEPPERGRASS. TINCT6RIA, the WOAD, of the division Nucitmcntacece, having inde- hiscent 1 -celled fruit. ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, Itut 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentas, and Tdd- ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition, often stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa- ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within OJT limits only by the following plant. 1. PC t, AN I SI A, Raf. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Petals 4, Avith claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, une- qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, manv-seedcd. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from TTO\VS, many, and avisos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.) 1. P. gra.veolCl.lS, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41 shores, from Connecticut and Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June - Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish- white. ORDER 14. RESEDACE^?E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small flowers, with a fleshy one- sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 - 6-horned, 1- celled with 3-6 parietal placenta, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 13) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter- minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odoratd) and the Dyer's Weed. 1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET. Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, turned to one side. (De- ny, from resedo, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) 1. R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; ca- lyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed. Q) — Road-sides in W. New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 15. VIOLACE^G. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Herbs, unth a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogy- nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1- celled S-valvedpod with 3 parietal placentce. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con- tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol- low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentae on their middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen : cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight- ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States. 1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. GREEN VIOLET. Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low- er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W. Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.) 42 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 1. S. cdncolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursh, &c.)— Woods, New York to Illinois and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long: after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider- able distance. The same thing occurs in many Violets. 2. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE. Sepals extended or earoi at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) * Stemless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren nial. ( Commonly producing apetalous Jlowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely than the ordinary blossoms.) •«- Flowers light yellow (small ; sjmr very short). 1. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Allo- ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish : leaves 1 ' broad at flowering, increasing to 3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above. •»- H— Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short. 2. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the coast. May. 3. V. primulaefolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth or a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4. 4. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE VIOLET.) Leaves round-heart- shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly sweet-scented. •»-•»-•»— Flowers violet or blue. 5. V. palustris, L. (MARSH VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves round-heart- shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; Jlowers (small) pale lilac with purplo streaks, nearly beardless ; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of tho White Mountains, New Hampshire ; June. (Eu.) 6. V. Sclkirkii, Goldie. (GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET.) Leaves round- heart-shaped with a deep nan-owed sinus, hairy abov*, lying flat on the ground ; spur nearly as long as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York, thence northward. May.— A rare and delicate species, 2' high; the flowers large in proportion. VIOLACELfi. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 43 7. V. cue ul! iita, Ait. (COMMON BLUB VIOLET.) Leaves all long- pctioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled inwards when young, obtusely serrate ; lateral and often the lower petals bearded', spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless. — Low grounds, common everywhere. April -June. — Very variable in size, &c. and in the color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes S'-IO7 high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into Var. palmata* (HAND-LEAF VIOLET.) Leaves variously Z-l-deft or parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.) — Common, especially southward. 8. V. villosa, Walt., Nutt. (HAIRY VIOLET.) Leaves mostly short- petioled and lying Jlat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow or dosed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish ; lateral and mostly the lower petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. (V. cordifolia, Sdiwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, £c., scarcely of Wittd.) — Diy hilla and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller than the last, 2' - 4' high : " corolla reddish-blue." Probably only a round- leaved variety of the next. 9. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smoothish or hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from oblong-fieart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion- ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded'; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked. (V. ovata, Nutt., & V emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.) — Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Flowers rather large. 10. V. delpllinifolia, Nutt. (LARKSPUR VIOLET.) Leaves all pal- mately or pedately 5 - 7 '-parted, the divisions 2 -3-cleft ; lobes linear ; lateral petal* bearded; stigma short-beaked. — Rich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April. — Much resembles the next. 11. V. pedata, L. (BIRD-FOOT VIOLET.) Nearly smooth; leaves all 3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex; petals beardless; stigma neai'ly beakless. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to Illinois and southward. May. — Flower large and handsome, 1' broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel- vety like a Pansy. * * Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial rootstocks. -*- Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching: flowei'S not yellow, sometimes produced all summer long. 12. V. rostra ta, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED VIOLET.) Stems ascending (3' -6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- 44 VIOLACE^l. (VIOLFT FAMILY.) sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky ; rare. June, July. — Spu/ £' long. An- ther-spurs also very long. 13. V. Muhlenbcrgii, Torr. (AMERICAN DOG VIOLET.) Stems ascending (3' -7' long), at length with creeping branches; leaves round-heart- shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet places ; common. May, June. 14. V. Striiila, Ait. (PALE VIOLET.) Stems angular, ascending, branching (6 -10' high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti- pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickis/t, much sliorter than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. April -Oct. 15. V. Canadcnsis, L. (CANADA VIOLET.) Upright (l°-2° high) ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ; spur very short; stigma beakless, hairy on each side. — Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies. May - Aug. «- +- Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2 - 4-leaved above : stipules nearly entire : flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side. 16. V. pubescens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET.) Softly pubes- cent (6'- 12' high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; spur extremely short ; lower petals veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May - Aug. Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2° high; pods wool- ly. (V. eriocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward. Var. SCabrillSCllla, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubescent; stems often decumbent (4' -10' high). — Rhode Island to Ohio and Kentucky. 17. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED VIOLET.) Nearly gla- brous, slender (4' -10' high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small ; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south- ward. June. # * * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 upper petals ascending. 18. V. TRf COLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre- nate or entire ; stipules very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatind ; petals vari- able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var. ARVENSIS shorter or rather longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New York to Kentucky and southward : doubtless only a small state of the Garden Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.) V. ODORATA, the SWEET VIOLET of Europe, which far excels all the Amer- ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings. CISTACEJE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 45 ORDER 16. CISTACE.3E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) Law shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and Jiypogynous mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3-5-valved pod with as many parietal placentce borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropoiis attni- minous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external small, like bracts, or sometime! wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu- ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em- bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the Medi- terranean region.) Synopsis. 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nu- merous in the petal-bearing flowers. Style none. 2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2 - 6-eeeded. 8 LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-c«Ued, tha imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae. 1. HEL-IANTHEMUM, Toura. ROCK-KOSE. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none : stigma 3- lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., 1. the primary, or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many- seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus- ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from ffi.ios, the sun, and avBf^ov, flower.} 1. H. Caiiadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) Petal-bearing flowers soli- tary ; the small secondary floicers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is moi-e hoary, and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle- ghanies. June - Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' wide, producing pods 3" long : pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a Din's head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name. 2. H. COrymbosum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast. 46 CISTACE^. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 2. I1UDSONIA, L. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1 -celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve- like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heatk- like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl- ehaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin- naeus.) 1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves awl-shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir- ginia : extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May. • 2. II. toiiicaitoSci , Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or oblong, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June. — Flowers 5" broad. 3. LEG HE A, L. PINWEED. Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-persist- ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, appearing partly 3-cclled ; the 3 broad and thin placentae borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species, the placentae curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers. (Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 1. JL. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panic-led clusters ; pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wood- lands; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July -Sept. — Plant l°-2° high, stout. 2. It. tlaymifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the shoots ellip- tical, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south- ward. July - Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than in No. 1. 3. Li. minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the slender branchlets ; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry open soil; common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slender, running into numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods small- er than in No. 2. DROSERACEJE. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47 ORDEK 17. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen- tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers Jixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a l-cetted pod with twice as many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx im- bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam- ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus within our limits, viz. 1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender; stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob- long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid- dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with i eddish gland-bearing gristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un- developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (wliich opens only in sunshine) is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit- tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from Spo&cpos, dewy.) 1. I>. rotundifolia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicu- lar, abruptly narrowed into the sheading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.) 2. D. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong , tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (D. intermedia, Hayne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June- Aug. — Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.) 3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect . petioles about the same length ; seeds oblong, -with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. — Shore of Lake Superior. July. 4. I>. fiiiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and the stalk ; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (^' broad). — TVet sand, near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, Delaware, and south- ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long. DION^A Muscf PULA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP, — so noted for the ex- traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev- eral respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. 48 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) ORDER 18. PARNASSIACE-3E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like Hypericaceae, but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragacese, — the 4 sessile stigmas situated directly over the parietal placentae, 1 1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OP PARNASSUS. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland- tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals : filaments persistent : anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Pod 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu- merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) 1. P. palustris, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few- veined; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' -10' high. Leaves all heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1' broad. (Eu.) 2. P. Carolinian*!, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping. Stalk 1° - 2° high. Flower 1 ' - 1£' broad. 3. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at the base ; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in No. 2. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward. ORDER 19. HYPERICACEAE. (Sx. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod l-celled with 2-5 parietal placenta?, and as many styles, or 3- 5-celled by the union of the placenta? in the centre: dehiscence septicidal. — Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Pod 2-5- (rarely 6 - 7-) lobed, with as many persistent styles, which are at first sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very HVPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY.) 49 short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities). dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses- sile. Flowers solitary or cymose. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow. 8. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3. 1. A§CYRUOT, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT. Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Petr als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-valved. — Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and crcvpos, roughness, being very smooth plants.) ' ','•" 1. A. stisiis, Michx. (8x. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem simple or branched above, 2-edged, l°-2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick ish ; petals obovate ; styles 3-4. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, ar.d southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round- heart-shaped. 2. A. Cmx-Aiidreae, L. (ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.) Low, much branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short ; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding the ouier sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. 2. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous or few, united or clustered hi 3 - 5 parcels : no interposed glands. Pod 1- or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of -obscure origin.) $ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6 - 7-) celled, with the pla- fxntK turned far back into the cells: herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large. 1. H. pyramid a til in, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches 2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not. deciduous until after they wither ; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare. W. New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° - 5° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod |' long, conical. \ 2. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentce, which are seed-bearing on the outer face. * Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united) and cells of the pod 3 or 5 : calyx leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustered. 50 HYPERICACE.E. (ST. JOHN*S-WORT FAMILY) 2. H. Kallllifaillllll, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches i-angled : branchlcts 2-edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate ; flowers few in a cluster ; pods ovate 5-celled. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug. — Leaves 1 ' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1 ' wide. 3. II. prolificum, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branchlets Si- edged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers numerous, in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled. — New Jersey to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and £' or more wide, and flowers |' - 1 in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &c. Var. densifionim. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (£'-§' in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (H. densiflorurn, & H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey, and glades of Western Maryland, Kentucky, and southward. * * Perennial herbs : styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3 : petals and anthers with black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters. 4. II. PERFORXTCM, L. (COMMON ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-cdged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes. — Pastures and meadows, &c. June -Sept. — Too well known every- where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. H. corymbosum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals. — Damp places ; common. July - Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in No. 4 ; the petals 2" - 3" long, marked with black lines as well as dots. § 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod l-celled, or incompletely 3-celled, the 3 placentce sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre : perennial herbs or low shrubs. * Sepals foliaceous and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one. 6. H. elliptic mil, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (1° high), obscure- ly t-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered ; sepals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, l-celled. - Wet places, New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long. 7. H. ad pressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody at the base (l°-2°high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base, few- flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; pods ovoid-oblong, incompletely 3 - ^-celled. — Moist places, Ehode Island (Olney), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southwest- ward. July, Aug. — Leaves l£r long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long. HYPERICACE^E. (sit JOHN'S^WORT F/MILY.) 51 8. H. dolabriforme, Vent Steins branched from the decumbent base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread- ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, strictly l-celied, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry hills and rocks, ban-ens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug. 9. H. spliEerocarpon, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her- baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, oblong-lineat or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many- flowered, flat, naked; sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular, strictly l-celled, rather thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals about 3" long. 10. H. nudiflomm, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base, sharply 4-angled or almost winged above (l°-4° high); leaves oblong or oval- lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered, naked; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long. * # Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate. 11. H. ailgruldsnm, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4- angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute (£'-!' long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme- like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid l-celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Ouly - Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4" - 5" long, much longer than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side. $ 4. Stamens 5 — 12, distinct or in 3 clusters: pod (brown-purple) l-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentce : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small : sepals narrow, erect : slender annuals, with 4-angular branches. 12. H. mutiluiil, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6' -10' high); leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate- conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl.) — Low grounds, everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad. 13. H. Caiiadense, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches erect ; Itaves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cymes naked ; pods conical- oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil : common. June - Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" - 3" broad when expanded. 14- II. Driimmoiidii, Ton-. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10' -18' high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, l-nerved (3" -9" long) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum- mondii, Grev. $• Hook.} — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct. — Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals. 15. H. Sarothra, Michx. (ORANGE-GRASS. PIXE-WEED.} Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, oppressed ; f overs minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; 52 ELATIN A.CEJS. (WATER- WORT FAMILY.) pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much, longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoides, L.) — Sandy fields ; common. June - Oct. H. GRAvfcoLENS, Buckley, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large flowers, & H. BUCKLBTI, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers, both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir- ginia. ..-tfLjfci 3. EL. ODE? A, Pursh. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum- mit of the stem. (Name from €\, ARMERIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Flo\vers in close clusters; bract- lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crcnate. Q — Fields, &c., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.) D. CARYOPHYLLUS, L., is the original of the CLOVE-PINK or CARNATION, &c. of the gardens D. BARBA.TUS is the SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK 2. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWOUT. Calyx tubular, terete and even, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens lo Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. — Flowers cymose-clustered. (Name CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PIXEL FAMILY.) 50 from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather with water.) 1. S. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON SOAPWOBT. BOUNCING BET.) Clus- ters corymbed ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap- pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. 1|. — Road-sides, &e. July - Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com- monly double. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. VACCARIA, Medik. COW-HERB. Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and wing-angled hi fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacea, a cow.) 1. V. VCLGARIS, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. SIL.ENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, or 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or hi clustered cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from 2 CARTOFHYLLJLCEjE. (PINK FAMILY.) coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils : stipules scaly-mcmbranaceous. (Name altered from Spergula.) 1. S. rubra, Purs. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis- cid-pubescent ; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy ; petals purple-rose-color ; seeds marginless. ® (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re- mote from suit water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June - Sept. — Leaves mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.) Var. marina. Larger ; the leaves longer and more fleshy ; flowers 2-4 times larger; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx; seeds marginless (Arena- ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, L.). (J) U? — Sea- coast; common. (Eu.) .X 15. SPERGULA, L. SPURREY. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergularia (Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.) 1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURREY.) Leaves numerous in the whorls, linear-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. (D — Grain-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. A NYC HI A, Michx. FORKED CHICKVEED. Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly nvacronate on the back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded, larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation as the next genus.) 1. A. dicliotoma, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich soil being very smooth, erect (6' -10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves broader and thinner (5" -10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea, Nutt., & Queria Canadcnsis, L.) : in sterile or parched soil it is some- what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow- ers nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). — Common through- out. June - Aug. 17. PARONYCIIIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT. Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-clcft at the apex. Utricle 1- seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with diy and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.) 1. P. argyrtfcoma, Nutt. (SILVER CHICKWEED.) Densely matted, much branched, spreading ; leaves linear ; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 63 by conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mere teeth between the stamens, ty — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare summits above : a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun* tains from Virginia southward. July. 2. P. diclldtoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6'- 12' high) ascend- ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped; cymes open, many- times forked ; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. It — Rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July - Sept. SUBORDER IV. SCLERANTHEJE!. THE KXAWEL FAMILY. 18. SCLEK.4 XTIIUS, L. KXAWEL. Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1 -seeded utricle. Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from ovcXTjpos, hard, and avBos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.) 1. S. ANKUCS, L. Much branched and spreading (3' -5' high) ; flowers ses- sile in the forks ; calyx-lobes scarcely margined, (j) — Sandy waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) SUBORDER V. ITKVLXUGilVEJE. IXDIAX-CHICKWEED FAMILY. 19. Hi OL 1,11 GO, L. LVDI AX-CHI CKWEED. Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loctilicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many- seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) 1. M. verticil la ta, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches ; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — S.mdy river-banks, and cul- tivated grounds. June -Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) ORDER 22. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.; Herbs, tcith succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ; viz., sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number, but often indefinite: otherwise nearly as Chick weeds. — Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender stalks from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy albumen. —Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling;. 64 PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Synopsis. * Sepals 5. Petals none. Pod 8-6-celled, opening by a lid. L 8ESUVIUM. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the free calyx. * » Sepals 2. Petals 5. Pod 1-celled. 2. PORTULACA. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid. 8. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded. 4. CLAYTONIA. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod 3-6-seeded. 1. SEStiVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE. Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seed- ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil- lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) 1. S. Portlllaciistriim, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flattish ; flow- ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. 1J. — Coast of New Jersey and southward. July - Sept. 2. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE. Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3 -8- parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 1. P. OLER\CEA, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn- ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6- parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. (Nat. from Eu.) P. RET us A, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi- genous west of the Mississippi. P. GILLIESII, P. GRANDiFLcmA, &c. are species, or varieties, with terete leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for ornament. 3. TAL.INUM, Adans. TALINUM. Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10- 30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, longitu- dinally 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation of the name obscure.) 1. T. teretifolBlim, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base; leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of purple flowers (§' broad) ; stamens 15-20. 1J. — Serpentine rocks, Westchester, Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug. — Peduncles 3' -6' long. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) G£ 4. CLAYTON I A, L. SPRING-BEAUTY. Sepals 2, ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6- seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pah- of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot- anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica. ) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long). — Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo- late (l'-2' long.) — Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward along the Alleghanies. ORDER 23. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mono- delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets outside, form- ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark, and palmately-veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint, axillary. Synopsis. TRIBE I. MALVE.3S. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening. * Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. 1. ALTIL3EA. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. 2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 8. CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked, 4. NAPJEA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few. * * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away. 6. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. 6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded. 7. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition between the seeds. TRIBE H. HIBISCE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-ceUed, loculicidal, leav- ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several bractlets Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 9. HIBISCUS Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx persistent. Pod 5-c«lled, many -seeded. 66 MALVACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 1. ALTHAEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW. Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Maka. (Name from oA&B, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe- duncles axillary, many-flowered. 1J. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Root thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the P&tes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) A. R6sEA, and A. nciF6LiA, are the well-known garden HOLLYHOCKS. 2. MALTA, L. MALLOW. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehisccnt round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An old Latin name, from /laXa^j;, soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.) 1. M. ROTUNDir6LiA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems short, simple, de- cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds ; com- mon. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. SYLVESTRIS, L. (HiGH MALLOW.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3° high); leaves rather sharply 5-7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled- veiny. }\. — Way-sides. (Adv. from Eu.) M. CR/SPA, the CURLED MALLOW, and M. MOSCH\TA, the MUSK MALLOW, are occasionally spontaneous around gardens. 3. CALLIRRHOiB, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE. Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, £c. as in Malva. Carpels 10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1 -seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent, or partly 2-valvcd. Radicle pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect. 1. C. triciiigulfata, Gray. Hairy -pubescent ; steins nearly erect (2° high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the calyx ; carpels short- pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. $• Gray.) — Diy prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July. 2. C. alcseoicles, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high) ; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67 duncles (rose-color or white) , involucel none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. U (Sida alcaeoid.es, Michx.)— Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee. 4. NAP^JA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW. Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Flowers dioecious ; the staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9-11-partcd lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow- ers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from 1/07777, a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place where he discovered the plant.) 1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July. 5. SIDA, L. SIDA. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which remain closed, or commonly become 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi- nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 1. S. IVcip&a, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5- cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white] umbellate-corymbed, large; carpels 10, pointed. 1J. (Napaea laevis & hermaphrodita, L.) — Rocky river-banks, Penn., Mithlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown. (Cultivated in old gardens.) 2. S. ElliOttii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short; flowers (yel- low) rather large ; camels 9 - 10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. 1J. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May -Aug. 3. S, SPixftsA, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'-20f high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun- cles axillarv, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; flowers (yellow) small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu- bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. ® — Waste places, common southward and eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.) 6. ABUTIJLON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in- wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin ) 68 MALVACE2E. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 1. A. AVICENNJE, Gsertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round- ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks ; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. (J) — Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 7. MODtOLA, Moench. MODIOLA. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig- mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro man measure of that name.) 1. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; sta- mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. 8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. KOSTELETZKYA. Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus (Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal- berd-shaped and heart-shaped; the lower 3-lobed. 1J. (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.) — Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug.— Corolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender. 9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, persistent, 5- cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. ftloscliciltos, L. ( SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down ; the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in- flated; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and banks of large rivers. Salt springs, New York to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — Plant Ftout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim- son eye, showy. 2. H. mi lit Tel1 is, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED MALLOW.) Smooth through- out ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper- pointed: peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. 1J. — River oanks, Penn. to 111., and southward. Aug. --More slender and smaller-flow- ered than the last : corolla pale rose-color. TILIACKS:. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69 3. H. TRidNUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Somewhat hairy ; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ; frffiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly ribs, 5-mnged at the summit ; seeds rough. © — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Flower-of-an- hour. (Adv. from Eu.) H. SYR!ACUS, the SHRUBBY ALTH^A of the old gardeners, is cultivated about houses. ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, the OKRA, and A. MANIHOT (the genus characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous), are common in gardens southward. GOSSYPIUM HERBXcEUM, the COTTON-PLANT, is the most important plant of this family. ORDER 24. TILIACE^. (LINDEN FAMILY.) Trees (rarely herbs'), tcith the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, and valvate calyx, $c. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the an&er* 2-celled; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus 1. TILIA, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher- ing hi 5 clusters with each other (hi European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5- toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart- shaped and lobcd cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.) 1. T. Americana, L. (BASS-WOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so, thiekish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely called Liine-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Bassivood: the name .(now obso- lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage. Var. pubesceiis. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T. pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward. 2. T. heteropbylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD ) Leaves smooth and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. (T. alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leaves larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad. T. EUROP^A, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and near our cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any ur.tive species by 70 CAMELLIACK2E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linnceus. ORDER 25. CAMELLIACEJE. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both imbricated in (Estivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monadelphous or 3 - b-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculieidal pod Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle- dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country by the two following genera. 1. STUARTIA, Catesby. STUARTIA. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short- peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, the well- known Lord Bute.) 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (!' long) ; sepals ovate ; style 1 ; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. ( S. Malachoden- dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward. S. PENTAGYNA, L'Her., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia. 2. GOI&DONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2-8-secded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- dons.— Shrubs or snuill trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his " old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. O, Lasiuntlms, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia and southward. May - July. — Petals 1 ^ ' long. ORDER 2G. LINACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.; Herbs, with regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers, 4^-5-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the 5 stamens OXALIDACE^E. (WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY.) 71 monadelphous at the base, and an S-lQ-seeded pod, having timce as many cells (complete or incomplete) as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly of the genus 1. LINUUI, L. FLAX. Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com- pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects from the back of the carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) 1. L. Virginia II II in, L. (WiLD FLAX.) Leaces oblong-lanceolate,- the upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or paniclcd branches, on very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals yellow; styles distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. y. — Stem l°-2° high. Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces. 2. "L. Boottii, Planchon. (LARGER YELLOW FLAX.) Leaves linear, pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymose brunches ; sepals ovate-lan- ceolate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer than the globular imperfectly 10-celled pod; petals sulphur ydlotv; styles united for | - ^ their length. CD (L. rigidum, Torr. fr Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. This is L. sulcatum, Riddel, an earlier name. L. RfaiDUM, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin. L. usiTATfssiMUM, L., the COMMON FLAX, is occasionally spontaneous in cultivated grounds. ORDER 27. OXAL.IDACE.E. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) Plants with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo- gynous, 5-jnerous, W-androus, somewhat monadelphous flowers, the calyx im- bricated and the petals convolute in the bud, 5 separate styles, and a 5-celled &svercd-seeded pod. — The principal genus is 1. OX A LI S, L. WOOD-SORREL. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaceous, deeply 5- lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendur lous from the axis, anatropous, then- outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. (Name from o£vs, sour.) 72 GEKANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) # Stemless : leaves and scapes from a rootstock or bulb : cells few-seeded. 1. O. Acetosella, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) Rootstock creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape \-flowered; petals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward: also southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Plant 2' -5' high, sparsely hairy: the flower f broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate. (Eu.) 2. O. Viol area, L. (VIOLET WOOD-SORREL.) Bulb scaly,- scapes um- belkitely several-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals violet. — Kocky places : most common southward. May, June. — Nearly smooth, 5' -9' high. Leaves v^ry broadly obcordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1' broad. * * Stems leafy : peduncles axillary : cells several-seeded. 3. O. Stricta, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Annual or perennial? by running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May -Sept. — Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to season and situation. 0. corniculata, L. is probably the same species. (Eu. ?) ORDER 28. GERANIACEJE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Plants with mostly regular and symmetrical Jiypogynous b-merous flowers, imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monadelpTious at the base, the alternate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher- ing to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by the curling back of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small \-seeded pods. — Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous, usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5 shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles. Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots. 1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. (An old Greek name, from yepavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to re- semble the bill of that bird.) See addend. * Root perennial. 1. G. maculatum, L. (WILD CRANESBILL.) Stem erect, hairj , leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; fepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (£' long). BALSAMLN'ACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) 73 — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. # # Root biennial or annual. 2. G. CaroliiiiaDUin, L. (CAROLINA CRANESBILL.) Stems dif- fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-color) petals; seeds very minutely reticulated (under a lens). — Barren soil and waste places. May -July. — Flowers small : the peduncles and pedicels short. — A state with more notched petals and more reticulated seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L. 3. G. pusfLLUM, L. (SMALL FLOWERED CRANESBILL.) Stems procum- bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals aicnJess, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur- ple) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York tuse or rounded sinuses. 1. V. Lafrrusca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) BrancJdets and younn leaves very woolly ; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; berries large (j'-| in diameter). — Moist thickets, common. June. — Berries ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &c. 2. V. SEStivuIis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Young leaves downy with loose cobwebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above ; fertile panicles com- pound, long and slender : berries small ( J' or % in diameter), black with a bloom. — Thickets, common; climbing high. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct. 78 RHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) * * Leaves smooth or nearly so and green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veins beneath, either incisely lobed or undivided. 3. V. cordi folia, Michx. (WINTER or FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin, not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob- scurely 3-lobed ; panicles compound, large and loose; berries small (4' broad), blue or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RIPARIA : with the leaves broader and somewhat incisely toothed and cut-lobcd. (V. riparia, Michx.) — Thickets and river-banks; common. May, June. — Flowers very sweet-scented. 4. V. vulpiiia, L. (MUSCADINE or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles small, densely flowered , berries large (£'-f in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, ripe early in autumn. — River-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separating, as in the other species. Branchlets mi- nutely warty. Fruit with a thick and tough skin. This yields the Catawba and the Scuppernong Grape, much, and -yaXa, milk, from a fancied property of its in- creasing this secretion.) * Biennial (6'- 12' high) : flowers yellow : crest of the keel small. 1. P» llitca, L. Flowers in solitary ovate or oblong Jieads, terminating the stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow)', leaves (!' — 2' long) obovatc or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey and southward, near the coast. June - Sept. — Stems at first simple. Head of flowers f ' in diameter, showy. 2. P. rnniosa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of the caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt.) — Damp pine-barrens, New Jersey 1 Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green in drying. (The allied P. CYM6sA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P. attenuate, Nutt., P. acutifoiia, Torr. fr Gray, — known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle, — probably occurs in S. Virginia.) * * Annual : flowers purple or white, in spikes ; no subterranean blossoms: crest of the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10. •*- Leaves all alternate or scattered : flowers purple or flesh-color. 3. P. ilicarilfita, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched (l°high); leaves small, linear-awl-shaped ; spike oblong or cylindri- cal ; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July. 4. P. Sanguinea, L. Stem branched at the top (fr'-lO' high) ; leaves oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse; caruncle almost as long as the seed. (P. purpurea, Nutt.) — Sandy and moist ground; common. July -Sept. — Spikes $' thick, reddish-purple: the axis, as in Nos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after the flowers have fallen. 5. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above ; leaves linear ; spikes short ; wings ovate-oblong, tapering at the base into distinct claws ; caruncle as long as, and nearly enveloping, the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Torr. $- Gr., excl. syn. ; not of Nutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nuttall) to Kentucky and southward. — Spikes looser, and the rose-purple flowers much smaller, than in No. 4, brighter-colored than in the next, which it most resembles. 6. P. Nllttallii, Torr. & Gr. (Fl. 1, p. 670, cxcl. syn., & dcscr.) Stem branched above (4' -9' high); leaves linear; spikes oblong, dense; wings ellip- tical, on very short claws ; caruncle small and applied to one side of the slalk-like base of the vert/ hairy seed. (P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk., t. 437. P. ambigua, Torr. fr Gr., FL, not of Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Penn. and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' in diameter; the flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored than in the last, with thicker POLYGALACE^E. (JHLKWORT FAMILY.) 87 wings on shorter claws ; and the narrow caruncle not longer than the stalk-like base of the pear-shaped seed. •»- •*- Leaves, at least the lower ones, in whorls. •w Flowei-s middle-sized, in thick spikes, rose-color or greeiish-purple. 7. P. cruciata, L. Low, witli spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours (rarely fives), linear and somewhat spatula te or oblanccolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so, dense, oblong becoming cylindrical ; bracts persistent ; wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly /leart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south- ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. Aug. - Sept. — Sterns 3' - 10' high, with almost winged angles. Spikes fully £' in diameter. 8. P. "forevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves in fours, or scattered on the branches, narrowly spatulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled, ob- long, rather loose ; icings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey and southward. Sept. — Closely allied to the last, probably only a marked variety of it. ** *+ Flowers small, in slender elongated spikes, greenish-white, rarely tinged with purple : the crest rather large in proportion. 9. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6'-10' high), much branched; stem- leaves in fours or Jives, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute , spikes pedun- cled, dense, acute; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. June - Oct. 10. P. ambiglia, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem- leaves in fours, the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spifces long-peduncled, very slen- der, the flowers often scattered ; wings oval ; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from New York southward. * * * Perennial : JJowers white, spiked ; no subterranean blossoms. 11. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SXAKEROOT.) Stems several from a thick and hard knotty root, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with rougli margins, alternate ; spike cylindrical, the flowers on extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentuckv, and Virginia. May, June. Var. latifolia, Torn & Gray. Taller (9'- 16' high), sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2' -4' long), tapering to each end. Kentucky, Short. * # * * Biennial or perennial: Jtowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean branches. 12. P. polygailia, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate ; terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings 1 anger than the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath the ground; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P. rubella, MuhL] — Dry sandy soil ; common eastward. — July. 88 LEGUMIXOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 13. P. pailCifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering steins short (3' -4' high), and leafy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, petided, crowded ; flowers 1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed. — Woods in light soil; not rare northward, extending southward along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand- some flowers, f long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA. ORDER 38. L.EGUMIJVOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5, and sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free jjistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and other northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub- orders it comprises. SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEJE. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe- rigynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous, i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called the vexillum or standard, larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the icings, oblique and exterior to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually en- closes the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set in a tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simple : ovules amphitropous, very rare- ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle almost always incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germi- nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en- tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or pan- icles. LEGUMINO9.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 89 Synopsis. TRIBE I. LOTEJE. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1} Pod continuous and 1-ceUed, or sometimes 2-ceUed lengthwise. Cotyledons becomiug green leaves in germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in its climbing stems.) Subtribe 1. G EXISTED. Stamens monadelphons : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or palmately compound. 1 LTJPINUS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod flattish. Leave* palmate. 2 CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated. 8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple. Subtribe 2. TRIFOLI&S. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves palmately or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cotyledon* alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants. 4. TRIFOLITJM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded. 6. MELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 - 2-seeded. 6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled. Subtribe 3. PSORALKS. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded and inde- hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dots or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite. 7. PSORALEA. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. 9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. 10. AMORPHA. Corolla consisting of only one petal! the standard. Stamens 10, monadel- phous at the base. Subtribe 4. GALEGZLS. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valved, 1-celled. Leaves pinnate. 11. ROBINIA. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate. 12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keeL Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners : leaflets not stipellate. 18. TEPHROSTA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs. Subtribe 5. ASTRAGALI. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the intro- flexion of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants. TRIBE II. HEDYSAREJE. Stamens monadelpnous or diadelphous. Pod (lomect) transversely 2 - several -join ted, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or some- tunes reduced to one such joint. * Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets. 16. JiSCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed. 16 HED^SARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphcus (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several jointed. * * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 17. DESMODITJM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 90 LEGDMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 18. LESPETEZA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 19. STYLOS AN TUBS. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. TRIBE III. VICIE.3E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-celled. Coty- ledons yery thick and fleshy (as hi a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining under ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. 20. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals. 21. LATHY RUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard. TRIBE IV. PHASEOIjE^. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin- uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface, but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. — Twining or trailing plants, with pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes. * Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged hi germination. 22. PHASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate. 23. APIOS. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate. * * Keel straight. Cotyledons not so thick, t- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow. 24. RHYNCHOSIA. Calyx 4-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded. •i- •*- Ovary several ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow. 26 GALACTIA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracta deciduous. 26. AMPHICARP^A Calyx not bracteolate, 4 - 6-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered. Bracts persistent. 27. CLITORIA Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 5-cleft Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 28. CENTROSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short, 5-cleft. Peduncles few-flowered. Standard with a spur at its base. TRIBE V. SOPHORE.^ and PODALYRIEjE. Stamens 10, distinct. 29. BAPTISIA. Calyx4-5-lobed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pal- mately 3-foliolate or simple. 80. CLADRASTIS. Calyx 6-toothed. Keel-petals distinct. Pod very flat. Tree, with pin- SUBORDER II. C^ESALPINIE^E. THE BRASILETTO FAMILY. Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu- lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight. # Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. 81. CERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. * * Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect. 82. CASSIA. Calyx of 5 nsarly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate. * * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect. 83. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 5, regular, inserted on the summit of the tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate. 84 GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous. Petals, divisions of the open calyx, and stamens 8-6. Leaves 1-2 -pinnate. LEGU3IINOS4S. (PULSE FA3IIL1.; t)l SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJS. THE MIMOSA FAMILT. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogy- nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, regular. Embryo straight Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. 85. DESMAXTHUS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 - 10. Pod smooth. 86. SCHRANKIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections. SUBORDER I. PAPIMONACEJE. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY. 1. L.UPij¥US, Toura. LUPINE. Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe- shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter- nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric- tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 1 -15-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 1. L.. percnnis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long and loose raceme, pods very hairy. 1J. — Sandy soil, common. June. — Flowers showy, purplish- blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines hi gardens, and others from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus. 2. CROTALARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX. Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe- shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name fi'om /cpoTaXov, a rattle ; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 1. C. Sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3'-6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong- lanceolate, scarcely pctioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and southward. July. 3. GENISTA, L. WOAD- WAXEN. WHIN. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading : keel oblong, straight, scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire ; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) 1. G. TINCTORIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with striate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — 92 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is thoroughly established on steiile hills hi Essex County. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. TRIFOL-IUM, L. CLOVER. TREFOIL. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist- ent : standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 - 6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.) * Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away after flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other. •*-• Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla,. 1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER. STONE CLOVER.) Silky, branching (5' -10' high) ; leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. © — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) «- •*- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose- red or purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scented.) 2. T. PRATENSE, L. (RED CLOVER.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed,' heads ovate, sessile, (g) 1J. — Fields and meadows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG CLOVER.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; leaflets oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger : otherwise like the last. 1|. — Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.) # # Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, tfieir short pedicels reflexed wlien old: corolla white or rose-color, withei'ing-persistent and turn- ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 4. T. reflcxum, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Stems ascending, downy; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth hairy ; pods 3-5-seeded. ® (2) — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south- ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and keel whitish. 5. X» Stolon iferum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-CLOVER.) Smooth, stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ; pods 2-seeded. 1J. — Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple, as large as No. 4, which this too closely resembles. 6. T. repeilS, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; the slender stems spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles very long ; heads small and loose ; pods about 4-seeded. 1J. — Pastures, waste LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93 places, and even in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant ; but mani- festly indigenous northward. (Eu.) * * # Flowers s/iort-pedicelled in dose heads, reflexed when old: corolla yellow, persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood" shaped. 7. T. AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-CLOVER.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6' -12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the satnn point (pal- mate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more tfian half its length. ® — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 8. X. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low HOP-CLOVER.) Stems spreading or as- cending, pubescent (3' - 6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end ; ttte lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. Q) — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. MINDS (T. minus, Relh.), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. With the other, and Kentucky, hi cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. MEL.IL.6TUS, Toura. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER, Flowers much as in Clover, but hi spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous, the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from peXt, honey, and Awros, some leguminous plant.) 1. HI. OFFICINALIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4° high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal length. (2) — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE MELILOT.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white, the standard longer than the other petals. @ (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In simi- lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. MEDICAGO, L. MEDICK. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut. (Deriv. from MqStKq, the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) 1. M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERXE.) Upright, smooth ; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 1J. — Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. M. LUPULIXA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu- bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short ppike* (yellow); pods kidney-form, 1 -seeded. @ — Waste places; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. MACULATA, Willi. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum- bent, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely 94 LEGUMIXOSJa. (PULSE FAMILY.) toothed ; pedwicks 3 - 5-JJoicercd ; flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of curved prickles. Q) — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. DENTICUI.ATA, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spired, deeply reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge : otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in- troduced into New England, &c. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. PSORAL.EA, L. PSORALEA. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.) with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Stipules cohering with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from ^wpaXcos, scurfy, from, the glands or dots.) # Leaves pinnately 3-fdiolate. 1. P. Onobrycllis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3° -5° high) ; leajlets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts awl-sfiaped ; racemes axillary, elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July. — Flowers very small. 2. P. Stipulate!, Ton-. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- fuse ; lea/lets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on axil- lary rather sliort peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls of the Ohio, Kentucky. June. 3. P. inelilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- dular; stems erect (l°-2° high), slender; leajlets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules aid-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, EU.) — Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June. * * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate. 4. P. floribunda, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2C -4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong (^'-lj' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panicled; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and southwestward. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long. 5. P. argoptiylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently branched (l°-3° high) ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, Falls of St. Anthony, Wis- consin, and westward. June. — Flowers 4" -5" long. P. ESCULENTA, Pursh., of the same region as the last, — the INDIAN TUR- NIP, POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE, used as food by the aborigi- nes,— may possibly occur on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi. See add. LEGUMINOS^E. (xPULSE FAMILY.) 95 8. DALEA, L. DALEA. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals aB on claws : the staniard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft do\\n one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.) 1. D. alopecuroicles, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike ; leaves pinnate, of many linear- oblong leaflets ; corolla small, whitish. © — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south- ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.) 9. PETAJLOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread- shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 1. P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear, heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, Wis- consin, and southward. July. 2. P. Candidas, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear- oblong; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward. July." 10. AMOR P HA, L. FALSE IXDIGO. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the other petals entirely wanting! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-secdcd, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, a/nope^)//, icanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.) 1. A. fruiicosa, L. (FALSE IXDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothish; leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks, S. Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable. 2. A. canescens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), whitened with hoary doicn ; leaflets 15-25 pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the upper 96 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) surface smoothish with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wisconsin and south-westward. July. — Supposed to indicate the presence of lead-ore. • 11. ROB IN I A, L. LOCUST-TKBE. Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2- valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd- pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 1. R» Pseudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST, or FALSE ACACIA.) Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — S. Pennsylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an orna- mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June. 2. R. Vise O SO, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Branchlets and leafstalks clammy ; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor- ous; pod glandular-hispid. — S. W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller tree. June. 3. R. llispida, L. (BRISTLY or ROSE ACACIA.) Branchlets and stalks bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. — Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers, &c. — Mountains of S. Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May, June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high. 12 "WISTARIA, Nutt. WISTARIA. Calyx campanulatc, somewhat 2-lippcd ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens diadelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many- seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby plant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not stipellate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi- cated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.) 1. W. frutescens, DC. — Rich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valvcd. — Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from re^pos, ash-colored or hoary.) OF THE f UNIVERSITY . (1'ULSL rAMlLJi) 97 1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (GOAT'S RDE. CATGUT.) Silky-vilbus with whitish hairs when young ; stem erect and simple (1° - 2° high), leafy to the top ; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi- nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish- white marked with purple. — Dry •jandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost as large as a pea-blossom. 2. T. Spicata* Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; Jlowers few, in a loose inter- rupted spike raised on a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and southward. July. 3. X. hispid Ilia, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate- wedge-shaped and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - 4 Jloivered ; flowers reddish- purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK- VETCH. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal- ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de- gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec- tion between the two is past all guess.) $ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, 2-celled, indo- hiscent, or tardily separable through Hie partition into 2 closed portions. 1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely apprcssed-pubescent ; stems low, decumbent; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob- long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about f in diameter. 1J. — Dry soil, on the Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south- ward. May. 2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger ; stems usually ascending ; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong ; flo\vers larger (10"- 12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at tie tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 1 ' or more in diameter : otherwise like the last : — the unripe fruits of both are edible, and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward. fc 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, partly or completely 2-celled by the turning inward of the dorsal suture. 3. A. CanadeiiSis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4° high), somewhat pubes- cent; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in 98 LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) long and close spikes (4' -9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, completely 2- celled, li — River-banks, common from N. New York westward July- Aug. 4. A. di§t6rtUS, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the base, smoothish ; leaflets 1 1 - 23, oblong or obovate ; flowers purplish or violet, 10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob- long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incomplete]^- 2-cclled. ty — Mason Co., Illinois, Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.) $ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, \-celled, or incompletely 2-celled by the projection of the ventral (seed-bearing) suture. (Pliaca, L.t DC.) 5. A. Cooperi. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob- long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; peduncles about the length of the leaves ; flowers white ; pods not stalked in the calyx, globose-ovoid, inflated, thinnish (|' long), pointed, grooved at the two sutures, which are both turned inwards, but especially the inner. 1J. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. fr Gray.} — Grav- elly banks of rivers, &e., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. — Plant l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than A. Canadcnsis, with pure white flowers in shorter and more open spikes : calyx shorter. (Named for William Cooper, Esq., the discoverer: there being an A. neglectus.) 6. A. Rob1>illSii. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets 7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leaves; raceme loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hanging, stalked in the calyx, oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, the seed-bearing- suture convex, the other nearly straight. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of the Onion River, near Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Bobbins (1829). (Allied to Phaca austratis, L. &c.) June. — Pods 6" -7" long, 1-celled, papery and veiny, smooth, the outer suture often slightly turned inwards. See addend. 15. JESCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish : keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com- posed of several square easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev- eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from alo~xyvofjievT), being ashamed). 1. JK. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly; leaflets 37-51, linear, racemes 3 - 5-flowered ; pod stalked, 6 - 10-jointed. CD — Along rivers, S. Penn., Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally. 16. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. HEDYSARUM. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- phous, 9 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round- ish joints connected in the middle. — Leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of jjdvs, sweet, and apco/za, smell. . 1. H. tooreale, Nutf. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole, raceme of many deflexcd LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99 purple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated. 1|. — Mountain above Willoughhy Lake, Vermont, Wood; and St. Johns's River, Maine, Goodale. Also northward. 17. DESUI ODIUM, DC. TICK-TREFOIL. Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from $607-10$ , a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the pods.) $ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower; the 1 -4 joints mostly half-obovate, concave on the back : stamens mono- delphous below : plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending : raceme terminal^ panicled : stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 1. D. nil diflor Hill, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the sterile stems ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated, on a prolonged ascending leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods ; common. Aug. 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at tie summit of the stein, from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle ; leaflets round-ovate, taper- pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' - 5' long). — Rich woods. July. 3. !>• pauciflorum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8'- 15' high) ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few- flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south- westward. Aug. §2. Pod si tort-stalked, of 3-5 joints: calyx-teeth longer than the tube: stipules ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal, small, scarcely panicled. 4. D. liuillifllSlim, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipule» ovate-lanceolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely triangular. — "Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re- sembles the next. 5. I>. rot mnli loli il ill. DC. Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug. 4 8. Pod tlightly if at all stalked in the calyx; the teeth of the latter longer titan the tube : racemes panicled 100 LEGUM1NOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) * Stems tall and erect ; the persistent stipules and (deciduous) bnicts large and con- spicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed : pods of 4 - 7 unequal-sided rhom- bic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about %' long. (Flower* rat/ier large.) 6. D. canescens, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rather glutinous hairs. 7. D. CUSpidatlim, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than the petiole (3' - 5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets. July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules |' long. * # Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, £' or less in length. (Flowers mid- dle-sized. ) 8. I>. laevigatum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutely rough- pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward. 9. D. vii'iilifloruin, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit ; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward. Aug. 10. !>• Dilleilii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or olilong-oi'ate, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and flnely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3' long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug. 11. D» pauiculatliin, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3' — 5t long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. July. 12. D. Strictum, DC. Smooth; stem very straight and slender, simple , leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish (l'-2'long, \' wide) ; panicle wand-like; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug. * =fc * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, l^'f to 2j" long. •«- Stems erect : bracts before flowering conspicuous: racemes densely flowered. 13. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); leaflets oblong- lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole (l£'-3' long) ; flowers showy, larger than in any other species (£' - J' long). — Dry, rich woods, common, especially northward. Aug. 14. D. sessilifdlilim, Ton-. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high); leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. — Copses, Penn. and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. LEGCMlXOSJt. ^FLLSE FAMILY.) 101 •«-•*- Stems ascending (l°-3° high}: bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated and loosely flowered : flowers small. 15. I>. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10. 16. I>. cilia re, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent ; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (£'-!' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. 17. D. ?Iaril;iiidiciim, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common. July -Sept. •»- H- •*- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes loosely flowered. 18. D. lineatUHl, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish (£'-!' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not stalked. — Virginia and southward. 18. LESPJEDEZA, Michx. BOSH-CLOVER. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1 -seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Stipules and bracts minute. Flowers often polygamous (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.) # Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intemiixed} or in subsessile little clusters. 1. L.. procumbens, Michx. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the leaves, trailing, slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet- alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles. 2. E. re pens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (£' long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil, S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last. 3. JL. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubescence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal vari- eties are, 1. DIVERGEXS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled flowers ; this runs into, 2. SESSILIFIX^RA, with the flowers principally on pe- duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is, 3. ANGUSTIF6LIA. with closely clustered flowers on straight branches 102 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) crowded leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. •— Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers. 4. L,. Stftvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some- times above); clusters many-flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills, and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear- ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5. # # Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream- color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stem* upright, wand-like (2° -4° high). 5. L.. llil'ta, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender ; leaflets roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather loose ; pods nearly as long aa the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.) — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept. 6. 1*. capitata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; spikes or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of all in var. ANGUSTirdLiA : slender; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elon- gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid. 19. STYL.OSANTHES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLOWER. Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters; one sort complete but un- fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlets. — Calyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit ; upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 - 2-jointed ; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foIiolate leaves ; the stipules united with the petiole. (Name composed of orvAos, a column,' and av6os, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx -tube.) 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry; leaflets lanceo- late, strongly straight-veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Also Illinois. Vasey. July- Get. — Flowers small, yellow. 2O. VIC I A, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style thread- shaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod 2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.) * Annual : flowers \ - 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple. 1. V. SATIVA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent; *vem simple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched LEGUMINOSJS. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103 and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and waste places ; both the common form and the var. ANOUSTiF6 LIA, with longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Annual: peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.) 2. V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles \-2-flowered; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narrowly oblong, 4-seeded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high, with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. V. HiRSt'TA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun- cate ; calyx -teeth equal ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) — Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish- blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.) # * * Perennial: peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal: pod several-seeded. 4. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, £' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.) 5. V. Carol! iiiaiia, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob- tuse, scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely flowered; calyx-teeth very short. — River-banks, &c. May. — Flowers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the keel tipped with blue. 6. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10- 14, elliptical or ovate- oblong, very obtuse, many- veined ; peduncles 4 - S-Jloivered. — Moist thickets, New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish-blue, f long. 21. JLATHYRUS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA. Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta- men). Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Aatfvpor, a leguminous plant of Theo- phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants. 1. L.. 121:11 it ilia us, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high); leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate; stipules broadly halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6- 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June -Aug. — Flowers large, purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.) 2. Ij. venosilS, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high); leaflets 5 - 7 pairs, scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen- der, half arrow-shaped; peduncles many -flowered ; corolla purple. — Shady banks, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June. 3. L,. cclirolciicus, Hook. Stem slender (1°- 3° high); leaflets 3-4 pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 -10-flowered; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill- sides, W. Vermont to Penn., and westward and northward. July. 4. L,. palustris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem slender (l°-2° high), often wing-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly 10 104 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) oblong, mucronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half arrow-shaped, sharp- pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla bine-purple. — Moist places, N. England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.) Var. myrtifolius. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° high ; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical; upper stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius, Muhl.) — \V. New England to Penn., and northward. L. LATiF6Lius (EVERLASTING PEA) and L. ODORATUS (SWEET PEA) are commonly cultivated species. PISOM SATIVUM, the PEA ; FABA VULG\RIS, the HORSE-BEAN , and ClcEK ARIET!NUM, the CHICK-PEA, are other cultivated representatives of the same tribe. 22. PHASEOLUS, L. KIDNEY BEAN. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin- ing or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) * Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled. 1. P. percnnis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4 - 5-seedcd. 1J. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple, handsome, but small. # # Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete: flowers few in a short clustered ra- ceme like a head. ( Strophostyles, Ell.) 2. P» (liversifolillS, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough- hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lobed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong- ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol- la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod tliickish. 3. P. liclvolllS, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leafleU ovate or oblong, entire or obscurely angled ; peduncles 3-6 times tlie length of the leave* — Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender than the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar. * * Pods straight and linear, flat: peduncles 1 -few-flowered at the summit : flowers small : keel slightly twisted. 4. P. pauciflorus, Benth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slen- der, pubescent ; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear. (P. leiospermus, Torr. Sf Gr.) — River-banks, Illinois (Mead) and sonthwest- ward. July- Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent. P. VULGXRIS is the common KIDNEY BEAN or HARICOT. P. LTTNATUS is the LIMA BEAN of our gardens. LEGUMINOS-fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) 105 23. A PIOS, Boerh. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branch- ing racemes, clustered. (Name from amov. a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tuber osa, Mcench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Moist thickets, com- mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant. 24. RHYNCH6SIA, Lour., DC. EHYNCHOSIA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, not twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from pvv%os, a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 1. R. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy; leaflets round- ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable. Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high) ; leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south- ward, in dry sandy soil. Var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy; leaf- lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia and southward. Var. c recta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets 3, oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward. 25. GAL.ACTIA, P. Browne. MILK PEA. Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in- curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from •yaXa, -a/cros, milk ; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un- likely.) 1. G. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ; pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple. 2. G. ill 6 His, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and 106 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) leaves beneath soft-doumy and hoary ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; podt very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July. 26. AJTIPHICARPJEA, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT. Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches imperfect, with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed, with no bractlets. Keel and wing-petals similar, nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia- delphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, 3 - 4-seeded ; of the lower, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but one large seed, commonly subterranean, or concealed by decaying leaves.— Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolatc : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, in clustered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from d/i$i, at both ends, and Kapnosifruit, in allusion to the two kinds of fruit, one at the summit, the other at the base of the plant.) 1. A. monoica, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood- lands. Aug., Sept. — A delicate vine. 27. CL, I TORI A, L. BUTTEBFLY PEA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered : bractlets opposite, striate. (Deri- vation obscure.) 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; peduncles short ; 1 - 3-flowered. — Dry banks, Long Island to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ; the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long. 28. CENTROSEMA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3- foliolate stipellate leaves and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bract- lets striate, the lat;er longer than the calyx. (Namo from Kevrpov, a spur, and o"f)pa, the standard.) 1. C. Virginiailiilll, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs ; leaflets LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; peduncles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth liuear-awl-shaped. — Sandy dry woods, Virginia and southward. July. — Corolla 1' long, violet. Pods straight, nar- row, 4f-5' long. 29. BAPTIS1A, Vent. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed : keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many- seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from fiairrifa, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a sort of indigo.) 1. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender (2° -3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded wedge- obovate (f long); stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, terminating the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. — Sandy diy soil, common. June - Aug. — Corolla yellow, £' long. 2. B. anstralis, R. Brown. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong- wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (l°-2°) and many-Jfawered, erect; bracts deciduous; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of tlie calyx. — Alluvial soil, from Penn. westward and southward: often cultivated. June. — Flowers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -3' long. 3. B. Idicailtlia, Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in No. 2 ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south westward. July. — Flowers white ; the standard short. Pods 2' long. 4. B. alba, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and widely spreading; petioles slender, stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaf- lets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods linear-oblong (I1- \# long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May, June. — Flowers white, £'-§' long. 5. B. leticopluea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches, leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — Raceme often 1° long: pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length. 3O. CL.ADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed: the distinct keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct : filaments slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes of showy white flowers drooping from the end of the branches. Stipules obso- 108 LEGUMINOS.fi. (PULSE FAMILY.) lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.) 1. C. tilictoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Miclix. /.) Rich hill-sides, E. Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10' -20' long. Flowers 1' long. SUBORDER II. C^ESAI^PINIE^. THF BRASILETTO FAMILY. 31. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-THEE. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 1. C. Canad€iisis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south- ward. March - May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller than in the European species. 32. CASSIA, L. SENNA. Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading. Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading : anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) * Leaflets large : stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers deformed and imperfect : flowers crowded in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicleiL 1. C. Marilandica, L. (WiLD SENNA.) Leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceo- late-oblong, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4'). U — Alluvial soil, common. July. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. 2. C. OCCIDENTALS, L. Leaflets 4 -6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute or point- ed; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods elongated-linear (5' long) with a tumid border, glabrous, (f) 1J. ? — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) See addend. # * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persistent : a cup- shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all perfect : flowers in small clusters above the axils : pods flat. 3. C. Cliameecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large) on slender pedicels; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) ; style slender. ® — Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1° long : 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109 4. C. ii i< titans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly equal; style very short. ® — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and southward. Aug. 33. OYMNOCL.ADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREK. Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several- seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in axillary racemes. (Name from yu/«/6f, naked, and *Xd§o?, a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 1. G. CanadensiS, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south westward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pah* with single leaflets. Pod 6'- 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over £' across. 34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST. Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 - 5 spreading sepals, united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1 -many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem- porary with Linnaeus.) 1. G. triacanthos, L.. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HOXEY-LO- OUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; lea/lets lanceolate-oblong, some- what serrate; pods linear, elongated (l°-l£° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest- ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender; mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. — Swamps, Illinois and southwestward. July. — A small tree. SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILY. 35. DESMAN Til US, Willd. DESMANTHUS. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals &, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twice-pinnate leaves of numer- ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowerr,. (Name composed of 8co-/ia, a bond, and av&os, flower.) 110 ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) . 1. D. foracliylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high); partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely I long, 2-6-seeded. ty (Darlingtonia brachyloba & glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward. 36. SCHRANKIA, WUld. SENSITIVE BRIAR. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel- form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. —Peren- nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi- tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.) 1. S. linciiiata, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4 -6 pairs; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. June -Aug. 2. S. ailgUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — "With the pre- ceding. ORDER 39. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few} distinct stamens insert- ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) \ -few in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty- ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : — SUBORDER I. AMYGDALE.3B. THE ALMOND FAMILY. Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free. 1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges. SUBORDER n. ROSACEJS PROPER. Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube. Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with the petiole. (ROSE FAMILY.) Ill TJUBZ I. SPIRJEE JE. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in fruit : styles 2. SPIR^IA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal, imbricated in t-lie bud. 8. GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bud. TRIBE II. DRYADEJE. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia 01 little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bud. Subtribe 1. SAXGUISORBEJE. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting. Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1-4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx. 4. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12 - 15. Pistils 2 : style terminal. 6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil 1 : style terminal. 6. ALCIIE5IILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1- 4 : style lateral. Subtribe 2. CHAM.ERHODE-B. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 -10: styles lateral. Fruit dry. 7 SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals. Subtribe 3. ECDRYADEJE. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils few — many. Fruit of dry achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.) 5 DRYAS. Calyx 8 -9-parted. Petals 8-9. Styles persistent, plumose. 9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent. 10. WALDSTEINIA, Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few : styles deciduous from the base. Subtribe 4. FRAGARIEX. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistils numer- ous : styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend- ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.) 1L POTEXTILLA. Receptacle dry. flat, convex, or oblong. 12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible. Subtribe 5. DALIBARDE^. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupes Seed suspended (ovules 2, collateral : radicle superior). 13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx. 14 RUBUS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a flat- tish or elongated receptacle. TRIBE m. ROSEJE. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep- tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated. 16. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole. SUBORDER III. POME^J. THE PEAR FAMILY. Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming ap0m«), including and co- hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free. 16. CRATJX3US. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded. 17. PYRUS. Carpels papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded. 18. AMELANCIIIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : oelli 1- seeded. SUBORDER I. A-VIYGDAIJEM-:. THE ALMOND FAMILY. 1. PRIJIVUS, L. PLUM & CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen- dulous ovules. Drape fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the Plum.) 112 BOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) § 1. PRtiNUS, Tourn. (PLUM.) — Drupe usually with a bloom, the stone fat- tened, or at least under than thick: leaves convolute in the bud,flcwers more or less preceding the leaves, from lateral buds; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel- like clusters, 1. P. Americana, Marsh. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel- low, orange, or red, £' - §' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, having a flat- tened stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin). — Open ground,common. May. — Tree or bush thorny, 8° - 20° high. 2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (2°- 5°) ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short, pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (£'- 1' in diameter), the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast, with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea, Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir- ginia. April, May. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny ( 8° -15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter^); the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Kentucky and Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward : naturalized in some places. April. 4. P. 8PIN68A, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; leaves obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels gla- brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. — Var. INSIT^TIA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Road-sides and waste places, E. New England, Penn., £c. (Adv. from Eu.) $2. CERASUS, Tourn. (CHERRY.)— Drupe destitute of bloom; the stone globular and marginless; leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud: inflorescence a* in $ 1. 5. P. pumila, L. (DWARF CHERRY.) Smooth, depressed and trail- ing (6' — 18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red. — Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and south to Virginia along the mountains. May. 6. P. Pennsylvania, L. (WiLD RED CHERRY.) Leaves oblong- lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ,• flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky woods; common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20°-3C° high, with light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 113 § 3. PADUS, Mill. (CHERRY.) — Drupe, frc. as in § 2 : flowers in racemes terminating the branches, developed after the leaves. 7. P. Vilgiiiifma, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obo- vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson. — River-banks ; common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe. (P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.) 8. P. serotiiia, Ehrhart. (Wiu> BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thick ish, shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. P. DOMESTICA, L., the CULTIVATED PLUM, is now deemed by the best botanists to have sprung from the Sloe. P. ARMEN!ACA, L., the APRICOT, represents another subgenus of Prunus. The PEACH belongs to a very closely related genus. P. AVIUM and P. CERASUS, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated Cherries. SUBORDER II. ROSACEJE PROPER. THE TRUE ROSE FAMILY. 2. SPIRJEA, L. MEADOW-SWEET. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2 -15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dicecious : rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from oTretpaw, to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to be formed into garlands.) i 1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lol>ed leaves and umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - ^-seeded. 1. S. opulifolia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat 3- lobed and heart-shaped^ pods 3-5. — Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° — 10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem- branaceous purplish pods : the old bark loose and separating in thin layers. \ 2. SPIRJEA PROPER. — SJinibs, with simple leaves, the stipules obsolete: pids (mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded. 2. S. COrym1>6sa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2°high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound. — Alleghaniee of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — Flowers white. 3. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth (2° -3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded panicle ; pods smooth. — TVet grounds: also cultivated. July — Flowers white or flesh -color. (Eu.) 114 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 4. S. tomeiitosa, L. (HARDBACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems cud lower turface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle ; pods woolly. — Low grounds ; commonest in New England , July. — Flowers rose-color. $ 3. ULMARIA, Mcench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panided cymose flowers : calyx rejlexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - ^-seeded. 5. S. lobata, Murr. (QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2° -8° high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; stipules kidney-form; panicle compound-clus- tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours ! §4. ARtJNCUS, Seringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice-pinnate; the stipules obsolete : pods 3 — 5, several-seeded : pedicels rejlexed in fruit. 6. S. Aruiicus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tali ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and west- ward. June. (Eu.) S. FILIPENDULA, the DROPWOKT ; S. ULMARIA, the MEADOW-SWEET of Europe; S. HYPERICIF6LIA (ITALIAN MAT); and S. soRBir6LiA, are com- mon in gardens. 3. GILL.ENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIC. Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5, somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gilk, or Gillenius.) 1. O. trifolifita, Mcench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July. 2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Penn- Bjlvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 4. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY. Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri vation as Argemone.) ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 115 1. A. Eupatoria, L. (COMMON AGKIMOKT.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi- nute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July - Sept. (En.) 2. A* par vi II or a, Ait. Leaflets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter- mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and south westward. July. 5. SANGU1SORBA, L. GREAT BURNET. Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread- Ing. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis- tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Achenium included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants having been esteemed as vulneraries.) 1. S. Canadeiisis, L. (CANADIAN BCBNET.) Stamens much longer than the calyx; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ; stipules serrate. U — Bogs and wet meadows; chiefly northward. Aug. -Ocu — A tall herb : flowers white, sometimes purple. POTEBICM SANGUISORBA, the COMMON SUBNET of the gardens, has mo- noecious polyandrous flowers. 6. A L CHE 31 ILL A, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE. Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-parted, with as many alternate bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4; the slen- der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name.) 1. A. ARVEXSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Stems (3' -8' high) leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the axils. (5) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) A. ALplxA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it. 7. SIBBALDIA, L. SIBBALDIA. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Step msns 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.) 1. S. procumbeiis, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, and northward. (Eu ) 116 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 8. BRYAS, L. DRYAS. Calyx flattish, 8 - 9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum { Sie- versia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.) 1. D. integrifolia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.) 9. OKUM, L. AVENS. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni- cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from yfi>a>, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots being rather aromatic.) See addend. i 1. GEUM PROPER. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy upper joint falls away : head of fruit sessile : calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers some- what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.) .ft?. 1. O. all> ia ill, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender (2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided, lobcd, or only toothed ; stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the calyx ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy. Borders of woods, common. May -Aug. — Near the European G. urbannm. 2. O. Virgiiiianiim, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-partcd or divided, incised ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx ; re- ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. — Clearly different from the last. 3. O. macrophylllim, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high), root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart'sJiapcd ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter- minal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; petals yellow, obovate, longer than the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly above. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampsliire : also North Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.} 4. O. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hahy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter- ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep- tacle downy ; achenia bristly above. — Moist meadows ; common, especially northward. July. (Eu.) ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117 §2. STYLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in tht calyx: bracllets of the calyx none: otherwise as § 1. 5. G. veniuni, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April -June. § 3. CARYOPHYLLATA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose : flowers large: calyx erect or spreading : petals erect. 6. O. rivale, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows, N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.) $ 4. SIEVERSIA, Willd. — Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straigld: head of fruit sessile: flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.) T. O. triflorusii, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals ; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to Wisconsin ; rare. April - June. 8. O. radmtlllll, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate- veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut- toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round- obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (£' long), spreading; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.) Var. Peckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. July - Sept. 10. WAI.DSTEINIA, Willd. (CoMAR6psis, DC.) Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid- uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5- lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.) 1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaf- lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than the calyx. (I)alibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides, common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. 118 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 11. POTENTIL.L.A, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER. Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- ing 10-cleft. Petals 4 - 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle: styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from potens, pow- erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.) § 1 . Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous. * Annuals or biennials : petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx : receptacle globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit. 1. P. Norvegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately 3- foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially northward. A homely weed. (Eu.) 2. P. paradoxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent, branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achenia with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi. * =* Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx. •<- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets. 3. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (V- 3' high), tufted, vittous when young, stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obovate, deeply cut into 5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiina, Oakes.) — Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species. Alpine summits of the high mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.) 4. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.; Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil lary, elongated, \-jlowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.) — Var. 1. PUMILA is a dwarf, early- flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. SIMPLEX is a taller and greener state, with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Abounds among grass in diy fields, &c. April - Oct. 5. P. argentea, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending, ci/mose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, al- most pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery ivool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June - Sept. (Eu.) -*- •»- Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflets. 6. P. PemisylViilliea, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky- wool- ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded; petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania ? New Hampshire (Isle ol Shoals, Bobbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague], and northward. July. § 2. Style deeply lateral, attached at or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yellow or white, deciduous. RO8ACELB. (ROSE FAMILY.) 119 * Achenia glabrous : style thickened above : receptacle txmical in Jhat. 7. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy underneath ; flowers cymose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk thick and glandular. — Rocky hills ; common northward and westward. July. * # Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous. 8. P. Aiiserina, L. (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen- der rooting runners ; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 9-19, with minute pairs interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery- white with silky down underneath ; stipules many-cleft; flowers solitary (yellow), on long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.) 9. P. fruticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby (2° - 4° high), very much branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd- ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like; flowers numerous (yellow), terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same range as the last. June - Sept. (Eu.) 10. P. tridentata, Ait. (MOUNTAIN CINQUB-FOIL.) Stems low (47- 6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several- flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-loothed at the apex ; petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy . — Rocks, on mountains ; Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and in Maine at the level of the sea ; shore of Lake Superior and northward. June. § 3. Styles modei-aiely lateral : petals (shorter titan the calyx, ovate-lanceolate) and Jilaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recepta- cle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.) 11. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending from a creeping base (l°-2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate or oblong crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (!' broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. ]\. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs, N.England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge- form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — The two species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.) 1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep- tacle.— Fields and rocky places ; common April -June. — Scapes commonly shorter than the leaves, which are of a rather coriaceous or linn texture Fruit roundish-ovoid 120 ROSACE js. (ROSE FAMILY.) 2. F. Vesca, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or liemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common : indigenous, especial- ly northward. — Leaves thin ; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.) 13. DAL.IBARDA, L. DALIBAKDA. Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed- like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.) 1. D. repeilS, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug. — Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet. 14. RUB US, L. BKAMBLB. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes: styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the Celtic rub, red.) { 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from tJie diy receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (RASPBERRY.) * Leaves simple : flowers large : prickles none : fruit and receptacle fiat, 1. R. OdoratllS, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Stem shrub- by (3° - 5° high) ; branches, staUcs, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy liairs ; leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro- longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap- pendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains. — Rocky banks, common northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad. 2. R. Nutkanus, Mo^ino. (WHITE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller. 3 R. Chamse moms, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, dicecious ; stem simple, 2-3-leaved, \-fioivered; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5- lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals oltovate, while ; fruit of few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of trees : also Lubeck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.) * * Leaflets (pinnately) 3-5: petals small, erect, white. •«- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains, 4. R. triflorilS, Richardson. (DWARF RASPBERRY.) Stems ascending (6' -12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth ; peduncle ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 121 1-3-flowered. — Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. -i--*- Stems biennial and woody, prickly: receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical. 5. R. StrigosilS, Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRT.) Stems uprigld, and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3- 5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ses- sile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common, especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, but more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idieus), which it too closely resembles. 6. R. occidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened- downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has been burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant. (Some curious forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last) $ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish. (BLACKBERRY.) 7. R. villosus, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (l°-6°high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate ; the terminal one somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. — Var. 1. FROXD&SUS : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym- bose, with leafy bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. HOMirtrsus : trailing, small- er ; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c., common. May, June : the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect, and shape of the fruit. 8. R. CaiiadciiSiS, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate- lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate ; flowers ra- cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, BigcL, frc. ; not of Michx.) — Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit earlier than No. 7. 9. R. liispidllS, L. (RuxxiNG Sw AMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender, somewJiat shrubby, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ; flowers small. (R. obovalis, Michx. R. sempervircus and R. setosus, Bigelow.) — Low woods, common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend* ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur- ple, sour. 122 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 10. R. cuneifolillS, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Slirubby (1° -3° high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wcdge-obovate, thickish, serrate above; peduncles 2-4-flo\verecl ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia and southward. May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August. 11. It* trivial is, Michx. (Low BUSH-BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby, procum- bent, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glal>rous ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow- ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May. 15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistii* over its imaer surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenia in fruit. — Shrub- by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole : stalks, foliage, £c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.) * Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens. 1. R. setigpCra, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climb- ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers corymbed; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit (hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots growing 10° -20° in a season. * * Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color. 2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed with stout hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull above and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers num&'ous, in corymbs; calyx and peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages ; fruit (hip) depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June - Sept. 3. R. lucida, Ehrhaat. (DWARF WILD-ROSE.) Stems (l°-2° high), armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per- sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, and with the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May - July. — R. mtida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. 4. R. tolismla, Ait. (EARLY WILD-ROSE.) Nearly unarmed, or with scattered straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high); leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong, obtuse, pale on both sides and minutely downy or hoary beneath, serrate ; stipules large ; flowers 1-3, the peduncles and calyx-tube smooth and glaucous ; fruit glo- bose, crowned with the persistent erect and connivent entire calyx -lobes. — Bocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May, June. — Petals light rose-color. ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123 5. R. RUBIGIN^SA, L. (TKUE SWEET-BRIEE.) Climbing high; prickles numerous, the larger ones strong and hooked, and the smaller aid-shaped; leaflets doubly serrate, rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet ylands beneath ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. — Road-sides and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. R. MICRANTHA, Smith. (SMALLER-FL. SWEET-BRIER.) Prickles uni- form and hooked; fruit elliptical and ovate; calyx-lobes deciduous; flowers smaller : otherwise as No. 5. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.) SUBORDER HL PONIES. THE PEAR FAMILY. 16. CRAT^GUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORK. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube) fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from updros, strength, on account of the hardness of the wood.) * Corymbs many-flowered. •«- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas], bright red: flowers snudl: calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous andglandless throughout. 1. C» Spatlllllafa, Michx. Leaves thickish and shining, spatulateor oblan- ceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high. 2. C. CO I'd at a, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole, variously 3 - 5-cleJl or cut, and serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June. — Trunk 15° - 25° high. •«- •«- Fruit small ($! - £' long], ovoid, deep red: flowers rather large : styles 1-3. 3. C. OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth ; leaves oborate, cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base ; calyx not glandular. May. — More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. C» apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young, becoming gla- brous ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pin- nately 5 - 7-cleft, with the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply sen-ate ; petioles slender ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and south- ward. March, April. *-•*-•*- Fruit large (£'-§' long], red; flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4-5 (when the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, frc. oflen beset with glands. 5. C. cocciiiea, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Glabrous through- out; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed, usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy tinge (§' broad) ; fruti bright scarlet-red, ovoid (£' broad), scarcely edible.— Thickets and rockv banks ; common. May. — A low tree 124 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 6. C. toment<»sa, L. (BLACK or PEAR THORN.) Downy or villoua- vubescent, at least when young, on the peduncles, calyx, toid lower side of the leaves ; leaves thickish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the up- per surface more or less furrowed along the veins ; flowers large (often 1 ' broad), white ; fruit crimson or orange-red, usually large (§' — |' broad), globular or some- what pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets ; common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked. Var. pyrifolia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when . young, soon glabrous, smooth and shining above, often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright- colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.) Var. piliictata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly impressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath ; fruit glo- bose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.) Var. inollis. Leaves rotmded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and cut; fruit often downy. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var. ? mollk, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and south westward. 7. C. Cms-gillli, L. (CocKSPUR THORN.) Glabrous; leaves thick, shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (£' broad). — Thickets. June. — Shrub or tree 10° - 20° high, with firm dark green leaves very shining above, and slender sharp thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges. * Corymbs simple few- (1 - 6-) floiuered : calyx, bracts, frc. glandular. 8. C. f!a.v:i, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ; leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, nan-owed at the base into a glandular petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth, &c. glandular ; styles 4-5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (£'-§' broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree 15° -20° high, with rather large flowers, 2-6 in a corymb. Var. pubescens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glan- dulosa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward. 9. C. parvifdlia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Downy ; leaves thick, obovate- tpatulate, crenate-toothed (^'-1^' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length shining ; flowers solitary or 2 - 3 together, on very short peduncles ; calyx-lobes as long as the petals ; styles 5 ; fruit globular or pear-shaped, greenish-yellow. — Sandy soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high 17. PYRUS, L. PEAR. APPLE. Calyx -tube urn-shapett, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or berry-like ; the 2-5 car- pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 125 $ 1 . MALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit Jleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. ( APPLE.) 1. P. coronaria, L. (AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves ovate, often rather heart-si i aped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree 20° high, with few, but very large, rose-colored fragrant blossoms, and translu- cent, fragrant, greenish fruit. 2. P. ailgustifolia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles dis- tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April. P. MALUS, the APPLE-TREE, is often found in deserted fields and copses. P. coMMtiNis, the PEAR-TREE, represents the typical section of the genus. { 2. ADENORACHIS, DC. — Leaves simpk, tlie midrib beset with glands along the upper side: cymes compound: styles united at t/ie base : fruit berry-like, small. 3. P. arblitifolia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate, finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHRO- CARPA has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. MELANOCARPA is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common. May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple. §3. S6RBUS, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate: fruit berry-like, &nall. 4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOCNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ; cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon- sin northward, and along the Alleghanies southward. June. — A slender slirub or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen- tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter. P. AOCUPARIA, Gaertn., the cultivated EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN- ASH or ROW- AN-TREE, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit. 18. AH EL AX C III ER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di- vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra- cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.) 1. A. Canadeiisis, Ton-. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May. — Varias exceedingly; the leading forms are, — Var. Botryapium ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, sometime'' heart-shaped at the base, pointed, vcrv sharply serrate ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Willd.) 126 CALYCANTHACK^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.; Var. obloilgifolia ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like the branchlets, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter. Var. rotundifolia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered. Var. aluifol i;i ; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly in the Western States, and westward. Var. oligoca i'|Kl ; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves, 2 - 4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward. Cro6NiA VULOARIS, the QUINCE, and C. JAp6xiCA, the ornamental JAPAN QUINCE, differ from the order generally in their many-seeded carpels. ORDER 40. CALYCANTHACE^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.) Shrubs unth opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute : — otherwise like Rosacese. Chiefly represented by the genus 1. CAL.YCANTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET SCENTED SHRUB. Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (wild some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers;). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the Rose. Fruit like a rose-hip, but dry when ripe, and larger, en- closing the large achenia. — Shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and large lurid- purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name composed of KOL\V£, a cup or calyx, and avdos, flower, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.) 1. C. floritlllS, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath. — Virginia? and southward, on hill-sides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug. 2. C. IsevigiitllS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper- pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale be- neath; flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Pcnn. (Prof. Porter), and southward along the Alleghanies. May -Aug. 3. C. glaucilS, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovatc-lanceolute ; conspic- uously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, larger than in the others (4' -7' long) ; the flowers also larger. — Virginia? near the moun- tains and southward. May - Aug. MELASTOMACJ5E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 127 ORDER 41. MELASTOMACE^. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) Myrtle-like plants, with opposite ribbed leaves, and anthers opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in Hie Evening-Primrose Family. — All tropical, except the genus 1. RIIEXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- &srted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers lang, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early. (Name from prj£is, a- rupture. applied to this genus for no obvious reason.) * Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at tlie attachment of th* Jilament above its base : Jloicers cymose, peduncled. 1. R. Vil'ginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts along the coast, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July. 2. R. IVIariaiia, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. # # Antliers oblong, straight, unthout any spur : flowers few, sessile. 3. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward. ORDER 42. LYTHRACE^. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) Herbs, icith mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing, but free from, the 1 - ^-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter loicer down. Style 1 : stir/ma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1- celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided. Synopsis. * Flowers regular, or very nearly so. 1 AMMAXNIA Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4. 2 LYTHRUM. Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 4 -7. Stamens 5 -14. 3. NE3J2A Calyx short-campanulate. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted, mostly unequal. * * Flowers irregular : petals unequal. 1 CUPHEA. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12. 11 See addend 128 LYTHRACEJS. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 1. AMMA.NHTIA, Houston. AMMANNIA. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothtd, with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Pod globular, 4-celled. — Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their axils. (Named after Ammann, a Russian botanist anterior to Linnaeus.) 1. A* linmillS, Michx. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, tapering into a slight petiole, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped ; flowers solitary or 3 together m the axils of the leaves, sessile ; style very short. ® — Low and wet places, from Massachusetts and Michigan southward July - Sept. 2. A* latifoli.l, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3' long), with a broad auricled sessile base ; style mostly slender. ® — Ohio, Illinois, and southward. 2. L, Y THRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in- serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled. — Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers. (Name from \\>Qpov, blood ; perhaps from the crimson blossoms of some species.) * Stamens and petals 5 - 7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessik in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the interme- diate processes : plants smooth. 1. It. HYSSOPIFOLIA, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob- tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals (pale purple) 5-6. © — Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, £c. (Nat. from Eu. 1) 2. It. ulatiiiii, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with margined angles ; leaves varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than tfie Jlowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1J. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. 3. L.. line a I'C, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy at the top, two of the angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers; calyx obscurely striate; petals (whitish) 6. 1J. — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high. * * Stamens 12-14, twice tJie number of the petals, half of them sometimes much shorter : flowers large, crowded and whorlcd in an interrupted wand-like spike. 4. L.. Sail cf«ri«l, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) Leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base, sometimes whorlcd in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.) 3. NES^EA, Commerson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erct teeth and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens 10-14, exserted. Pod globose, 3-5-celled. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers. ONAGRACK/E. (EVENING-PK1MROSE FAMILY.) 129 I . N. verticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy ; stems recurved (2° 8° long), 4 - 6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- lanceolate, rose-purple (^' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon verticillatum, Gmelin.) — Swampy grounds, common eastward. July-Sept. 4. CtlFHEA, Jacq. CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary, stalked. (Name from Kv$6s, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.) 1. C. viscosissinia, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very vis- cid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple. — Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod. ORDER 43. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE" FAMILY.) Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2-3-merous) flowers; the tube of tJte calyx cohering with the 2 - ^-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso- lete, the petals convolute in the bud, and the stamens OA many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : — SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^E PROPER. Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want- ing) and stamens inserted on its summit Pollen-grains connected by cob- webby threads. Style single, slender: stignia 2-4-lobed or capitate. Pod loculicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehisceut : placenta? in the axis. Seeds anatropous, no albumen. 1. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex. 2. (ENOTIIERA Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous, a GAURA Stamens 8. Petals 4 Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1 - 4-seeded, indehiscent. 4. JUSSLEA Stamens 8 - 12. Petals 4 - 6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many -seeded. 5 LUDW1GIA. Stamens 4 Petals 4, or none. Calyx and pod as in No 4. 6. CIRCJEA. Stamens 2. Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1- 2-celled. 1-2 seeded. SUBORDER II. HALORAGE^. Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete. Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 4-celled, with a solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants, with very small axillary sessile flowers, often mono2cious or dioecious. 7. PROSERPINACA. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect. 8 MYRIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 4 -8. Fruit 4-angled, 4-celled. Flowers monoecious. 9 HIPl'URIS. Stamen 1. Fruit 1- celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect 130 ONAGBACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^ PROPER. 1. EPIL.6B1UM, L. WILLOW-HERB. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers. (Name composed of cVt Ao/Sou i'oj/, viz. a violet on apod.) # Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws : sta* mens and style turned to one side : stigma with 4 long lobes: leaves scattered. 1. E. angustifolium, L. GREAT WILLOW-HERB.) Stem simple, tall (4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land; common northward. July. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.) #••# Floioers small, corymbed or panicled: petals, stamens, and style erect: stigma club-shaped: lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate. '2. E. :iS pi 11 II ill, L. Low (2' -6' high); nearly glabrous; stems ascending from a stoloniferous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; petals purple ; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.) Var. Hi f* jus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed ; pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origanifoli- um, Lam.) — With the typical form. (Eu.) 3. E. pa lust re, L., var. lineare. Erect and slender (l°-2°high), branched above, minutely hoary-pubesceiit ; stem roundish ; leaves narrowly-lanctch late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or white ; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Muld. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs,.N. Eng- land to Penn., Wisconsin, ^nd northward. There is also a small and simple 1 -few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of New Hampshire and northward. This is E. nutans, Sommerf. & E. lineare, Fries, but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.) 4. E. isioilc, Torr. Soft-downy all over, strictly erect (l°-2£° high), at length branching ; leaves crowded ; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti- oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Sept. 5. E. COloratlim, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, noi angled, much branched (l°-3° high), many-flowered; leaves lanceolate or ovate- oblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually purple- veined; flower-buds erect; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l|"-2" long). Wet places ; common. July - Sept. See addend. 2. CE NO TH ERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded ONAGliACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 131 Seods naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from otvos, urine, and Orjpa, a chase: the application uncertain.) $ 1 . Annuals or biennials : flowers nocturnal, odorous, withering the next (lay : pods cylindrical, closely sessile. 1. CE. l» tennis, L. ( COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped (light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as Var. 1. MURICATA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFLORA, with larger and more showy petals. Var. 3. PARVIFLORA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4. CRUCIATA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter then the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June - Sept. 2. CE. rliombipctala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and narrow-leaved state of No. 1 . — Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward. 3. CE. siniiata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flowers (small) axillary ; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose- color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and southward, principally a dwarf state. June. § 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow : pods club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intermediate ribs. 4. CE. glauca, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous ; leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate ; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. 1J. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May -July. — Leaves broader and flow- ers larger than in the next. 5. CE. frilticosa, L. (SDNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked below ; petals broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward. June - Aug. — Plant 1° - 3° high, with several varieties. Corolla 1 £' broad. 6. CE. ripfiria, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elcn- yated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slen- der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-winged. (g) — River-banks and swamps ; Quaker Bridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southward. 7. CE. linefiris, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves >inear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches, pods obovate, hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1° high, bushy-branched : flowers 1 ' wide. 8. CE. clirysuiitlia, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lan- ceolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbe~d ; petals obovate, notched at the end (orange-yellow}, longer than the stamens ; pods all pedicelJed, oblong dub- 132 ONA GRACED. (EVENING-FRIMROSE FAMILF.) shaped, scarcely wing-angled. @? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to Michigan and northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9, from which it may not be distinct. 9. CE. puinila, L. Almost smooth, small; leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme; petals obcordate (pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club- shaped, strongly wing-angled. @) or If.? — Dry fields, common northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' - 12 high : the corolla £' broad. 3. GAUItA, L. GADRA. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), rcflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as also the long style. Stigma 4-lobcd. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbcd or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually be- coming 1-cellcd and l-4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that the name, from yavpos*, superb, does not appear very appropriate). 1. O. bienniS, L. Sofi-liairy or doumy (3° -8° high); leaves oblong-lance- olate, acute, denticulate; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed. ® — Dry banks, from New York westward and southward ; common. Aug. 2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; leave* linear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen- der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-anglcd at the summit, slender-pediceUed. — Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug. 4. JUSSIVE A, L. JUSSI^A. Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Pod 4 - 6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous. — Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany as further developed by his illustrious nephew.) 1. J. decwrrens, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; stamens 8; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. See addend. 5. L.UDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri- cal, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.) ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133 * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers pedundcd : petals yeUovot about equalling the calyx. 1. L.. alteriiifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps; common southward and near the coast Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after- wards splitting in pieces. 2. L.. llirtclla, Raf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (l°-2°high); leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at l*>th ends; pods nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. * * Leaves alternate, sessile : flotvers sessile : petals minute or none. 3. L.. splircrocarpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base; flowers solitary, without bractlets ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbury, Greene), New York (Peeks- kill, R. I. Browne), New Jersey, and thence southward: also Illinois. 4. L<. polyczcrpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers often clustered in the axils, with- out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 4-sided top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem !°-3° high, sometimes with runners. 5. Li. linearis, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ; flowers soliiart/, usually with (greenish-yellow) petals : bractlets minute ; pods elon- gated top-shaped, 4-sided, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Aug. * * * Leaves opposite, pctloled: flowws sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.) 6. It. paliistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth, low ; stems pro- cumbent, rooting or floating ; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti- ole; calyx-lobes very short; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base. (Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July -Oct. — Petals rarely pres- ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.) * * * * Leaves opjiosite, sessile : floicers long-peduncled : petals exceeding the calyx. 7. Li. arciiata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceo- late; flowers solitary, yellow (^' broad); peduncles £'-!' long; pods oblong- club-shaped somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south- ward. May. 6. C I R C JE A , Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate, . -2-celled, bristly with hooked hairs : cells 1 -seeded. — Low and inconspicuous perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small wnuish flowers in racemes. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.) 134 ONA GRACED. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 1. C. Lutctifma, L. Stem mostly pubescent (1° -2° high); leaves ovate, pointed, slightly toothed ; bracts none ; hairs of the roundish Z-celled fruit bristly. — Mois: woodlands. July. (Eu.) 2. C. alpioa, L. Low (3' - 8' high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toot lied ; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong l-cellcd fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods; common northward. July. (Eu.) SUBORDER II. HA LOR AGE JE. THE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. ?. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren- nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 - 4 together. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply sen-ate, the lower pecti- nate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June - Aug. 2. P. pectinacca, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl- shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast. 8. NIYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-partcd, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- celled, deeply 4-lobed: stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above water; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pvpios, a thousand, and $poi/, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 1. M. pc lid II la, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval (£ -1' long), green, ty — Copses, Virginia and southward. June - Aug. CUCUMIS SAxlvus, the CUCUMBER; C. MELO, the MUSKMELON, C. Ci- TRULLUS, the WATERMELON; CUCURBITA PEPO, the PUMPKIN, C. MELO- PEPO, the ROUND SQUASH ; C. VERRUC6SA, the LONG SQUASH ; C. AURAX- TIA, the ORANGE GOURD ; and LAGENARIA VULGARIS, the BOTTLE GOURD, are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family. ORDER 49. CRASStTLACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz. the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3- 20), and the stamens the same or double their number. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at the base. 140 CRASSULACEJS. (ORPINE FAMILY.) Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united telow in Pen- thorum), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli- cles) which open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves chiefly sessile. Synopsis* * Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulaoeac.) 1. TILL2EA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct. 2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5, distinct. Stamens 10- 8. * * Pistils united below into a 6-celled many-seeded pod. 8. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked. 1. TILLjA, L. TIL.UEJL. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist.) 1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish- white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nantucket to E. Penn. July - Sept. 2. SEDUM, L. STONE-CROP. ORPINE. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.) * Flowers one-sided on the spreading branches of the cyme, forming a sort of spike, mostly with 4 petals, Sfc. and 8 stamens, while the central flower commonly has 5 petals, frc. and 10 stamens. 1. S. pulcbelllim, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin- ear, nearly tei'ete, scattered; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple, lanceolate. — Virgina to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. 2. S. ternatum. (THREE-LEAVED STONE-CROP.) Stems spreading (3' -6 high); leaves Jlat, the lower whorled in threes, wedye-olovate, tlie upper scattered, oblong ; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals white, linear-lanceolate. Rocky woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also in gardens. * * Flowers in close cymes, uniformly 10-androus: leaves flat. 3. S. telepliioitles, Michx. (WILD ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVER.; Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed, scattered ; cyme small ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lan- ceolate, taper-pointed ; pods tapering into a slender style, — Diy rocks, Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey ? W. New York 1 and Indiana. June. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 141 4. S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVUR.) Steins erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, sen-ate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly pointed with a short style. — Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. ACRE, L., the MOSSY STONE-CROP or WALL-PEPPER, of Europe, — cul- tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston. S. RHOD!OLA, a dioecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine. 3. PtUVTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP. Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-homed, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TreVre, Jive, and opos, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.) 1. P. scdoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — "Wet places, everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM, L., is the cultivated HOUSE-LEEK. ORDER 50. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top) ; and the petals witli the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which is either free or more or less adherent to *\e 1 - ^-celled ovary. — Calyx with- ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous. Pods several -many-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, with a slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have three of the suborders. SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. THE TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole. * Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3-4-celled and beaked or pods 2 or 3. •«- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals, 10, rarely 8. 1. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat. Leaves decompound. 2. SAXIi'RAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many -seeded Seed-coat close. •<- -•- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely 5. 8. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough. 4. SCLLIVANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. Seeds wing-margined. * * Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae. «- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5. ft- HEUCHERA. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. 142 SAXIFRAGE CEJE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) ••- *- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10. 6. MITELLA. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. 7. TIARELLA. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. SUBORDER II. ESCALLONIEJE. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY. Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually valvate in the bud. 9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5 SUBORDER III. HYDRANGIE^. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY. Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves and no stipules. 10. HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary. Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging 11. PHILADELPHIA Calyx 4 - 6-parted ; the tube adhering to the 3 - 5-celled ovary. Pet- als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles united below. SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGACEJE. TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 1. ASTIL.BE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. — Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disuosed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d privative and oriX/S/;, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.) 1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat pubescent ; leaflets mostly heart- shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Rich woods, Alleghanies of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating Spiraja Aruncus, but coarser, 3° - 5° high. 2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx free from, or coheiing with, the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals 5, entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and/raw/o, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) * Stems prostrate, leafy : leaves opposite : calyx free from the pod. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves thick and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2; long) ; flowers solitary, large ; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft free calyx. — Rocks, TVilloughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), and north- ward. (Eu.) HAXIFKAGACE^:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILl.) 143 # * Stc'iis ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate : calyx coherent below with tlie pod. 2. S. rivulfu'is, L. (ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE. ) Small ; stems weak, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Oakes. Very rare. (Eu.) 3. S. aizoide§, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Low (3' -5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate* entire, fleshy, spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Wil- loughby Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Michigan ; and northward. June. (Eu.) 4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above; flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid pointed teeth at the sum- mit ; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) * * Leaves clustered at the root ; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent. 5. S. Aizooil, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi- nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin; Wil- loughby Mountain (Mr. Blake), and northward. — Scape 5' - 10' high. (Eu.) 6. S. VirgiiiiensiS, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Low (4' -9 high) ; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate- toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose- ly panic-led ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half tJte length of the oblony obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April - June. 7. S. Pennsylvania, L. (SWAMP SAXIFRAGE.) Large (l°-2° high); leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus- tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo- late (greenish) swall petals; JUaments awl-shaped: pods at length divergent. — Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species. 8. S. ei*6§a, Pursh. (LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves oblony or oblanceo- late, oldiise, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' — 12' long) ; scape slender (l°-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender; calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn. bylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies south- ward. June. See Addend. S. LEucANTiiEMiF^LiA, Michx., S. CAREYXxA, Gray, and S. CAROLIKI- ANA, Gray, of the mountains of Caro^na, may occur in those of Virginia. 3. BOYKltflA, Nutt. BOYKINIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked pod. Sta- mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren- nial herbs, with alternate palmately 5 - 7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boykm of Georgia. ) 144 SAXIFRAGACEJ£. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -20' high) ; leaves deep- ly 5-7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July. 4. SUL-L-IVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SULLI VANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet- als. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-spreading pe- rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist who discovered the only species. 1. S. Ollionis, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, ChlorisBor.-Am.,pL§.) — Limestone cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June. 5. H E tJC HER A, L. ALUM-ROOT. Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet- als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of Heucker, an early German botanist.) * Flowers small, loosely panicled : stamens and styles exscrted : calyx regular. 1. II. villosa, Michx. Scapes (l°-3° high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7-9-lobcd leaves beneath vittous with rusty hairs; calyx l£" long; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland, Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug. 2. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-BOOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high) &c. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crcnate teeth; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petalt not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. June. # * Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short : panic?* very narrow : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - 9-lobed. 3. H. Ill Spifla, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May -July. — Scapes 2° -4° high. 4. H. putoescens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high), &c. granular-pnbescent or fflandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous, as are usually the rounded leaves ; stamens shortei- than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Mountains of Penn, to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July. SAXIFRAGACKfi. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145 6. MI TELL A, Toura. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP. Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked, I-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shapel alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ; those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. (Name a diminutive from /xtVpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.) 1. ITL (lipliyllcl) L. Hairy, leaves Iieart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5 lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Flowers white, in a raceme 6' - 8' long. 2. M. Hilda, L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply and doubly crenate ; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4' -6' high). (M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, ^lichx.) — Deep moist woods with mosses, Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant, shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms gi-eenish. 7. T I A RE L LA, L. FALSE MITBE-WORT. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1- celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminutive from riapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.) 1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods ; common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun- tains. April, May. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGK. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, veiy short, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xpvo-6s, golden, and oTrXfjv, the spleen, probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.) 1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, diffusely spreading, forking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob- scurely crenate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple). 1J. — Cold wet places ; common, especially north- ward. April, May. 14:6 SAXLFKAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) SUBORDER II. ESCAL.L.ONIEJE. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY. 9. ITEA, L. ITEA. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded — A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves, without stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes. (The Greek name of the Willow.) 1. I. Virgiilica, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the coast. June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. SUBORDER III. HYDRANGLfc^E. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY. 1O. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from v8a>p, water, and ayyos, a vase.) 1. H. arborescens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, sen-ate, green both sides ; cymes flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn.; to I1L, and southward, chiefly along the moun- tains. July. — Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden 11. PHIL.ADEL.PHUS, L. MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread- ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as manj pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentae projecting from the axis, pen- dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Linnseus to this genus for no particular reason.) 1 . P. iuoclo I'US, L. Glabrous ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tuba — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Var. grandiflorus* Somewhat pubescent ; flowers larger ; calyx-lobes longer and taper- pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains HAMAMELACE^E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY). 147 May-July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches : often cultivated. P. CORONAKIUS, L., the common MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA of the gardens, has cream-colored, odorous flowers in full clusters : the crushed leaves have the odor and taste of cucumbers. ORDER 51. HAMAMEL.ACE.ffi. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or moncecious ; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked 2-celled woody pod opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or severai, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat — We have a single repre- sentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous. Synopsis. TKIBE I. HAM AMEL.EJE. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 1 HAMAMELIS. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. TRIBE II. FOTHERGILLEJE. Flowers with a manifest calyx and no corolla. Fruit and seed as in Tribe L 2. FOTHERGILLA. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked. TKIBE III. BALSAMIFLUJE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell. 3. LIQUID AMBAR. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli- dated by their bases hi a dense head. 1. HAMAMEL.IS, L. WITCH-HAZEL. Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet- als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From a/ia, like to, and p?Xis, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some other tree resembling the Apph, which the Witch-Hazel does not.) 1. II. Vii'ginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young. — Damp woods : blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are failing, and maturing its seeds the next summer. 148 UMBEJ.LIFERJS. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 2. FOTHERGILLA, L. f. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-cclled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothergill.) 1. F. alllifolia, L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April. 3. LIQUIDARIBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE. Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher- ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods open- ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed- coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, am- ber; in allusion to the fragrant terebin thine juice which exudes from the tree.) 1. Li. Styraciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Moist woods, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust. ORDER 52. UMBELLJFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) Herbs, with the /lowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and sur- rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals mostly with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (carpophore} : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the interstices or inter- vals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittce), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary and luspended from the summit of each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo UMBELLIFEE^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149 in hard, horn-like albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um- bels usually compound ; when the secondary ones are termed u-mbellcts : each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucels). — A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all, — therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, &c., which like- wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a difficult one for the young student See Addend. Synopsis. I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out). « Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another. L HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded. 2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow. * * Umbels or umbeUets capitate, imperfect : i. e. the flowers sessile in heads. 8. SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous. 4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect. » * * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets. •»- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat. 6. DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in. single rows on the ribs. «- «- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc- tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure). 6. POLYTJ5NIA. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back. 7. HERACLEUM. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back : lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant. 8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones perfect, not radiant. 9. ARCHEMORA. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical, hollow, with some cross partitions. 4- +- +- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge, each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back. 1L ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval. Seed not loose. 12. ARCH ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil- tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed. 13. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins. «- •*- •»- •*- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs. 14. 2ETHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges, and with single oil- tubes in the intervals. 15. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with several oil-tubes in each interval. 16- THASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil- tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple. «- *- •«- •*- •*- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless. 17. ZKLA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil- tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound. 150 UMBELLIFERjE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.; 18. BDTLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit oroid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 6-ribbed Leaves all simple. 19. DISCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit oroid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions. 20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 6- ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate. 2L SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 6-ribbed. Leaves all simply pinnate. 22. CRYPTOT^ENIA, Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute, so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.) 23. CttdEROPHYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex : ribs broad. 24. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly. 25. CONTUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy. 26. EULOPHUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs. III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar. 27. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Cmbellets few-flowered. 1. IIYDROCOTYLE, Toura. WATEB PENNY WORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped , the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin: oil-tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from vScop, water, and KoriXij, a fiat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup- shaped.) # Stems procumbent and branching : fiowers 3-5 in a sessile cluster. 1. II. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly crenate, somewhat lobed, short-petioled ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com- mon northward. * * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled leaves, from the joints of creeping and rooting stems. 2. II. ranuncilloides, L. Leaves round-reniform, 3 - 5-cleJl, the lobes crenate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles ; umbel 5- 10-flowered; ped- icels very short ; fruit orbicular, scarcely ribbed. — Penn. and southward. 9. II. interrtlpta, Muhl. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre- nate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and sessile flowers interruptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast. 4. H. limbellata, L, Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched at the base, doubly crenate; peduncle elongated (3' -9' high), bearing a many- flouxred umbel (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender; notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and southward near the UMBELLIFEBjE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151 2. CRAXTZIA, Nutt. CBANTZIA. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube in each intervjvl. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro- cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.) 1. C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.) Leaves somewhat club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2' long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form- ing a corky "margin. ty — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July. 3. SANICUL.A, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.) 1. S. Caiiadensis, L. Leaves 3 -5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sterile flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° High, with thin leaves ; then- divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellet. 2. S. Marillindica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile floucers numerous, on slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous, recurved. — "Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° -3° high; the leaves more rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet. 4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) 1. E. yuccte folium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristly- fringed; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J. (E. aquaticum, L. in part ; but it never grows in water. ) — Dry or damp pine- barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. E. Virgilliaillllll, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed, longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads. ® — Swamps, New Jersey and southward near the coast. July. 12 152 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 5. DA tl€ US, Tourn. CARROT. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpols scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of them on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo- lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.) 1. I>. CAR6TA, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Stem bristly; involucre pinuati- fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain places. July - Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. POL.YTJ&NIA, DC. POLYTJENIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each inter- val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip, with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from TTO\VS, many, and raivia, a Jillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. ]Ytitt;Illii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest- ward. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 7. HERACI^UM, L. COW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely heart-shaped, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels. Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.) 1. H. lanfitum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 - 2-ternately compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist rich ground ; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented plant, 4° - 8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort. 8. PASTINACA, Toum. PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter- val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire ; none of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin- nately-compound leaves. Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin name, frompastus, food.) 1. P. SAiivA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Steir. grooved, smooth; leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, fee- July. (Adv. from Eu.) UMBELLIFERfi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 153 9. ARCHEItlORA, DC. COWBAXE. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish; the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4 - 6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 - 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo- lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Archemorus, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.) 1. A. rigicla, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMB^GUA, linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° -5° high. 1O. TIEDEMASTNIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DROPWORT. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.) 1 . T. tereti folia, DC. —Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug. 11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2 - 4 on the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro- matic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or teraately divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish. Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial and medicinal properties.) 1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice teraate or the divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. 2£ — Mountains of Penn. (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the AUe- ghaaies. Aug. 12. ARCHANGEL.ICA, Hoffm. ARCHANGELICA. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer- ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which the species have been separated. 1. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high), rafJier slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thicTdsh, 154 UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the umbellets; pedun- cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. 1J. (Angelica triquinata, Nutt.) — Dry open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white. 2. A. atropurptirea, Hoffm. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth; stem dark purple, very stout (4° -6° high), hollow; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged. 1J. (Ang61ica triquinata, MicJtx.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., "Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Flowers greenish- white. Plant strong-scented; a popular aromatic. 3. A. peregrina, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves 2 - 3-ternately divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, glabrous ; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblcng with 5 thick and corky wing-like ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the others. 1J. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticuui. It is A. Gmelini, of N. W. America. 13. CONIOSELiNUni, Fischer. HEMLOCK PARSLET Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly S-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the, intervals, and several on the inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2 - 3-pinnately compound thin leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped. (Name .compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and Selinum, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.) 1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid; fruit longer than the pedicels. 1J. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock 14. jE Til itS A, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose; the carpels each with 5 thick sharply-keeled ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin- nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWa>, to burn, from the acrid taste.) 1. ^E. CYNAPIUM, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lar ccolate ; involucre none ; involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New England, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. L,iaiTSTICUM, L. LOVAGE. Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or slightly flattened on the sides ; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or narrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren- UMBELLIFER.fi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155 nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the gardens, L. Levisticum, abounds.) 1. L* Scoticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth; stem (2° high) nearly simple; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear; calyx-teeth distinct; fruit narrowly ottong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. — Root acrid but aromatic. (Eu.) 2. Li. actaeifoliuin, Michx. (NONDO. AKGELICO.) Smooth; stem (3° -6° high) branched above ; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren; leaves 3-ternate; leaf- lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-parted; calyx-teeth minute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, " Banks of the St. Lawrence," is probably a mistake.) 16. THASPIU]tt, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP. Calyx -teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings, the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs, with 1 - 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark-purple flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently the same species has the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. iutcgerrima, DC. * Stems loosely branched, 2° - 5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints : calyx short but manifest : corolla light yellow : leaves all ternately compound. 1. T. barbiliode, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or larve- ovate and acute, mostly with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 6-lQ-u?inged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete.- River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. 2. T. i>imiat:ii. capillacea, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaflets of the involucre 3 - 5-cleft ; involucels longer than the umbellets ; fruit ovate in outline. — Brackish swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct. 2. D. Nllttallii, DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and south ward. UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157 2O. CICtJTA, L. WATER HEMLOCK. Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the sides, the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in the notches. Involucre few-leaved: involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 1. C. maciilata, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MCSQUASH-KOOT. BEA- VER-Poisox.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, coarsely sen-ate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug. — Plant 8° - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison. 2. C. Imlfoifera, L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper axils bearing dusters of bidblets. — Swamps ; common northward : seldom ripen- ing fruit. 21. SlUJfl, L. WATER PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted at the sides ; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs : intervals with 1 - several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed ones cut into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white. I Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their habitation.) * Pericarp thin betiveen the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal. 1. S. lineare, Michx. Leaflets linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a sharp point, closely and very sharply serrate ; calyx- teeth scarcely any; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather icings ; oil-tubes 1 - 3 in each interval. — Swamps and brooks ; common. July - Sept. S. LATIFOLIUM, L., of Europe, I have never seen in tiiis region. * Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil-tubes : ribs not strong, the lateral not quite marginal. (Bemla, Koch.) 2. S. aiigustifolium, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft ; fruit somewhat twin. — Michigan and westward. (Eu.) 22. CRYPTOT^NIA, DC. HOXEWORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; the carpels equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellets with very unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name composed of KpvTrro?, hidden, and ram'a, a fillet, from the concealed oil-tubes.) 1. C. CanadensiS, DC. — Rich woods, common. June- Sept. — Plant 2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed. 158 UMBELLIFEB.fi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 23 CHJEROPHYl.L.U]*!, L. CHERVIL. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not beaked, con- tracted at the sides ; the carpels 5-ribbed : inner face of the seed deeply furrowed lengthwise: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Leaves ternately decompound; the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involuccls many-leaved. Flowers chiefly white. (Name from xa'iPa*"> to gladden, and v\\ov, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.) 1. C. prociimbens, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little hairy; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong; umbels few-rayed (sessile or ped uncled ); fruit narrowly oblong, with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June. 24. OSlttORRHiZA, Baf. SWEET CICELY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick very aromatic roots, and large 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid- toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from ooyity, a scent, and pi£a, a root, in allusion to the anise-like flavor of the latter.) 1. O. longistylis* DC. (SMOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short- pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods, commonest north- ward. Mar , June. — Plant 3° high, branching : stem red. 2. O. brevistylis, DC. (HATRY SWEET CICELY.) Styles conical, not longer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf- lets doicny-Jiairy, taper-pointed, pinnatifid-cui. — Common. Root less sweet. 25. CONtUltt, L. POISON HEMLOCK. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5 prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar- row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound leaves. Involucre and involucels 3-5-leavcd, the latter 1-sided. Flowers white. (Kvveiovj the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 1. C. MACUL\TUM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati- fid; involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A large branching herb : the pule green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised. A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.) 26. EUJLOPHUS, Nutt. EuLornus. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ; the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section serniliinar. — A ARAI,IACE. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muld.) — Rocks ; common, especially northward. June - Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy. D. SESSILIF6LIA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may occur in those of S. W. Virginia. 5. TRIOST-EUM, L. FEVEE-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many angled and ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial jierbs, leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name from rpe Iy, three, and oo-reov, a bone, alluding to three bony seeds, or rather nutlets.) 1. T. perioliaUim, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers dull brownish-purple, mostly clustered. — llich woodlands; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, £' long. 2. T. angllStifoliUin, L. Smaller ; bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base ; flowers grcenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — S. Pennsylvania to Elinois, and southward. May. 6. SAMBIJCUS, Tourn. ELDER. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla um-shaped, with a broadly spread- ing 5-clcft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con taining 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, sen-ate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white CAPRLFOLIACK.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 167 flowers in compound cymes. (Name from cra/z/Su/cry, an ancient musical instru- ment, supposed to have been made of Elder- wood.) 1. S. Canadensis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5° -10° high); leaflets 7-11, oblong, smootfi, the lower often 3-parted; cyme* flat ; fruit black-purple. — Kich soil, in open places. June. — Pith white. 2. S. pubens, Michx. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2°- 18° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate >, downy underneath; cymes panichd, convex or pyramidal ; frait bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods; chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening in June. — Pith brown. 7. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTIXUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a crustaceous flat- tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) $ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.) * Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed. 1. T. liudtlili, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and cymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or uxivy-crenate ; cyme short-pedunded ; fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. CLAYTONI has the leaves nearly entire, the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts near the coast to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. CASSIXOIDES (V. pyrifo- lium, Pursh, $~c. ) has more opaque and often toothed leaves ; and grows hi cold swamps from Pennsylvania northward. Mav, June. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. 2. V. pruilifolium, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and sharply serrate, shining above, smooth ; petioles naked ; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-oblong. — Dry copses, S. New York to Ohio, and southward. May. — A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage. 3. V. LentagO, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate, smooth, the long margined petioles with the midrib and branches of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when young ; fruit oval. — Copses, common. May, June. — Tree 1 5° - 20° high, handsome ; the fruit £' long, turning from red to blue-black, and edible in autumn. 4. V. Obovatlllll, "Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla> broas, thickish, small (l'-H' long), shining; cymes sessile, small. — River-banks, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high. 5. V. deiltut lllll, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth; leaves broadly omte, coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe- duncled; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June. — Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark; the pale leaves often with hairy tnfts in the axils of the strong veins. /G8 RUBIACE.fi. ^MADDER FAMILY.) 6. V. i»u1>£sceiis, Pursh. (DOWNY ARROW-WOOD.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined, the lower surface and tfie very short petioles velvety-downy ; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid. — Rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June. — Shrub straggling, 2° -4° high. (V. molle, Michx. is probably a form of this.) * * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed. 7. V, acerifolium, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED AKROW-WOOD. DOCK- MACKIE.) Leaves 3-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base, downy under- neath, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long- peduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval ; filaments long. — Rocky woods, common. May, June. — Shrub 3° - 5° high. 8. V. pailCiflorum, Pylaic. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves mostly trun- cate and 5-ribbed at the base, with 3 short lobes at the summit, unequally serrate throughout ; cymes small and simple, peduncled ; filaments shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north- ward. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oakes.) — A low straggling shrub, with larger leaves than No. 7, sen-ate all round, and less deeply l^bed than in No. 9. §2. 6PULTJS, Tourn. — Marginal flowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea. 9. V. OpulilS, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright; leaves strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobea pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked glands at the base; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and V. edule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5° -10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, £c. — The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.) 10. V. laiitanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFAR- ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks and branchlets, very scurfy with rusty-colored tufts of minute down ; cymes sessile, very broad and flat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods, New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May. — A straggling shrub ; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Flow- ers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across. ORDER 56. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.; Shrubs or herbs, until opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or rarely in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2 -4- cetted ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (3 - 5), and inserted on its tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitro- pous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169 the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders. To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants which are exactly Rubiaceae except that the calyx is free from the ovary. SUBORDER I. STELLATE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs. 1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2-seeded, separatum into 2 indehiscent carpels. SUBORDER II. CINCHONEJ3. THE CINCHONA FAMILY. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free. * Ovules and seeds solitary hi each cell. •t- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open. 8. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels. •i- -t- Flowers hi a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 4. CEPHALANTHUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2 -4-fleeded. +- i- +- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry. 6 MITCHELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb. * # Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod. 6. OLDENLAXDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidaL SUBORDER III. LOGANIE^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. Leaves opposite, with stipules -between them. Ovary free from the ca- lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud. 7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylet separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many. 8. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded. 9. POLYPREMUM. See Addend. SUBORDER I. STELL.ATJE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY. 1. GAUUUI, L. BEBSTRAW. CLEAVERS. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta- xaens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separat- ing when ripe into the 2 seed -like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — Slender herbs, with small cymo.se flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yaXa, milk, which some species are used to curdle.) * Annual : haves about 8 in a whorl: peduncles 1 -2-jloicered, axillary. 1. O. Apariiie, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper- ing to the base, short-Dointed, rough on the margins and midrib (V-2r long) , 170 RUBIACE. long), nearly terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; flowers 1-3 in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turbi- nate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. ® — Sandy fields, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug. 4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2 - 4-celled, separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. Flowers white. (Name composed of ice^xiAjf, a head, and avdos, a flower.) 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate- oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. — Wet places ; common. July - Aug. 5. MITCHELL, A, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun- nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early cor- respondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 1. OT. re pens, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com- mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. 6. OLDENLANDIA, Plum., L. BLUETS. Calyx 4- (rarely 6-)lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or nearly -wheel-shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or obcordate, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-cellcd, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. — Low herbs, witli small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, purple, or blue. (Dedicated, in 1703, to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 173 and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. HOUSTONIA, made a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English botanist of the days of Linnaeus who collected in Central America.) \ 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla wheel-shaped (or Junnd-form), shorter or scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes : anthers sliort : pod wholly enclosed in and co- herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flower* lateral or terminal.) \. O. glomerata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stems branched and spreading (2' -12' high); leaves oblong (£'-§' long); flowers in sessile clusters in the axils ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx. © (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.) — Wet places, S. New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward. | 2. HOUST6NIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer than the calyx-lobes : anthers linear : upper half or the summit of the pod free and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx : the teeth of the latter distant : seeds rather few (4-20) in each cell, saucer-sJiaped, with a ridge doicn the middle of the hol- lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, diceciously dimorphous; p. 171, note.) * Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: flower* mostly in terminal small cymes or hose clusters, purplish. (Connects Houstonia and Oldenlandia.) 2. O. pur pur ca. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free globular pod. 1J. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, Michx.} — Woodlands, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May -July. — Varying wonderfully, into : — Var. loiigifolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar- rowed at the base, 1 -ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5'- 12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A narrow-leaved, slender form is II. tenuifolia, NiUt. Var. ciliolata. More tufted stems 3' - 6' high ; root-leaves in rosettes, thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata, Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin. 3. O. an gpus ti foil a, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody roct (6' -20' high) ; leaves narroidy linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free, from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length splitting through the partition. 1J. ( Houstonia angus- tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. $• Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June -Aug. * * Corolla salver-form, mostly blue : pod flattisli laterally and notched at the broad summit, or somewhat titin : plants commonly small and slender. 4. O. minima. Scabrous, at length branched and spreading (^'-3' high) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spatulate leaves ; pod barely J free; seeds imoothish. ®® (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — Dry hills, &c. Illinois and southward. March -Mav, 174 VALERIANACE.fi. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 5. O. caerftlea. (BLUETS.) Glabrous; steins erect, slender, sparingly branched (3' -5' high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3" -4" long) ; peduncles fili- form, l'-2£' long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. (2) (Housto- nia caerulea, L. Hedyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places ; common. May - Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye. O. 8ERPYLLIF6LIA (Houstonia serpyllifolia, Michx.) may probably be found in the high mountains of Virginia; and O. ROTUNDIFOLIA in the southeastern part of the same State. SUBORDER HI. LOGANrjE. THE LOGANIA FAMILY. 7. MITREOLA, L. MITRE-WORT. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx, except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horncd or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petiolcd cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. HI. petiOlala, Torn & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti- oled. — Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high. 8. SPIGEL.IA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnol-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style Blender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat- tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici- dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof. Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.) 1. S. RIarilaiidica, L. Stems upright, simple (6' -15' high); leaves Ressile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike 3 - 8-fiowered ; tube of the corolla 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted, 1J. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla 1 £' long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal anthel- mintic, and a showy plant. ORDER 57. VALERIAN AC Rffi. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules ; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ; the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on it* tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5- VALERIAXACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) 175 lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre- sented by only two genera. 1. VAL.ERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN. Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled np inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma- tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious, or dimorphous. (Name from vcdere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.) * Root Jibrous : leaves thin. (Stems 1° -3° high.) 1. V. paiiciflora, Mtchx. Smooth, slender; root-leaves ovate, heart- shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches cf the panicled cyme few- flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (£' long). — Woodlands, Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, S. Illinois, IA, Gsertn. CORK SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE. Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, &c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have 13 176 DIPS ACE.&. (TEASEL FAMILY.; a rather short tube to the corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) VALERIANELLA. 1. F. OLIT6RIA, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the (often confluent) empty cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penn. to Virginia: rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved between the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are much smaller than the broad and flat fertile one ; flowers white. — Low grounds, from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant l°-2°high. 3. F. S':acli:\t:i, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and unequally somewhat 4t-angled; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a deep groove between them, rather narrower than the Jlattish fertile cell. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high. 4. F. iiiii1>ili€;Vta, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the Jlattish fertile one, contiguous, and when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circular depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili- ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.) 5. F. palcllarra, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-sliaped or disk- like, slightly notched at both ends, the Jlattened-concave sterile cdls widely diver- gent, much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, resembling the last, but with a very different fruit. ORDER 58. DIPSACE^E. (TEASEL FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus 1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bract* among the densely capitate flowers : each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in- volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 5n/mo>, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.) 1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177 into a long flexible awn w:th a straight point. — Road-sides : rather rare. (Nat from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of D. FULL6NUM, the cultivated FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter invo- lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth. ORDER 59. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, trith 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). — Calyx- tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (achenium}, dry, con- taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap- shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlowers : the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex- ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re- ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff": when these are wanting, the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phaenogamous plants, divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre- sented in the Northern United States. SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOR^J. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tuhuliflorcp, taken from the styles, require a magmfying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The numbers are those of the genera.) Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder. § 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none : corollas all tubular. * Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. •*- Pappus composed of bristles. Pappus double ; the outer composed of rery short, the inner of longer bristles. . No. 1. Pappus simple ; the bristles all rf the same sort. 178 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense c.uster. . No. 2. Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off ) bristly hairy 67, 68, 70. Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. . ........ 69. Receptacle naked. Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple. .... 4. Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish « .. * , « & Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . * . . . 6, 7, 8, 20. Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. 62, 68. •»- i- Pappus composed of scales or chaff. Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . ;;> :i ''•"'* • ' . . . 8. Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . . . . . i . . . . 46. Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers. . . . •. _ . . 0. ..-, .^i -^s • 49. •*-•*- i- Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth. . •••-.;,• **> 42* « •»-•»-«- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . .65. * * Flowers of two kinds in the same head. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. ; • . , ^f. 66, 66. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. .... 60. Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated. . .•<.»•:,*;' '* .23,68,69. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61. Pappus obsolete or none. Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre. . 'i .' . . . 11. Achenia not exceeding the involucre. . -f _ . i, , , : j. -i > i • ! ».;:•*' . 29, 66, 57. * * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate. Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary. . . ,,*.,.**' 24,59. Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . .•-..• 80,81. $ 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. * Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) Rays occupying several rows, . . . r •;.>.«,... 9,10,14 Rays in one marginal row, and White, purple or blue, never yellow. ' . ' : . . '' ' • '''•'•'"'• . 12-16. Yellow, of the same color as the disk. Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21. Pappus simple. Scales of the involucre equal and all hi one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. Scales of the involucre hi 2 rows. Leaves opposite '.".-•' 64. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22. * * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. * * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy ••"•'. 60. Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked -:i» - . . '-'. • . IS. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. . . ••:».: . 48. Heads many-flowered. Keceptacle naked. . . . . < » • . . .46,47. * * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. •t- Receptacle naked. Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. ... 16 Achenia flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 17. Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish. 64. Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. . 65. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179 •»- ••- Receptacle chaffy. Bays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 51. Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally If at all. . .96-40. Receptacle fiat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42. Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned 43. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53. Achenia 3 - 4-angular. terete or laterally flatfish, awnlesa. Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. .... 52. Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. 32. Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales .85. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 33, 34. Rays pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect). Receptacle chaffy 25-28. Systematic Synopsis. TEIBI I. VERNONIACEJE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubn- lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly- hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. L VERNOXIA. Heads several - many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- pus of many capillary bristles. 2. BLEPHANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. TRIBE II. EUP ATORIACE^E. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- bular ; or hi a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct. Subtribe 1. EUPATORIEJB. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow. * Pappus a row of hard scales. 8. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whoried. * * Pappus of slender bristles. 4. LIATRIS. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corol- las red-purple, 5-lobed. 6. KUHNIA. Achenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas whitish, 5-toothed. 6. EUPATORIUM. Achenia 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo- lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat. 7. MlKANIA Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4. 8. CONOCLLNIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical. Subtribe 2. TUSSILAGINRS. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dioecious at least of 2 sorts in the same heaTA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Achenia sometimes winged. Subtribe 3. TAGETIXE^. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays tigulate ; the disk-flowers all perfect and fertile Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup. Pappus various — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil. 44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. Subtribe i. HELEXIE.S. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perf-nt Pappus of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless. * Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed). 16 HYMEN OP APPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored 46. HELENICM. Rays pistillate, 3- 6-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed 47. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46. * * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb. 48. BALDW1NIA. Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated. 182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * » * Receptacle chaffy. 49. UARSHALLIA. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales. BO. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales. Subtribe 5 ANTHEMIDEJE. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes infer- tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other- wise nearly as Subtribe 4. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate. 61. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid. ribbed. Pappus none.- 62. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none. 53. AOHILLEA. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined. * * Receptacle naked. 6i. LEUCANTHEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate 01 ribbed Pappus none. 66. MATRICARIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conical. Pappus crown-like or none. 66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the top. Pappus a short crown. 67. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate Achenia narrow at the top. Pappus none. Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINEJE. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas ; those of the fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at then: base. Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc- culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate. 58. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender. 69 ANTENNARLA. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit. 60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil- lary, of the outer often none. Subtribe 7. SENEOIONRB. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthem tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked (Scales of the involucre commonly in a single row. ) * Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas. 61. ERECHTHITES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish. * * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only. «- Leaves alternate. 62. CACALIA. Heads 5 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream -color. 03. SENECIO. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft. •*- •*- Leaves opposite. 64. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles. TRIBE V. C YNARE.E. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate. Style thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.) * Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile Pappus not plumose. 66. CENTAUREA. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral flowers commonly enlarged. 66. CNICUS. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorte» rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head. 67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed wiui long and soft bristles. 68. CARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No 67. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 89. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep- tacle honeycombed 70. LAPPA. , Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep- tacle bristly. SUBORDER n. LIGULIFLOR^E. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- fect — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus none. 71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. * * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 72. CICHORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 73. KRIGIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles. 74. CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of numerous long capillary bristles. * * * Pappus plumose. 76. LEOXTODOX. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the bane. * * * » Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. ••- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked. 76. HIERACIUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of tha involucre unequal. 77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales of the involucre equal. See Addend. i- •*- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. 78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- tles, some of them rigid. 79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 80. PYRKHOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny 81. LACTDCA Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white. 82. MDLGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 83w SONCIIUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 1. VEBNONIA, Schreb. IKON-WKED. Heads 15 -many- flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren- nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor of Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 1. V. NovetooraceilSiS, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia ; and river- banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 2. V. fascicillata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) rounded and obtuse, without appendage — Prairies a:id river-banks, Ohio to Wis- consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1. 184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. EL.EPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. Heads 3 - 5-flowered, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo- lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of €\ear, elephant, and TroOy, foot.) 1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 3. SCL.EROL.EPIS, Cass. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal, in 1-2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from cr/eAT/pos, hard, and X«ris, a scale, alluding to the pappus.) 1. S. verticillata, Cass. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug. 4. LiIATRIS, Schreb. . BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR. Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre ini- brieated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender, tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often resinou°-dotted, with rigid alternate entire ieaves, and heads of handsome rose- purple flowers, spicate, racemose, or panicled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) $ 1 . Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish corm or tuber (which is impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy : leaves narrow or grass-like, I—5-neri'ed: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the corolla long and slender. # Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowei-s. 1. Lt. elegailS, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Ban-en soil, Vir- ginia and southward. # * Pappus very plumose : scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbri- cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla Jiairy within. 2. !>.. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, &c.) Often hairy (l°-3° high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (!' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. 3. LJ. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6' -18' high) ; leaves linear ; heads few ( j' - §' long) ; scales of the involucre all with short and rounded appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 * * # Pappus not plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside. 4. Li. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high) pubescent or hoary ; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry ajid scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species: heads 1' or less in diameter. 5. L.. pildsa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowered; scales of the top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrowly oblong, very obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata ; but the flowers themselves as large as in No. 4. 6. Li. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3- 5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered (£'- £' long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, oppressed, with slight margins ; acJienia pubescent or smoothish. — Moist grounds, common from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. — Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth. 7. L,. graiilinifdlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7-12-flowered; scales of the dbconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse or somewhat pointed, rigid, oppressed ; achenia hairy. — Virginia and southward.' — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in Var. dubia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate. (L. dubia, Bat-ton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. 8. It. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish: stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike very thick and dense (6' -20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (^' long) ; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. — Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward. $ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or pan- icled, 4- \Q-flowered: involucre little imbricated: lobes of the coroUa ovate: pappus not plumose. 9. Li. odoratissima, Willd. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed. — Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. 10. It. paniClllata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir- ginia and southward. CARPH±PHORUS, Cass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff amcng the flowers ; and C. TOMENx6su8 perhaps grows in S. Virginia. 186 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 5. Kl Ii\BA, L. KUHNIA. Heads 10-25-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achenia cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A percn- ntal herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu- late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.) 1. K. Cllpatorioidcs, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south- ward. Sept. 6. EUPAT6RIUUI, Tourn. TIIOROUOHWORT. Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell- shaped. Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothcd. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) * Heads cylindrical, 5 - IQ-flowcred ; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal lenyth, slightly striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers. 1. E. purpikreum, L. (JOK-PYB WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 - 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, point- ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies greatly in size (2° -12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, &c., — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common. * # Heads 3 - 20-flowered : involucre of 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white. •*- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected: heads panicled, very small, 3 - 5-flowercd. 2. E. fORiliClllftceilin, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, panicuhitcly much-branched (3° -10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnatcly parted, filiform. — Vir- ginia, near the coast, and southward. •»- t- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile : heads 5 - 8-flowered, corymbed. 3. E. liyssopifoliuin, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high); Iran* narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-ncrved, entire, or the lower sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acut* at the base ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward. 4. E. Icucolepis, Torr. £ Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nervcd, obtuse, serrate, rough both sides ; corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. fi E. parvifloruili, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2° 8° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILIY) 187 middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short invo- lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate ) — Damp soil, Virginia and southward. 6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high), downy; leave* lanceolate, taperiny at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of t/te involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and Kentucky. — Leaves 3' -4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago. 7. E» album, L. Rouyhish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarse- ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, jtointed, white and scarious above, longer tfian the flowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. 8. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Eoughish-pubescent (2° -3° high) ; have* ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple- nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, at length shorter than tlie flowers. (E. verbenajfolium, Aficftx.) — Low grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes cut into a few very deep teeth. 9. E. rot li nd i foli u ill, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves round- ish-ovate, olituse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crcnate- toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (l'-2' long) ; corymb large and dense; scales of the (^-flowered] involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. 10. E. pubcscens, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the 7 - B-Jlowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, Bigel.) — Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger. 11. E. s< ssihf olnmi, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4° -6° high), smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3'- 6' long) ; corymb rery compound, pubescent; scales of the. 5- (or 5- 12-?) flowered involucre oval and obbmg, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to 111., and southward along the mountains. *- «- +- Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long and widely spreading : heads 10 - 1 ^-flowered : corymbs very compound and large. 12. E. resinosum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4' -6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. 13. E. pcrfolifttuni, L. (THOROUOHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2° -4° high), hairy • leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate- perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy 188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) beneath (5' -8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds-, common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered. +- •»-•«-•«- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, long-petioled : heads \Z-\b-flowered\ in compound corymbs. 14. E. ser6tinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and southward. * * * Heads 8 - 30-Jlmoered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row : leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted : flowers white. 15. E» agcratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long -petioled, thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Rich woods and copses; common, especially northward. 16. E. aromatic n in, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. — Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lowei and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads. V. M IRANI A, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com- monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.) 1. HI. sea Helens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves somewhat trian gular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept. 8. CONOCL,INItJM, DC. MIST-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly equal linear-awl- shaped scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! Otherwise as in Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet- purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of K&VOS, a cone, and K\ivr), a bed, from the conical receptacle.) 1. C. CCelestinillll, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 9. NARDCSMIA, Cass. SWEET COLTSFOOT. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 Achenia terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer anc copious in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all frojn the rootstock, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from vapbos, spikenard, and 00*177, odor.) 1. N. palmiita, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewliat kidney-form, white- woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Tussilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bigd.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to Michigan and northward : rare. May. — Full-grown leaves 6' - KX broad. 1C. TUSSIL.AGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT. Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucro nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong. Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori- zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) 1. T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.) 11. ADENOCAtlL-ON, Hook. ADENOCAULON. Heads 5-10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from aSqi/, a gland, and /eauXos, a stem). 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu- lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. 12. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER. Heads 12-15-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread- ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py- ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren- nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymt Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from vrjpiKos, silky, and KapTros- fruit.) 1. S. SOlidagineilS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves lintar, rigid, ot> tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3" long), 190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) t'n close clusters, few-flowered; pappus white. — Thickets, S. New England to Virginia, near the coast. July. 2. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4" -6" long) ; pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ; common. July. 3. S. tortifolillS, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatu- late, short (£'-!' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus ichite. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. Aug. GALATELLA HTS8OPir6LiA, Nees, is omitted, because it has not been found in our district, and probably is not an American plant. 13. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf- like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads. Rays white, purple, or blue : the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name aonjp, a star, from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.) $ 1. BIOTIA, DC. — Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips : rays 6-15 (white or nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely ser- rate : heads in open corymbs. 1. A. COryilll>6sia§, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles ; rays 6-9. — Woodlands ; common, especially north- ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves, than the next ; not rough, but sometimes pubescent. 2. A. macropliyllllS, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high); leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4' -10' long, 3' -6' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar- gined petioles; heads in ample rigid coiymbs; rays 12-25 (white or bluish). — Moist woods ; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept. — Involucre £' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner. $ 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12-30, violet: achenia nar- row (smoothish) : pappus of rigid bristles of unequal thickness : stem-leaves all sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped: heads few, large and showy. (Allied to $ 1, and to Sericocarpus.) COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 3. A. Kiidula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth, many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. 4. A. Slirculosus, Michx. Stems slender (^°-l° high), from long and slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping subterranean shoots or suck- ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered ; leaves roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre obconical or bell-shaped (£'-£' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with short herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Var. GsXci- LIS (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo- lucre successively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £' long. — Perhaps runs into the next. 5. A. spcctiibilis, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan- dular-pubescent at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed, tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear- oblong, with conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ; achenia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus, though the heads are few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly 1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre £' long and wide. § 3. ASTER PKOPER. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numerous: pappus soft and nearly uniform : achenia flattened. (All flowering late in sum- mer or in autumn.) * Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate : involucre imbri- cated in 3 to several rows : rays shouy, purple-violet. 6. A» sericetlS, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchlets ; scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous base, silvery; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species ; the large heads with 20-30 rays of £' or more in length. 7. A. COllCOlor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves crowded, ob- long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme ; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenia silky. — Dry sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3° high, with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the sair< hue both sides. Rays bright violet-purple. 192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) # # Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by a heart-shaped or auricled base : heads showy : scales of the inversely conical or bell- shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively shortert oppressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips : rays large, purple or blue. 8. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent,- stem loosely paniclcd above (1°- 3° high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, all clasping by a deep awicled-heart-shaped base, rough, especially above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. PKLOGIF6LIUS is a form which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially southward. Heads £' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays. 9. A. lifevis, L. Very smooth throughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the sliort-obovoid or hemi- spherical involucre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. A variable species, of which the two best-marked forms are : — Var. IsevigatUS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob- long; involucre nearly hemispherical; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar- row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnerve. (A. Isevis, L. A Isevigatus, Willd.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common. Var. cyaneilS. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; invo- lucre narrowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Hoffm., frc.) — Border of woodlands ; common, especially northward. — A very elegant species, with showy flowers. 10. A. tlll'biiiellus, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculatcly branched ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in- volucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (£' long) ; the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; achenia nearly smooth. — Dry hills, &c., Illinois and southwestward. * * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, the upper sessile or petiokd: invo- lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous, racemose or panicled. •*- Leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized : rays bright-blue. 11. A. azureilS, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-lance- olate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the otliers lanceolate or lin- ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species ; the in- volucre much as in No: 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent ; the rays bright blue. 12. A. Sliortii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti- oles ; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south- ward.— A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3-5' long. 13. A. UlldulatUS, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence ; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads hi racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under- neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or direct- ly sessile by a heart-shaped base ; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifolius, Michx.) — Dry copses, common. f- *- Leaves conspicuously serrate: heads small : rays pale blue or nearly white. 14. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads ; lower leaves all heart- shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of tiie inversely coni- cal involucre all oppressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. — "Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion, but quite small. 15. A. sagittifdlius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-sltaped slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Perm, to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, LindL, which probably grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved variety of this. * * * * Leaves none of them Iteart-shaped ; those of tiie stem sessile, narrow, rigid, entire : involucre imbricated in several rows : the coriaceous scales oppressed and whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays white. 16. A. eriCOldeS, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (l°-l£0 high); the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. viLL6sus is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward. 17. A. nillltiflorilS, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar- gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base ; scales of tJie invo- lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil ; common. 194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ***** L&ives none of them heart-shaped; tJiose of the stem tapering at the base, sessik; involucre imbricated ; the scales of unequal length, with short and narrow oppressed or rather loose greenish tips: heads small or middle-sized: rays white or pale bluish-purple. t- Heads small. (Involucre |' - % long.) 18. A. dumoSUS, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the scattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets ; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ; scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4 - 6 rows. — Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con- ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the suc- ceeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several peculiar forms. 19. A. Tradescfillti, L. Smooth or smoothish; the numerous heads closely racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely sen-ate in the middle with fine sharp teeth ; scales of the involucre narroivly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. FR^GILIS has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, £c., very common. — Stems 2° -4° high,, bushy: heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so. 20. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched ; the brandies usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads ; leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. — Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2' - 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white. •»- •*- Heads middle-sized. (Involucre i'-J' long.) 21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much branched ; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Rays pale. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. 22. A. tcnuifolillS, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (2° -3° high) ; the heads somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender point (2' -6' long), with rough margins, the lower some- what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-sliapcd, very slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to Wisconsin and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish. 23. A. C&rneilS, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping; beads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of the obovate invo- lucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricated. — Moist soil ; common. Leaves firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 194 violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older names will be found and verified for this and No. 21, which here cover a mul- titude of forms. A. mutabilis, L., is probably one of them. *##*** Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the hem- ispherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herbaceous tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized or large : rays blue or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.) 24. A. aestivus, Ait. Stem slender, rough, bushy-branched; leaves nar- rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads corymbose, loose; scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently light blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. L2ETIFL6RUS has very slender branches and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. — Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as large as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves 4' -7' long, \' to £' wide. 25. A. Novi-Belgti, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, pale, or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tips ; rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state. The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 23 and No. 26. — Heads smaller and less showy than in the next. 26. A» longifolius, Lam. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched, corym- bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lance- olate, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, linear, with acute or awl-shaped spreading or recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist places, along streams, &c., common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Hoffm., A. laxus, WiUd. (a form with more leafy involucres), A. praaltus, Poir., A. elodes, Torr. Sf Gr., &c. 27. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri- cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressed teeth, rough above, nearly smooth underneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, hi open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs. Var. vimineus (A. vimineus, WiUd.) is a variety nearly smooth through- out ; growing in shade. 28. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3° high), corymbose- paniclcd, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lan- ceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering below in a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auricled- heart-shaped clasping base ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved- spreading tips ; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York and Perm, to Wisconsin. 196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) *#**#*# Leave,-, entire, those of the stem sessile, the base iften clasping: heads, solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbed, large or middle-sized, showy ; scales of the involucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly foliaceous tips, usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, frc. •i- Involucre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks. 29. A. graildiflorilS, L. Rough urith minute hispid hairs'; stems slender, loosely much-branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (£'-!' long), oblong- linear, obtuse, rigid ; the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre ; rays bright violet (!' long) ; achenia hairy. — Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy. 30. A. OblOllgifolillS, Nutt. Minutely glandular-pubendent, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (l°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly ob- long or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2'long by 2" -5" wide) ;, scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base, rays violet-purple; achenia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn. (Hunting- don County, Porter!) and Virginia to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers not half as large as those of the next. A. AMETHYSTINUS, Nutt., of Eastern Massachusetts, is a still wholly obscure species. •*- •+- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row. 31. A. J\ovir-Aiiglia5, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbeu at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence : scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, loose, glan- dular-viscid, as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple (A. roseus, Desf.), very numerous ; achenia hairy. — Moist grounds ; common. — Heads large, corymbed. ******** Head and imbricated involucre with leafy tips as in the preceding group ; b'tt the foliage as in * * *. 32. A. anoiiialiis, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent ; stems slcndei (2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lance- olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper small and almost sessile ; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achenia smooth. — Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Missouri), Engelmann. — Heads as large as those of No. 30 : rays violet-purple. § 4. ORITR6PHIUM, Kunth. — Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous : pappus of soft and uniform capil- lary bristles : mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads. 33. A. graminifolillS, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6 '-12' high) ; leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slendei naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads ; rays rose-purple or whitish. — New Hampshire, about the White Mountains (Mr. Eddy in hei-b. Tuckerman) L. Superior, and northward. $ 5. ORTH6MERIS, Torn & Gr. — Scales of the involitcre regularly imbricated, unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitute, of herbaceous tips : pappus of soft and unequal capillary bristles. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 84. A. acuniiiiatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and en- tire at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan- ceolate, pointed, thin (3"- 6" long) ; heads few or seA-eral; rays 12-18, white, or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods, common northward and southward along the Alleghanies, Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains of New Hampshire. 35. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (!'- 1^' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept. 36. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- tered (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a fiat corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white (2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, Illinois, and northward. Aug. * 6. OXYTRIP6LIUM, DC. — Scales of the involua-e imbricated, without herba- ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft and capillary: achenia striate. 37. A. flexnosus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' -20' high); the branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many roics, ovate-lanceolate with awl-shaped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept. 38. A. linifolillS, L. Stem much branched (6' -24' high), the branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-aid- shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Michx,) — Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. 14. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE. Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and almost in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed heads. Disk yellow: ray white or purple. (Name from fo 198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; spring, and yepa>v, an old man, suggested by the hoary appear* Jice of some of the vernal species.) § 1. C-3SN6TUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus: disk-corollas 4-toothed : pappus simple : annuals and biennials: head* very small, cylindrical. 1. E. Caiiadcnse, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly- hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panicled. — Waste places ; a com- mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July - Oct. — Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. 2. E. divai'icsitiim, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3'-6; high) ; leaves linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1. — Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. § 2. EUERf GERON, Torr. & Gr. — Rays elongated, crowded in one or more rows : pappus simple. (Erect perennials : heads somewhat corymbed.) 3. E. bcllidifolillin, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) largo heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks; common. May. 4. E. PhiladelplliClim, L. (FLEABANE,) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor- ymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ; the upper smootliish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. (E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground; common. June -Aug. $ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and minute, or rather chaffy: otherwise as § 2. 5. E. glabelllllll, Nutt. Stem (6' -15' high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and pctiolcd; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twee the length of the hoary -hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and northward. June. § 4. PHALACROL.6MA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a single row, conspicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute cJ\affy-bristlf.-form scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely want- ing in the ray : annuals and biennials. 6. E. amiuiim, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3° -5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly im o lucre. (E. hetero- phyllum, Muhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places; a very common weed. (Nat. in Europe. ) June - Aug. COMPOSITOR. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 7. E. Strigosiim, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym- bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves unth minute oppressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulatc, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifolium, Bigel.) — Fields, &c. ; com- mon. June - Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. § 5. ERIGERlDIUM, Torr. & Gr.— Rays about 30, in a single row, rather broad: pappus simple: achenia mostly ^-nerved: not perennial. 8. E. vcrmim, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Michx. Aster vernus, L.) — Low grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May. 15. DIPJLOPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo- lucre imbricated, appressed, narrow, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel- low ; rays white or violet. (Name composed of SwrXoos, double, and irdinros, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.) 4 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated, achenia silky : bristles of the inner pappus all alike. 1. O. liiiariifolius, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common. Sept., Oct. { 2. Pays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricatea in about 3 rows : achenia smoothish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some of tliem thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire. 2. D. limbellatUS, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high) ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' - 6' long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north- ward. Aug. 3. D. amygdaliuus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu- cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south- ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, rougher, and with broader and shorter leaves. 4. D. COrnifolillS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing feui heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point- ed at both ends, ciliate, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa- chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July -Sent. 14: 200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 16. BOLTONIA, L'Hei. BOLTONIA. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays nmneious, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow mcmbranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache- nia flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre- quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. Head* loosely corymbose or panicled :. disk yellow : rays white or purplish. (Dedi- cated to /. Bolton, an English botanist.) See Addend. 1 . 15. asteroides, I/Her. Leaves lanceolate ; achenia broadly cval ; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams. Pennsylvania (Bartram) and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — Plant usually 6° high. 2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turned edgewise by a twist ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Ricji moist soil Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high. 17. B ELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; tke rays numerous, pistillate. Scales, of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. perennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) 1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Diffusely branched and spreading (4' -9' high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. ® @ — Prairies and banks, Kentucky and south westward. March -June. 18. BRACHYCBLETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD. Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name com posed of /Spa^us, short, and Xa'irn-> bristle, from the pappus.) 1. B. cord uta, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills, E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or less pubescent. 19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. Heads few - many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except No. 1). Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-ribbed, nearly terete. Pappus COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali- ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct. See Addend. $ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in- volucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in dusters or glomerate ra- cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike. 1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills, Maine and W. Vermont to Penn., and the mountains of Virginia. $ 2. VIRGAtFREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips: rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers : heads all more or less pediceUed. * Heads in close clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. (Rays 3 -6.) 2. S. bicolor, L. Hoary f>r grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small, cream-color or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR has the rays yellow. — Dry copses and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward. 3. S. latifdlia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long); heads in very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil; common northward, and along the mountains. 4. S. Ctfesia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than in the last. * * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and panicled, not one-sided: leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.) •»- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost. 5. S. virgata, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceo- late-oblong leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; rays 5-7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir- ginia and southward. 6. S. puberula, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and panicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, ac ite, tapering to the base, smoothish; the lowe* wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very nu- 202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) merous, crowded in compact erect-sjrreading short racemes, forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, ap- pressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast. 7. S. Stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti- oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis- consin and northward. Root-leaves 6' -10' long. It flowers earlier than its allies, beginning in July. •«- •«- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant. 8. S. Speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform pan- icle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong, obtuse ; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUSTA.TA is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand- some species ; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms. » 9. S. Virgil-ail rea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6;- 18' high) and simple; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spatulate or ellipticat- obovate and petioled, serrate with small appressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes thyrsoid or simple, narrow ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ; rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north- ern regions. (Eu.) Var. alpiiia, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York ; and shore of Lake Superior. Var. liuaeEilis. Low (6' -12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu- merous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., are mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 6-8, short ; leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate. (S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. $* Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi- nutely pubescent stout stem 1° — 2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally almost white. 10. S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), wund-like, pu- bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser- rate with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5" -6" long), many- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2' -18' long); scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper- pointed ; rays 8 - 1 0, elongated ; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, Pursh. S. leiocarpa, DC.) — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward. # * # Heads in a compound corymb terminating tlie simple stem, shoicy : leaves thick- ish, mostly feather-veined from, a strong midrib. 11. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; the short compact clusters densely cor- ymbed at the summit ; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; heads large, about 34-flowered; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and southward. 12. S. OhioensiS, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2° - 3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, closely sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate towards the apex, somewhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 16-20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the size of those of No. 11. 13. S. Riddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- olate, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, coridupli- cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre- gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowered ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 14. S. Hoil^lltoilii, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth; stem rather low and slender (l°-l£° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti- oles ; heads several, crowded in a small nearly simple corymb, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3' -5- long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely pubescent. Heads large, nearly $' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi- nutely ciliate. * * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple- nerved. • Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obsairely veiny: heads rather large. 15. S. seuipervirens, L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varies, in less 204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear- lanceolate leaves, laperiug to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy : the golden rays 8-10. *- •*- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly triple- nerved; heads middle-sized. 16. S. ellfptica, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very leafy, leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining alxwe ; heat's in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, New Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the rays 8-12. 17. S. neglccta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth,- stem stout (2° -3° high); leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the upper oblong-tanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon- gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenia nearly glabrous. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 18. S. patlftla, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves (4' -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common. - 19. S. argllta, Ait. Smooth throughout (1°- 4° high); radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sJtarply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and Jlat corymb-like panicle; rays 8-12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCEA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCABRELLA is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisconsin, &c.). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. — Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, &e. But the name is a bad one, as even the root-leaves are seldom very sharply toothed. 20. S. Mllllleilbergii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser- rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large. — Copses and moist woods, N. Hampshire to Penn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender. 21. S. linoides, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' -20' high)- leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the lower tapering into margined ciliate petioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided panicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi- dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 •*-+••»•• Lecvet, broad, not large, sessile or short-petioled, coarsely and sharply serrate^ copiously feather-veined ; veinlets conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays short. 22. S. altlSSima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes paiii- cled, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6 - 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7. — Borders of fields and copses ; very common, presenting a great variety of forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest of the common Golden-rods. 23. S. liliiiifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical -ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be- set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 24. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur- face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubes- cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Rocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. «- •*- •*- -H- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure. 25. S. pildsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with sjrread- ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram- idal panicle; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. 26. S. oddra, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so through- out; stem slendei' (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin- ing, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3-4, rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor. •*--»-•*-•*—•»- Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and slightly triple- nerved, obscurely serrate or entire ; heads middle-sized. . " 27. §• ilCHioriiliS, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (j°-2^° high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate- toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re- curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed • rays 6-9. — Dry sterile fields ; very common. In the West occur less hoaryr and rougher forms. ***** Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed. «- Scales of the, involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat gre&r ish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining. 28. S. Sliortii, Torr. fc Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-3° high), minute- ly roughish-pubescent : leaves ddong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrate COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; achenia silkyyubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. — A handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow. 29. S. raiSSOliriensiS, Nutt. Smooth throughout (l°-3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in No. 19 ; aclienia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south- ward and westward. — Heads l£"-2" long. +- •»- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous : racemes mostly elon- gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample, panicle. (These all present inter- mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.) 30. S. rupcstris, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ; panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken- tucky and Indiana. 31. S. Canadcnsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3° -6° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less pubescent beneath and rough above ; heads small ; rays very short. — Borders of thick- ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated , linear-lanceolate ; — in var. PR6CER A, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. scAuuA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined. 32. S. Sertitina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high), often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except the veins underneath, which are more or less hair)/ ; rays short. — Thickets and low grounds ; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the heads and rays, between the last and the next. 33. S. gngantea, Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex- cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, but with decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall. $ 3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. — Corymbosdy much branched : heads small, sessile ih little clusters which are crowded in Jlat-topped corymbs ; the closely oppressed scales of the involucre somewhat glutinous : receptacle JimbriUate : rays 6 - 20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowdtd. -. 34. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-nerved, the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, £c. in moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long. 35. S. temiifdlia, Pursh. Smooth, slender ; leaves very narrowly linear, mostly l-nerved, dotted; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast C03ITOSIIUE. (cOilPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 2O. BIGEEiOVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN- ROD. Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo- lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Rsceptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (l°-2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear- ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.) 1. B. midala, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Sept. 21. CHRY§GPSI§, Kutt GOLDEN ASTEB. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tke involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia obovate or linear oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of all the flowers double, the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of jpuaor, gold, and fyic, aspect, from the golden blossoms.) * Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear: achenia linear. 1. C. grasiaisaifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ; stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July - Oct. 2. C. falcata, Ell. Stems (4' -10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed. — Diy sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug. *• «• Leaves ollong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened. 3. C. Goss^pifiaa, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves oblong, obtuse, (l'-2' long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and southward. Aug. - Oct. 4. C. -Tlarifaaia, Nutt. Silky with long and weak, hairs, or when old sraoothish ; kaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular penduncles. — Dry bar- rens, from New York and Lancaster, Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.- Oct. 5. C. Villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and viUous-pubescent : stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; leaves nar- rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly -ciliate toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west- ward. July - Sept. 208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 22. INUJLA, L. ELECAMPANE. Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth- erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. I. HELENIUM, L. (COMMON ELECAMPANE.) Stout (3°-5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1|. — Road-sides, escaped from cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.) 23. PI, tlC HE A, Cass. MARSH FLEABANE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric odor, the heads in close com- pound corymbs. Flowers purplish. (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.) 1. P. cainpliorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Minutdy vis- cid, pale (l°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick- ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat ; involucre viscid-downy. ® ( Conjr- za camphorata, Bigd. C. Marylandica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. 2. P. fcetida, DC. Almost smooth (2° -4° high); haves distinctly petioled, veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate ; corymbs panicled ; invo- lucre smooth, y. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. 24. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and staminate flowers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri- cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu- tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi- cated to Bacchus.) 1. 55. lialimifolia, L. (SEA GROUNDSEL-TREE.) Smooth and some- what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads scattered or in leafy panicles ; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Sept.-Oct.— Shrub 6°-12° high-, the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus. 2. IS. gloilierilliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader and very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, Virginia near the coast, and southward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 25. POL--MNIA, L. LEAF-CUP. Hoads many-flowered, radiate; the rays several, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle flat, with a membranaceous chaff to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren- nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo- site, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi- cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse and inelegant.) 1. P. CanadensiS, L. Clammy-hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; rays few, dbovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. July -Sept. 2. P. Uvcdalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4° -10° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil, W. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. 26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. CHRYSOGONUM. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap- pus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low (2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crcnate, long-pctioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com- posed of xpuo-oy, golden, and yoi/u, knee.) 1. C. Virginia mi ill, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mercersburg, Porter) and Illinois southward. May -Aug. — Rays ^' long. 27. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-PLANT. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers perfect, bnt sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and resern. ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressed, surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin : achenia of the disk sterile and stalk- 210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2iA<£u>v, the ancient name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafcetida?), was transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.) # Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near tJie base (root very large and thick). 1. S. laciniatum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Very rough- bristly throughout ; stem stout (3° -6° high) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut- lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l/-2/ broad), somewhat racemed; scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thence southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12' -30' long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south, and hence called Compass-Plant. 2. S. terelmitliiiiaccuiii, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slen- der (4° -10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads, leafless except towards the base ; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart- shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (l°-2° long, and on slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenia nar- rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. PINNAT/FIDUM has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July - Sept. * * Stem terete 01 slightly 4-angled, leafy : leaves undivided (not large). 3. S. f rifoliftt 11 ill, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° - 6° high), branched above, stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosely panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. — Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug. 4. S. AstcriSCUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the hwer in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; ache- nia obovate, winged and 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward. 5. S. intCgrrifoliuni, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' -5' long) ; heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var. LJBVE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. # # # Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6' -15' long). 6. S. perfoliatUlli, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above (4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases ; heads corymbose ; achenia winged and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward; common. July. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 28. PARTHEN1UM, L. PARTHENUJM. Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil- late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo- lucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen- der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from napdevos, virgin.) 1. P. in te^ri folium, L. Rough-pubescent (l°-3°high); leaves ob- long or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3r - 6' long) cut-lobed below the middle ; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. \ — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis- consin, and southward. 29. IV A, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB. Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a small tubular corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or of bracts. (Derivation unknown.) 1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high) j leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug. 2. I. Cilmta, Willd. Annual (2° -8° high) , rough and hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender dilate petioles ; heads in dense panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois south- ward. Aug. - Oct. 3O. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of tho racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, composed of 7 - 1 2 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stami- nate flowers ; with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappus none. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate Ic bed or d is 212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) sected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flouers. ('Apflpwria, the food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless and coarse weeds.) $ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre with the truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled. 1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (l°-3°high), very leafy; leaves al- ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base. (D — Prairies of Illinois and southward. Aug. § 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular. * Leaves opposite, only lobed: sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side. 2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem square, stout (4° -12° high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo- late and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 6-ribbed and tubercled. (£) — Var. INTEGRIF6LIA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks ; common. Aug. * * Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatijid. 3. A. artemisiaefolia, L. (KOMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BIT- TER-WEED.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo- void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. Q) — Waste places everywhere. July - Sept. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species. 4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; leaves once pinnatijid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber- cles or with very small ones, pubescent, (i) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. $• Gr.) — Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward. Aug. 31. XANTHI1T1TI, Tourn. COCKLEBCR. CLOTBUR. Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo- lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slender thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat ; destitute of pappus. — Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £dvdos, yellow, in allu sion to the color the plants are said to yield.) 1. X. St I'll ill a rill ill, L. (COMMON COCKLEBUR.) Rough; stems un- armed; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles, toothed and cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (£ -§' long), pubes- cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu ) — Varies into forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (§'-!' long), COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILTV 213 which is cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — River-banks, &c., com mon westward ; apparently indigenous. And tkis passes into Var. echinatum. (X. echiuatum, Murr., &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long), thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in- curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of the world. 2. X. SPIXOSUM, L. (THOKNY CLOTBUB.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slen- clo!-, -with slender yellow B-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often 2 - 3-lobed or cut ; fruit ( \' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places on the sea-board. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?) 32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb, viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of TfTpdyavos, four-angled, and #17*77, a case, from the shape of the involucre.) 1 . T. lieliailtlioidcs, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June 33. ECL.1PTA, L. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per- fect, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lan- ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia short, 3 - 4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from c/cXfiVa), to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.) 1. E. procumbens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly sen-ate; peduncles many times longer than the head. - Var. BRACHYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of tho heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June - Oct. 34. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 -4-angled. Pappus a short 214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6 '-12' high); leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 35. IIEL.IOPSIS, Fers. OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of rj\ios, the sun, and fyis, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.) 1. H. lii" vis, Pers. Nearly smooth i(l°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong-ovate. — Var. scAuiiA has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses ; common. Aug. 36. ECHINACEA, Mcench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^ti/os, the Hedgehog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1. E. purpurca, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough- bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), l'-2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- icine under the name of Black Sampson. 2. E. angllStifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis- consin southwestward. June - Aug. ' 37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columrai , the shorl chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at tho COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILT.) 215 top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.) * Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut. 1. R. luciiiifitci, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper- most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ; rays linear (l'-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets ; common. July- Sept. * # Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented. 2. R. Sllbtomentdsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high), downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ; heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. # # * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3. 3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff" of the black-purple disk smooth, awned. (g) — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small, but numerous and showy. 4. R. speciosa, Wender. Koughish-hairy (l°-2° high), branched; tho branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon- gated (I'-lJ') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, W. Pcnn. to Ohio and Virginia. July. 5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, 1° - 3° high : the rays orange-yellow. 6. R. Ill rta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, "VV. Xew York to Wisconsin and southward. ]S"ow common eastward, in meadows, of receat introduction, with grass-seed from the West. June — Aug. Coarser and less showy thau the preceding, variable in the size of the rajs. 38. LEPACHYS, Raf. (OBELISCARIA, DC.) Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar : the chaff truncate 216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.") thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray- ish. (Name from Xenit, a scale, and ira^vs, thick, referring to the thickened tips of the chaff.) 1. 1«. pinnata, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen- der (4° high), brandling; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). — Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (SartweLl), to Wisconsin and southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised. Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 39. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar- gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from rjXios, the sun, and avOos, a floiver.) — All our wild species are perennial. * Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. •«- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading herbaceous tips. 1. H. angllStifoIillS, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1 -nerved, pale beneath; heads (small) loosely corymbed, long-peduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. •«- ••- Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appresst-d, ovate or broadly lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, destitute of herbaceous tips. (Leaves nearly all opposite.) 2. H. atrdmbens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2° -5° high), smooth, and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped (3' -6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illi- nois, and southward. 3. H. rigid us, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often several small scales. — Diy prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward. # * Disk convex, yellow : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, with somewJiat spreading and acute (but not foliaceous) tips : leaves chiejly opposite. 4. H. IsetiflorilS, Pers. Stout and rough (3° -4° high), branching above; leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper- pointed, the uppermost alternate and nearly entire ; heads single or corymbed, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 oil naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovate -lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward — Leaves almost as thick as ID No. 3. Rays showy, l'-2' long. 5. II. OCCideiltaliS, Riddell. Somewhat hairy ; stem slender, simple, naked above (I°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-uerved, obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy peti- oles ; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. 6. H. cinereilS, var. Sililivaiitii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles Blender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, SuHi- vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next. 7. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to the top (2° -4° high) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base, pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under- neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. # * # Heads small: scales of the involucre fete, shorter titan the yellow disk, Irregu- larly imbricated, oppressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays 5 - 8 : leaves all but the uppermost opposite. 8. H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some- what serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath; pedun- cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. — Thickets, W. Perm, to Illinois, and southward. — Heads J' broad, the rays nearly 1' long. 9. H. Isevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, AUeghany Mountains, west of the Warm Springs of Virginia, and southward. * * * * Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the involucre irregularly imbricated. loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yellow disk or longer. •*- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscurely triple-ribbed. 10. H. giganteilS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° -10° high), branched above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. JLMnfouus has most of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches Xo. 13. — Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the pale yellow rays 15-20, 11. H. grosse-serr situs, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, at least below (5° 10° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper 218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioled, rough above, hoary and downy beneath ; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slight- ly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward — Probably runs into the last. 12. II. tOincntOSUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5' -12 long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath; scales of the in- volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chaft' and tips of the disk- flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16, 1' long.) — Rich woods, Illi- nois ? Virginia and southward along the mountains. •»- •*- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed. 13. H. striuiiosiis, L. Stem rather simple (3° -4° high), smooth be- low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small oppressed teeth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or minutely doivny underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. MOLLIS has the leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses ; common, espe- cially westward. 14. H. divaricatUS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbcd at tho top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3- nervedfrom the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3' -6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides ; scales of the involucre lanceolate from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and bar- rens; common. — Disk £' wide; rays 1' long. 15. H. MrsutllS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout ( 1° - 2° high), bristly-hairy; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about 12. — Dry plains, &c., Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last. 16. H. tracheliifdlillS, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smoothish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into short petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed- ing the disk ; rays 12-15. — Copses, Penn. ? Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Probably runs into the next. 17. H. decapetalllS, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smooth be* low; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or roughish, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10. — Var. FROND6sus has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams ; common, especially northward. (H. multiflorus, L., is probably a cultivated state of this.) 18. H. doronicoidcs, Lam. Stem stout (5° -9° high), branching, rough-hairy above ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, senate, strongly triple.- vdned, rough above, smoothish or downy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 and on margined petioles ; scales of the invof acre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most probably the original of H. TUBERdsus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital- ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into fence-rows in some places. H. INNUUS, L., the COMMON SUNFLOWER, which sometimes sows itself around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North America, 4O. ACT IX 6 HE HIS, Nutt. ACTIXOMEEIS. Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch- ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from a/eTiV, a ray, and pepis, a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of the rays.) 1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8° high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point- ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad- ly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwell) to Michi- gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 2. A. beliaotboides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rags 8-15, regular, narrow ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly awns ; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south- ward. July. 41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly mcmbranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from tacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile. 1. A. borculiS, Pallas. Low (3' -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cleJl at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or linear ; heads feic, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or racemed. ty — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.) 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (CANADA WORMWOOD.) Smooth, or hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3 - 7-divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani- cled racemes. 1|. — Shore of all the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.) 3. A. caudata, Michx. (SLENDER WORMWOOD.) Smooth (2° -5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 - 3-pinnately divided ; the division* thread-form, spreading ; heads small, tfie racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. — Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey ; and in Illinois. $ 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. 4. A. Ludoviciuna, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened-wool- ly throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut- toothed or pinnatifid, tfie upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming naked and smooth with age ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow leafy panicles. IJ. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward; especially the var. GNAPHAI^DES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly both sides. 5. A. VDLGXRIS, L. (COMMON MCGWORT.) Branches and lower sur- face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes variously cut or entire, linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles IJ. — Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. A. bicnnis, Willd. (BIENNIAL WORMWOOD.) Smooth, simple (1° 3° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, whirh are 228 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. © — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northward. Aug. § 3. Receptacle hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate. 7. A. ABsfxTHiUM. L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby, silky- hoary ; leaves 2- 3-pinnately parted ; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panicled, nod- ding.— Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv from Eu.) See Arldfnd.' 58. G1VAPHAL.IUM, L. CUDWEED. Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, vhite or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from yvd(ba\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.) * Achenia nearly terete: pistillate flowers occupying several roics. 1. O. decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem stout, erect (2° high), branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. 1J. — Hill- sides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept. 2. O. polyceplialum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Stem erect, woolly ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panidtxl-coryinbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. (D — Old fields and woods ; common. — Plant fragrant, l°-2° high. 3. O. llliginosiiin, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, woolly all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob- long. (I) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side ; introduced ? (Eu.) 4. O. purpureum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Stem simple, or branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly ; leaves oblong-spatu- late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un- derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at iht> •wand-like summit of the stem ; scales of tbe involucre lance-oblong, tawny-white, the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and southward. # # Achenia flatfish : pistillate flowers in a single marginal row. 5. O. Sllpinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acute. 1J. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229 59. AtfTENNlRIA, Gxrtn. EVERLASTING. Heads man /-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil- late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col- ored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennae, of many insects.) 1. A. margaritacea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stern erect (l°-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly- white involucre obtuse or rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug. 2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low ( 4' -10' high) ; leaves silky- woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape- like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval- spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant. — Var. MONOCEPHALA has a single larger head. (Phila- delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May. 6O. F I L. AGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch- ing woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name fromjihim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.) 1. F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry fields, New York to Virginia. July- Oct. (Xat. from Eu.) 61. ERECHTH1TES, Raf. FIREWEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white 230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.} 1. E. hicracifolia, Raf. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy ; stem grooved; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile ; the upper often with an auricled clasping base. (Senecio hieracifolius, Z/.) — Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. — Plant 1° - 5° high, with some- what the aspect of a Sow-thistle. 62. CACAL.IA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre in a single row, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil- lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often pctioled leaves, and rather large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) # Involucre 25 - 3Q-Jlowei-ed, with several bracts at its base : recejrtacle flat. 1. C. Sliaveolcns, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular- lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept. * * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing a more or leas evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 2. C. retiiformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4°- 9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-sHaprd, or the low- est kidney-form (1° — 29 broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmatcly veined, pcti- oled; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Pcnn. to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. 3. C. atrfplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem tereto (3° — 6° high), and with the palmately veined and anqulate-lobrd Ir-aves glaucous; lower leaves triangular-kidncy-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom- boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. 4. C. tuberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem angled and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5 -7 -nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June. 63. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with the marginal ones radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231 mth alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed head?. Flowers chiefly yellow. fName from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) See Addend. * Hays none : root annual. 1. S. VULG\BIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Nearly smooth (6'-i2' high) ; leaves pinuatifid and toothed, clasping ; heads loosely ejrymbed. — Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.j * # Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed. 2. S. aureus, L. (GOLDEX RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, ta Jloccose-wodly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar- ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-pet ioled ; ttie lower stem-leaves lyre- shaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1. OBOVATUS, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — Var. 2. BALSAJIIT^:, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LAX- CEOiA-rus, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un- equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Rob- bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June. 3. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish, narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- rate; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward along the mountains. May. 4. S. tomciltosus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAG wonx.) Clotlied urith scarce- ly deciduous hoary icool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed, on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. — Mountains of Penn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May. 5. C\N*US, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs within our Northwestern borders. 64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptannica.) 1. A. 111313 is. Hook. Soft-hairy; stem lenfy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smooth ish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole; scales of the involucre pointed; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c., White Mountains of X. Hampshire and mountains of N. Ne-^r York : Lake Superior, Prof. Whitney ; and thence northwestvrarcl. Jr.lv. 282 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. A. nildicaflliS, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high); leaves thickish, 3 - 5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire ; those of the naked stem small and only 1 or 2 pairs ; heads several, corymbed, showy, — Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May. 65. CENT A UREA, L. STAR-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron.) 1. C. CVANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined ; false rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base. © — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. C. N!GRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen- daged, and with a stiff black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough. 1J. — Waste places, E. New Eng- land. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. C. CALcfrRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched ; leaves, pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple, (f) — Norfolk, Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.) C. AMERICANA, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens. 66. C NIC US, Vaill. BLESSED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous, appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re- ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate, crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. — An annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large bracted heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from KVI£O>, to prick.) 1. C. BENEDfCTUS, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from En.) 67. CIRSIUM, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely Imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Papp is of numer- ous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 Sj with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from KI/WTOS, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.) # Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles. 1. C. LANCEOLATUM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple, (f) — Pas- tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Si-ales of the involucre oppressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy. •»- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above : outer scales of the involucre successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 2. C. Pitcberi, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis' ions, with re volute margins ; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 3. C. imdulatUID, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with prickly lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. @ — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ; thence westward. July. 4. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy ; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, whitened with close woof be- neath ; the diverging lobes 2 - 3-cle/l, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale purple. (D — Meadows and copses; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6° high : heads 1 ' or more in width. 5. C. altissinilllll, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads: leaves rough ish-h airy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, ^ong or triangular ; flowers chiefly purple, 1J.? — Fields and copses, Penn. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 3° - 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last. G. C. ViJ'sriiiiammi, Mkhx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly- branched, the branches or long peduncles naked: leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward. July. — Plant 1 ° - 3° high ; the heads seldom more than half as large as in the last. Var. filipeiidlllllin. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en- larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and south west ward. *- •*- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of ihe involucre scarcely prickly-pointed. 7. C. muticum, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° -8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and bearing single or few rather large naked heads; leaves somewhat hairy above. 234 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) whitened with k-ose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatijid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous invo- lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple, y. — Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug. 8. C. puiiiilum, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1 -3 very large heads (!£' broad), which are some- what leafy-bracted at the base ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green, tOTfiewhat hairy, pinnatijid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). (S) — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast. Also Illinois and westward ; common. July. 9. C. horridulum, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (l°-4° high), webby-haired when youtig; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatijid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles ; heads large (!'-!£' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple in fading. — Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. June - Aug. * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed: Jilaments nearly smooth: heads imperfectly dioecious. 10. C. ARVENSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Low, branched ; roots ex- tensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; heads small and numerous ; flow- ers rose-purple, y. — Cultivated fields and pastures ; common at the North: a most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 68. € AUDIT US, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.) 1. C. NtrrANS, L. (MusK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple, (g) — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 69. ONOPOUDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE. Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. Achcnia 4-an/rled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous. Blender, not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching herbs, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple. 1. O. ACANTHI UM, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales linear-awl-shaped. ® — Road-sides. New England. (Adv. from Ea.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILT.) 235 TO. L.APPA, Tourn. BURDOCK. Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache- nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered : flowers purple, rarely white. (Name from XajSeu/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.) 1. Li. MAJOR, Gaertn. (COMMON BURDOCK.) Upper leaves ovate, the lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — "Waste places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L. tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, is occasionally seen. (Nat. from Eu.) SUBORDER H L.IGUL.IFL.OR^E. (CICHORACILE.) 71. L.AMPSANA, Tonrn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch- ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads : flowers yellow. (Name from Xa7rro>, to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, 83 written by Linnaeus.) 1. £i. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre- shaped. 0 — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.) 72. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CICHORT. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, showy. ' Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) 1. C. fxxTBUs, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ; common near the coast, especially in Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. KRIOIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION. Heads 15-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows. Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5 broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris- tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani cal collector hi this country.) 236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, forking during the season (!' - 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often pinnatifid. — Var. DICH6TOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug. 74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows. Achenia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous very small chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe- rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves; the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount Cynthus.') 1. C. Virgillica, Don. Roots fibrous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lance- olate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti- oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more. 2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -IS' high) ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few- lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July. 75. LI2OIVTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. FALL DANDELION. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract- lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Xe'coi/, a lion, and 68ovs , a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus OpORfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. 1. It. AUTUMNALE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves more or less pin- natifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England. Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from Eu. ) 76. IIIEItACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capil- lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan- icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from !epo£, a hawk.) # Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated: achenia tapering towards the base. 1. H. Canadense, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple. leafy, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and northward. Aug. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237 * # Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. 2. H. scabriim, Michx. (Rouon HAWKWEED.) Stem rather stout (l°-3°high), leafy, rough-hairy; the stiff flexuous panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose ; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40 - 50-flow- ered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods ; common, especially northward. Aug. 3. H. longipiliim, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED HAWKWEED.) Stem wand- like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy towards the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob- long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upriyht bristles; peduncles with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly; achenia spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west- ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long ! 4. H. Gronovii, L. (HAIKY HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle- shaped, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil; common, especially south- ward. Aug. — Varies from l°-4° high; with small heads and almost beaked fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest naked-stemmed states from the next. 5. H. venosum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the stem more or less leafy next the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high. 6. H. pniiiculfetmii, L. (PAXICLED HAWKWEED.) Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen- der diverging peduncles, 12 - 20-flowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the sum- mit. — Open woods ; rather common. 7"7. NABAL.US, Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri- ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or _cream- color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from vafi\a, a harp, in allu- sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L. See Addend. 238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - \Z-flowered. 1. N. «&lbus, Hook. (WuiTE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous (2° -4° high) ; stem corymbose-panided at the summit: leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, 01 3-5-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12- jhicered; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deep- ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads |' long. 2. IV. altissimus, Hook. (TALL WHITE LETTUCE.) Smooth; stem tall and slender (3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like kafy panicle ; leaves mem branaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 - ^-flowered ; pappus dirty white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward. Aug., Sept. 3. N. Fraseri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth ; stem corymbose-panic/ed at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del- toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 — 7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (greenish or pur- plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-Jiowcred ; pappus dull straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. rNTEGRir6Lius has the thick- ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New England to Virginia and southward. Sept. 4. N. lifsmiS, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5' -10' high); the heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle ; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre (livid) \Q-l3-jlowercd, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones, which are triangular-ovate and oppressed ; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New York. Aug. - Oct. 5. N. Boottii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5' -6' high), pubescent at the summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10- \8-Jlowered, of 10- 15 very obtuse proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of the former ; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug. 6. N. virgiitus, DC. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smootn, slightly glaucous; stem very simple (2° -4° high) ; produced above into a naked and slender spiked raceme (H°-2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat- eral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8- \2-flowered; pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and south- ward Sept. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 # * Involucre 12 - 40-Jlowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles. 7. N raceinosias, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smoot h, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about \2flowered; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and northward. Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. Sept. — Flowers flesh-color. 8. N. £sper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough- pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a long and narrow compound raceme ; involucre 12-14-Jlowered; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and ban-ens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color. 9. N. crepidincus, DC. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5° -8° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled branches; leaves large (6' -12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles ; involucre 20 - 40-Jlowered ; pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Involucre blackish ; flowers cream-color. 78. TROXIMON, Nutt. TROXIMON. Head many -flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo- late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 5? or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed, not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim- ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from Tpo>|o/iot, to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.) 1. T. cuspidatimi, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp- pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N, 111., and westward. April, May. 70. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough- ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear- ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from rapao-ox*, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.) 1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere: probably indigenous in the North. April -Sept. — After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, the slender beak elongates and rrdses up the pappus while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind tho naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (En.) 240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 80. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum ; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy-stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi- nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of Trvppos, flame-colored, and irarriros, pappus.) 1. P. CarolinianilS, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high), leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April - July. 81. L.ACTtlCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo- lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. saliva; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 1. Li. elongata, Muhl. (WILD LETTUCE.) Stem tall and stout (2°- 9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate and entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow naked panicle ; achenia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ; the leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. INTEGRI- F6LIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel- low or bluish (L. integrifolia, Bigel.) : — the var. SANGufNEA is smaller, mostly hairy, and with runcinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san- guinea, Bigel.). — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July -Sept. 82. IVIUJLGEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy- Btemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed or panicled; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.) * Pappus bright white : flowers blue. 1. M. acuminatum, DC. Smooth, panicled above (3° -€* high); stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, merely toothed, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole ; the lowest often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. @ — Borders of thickets, New York to Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next. 2. M. Florid a mi m, DC. Nearly smooth (3° -6° high) ; leaves allly- rate or runcinate, the divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan- icle. @ — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &c. — Rich soil, S. Perm., and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug. LOBELIACELrE. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241 * * Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish. 3. OT. leucoplueillll, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle (D — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1° long. M. PULCHELLUM, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in "Wisconsin, 83. SOXCIIUS, L. SOW-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or lesb imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy- stemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.) * Annual : flowers pah yellow. 1. S. OLERACECS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate- piimatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed wfth soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache- nia striate, wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves mostly undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round- ed ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last, and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Perennial : flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.) 3. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SOW-THISTLE.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse ; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey: rare. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) Cayuga Lake. &c. New York, H. B. Lord. ORDER 60. LOBEL-IACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice , alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side : the 5 stamen* free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their f laments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded }x>d. Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only by the genus 1. L OB EL, I A, L. LOBELIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the 242 LOBELIACE.fi. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary 01 chiefly in bracted racemes. (Dedicated to Lobel, an early Flemish herbalist.) # Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 1. I*, cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2° -4° high), smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather 1 -sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds; common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in- tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white ! # * Floivers blue, or blue variegated with white. ••- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous deftexed auricles : Jlowers crowded in a long spike or dense raceme. 2. Lu sypllilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi- celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of the corolla, the short tube hemispherical. 1|. — Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. Li. puberilla, Michx. Finely sq/l-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'- 2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped, ty — Moist grounds, New Jersey to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, £' long. 4. L. leptostacliys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves oltuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike-like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tul*.. 1|. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" - 4" long. •«- •*- Stems leafy, mostly simple ( 1 ° - 2^° high ) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late: calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : Jlowers pretty large (§'—!' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: antliers sometimes beard- ed on the back. 5. L<. glandllldsa, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. 1J. — Moist places, Virginia and south- ward. Aug., Sept. 6. L. amODna, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves •and bracts scarcely glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. 1J. — Shady moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept. — •»-•»- Stems leafy : calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, no auricles or ap- pendages at the sinuses: Jlowers small (&'-$' long), racemed. •»-*• Paniculately much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial. 7. "L. inflala, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Somewhat pubescent (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed; lobes of the calyx equalling the corolla (2" -3" long), the tube and the inflated pod ovoid. — Dry open soil; common. July - Sept. — A virulent poison and quack medicine. UAMPANULACE.*. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243 •«-»• -w Simple or sparingly panided, slender : leaves entire or nearly so, the upper reduced to linear or aid-shaped bracts : root perennial or biennial. 8. L.. spicata, Lara. Minutely pubescent ; stem wand-like, simple (1°- 3° high) ; stem-leaves obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; raceme long and spike-like, com- monly dense. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.) — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis- consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue. 9. t. Nuttallii, Roem. & Sen. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), minute- ly roughened, mostly simple ; root-leaves ooovate ; those of the stem oblong-linear ; flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme ; the thread-form pedicels longer than the bract, shorter than the flower, usually with minute bractlets near the base ; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July - Sept. Much resembles the next. 10. L,. Kallllii, L. Siem slender, branching ( 4' -18' high), smooth j root- leaves oblong-spatulate ; those of the stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; pedi- cels shorter than the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract- lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes. Also Penn, Porter. July - Sept. *--«--*-••- Stem simple and nearly leafless, except at or near the base : flowers in a simple loose raceme : leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at tlie base ; auricles none. 11. Lt. pallldosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2£° high); leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatidate or oblong-linear, den- ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers £' long, light blue. 12. It. Dortniunna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5' - 12' high) , few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly hairy, y. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July - Sept. — Flowers £' - §' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.) ORDER 61. CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvale in the bud; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be- set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 - several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy — Sparingly represented in America, in the Northern States by only two genera. 1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate, the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes. — Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers. (A diminutive 'of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.) 244 CAMPANULACE.fi. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) * flowers panided (or rarely solitary), long-pedunded : pods nodding. 1. C. rotundifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5' -12 high), 1 -10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves- numerous, linear or nar- rowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from £ to f the length of the bright-blue corolla. 1|. — Rocky shaded banks; common north- ward, and along the mountains. July. — A delicate and pretty, but variable species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely conspicuous. Corolla £' - 1; long. (Eu.) Var. liuifolia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate; corolla §'-!' long. (C. linifo- lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and. north westward. (Eu.) 2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8' -20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough back- wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lance- olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. 1J.1 (C. erinoides, Muhl.) — Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely $' long. 3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°- 3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl- shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small (£') corolla; style protruded. 1|. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. * # Fiowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike : corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed : pods erect. 4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Stem mostly simple (3° -6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^' -6' long); the slender style protruded and curved. 1J. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July. — Spike l°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1' broad. C. MEDIUM, L., the CANTERBURY BELLS, and some other species, are com- mon in gardens. C. GLOMERATA, L., has escaped from gardens at Danvcrs, 2. SPECUL.ARIA, Heist. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS*. Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sep arate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annuals ; the lower flowers in the American species (§ TRIODAL- LUS, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding Lheir imjierfect corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Euro- pean species.) ERICACEJS. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245 1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy ; leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 to- gether in the axils ; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding (purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry Mia or open fields ; common. May - Aug. ORDEK 62. ERICACEJ3. (HEATH FAMILY.) Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the stamens as many or twice as many as the 4—5-lobed or 4 - 5-petatted corolla, free from but inserted with it: anthers 2-cetted, commonly appendaged or open- ing by terminal chinks or pores: style 1 : ovary 3 -10-celled. Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well- marked suborders, as follows : — SUBORDEB I. VACCINIE-32. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry- like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8 -10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 8-10 email nutlets. 2. VACCINItJM. Berry 4 - 6-ceUed (or imperfectly 8 -10-celled by false partitions), many- seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 8. CHTOGENES. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. SUBORDER II. ERICINEJE. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen- of 4 united grains. — Shrubs or small trees. TRIBE I. ARBUTE.3E. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped Drupe berry-like, 6 - 10-seeded. TKIBE II. ANDROMEDEJE. Fruit a pod opening loculicidaUy. Corolla deciduout . * Anthers upright in the bud, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped. 6 EPIG^EA. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged. * * Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob- ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical. •»- Calyx enlarged and berry -like in fruit. 6. GAULTIIERIA. Calyx 6-cleft, hi fruit enclosing the small many -seeded pod. Anthers 4- awned at the top. •*- •*- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. 7. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated hi the bud. Corolla cylindraceous. 5-toothed. Pod de- pressed, 6-lobed, the valves entire. 8. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cylindraceous, 6-toothed. Pod splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 246 ERICACEJS. (HEATH FAMILY.; 9. CASSIOl'E. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanula**, deeply 4 -5- cleft. Pod globular-ovoid, 4 - 5-valv«d, the valves 2-cleft. 10. ANDROMEDA. Caly? vacate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seeds mostly hanging 11. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal Seeds all ascending. * * * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud, afterwards upright ; the cells opening onlj by a hole at the top. Corolla of 5 separate petals. 13. CLETHRA. Sepals 6. Stamens 10. Style 3-«left at the apex. Pod 3-valved. TRIBE III. lillODOKE^. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top. •»- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 13. PHYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 14. KALMIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves broad. •*- •«- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 15. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous. 16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous. 17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 6-lobed. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen. 18. RHODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the rest. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous. 19. LKDUM. Corolla regular, of 6 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen. * * Anther -cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen. 20. LOISELEURIA. Corolla deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 6, included. 21. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. SUBORDER HI. PYROLE^. THE PYROLA FAMILY. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c. as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov- ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen foliage. 22. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges. 23. MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid- dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigmas 5, radiate. Valves of the pod smooth on the edges. 24. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated hi the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or- bicular stigma. Yalves of the pod smooth on the edges. SUBORDER IV. MONO TROPES. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but the plants herbaceous and entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beechdrops. Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple. # Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-cell*d. 25. PTEROSPORA. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, withering-persistent. Anthers 2-horned on the back, opening lengthwise. 26. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top. * * Corolla of 4 or 6 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like. 27. MONOTROPA. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney -shaped, opening across the top, ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 247 SUBORDER I. VACCINIEJE, THE WHORTLEBEHKY FAMILY. 1. GAYL.USSACIA, H. B. K. HUCKLEBERRY. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an- thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted raremes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) * Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-dotted. 1. G. brachycera, Gray. (Box -LEAVED HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry woods, Per- ry County, Penn., near Bloomfield (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia. May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box. * * Leaves deciduous, entire, sjmnkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 2. G. dllinosa, Torr. & Gr. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy ; leaves obovate-ob- long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hair}'. — Sandy low soil, Maine to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June. 3. G. froiiddsa, Torr. £ Gr. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth (3° -6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid- uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June. 4. G. rcsf nosa, Torr. £ Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the Jlowers, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish] small and deciduous; corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant). — Woodlands and swamps ; common. May, June. — The common Huckleberry of the North. It sometimes occurs with white fruit. 2. VACCINITIME, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4 -5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 : anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. .Berry 4- 5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celled by a fatee partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs wi4*» solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers : the corolla white or reddish, derivation.) 16 248 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.) § 1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn.— Ovary 4-cdJed: corolla 4-parted, the long and nar- row divisions revolute : anthers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very long tibes * Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever- green : pedicels erect, with the pah rose-colored flower nodding on their summit : corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid. 1. V. Oxyc6ccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Steins very slender (4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2* -3" long) ; pedicels 1-4, terminal; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis- consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel- dom sufficiently abundant to be 'gathered for the market. (Eu.) 2. V. iiKH'roc'iirpOBi, Ait. (COMMON AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (l°-3° long), the flowering branches ascending; haves oblong, obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long) ; pedicels several, be- coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma- crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north- ward. June. — Berry £' - 1 ' long. # * Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary and solitary : corolla deeply 4t-cleft : berries turning purple, insipid. 3. V. eryttirocarpoil, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°- 4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Wooded hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July. $ 2. VITIS-nX&A, Tourn. — Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, t-5-lobed: anthers 8-10, awnless : filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding ra- cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple. 4. V. Vitis-Id&a, L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6'- 10' high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under- neath ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the coast of Mainp, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.) § 3. BATODENDRON. — Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions : corolla spreading-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers 2-awned on the back : fila- ments Iiairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli- tary on slender pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a sort of leafy racemes. 5. V. staminciiiii, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, whitish underneath, deciduous ; tubes of the anthers much longer than the corolla, short-awned ; berries globular or pear-shaped, greenish. — Dry woods, Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June. (V. ARBOREUM, Michx., the FARKLE-BERRY, a tall species of this section, •with coriaceous and shining oval leaves, anthers included in the white corolla, and black berries, is found in S. Illinois by Dr. Vasey.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 249 $ 4. EUVACCtNIUM. — Ovary 4 - 5-ceOed, with no trace of fake partitions : co- rolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 - 5-toothed : anthers 2-awned on the back: filaments smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together : berries blue or black: northern alpine plants, with deciduous leaves. 6. V. ceespitosmii, Michx. (DWARP BILBERRY.) Dwarf (3' -5' high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth and shining, serrate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly urn -shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Ramp shire ; and high northward. 7. V. uligiiiosuni, L. (Boo BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4' -8' high), tufted; leaves entire, dutt, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiefly 8. — Alpine tops of the high mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.) $ 5. CYANOC6CCUS.— Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti- tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10, aivnless : filaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweef) : flowers in clusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Northern species or proper Blueberries. ) 8. V. Peimsylvitiiicuni, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6' -15' high), smooth; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle- pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var. ANGUSTiFdLiUM is a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north- ward.— Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet, ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market. 9. V. Caiiadcnse, Kalm. (CAXADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward. 10. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2^°high), glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute- ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil, common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow- ish-green. Beiries ripening later than those of No. 8. 11. V. corymbosum, L. (COMMON SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall (5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets. The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men- 250 ERICA CEA. (HEATH FAMILY.) tioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to bo regarded as a species Var. glabrillll. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire. Var. amtiemim. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amcenum, Ait., &c.) Var. pallid mil. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, espe- cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.) Var. atrococcum. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V. fusc^tum, Ait. ? Sf Ed. 1.) 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; the limb 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8- toothed epigynous disk: filaments very short and broad: anther-cells ovate- oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob- ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe- duncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xi<*vi snow, and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) 1. C. hispidllla, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muhl.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the Alleghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxberry, Win- tergreen, or Birch. Leaves J' long. Berries # broad, bright white. SUBORDER II. ERICINEJE. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYL.es, Adans. BEARBERRY. Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with alternate leaves, and scaly-bractcd nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of np/cros, a bear and crraSpoi/, tree). 1. O. arboreilin, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Rich woods, from Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree 40° - 60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach. 12. CL.ETHRA, L. WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender, 8-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in tenni- ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255 nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KX^pa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) 1. C. Sllnifolia, L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, panicled ; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath. 2. C. acuiililiata, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree. 13. PIIYLLODOCE, Salisb. PHYLLODOCK. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, septici- dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath- like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbellcd peduncles at the summit of the branches. ("A mythological name.") 1. P. taxi foil a, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth; style included. (Menziesia caerulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (Young}. Julv Shrub 4' - 6' high, tufted. (Eu.) 14. K.ALH1IA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bracted. Flower-buds naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) $ 1 . Flowers in simple or clustered umbel-like corymbs : calyx smaller than the pod, persistent : leaves glabrous. 1 K. la Ji folia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON- WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, brigltt green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti- cal, tapering to each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, rather common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° - 8° high ; but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-like ( 10° - 20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep rose-color, clammy. 2. K. asigiistifdlia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves com> manly opposite or in tfirees, pale or whitish undei-neatL , light green above, narrowly 256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) sblong, obtuse, pctioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the branches of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth. — Hill-sides, common. May -July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: the flowers more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the last. 3. K. glanca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edged ; leaves oppo- site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, ivith revolute margins ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROS- MARiNir6LiA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high. Flowers £' broad, lilac-purple. { 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter- nate and opposite) and branches bristly-Jiairy. 4. K. liii'siita, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south- ward. May - Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color. 15. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA. Caiyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub, with the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish- white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the species from the Northwest -Coast.) 1. TEE. ferruginea, Smith: var. globularis. Corolla rather shorter and broader perhaps than in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsylvania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leave* tipped with a gland. 16. AZAL.EA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu- lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, opening by terminal pores, pointless. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which are entire, ciliate, and mucronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often glandular and glutinous outside, in umbellcd clusters from large scaly-imbri- cated terminal buds. (Name from d£aXeos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap- plied to our species, which grow in swamps.) * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 1 A. arborescens, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy; ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 257 stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra- grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3. 2. A. viscosa, L. (CLAMMY AZALEA. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUC- KLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo- vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted , Var. GLAUCA has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. K^TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with rose-color. * * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 3. A* nildiflora, L. (PURPLE AZALEA. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branch- lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular ; stamens and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia, and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° - 6° high, with very showy flowers varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens. 4. A. calendulacea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branch- lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — "Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. 17. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY. Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel- form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com- monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. ('PoSoSei/Spoz/, rose-tree; the ancient name.) 1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo- lute margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng- land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the mountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° — 20° high. Leaves 4' - 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green- ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. 2. R. CatawbieilSe, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3' - 5' long) ; corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple ; pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south- ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 3. R. L,app6niciim, Wahl. (LAPLAXD ROSE-BAY.) Dwarf, pros- 258 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) trate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted both sides (like the branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves £' long. Corolla violet-purple. (Eu.) 18. KI5ODORA, Duham. RHODORA. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip usu ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea. (Name from podov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.) 1. 12. Cclllcldciisis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub, with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier than the leaves. 19. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled, splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placenta borne on the summit of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, the margins revolute : slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (Arjdov, the ancient Greek name of the Cis- tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.) 1. L«. 1 at if 61 in in, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° - 5° high. — (L. PALtJSTRK, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in the United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly 10 stamens, and oval pcds. ) (Eu. ) 2O. LOISELEIJRIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA. Calyx 5-partcd, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-clett regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : anthers opening length- wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-celled, many-seeded, 2 - 3-valved ; the valves 2-cleft from the apex: placentae borne on the middle of the columella. — A dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth, with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revo- lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2 - 5 in a cluster, from a ter- minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for Loiseleur Delongchamps, a French botanist.) 1. L.. prociimbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.) — Alpine sum- mite of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.) EBICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY,) 259 91. L.EIOPHiTL,L,lJ]!I, Pers. SAND MYBTLB. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Sta- mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter- nate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name from Xetos, smooth, and uAXov, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and shining leaves.) 1. L,. buxi folium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and mountain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high, with the oval or oblong leaves #-%' long. SUBORDER in. PYROLEJE. THE PYROLA FAMILY. 22. P YROLA, L. FALSE WINTEKGREEN. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers turned out- wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely (if at all) 2-horned apex, more or less 4-celled. Style long and generally turned to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi- nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bracted scape. (Name a dimin- utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage, which is not obvious.) * Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals : stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring : leaves denticulate or entire. 1. P. rot u sicli folia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED P YROLA.) Leaves orbicu- lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread- ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate nearly spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high, many-bracted : flowers |' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var. iNCARxAxA, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Var. ASARIF6LIA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate calyx-lobes of about J the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari- folia, Michx.) Common northward. — Var. ULiGiN6sA, with roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (l'-H' wide), and ovate acute calyx- lobes i the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Ton. fr Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon- sin, and northward. (Eu.) 260 EEicACEjc. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or sboiate-oiul, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green- ish-white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward ; common. June. — Scape and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1. 3. P. chlorautlia, Swartz. (SMALL PYROLA.) Leaves small (V long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5' -8' high), calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish- white); anther-cells pointed; style strongly deflexed, scarcely exsertcd. (P. asarifolia, Bigel., frc.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north- ward. June. (Eu.) # # Stamens and style straight : stigmas thick, united with the expanded ring: ». e. stigma peltate, 5-rayed. 4. P. sccuiida, L. (ONE-SIDED PYROLA.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like, with the numerous small (greenish- white) flowers all turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and exserted. — Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 6' high. (Eu.) 5. P. minor, L. (LESSER PYROLA.) Leaves roundish, slightly crenu- late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx- lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color. (Eu.) 23. M ONUSES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned at the apex, 2-celled. Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra- nean shoots ; the 1 - 2-bracted scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Name /twos, single, and rjo~t,s, desire, probably in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.) 1. IH. U ill flora. (Pyrola uniflora, L.} — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl- vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high, smooth ; the corolla £' broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.) 24. C HIM A PHIL, A, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-celled, some- what 2-horned at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, (HEATH FAMILY.) 261 disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe- duncle. (Name from x€fyai winter, and <£tXeo>, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Wintergreen.} 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7- flowered. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals flesh-color : anthers violet. (Eu.) 2. C. macnlata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate- lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high. SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPEJE. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY. 25. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10 : anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes- cent herb (l°-2°high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from TTTfpov, a wing, and tnropa, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.) 1. P. Andromedea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, -parasitic on the roots apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn- sylvania northward and westward : rare. 26. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A low and smooth brownish plant, 3' - 4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Sdaceinitz.) 1. S. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland and southward : rare. April. 262 GALACiNE.fi. (GALAX FAMILY.; 27. IttONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINK-SAP. Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl- shaped: anthers kidney-shaped, becoming l-cellcd, opening across the top. Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-grooved, 4-5- celled, loculicidal : the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 - several-flowered ; the flow- ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of pom, one, and rpoTros, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.) $ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. — Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petalled and 10- androus flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2 — 4 irregular scales or bracts : anthers transverse, opening by 2 chinks ; style short and thick. 1. M. imifldra, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy- white (turning blackish in drying, 3' -8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods: common. June -Aug. (Also in the Himalayas!) § 2. HYP6PITYS, Dill. — Plant commonly fragrant : flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal one usually 5-petalled and 10-androits, while the rest are 4- petalled and 8-androus ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals : anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and ap- pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow. 2. M. Hypo pit ys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Some- what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'- 12' high) ; pod globu- lar-ovoid or oval ; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M. lanuginosa, Michx. — Oak and pine woods; common. June- Aug. (Eu.) ORDER 63. GAL.ACINEJE. (GALAX FAMILY.) Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of which ia still unknown. 1. GALAX, L. GALAX. Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo- vate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round- ish 1-celled anther, whicli opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Pod ovoid, 3-cclled, loculicidalhr 3-valvcd : columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight m fleshy albumen, more than half its length. — A smooth herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up AQUIFOLIAClLfi. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263 round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from yoXa, milk, — of no application to this plant.) I. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June. ORDER 64. AQUIFOLJACE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 - 6-merous flowers, a minute calyx free from the 4 - 6-celled ovary and the 4- 6-seeded berry-like drupe, the stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - G-petalled corolla and alternate urith them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-6, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two genera, since we include Prinos under Ilex. 1. ILEX, L. (Hex & Prinos, L.) HOLLY. Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous, but many of them perfect. Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-8 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.) § 1. AQUirOLIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one- grooved on the back : leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. * Leavers armed with spiny teetli : trees. 1. I. opaca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, Maine to Penn. near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward. June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly. * * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs. 2. I. Cassiiie, L. (CASSENA. YAUPOX.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, crenate (!'-!£' long); flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. 3. I. my rtifolia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly and sharply serrate or entire (!' long) ; peduncles slender and 3 - 9-flowered, or the more fertile shorter and 1 -flowered, smooth; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast of Virginia and southward. May. 264 AQUIFOLIACE^fi. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 4. I. Daliooii, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or sharply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long), the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia and southward. June. 4 2. PRLNOlDES. — Parts of the (polygamous) flowers in fours or Jives (rarely in sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (the dorsal ribs nearly simple) : leaves membranaceous and deciduous : shrubs. 5. I. decidlia, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, downy on the midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir- ginia, Illinois, and southward. May. 6. I. lllOilticola. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), smooth, iharply sen-ate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua, Torr. I. montana, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward. $ 3. PRlNOS, L. — Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights) : nutlets smooth and even: shrubs. * Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile clusters or solitary : fruit scarlet. 7. I. vcrticillata. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) Leaves obo- vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled. (Prinos ver-ticillatus, L.) — Low grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June. 8. I. laevigata. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanreolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be- neath mostly glabrous; sterile flowers long-peduncled. (Prinos laevigatus, Pursh.) — Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn. * * Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted beneath : fruit black. (Winterlia, Mocnck.) 9. I. glabra. (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar- ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (£' long) of the sterile flowers 3 - 6-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri nos glaber, L. ) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de- ciduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, widely spreading, distinct. Stamens 4 - 5 : filaments slender. Drape with 4-5 bony nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered, (Name said by the author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform pedun* STYRACACE.fi. (STORAX FAMILY.) 265 clc," therefore probably composed of v»)/*a, a tfiread, irovs, a foot, and a flower.) 1. N. CanadensiS, DC. (Hex Canadensis, Michx.)— Damp cold woods, from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chiefly north- ward. May. ORDER 65. STVRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees, teith alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ova- ry; the corolla of 4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or poly- adelphous at the lose ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells commonly l-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes. Tarns I. STYRACE^E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend- ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 1. STYRAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled oyary. Corolla mostly 6- parted. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded. 2. HALESIA. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 - 4-celled oyary, which is 2 - 4- winged and 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed TRIBX H. SYMPIjOCINE^E. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an- thers short, innate. Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 3 SYMPLOCOS. Calyx coherent Petals 5, united merely at the base. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. STOKAX. Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- parted), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twico as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per- sistent calyx, 1-cclled, mostly l-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. • — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (fj 2rvpa£, the ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.) 1. S. graildifolia, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, white-tomen- tose beneath (3'-6' long) ; flowers mostly in donated racemes; corolla (J' long) convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April. 2. S. pulvcrulcnta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovafr; (about 1' long), above sparingly puberuknt, and scurfy-tomentose beneath ; flowers (£' long) 1 -3 to- 266 EBENACE.fi. (EBONY FAMILY.) gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high. 3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (!' -3' long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3 - 4-jlowered racemes (£' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. laeve, Ell.) — Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 2. HALE SI A, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4- cclled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : fila- ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin- drical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4- winged, — Banks of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Short), and southward. Fruit l£' long. 3. SYMPL.OCOS, Jacq. § H6PEA, L. SWEET-LEAF. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu- merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen- der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or diy, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name o-v/iTrAoKO?, connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedi- cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.) 1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves elongoicd-ob- long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3' -5' long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. ORDER 66. EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow- ers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-cetted ovary ; the stamens 2-4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell Seeds anatropcus, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo SAPOTACKfi. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 267 shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly subtropical, represented here by 1. DIOSPYROS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON. Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4 - 8-celled, 4 - 8-seeded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atos, of Jove, and irvpos, grain.) 1. I>. Virginia 11 a, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla between bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — "Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward. June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost. ORDER 67. SAPOTACEJE. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular Jlowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent ', the fertile stamens com- monly as many as the lobes of the Jiypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus 1. BUM ELI A, Swartz. BUMELIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem- bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 1. B. lycioides, Gaertn. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10°- 25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long); clusters densely many- flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Illinois and southward. May, June. 2. B. iaiiugiildsa, Pers. Spiny (10°-40° high); leaves obhng-obovate or icedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse ( 1 $ - 3' long) ; clusters 6 - 1 2-Jlotvered ; PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo- site St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty beneath (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July. ORDER 68. PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.; Chiefly stemless kerbs, with regular 4^-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and menibranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus 1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. RIBGBASS. Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry menibranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fuga- cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules in each cell. Pod 2-cclled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name of the Plantain.) 4 1. Flowers all perfect and alike: corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading: stamens 4, with long capillary filaments : pod 2-celled, 2 - 18-seeded: seeds not hol- lowed out on the inner face : perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves. 1. P. MAJOR, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or hairy; leaves ovate, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan- nelled petiole; spike cylindrical; pod 7 - l$-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially near dwellings. June- Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. cordiita, Lam. Very glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3' -8' long), long-petioled, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose- ly flowered ; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2 - t-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June. § 2. Flowers all perfect and alike : corolla pubescent below : stamens 4, with long filaments : pods 2-celled and 2-seeded, or incompletely 3 - ^-celled and 3 - ^-seeded : seeds not Jiottowed on the face : perennials, with linear thick and fleshy leaves. 3. P. maritima, L. (SEASIDE PLANTAIN.) Leaves flat or flattish channelled, entire or rarely few-toothed, glabrous ; spikes cylindrical or oblong; bracts ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovate or oval scarious se- pals, which have a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crested. — Var. JUN- COIDES is usually more slender, the flowers often sparser, and the keel crestless. — Salt marshes on the coast from New Jersey northward ; the var. only north- ward. Our plant is an annual. (Eu). § 3. Flowers all perfect and alike; the 2 anterior tcarious sepals generally united into one: corolla, stamens, frc. as in the first group: seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on t/ie face : leaves flat, lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed. PLANTAGINACEJE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 2C9 4. P. lANCBOLATA, L. (RlBOHASS. RlPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLAN TAIN.) Mostly baby; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much longer than the leaves ; spike short and thick. 1|. — Dry fields, mostly east- ward. (Nat. from Eu.) § 4. Flowers all perfect and commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, SOTM with small anthers on short JUaments, others with large anthers on long-exserted fila- ments : corolla glabrous, the broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hollowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow woolly or hairy leaves. 5. P. Patag*6iiica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked ; leaves 1 - 3-nerved ; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense ; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.) Var. gttaphalioldes. White with silky wool; leaves varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (4'-4; long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pitrsh. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt.) — Dry plains, W. Wisconsin? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and var. nuda into Var. aristata. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., &c.) — Illinois and southward. i 5. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, or of 2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones with tlte usual large anthers on long capillary JUaments, and the lobes of the corolla rejlexed or spreading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and tfie corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak : stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds 1 or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly flat on the face : annuals or biennials, with rather obscurely and few-ribbed leaves. 6. P. Virgiiiica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ; sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds, Rhode Island to Illinois and southward. May - Sept. § 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in § 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly fertile not so much closed: pod 2-celled: seeds 2-19 I'M each cell, not hollowed on tlie face: small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and obscurely \-ribbed leaves. 7. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire; flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, ^-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April - Aug. 8. P. Iieteropliylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den ticulate, or some of them below 2 - 4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' - 8*- high, in- cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-conoidal, 10-2S-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla, Decaisne, in DC.) — Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward. April - Jane. 270 PLUMBAGINACE.fi. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) ORDER 69. PLUMB AGIN ACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. — The STATIC^ or MARSH-ROSE- MARY TRIBE alone is represented in our region by the genus 1. STAT1CE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY. Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1 -sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indchisccnt, 1 -seeded, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren- nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (STOTWC^, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, ou account of its astringency.) 1. S. fiJiiioiniiini, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled ; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (l°-2° high); spikelets 1-3-flowered; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. — Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (Eu.) Var. Caroliniu.na (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North- ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward (where it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.) ABMERIA VULG\RIS, the THRIFT of the gardens, is a native of Northern Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper. ORDER 70. PRIMULACEjE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous') corolla and inserted oj)posite them on the tube, and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, beaiing several or many seeds Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4. Synopsis. THIBE I. PR.IMULiE.a3. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth. * Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root. 1. PRIMULA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. 8. ANDROSACE. Corolla short, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. PRIMULACK^E. (PBIMKOSE FAMILY.) 271 8. DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 6-parted Stamens exserted ; filaments un° ted. « * Sterna leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none). 4. TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit. 5. LYSIMACIIIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Steins leafy. 6. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla of 5 or 6 petals, with intermediate tetth. 7. GLAUX. CoroUa none: tie calyx petal-like. TUBE n. AX A G AL.LIDE jE. Pod free from the calyx, opening all round by a tran» verse line, the top falling off like a lid. 8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5 parted. Leaves opposite. 9 CENTUNCULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - fr^left. Leaves alternate. TRIBE 1H. SAMOLEJE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves. 10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with o sterile filaments in the sinuses. TaiBB IV. HOTTONIE.3E. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. 11. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected. 1. PRIMUL.A, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched cr inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose hi early spring.) 1. P. fariuosa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3 - 20-flowered involucre, $-c. covered with a white mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3'- 10' high. (Eu.) 2. P. JUistassinica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not meali/ ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked Lake (Sartuxll) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and Vasey), Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, $*c.), and northward. May. — A pretty species, 2' - 6' high. (Eu.) P. VERIS and P. VULG\RIS are the COWSLIP and PRIMROSE of Europe, from which various cultivated varieties are derived. 2. A XD ROSACE, Tourn. ANDROSACB. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An old name, composed of av&pos, of man, and (TOKOS , a shield : unmeaning. ) 1. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2' -4' high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre obloi tg-ovate, entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. © — Hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward. 17 272 PRIMULACE-fi. (PRIMROSE .FAMILY.) 3. DODECATHJGON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with u very short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-parted reflexed limb ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu- crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name fancifully assumed from 6\»8c/ea, twelve, and 0eot, gods. ) 1. I>. IVIeadia, L. — Rich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and southwestward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the West called SHOOTING-STAR. 4. TRIENTALIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the size of the plant.) 1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lan- ceolate, tapering to both ends ; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods ; common northward, and southward in the mountains. May. 5. I, V SOI A CHI A, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5-parted limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose, 5 - 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.) — Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemed flowers : corolla mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachus, or from Xvais, a release from, pdxi' strife.) $ 1. TRIDYNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and golden-yellow corolla streaked with dark lines : filaments mostly unequal,, plainly monadelphous at the base, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5- valved, ripening only 2-5 seeds. 1. Li. Striicta, Ait. Smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves oppo- site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedi- cels in -a long raceme (5' - 12'), which is leafy at the base ; or, in var. PRODUCTA. leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ; common. June-Arg. — Stems 1°- 2° high, often bearing oblong or monili- form bulblets in the axils. PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 273 2. Li. quadri folia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil ; common. June. — A variety has the leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.) $ 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly dliate at the base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves : corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; tlie lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: fllaments nearly equal, scarcely monadelphous, with the I'udiments of a sterile set interposed at the base in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod 5-10-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10 - 20-seeded. 3. L,. Ciliata, L. Stem erect {2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6' long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets ; common. July. 4. Li. radicans, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch- es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, W. Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 5. L,. lanccolata, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. HYBKIDA is the broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug. 6. Li. loiigifolia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high), often branched below ; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' - 4' long, 2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a littlo re volute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (§'-$' broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta, Nutt.) — Wet banks, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept. 6. NAUMBURGIA, Mcench. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between each. Filaments exserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim- ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which are dotted, like the yellow flower, &c., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S. Naumburg, an early German botanist.) 1. N. tliyrsiflora, Reichenb. {Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L. capitata, Pursh ) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.) 274 PBIMULACE.fi. (PKIMRO6E FAMILY.) 7. GLAtTX, L. SEA-MILKWORT. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few- seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses- sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from -yXavjcos, sea-green.) 1. €r. maritima, L.— Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod northward. June. (Eu.) 8. ANAGAL.LIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem- branaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli- tary flowers on axillary peduncles. 1 A. ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short- er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, (p — Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some- times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.) 9. CENTtTNCUL,US, L. CHAFFWEED. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5 : filaments beardless. — Very small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2' -5' long); leaves ovate, obo- vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lanceolatus, Michx.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.) 1O. SAMOL.US, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many- seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as slanlus in Celtic, the healing-herb.") 1. S. Valer£ndi, L. Stem erect (& -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate; bracts none ; bractlets on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels ; calyx- lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.) Var. Ante ric anus. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra- cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers, and pods smaller. ( S. floribundus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June - Sept LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275 11. HOTTC^NIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER ViOLBr. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valveff ; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attache! by their base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Notion, a botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.) 1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe- duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an- thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as one's- finger. ORDER 71. LENTIBULACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) Small herbs (growing in water or wet places'), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular- ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A small family, consisting mostly of the two following genera : — 1. UTRICUL.ARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im- mersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little Jbladders, which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. (Name from utricidus, a little bladder.) # Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing little bladders : rootlets few or none. 1. U. inflata, "Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free ; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast. Aug. * * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed Imnching sterns^ whicJi commonly swim free, and bear capillary dissected kaies furnished with smalt 276 LENTIBULACEjE. (BLADDER WORT FAMILY.) air^ladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.) .^[ •*- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme : pedicels nodding in fruit. 2. U. vulgar is, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (l°-3° long) crowded with 2 - 3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6' - 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, the sides reflexed ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it. . — Ponds and slow streams; common. June -Aug. — Corolla £'-§' broad; the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Eu.) 3. U. minor, L. (SMALLER BLADDERWORT.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short ; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow- ered (3' -7 high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed pal- ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu.) •»- H- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend- ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy stems, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and never expanding. 4. U. clandestine, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen- der (3' - 5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7. ••- •»- •»- Flowers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit. ** Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels filiform. 5. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, ^-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid ; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep- arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; spur conical-oblong, acute, oppressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June, July. — Leafy stems 3' -6' long. Scapes 3r-7' high. Flowers £' broad. (Eu.) 6. U. Striata, Le Conte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im- mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, bladder-bearing; flowers 2 - 5, on loEg pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu- late, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8' - 1 2' high. Flowers £' broad. 7. U. gibba, L. Scape (l'-3' high), l-2flowered, at the base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves, with scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly equal ; the lower with the sides reflexed (4" - 5" long), exceeding the approximate thick and blunt gibbons spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Illinois, and south- ward along the mountains. June - Aug. BIGNONIACE2E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277 *•*• •*•* Corolla violet-purple. 8 17. purpurca, Walt. (PURPLE BLADDERWORT.) Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petiolcd, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (£' wide) ; spur appressed to the lower 3-lobed 2-saccate lip of ths corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3' - 6' high, not scaly below. * # * Scape salary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water t commonly few or fugacious : air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none. -i- Flowei purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 9. 17. resupiiiskta, Greene. Scape (2' - 8' high) 2-bracted above ; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4"- 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, Maine ( Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Aug. -•- t- Flowers 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rarely seen. 10. U. siibuluta, L. (TINT BLADDERWORT.) Stem capillary (3'- 5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla Jlat or with its margins re- curved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co- rolla 3" - 4" broad. 11. 17. coniuta, Michx. (HORNED BLADDERWORT.) Stem strict (£° - 1° high), 2 - 10-flowered ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower Up of the corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps ; common. June - Aug. — Flowers close together, large. 2. PING17IC17L.A, L. BDTTERWORT. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate. — Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 1 P. VlllgariS, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward. July. (Eu.) ORDER 72. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian- drous, with the ovary commonly ^.-celled by the meeting of the two place nice or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or 278 BIGNONIACEJE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) bell-shaped, 5- obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous ; the low- er lobs largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : — SUBORDER I. BIGNONIE^E. THE TRUE BIGNONIA FAMILY. Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. 1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 2. TECOMA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition Leaves compound. 3. CATALPA. Pod as hi No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2. SUBORDER II. SESAMES. THE SESAMUM FAMILY. Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Seeds attached by one end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire. 4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked. 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. BIGNONIA. Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lippcd. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing by tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.) 1. B. capreolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem- bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans- verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds with the wing l£' long. 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves. (Abridged from the Mexican name.) 1. T. radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Climbing by rootlets ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; sta- mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-forni corolla. (Bignonia radi cans, L.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated farther north. July. — Corolla 2' - 3' long, orange and scarlet, showy. OEOBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 279 3. C A T A L, P A , Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.) 1. C. BIGXOXIOIDES, "Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath ; flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern States : a well- known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which are white, slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat, opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv. from S. W. States ?) 4. JttARTYUriA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Pod fleshy, and with the inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla- centae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal- ing a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. Martyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of the last century.) 1. ITI. PROBOSCIDEA, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu- late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned. — Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted with yellow and purplish. (Adv. from S. W. States. Native on the Mississippi.) ORDER 73. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna- mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placenta ; pod very many- seeded: seeds minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx per- sistent, 4-5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering ; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low- er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1 -colled, 2-valved; the valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu- merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar- ent albumen. — Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leases, lurid vellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. 280 OROBANCHACE.S. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Synopsis. * Flowers of two sorts. 1. EFIPHEGUS. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. * * Flowers all alike and perfect. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamens protruded. Corolla 2-lipped. 8. PHELIPJ5A. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 5-cleft. Co. rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla al- most regular. Stamens included. 1. EPIPIIECrUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod ; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of «rt, upon, and $77705, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. -Oct. — Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6* -8" long, curved, 4-toothed. 2. CONOPHOL.IS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg- ularly 4 -5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu- lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, notched at the summit ; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Pod with 4 placentae, approximate in pairs on the middle of each valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from KCOVOS. a cone, and <£oXis, a scale). 1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (OroMnche Americana, L.) — Oak woods; aot rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3-6' long, covered with scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard. 3. PHELIPJA, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE. Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placentae, two on the middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. § J. Pheli- peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort.) SCROPHULARJACE2E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281 1. P. L, udo vie i alia, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3' -12' high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois I.Mr. E, Hull) and westward. Oct. 4. API1YL.L.ON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE. Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor- der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3 of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with 4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi- nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and <£v\A, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.) * Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple. 1. M. rill gens, L. Stem square (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed. 1J. — Wet places; common. July -Sept. — Flower V-ltf long. 2. ]H. alutllS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles ; leaves oblong- ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short and abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Con- necticut to Illinois, and southward. SCROPHULABIACELfi. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 # * Diffusely spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow. 3. HE. Jamesii, Torr. Smooth ; stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves lound or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw, Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small. M. LtiTEUS, with its varieties, and M. MOSCHXTUS, the MUSK-PLANT, from Oregon, are common in cultivation. 9. CONOBEA, Aublet. (CAPRAKIA, Mchx.) Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unexplained.) 1. C. imiltificln, Bcnth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent ; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, the divisions linear- wedge-shaped ; corolla (greenish- white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (J) — Sandy river- banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 1O. IIEKPESTIS, Gffirtn. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from (pirrjCTTTjs, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.) * Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved. 1. H. rot u ml i folia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round- obovate, half clasping (£'-!' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx, the upper sepal ovate. 1J. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug. 2. H. ainplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base; leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper sepal heart-shaped. 1|. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward. Aug. — Aromatic when bruised. * * Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-clejl, the upper lip being 2-parted; stamens almost equal : leaves nearly nerveless. 3. H. Moiilliera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obo- rate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. 1J. — River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast. 11. GRATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-clcft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste- rior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennial, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract- lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of its supposed excellent medicinal properties.) 288 SCKOPHULAKIACE^S. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) ( 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusely branched, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth. # Sterile filaments minute or none : corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish. 1. €r. Virginia aia, L. Stem rather clammy -pubescent above, loosely branched (4' -6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves (£'-!' long) ; pod ovoid (2'' long). — Wet places ; very common. June -Aug. 2. G. spliwrocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5'- 10' high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3") globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia? Illiuois, and southward. * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (£'-!' long). 3. O. viscosa, Schweinitz. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems 4'- 10' high from a rooting base, as in the next. 4. O« aiirt'a, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden yellow (£' long). — Sandy swamps, Vermont ? New Hampshire, to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. § 2. Anthers with no broad connective ; the cells vertical : hairy plants, with erect rigid stems: sterile filaments tipped with a bead. 5. O. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (£' - §' long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx - Low ground, Maryland and southward. 12. I1.YSANTHES, Raf. (LINDERNIA, Muhl) Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobcd, without anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth- like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the upper racemed. (Name from tXvs, mud or mire, and avdos, fiower.) 1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping ; pod ovoid-oblong. (1) (Capraria gratioloides, L. Lindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Mufti.) — Low grounds, and along rivulets ; common. June -Sept. 13. HE MI A NT HIT'S, Nutt. HEMIANTHUS. Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip very short, entire , the lower 3-lobcd, with the middle lobe elongated and spreading. Stamens 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of the filaments : sterile filaments none. Style short. Pod globular, membranaceous, the thin partition vanishing. Seeds Father numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root- SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 289 ing on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round leaves, and minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. ^ Name from >T/-U, half, and avQos, flower, in reference to the unequally divided ccrolla.) 1. H. micrantlienioides, Nutt. —Low banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. (Perhaps only JVlicranthemum.) 14. L,IMOSEL,L,A, L. MUDWOKT. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confidently 1-celled. Style short, club- shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run- iiers, without ascending stems ; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1 -flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diminutive of limits, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.) 1. 1.. aquatica, L. : var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nutt. L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. . Aug. — Plant 1'- 2' high. (Eu.) 15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. SYNTHYRIS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 - 4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther- cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-groovcd, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract- like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crcnate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed of avv, together, and Qvpis, a little door; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.) 1. S. Hougtltoniaiia, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart- shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5'- 12') ; corolla not longer than the calyx, usu- ally 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapkaoi. Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others. 16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattened, usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many-seeded. — Chiefly 290 SCROPHULARIA.CEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; the flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Name of doubtful derivation; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.) § 1. Tall perennials, tvith mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked: ^ bracts very small : tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer tfian the calyx. (Leptandra, Nutt.) 1. V. Virginica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petiolcd, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ; Btamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : often cultivated. July. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. § 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate leaves : flowers in axillary opposite ra- cemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded. 2. V. AnagalliS, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' -3 long); pedicels spreading; pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward ; not so com- mon as the next. June -Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.) 3. V. -Americana, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth, decumbent at the base, then erect (8' -15' high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, acutish, sen-ate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. (V. Beccabunga, Arner. authors.) — Brooks and ditches ; common northward. June - Aug. — Flowers as in the last ; the leaves shorter and broader. § 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves opposite: racemes axillary, from alternate axils: corolla wheel-shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded. 4. V. SClitcllata, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and weak (6' -12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes 1 or 2, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends. — Bogs; common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 5. V. OfficilUiliS, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem pros- trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob- tuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod obovate-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods; certainly in- digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.) $ 4. Leaves opposite : floivers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded. * Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying). 6. V. alpina, L. (ALPINE SPEEDWELL.) Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2' -6' high); leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; pod obovate, notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. (Eu.) BCEOPHULAEIACE2E. (FIGWOBT FAMILY.) 291 7. V.~ serpyllifolia, L. {THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. PAUL'S BETONY.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches as- cending and simple (2' -4' high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petided and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme loose; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.) * * Annuals : Jloral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear axillary and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx. 8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Near- ly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many- seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds ; common : appearing like an intro- duced weed. April -June. 9. V. ARVEXSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched (3' -8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) { 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite (all petioled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel- shaped : pod flat : seeds cup-shaped. 10. V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre- nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun- cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu- lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields ; rare. (Adv. from Eu. ) 11. V. BCXBAUMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut- toothed (!'-!' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly £' wide, blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; pod obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16 -24-seeded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia : rare. Milton, Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. V. HEDER^F6LIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves TOUnded or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 '-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some- what heart-shaped ; flowers small ; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2 - ^-seeded. — Shaded places, Long Island to Pennsylvania ; scarce. April- June. (Adv. from Eu.) 17. BUCIIXERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS. Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb ; the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one- celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) 292 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY ) 1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-23 high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in. terrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June - Aug. 18. SEYMERIA, Pursh. SEYMERIA. Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract- like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named by Pursh af- ter Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) 1. S. macropliylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubes- cent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised ; the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ; style short, dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river- banks, Ohio, Illinois, and south-westward. July. 10. OERARDIA, L. GERARDIA. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di- dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells par- allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (clan- destine root-parasites), with the stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.) 1 1. GERARDIA PROPER. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purple or rose-color: an- ihei's all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. ( Our species are all branch • ing annuals.) * Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect. 1. O. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (8' -20' high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined ; flowers large (!' long), bright purple, often downy); calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, shorter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the coast. July, Aug. 2. O. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE GERARDIA.) Low (4' - 12' high), with shorter branches ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx -teeth ; corolla £' long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug. SCROPHULARIACEjE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.} 293 8. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2°high); leaves long and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, wliich has lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube ; corolla larger than in No. 1. — Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug. * * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely branched, slender (8' -20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" -7" long. 4. O. temiifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER GERARDIA.) Leaves narrowly lin- ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods ; common. Aug. 5. O. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. f 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf.— Calyx 5-clefl, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow; the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all oj them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennial.) 6. O. flava, L. partly. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a fine close down ; stem (3° -4° high) mostly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse, entire, or tJie lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods ; common, especially in the Middle States. Aug. — Corolla l£' long. 7. G. qnercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and glaucous (3° - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnutifid ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance- linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich woods ; common, especially southward. Aug. — Corolla 2' long. 8. O. illtegrrifolia. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (l°-2° high) mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncle* shorter than the calyx. (Dasystoma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) — Woods and barrens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug. — Corolla 1' long. 9. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°- 3° high, very leafv) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx. — Dry copses ; common. Aug. — Corolla 1' or more in length. § 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-cleJl, tlie lobes unequal : corolla pur- ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens : anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. (Annual?) 10. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, nearly simple (9' -20' high)*; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ; the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1' long. 294 SCBOPHULAEIACE4E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 20. CASTIL,I,i?IA. Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in- cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower short, 3-lobed. Amher- cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Pod many-seeded. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut- lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to CastiUejo, a Spanish botanist.) 1. C. COCcinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy; stem simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the floral 3-cleft, bright scarlet towards the summit ; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla, (jp (g) (Euchroma coccinea, Nvtt. ) — Low grounds; not uncommon. May -July. — A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet. 2. C. pallida, Kunth. (MOUNTAIN PAINTED-CUP.) Smooth or sparingly- hairy, the stem woolly ; leaves lanceolate, often incised ; the flower oblong or obovate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinged with purple ; calyx cleft more deeply in front, the divisions 1-cleft, the ovate-oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla ; lower lip of the corolla not very short. If (Bavtsia pallida, Bifjd.} — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green Mountains, Vermont ; also northward. August. (Eu.) 3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Hairy, low (6'- 9' high); leaves mostly 3- cleft, with narrow diverging lobes; the floral broader and scarcely colored: spike many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions 2-deft, shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long. 21. SCHWAL.BEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED. Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbcd, 5-toothed : the posterior tooth much smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaitcd, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an- ther-cells equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many- seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu- bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi- cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure Outch botanist.) 1. 8. Americana, -L. — Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts, wui New Jersey, southward, near the coast : rare. May - July. — Plant 1° - 2° SCEOPHULARIACJLE. (FIGWOKT FAMILY ) 295 22. EL* FUR ASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name ev0pao-/a, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 1. E. officinalis, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. © — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, l'-5' high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.) 23. RUIN AX THUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur- nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the upper lanceolate, toothed ; the floral rounded and cut-sen-ate with bristly teeth ; the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded hi a one- sided spike. (Name composed of pii>, a snout, and avOos, a flower, from the beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.) 1. R. Crista-galli, L. (COMMON YELLOW-RATTLE.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass, (introduced?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.) 24. PEDICUL.ARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWOBT. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2 - 5-toothed, and more or less cleft in front. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate cr lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Xame from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONT.) Haiiy; stems simple, clustered (5' -12' high) ; leaves scattered; the lowest pin* nately parted; the others half-pinnatljid ; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; pod flat t some- what sicord-shaped. — Copses and banks ; common. May -July. 18 296 ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1°- 3° higli), nearly simple, mostly smooth : leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ; spike crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy -crested ; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. (P. pallida, Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept. 25. MEL.AMPYRU]?!, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol- la cylindrical, enlarging above ; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front ; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat- tened, oblique, 1 - 4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our species. (Name composed of fieXa? , black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.) 1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth.) — Open woods ; common. June-Sept. — Plant 6^-12' high. Corolla- 5" long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple. 261 GEL.SEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat oblique ; the lobes almost equal, the posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the di- visions linear. Pod elliptical", flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, the valves keeled : cells each ripening 5 or 6 large flat and winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant, with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves, on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5 together in the axils. ( Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 1. O. scmpervirens, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Rich moist soil along the coast, Virginia and southward. March. ORDER 75. ACANTHACE-3S. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled, 4 - 1 2-seeded po d ; seeds anatro- pous, without albumen, usually Jlat, supported by hooked projections of the ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 29? placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form : stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in the Northern States only by two genera. 1. DI ANTHER A, Gronov. WATER- WILLOW. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing hi water, with narrow and entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name from dis, double, and avfypd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 1. D. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob- long, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia pedunculosa, Michx.) — Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. 2. DIP T ERA CANT HTJS, Nees. (RUELLIA partly, L.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat- tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat- ing. — Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves, and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils, with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from biirrcpos, tivo-winged, and aicav0os, the Acanthus). 1. D. CiliOSUS, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3° high) ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l£'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (!'- l£' long) fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. R. hybridus, Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and southward. June - Sept. 2. 1>. StrepCUS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high); leaves nan-owed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' -5' long) ; tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Flowers 1 - 5 in each axil, rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometin.es many and closely crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding (when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. $• Gr.). — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis- consin, and southward. July - Sept. DiCLfrTERA BRACHIATA, Sprcng. (Justicia bracbiata. Pursh), probably grows in the south eru part of Virginia. 298 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) ORDER 76. VJERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corotta, and didynamous stamens,. the 2 - 4-cetted fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ- ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there- fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radicle of the straight embryo point- ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so ; represented here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single species), because its ovary and fruit are 1-celled and 1-seeded, and the radicle points to the apex of the fruit 1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co- rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender : stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb : derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids. 6 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes. # Leaves undivided : root perennial. 1. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6'- 18' high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept. 2. V. hastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4°-6°high); leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed or panicled. (V. paniculata, Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and waste grounds, common. July - Sept. 3. V. iirticift'oliii, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE VERVAIN.) Rather tall ; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes very slender, at length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white. — Old fields and road-sides. 4. V. Strict a. Vent. (Ho ART VERVAIN.) Downy with soft whitish hairs ; stem nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick and very densely flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers blue, pretty large. * * Leaves cleft or pinnatifid, narrowed at the base : root perennial ? 5. V» OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON VERVAIN.) Erect, loosely branched (l°-3°high); leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled, very slender; bracts small, much VEKBEXACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves ivedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple flowers. — Waste places Wisconsin to Kentucky. Aug. § 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage. 7. V. Allbletia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves obch vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid; spikes peduncled, flat-topped in flower; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers showy, light purple. © — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July. 2. I.IPPIA, L. (ZAPANIA, Juss.) Calyx often flattened, 2 - 4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped : upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 1. JL. In lie eo I it ta, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping, roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun- cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers ; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. (Zapania lanceolata, & Z. nodiflora, N. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 3. CALLICARPA, L. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a small drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of goXXos, beauty, and Kap7ros,fntit.) 1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; fruits small, violet-colbr. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. — Shrub 3° high. 4. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit ob- long, 1-celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards: cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch- ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color (Derivation of the name unknown.) 300 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 1. P. Leptostachya, L. — Rich copses, common July. — Plant 2° 3° high : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !) ORDER 77. LABIAT^R. (MINT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, or achenia, surrounding the base of tlie single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filed with a sin- gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scu- tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2- lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al- lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre- gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro- ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun- dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are merely introduced plants.) Synopsis. TRIBK I. A JUGOIDE^. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually projecting from the notch of the upper side of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed enroll i. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base. * Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted. 1. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. 2. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique. * * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included. 3. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla. TRIBE II. SATUREIE^i. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant, straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled. Lobes of the corolla flat and spreading Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base. * Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens erect, distant. 4. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 6. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. * * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within. •»- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair. 6. CUNILA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. •i- •«- Stamens 4, all with anthers. 7. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Stamen* exserted, diverging. 8. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10- 13-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 9. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 10. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding ha fruit, hairy in th« throat, 10 - 13 nerved, 2-lipped Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small. I. ADI AT^:. {MINT FAMILY.) 301 1L SATUREIA. Calyi bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerred, equally 5-toothed. Sta- mens somewhat ascending. 12. CALAM1NTIIA. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip. 13. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flaltish on the upper side. Tube of the corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip. • 4-1-4- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments. 14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. * * * Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. Sta- mens 2 or 4, long, diverging. 15. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the other four. TRIBE m. MONARDE .33. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets as in Tribe II. 16. SALYIA. Calyx 2-lipped Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower. 17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells conflu- ent into one : connective inconspicuous. 18. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as ha No 17. TKIBE IV. NEPETE.3E. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior! ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. Nutlets as hi Tribes II. and III. 19. LOPIIANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as- cending : anther-cells nearly parallel. 20. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate hi pairs ; the cells at length widely diverging. Calyx curved. 21. DRACOCEPIIALUM. Stamens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth commonly larger. 22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel. TB.IBE V. STACHYDEJE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer) pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33 Anthers usually approximate iu pairs. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 5-10 nerved. Nutlets as in the preceding. * Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell -shaped hi fruit. 23. SYNANDRA. Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other. 24. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel. * * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 25 BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. 26- SCUTELLARIA. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire. * * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed 4- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla. 27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth 4- 4- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla. 44 Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate. 28. GALEOPSIS. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. 44 -H. Anthers opening lengthwise. 29. STACHYS. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed- ding the pollen often turned downward. 80. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny -pointed teeth soon spreading Nuu lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top. 31. LAMIUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top. 802 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 32. BALLOTA. Calyx jomewhat funnel-form, the 5 - 10-teeth united at the base into a spread. ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 33. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, the 6 short and broad teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 1. TEtCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 1. T. Canadense, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike. 1J. — Low grounds; not rare. July. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white. AJUOA CHAM^SPITHYS, L., the YELLOW BUGLE of Europe, gathered in Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since. 2. TRICIIOSTEMA, L. BLUB CURLS. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved : anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some- what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varying to pur- ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of 0pi'£, hair, and orrj/ia, stamen, from the capillary filaments.) 1. T. <1 fell otoimi ill, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Leaves lance- oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. July - Sept. — The curved stamens £' long. 2. T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. — Rather taller and less forked than the last (8' -12' high), the corolla larger. 3. ISANTHUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding the corolla. — A low, much branched, annual herb, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on ehort LABIAT2E. (MINT FAMILY.) 303 axillary 1 - 3-flowered peduncles. (Name from uros , equal, and av6os, flower, referring to the almost regular corolla.) 1. I. CcKruIeus, Michx. — Gravelly banks, Maine to Illinois, and south- ward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long. 4. IttENTHA, L. MINT. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant (either exserted or included in different individuals of the same species). — Odor- ous herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capi- tate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes. Corolla pale purple or whitish. (MiWfy of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.) 1. M. VLRIDIS, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth ; leaves almost sessile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally sen-ate ; whorls of flowers approximate in loose pani- cled spikes. 1J. — Wet places ; common. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. ITI. PIPERITA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Smooth leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate ; whorls crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at die base. y. — Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the last. Aug. — Mul- tiplying, like the Spearmint, by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. HI. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Stem hairy downwards; leaves peti- oled, ovate or oblong, serrate; the floral similar and longer than the globose remote whorls of flowers. 1J. — Fields, Penn. and Ohio : rare. — Odor like that of decayed cheese. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. Canadensis, L. (WILD MINT.) Stems ascending (l°-2° high), whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, tapering to both ends, the upper- most lanceolate ; flowers crowded in globular axillary whorls. ( Odor like Penny- royal). Var. GLABRATA, Benth., is smoothish, the leaves usually less tapering at the base, "the smell pleasanter, more like that of Monarda" (Porter). (M. borealis, Sfichx.) 1J. — Wet banks of brooks, New England to Kentucky, and northward. July - Sept. 5. L.YCOPUS, L. WATER HOREHOUND. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened mar- gins.— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pin- natifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers. (Name compounded of XVKOS, a wolf, and irovsi foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) 1. L.. Virginicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'- 18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base , leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4,* 304 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places ; common, especially north- ward. Aug. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very small flowers. 2. L.. EuropreilS, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-3° high), with or without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sinu- ate-toothed or pinnatifid, more or less petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx- teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to a rigid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.) — Includes several nominal species, among them in our district is Var. SillUiatllS. (L. sinuatus, Benth. L. exaltatus & L. sinuatus, Ell.) Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifid. — Common in wet grounds. July, Aug. Var. integrifolius. Stems more simple, often producing slender run- ners ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nutty &c.), much acuminate at both ends (2' -4' long), sharply serrate. — Common westward. 6. CUNIL.A, L. DITTANY. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2- lipped ; upper lip erect, flatfish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.) 1. C. IVIiirifaBin., L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. — Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. 7. IIYSSOPUS, L. HYSSOP. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren- nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) 1. H. OFFICINA.LIS, L. — Road-sides, Michigan, &c. ; escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. PYCNANTIIEMtnH, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, wilh a pun- gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above ; the floral leaves often LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 805 whitened ; the ma ay-flowered whoils dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lipa mostly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name composed of TTVKVOS, dense, and avfapov, a blossom ; from the inflorescence.) * Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads : leaves rigid, slightly petioled. 1. P. aristjittim, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2° high); leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (I7 -2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. Var. liyssopifoliuni. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly entire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Bentii.) — Virginia and southward. * * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which, with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in dense and compound Jlattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in Jruit : leaves membranaceous, petioled. 2. P. ill cull n ill, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and southward. Aug. — Plant 2° -4° high, the taste intenncdiate between that of Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable. 3. P. clinopOflioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, scarcely toothed, short-petioled, not whitened; the upper surface often smooth, the lower as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu- late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses Perm. & New York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2. * * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-tootlied: flowers crowded in loose heads or dense clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts shorter than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile. 4. P. Torreyi, Bcnth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly simple (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts canescen*. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug. — Intermediate in aspect between No. 3 and No. 7. 5. P. pilosillll, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs, much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute X both ends, or the lower ovate- lanceolate, nearly entire, the floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired. — Dry hills and plains, W. Penn., Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Alleghanies. July- Sept. — A smoother form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil- latum, Michx. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.) 6. P. liliiticuin, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth, corymbosely much branched (l°-2^° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo 806 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) late, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine dose down. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless. * * # * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasci- cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts rigid, closely appressed, shorter titan the flowers : lips of the corolla very short : leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils. 7. P. laiiceolatlim, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth short and triangular. — Dry thickets ; common. July - Sept. 8. P. liilifolilim, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (l°-2° high); leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance- awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. ###:**: Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petioled leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 9. P. montaiium, Michx. Stem (l°-3°high) and ovate- or oblong lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda. 9. ORIGANUM, L. WILD MARJORAM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect ana slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which are imbricated with col- cred bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from opos, a mountain, and yai>09, delight.) , 1 , O. VULGA.RE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit ; leaves peti- oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish — Dry banks, sparingly intro- duced eastward. June -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. THYMUS, L. THYME. Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ; the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exseited. — Low pe- rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 807 flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 0vo>, to burr perfume, because it was used for incense.) 1. T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate ; leaves green, fiat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old fields, E. New England and Penn. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.) T. VULG\RIS, L., is the GARDEN THYME, or STANDING THYMB. 11. SATUREIA, L. SAVORY. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an- cient Latin name.) 1. S. HORTENSI8, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent J clusters few-flow- ered ; bracts small or none. ® — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. C ALA. II I XT HA, Mcench. CALAMINTH. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3- parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of KoAos, beautiful, and fuv6a, Mint.) $ 1. CALAMtNTHA PROPER, Benth. — Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the base : clusters of flowers loose and pedunded in the axils of the leaves, and forming a raceme at the summit : bracts minute. 1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy; stem ascending (1°- 3° high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3" long) about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Xat. from Eu.) $ 2. CALOMELf SSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as $ 1 : whorls few-several-jloio- ered,. sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or oblong, leaflike. 2. C. glabclla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2° long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (§'-!' long, or the largest 1^-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire; clusters 6 -10-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5" -6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi- cromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward. June. Var. Nuttallii. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile the runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 8' - 5" long. ( C. Nut- 808 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) tallii, Benth. Micromeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Ton.) — Wet limestone rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullicant], and southwestward. July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Southwestern forms; &c. i 3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below: clusters sessile and many-flowered, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. 3. C. CLiNOpftciUM, Benth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thickets and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 13. MELISSA, L. BALM. Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from /wXuro-a, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.) 1. M. OFFICINA.LIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla white or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 14. HE DEO MA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL. Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co- rolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread- ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'HSuooyioi/, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.) 1. H. pulcgioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch- ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar ; whorls few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile filaments tipped with a little head. © — Open barren woods and fields ; com- mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the true Pennyroyal (Mcntha Pulegium) of Europe. 2. H. hispid si, Pursh. Erect hairy (2' -5' high); leaves sessile, kr.ear, entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than the ciliate hispid calyx. (3) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward. 15. COLL-INSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging : anther-cells divergent. — LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 309 Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, and who introduced this plant into England.) 1. C. CaimdensiS, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -9 long); panicle loose, many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, New England to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. — Corolla §' long, exhaling the odor of lemons. 16. SAL.VIA, L. SAGE. Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe- shaped, entire or barely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 1 -celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im- perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.) 1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low (10' -20' high), somewJiat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped or sinuate- piunatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and naiTower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes- cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1J. — Woodlands and meadows, New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. June. 2. S. lirticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart- shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the lower; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south- ward. — Corolla I' long ; the lateral lobes deflexed, the middle notched. S. OFFICINALIS, L., is the well-known GARDEN SAGE. Several scarlet species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament. 17. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, en- tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta- mens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers lin ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an early Spanish botanist.) 810 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) * Stamens and style exserted beyond the very narrow aid acute upper Up of the corol- la: root perennial. 1. M. d id y 111 a, L. (OSWEGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves pctioled, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated (2' long), bright red. — Moist woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the Alleghanics : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Dee-Balm). July.— Plant 2° high, with very showy flowers. 2. HI. fistillosa, L. (WILD BERG AM OT.) Smoothish or downy ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped" base ; the upper- most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost ivhite, smooth or huiry. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south- ward, principally westward. July -Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2° - 5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last. 3. Iff. Bradfolirifilia, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, round- ed at the base, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath ; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May — July. * # Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla. 4. HI. puncttita, L. (HORSE-MINT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high) ; leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at the base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid, awnless ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur- ple, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent. 18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with S awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awuless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally '2-lipped; the upper lip erect, entire; the lower spreading, 3-clcft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than, the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi- ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Mc-narda. — Pe- rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls (Name from (SXefpapis, tlie eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.) 1. B. Cilif&fa, Raf. Somewhat downy; leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, col- ored, ciliate, as long as the calyx. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry open places, LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.^ 31 J Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant l°-2° high, less branched than the next, the hairy corolla shorter. 2. B. Iiirsuta, Bunth. Hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at the bate ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe- toides, Raf. Monarda hirsuta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. 19. L.OPHANTHUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name from X. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, shortaubular or bell- shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly entire ; the lower 3-partcd, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approxi- mate; the cells parallel. — Perennial smooth herbs, with upright wand-liko stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim- ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from <£{)o-a, a bladder, and , to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.) 1. P. Virginiana, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &c.) — Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York- to Wisconsin and southward. July -Sept. — Varies from 1°- 4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob- long-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered ; the in- flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular ; the corolla from 6" or 7" to 12" long : no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or more species. 25. BRUNEL,L,A, Tourn. (Prunella, L.) SELF-HEAL. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated- veiny, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend- ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbri- cated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.) 1. B. vulgaris, L. (COJIMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla (violet or flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields; common. June — Sept (Eu.) 26. SCUTEL.L.ARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage oh the back (the upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall- 314 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the lover stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe- rennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else spiked or racemed flowers ; the short peduncles chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.) * Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes; the floral leaves, except the lower ones, being small, and reduced to bracts. •*- Lips short, nearly equal in length ; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as long as the straightish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles. 1. S. VCFSicoIor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c. partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves ovate or round- ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crcnate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra- cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to "Wisconsin and southward. July. — Corolla £' long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple- spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Aikin, Wood.) 2. S, Saxdtilis, Rid dell. Smoothishor slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend- ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves 'ovate or ovate-oblong and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co- rolla §' long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip. ««- •»- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arcJied or incurved upper lip, and connected with it : stem erect : leaves moderately pctiolcd, except in No. 6. 3. S. C£tlieSCC3l§, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance- ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves, whitish with flue soft doivn, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July. — Corolla f ' long. 4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple (l° — 3° high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calvx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July. 5. S. |>i!6sa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly sim- ple (l°-3°high); leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315 short, often branched; corolla (^-f' long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New York to Michigan and southward. June -Aug. 6. S. iiltesn'ifoliil, L- Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stenvcom- monly simple ( 1° - 2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from. Bridge water, Mass. (Mr. Howard], to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug. # # Flowers (blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones. •*-- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly equal in length, the upper lip concave. 7. S. nervdsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10'- 20* high) ; lower leaves roundish; the middle ones ovate, tootlied, somewhat heart-shaped (!' long) ; the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; the nerve-like veins promi- nent underneath. (S. gracilis, NutL) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June. 8. S. parvilla, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped (^'-|' long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) — Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. -a- •«— Corolla (§ ' — I' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and ratlter longer tiian the somewhat arched upper Up. 9. S. galeiic lllata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the base (l'-2' long). — Wet shady places; common everywhere northward. Aug. (Eu.) # * * Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like. 10. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely sen-ate, round- ed at the base, petioled (2' -3' long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug. — A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap. 27. MARRUBIUM, L. HOREHOUND. Calyx tubular, 5- 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish- woolly bitter- aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.) 1. M. vuLoXRE, L. (COMMON HOREHOUXD.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate ; calyx with 10 recurved 816 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Es< raped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 28. OALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny- tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire ; the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly- fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with, spreading branches, and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of ya\fn, a weasel, and fyis, resein- blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.) 1. O. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely sen-ate ; corolla purplish, or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, invar. GRANDIFL6RA, 3-4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. G. LADANUM, L. (RED HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (the throat often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach, near Boston, Bigelow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 29. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5 - 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from ora^us, a spike). # Root annual : stems decumbent, low. 1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Haiiy ; leaves petioled, ovate, ob tuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base ; axillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste places, E. Massachusetts; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Root perennial .' stem erect. 2. S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angled (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower ehort-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at the base, doarny or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6-10-flo\vered. the up- per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317 somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them >»re: — Var. aspera. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into Var. gflabra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slen- der, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun- cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwdl) to Michigan and south- westward. Var. cordata. (S. cordata, Riddell, I c. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlew.) Stem beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong, heart-shaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some- times shorter. — Common westward and southward. 3. S. liySSOpifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflcxed-bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, 01 narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, rather distant ; corolla (ligbt purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangu- lar-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth, ty — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Michigan, and southward : rather rare. July. BET6NICA OFFICINALIS, the WOOD BETONY of Europe, — of a genus hard- ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Spraguc in a thicket at Newton, Massachusetts. 3O. L.EONURUS, L. MOTHERWORT. Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the loAver spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid- dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cnt-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Xeo>i', a lion, and oupa, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.) 1. Li. CARDIACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall; leaves long-peti- oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1J. — Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. Li. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-orate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth; the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. (£) — Road-sides, Pennsylvania : rare. (Adv. from Eu.'i • 318 LABIATJS. (MINT FAMILY.) 81. LAJtHUUI, L. DBAD-NKTTLB. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nen'ed, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap- proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex. — Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses- sile, subtending the axillary whorled clusters of flowers. (Name from Xcu/zof, the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) See Addend. 1. I* AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenatc-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lobes truncate, (i) — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. L. PURPUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate- toothed, all pet ioled. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.) 32. BALL, OTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND. Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co- rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.) 1. B« N!GRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) Moi-e or less hairy, but green, erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long- er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1J. — "Waste places, Massachusetts and Connecticut: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 33. PIILOMIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE. Calyx tubular, 5 -10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothcd. Upper lip of the corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx- imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl- shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther- cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow- ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of obscure derivation.) 1. P. TUBER6SA, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate- heart-shaped, crenate, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped, hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside. U — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Hadlci/, Prof. Dewey. (Adv. from Eu.) The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the SWEET BASIL (Ocymum Basilicum) ; the LAVENDER (Lavdndula vera) ; and the SWEET MARJORAM ( Origanum Major ana). BORBAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 819 ORDER 78. BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Chiefly rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), vnth alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiatae), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im- bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci- laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a red dye.) A rather large family. Synopsis. TRIBE I. BORRAGEJE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-fieeded nutlets in fruil ; the style rising from the centre between them. (Root frequently re, to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.) 1. S. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist places; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. ONOS!W6l>IUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular- funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexcd) ; the 5 acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base ; the scar minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONOSMODIUM PROPER, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re- semblance to the genus Onosma.) 1. O. VirgillianilHn, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong- BORRAGINACE^ffi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 321 lanceolate (1 -2^'long), the lower narrowed at the base; arotta rather longer than the calyx (3" long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (O. Impidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.I) — Banks and hill-sides, S. New England to Virginia and southward. June - Aug. 2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Clothed all over with long and spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ; corolla twice Hie length of tiie calyx ; the lobes deltoid-ovate, obtusish ; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (O. mdlle, Beck, &c. Lithosp. Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York, Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs. Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart- shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. This has been confounded by some authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles. 3. O. !Bl611c, Michx. Hoary with jine and close strictly oppressed hairs ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, soft-downy underneath; corolla longer than the calyx, the lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti- cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathci larger than in the last ; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle. 5. LITHOSPERMUM, Toura. GROMWELL. PCCCOON. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe ; the spreading limb 5-clcft ; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed Icafy-bracted flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p. 171, &c.). (Name compounded of \i6os, stone, and oWp/za, seed, from the hard nutlets.) $ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: tliroat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages. 1. L. ARVEXSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary; stems erect (6;- 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl- vania and Michigan. May -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) $ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly ^chitf. like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores : corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct pubescent scales in the throat. (Root perennial.) 2. L.. angustifolilim, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish, much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, l-nerved , corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ; nutlets more or less pitted when voung, rarelv bright white but smooth and shin ing. — River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May. 322 BOREAGINACKffl. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 3. L,. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlets very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. It. laiifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high), rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla sJiorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, Michigan to Kentucky. June. $ 3. Nutlets smooth and shining: corolla large, salver-sJtaped or nearly so, deep orange- yellow, somewhat pubescent outside : the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.) * Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe- cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched. 5. L. llil'tllin, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Hispid with bristly hairs (l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; flowers dis- tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (£' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. (Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gmel. B. Gmelini, Michx.) — Dry. woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest- ward. April - June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla | ' - 1 broad. 6. L.. cancscens, Lehm. (HOARY PDCCOON or ALKANET.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6'— 15' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap- pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canescens, Michx.) — Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest- ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last. * * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx, and of its erose-toothfd or crenult.de lobes ; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo- phus, A. DC.) 7. Li. loilgiflorum, Spreng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (G'-18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than the calyx d'-l^-' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pemalophua longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin westward. May, 6. UIERTENSIA, Roth. SMOOTH LUNGWORT. Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longer than the deeply 5- cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat ; the spreading border 5-lobed. Stamens protruding from the BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323 throat : filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the scar small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short paniclcd or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.) § 1. Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5 lobed : filaments narrow, much longer than the anthers. 1. HE. Virgiilica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root (4' -6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulmonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu- vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament. $ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply lobed : filaments shorter and broader. 2. Ifl. niaritima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa- pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell), Maine ? and northward. (Eu.) 3. HE. pailicillata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1°-2C high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co- rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (£' long) ; nutlets rough-wrinkled when dry. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.) — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. 7. HEYOSOTES, L. SCOKPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila- ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion- ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. (Name composed of /ivs, mouse, and ovs, wro?, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is 'MOUSE-EAR.) * Calyx open in fruit, its hairs oppressed, none of them hooked nor glandular . 1. HE. palustris, With. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stems ascending from an obliquely creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx moderately 5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in the genuine plant) pale blue with a yellow eye. 1J. — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into *-4 BORRAGINACEwE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) smaller-flowered forms, among vvhich high authorities rank M. ctespitosa, and (with yet more reason) the intermediate Var. liaxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers £ or % smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward. May -Aug. (Eu.) * * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex. 2. OT. arvciiSis, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as- cending (6' -15' high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at tht base and stalked; corolla small, blue (rarely white); pedicels spreading in fruit and larger than the 5-cleft equal calyx. (J) (g) (M. intermedia, Link. M scor- pioides, var. arvensis, L.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous 1) May -Aug. (Eu.) 3. M. Verna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4' - 12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base ; corolla very small and white, with a short limb ; pedicils in fruit erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptlv bent outwards near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleJl unequal (somewhat 2-lippcd) very hispid calyx. (J) (2) (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, ed. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. fl. N. Y.) — Dry hills, &c., Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May- July. 8. ECHINOSPERMUUI, Swartz. - STICKSEED. Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud , the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. — Hough-hairy and grayish herbs, with email blue flow- ers in bracted racemes. (Name compounded of e'^Ivos, a hedgehog, and o-yrep/za, seed, from "the prickly nutlets.) 1. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (l°-2°high); tho short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double row of prickles at the margins, and tubercled on the back. (1) .;_. — Waste places ; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.) 9. CYNOCrEOSSUm, Tourn. HOUND'S-TOXGUK. Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the 5-parted calyx ; tlm throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, * with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly panicled racemes which are naked above but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petioled. (Name from /cvwi/, a dog, and yXcoo-o-a, tongue; from the shape and texture of the* leaves.) 1. C. OFFICINA.LE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish- BORRAGINACKJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325 purple (rarely white, Sartwett) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. (5) — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. C. Virgiliicum, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Roughish with spreading bi-istly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-ob long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. 1|. — Rich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward. June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next. 3. C. Morisdiii, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem hairy, very broadly branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani- cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leajy-bracted at the base ; corolla white or pale blue (minute) ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed points. : . (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses ; com- mon. July. — A vile weed. 1C. HELIOTROPIUfll, Tourn. HELIOTROPE. Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the bud; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short: stigma conical. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-celled ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1 -seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, the small flowers in 1 -sided spikes. (The ancient name, from ^Atos, the sun, and rporri), a turn.) 1. H. EUROPJEUM, L. Erect (6;- 18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy, (l) — Waste places, Maryland, Virginia, &c. in a few places. (Adv. from Eu.) H. CCRASSAVICUM, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis. H. PERU vi AN UM, L., is the well-known SWEET HELIOTROPE in cultivation, 11. HEL-IOPHYTUM, (Cham.) DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled (i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other- wise nearly as in Hcliotropium. (Name composed of 17X105, sun, and vTov> plant.) 1. H. IXDICUM, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves petiolcd, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, splitting into 2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at length separable again into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets. (I) (Heliotropium Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward. (Adv. from India.) BORR\GO OFFICI^XLIS, L., the cultivated BORAGE, is sometimes sponta neous in gardens. 326 HYDROPHYLLACEJ!!. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) ORDER 79. HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAP FAM.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cut-lobed leaves, regular b-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary ovoid and entire, 1-celled, with 2 parietal 4 — many- ovuled placentae. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved, 4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, amphitropous, with a small embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one- sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young, and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) See Addend Synopsis. « Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and Beeds (in our plants only 4 in number) like an inner pericarp. •»- Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. NEMOPHILA. Stamens included : anthers ovoid Calyx with appendages at the sinuses, somewhat enlarged in fruit. «- «- Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. 8. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less 4. PHACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of appendages. 1. HYDROPHrfLLUHI, L WATERLEA*F. Calyx 5-partcd, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute hi the bud ; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec- tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Pod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with petiolcd am- ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymosc-clustered flowers. (Name formed of u8a>p, water, and <£uAXoi>. leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.) * Calyx naked or occasionally with minute appendages at the sinuses: rootstocks creeping, thickish, scaly-toothed. 1. H. macropliyllmn, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate, and pinnatifid; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obt use, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky, shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leave6 1° long : cyme globular, crowded 2. II. VirginiCUIll, L. Smoothish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnately di- vided; the divisions ft -7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, HYDROPHYLLACEJ5. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327 the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer titan the petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate. — Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles forked : clusters rather dense. 3. II. CanadeilSC, L. Nearly smooth (l°high); leaves palmately 5-7- lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; peduncles much shoi~tcr than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July. — Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles : leaves 3' -5' broad. * * Calyx with a small reflexed appendage in each sinus : stamens sometimes not ex- serted (probably two forms of flowers, as in some Bcrraginacece, p. 321, $~c.). 4. H. appendiciilatum, Michx. (HAIHY WATERLEAF.) Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods, W. New York to the Alle- ghanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June. 2. NEMO PHIL, A, Nutt. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta- mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2-12 ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum ; the embryo larger. — Dif- fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur- ple. (Name composed of Wfws, a grove, and (/uXe'ea, to love ; from the place of growth they affect.) 1. N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems diffusely spreading (2' -8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round- ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter- nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute ; corolla white (H" long), longer than the calyx ; placentas each 2-ovuled ; pod 1 - 2-seeded. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward. April - June. N. iNsfojfis, N. MACULATA, £c. are showy Californian species, now com- mon in gardens. 3. ELLISIA, L. ELLISIA. Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol- la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes imbricated to the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. 328 HYDROPHYLLACE2E. (wATERLEAF FAMILY.) Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a correspondent of Linnaeus.) 1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6' -12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point, nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom- ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton, New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward. May- July. 4. P II A C J2 L. I A , Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, R. Br.) Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bcll-shaped, 5-lobed; tna lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentae ad- herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2- 30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from <^d/ceXos. a fascicle ; the flowers or racemes being often clustered.) $ 1. PHACELIA PROPER. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta) : corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire. 1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hairy (l°-2°high); leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun- tains. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, ^' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds. Stamens bearded below . these, with the style, are either somewhat in- cluded (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals. § 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, Nolte. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC., £n part.) — Seeds and ovules only 4: corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully fringe-toothed: filaments villous-bearded beloiv : leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp- ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled. 2. P. Purstlii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8' -12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute , raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla blue (about ^' in diameter). (J) (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, $*c.)— • Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April- Jane. 3. P. finibrmta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5- divided into roundish POLEMONIACE.E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 329 leaflets; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cat-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3-10-Jlow- ered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (^-J' broad), (i) — "Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May. § 3. EtTTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many, rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous folds or appendages within, its lobes entire. 4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5-1 5-Jlowered ; pedicels Jiliform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes ; corolla bluish or white (£'- J' broad) ; pod few-seeded. ® — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June. 5. P. Fraiikliiiii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-seeded. (1) (Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Joy, $*c.); thence north- ward and westward. ORDER 80. POLEMOJVIACE^E. (POLEMOXIUM FAMILY.; Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular b-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal,few- many-seeded ; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co- pious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) TRIBE I. POL.EMONIE.aE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with the lobes convolute in the bud. Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel, opening lengthwise. L POLEMOXIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. 2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally inserted filaments. TEIBK II. DIAPENSIE^E. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the ecus opening transversely. 8. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line. 4. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across. 1. POL.EMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIA*. Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla ; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen- daged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al- 330 POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) ternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the {blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from jroXe/ios, war, of doubtful application.) See Addend. 1. P. rep tails, L. (JACOB'S LADDEE.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched (6' - 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers (blue) nodding ; calyx-lobes acute ; pods about 3-seeded. Ij. — Shady river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Smaller and much fewer-flowered than the P. c^RtiLEUM, which is common in gardens. 2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted hi the tube of the corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren- nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. («£Xo£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) * Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. panicillata, L. Stem stout (2°-4° high), smooth; leaves ob- long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx- teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACUMINA.TA (P. acuminata, Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar- dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white. 2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla purple (sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani- cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. — Rich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan, Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June. * * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal corymbed cymes : the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the corolla round and entire : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate. 3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (£°-2° high), often from a pros- trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled ; calyx-teeth acute. — Var. OVATA, Benth., has broad leaves (P. ovata, L). Var. NfTiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh.), and verges to the next, — Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.—* Corolla 1' long; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple. POLEMONIACE.fi. (POLEMONA.JM FAMILY.) 331 4. P. glabcrrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3C high) ; leaves linear, lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long); cymes few- flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth tharp-poinled. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods, Ohio arid Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July. * * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect] from a spreading or prostrate base, more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the ollong, lanceolate, or linear leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduncled : calyx deeply cleft, the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous. 5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (l°-l£° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube ; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jei-sey to "Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves 1' - 2* long, l£"- 3" wide. Var.? Walter!. Stems ascending (£°-l^° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (l'-l£' long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme compact and sessile^ leafy-bracted ; calyx-teeth rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ett., Benth. in part, not of L.) — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south- ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linn scan P. pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux. 6. P. reptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate sinooth- ish and thickish leaves ; flowering stems (4' - 8' high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (%' long) , clammy-pubescent ; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur- ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward : also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1' long; limb 1' broad. 7. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1^' long), acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles slender ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notdied at- the end, or often entire (var. Laphamii, Wood), £'-§' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May. 8. P. bifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves I'n- ear, becoming nearly glabrous (J'-l^'long, 1^" wide) ; flowers few, on slen- der peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (J' long), equalling the tube, th6 divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Alead (and Missouri). May. # * * * Stems creeping and tufted in broad mats, the short Jlowerbvj shoots ascend- ing glandular-pubescent; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled 332 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVALUS FAMILY.) 9. P. subulata, L. (GROUND or Moss PINK.) Depressed; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (£'-£' long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P. setacca, L.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and southward. April, May. — Commonly cultivated ; the broad matted tufts very handsome in blossom. P. DRUMM6NDH, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in gardens. 3. DIAPENSIA, L. DIAPENSIX. Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi- nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat- ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1 -flow- ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (£' wide). (The an- cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnaeus to this plant.) 1. 1>. Lapp6nica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.) 4. PYXIDANTHIJRA, Michx. PYXIDANTHERA. Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from nv£is, a small box, and dvdtjpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 1. P. barblllata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. April, May. ORDER 81. CONVOIiVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAM.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2- celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be- tween the seeds, so becoming ^-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - 6-seeded pod. Flowers most- ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for CONVOLVUI.ACE^i. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 338 ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots : those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes. Synopsis. TRIBE I. CONVOI/VULE-flE. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled in the seed Ovary 2 - 3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal — Leafy plants. * Style 1, undivided. f- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts. 1. QUAMOCLIT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. 2. 1POMCEA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of- ' ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 3. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2. •i- •»- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts. 4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. * * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3. 6. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate. TRIBE EL DICHONDRE^:. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I. 6. DICHONDRA, Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded. TRIBE HI. CUSCUTINE^E. Embryo spiral, slender, destitute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners. 7. CTJSCUTA. The only genus of the group. 1. QUAMOCLiIT, Toura. CYPRESS- VINE. Sepals mostly mucronate or awned. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small spreading border. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.) 1. Q. coccfNEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or angled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Ipomoea coccinea, L.) — River-banks, &c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Araer. or Ind.) Q. VULG\RIS, the cultivated CYPRESS- VINE, is becoming spontaneous in the South. 2. IPO ML spreading. Flowers mostly opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) 1. C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Stem procumbent or twining, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe- duncles mostly 1 -flowered; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (f long) white or tinged with reddish, 1J. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. CALYSTEGIA, R. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED, Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal. Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobeJ or entire. Staraens in- cluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-celled or 1 celled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILT.) 335 axillary 1-flowered peduncles. (Name from *coAv£, calyx, and crreyo), to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.) 1. C. se pill III, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co- rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus sepium, L.) — Var. KEPEXS (Convolvulus repens, L.) is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged with pink ; a fonn growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds ; common. June, July. Var. pubi&scens. Illinois and westward. (Eu.) 2. C. spithanicea, Pursh. (Low BINDWEED.) Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex ; peduncles usually longer than the leaf; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July. 5. STYL-ISIWA, Raf. STTLISMA. Styles 2 (rarely 3), distinct and simple, or united to above the middle : stig- mas (small) depressed-capitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat downy outside. (Name compounded of orvXos, style, and *cr pa, foundation ; per- haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.) 1. S. evolvtlloides, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (§'-!£' long), short-petioled ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts awl-shaped, shorter than the pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. 1|. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. C. tri- chosanthes, Michx. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Riddell (1), Virginia, and southward. June- Sept. — Corolla 5" - 8" long. 2. S. Pickering!!. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear, narrowed at the base, scarcely petioled; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts re- sembling the leaves, equalling the flower ; styles united to far above the middle. JJ. (Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.) — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey (and N. Carolina ) . July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° - 3° long. Corolla 3 " - 5 " long. 6. DICHONDRA, Forst. DICHOXDRA. Calyx 5-^arted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 - 2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name composed of Si's, double, and xovdpos, grain, or roundish mass ; from the frnit.) 1. D. repens, Forst. : var. CarolinensiS, Choisy. Leaves round- kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1" - \y long). (D. Carolinensis, Mchx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor- folk, and southward. (Widely diffused hi the Southern hemisphere. ) 336 CONVOLVUI ACEuE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 7. CtflSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER. Caljx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4.) cleft. Stamens furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2- celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-seeded. Em- bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, 'destitute of cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule1?) : germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bettring a few minute scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.) The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANN. $ 1. Stigmas elongated: pod opening regularly around the base by circumcissile dehia- cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.) 1. C. EpiLhfUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender ; flowers sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla globular, 5-parted, cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June. (Adv. from Eu.) $ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. # Flowers more or less pedicelled : bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - 5-ckft. •t- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 2. C, teillliflora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored , flowers at length peduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven- tricose after flowering) twice, the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobrs of the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cephalcinthi, Engelm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Cephalanthus and various tall herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species. 3. C. UMlbrosa, Beyrich. Flowers peduncled in umbel-like cymes ; tube of the (mostly 4-clcft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx -lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed, appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown, covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceanothus, and other shrubs pr herbs ; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward. •«- H- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod. 4. C. arveiisis, Beyrich (in herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, &- parted, pedumejed in loose umbel-like cymes ; tube of the corolla included in or tittle exceeding the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 337 spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ; scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish. (C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri ; on smaller herbs, and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) : with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri- cal one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa, Engelm. (Texas). 5. C. clilorocarp«i, Engelm. Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4- cleft, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens as long as the lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygon 6rum, Engelm.) — Low grounds on Polygonurn and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow- ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro- truding from the tube of the corolla. 6. C. G removal, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, peduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga, Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ; everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east- ward : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Cephalanthus, and other shrubs. Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-partcd flowers was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley. 7. C. rostrata, Shuttle worth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers (large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist val- leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other of our species. * * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts : remains of the corolla bo'i'ne on the top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.) 8. C. COlilpjicta, Juss. Stems coarse ; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy- lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base. C. coronata, Beyrich., (C. compacta, Choisy,) is the Eastern and Southern form 338 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla ; C. (Lepidanche) adprcssa, Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla. Both grow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl- vania southward; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in diameter. 9. C. giomeraJa, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts with recurved-spreading lips; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales large, fringcd-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary; the pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-secded. (Lepidanche Cornpositarum, Engelm.) — Moist prairies, from Ohio and Michigan southwestward : growing mostly on tall Com- posite. — The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems. ORDER 82. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs (or rarely shrubs), tvith a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla plaited' imbricate, plaited-convolute, or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 5-cetted) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy- lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic, often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige- nous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it Synopsis. * Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft; the lobes valvate with the margins turned inwards in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 1. SOLANUM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. » * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funnel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud . Anthers separate. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry. 2 PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 3. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled. » * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited in the bud. Anthers separate. Fruit a dry pod. t- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid. 4. HYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal. *- •«- Pod opening lengthwise. Corolla elongated. 5. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, raked. 6. NICOTIAN A. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod smooth, enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 8OLANACE.fi. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339 1. SOL.ANUOT, L. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes indupiicate. Sta- mens exserted, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of unknown derivation.) * Anthers blunt. (Plants not prickly.) 1. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes; berries oval, scarlet. — Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. NIGRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched and often spreading, rough on the angles ; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers (very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.) * # Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.) 3. S. Carolincnse, L. (HORSE NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high) ; stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ; flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes ; berries globular, orange-yellow. — Sandy soil ; Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June— Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.) S. MAMMOSUM, L., is not a native of our district. S. TUBER6suM, L., is the cultivated POTATO, and S. MELONGENA, L., the EGG-PLANT. LTCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the TOMATO, now separated from So Ian urn. 2. PH'frSAL.IS, L. GROUND CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla spreading- bell-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5 concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe- duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with brownish spots in the throat. (Name, . STRAM6NIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM.) Leaves ovate, smooth ; stem green ; corolla white, with 5 teeth. — Var. TATULA has the stem and corolla tinged with purple. (1) — Waste grounds ; a well-known weed, with large flowers (3' long). July -Sept. (Adv. from Asia or Trop. Amer.) 6. NICOTIANA, L. TOBACCO. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2- celled, 2 - 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemed or pani- cled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the Tobacco into Europe.) 1. W. KUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded. © — Old fields, from New York westward and southward : a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amcr.) N. TAB!CUM, L., is the cultivated TOBACCO. ATROPA BELLADONNA, L. (DEADLY NIGHTSHADE), a plant with pur- plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places. LYCIUM BARBARUM, L. (BARBARY BOX-THORN, or MATRIMONY-VINE), a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet hardly spontaneous. CAPSICUM ANNUUM, L., is the CAYENNE, or RED PEPPER of the gardens. ORDER 83. GENTIANACK^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular floioers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- bricated, and sometimes valvate") in the bud, a I-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentce ; the fruit mostly a 2-valved (s^pticidal) many-seeded port. — Flow- ers solitary or cvmrta° Calvx persistent. Corolla inostlv withering-pw 842 GENTIANACEJi. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) ristent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri- carp 1 (Bitter-tonic plants.) Synopsis. TBIBZ I. GENTIANEJE. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) in th« bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost alwayg opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of the pericarp. * Style distinct and slender, deciduous. 1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- 12-par ted: anthers curved. 2. EKYIIIILEA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-ehaped, 4- 5-cleft: anthers spiral. * * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight. •»- Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe. 8. FRASERA. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat 4. HALENIA. Corolla 4- 6-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base. •»- •»- Corolla without glands or spurs. 6. QENTIANA. Calyx 4 - 6-cleft. Corolla mostly with plaited folds at the sinuses. 6. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses. 7. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in the bud! TRIBE H. MENYAXTHEJE. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud., with the edges turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony. 8. MENYANTHES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 0. LIMNANTIIEMDM. Corolla smooth above. Leaves simple, rounded. 1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CEXTADRY. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5- 12-purtcd, wheel- shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien- nials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers. (Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) * Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 -parted. «•» Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying: cymes corymbed, many -flowered 1. S. paniClllata, Pursh, Ell. Stein brachiatehj much-branched (l°-2° high), rather terete, but angled with 4 sharp lines ; leaves linear or the lower ob- long, obtuse, l-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes linear-tli read- form, much shorter than the corolla. — Damp pine woods, Virginia and south- ward. June - Aug. 2. S. lailCCOlata, Torr. &.Gr. Stem simple (1°- 3° high) bearing a flat- topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer than in No. 1 ; the flowers lar- ger. (Chironia lanceolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey southward. June, July. «__ .»_ Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly with a yellowish or greenish eye. •»-«• Erect, pyramidally many-Jlowei-ed : branches opposite, crectish : peduncles short. 3. S. braclliata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear and lincar-oblonq, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 343 flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx -lobes £ or J shorter than the corol- la. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana ( Wood), and southward. June - Aug. — Corolla 1 ' - 1^ broad ; the lobes nar- rower than in the next. 4. S. ailglllaris, Pursh. Stem somewhat ^-winged-angled, much branched above (l°-2£° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a someichat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes J to ^ the length of the corolla. — Dry river-banks, &c., New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 1^' wide, deep rose-purple ; the lobes obovate. ** «•+ Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched ; the branches alternate or forking (stems terete or slightly 4-angled) : peduncles elongated and l-flowered. 5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (£°-l° high), pale; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (l£'-2' long); calyx-lobes foliaceous, spatulate-lancfolate (§'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes, coast of Virginia, and southward. June - Sept 6. S. StetliiriS, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high); leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marsh- es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — This may run into the next. 7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched (l°-2° high) ; the branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river- banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Cooley) to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept. * * Corolla 3-12-parted, large (about 2' bj-oad). (Lapithea, Griseb.) 8. S. cliloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above ; the peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol- la. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — One of. our handsomest plants. 2. ERYTIIIlJGA, Pers. CENTAURY. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-lorm, with a slender tube and a 4 -5-parted limb, which in withering twists on the pod. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose- purple or reddish flowers ; whence the name, from epvdpos, red. (All our Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur only in a few localities.) 1. E. CEXTAt~RiUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright, corymbosely brandied above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish i the uppermost linear ; cymes clus- tered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile ; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) 20 844 GENTIANACEvE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) corolla not twi.ce the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New York, near the old fort. July. — Plant 6' - 1 2' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Persv var. PULCHELLA, Griseb. Low (2' -6' high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval ; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn. plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E. Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. E. SPICA.TA, Pers. Stem strictly upright ; the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oakes.) — Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, Rugel). — Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers. (Nat. from Eu. ?) 3. Fit A SERA, Walt, AMERICAN COLUMBO. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last century.) 1. F. CarolineiisiS, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate (1° long), veiny; panicle pvramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. U (D ? — Rich dry soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root very thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with brown-purple dots. 4. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-clcft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow- ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. deflexa, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3 - 5-nervcd, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled ; the others oblong- lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) © ' Swertia corniculata, L., partly.) GENTIANACILfi. (GENTIAN FAMIL1.; 345 — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin, and north ward. July, August. 5. GENTIANA, L. GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov- ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark !) — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Ulyria, who used some spe- cies medicinally.) 41. AMARELLOtDES, Torr. & Gr. — Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, fixed by the middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsely reversed after the flower opens : seeds wingless : annuals. 1. C. quinqueflora, Lam. (FIVB-FLOWERED GENTIAN.) Stem rath- er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp- ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle- pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN- TALIS has linear-lanceolate calyx -lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and south- ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in the variety proportionally shorter. { 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Frcel. — Corolla, funnel-form, gland-bearing between the bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed with little scales : annuals or biennials. 2. Cr. crinita, Froel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of which are wedrje-obovate, and strongly fringed around t/ie sum- mit; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon- sin ; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward. Sept. — Plant 1° - 2° high : the showy corolla 2' long. 3. O. detoiisa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN.) Stem simple or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate- oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum* mit; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin ), and noith westward. Sept. (Eu.) 346 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) | 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. — Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed, with plailed folds which project into appendages in the sinuses: anthers erect, fixed by the deeji sagittate base, ectrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a ring or tube, stalkal . seeds commonly winged : perennials. * Flowers nearly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate. ••- Anthers entirely separate : seeds wingless. 4. G. ocliroleuca, Frcel. (YELLOWISH-WHITE GENTIAN.) Stems ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in axillary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open co- rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir- ginia, and common southward. Sept., Oct. •»- •«- Anthers cohering with each other more or lessjirmly: seeds winged. 5. G, allm, Muhl Cat. ! (WHITISH GENTIAN.) Stems upright, stout, very smooth ; flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus- ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexcd-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yelloivish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Griscb. in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. New York to Virginia along the Alleghanies, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &c. July - Sept. 6. G» Allflrewsii, Griseb. (CLOSED GENTIAN.) Stems upright, smooth ; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed, rough-mar- gined; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe- toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Frcel., frc., not of L.) — Moist rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept. — Corolla 1' or more long, blue fading to purplish, striped inside ; the folds whitish. 7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT GENTIAN.) Stem erect or ascend- ing, smooth ; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax- ils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, with rough margins, nar- rowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed- ing the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell -shaped light-blue1, corolla obtuse, ei'ect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less lo/iyer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Catesbaei, Walt.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. 1 Maryland, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward, principally in the Alleghanies. Aug., Sept. GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 847 Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and lesa cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pneumondnthe, Amer. auth. $- ed. 1 : also G. Sapo- naria var. Frceliclu'i. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain vret glades of Maryland and Penn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Portland). Aug. 8. O» pliberula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8' -16' high), most- ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (l'-2' long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut- ish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbaei, Ett. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the plant, l£'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division. # * Flower solitary and terminal, pedunded, mostly bractless. 9. G. ail glisti folia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun- nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx- lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ; the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south- ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov. 6. BARTON IA, Muhl. (CENTAUKELLA, Michx.) Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or foldd. Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl- shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. teiiella, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than tlie calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir- ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri. Griseb., is only a variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute. 2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the co- rclla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice tlie length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3" -4" long, larger than in No. 1. 7 OB OL. ARIA, L. OBOLAIUA. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblcng, or with age 348 GENTIANACEJS. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) spatulato, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of tho corolla; short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, the cell cruciform : the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3' -8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile. (Name from o/3oXos, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.) 1. O. Virginica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Dor.- Am., t. 3.)— Eich soil, in woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward : rather rare. April, May. 8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate- leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from \ir\v, month, and avdos, afloiver, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. 1TI. trifoliata, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.) 9. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Pod few -many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons. (Name compounded of XI'/AI/T;, a marsh or pool, and avQepov, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.) 1. It. lacniidsum, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick- ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel- lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx -lobes ; style none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. cordata, Ell.} — Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward. June -Sept. — Leaves l'-2' broad, entire, on petioles 4' -15' long, according to the depth of the water. L. TRACHYSPERMUM of the South has roughened seeds as its name denotes, and is entirely distinct. (DOGBANE FAMILY.; 349 ORDER 84. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) Plants with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leave* without sti- pules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; thefllaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig- mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our district by three genera. Synopsis. 1. AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments Leaves alternate 2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen- der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. P. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite 1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in- side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta- mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Fods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri- cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, wita alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a J/r. Charks Amson.) 1. A. Tafcermemoiitaiia, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A. latifolia, Michx.) — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia? and south- ward. May. A. ciLiXxA, with linear leaves, and A. SALiciF6LiA, with lanceolate leaves may be expected in Virginia and Illinois. 2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adher- ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slende\_ many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.) 1. F. clifformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval- lanceolate, acuirinate, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow S50 ASCLEPIADACE.fi. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) (Echites difformis, Walt.} — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April. 3. APOCYNUftl, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian- gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad- herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2- lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo- site mucronate-pointcd leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of OTTO- from, and Kixav, a dog, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.) 1. A. androsaemifolium, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, branched above ; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petloled ; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, J1 broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of -the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor- ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July. — Pods 3' -4' long, pendent. 2. A. caimfcbimiin, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches up- right or ascending, terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABERRI- MUM, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var. PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some- times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. 23r.) — Var. HY- PERICIF6LIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) — Kiver- banks, &c. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° - 3° high, much move upright than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size. These different varieties evi- dently run into one another. MINOR, the common PERIWINKLE, and NERIUM OLEANDER, tne OLEANDER, are common cultivated plants of this family. ORDER 85. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.; Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with the stigma, sensible properties, fyc.,just as in the last family ; from which they differ in the com- monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., as explained under the first and typical genus. A8CLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 851 Synopsis. TKIM I. ASCIjEPIADE^E. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy, fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical. 1. ASCLEPIAS. Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Ci own of 5 hooded fleshy bod- ies (nectaries, L. ), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each. 2. ACERATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but without a horn inside. 8 EXSLENIA. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn. TRIBE II. GO3VOL,OBE^E. Filaments rnonadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the stigma in pairs, horizontal. 4. QONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Tami HI. PERIPIjOCEJE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu- lar, separately applied to the stigma. 5. PERIPLOCA Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat. 1. ASCL.EPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Calyx 5-paned, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united in a tube (gynoetegium) which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro- longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in_thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear- ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (The Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated. ) See Addend. * Pods clothed with soft spinous projections. 1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety- downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi- cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claw-like horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and icoolly. (A. Sy- riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich soil, fields, &c.; common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale. 352 ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILK- WEED FAMILY). 2. A. SlllSIvaiaftii, Engelm. Mss. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped nearly sesxile base ; hoods of the crown obovatc, entire, obtusely 1-eared at the base on the outside, with an incurved and flat claw-like horn; pods ovate-lanceolate, ivith small and scattered warty spines chiefly on the beak. — Near Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. "W. Illinois, Engelmann. July. — Resembles No. 1 in appearance, hi the petals,