THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

Biology

BEQUEST

OF
ANITA D. S. BLAKE

-17

MANUAL

OF

THE BOTANY

OF THE

REGION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY,

BEING A

Systematic Arrangement of the Higher Plants Growing

Spontaneously in the Counties of Marin, Sonoma, ,

Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa

Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco,

in the State of California.

BY

EDWARD LEE GREENE,

Professor of Botany in the University of California.

[Issued 2 F^eb., 1894.]

SAN FRANCISCO:

CUBERY & COMPANY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, 587 MISSION STREET,

1894.

PREFACE.

This volume has been prepared with reference to the needs of those
who, whether as studying in our high schools, academies and colleges,
or as private students and amateurs, desire to make some beginnings in
the systematic botany of middle western California. In order that the
volume should be small, it was necessary that the scope of it should be
limited. So exceedingly varied is the flora of even limited areas in our
State, that not even all the flowering plants of the counties touching
San Francisco Bay could be briefly but sufficiently classified and
described within the limit of three hundred and fifty octavo pages.
We have therefore been obliged to conclude this Flora for beginners
at the end of the ninetieth of our natural orders of flowering plants.
These ninety embrace, however, all in our district which the novice in
plant determination would be likely to take up, and a number of genera
and species much greater than the beginner may master in one season's
study, or in three. Thus no complaint will arise that the sedges and
grasses, the pondweeds and the ferns have been omitted from this
brief and more or less tentative treatise.

The old practices of preparing a digest of the genera under the larger
natural orders, and of italicizing some of the salient marks of species as
described, have been continued here; though with misgiving as to their
real usefulness in general; it being too well known, by all teachers of
the subject, that the pupil will rely on the "key" and on the italicized
words unduly, and to his own misleading also, in some instances, instead
of attending to all the terms of the full diagnosis. Still, the digests and
keys are real aids to many a serious beginner in the work of plant class-
ification.

In justice to the critical labor that has been bestowed on the plants of
even this small area, by the author, it must be said that this Manual is
one which the critical botanist will find indispensable, at least, until
some worthier treatise shall take its place. On ground so new as this of
the San Francisco Bay Region it still remains, and for years to come it
will remain, that new convictions will be formed as to the limits of
species and of genera; that every book or pamphlet of this kind the
subject matter of which has been wrought out under the eye of a
competent student, will present new specific and perhaps new generic
propositions. This Manual will be found to contain not a few such.

VI. PREFACE.

Moreover: the present author, now longer engaged than any other
American botanist in the very serious consideration of certain questions
in botanical nomenclature, is more and more convinced that uniformity
will never come but by closer conformity to the law of priority. He
has therefore introduced into this volume not a few names of genera
that are much older than those current in familiar books. There
is therefore much that is new for the bibliographer and the nomenclator
within these pages. This feature wilt not in the least affect the useful-
ness of the Manual as a book for beginners; for to these it is as easy to
call the California Horse-chestnut HIPPOCASTANUM CALIFORNICUM as
JEsculus Calif ornica. The inconvenience will be realized only by the
experienced botanist, who is habituated to the use of other names. To
these, however, the way is clear. No botanist will be obliged to adopt the
nomenclature of the Manual of Bay-Region Botany. The author is
convinced, however, that the day is coming, and at a fair rate of speed,
when the employing generic names which Linnaeus substituted for older
ones of Micheli, Tournefort, Lobel or of Gesner, instead of such as have
right of real priority, will no longer be thought of by those who name
priority as a leading principle in plant nomenclature.

As to the completeness of the volume as an authentic list of the higher
plants growing spontaneously within the limits specified in the title, it
may be said that we included all the species which, at the time of writing,
were known to us as occurring within this range. But vast areas within
these counties have never yet been explored at all botanically; and the
actual number of plant forms belonging to this aggregate of counties
must be considerably greater than what these pages show. We invite
all students, and others who may use the book as a field companion in
this district, to make record of all additions to this list, and kindly
report them to the author, that future editions of the Manual may be
rendered more complete.

EDWARD L. GREENE.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 24 January, 1894.

ANALYTIC KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

SUBCLASS I. EXOGENS.

Leaves netted- veined. Parts of the flower seldom in threes or sixes.
Cotyledons two. Wood of woody species showing concentric circles.

DIVISION I. CHOBIPETAL.E HYPOGYN.E.

Petals when present distinct, at least at base. Stamens hypogynous.

A. Stamens more than 10, and more than twice as many as

the sepals or petals.

Pistils distinct, simple, becoming achenes or PAQE

follicles (in one a berry) KANUNCULACE^E 2

Pistils compound, i. e., the cells, placentae or

stigmas more than one.
Petals outnumbering the sepals,

Twice as many (4—6); sepals caducous.. .PAP A VERACE.E 8
" " " (8—16); sepals persist-
ent Lewisia in POBTULACE^J 58

Sepals and petals concave, intergrading,

persistent. Plants aquatic NYMPH^E^; 8

Sepals (or calyx-lobes) and petals 5 each;
Calyx valvate in bud; stamens mona-

delphous MALVACEAE 63

Calyx imbricate; stamens in indistinct

bundles HYPERICE^E ' 62

Sepals very unequal; stamens neither

united nor fascicled. . CISTOIDE^E 28

Petals lacerate or palmatifid; ovary . open

before maturity BESEDACE^ 27

B. Stamens 10 or fewer, not more tlian twice as many as the

petals or sepals.

* Pistils more than one, distinct.

Sepals, petals and pistils equal in number;

leaves fleshy CRASSULACE.E 126

Pistils outnumbering petals or stamens RANUNCULAOE.E 2

Vlii. KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

* * Pistils 8 — 5, variously united.

Pistils more or less united around a central
axis; carpels becoming 1-seeded

and distinct in maturity GERANIACE*: 70

Central axis not apparent.

Carpels partly partitioned, each 2-seeded,

the whole fruit capsular LINE^: 67

Carpels simple, winged, 1-seeded.

Samara 1, with 2 seeds BUTAOE^E 72

Samaras 2, each 1-seeded SAPINDACE^E 72

* * * Pistil one only; styles rarely 2 or 3.
•»— Anthers opening by uplifted valves.

Stamens 9, in 2 series; leaves aromatic LAUBINE^E

Stamens 6 or 9, in 1 series; not aromatic BERBERIDE.E 7

•H- -i— Anthers opening by terminal pores.

Stamens 10; stigma broad ERIOACE^J 231

H— •«- +- Anthers opening by lateral slits.

Flowers papilionaceous; fruit a legume LEGUMINOSE&:

Flowers resembling the papilionaceous, but

petals 3 only; pod 2 -celled POLYGALE.E 81

Flowers regular; calyx and corolla both

present.

Petals 5, unguiculate, the limb cucullate. . .KHAMNEJE 74

Petals, stamens and capsule-valves 4 or

5; seeds covered by a red aril CELASTRINEJE 74

Flowers 5-merous; fruit a single small

drupe ANACARDIACE^B 73

Petals 4 or 5; stamens 5—8; capsule 3-
celled, by abortion 1-seeded,

Hippocastanum in SAPINDACE^E 73

Petals 4 or 5, united at apex; calyx minute. . SARMENTOS.E
Calyx tubular; petals long-clawed.

Placentae parietal FRANKENIACEJE 38

Placenta central CARYOPHYLLE^E 30

Sepals and petals 4 each; stamens 6,

tetradynamous CRUCIFER^: 13

Petals 5, deciduous; sepals 2, persistent;

capsule 3-valved, 1-celled . . .PoRTUtACEjE 58

Petals and sepals 4 or 5 each, the latter per-
sistent; capsule 1-celled, 4—10-
valved or -toothed; placenta cen-
tral.... . . CARYOPHYLLE/E 30

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. IX.

Capsule 2 — 5- celled, septicidal or sep-

tif ragal ELATINE^: 62

Flowers irregular; calyx and corolla present.
Sepals 5, auricled: petals 5, one spurred

at base : VIOLARIE^E 28

Sepals 2, scale-like; petals 4, unequal, the

2 larger gibbous at base FUMARIACE^E 12

Flowers apetalous, or calyx and corolla

indistinguishable.
Plants with scarious stipules.
Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule . . CABYOPHYLLE.E 30

Fruit a triquetrous achene POLYGONE^I 40

Fruit utricular, 1-seeded IIJLECEBRE^E 39

Plants with no stipules ; calyx corolla-like ;

Fruit corky, 3 — 5- winged, 1-seeded NYCTAGINE^E 50

Shrub with drupaceous fruit DAPHNOIDE.E 161

Fruit a triquetrous or lenticular achene . POLYGONE^E 40

Stipules none; calyx green, inconspicuous;

Calyx dry; plants not succulent AMARANTOIDE^E 51

Calyx and the whole plant more or
less succulent, often mealy or

scurfy SAiiSOLACE^E 52

Flowers apetalous, unisexual ; capsule 3-celled,

3 seeded.

Herbs; styles 3 and bifid TITHYMALOIDE^ 78

Shrubs: style 1, simple BHAMNE.E 74

DIVISION II. CHOBIPETAL.E PEBIGYN^.

Calyx more or less distinctly synsepalous, but petals distinct, at least
at base. Stamens perigynous.

A. Ovary more or less completely superior.
* Stamens many, usually %0 or more.

Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle.

Leaves opposite, entire, stipules none CALYC ANTHER ] 19

Leaves alternate; stipules adnate Bosa in BOSACE^E 118

Pistils many, on a flat or convex receptacle BOSACE.E 11]

Pistils 1—5; fruit a drupe DRUPAOE.E 108

Pistil 1, becoming a plumose-tailed achene

Cercocarpus in BOSACE^ 113
Pistils 3—5, becoming inflated capsules

Opulaster in BOSACE^I 112

X. KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

* * Stamens 5 or 10 only.

Corolla papilionaceous; fruit a legume. ........ LEGUMINOSS 83

Corolla regular or nearly so;

Calyx tubular; petals on its throat SAMCARIS 140

Calyx campanulate; petals near the base. . .SAXIFRAGES 119

B. Ovary mainly inferior.
* Stamens many, usually 20 or more.

Woody plants; carpels 2—5; fruit a pome POMACES 110

Succulent herbs; carpels several; fruit fleshy

or capsular FICOIDES 128

Herbs rough with short barbed hairs; ovary

cylindric, wholly inferior LOASES 141

Flowers apetalous, dioecious DATISCES 28

* * Stamens few and definite.

Calyx-limb obvious; flowers mostly 4-merous;
Fruit dry and capsular, or nut-like, or

baccate EPILOBIACES 129

Fruit fleshy and drupaceous CORNES 159

Calyx-limb surpassing the tube; flowers 5-mer-

ous; fruit baccate Ribes in SAXIFRAGES 123

Calyx-limb 3-lobed; stamens 6—12 ARISTCXLOCHIACE.E 142

Calyx-limb 5-toothed or obsolete;

Stamens syngenecious CUCURBITACES 143

Stamens distinct;

Ovary more than 2-celled; fruit baccate ARALIACES 145

Ovary 2 celled; fruit a pair of ribbed

or winged or striate carpels UMBELLIFERS 145

Apetalous aquatics; fruits nutlets HALORAGES 138

DIVISION III. SYMPETAL.E PERIGYN^.

Sepals united below into a tube adherent to the ovary. United corolla,
with adherent stamens, inserted on the calyx near its summit.

* Stamens 1—10, distinct.

Parasites with jointed stems, no petals, and a

berry-like fruit . .LORANTHES 161

Leafy terrestrial plants, with opposite or
whorled leaves, and small calyx-
limb;
Flowers 5-merous; fruit berry -like CAPRIFOLIACES 162

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. XI.

Flower 2-merous; fruit mostly didymous,

dry or drupaceous. KUBIAOBJE 165

Corolla irregular; stamens 1 — 3; fruit an

achene VALERIANE.E 167

Flowers in dense heads; stamens 5; fruit

an achene DIPSACE^E 167

Shrubs with alternate leaves; anthers open-
ing by pores ERICACEAE 231

Herbs with milky juice, campanulate or nar-
rower regular corolla, and many-
seeded capsule CAMPANULACE./E 229

* * Stamens 3—5, united by their anthers.

Corolla bilabiate; fruit capsular, many-
seeded . ...-.- LOBELIACE.E 228

Corolla ligulate; fruit an achene; plants with

milky juice and 12-sided pollen CICHORIACE^E 219

Corollas ligulate or tubular; fruit an achene;

plants with watery or gummy juice

and spheroidal echinate pollen COMPOSITE 168

Flowers unisexual; fruit fleshy, several-seeded;

plants trailing or climbing by

tendrils CUCURBITACE^E 143

DIVISION IV. SYMPETAL^ HYPOGYN^.

Corolla sympetalous, at least at base, the stamens attached to its tube
or base, the whole inserted arouud .the base of the (superior) ovary.

A. Leaves opposite or whorled; corolla regular.

* Fruit indehiscent.

Trees with opposite leaves : fruit a samara OLEACE.E 239

Herbs with unilateral spikes or racemes; fruit

4 nutlets Allocarya in ASPERIFOLI^E 258

* * Herbs with milky juice and follicular pods.

Corolla not hooded within; anthers and

stigma approximate APOCYNACE^ 240

Corolla adorned within by a whorl of hood-
like appendages; anthers and
stigma united. ASCLEPIADACE.E 241

* •* * Fruit capsular.

Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes; placenta

central Anagallis in PRIMULAOB^: 238

Xll. KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS.

Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes;

Ovary 1-celled, placentae parietal GENTIANACE.E 242

Ovary 3-celled, placentae axial POLEMONIACE.E 244

Ovary 1-celled, placentas sac-like lining

the wall of the ovary HYDBOPHYLLACEJE 251

B. Leaves alternate; corollas regular.
* Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes; ovary 1-celled.

Styles 5; fruit utricular, 1-seeded PLUMBAGINACE,E 235

Style 1 ; fruit capsular, oo -seeded PBIMULACE^E 237

* * Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes.

Stamens nearly free from the corolla; anthers

opening by pores . .' EBICAOE^ 331

Stamens on the tube of the corolla;

Flowers spicate; corolla 4-lobed, scarious . . PLANTAGINACE.E 235

Fruit of 1—4 seed-like nutlets ASPEBIFOLI.E 257

Fruit of 2 utricular carpels. ..Dichondra in CONVOLVULACE^: 265
Fruit a berry; anthers opening by pores

Solanum in SOLANACE^: 267

Fruit capsular; sepals 5;

Inflorescence unilateral, scorpioid . HYDBOPHYLLACEJE 251

Leafless yellow-stemmed parasites OUSCUTE^S 266

Flowers large, axillary; s€ ads few, large OONVOLVULACE.E 264
Flowers small; seeds many, small;

placentae central SCBOPHULABINE^E 269

Fruit capsular; calyx 5-toothed or -lobed;

stigmas, capsule-cells and -valves 3 POLEMONIACE^E 244

Pistil 2-merous; seeds many, small SOLANACE^E 267

C. Corollas more or less distinctly bilabiate.
* Ovary not lobed; fruits capsular.

Plants green and leafy ; placentae axial SCBOPHULABINE^E 269

Plants parasitic, not green; placentae parietal. . OBOBANCHACE.E 284

* * Ovary 4-lobed, the lobes maturing as nutlets.

Herbage aromatic; leaves mostly opposite;
and flowers densely cymose-congested
at the nodes, or few, or solitary; nutlets
with basal insertion LABIATE 285

Not aromatic; flowers simply spicate or capi-
tate ; nutlets with lateral insertwn VEBBENACE^ 295

KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. Xlll.

DIVISION V. APETAL^ AMENTIFER^.

Flowers mostly apetalous and unisexual; the staminate usually in
aments or catkins, as are also sometimes the pistillate.

* Herbaceous plants; small green flowers in ament-like racemes,

Stems square; herbage stinging-bristly URTICACE^E 296

* * Woody plants, mostly trees or large shrubs.

Monoecious; flowers and fruits in globose heads. . PLATANACE.E 297
Monoecious; flowers of both sexes in aments.
Staminate aments long, pendulous; pistil-
late ovoid, erect BETULACE^ 297

Aments all short, erect; fruit a spheroidal

nutlet MYRICACE^: 298

Monoecious; pistillate flowers not in aments.

Fruit drupaceous; nut rugose JUGLANDELE 301

Fruit nut-like, inserted in, or enclosed
within an involucre.

Involucre scaly or prickly CUPULIFER.E 301

Involucre coriaceous-leafy CORYLACE.E 304

Dioecious; flowers of both kinds in aments or

catkins.
Flowers in a long pendulous opposite- bracted

aments GARRYACEJE 160

Ameuts alternate-bracted; fruit ca^psular;

seeds comose SAMOACE^ 299

SUBCLASS II. ENDOGENS.
Leaves parallel -veined; flowers 3-merous; cotyledon 1 only.

Ovary inferior, twisted ORGHIDACE^: 305

Ovary inferior, not twisted .... ... IRIDAOE^E 307

Ovary superior; fruit a 3-celled capsule or a

berry LILIACE^; 308

A N U A L

OF THE

BOTANY.

SEEIES I.

PHANEROGAMOUS OK FLOWERING PLANTS.

Vegetables having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds, of which
the most essential part is a distinct embryo.

CLASS I. ANGIOSPERM.E.

Seeds enclosed within a pericarp. Cotyledons two or one.

SUBCLASS I. 'DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Embryo with two cotyledons. Leaves netted-veined.
Flowers having their parts usually in fives, fours or twos.

DIVISION I. CHORIPETAL^ HYPOGYN^E.

Corolla (often wanting) of petals which are distinct, at least at base.
Stamens hypogynous.

2 RANUNCULACE^E.

ORDER I. RANUNCULACExE.

Herbs (Clematis shrubby) with colorless juice. Leaves alternate
(opposite in Clematis; the cauline whorled in Anemone], usually lobed
or ternately divided. Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous. Stamens oo, hypogy nous;
anthers adnate, opening lengthwise, by slits. Pistils usually oo , distinct
and simple, becoming achenes or follicles (in Aclcea 1, becoming a berry).

Petals wanting;

Sepals 4; achenes plumose-tailed, CLEMATIS 1

" 5 or more: achenes without tails, ANEMONE 2

" green; flowers unisexual: achenes ribbed THALIOTKUM 7

Flowers complete;

Pistil 1; fruit berry-like, ACTJEA. 8

Stamens few; achenes in a slender spike MYOSURUS 3

many; achenes in heads RANUNCULUS 4

Flowers irregular, one sepal spur-like DELPHINIUM 5

" regular, all 5 petals spur-like AQUILEOIA 6

1. CLEMATIS, Diosc. Half -woody, climbing by tortuous petioles of
compound opposite leaves, in the axils of which are solitary or clustered
flowers (ours white). Sepals 4, petaloid, valvate in bud. Pistils oo ;
styles persistent, becoming feathery appendages of the large compressed
and capitate-clustered achenes.

1. C. I si si a nt ha, Nutt. Silky-pubescent; leaflets 3, ovate, coarsely
toothed or 3-lobed or -parted: fl. large, only one on each bibracteate
peduncle; sepals 24 in. long.— Trailing over rocks and shrubs among the
hills. April.

2. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, or the leaves silky-
tomentose beneath : leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, usually 3-lobed :
fl.panicled in the axils; sepals % iQ- long.— Often climbing 30 ft. upon
small trees, iu Alameda and Marin Counties. July.

2. AXEMOXE, Diosc. Perennial herbs with radical leaves lobed or
divided, and a cauline involucral whorl of 3. Flowers on erect pedun-
cles. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, imbricate. Achenes merely pointed.

1. A. Grayi, Behr. & Kell. Very slender, 6—14 in. high, from a
horizontal rootstock: radical leaf remote from the stem, trifid, the seg-
ments serrate; the involucral not far below the flower, petiolate,
3-foliolate; leaflets all coarsely serrate, the lateral ones 2-lobed: sepals
5 or 6, oval, usually bluish outside: achenes 12 — 20, oblong, 2 lines long,
pubescent, the fruiting pedicel coiled into a ring — Coast Range, in
moist shades. March — May.

3. MYOSURUS, Lobel, (MOUSBTATL). Small stemless glabrous
annual, with narrow entire leaves, and slender 1-flowered scapes. Sepals

RANUNCULACE.E. O

5, spurred at base. Petals 5; bla.de oblong, with a pit or gland at base;
claw filiform. Stam. 5—15. Pistils GO, crowded on a long slender
receptacle, becoming thin-walled achenes.

1. M. minimus, L.— About San Francisco, and in the hills east of
the Bay, commonly in very much reduced states; the spikes often
less than an inch long, and very slender. March — May.

2. M. alopecuroides, Greene. Stouter and low : achenes with prom-
inent spreading beak, in short thick spike. — Low plains near Antioch.

4. BOUN CULUS, Pliny (BUTTERCUP). Flowers solitary or scattered,
regular, yellow or white. Sepals 5, commonly reflexed. Petals 5 or 10,
with nectariferous scale or pit near the base within. The many pistils
becoming beaked achenes disposed in rounded heads.

* Leaves undivided; achenes not strongly flattened. ^

1. B. Flam in n la, L. var. in termed! us, Hook. Stems slender, even
to the filiform, rooting at the lower joints: leaves lanceolate, entire: fl.
2 — 5 lines broad: achenes few, with a very stout straight but short beak. —
Small herb, found along the margins of lakes and pools.

2. B. pu si 11 us, Poir.? Annual, slender, 2 — 10 in. high, glabrous
except the villous-ciliate sheathing stipules: leaves round- ovate to
lanceolate and linear, the radical ones coarsely toothed, 3^ — % in- l°n/? :
stem simple and scapiform or with a few branches: fl. minute; sepals
subscarious, not reflexed; achenes many in a small globose head,
delicately tuberculate, neither margined nor beaked. — -Moist places in
Mario, Sonoma and Napa Counties.

* * Leaves ternately lobed, cleft or divided; fl. yellow; achenes flattened

3. R. KEPENS, L. Pubescent; stems rooting at the lower joints:
leaves ternately parted, often subdivided: sepals spreading: petals 5;
achenes 1% lines long, rather sharply margined, the beak nearly straight;
1^ lines long.— Frequent in lawns; scarcely naturalized.

4. B. maximus, Greene. Pilose or hirsute, the stout stems 2 — 5 ft.
long, reclining but not rooting: leaves broad, ternate; leaflets laciniately
lobed: petals 5— 8, oblong-obovate, obtuse, 7—10 lines long: head of achenes
roundish or broadly ovoid; beak long, straight or slightly incurved. —
In swampy places; not common. April— June.

5. B. Bloomeri, Wats. A foot or two in height, stout, usually glabrous,
sometimes pilose: radical leaves sometimes undivided and round-cordate
with coarse teeth or lobes; the later ones 3 — 9-foliate, the leaflets with
somewhat rounded teeth: petals 5, retuse, % in. long: achenes long-
beaked, forming a subglobose head.— Common in wet ground. Feb.-May.

4 RANUNCULACE.E.

6. R. Californicus, Benth. Erect or decumbent, 1 — 2% ft. high,
freely branching and many-flowered: petals 10 — 15, obovate-oblong,
4—5 lines long: achenes much flattened, 1*^ lines long, the beak short,
recurved; head dense, globose. Var. hHus. Greene. Strictly erect,
stoutish and fistulous, hirsute, glaucescent below; herbage light green;
leaflets much dissected. Var. cauesceus, Greene. Low and stout, the
basal parts canescently long-villous : leaves less dissected: fl. large
(fully 1 in. broad). Var. cnneatus, Greene. Slender, decumbent, the
growing parts silky-pubescent: leaves cleft into 3 cuneate lobes or
segments, these incisely toothed: fl. small: achenes very many, in a
dense round-ovoid head.— Type abundant on open hills. Var. Ixtus, in
lowlands not far from salt marshes. Var. canescens, in the Oakland
Hills southward, towards Livermore. Var. cuneatus, on the San Fran-
cisco peninsula southward. Feb. — June.

7. R. occidentalis, Nutt., var. Eiseni, Gray. Distinguished from
the last by more slender habit, broad leaf -segments, small petals, always
5, and broader thinner achenes. Var. Rattan! , Gray. Achenes smaller,
hairy and papillose.— Higher hill country both north and south of the
Bay, on dry open or sparsely wooded slopes. April, May.

8. R. canus, Benth. Stout and tall, with the habit of R. Calif ornicus
but herbage more or less silky-canescent; leaves cut into narrow acute
segments; petals 5 only, round-obovate. — Hills near Antioch. April, May.

9. R. hebecarpns, Hook. & Arn. Slender, erect, leafy, 5—15 in. high,
pilose-pubescent: radical leaves rounded or reniform, deeply lobed or
cleft, the segments 3-lobed: fl. minute, on filiform pedicels: achenes few*
rounded, flattened, papillose and short-hairy, the beak very short,
recurved. — Moist shades among the lower hills; not common. April, May-

10. R. MUBICATUS, L. Stout and fistulous, yellow-green, glabrous:
leaves round-reniform, slightly lobed: fl. small: achenes very large, with
stout ensiform beak and coarsely muricate-prickly sides. — Rather common
in wet soils, especially on the outskirts of San Francisco; naturalized
from Europe; flowering throughout the year.

* * * Aquatics; leaves mostly capillaceous-multifid and submersed; petals

white, with naked nectariferous pit; achenes little flattened,

transversely rugose.

11. R. aqnatilis, Dodoens. Perennial, the emersed and floating
leaves, when present, roundish, 3-lobed: styles subulate; achenes slightly
rugose, usually hispidulous, 12—20 in a compact globose head. — Common
in ponds; sometimes terrestrial on muddy shores. May— Dec.

12. R. Lobbii, Gray. Annual; floating leaves always present, deeply
3-lobed, the middle lobe usually elliptical and entire, the laterals larger,

R ANUNCULACE.E. 5

oblong, obcordate at summit: style filiform: achenes few (4 — 6), rather
sharply rugose. — Common as the last, but of short duration. April, May.

5. DELPHINIUM, Diosc., (LARKSPUR). Erect herbs. Leaves pal-
mately cleft or divided. Flowers irregular, in terminal racemes. Sepals
5, colored and petaloid, the upper one produced backward into a long
hollow spur, the others plane. Petals 2—4, two of them developed back-
wards and intruded into the spurred sepal. Pistils mostly 3, becoming
x -seeded follicles.

# Flowers blue, varying to pink or flesh color (never scarlet}.
•J— Root a cluster thickish half-woody fibres.

1. I). Californicum, Hook. & Am. Stout, strict, 3—5 ft. high, pubes-
cent: leaves ample, deeply 5-cleft, the segments variously lobed: raceme
dense, 1 — 1% ft. long: fl. smallish, dull greenish or whitish or with a
purplish tinge, scarcely expanded, externally rather densely velvety-pubes-
cent: follicles oblong, turgid, erect. — Plentiful on Mt. Diablo; also near
Belmont; otherwise not common. April — June.

2. D. hesperium, Gray. Stoutish, 1^— 2% ft. high : canescent with
a short and close pubescence: leaves much dissected, the lobes linear
obtuse: raceme dense, elongated: fl. well expanded, deep blue (occasion-
ally pink); spur stout, straight, about as long as the sepals: follicles
erect, pubescent. — Common on dry slopes; late in flowering. June, July.

3. D. variegatum, Torr. & Gray, var. apicnlatum, Greene. A foot
high or more, coarsely and retro rsely pubescent : leaves few, 3-parted or
-cleft into broad linear lobes: raceme short, dense, cylindrical: fl. large,
dark blue: follicles pubescent. — Plains near Suisun and Antioch.
March — May.

H— -J— Hoots more fieshy, often grumose or tuberiform.

4. D. Menziesii, DC. Root a cluster of short roundish or com-
pressed connected tubers : stem 1 ft. high or less, leafy below, but leaves
few, long-petioled, palmately parted, pubescent or nearly glabrous:
raceme loose; fl. few and large, on long ascending pedicels; spur short,
stout, straight: follicles divergent. — Hills toward the sea, from San
Mateo Co. northward. April— July.

5. D. decorum, Fisch. & Mey. Eoot-cluster short, grumose, the
tuberiform branches producing many long fibres: stem solitary, slender,
simple, seldom 1 ft. high: herbage pale green, pubescent or glabrate:
leaves parted into 3 — 5 widely sundered segments, these broad cuneiform,
3-lobed in the radical ones, entire in the cauline: fl. rather small, in an
open raceme, deep blue except the uppermost petals, these white : spur

6 K AN UNO U LACE 33.

straight: follicles glabrous, widely divergent. — Borders of thickets, and
in open stony ground near hilltops. April.

* * /Scarlet-flowered species; roots not fleshy.

6. I), nndicanle, Torr. & Gray. Leafy at base of stem only, 1—2 ft.
high: raceme very lax, somewhat pyramidal: calyx 1 in. long or more,
bright scarlet, not widely expanding, the spur straight: petals yellow:
follicles glabrous, divergent at summit, often narrowed below to a short
stipe. —Rocky slopes and summits of the higher hills. April, May.

6. A(JUILEGIA, Tragus (COLUMBINE). Perennials. Leaves mostly
radical and twice terrate; leaflets thin, their lobes rounded. Flowers
large, nodding, solitary at the ends of the branches. Sepals 5, plane,
colored. Petals 5, tubular, projecting behind the sepals. Pistils 5,
becoming follicles.

1. A. truncata, Fisch. & Mey. Usually glabrous, 1—3 ft. high: fl.
\% — 2 in. broad, scarlet tinged with yellow: sepals widely spreading or
reflexed: petals with very short truncate limb.— Borders of moist shady
thickets; common. April — June.

7. THALICTRUJff, Diosc. (MEADOW RUE). Dioecious tall perennials
with fibrous roots, hollow stems, bi- or triternately compound leaves and
many panicled greenish apetalous flowers. Sepals 4 — 7, small, deciduous.
Stamens oo , with linear anthers on capillary filaments. Pistils several,
becoming ribbed or veined achenes tipped with the persistent style.

1. T. polycarpum, Wats. Stout, 3 — 4 ft. high, glabrous, not glaucous,
aromatic-scented: leaflets with acute or acuminate lobes: sepals lan-
ceolate, not scarious: achenes very many in the head, broadly obovoid,
short-stipitate, compressed, turgid, the sides marked with low more or
less anostomosing veins.— Open places near streams, in the first Coast
Range. May, June.

2. T. hesperium, Greene. Glabrous, except the growing parts, and
lower face of leaves, which have a sparse glandular pubescence; herbage
ill-scented (not aromatic): lobes of leaflets rounded: sepals 5, not scarious:
achenes fewer, obliquely oval or semi-obovate, substipitate, the ribs or
veins mostly distinct and parallel.— Oakland Hills and inner Coast
Range generally.

8. ACTJSA, Linn. Perennial. Leaves few, ample, ternate and fern-
like. Flowers small, white, in a single terminal short raceme. Sepals
about 4, caducous. Petals 1 or more. Stamens GO. Pistil 1. Berry-
like pericarp with a false suture running down one side; seeds flattened
and semiorbicular, packed in two vertical rows.

1. A. arguta, Nutt. Stem 2—3 ft. high; leaves 1 or more, with acute
coarsely and incisely serrate leaflets : raceme 1 — 2 in. long, oblong, often

BERBEEIDEJ5. I

with one or more short branches at base : sepals obovate, concave : petal
with rhombic-ovate acute limb and almost filiform claw: stamens 25—30;
filaments filiform or slightly thickened under the roundish anthers:
berries obliquely oval, as large as peas, the polished and shining surface
cherry-red, or occasionally snow-white. — Wooded northward slopes
under hazel bushes, etc. Feb. — April.

ORDER II. B E R B E R I D E /E.

Shrubs or herbs with alternate or radical usually compound leaves.
Sepals and Petals 3 or 6 each. Stamens 6 or 9, hypogynous; anthers
opening by valves hinged at top. Pistil 1. Fruit a berry or a 1-celled
capsule.

1. BERBEBIS, Brunfels (OREGON GRAPE. BARBERRY). Ours low
evergreen shrubs, with unequally pinnate coriaceous prickly leaves, and
yellow inner bark and wood. Flowers yellow, in clustered terminal and
axillary racemes. Sepals 6, subtended by 3 or more bractlets. Petals 6,
opposite the sepals. Stamens 6. Berries (in ours) dark blue and
glaucous.

1. B. -ncrvosa, Pursh. Simple, the stem 1 ft. high or less, at summit
bearing a crown of very large leaves, and many dry persistent chaffy
bracts: leaves 1 — 2 ft. long; leaflets 11 — 17, ovate, acuminate, somewhat
palmately nerved: racemes elongated: berries ovoid. — In deep woods
near the coast.

2. B. piimata, Lag. Branching 1—6 ft. high: leaflets 7 — 9 very
prickly, the lowest pair near the base of the petiole : racemes profuse,
clustered in the axils of all the leaves, as well as terminal : fr. ovoid. —
Rocky hills; common. April, May.

2. VANCOUVEKIA, Morr. & Dcsne. Perennial. Leaves all radical,
2 — 3-ternate. Scapes racemose or paniculate ; the flowers small, nodding.
Sepals 6, obovate, reflexed, subtended by 6 — 9 small bracts. Petals 6,
deflexed, but with cucullate incurved tips. Stamens 6, erect, closely
appressed to the pistil. Carpel 1; ovules 10 or fewer, in two rows along
the suture. Capsule dehiscent by a dorsal valve.

1. V. parviflora, Greene. More or less villous with brownish hairs,
1 ft. high or more: leaves dark green, coriaceous, enduring through the
year; leaflets 1 in. broad, petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3-lobed,
emarginate: fl. small, 25—50 in a panicle, white, or with a lavender
tinge: ovary glabrous. — Wooded hills at considerable elevations, both
back of Oakland and in Marin Co. April, May.

LAURINE.E.

ORDER III. L A U R I N E /£ .

Represented by a single and monotypical genus.

1. UMBELLULA.RIA., Null. (CALIFORNIA LAUREL). An evergreen
tree, with alternate coriaceous entire aromatic foliage, and perfect
flowers in peduncled terminal and axillary small capitate umbels; these
in bud covered by an involucre of about 4 broad caducous bracts.
Perianth with no tube; segments 6, the 3 outer enfolding the others,
all deciduous. Stamens 9; the outer series (6) spreading, the inner (3)
erect and near the pistil; a circle of 6 stout stipitate glands intervening
between the 2 series; anthers 4-celled, of valvate dehiscence, those the
outer series introrse, of the inner extrorse. Fruit drupaceous.

1. U. Californica, (Arnott), Nutt. Tree 10—75 ft. high, the growing
twigs and inflorescence minutely puberulent: leaves oblong-lanceolate,
2 — 4 in. long, short-petioled, bright green: peduncles % — 1 in. long;
pedicels of the 5 — 10 greenish yellow flowers 1 — 5 lines: drupe dark
purple, ovoid or subglobose, 1 in. long, the pulp and putamen thin.
Common along streams and on northward slopes of hills. Jan. — May.

ORDER IV. NYMPH>£E>£.

Water-Lily Family; represented by one species.

1. NYMPHJEA, Theophr. (YELLOW POND-LILY). Aquatic: rootstock
stout, creeping at the bottom of ponds and streams. Leaves large,
leathery, cordate, entire, either floating or raised above the water.
Sepals 6 — 12, imbricated, rounded and concave, yellow or reddish. Petals
and stamens oo, short, hypogynous; filaments short, anthers truncate,
extrorse. Ovary, oblong or ovate 12— 20-celled; the sessile broad flat
stigma with as many radiating striae. Seeds without aril.

1. X. polysepala(Engelm.), Greene. Sepals 9 — 12, all but the greenish
and small outer ones of a rich brownish red: rays of stigma 15 — 21, the
margin somewhat crenate.— Not rare in Marin Co. ; also in some lakes or
ponds in the outskirts of San Francisco.

ORDER V. PAPAVERACE/E.

Herbs (Dendromecon shrubby) with a colored or milky narcotic juice,
commonly glaucous foliage, and mostly solitary showy 4-merous or 6-
merous flowers. Sepals 1, 2 or 3, caducous. Petals 4 — 6, crumpled in the
bud. Stamens 6— GO, usually hypogynous; anthers innate. Pistil com-
pound and the ovary becoming a capsule, or the carpels nearly distinct,
maturing as almost follicular pods. Seeds oo ; albumen fleshy or oily;
embryo minute, straight.

PAP AVERAGES. 9

1. PAP AVER, Pliny (POPPY). Sepals 2. Petals 4. Ovary with 4 or
more intruded placentae which partially divide the interior of the obovoid
or subglobose capsule, this opening by short roundish or triangular
apertures near the summit between the parietal ribs : stigma 4— 8-lobed,
sessile and the lobes radiating over the summit of the ovary and capsule,
or raised on a short style and the lobes capitate-recurved. Seeds oo ,
small, scrobiculate or reticulate.

1. P. Californicum, Gray. Sparsely pilose-pubescent, 1 — 2^ ft high
leafy below; leaves pinnately parted or divided into acutish toothed or
3-lobed or entire segments: peduncles elongated; corolla 2 in. broad;
petals brick-red, with a green spot at the base bordered with rose-red:
capsule % in- long or more, clavate-turbinate, 6 — 11-nerved; stigmas
sessile and radiating, forming a flat cap to the pod; the short valvular
openings somewhat quadrate: seeds coarsely and faintly reticulate. —
Marin Co.

2. P. Lemmoiii, Greepe. Near the preceding, but larger, 1 — 3 ft.
high : corolla 1—3 in. broad, apparently of a deeper red, the base of the
petals green: capsule broader and merely obovate; stigmas 7 — 10, their
lower half sessile and radiant upon the pod, the upper half coherent and
forming a conical apiculation. — Marin Co. and southward.

3. P. heterophyllum (Benth.), Greene. Aspect and size of the two
preceding, but the segments of the pinnately divided leaves singularly
variable upon the same leaf, some linear, others in close juxtaposition
oval; stigmas capitate, raised on a slender style: red flowers large, nodding,
the stamens declined. — On wooded slopes.

4. P. erassifolium (Benth.). Smaller than the preceding, much
more branching and florif erous, the foliage smaller and more fleshy : ji.
small, erect, the stamens not declined. — In dry fields of the interior; never
with P. heterophyllum or even near it.

2. PLATYSTEMOX, Benth. Annual glaucescent glabrous or hirsute
herbs with entire leaves; the cauline opposite or verticillate. Flowers
rather small, white or cream-colored, on slender peduncles. Sepals 3,
caducous. Petals 6. Stamens 6 — oo ; filaments filiform or flattened;
anthers oblong to linear. Carpels 3 — oo , in maturity variously more or
less united, or quite distinct. Seeds smooth and shining.

*Carpels 6—25, torulose, jointed between the seeds.

1. P. Californicus, Benth. Branching from the base 6—12 in. high,
sparingly hirsute: lowest leaves alternate; cauline opposite, all linear,
entire, 2—4 in. long, sessile or clasping, obtuse: flower-buds ovoid; sepals
hirsute : petals % in. long or more, pale yellow with a deep greenish-
yellow spot at base, sometimes reddish tinged on the outside; stamens oo ;

10 PAPAVEEACE^.

filaments flattened and ligulate, carpels breaking transversely into
1-seeded indehiscent joints. — Throughout the western parts of the State.
April — June.

* Carpels 3 only, partly united and forming a 3-lobed 1-celled ovoid
capsule open at top.

2. P. linearis (Benth.), Curran. Acaulescent, 3—12 in. high, sparsely
hirsute: leaves narrowly linear, 1 — -3 in. long, acutish: peduncles scapi-
form, very slender: fl. %—\ in broad: petals as in the last: stamens oo ;
filaments filiform or flattened: capsule ovate-triquetrous, % in. long or
more. — Gravelly hills. March — May.

* * * Carpels 3 only, united, forming a slender elongated and twisted
1-celled capsule; stamens few and definite; stigmas linear.

3. P. Torreyi, Greene. Erect, slender, dichotomous from the base,
3— 8 in. high, glabrous: lowest leaves ovate-spatulate or oblanceolate;
upper linear, acute, entire, ^ — 1 in. long: fl. % — 1 in. broad, white:
stamens (usually 12) in two circles; filaments dilated upwards, those of
the outer circle conspicuously shorter than those of the inner: capsule
linear, %—!% in- long. Feb.— May.

3. DENDROMECOX, Benth. Shrubs with alternate coriaceous entire
leaves, and solitary rather large yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4.
Stamens oo ; filaments filiform, short; anthers linear. Ovary linear; style
short; stigmas 2, short and erect. Capsule linear, many-nerved, 1-celled,
2-valved, the valves dehiscent somewhat elastically from base to apex.

1. D. rigidnm, Benth. Shrub 2 — 8 ft. high, with many rigid ascend-
ing branches and slender branchlets; bark whitish: leaves ovate- to linear-
lanceolate, 1 — 3 in. long, very acute or mucronate, vertical, the very short
petiole being twisted, the margin scabrous-denticulate: fl. 1 — 3 in. broadT
the petals nearly rotate-spreading; capsules slightly arcuate, \% — 2^ in.
long. — In clayey or gravelly soil on higher hills. March — June.

4, ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso. Nearly or quite glabrous glau-
cous flaccid herbs, with colorless bitter juice (that of the roots reddish)
and ternately dissected leaves. Flowers solitary, yellow or orange-colored.
Calyx an oblong or conical mitre-like organ deciduous from the more or
less funnelform-dilated torus which bears the 4 petals. Stamens mostly
x ; filaments very short, attached to the base of the petals ; anthers linear
or oblong, usually longer than the filaments. Ovary linear; style very
short; stigmas 2 or more, subulate-filiform. Capsule 10-nerved, l-celledt
oo -seeded, 2-valved, the valves elastically dehiscent from base to apex,
forcibly ejecting the seeds; these spherical, reticulate or muricate.

PAP AVEKACE2E. 11

* Torus broadly rimmed; cotyledons bifid.
•H- Perennials.

1. E. Californica, Cham. Glabrous, glaucescent, the stems decum-
bent or at length procumbent, 1—2 ft. long, regularly dichotomous
below, above bearing a flower opposite each leaf: leaves ternately
dissected, the ultimate segments linear, obtuse: calyx oblong or ovoid,
abruptly short-pointed; torus-rim broad: petals about % in. long, light
yellow with an orange spot at base : pods small for the size of the plant
(2 in. long): seeds conspicuously reticulate. — Only along the seaboard in
sandy soil.

2. E. Douglasii (H. & A.), Walp. Size of the last but less depressed,
not obviously dichotomous: calyx ovate-acuminate: outer rim of torus
narrow, not exceeding the erect inner one, in age deflexed: petals 1 in.
long or more, yellow, shading into orange at base. — Plains of Solano and
Contra Costa counties.

3. E. crocea, Benth. Stouter, erect or decumbent, the herbage of a
deeper green and scarcely glaucescent: calyx very large, often 1 in. long
or more, long-conical: outer rim of torus very broad, more or less undu-
late: petals, 1% — 2 in. long, deep orange. — The most common species in
our district, and very showy.

•»— -H- Annuals.

4. E. compacta, (Lindl.), Walp. Annual erect, 1 — 2ft. high, glabrous,
light green, more or less glaucescent: leaves finely dissected, the ulti-
mate segments linear cuneiform, 3-toothed or cleft at the broad apex :
calyx very thin and partly diaphanous, slender-conical; outer torus-rim
broad, thin : petals % — 1^ in. long, light yellow, shading into orange
below the middle. — Dry plains of Contra Costa Co., and southward, but
not in the typical form.

5. E. ambigna, Greene. Slender, branching from the base, decum-
bent, glaucous and scabrous puberulent throughout, 1 ft. high or less:
leaves small, ternately dissected, the ultimate segments short, approxi-
mate in threes: calyx ovate acuminate, about 4 lines long or 5: torus
small, but with ample rim: petals deep yellow, 1 in. long or less. — Near
the summit of Mt. Diablo (not typical) and southward.

* * Torus without rim; cotyledons entire; annuals.

6. E. hypecoides, Benth. Scabrous or even hirsute-pubescent below,

12 FUMARIACE.E.

glabrous above, glaucescent: branches many from the annual root,
decumbent at base, 1 ft. high or less, slender, sparingly leafy : leaves
small, segments rather few, linear-cuneiform: calyx oblong-conical, % in.
long, abruptly slender-pointed: torus short-tubular, 1J£ lines deep; outer
margin a mere herbaceous ring, the inner erect, hyaline: petals 1 in.
long: seeds with a faint irregular reticulation.— Vaca Mts. to Tamalpais.

7. E. rhombipetala, Greene. Glaucous and tuberculate- scabrous
throughout; stemless or the stems stout, depressed, very leafy, the stout
4-angled peduncles little exceeding the subradical leaves: torus sub-
cylindrical, with 2 minute approximate scarious margins: petals % in.
long, rhombic-ovate, fugacious: capsules very large for the plant (3—4 in.
long): seeds large, very distinctly and regularly favose-reticulate.—
In grain fields along the eastern foothills of the Mt. Diablo Range.

ORDER VI. FUM ARIACE/E.

Glabrous often glaucous herbs, with watery juice, alternate pinnately
or ternately divided or dissected leaves without stipules, and racemose
flowers. Sepals 2, small, deciduous. Petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs; one
or both of the outer ones saccate at base; inner pair cohering by the
callous apex and enclosing the anther's and stigma. Stamens 6,
hypogynous; filaments in 2 parcels placed opposite the outer petals,
usually diadelphous; anther of the middle stamen in each parcel 2-celled,
those of the lateral 1-celled. Fruit a several-seeded siliquose 2-valved,
1 -celled capsule, or in dehiscent.

1. CAPNORCHIS, Boerhaave. Perennials, with tuberiferious or
granular or scaly subterranean stem or crown, fibrous rootlets, ternately
or pinnately compound leaves, and racemose or paniculate flowers.
Corolla flattened and cordate; the two outer petals larger, saccate or
spurred at base.

1. C. formosa (Andr.), O. Ktze. Rootstock rather large, creeping,
nearly naked: leaves and scapes 2 ft. high, the former twice or thrice
pinnately compound, the final divisions incisely pinnatifid: fl. compound-
racemose at summit of the naked scape: corolla rose-purple, ovate-cordate,
with short spreading tips to the larger petals. — Common in the woods of
Marin Co. April— June.

* 2. C. chrysantha (H. & A.), Planch. Very glaucous: leaves bipin-
nate, the larger a foot long, the divisions cleft into few and narrow
lobes: stem leafy, 2 — 5 ft. high, ending in a large racemose panicle of
yellow flowers: corolla linear-oblong, only slightly cordate.— Santa Cruz
Mt s. and Mt. Diablo. May —July.

13

ORDER VII. CRUCIFER/E.

Herbaceous or rarely suffruitescent plants with watery pungent juice,
alternate exstipulate leaves, and usually racemose white or yellow or
sometimes purple flowers. Sepals 4, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 4,
often unguiculate, the laminae spreading in the form of a cross (unequal,
and differently arranged in many of our Streptanthi), hypogynous,
deciduous. Stamens almost always tetradynamous, i. e., 4 long, 2 short
(except in some Streplanthi, where they are in 3 unequal pairs, and in
Athysanus and Heterodraba, which have them all of equal length);1 in
some species reduced to 4 and even 2, hypogynous. Fruit usually a
silique or silicle of 2 valves which separate from a central partition
formed by the united placentae. Seeds attached to the outer edge of the
partition all around, usually forming a single row under the valves.

* Pods indehiscent.

Pods l-seeded, not wing-margined ................................ ATHYSANUS 3

" " wing-margined .................................... THYSANOCARPUS 17

•• se.eraLseeded, flattened { f^r^ted^.Y :::::. V. •.•".SSSESSJSi. 2?

" " " terete and pointed ............................ RHAPHANUS 19

T . >. (2 dissimilar 1-seeded joints . . CAKILE 20

breaking transversely into | 8everal 1-seeded joints ....... RHAPHANUS 19

" formed of 2 opposite 1-seeded nutlets ....................... CORONOPUS. 18

* * Pods dehiscent from below.

Pods obovoid, scarcely compressed .............................. CAMELINA 4

" orbicular, flattened parallel with the partition ............. ALYSSUM 1

" flattened contrary to the partition{ ES83!??. V^:.'. :;S,mDM W

" oblong, linear-oblong, or slender- 5 fl. white ............... NASTURTIUM 9

conical, turgid, slightly curved ( fl. yellow .............. KORIPA 10

thin-walled, straight ...................................... SISYMBRIUM 14

i j ( leaves lyrate ... ............. BARBAREA 11

linear, 4-angled \ leayes eyntire or runcinate ................. EBYSIMUM 12

„ (beaked ..................................... BRASSICA 13

9 ^beakless ............ . ........................ THELYPODIUM 7

" " compressed; valves elastically dehiscent ............. CARDAMINE 8

* * * Pods dehiscent from the apex. TROPIDOCARPUM 21

1. ALYSSUM, Diose. Low herbs with simple leaves and more or
less of a stellate pubescence. Sepals equal. Petals white or yellowish.
Pod orbicular; valves convex, nerveless. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

1. A. alyssoides (L.), Gouan. Annual, branching from the base,
decumbent, ^ —1 ft. high, canescent: leaves linear-spatulate, % — 1 in.
long: raceme rather slender, the white or pale yellow petals little exceed-
ing the sepals: pod slightly emarginate, little exceeding the persistent
sepals, 4-seeded. — Naturalized about San Francisco.

14 CRUOIFER.E.

2. A. iiiiirit imiiin (L.), Lam. Perennial, ostensibly glabrous, but a
few appressed hairs are revealed by a lens: broad white petals twice the
length of the deciduous sepals: pod 2-seeded. — Naturalized more exten-
sively than the last.

2. HETERODRABA, Greene. Slender diffuse annual, leafy only near
the base, the elongated branches unilaterally racemose throughout.
Leaves simple, toothed. Sepals equal. Petals without claw. Stamens
6 but equal, 3 on either side of the orbicular compressed ovary. Pod
several-seeded, 2-celled by a very thin and filmy partition, indehiscent.

1. H. unilateralis (Jones), Greene. Pubescent with rigid short
branching hairs: leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely few-toothed above the
middle, ^ — 1 in. long: branches horizontal and trailing or prostrate,
% — 2 ft. long, in age rigid and wiry: pods on short rigid defiexed
pedicels, 2 lines long, 1^ lines wide, stellate-pubescent and hispidulous,
twisted when mature. — In fields among growing grain, along the eastern
slopes of the Mt. Diablo Eange. Feb. — May.

3. ATHYSANUS, Greene. Habit and character of the preceding,
save that the very small orbicular and straight pods are 1 -celled and
1 -seeded.

1. A. pusi llus (Hook.), Greene. Stems filiform, branching from the
base, the branches mostly ascending, unilaterally racemose throughout:
leaves few, ovate, sparingly toothed, % in. long: fl. minute, often apeta-
lous: pods lenticular, more or less uncinate- hispid, scarcely a line long,
rather acute at base.— Common on hillsides. March, April.

4. CAMELIXA, Rmlliux. Erect herbs, sparingly branching, with
clasping or sagittate leaves, and terminal loose racemes of small yellow-
ish flowers. Sepals equal. Petals entire. Filaments without teeth.
Silicle obovate or globose, beaked with a persistent style. Seeds several
in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent.

1. G. SATIVA (L.), Crantz. Pubescent, % — 2 ft. high: leaves lanceolate,
sagittate at base, nearly entire: pods pyriform with acute base. — A weed
in fields of grain in many countries; found at Berkeley by Mr. Chesnut
in 1887.

5. ARABIS, Linn. Sepals erect, equal, or two of them slightly
saccate at base. Petals white or purple with narrow claw and flat blade.
Anthers short, straight, ovate or oblong, scarcely emarginate at base.
Stigma entire or 2-lobed. Pod linear, compressed; valves nerveless or
lightly 1-nerved. Seeds in one or two rows, flattened, often winged.

1. A. glabra (L.), Weinm. Stout biennial, usually simple, 2 to 5 ft.

high; lowest leaves and base of stem hirsute or hispidulous, the plant
otherwise glabrous, glaucous : lower leaves spatulate, 2—4 in. long, sinuate-
pinnatifid or toothed, ciliate at least on the petioles; cauline ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, entire, clasping by a sagittate base: petals dull white or
greenish white, 2— 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals: pods erect,
usually even appressed to the stem, 2 — 4 in. long, less than a line wide,
straight, on pedicels 3—4 lines long: style short: seeds in 2 rows,narrowly
winged or wingless. — Common. March — May.

2. A. hirsuta (L.), Scop. Seldom 2 ft. high, deep green, not glaucous,
hirsute throughout with a branched pubescence: cauline leaves oblong-
ovate or ovate lanceolate, sagittate or auricled at the clasping base,
coarsely toothed or entire: fl. small, white: pods very slender, erect. —
Near Tocaloma, Biolelti.

3. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Arn. Stoutish, 4—12 in. high, deep
green, glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent: lower leaves obovate to
broadly spatulate, 1 — 2 in. long, entire or sinuate- toothed, strongly ciliate;
cauline oblong, sessile: sepals usually purplish: petals % in. long, rich
red-purple: pods 1% in. long, 1^ lines wide, suberect, beaked with a
short stout style : seeds in one row, a line wide. — Kooky hills about San
Francisco. Feb.— May.

4. A. Breweri, Wats. Low, tufted perennial, rather rigid, 2 — 10 in
high, canescent with dense stellate pubescence: radical leaves spatulate, 1 in.
long, short-petioled, entire; cauline ovate-oblong, sessile, not sagittate:
petals rose-purple, 1 — 4 lines long: pods spreading or recurved, \}4.~^A
in. long, scarcely a line wide. — Mt. Diablo Range, on rocks. Apr. — June.

5. A. Ludoyiciana (Nutt.), C. A. Mey. Nearly glabrous, branched
from the base and branches ascending, 6—10 in. long: leaves all pinnate-
ly parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire segments :Ji. small,
white: pods spreading on short pedicels, flat, rather broad-linear, 1 in.
long: seeds orbicular, wing-margined. — Banks of the lower San Joaquin.

6. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. Mostly annuals, the few branches
loosely racemose throughout. Leaves pinnatifid or toothed, rarely
entire, except the cauline, and these mostly sagittate and clasping.
Calyx whitish or colored, open or closed, often irregular, 2 or all of
sepals saccate at base. Petals with broad channelled claw and (in our
species) a narrow usually more or less undulate limb. Stamens either
tetradynamous or in 3 unequal pairs, the uppermost pair often with- fila-
ments united; anthers elongated, sagittate at base, curved in age. Pod
from flat and thin to subterete; valves 1-nerved or rarely carinate.
Seeds more or less flattened, margined or marginless.

16 CRUCIFEE^.

* 'Calyx not irregular.

1. S. barbiger, Greene. Slender, 1—1^ ft. high, pubscent or gla-
brous; cauline leaves linear, entire, scarcely auriculate: fl. subsessile,
3 lines long: sepals greenish, the rather acuminate tips becoming
whitish-petaloid and recurved, the whole calyx commonly bristly-hairy,
but often glabrous: petals white: filaments dark purple, the three
pairs very unequal, the uppermost connate almost to the summit, their
anthers much reduced and seemingly sterile : pods 1—2 in. long, nar-
rowly linear, recurved. — In Napa Co., near St. Helena.

2. S. suffrutescens, Greene. Perennial, suffrutescent, the stout leafy
trunk 6 — 8 in high; flowering branches 1 — 2 ft. long: herbage glabrous,
glaucous: stem-leaves cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate-toothed; floral
leaves round-cordate or more elongated: sepals purplish-green, their
tips not reflexed: one pair of filaments connate; all the anthers equal
and fertile. — Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti.

Calyx irregular, three sepals more or less connivent behind the upper
petals, the fourth separated from these and somewhat defiexed;
1 pair of filaments connate.

3. S. niger, Greene. Branching loosely from near the base and above,
1 — 3 ft. high, glabrous, glaucous: leaves linear, 2 — 3 in. long, the lowest
with narrow pinnate gland-tipped lobes or teeth, the upper entire, auric-
ulate-clasping : racemes loose, fiexuous: pedicels ascending, 1 in. long:
calyx 3 lines long, of a very dark metallic shining purple; sepals ovate-cymbi-
form, the 3 upper slightly separated from the lowest, and connivent at
apex: blade of petals, very slender, white: upper pair of filaments
connate almost throughout, their anthers small and sterile: pod 2 in.
long, erect or ascending, nearly straight: seed narrowly winged. — Hills
at Tiburon.

4. S. albidns, Greene. Stouter than the last, equally glabrous and
glaucous, even the cauline leaves with callous-tipped prominent teeth,
the base sagittate-clasping: racemes not fiexuous: pedicels short:
sepals .3— 4 lines long, white, with purple base:, petals % in- long, the
lamina ample, crisped, white, with purple veins: upper pair of filaments
united to the tip, their anthers small but polliniferous- — On hillsides not
far from San Jose.

5. S. Mildredae, Greene. Slender, 1—1^ ft- nign> more or less pilose-
hispid: lower leaves coarsely and sinuately toothed; cauliue linear-
lanceolate, entire, clasping: racemes somewhat flexuous, not secund:
fl. small, very dark metallic-purple: petals with small, slenderly atten-
uate white-margined purple blade: upper pair of filaments almost wholly
united, their anthers mere rudiments closely approximate, the other 4
stamens much shorter and little unequal: pods 3 in. long, slender.

CRUCIFEE^E. 17

arcuate-spreading on the short pedicels: seeds oval, the upper half
narrowly margined. — Mt. Hamilton.

6. S. glandulosus, Hook. Pubescence and sinuately toothed foliage
of the last, but larger, 1 — 2%tt. high: racemes more or less inclined to
be secund: ji. very large, bright red-purple: sepals % in. long, ovate-
cymbiform, carinate, 3 strongly connivent at tip, the fourth hanging
loosely apart from the others: petals well-exserted, white-margined:
upper pair of filaments connate above the middle, thence rather widely
divergent, their anthers smaller than the others, but not greatly reduced,
apparently sterile: pods 3 in. long, a line wide, arcuate -recurved: seed
narrowly winged. — On clayey hillsides and banks, in the Oakland Hills,
and southward.

7. S. Biolettii, Greene. Habit and pubescence of the last, but smaller
and more slender, the leaves glaucous beneath: racemes not secund: fl.
4 — 5 lines long: sepals very dark purple: upper pair of filaments much
the longest, united two -thirds their length, thence divergent, their
anthers half the size of those of the shorter stamens, apparently pollinifer-
ous: pods slender, suberect, hispid. — Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co.

8. S. pulchellus, Greene. Low and much branched, ^ — 1 ft. high,
pilose-hispid: leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the cauline
sessile by a broad, partly clasping base, and with a few coarse and very
salient teeth: racemes rather dense, subsecund: calyx deep lilac-purple,
the sepals subequal, broadest at base, sharply carinate, the keel with some
bristly hairs: upper pair of filaments united almost throughout, their
subsagittate anthers little reduced, the other 4 stamens in very unequal
pairs: pods very narrow, hispidulous, spreading and slightly incurved.
— Southern flanks of Mt. Tamalpais.

9. S. hispidus, Gray. Stiff-hirsute or hispid throughout, only 3 — 6 in.
high, branching: lowest leaves* obovate- or cuneate-oblong, coarsely and
somewhat incisely toothed, the teeth obtuse; cauline narrower, scarcely
clasping: raceme short, loose, the fl. at length recurved: sepals red-
purple with white petaloid tips, half as long as the similarly colored
petals: pods hispid, 1^—2 in. long, 1 line wide, straight, ascending:
seeds winged. — Mt. Diablo.

10. S. secundus, Greene. Slender, sparingly branched above, 1—2 ft.
high: the long pinnately toothed or lobed lower leaves hispid-strigose;
cauline lanceolate, sagittate, entire or toothed, and, with the branches,
pedicels and pods,sparsely hispidulous with spreading short hairs : racemes
rather dense, wholly secund: fl. flesh-color, 4 lines long: sepals sharply
carinate, the keel hispid-ciliolate, the short tips greenish, the remote
lower one distinctly, the opposite uppermost one obscurely unguiculate:

18 CRUCIFERjE.

petals with ample purple-veined crisped limb: upper pair of filaments
connate to near their tips, the free parts scarcely divergent, the anthers
reduced in size, but polliniferous : pods 2 in. long, very slender, falcate-
recurved, the valves carinate- veined: seeds small, wingless.— Northern
base of Mt. Tamalpais, a rare and peculiar species.

7. THELYPODIUM, Endl Coarser than Streptanthus, often
biennial; the racemes often shorter and condensed. Calyx green,
whitish or purplish; sepals equal at base. Petals with narrow claw and
flat linear to obovate limb, exserted, white, yellowish or rose -color.
Stamens tetradynamo us; filaments never connate; anthers sagittate at
base, curved. Pod usually long, linear, terete or slightly compressed,
sessile or short stipitate. Seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat compressed,
not winged.

1. T. procerum (Brew.), Greene. Annual, stoutish, branched from
near the base, 3—7 ft. high, glabrous except at base: lower leaves
petiolate, coarsely pinnatifid; upper lanceolate, sessile, acuminate:
racemes long and lax : fl. greenish or yellowish white, 4 —5 lines long,
on ascending pedicels half as long: pod very slender, terete, 3 — 5 in.
long, less than a line wide, acuminate, erect or somewhat spreading. —
In fields at the eastern base of Mt. Diablo.

2. T. flavescens (Torr.), Wats. Sparsely pilose-hispid below : lower
leaves elongated, petiolate, sinuately toothed; upper entire, sessile, not
auricled: raceme long and lax: fl. yellowish or rarely purplish, 4 — 5
lines long: sepals narrow and with the pedicels hispidalous: petals long-
exserted, with linear and narrow claw; the blade dilated: pod 1% in.
long, nearly terete, sparsely hispidulous, erect or somewhat spreading.—
Fields of the lower Sacramento.

3. T. Hookeri, Greene. Size, habit and whole aspect of the pre-
ceding, but lower leaves often pinnatifid, though as often sinuate-
toothed; inflorescence the same, also size and color of fl. but sepals
broader, less spreading, glabrous: petals with a rather broad claw and
relatively narrow blade: pods 2 in. long, slender, terete, erect.— In the
Mt. Diablo Range.

4. T. rigidnm, Greene. Stoutish and very rigid, 1—3 ft. high, with
few wide-spread branches: hispidulous below, glabrous above, deep
green, not glaucous: lower leaves somewhat lyrately pinnatifid; upper
oblong-lanceolate and laciniate-toothed : fl. yellowish, small, rather
crowded and subsessile, the fruiting raceme long and loose: pods 1% in.
long, nearly tessile, ascending or somewhat spreading or curved, rigid,
sharply tipped with a short style. — Eastern base of the Mt. Diablo Range,
from near Antioch southward, chiefly on clayey hillsides.

CKUCIFEK^. 19

5. T. lasiophyllum (H. & A.), Greene. Glabrous, or more or less
hirsute below, 3^ — 6ft. high, usually stoutish, rather rigidly erect, simple,
or sparingly branching above the middle: leaves 2— 4 in. long, pinnatifid
with divaricate toothed segments, or the upper only sinuate-toothed:
petals white or yellowish lt£ — 2^ lines long: pods slender, nearly terete,
1—2 in. long, short-pedicellate, straight or somewhat curved, ascending
or strongly deflexed. — Common and variable. The sandhill form at San
Francisco is small, early flowering, and has suberect pods. In the Coast
Kange the plant is often a yard high or more, late in flowering, with pods
strongly deflexed.

8. CARDAMINE, Diosc. Annuals or perennials of woods or moist
places; rootstock often tuberous. Stems mostly simple, often very spar-
ingly leafy. Flowers white or purplish, in short racemes. Sepals equal.
Petals unguiculate. Silique eloo gated, linear, compressed, beaked or
pointed, the valves plane, almost nerveless, more or less elastically
dehiscent. Seeds compressed, not margined.

* Without fleshy or tuberous rootstocks; leaves all pinnate.

1. C. oligosperma, Nutt. Annual, erect, slender, %—\ ft. high,
nearly or quite glabrous: leaflets small, in 3—5 pairs, roundish 1 — 6 lines
long, often obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, petiolulate: petals white, 1 — 1% lines
long, twice the length of the calyx: pods few, % — % in. long, % line
wide short-beaked, not becoming dry, the mature valves, while yet green -
herbaceous, separating elastically and falling in a close coil; cells about
8-seeded. — Common on shady banks along streams. March, April.

* * Stems from elongated or rounded and tuberous perennial rootslocks.

2. C. integrifolia (Nutt.), Greene. Bather robust, 1 ft. high, gla-
brous, some what fleshy: radical leaves 1 — 5 foliolate, the leaflets usually
rounded and more or less cordate and nearly or quite entire, 1—2^ in.
broad; upper deeply lobed,orpinnately 3-5 foliolate, the segments linear
or linear-oblong, entire: corolla large, white, nodding, the petals only
campanulately spreading: pod conspicuously beaked. — Common in wet
meadows, in open ground. Jan. — May.

3. C. Californica (Nutt.), Greene. Near the last, but slender, tall,
less fleshy; the leaves, both radical and cauline, with broad and ample
repandly and mucronulalely denticulate leaflets: fl. pale rose-color. —
Very common in rich woods, or shady banks. March — May.

4. C. cardiophylla, Greene. Stoutish, 1 ft. high or less: radical
leaves undivided, round-reniform to broadly cordate, slightly and some-
what angularly 5-lobed and mucronately denticulate, 1 in. wide or more;
cauline nearly as large, broadly cordate, acute, mucronate-denticulate,

20

CRUCIFERJi:.

tapering from within the broad sinus to a petiole % in. long: fl. white:
pods slender-beaked.— In Weldon Canon of the Vaca Mountains, Solano
Co. March, April. Je.pson.

9. NASTURTIUM, Bauhin. Perennials with lyrately compound or
simple and pinnatifid or undivided leaves. Flowers white. Sepals
erect. Petals unguiculate. Pods short, turgid, little compressed, nerve-
less. Seeds small, rounded, somewhat flattened, impressed punctate.

1. N. OFFICINALE, E. Br. (WATERGEESS). Stems rooting at the de-
cumbent base, the branches ^—5 ft. long, stoutish, hollow; roots all
fibrous; leaves pinnate, leaflets rounded or elongated, the terminal one
largest: pods ^ in. long or more, acute at each end, equalling the
pedicels: style short, thick. — Plentiful in sluggish streamlets, and cool
springy places.

2. N. ARMORAOIA, Fries (HORSERADISH). Erect from a stout perpen-
dicular perennial root, 2 — 4 ft. high: earlier radical leaves pinnatitid;
later ones very large, not cleft, crenate: pods (seldom formed) ellipsoid
or subglobular: style very short. — Escaped from cultivation.

10. RORIPA, Gesner. (FALSE CRESS). Annuals or biennials, com-
monly referred to Nasturtium, but the flowers yellow, the sepals greenish-
yellow, ascending or spreading, the petals only short-unguiculate and
ascending.

1. R. pal list ris (Leyss.). Erect, stoutish, 1—3 ft. high, branching
above, glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly
toothed or pinnatifid, 2—6 in. long: fl. 1 line long: pods linear-oblong,
3 — 5 lines long, on slender pedicels. — Margins of ponds; Oakland Hills;
and a rank form in marshes of Sonoma Co.

2. R. lyrata (Nutt.). Branching from the base, the branches decum-
bent or ascending, seldom a foot long, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous:
leaves quite regularly pinnatifid into divaricate linear- or oblong-lan-
ceolate entire segments: pods % — % *»• long, linear, more or less curved;
pedicels half as long: seeds in 2 rows. — Along streams in Marin Co.

3. R. dictyota (Greene). Stout, erect, 2—4 ft. high, hirsute-pubes-
cent: racemes rather dense: pods ovate-lanceolate; valves firm in text-
ure, with strong tortuous midvein and anastomosing veinlets; partition
thick, favose-reticulate. — Marshes of the lower Sacramento.

11. BARBAREA, Dodonxus (WINTER CRESS). Erect branching gla-
brous biennials or perennials of rather low stature, with angular stems
and more or less distinctly lyrate or pinnatifid leaves. Flowers rather
small, bright yellow. Sepals equal at base, erect. Pods linear, either
somewhat flattened, or more distinctly quadrangular, pointed; valves-
more or less carinate. Seeds in 1 row, oblong, turgid, marginless.

CRUCIFERvE. 21

1. B. vulgaris, R Br. Stoutish, 1— 3 ft. high; herbage bright green
and glossy: leaves mostly radical, the very lowest sometimes simple,
oftener with 1 or more pairs of relatively small lobes below a very large
terminal one; cauline either simple and toothed, or pinnately parted:
fl. 2—3 lines long: pods 1 — 2 in., erect, ascending, or even arcuate-
spreading. — Common in moist shady places. March — June.

12. ERYSIMUM, Dlosc. Biennials or perennials; ours stout, simple
or with few branches. Leaves narrow, entire or runcinately toothed,
not clasping. Flowers large, yellowish or orange. Sepals erect, one
pair strongly gibbous at base. Petals with low claw and flat blade.
Anthers sagittate. Pod 4-angled or flattened, and the valves merely
nerved. Seeds in 1 row, not margined, oblique.

1. E. aspernm (Nutt.), DC. Canescent with short straight closely
appressed hairs: stems solitary, rarely with a few branches above, 1—3
ft. high, angular: leaves narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or
runcinate-toothed, 1 — 3 in. long: fl. large, fragrant: sepals narrow, 4 — 6
lines long: petals from light yellow to deep orange, 8—12 lines long:
pods slender, spreading, quadrangular, commonly 3—4 in. long, 1 line
wide, beaked with a stout style. — Common in the mountains almost
everywhere. April — July.

2. E. capital um (Dougl.), Greene. Stout and low, ^— 1^ ft. high,
sparingly pubescent with appressed bifid or 2-parted hairs; leaves
narrow, entire, or sinuately or angularly toothed or lobed: fl. large,
cream-color or yellowish, in a depressed terminal corymb, scarcely
fragrant: pods nearly flat, with a strong midvein, 1% lines wide, the
whole li-£— 2^ in. long, abruptly and stoutly short-pointed: seeds
flattened. — Among the sandy or rocky hills of the seaboard only. Feb. —
May.

13. BBASSICA, Pliny. Large annuals or biennials, with erect often
widely branching stems, lyrate or pinnatifid lower leaves, and yellow
flowers. Sepals equal at base. Petals unguiculate; limb obovate.
Pods linear or oblong, terete or quadrangular, with a stout 1-seeded or
seedless beak; valves 1— 5-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, globose; cotyledons

incumbent.

/
* Sepals erect, enfolding the claws of the petals. — BEASSICA proper.

1. B. CAMPESTRIS, L. Glabrous and glaucous, 2 — 3 ft, high : lower
leaves somewhat rough-hairy, lyrate with large terminal lobe; cauline
oblong or lanceolate with a broad auriculate-clasping base: fl. 3 — 4 lines
long: pods nearly terete, 2 in. long or more, on ascending or spreading pedi-
cels, the stout beak 8—10 lines long. — Abundant in fields, flowering in
the late winter and early spring months; commonly but erroneously
called. Mustard, Jan. — April.

22 CBUCIFEK^.

* * Sepals spreading, releasing the claws of the petals.

2. B. NIGRA (L.), Koch. (BLACK MUSTARD). Not glaucous but dark
green, roughish with scattered stiff hairs, stout, 3—12 ft. high: leaves all
petiolate; the lower lyrate, with a very large and lobed terminal lobe;
the uppermost lobed or toothed or entire : petals 3 — 4 lines long, twice
the length of the yellowish sepals: pods closely appressed to the rachis of
the raceme, 4-angled, %—%. in. long, sharply beaked with the long
style. — Common as the preceding, but taking more exclusive possession
of fence corners and rich waste lands. June, July.

3. B. SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. Annual, 2 — 5 ft. high, the herbage light
green, rough with spreading hairs: lower leaves usually with a large
coarsely toothed terminal lobe and smaller ones of angular outline on
the rachis: fl. 4 — 6 lines long: pods 1 — \% in. long, ascending, nearly
cylindrical, with a stout somewhat 2-edged beak a third as long as the
prominently nerved valves, often containing a seed, the seeds under each
valve 3—8. — Common by waysides in the vicinity of Berkeley and
Oakland; flowering later than B. cainpestris, but earlier than B. nigra.

14. SISYMBRIUM, Diosc. Erect and rather slender annuals.
Leaves not clasping, lyrate-pinnatifid, or (in our species) finely dissected.
Flowers small, yellow. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Petals unguic-
ulate. Anthers mostly linear-oblong, sagittate. Pods linear or oblong-
linear, terete or nearly so, obtuse or short pointed; valves slightly 1 — 3-
nerved. Seeds usually numerous, small, oblong and teretish; cotyledons
incumbent.

* Seeds in 2 rows; leaves finely dissected.

1. S. multifidmn (Pursh), MacM. Simple or with few branches,
% — 2^ ft. high, canescent with short branching hairs: leaves 1 — 2-pin-
nate, the segments more or less deeply toothed or pinnatifid: petals 1
line long or less, about equalling the sepals: pods oblong to linear, or
subclavate, % — % in- long* on slender spreading pedicels of equal or
greater length, acute at each end, and beaked with a very short style. —
Plains near Livermore.

* * Seeds in 1 row; leaves pinnatifid or entire.

2. S. OFFICINALE (L.), Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD). Rigid, erect, spar-
ingly and divaricately branching above, somewhat hirsute; lowest leaves
depressed and rosulate, lyrately and somewhat runcinately pinnatifid, 3
— 6 in. long: pods terete, % iQ l°ng» tapering from base to summit, nearly
sessile, closely appressed to the rachis in a long slender raceme. — By
waysides and in waste grounds.

3. S. ACUTANGULUM, DC. Hirsute with scattered simple hairs, 1 — 2
ft. high, with ascending branches: leaves 2—6 in. long, runcinate-pin-

CRUCIFEKjE. 23

natifid: pods terete, 1 — 1% in. long, less than a line wide, erect or ascend-
ing on very short pedicels. — Not as common as the last.

15. BURSA, Siegesb. Slender nearly glabrous annuals, with simple
or pinnate leaves, and small white flowers. Pods oblong or obcordate,
more or less obcompressed, oo -seeded; valves carinate, 1-nerved. Seeds
not winged; cotyledons incumbent.

1. B. PASTORIS, Wigg. Usually hirsute at base, otherwise glabrous,
erect, }•£-— 2 ft. high, the stems racemose almost from the base, simple or
with few branches : radical leaves usually in a depressed rosulate tuft,
runcinate pinnatifid, or oblanceolate with coarse teeth; cauline sagittate,
entire or toothed: pods cuneate-triangular, rtluse, 1 — 2 lines long and
broad, on rather long spreading pedicels. — Cosmopolitan weed, flourish-
ing with us at all seasons.

2. B. divaricata (Nutt.), O. Ktze. Slender, often diffusely branching
and decumbent or procumbent, 3 — 8 in. high : lowest leaves sinuate-pin-
natifid; cauline entire or nearly so: petals minute, barely equalling the
sepals: pod oblong or ovoid, little flattened, 2 lines long or less, obtuse, the
valves rather thin; Pedicels slender, longer than the pods — Borders
of salt marshes. March — May.

16. LEPIDIUM, Diosc. Low herbs with pinnatifid or toothed leaves^
and small white or apetalous and greenish flowers. Stamens only 4, or
even 2. Pod orbicular or ovate, strongly obcompressed, emarginately 2-
winged at summit; valves acutely carinate; cells 1-seeded. Seeds not
winged; cotyledons usually incumbent, rarely accumbent.

* Annuals; pedicels flattened.
•>i— Pods reticulated,

1. L. latipes, Hook, Branches stout and depressed, far surpassed by
the leaves; these several inches long, irregularly and coarsely pinnatifid,
the segments linear, entire or lobed; pubescence scanty on the leaves,
more dense on the branches, hispidulous: racemes short, dense; pedicels
1 — 2 lines long: sepals very unequal: petals broadly spatulate, ciliate,
greenish, exceeding the sepals: pod broadly oval, 2 lines broad, sparingly
pubescent, strongly reticulate, the broad acute wings nearly as long as the
body of the pod. — In saline soils at Martinez, Alameda, etc. March
—May.

2. L. dictyotum, Gray. Habit and pubescence of the preceding, but
much smaller, the branches at length ascending: leaves narrowly linear,
entire or with a few narrow divaricate linear lobes : petals little exceed-
ing the sepals or wanting: pods rounded, 1% lines broad, emarginate,

24 CRUCIFER^E.

with short acute wings, finely reticulated and pubescent, exceeding the
thick erect pedicels. — Liverinore Valley; also along the borders of
marshes at Alameda.

3. L. oxycarpum, Torr. & Gray. Very slender, the elongated and
racemose branches decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous: leaves
linear, with a few linear segments or entire: sepals caducous: petals 0:
stamens 2: pods on slender dejiexed pedicels, glabrous, rounded, 1% lines
broad, the terminal wings tooth-like, short, acute, divergent. — Borders of salt
marshes at Vallejo, Greene; also in subsaline soils east of Wild Cat Creek
in the Berkeley Hills, and near Alameda.

4. L. Oreganmii, Howell. Erect, simple or with a few ascending
branches, 3—6 in. high, ostensibly glabrous (more or less hispidulous
under a lens): leaves linear, with a few linear segments or entire; sepals
and petals less fugacious: stamens 4: pods round-ovoid, 2 lines broad,
the terminal teeth more or less prominent and divergent, the body some-
what hispidulous or glabrate.— Plentiful in subsaline soil in the Liver-
more Valley. March — May.

•J- -i— Pods faintly or not at all reticulate.

5. L. nil uhiin, Nutt. Erect and with few ascending branches, or
more diffusely branching from the base, % — 1% ft. high, rather slender,
almost glabrous, or the branches distinctly hirsutulous; these racemose
almost throughout: lower leaves loosely pinnatifid, segments linear; cau-
line often entire: stamens 2 or 4: pods rounded, glabrous and shining,
often of a dark purple, or with purple dots, 1^ lines broad, with a small
abrupt sinus between the short terminal teeth. Var. insigne, Greene.
Stout, mostly simple, 4 — 8 in. high; fruiting raceme shorter and denser:
pod* twice as large, round-obovoid. — Very common, especially towards
the seaboard. The variety is of the Mt. Diablo Range. Jan. — June.

6. L. Menziesii, DC. Low and diffuse, herbage light green, hispid-
puberulent or glabrate; branches 3—6 in. long; racemes numerous,
rather narrow and dense : leaves of oblong outline, pinnatifid, the seg-
ments usually 3-cleft or -toothed: petals 0: pods rounded, 1 — 1% lines
broad, glabrous, or around the margin more or less hispidulous, faintly
reticulate: teeth at the summit very short and obtuse; pedicels short,
ascending or spreading, often very little flattened. — Common, especially
by waysides and in hard clayey soil; late flowering, i. e., April — June.

* * Stouter and taller; pedicels terete.

7. L. intermedium, Gray. Erect, branching above the middle, %—
1% ft. high, puberulent or glabrous: lower leaves 1—2 in. long, toothed
or pinnatifid: upper entire or only sparingly toothed, oblanceolate or

CKUCIFER.E. 25

linear: petals 0: pods glabrous, rounded, I — 1^£ lines broad very shortly
winged, the obtuse teeth slightly divergent; pedicels 2 lines long.— Only
occasionally met with in western California.

8. L. DRABA, L. Biennial or perennial, erect, a foot high or taller,
the several stems corymbosely branched at summit; herbage canescently
pubescent: lower leaves oblong-obovate, 1 — 3 in. long, sparingly serrate
or entire; cauline narrower, sagittate and clasping: petals white, con-
spicuous: pods cordate, not winged, turgid, acutish, tipped with a slender
short style. — In old fields at Berkeley.

17. THYSAtfOCARPUS, Hook. (LACE-POD). Erect, slender sparingly
branched annuals, with minute, white or rose-colored flowers, in
slender elongated racemes. Petals cuneate-obovate, or linear-oblong.
Stamens 6, tetradynamous, or sometimes 4 only. Pistil a compressed
rounded uniovulate ovary, short slender style, and small obtuse stigma,
becoming a plano-convex or concavo-convex samara; the hard substance
of the body of the fruit branching into several (12 to 16) radiating lines
with diaphanous spaces or even complete rounded perforations between
them, the whole forming a crenate wing. Seed solitary.

1. T. curvipes, Hook. A foot high or more; radical leaves pin-
natifid, with short obtuse lobes or subentire, hirsute; cauline oblong- or
linear-lanceolate, entire, sagittate-clasping: fr. obovate, seldom 2 lines
wide, strongly concavo-convex, glabrous or slightly tomentose, the mar-
ginal rays broad, dilated above, rather crowded, with narrow diaphanous
spots (rarely a few perforations) between them. Var. (1) involutus,
Greene. Taller and more strict: fr. elliptical, only a line wide; rays
nearly obsolete, the purplish subscarious margin closely involute all
around; style (rather prominent in fl.) deciduous. Var. (2) pulchellns,
Greene. Eadical leaves merely toothed: pods densely tomentose; the
wing rather broader. Common in middle California. April— June.

2. T. elegans, Fisch. & Mey. Bather stouter, with fewer racemose
branches: lower leaves ascending, repand- toothed: fr. 3 — 4 lines broad,
of more rounded outline, nearly plane, the body densely tomentose, the
rays separated by regularly ovoid perforations and joined together beyond
them into a very distinct diaphanous nearly entire margin. — Common on
low hills of the interior. March — May.

3. T. I acini ill us. Nutt. Glabrous throughout and glaucous: leaves
linear, entire, or with a few incised or opposite and divaricate narrow
segments: fr. from elliptical with narrow margin, to almost orbicular
with broad evenly crenate border, scarcely plano-convex, 1^' —2^ lines
broad, imperf orate, with irregular deep sinuses between the rays, or rarely
with a few perforations, glabrous and very distinctly reticulate-venulose.
—Lake Merced; Mt. Diablo, etc.

26 CRUCIFERJE.

4. T. radians, Benth. Glabrous, 1 ft. high: lower leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid; cauline ovate-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping: silicle round-
obovate, almost plane, 4 — 5 lines wide, tomentose, the rays narrowly
linear, ending abruptly near the edge of the broad diaphanous margin.
— Sonoma Co. to Solano.

18. CORONOPUS, Ruellius. Diffuse prostrate heavy-scented annuals,
with pinnatifid leaves, and the general aspect of some species of Lepidium.
Flowers minute, greenish. Stamens often 2 only. Pods small, short,
didymous, 2-celled; cells indehiscent, subglobose, when ripe separating
from the persistent linear axis, strongly rugose, 1-seeded.

1. C. DIDYMUS (L.) Smith. Stems diffuse, % — \YZ ft. long; the heavy-
scented somewhat aromatic herbage more or less hirsute; leaves with
small narrow segments: pod a line broad or more, emarginate at base
and at summit, strongly reticulate. — Plentiful on bluffs overhanging the
sea at Point Lobos; occasional at Berkeley, etc.

2. 0. BUELLII, Gaertn. Pods cristate-muricate, not emarginate at
summit, but tipped with a stout style. — San Francisco.

19. RAPHANUS, Pliny (BADJSH). » Coarse annuals, with large some-
what fleshy lyrate lower leaves, and loose racemes of purple or yellowish
large flowers. Sepals erect, the two outer gibbous at base. Petals entire
or emarginate, unguiculate. Pod indehiscent, elongated, somewhat
moniliform or at least constricted between the seeds, long-beaked.
Cotyledons enfolding the radicle.

1. B. SATIVUS, L. More or less hispid with scattered stiff hairs: fl.
8—10 lines long: petals purplish, with veinlets of darker color, rarely
white or yellowish: pod thick, fleshy when young, spongy in maturity,
1 — 2% in. long, 2 — 5- seeded. — One of the prevalent and troublesome
weeds in Calif ornian fields everywhere.

2. B. BAPHANISTBUM, L. Petals yellow: poofs moniliform, long-
beaked, breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints. — San Francisco.

20. CAKILE, Serapio (SEA BOCKET). Glabrous very succulent sea-
side annuals, with simple leaves and short racemes of smallish purple
flowers. Sepals suberect, the two outer gibbous at base. Petals entire,
unguiculate. Pod of 2 unequal joints, each 1-seeded, the upper and
larger joint deciduous from the other. Seed in the upper cell erect; in
the lower pendulous; cotyledons usually accumbent.

1. C. edeutula (BigeL), Hook. A foot high or more, the stout stem
and few ascending branches somewhat flexuous: leaves obovate, sinu-
ately toothed: lower joint of silicle oblong, 3 — 4 lines long; upper twice
as large, ovate, compressed and emarginate at apex. — Common along
Bandy beaches.

RESEDACE.E. 27

21. TROP1DOCARPUM, Hook. Annuals, with light green pubescent
herbage, pinnatifid leaves, and loose leafy-bracted racemes of middle-
sized yellow flowers. Sepals concave, spreading, equal at base. Petals
spatulate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous; anthers rounded. Silique
sessile, elongated, more or less obcompressed, flat or inflated, without
partition, indehiscent or the valves (2—4 !) opening from above.

1. T. gracile, Hook. Erect, very slender, usually only a few inches
high, nearly glabrous : leaves linear, with opposite pairs of linear se'g-
ments, the floral similar but reduced: stamens very unequal, all exceed-
ing the short pistil: silique linear, 2 in. long, glabrous, flat, indehiscent:
seeds in 2 rows. Var. scabriusculnm, Greene. Much larger, with
many decumbent branches, and roughish-pubescent throughout, even to
the pods. — Foothills of Mt. Diablo Kange and on the plains.

2. T. capparideum, Greene. Usually erect, less than a foot high,
simple, or with few ascending branches, the stem stoutish but hollow :
pods % — % in. long, linear- oblong, inflated, 2 lines wide, slightly obcom-
pressed (the cross section transversely elliptical), conspicuously 6-nerved;
valves 4, 2 deciduous and 2 persistent, the dehiscence beginning at the
apex: seeds in 4 rows, i. e., 1 row along either margin of each of the 2
persistent valves. — -Abundant in alkaline soil about Byron Springs.

OBDEBVIII. RESEDACE^E.

Herbs with alternate exstipulate leaves, and terminal racemes or spikes
of small flowers. Sepals 4 — 6, often somewhat united at base, unequal,
herbaceous, persistent, open in the bud. Torus bearing a rounded and
glandular hypogynous disk which is produced posteriorly between the
petals and the stamens. Petals 4—6, open in the bud, the lamina often
lacerate or palmately parted. Stamens 3—20, inserted on the disk;
anthers oval, fixed by the middle, introrse. Ovary 1-celled, 3 — 4-lobed,
of 3—4 carpels at apex distinct and divergent; stigmas sessile, minute-
Fruit membranous, 1-celled, open before maturity. Seeds reniform.

1. RESEDA, Pliny (MIGNONETTE. DYER'S WEED). Characters of
the genus almost those of the order. Three Old World species, fugitives
from the flower gardens, are here and there spontaneous with us.

1. K. ALBA, L. A tall stout sparingly branching perennial, with long
spikes of whitish flowers: leaves deeply pinnate: sepals 5 or 6: petals as
many, all equal, 3-cleft.

2. B. ODOBATA, L. Annual; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, often
undulate: spike or raceme short in fl., elongated in fr. : fl. greenish, the
.arge anthers dull red: petals parted into about 6 spatulate-linear
segments.

28 DATISCE^.

ORDER IX. D A T I S C E XE .

"With us represented by a species of

DATISCA, Linn. Stout glabrous dioecious perennials. Leaves lacin-
iate-pinnatifid; the segments coarsely toothed. Flowers axillary, sub-
sessile, fascicled. Calyx of sterile fl. very short, with 4 — 9 unequal lobes.
Stamens 10 — 25; filaments short. Calyx of pistillate fl. with ovoid tube
somewhat 3-angled, 3-toothed, the stamens when present 3, alternate
with the teeth. Styles 3, bifid, opposite the teeth, the linear lobes stig-
matic on the inner side. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 1-celled, opening
at apex between the styles. Seeds oo, small, in several rows on the 3
parietal placentae; embryo cylindrical, in the axis of small albumen.

D. glomerata (Presl.), Brew. & Wats. Erect, 3—6 ft. high, simple or
sparingly branching: leaves of ovate or lanceolate outline, acuminate, 6
in. long; the floral shorter: fl. 4 — 7 in each axil of the long leafy raceme,
the fertile mostly perfect: anthers subsessile, 2 lines long, yellow: styles
exceeding the ovary : capsule oblong-ovate, 3 — 4 lines long, slightly nar-
rowed toward the truncate triangular 3-toothed summit. — Along moun-
tain streams.

ORDER X. CISTOIDE/E.
In Asia an extensive family, of which we have one species.

HELIANTHEMUM, Valerius Cordus. Low, branching, suffrutescent.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals
mostly 5, unequal, persistent. Petals 5, yellow, fugacious. Stamens oo ,
hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers short. Style 1, short, decid-
uous. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, few- or many-seeded; the seeds borne on
the middle of the valve.

H. scoparinm, Nutt. Plant a bushy tuft 1 ft. high, glabrate, or
stellate-pubescent: leaves narrowly linear, % — 1 in. long: fl. on slender
pedicels, solitary or cymose at the ends of the branches: sepals 3 lines
long, acuminate, the 2 outer linear and much shorter: petals 4 lines:
stamens about 20: 'capsule equalling the calyx. — Common on dry hills.

ORDER XI. V I 0 L A R I E /E .

Eepreseuted by a fair number of species of the principal genus of the
order.

VIOLA, Pliny (VIOLET). Low perennial herbs, with alternate leaves
of involute vernation, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered
axillary peduncles. Flowers 5-merous. Sepals unequal, more or less
auricled at base, persistent. Petals unequal, the lower one often spurred

VIOLARIE^:. 29

at base. Stamens hypogynous, the adnate anthers connivent over the
pistil, broad, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower often bear-
ing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. Ovary 1-celled, with
3 parietal placentae; style clavate; stigma 1-sided. Capsule 3-valved; the
valves bearing the seeds along the middle.

* Acaulescent.

1. V. ODOBATA, Eenealm. Eootstock stout, branching, stoloniferous;
leaves round-cordate, obtuse, crenate, more or less villous or glabrate, on
petioles 3 — 10 in. long: peduncles shorter than the leaves: fl. large,
violet, fragrant. — Occasionally spontaneous, as an escape from gardens.

* * Stems short or elongated, leafy.
•i— Leaves undivided; flowers not yellow.

2. Y. canina, L., var. adunca, Gray. Scarcely stoloniferous, mostly
tufted and low, 2—6 in. high, glabrous or puberulent: leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, with subcordate or almost truncate base, obtuse, or rarely
acutish, obscurely crenate, % — 1^ in. long; stipules narrowly lanceolate,
lacerate-toothed : fl. rather large, violet, turning to red-purple; lateral
petals bearded; spur variable, much shorter than the petals, or quite as
long, usually straight and obtuse. Common on grassy hilltops along the
seaboard. Feb.— May.

3. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. Erect or ascending, % — 1 ft. high,
nearly glabrous, or pubescent: leaves cordate or cordate-ovate,
acutish, crenate, 1 — 2 in. long; stipules scarious, entire or slightly
lacerate: petals 5—7 lines long, the upper ones white within, deep purple
without, the others pale yellow-veined with purple, the lateral ones with
a purple spot near the base, and slightly bearded.— Woods of the
Coast Range. Apr. — June.

-i— H— Leaves undivided; fl. yellow within, often brown-purple without.

4. V. glabella, Nutt. Stems slender from a creeping roofstock,
nearly or quite leafless below, 5—12 in. high; minutely pubescent or
glabrous : radical leaves on long, the cauline on short petioles, reniform-
cordate to cordate, acute, crenately toothed or crenulate, 1 — 4 in. broad;
stipules usually small and scarious, entire or serrulate: fl. bright-yellow,
Yz in. long; petals more or less purple-nerved, the lateral ones bearded:
capsule obovate-oblong, 4 — 5 lines long, abruptly beaked. — In wet
shades among the higher hills.

5. V. peduuculata, Torr. & Gray. Stems 2—6 in. long, prostrate or
assurgent ; almost glabrous or puberulent : leaves rhombic-cordate,
usually almost truncate at the broad base, obtuse, coarsely crenate, % — 1^
in. long; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or incised:

30 CARYOPHYLLEJ;.

peduncles erect, greatly exceeding the leaves, 4—8 in. high : fl. 1 in. broad
or more, golden-yellow, the upper petals dark-brown on the outside, the
others purple-veined within; lateral petals bearded: capsule oblong-
ovate, 4—6 lines long, glabrous.— On low hills, in open ground.

6. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Stems prostrate, more or less creeping,
slender, sparsely leafy; slightly pubescent: leaves rather thick and per-
sistent, reniform, round-cordate or ovate, % — 1% in. broad, finely cre-
nate, deep green above, often rusty beneath, usually punctate with dark
dots: peduncles slender, elongated: fl. light-yellow, not large. — In woods
of the Coast Eange.

7. V. purpurea, Kell. Stems clustered, from a branching perpen-
dicular root, 2 — 6 jn. high: pubescence very scant but under a lens
hispidulous, somewhat retrorse or at least spreading: herbage rather
succulent, in early stages purple, except the upper surface of the leaves :
leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate, tapering to the petiole, entire or
more or less coarsely and often somewhat crenately toothed: peduncles
little exceeding the leaves: petals 3— 5 lines long, light yellow within,
dark purple externally: capsule almost globular, 3 lines long, pubescent.
— Mt. Diablo Eange.

•H- +- -i— Leaves divided or lobed; fl. yellow.

8. V. lobata, Benth. Stoutish, erect, %—l ft. high, from an erect
roots tock, leafy at the summit; puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves of
reniform or cordate outline, 2—4 in. broad, the cauline short-petioled, all
palmately cleft into 5 — 9 narrowly oblong lobes, the central lobe largest or
longest; some of the radical leaves less lobed or only coarsely toothed:
petals 6 lines long, yellow, the upper brownish externally, the lateral
slightly bearded: capsule 5—6 lines long, acute. Var. integrifolia,
Wats. Leaves deltoid, acuminate, evenly crenate-serrate, not at all
lobed.— Inner Coast Eange.

ORDER XII. CARYOPHYLLE/E.

Herbs or suffrutescent plants with inert watery juice, mostly opposite
leaves and swollen nodes. Inflorescence usually dichotomous. Flowers
mostly 5-merous, complete and regular. Sepals united or distinct, im-
bricate in bud, persistent. Petals imbricate or convolute, often bifid,
sometimes wanting. Stamens usually 10, occasionally 5, distinct, hypo-
gynous around a ring-like disk, or perigynous by cohesion of disk with
calyx-tube. Styles 2 — 5, mostly distinct and with decurrent stigmas.
Fruit a capsule opening by valves or teeth.

* Sepals joined into a tubular calyx.

Calyx prominently 5-angled VAGCARIA 1

" 10-ribbed: capsule coriaceous, 5-toothed AOROSTEMMA 2

" many-striate; capsule 6-toothed SILENE 3

CARYOPHYLLE^E. 31

* Sepals distinct.
>- Stipules none.

Petalsentire or only emarginate { «">.!<"« 8JJ

H— H— Stipules present, scarious or setaceous.
Petals conspicnons -I*-* •• "I

n j leaves flat, not pungent . . ................. POLYCARPUM 10

Petals minute or 0 | „ rigid, pungent ......... . .................. IXEFLINGIA 11

1. YACCARIA, Dodoens. A glabrous glaucous annual. Calyx syn-
sepalous, pyramidal, with 5 prominent angles. Petals 5, unguiculate, not
appendaged. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, but with
rudimentary partitions at base, 4-toothed at apex.

1. V. VULGARIS, Host, Erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, simple below, cymose-
paniculate above: leaves cordate-ovate, acute, entire, sessile: petals red;
blade obcordate; claw linear: styles short: seeds dark-colored. — An Old
World weed of grain-fields.

2. AGROSTEMMA, L. ( CORN-COCKLE ). Tall annual, sparingly
branched above; pubescent, not viscous. Calyx synsepalous, tubular,
coriaceous, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Capsule coria-
ceous, 1-celled, 5-toothed.

1. A. GITHAGO, L. Erect, 2 — 4 ft. high, soft-hirsute: leaves linear-
lanceolate, connate at base: fi. solitary on long upright peduncles: calyx
1^ in. long, the linear teeth as long as the tube, deciduous from the
mature fruit: petals purple, not equalling the calyx-teeth; limb broad,
obtuse, entire; claw un appendaged. — A weed of the grain-fields, not yet
common in California.

3. SILENE, Lobel, (CATGHFLT). More or less viscid herbs. Calyx
synsepalous, membranaceous, striate, 5-toothed. Petals (usually ves-
pertine), commonly with cleft limb and appendaged claw. Stamens 10.
Styles 3. Pod dehiscent at summit by 3 or 6 teeth.

* Annuals.

1. S. antirrhina, Linn. Erect, slender, glabrous, glandless except a
viscid belt of an inch, more or less, in the middle of each internode of the
branches: leaves lanceolate, acute, 1 in. long: pedicels erect: mature
calyx oval, 3 lines long, the teeth short: petals red, the blade emarginate,
a line long; crown inconspicuous: seeds minutely papillose. — In sandy
soil, both along the seaboard and in the interior. March, April.

32 GARYOPHYLLE^:.

2. S. GALLICA, Linn. Slender, 1 ft. high, sparingly branched or
nearly simple, hirsute: leaves spatulate, 1 — \% in. long: fl. racemose on
very short pedicels, rose-color: petals with obovate entire blade and small
appendages.— The commonest weed of fields and waysides; the small
flowers usually forming a one-sided spike or raceme; the petals not
withering so early in the day as in other species. Mar.— June.

3. S. RACEMOSA, Otto. Stoutish, rather roughly pubescent, 1^—2 ft.
high, dichotomously racemose from near the base: leaves lanceolate: fl.
white, fragrant, % in. broad, unilateral: blade of petal cuneate-obovate,
deeply bifid. — Occasional in fields about Berkeley; flowers pure white,
very fragrant, strictly vespertine, about twice as large as those of
S. Gallica and quite showy.

4. S. multinervis, Wats. Erect, 1 ft. high, pubescent throughout,
viscid-glandular above : leaves oblong-linear, acute : inflorescence
cymose: calyx ovate, 5 lines long, conspicuously 20—25 nerved: petals
small, purplish, unappendaged, not exceeding the subulate spreading
calyx-teeth.— Mt. Tamalpais and southward.

* * Perennials.

5. S. INFLATA, Smith. Bather slender, 2 ft. high, glabrous: leaves
obovate and oblanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate: cyme dichotomous
and loose: calyx inflated, ovoid, with deltoid teeth, the nerves fine and
numerous: petals large, white, bifid: capsule round-ovoid. — Naturalized
about Vallejo, Mr. Towle,

6. S. Californica, Durand. Puberulent and more or less glandular,
4 in. to 4 ft. high, simple or sparingly branched above : leaves ovate to
oblanceolate, 1^ — 4 in. long, acute or acuminate: fl. large, on short pedi-
cels: calyx 7 — 10 lines long: petals scarlet, deeply parted, the segments
bifid, their lobes 2 — 3-toothed or entire, often with a linear lateral tooth;
appendages oblong-lanceolate: capsule % in. long, ovate, short-stipitate.
— Coast hills.

7. S. verecunda, Wats. Pubescent and viscid throughout: stems
1^ — 1^ ft. high, erect or decumbent: leaves oblanceolate, acute, 1—2 in.
long: fl. few, erect, on stoutish pedicels ^ — 1 in. long: calyx oblong-
cylindric, % in. long; teeth triangular, acutish: petals % in. long, rose-
color; limb bifid to the middle; lobes linear, the inner entire, outer com-
monly with a tooth near the base; appendages notched at apex; claw
narrowly auricled : capsule oblong-ovate : seeds strongly tubercled on the
back.— San Francisco peninsula from near the Presidio and the Mission
Hills to Point San Pedro; also on Mt. Diablo.

4. CERASTITJM, Dillen. (MOT?SE-EAR CHICKWEED). Soft-pubescent
and slightly clammy low herbs, with white flowers in leafy- or scarious-
bracted dichotomous cymes. Sepals 5, neither carinate nor 3-nerved.

CARYOPHYLLE^E. 33

Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely 4 or 3.
Capsule cyliDdric, often incurved, thin and translucent, 1-celled, oo -seeded,
dehiscent at apex by about 10 teeth. Seeds roundish -reniform.

1. C. VISOOSUM, L. Annual, soft pubescent and somewhat clammy, the
branches erect or ascending from a decumbent base, % — 1 ft. high: leaves
ovate, obovate, or oblong-spatulate, % — 1 in. long: cymes in early state
rather dense: pedicels even in fruit only 2 lines long; the calyx as long,
the sepals acute : petals shorter than the calyx : capsule nearly straight,
much longer than the calyx. Common weed in early spring; corolla ex-
panding only in sunshine. — Native of Europe. Feb. — May.

3. C. arvense, L. Perennial, cespitose, downy with reflexed hairs, the
inflorescence somewhat viscid: branches 4 — 8 in. high: leaves linear-
lanceolate, 4— 10 lines long, acutish: cyme contracted, bearing about 3
flowers (sometimes 5; as often 1 only), the branches ascending, often
little exceeding the pedicel of the first flower; sepals ovate-oblong,
obtuse, scarious-margined, 1% — 2 lines long; the obcordate petals twice
as long: capsule little exceeding the calyx. — San Francisco, and in Marin
County. March— June.

4. C. pilosnm, Ledeb. Perennial, erect, stout, more or less densely
pilose, the inflorescence glandular- viscid : leaves oblong-lanceolate, % — 1
in. long, 1—6 lines broad, acute, almost sheathing at base: fl. few, large,
in a terminal leafless cyme: sepals 3 — 4 lines long, obtuse; petals longer:
capsule 6 — 10 lines long, the slender teeth at length circinate-revolule.—A.
Siberian and Alaskan species, said to have been found on Point Eeyes.

5. ALSINE, Diosc. (CHICKWEED). Low herbs with mostly quadran-
gular stems, no stipules, and small axillary and solitary, or terminal and
cymose white flowers. Flowers as in Cerastium, but styles usually 3
only, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule globose or oblong, cleft below the
middle into twice as many valves as there are styles.

1. A. MEDIA, Camerarius (1558). Weak, procumbent, rooting at the
lower joints; stems marked by a pubescent line: leaves ovate, % — % in.
long, on slender petioles, or the upper sessile: floral bracts foliaceous;
pedicels slender, deflexed in fruit: calyx pubescent: stamens 3—10: cap-
sule oblong-ovate, 2—3 lines long, equalling or exceeding the calyx. — A
very common weed of shady places. Dec. — June.

2. A. iiilens (Nutt). Stems almost capillary, diffuse, sparingly leafy,
3—6 in. high, the whole plant very glabrous and shining, or with a slight
pubescence below: leaves lanceolate, % — ^ in. long, acute, the lower
short-petiolate : fl. erect, on short pedicels, in a very lax bractless cyme:
sepals 3-nerved, narrow, acuminate, 2 lines long : petals deeply bifid, only
half as long, sometimes 0; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. — Very
common, yet so delicate and inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked.

34 GARYOPHYLLEJE.

3. A. littoralis (Torr.) Pubescent, ascending, stoutish, 1 ft. high:
leaves 1 in. long, ovate, acute, rounded at base, rather thick: fl. in a ter-
minal compound cyme : sepals lanceolate, acute, 3 lines long, obscurely
3-nerved, shorter than the 2-parted petals: capsule included within the
calyx. — Point Reyes and Point Lobos.

6. AREXARIA, Chabrseus (SANDWORT). Mostly low tufted herbs
with sessile often rigid leaves and no stipules; flowers white, cymose-
panicled. Sepals 5 or 4. Petals as many, entire, emarginate, or 0.
Styles 3, opposite as many sepals. Capsule globose or ovoid, dehiscent
into as many entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted valves as there are styles. Seed
reniform-globose, or laterally compressed.

* Low annuals; cymes foliaceous-br acted; valves of capsule 3, entire.

4. A. Donglasii (Fenzl), Torr. & Gray. Sparsely pubescent with
spreading gland-tipped hairs, or glabrous, slender, branching, 3—12 in.
high: leaves filiform, % — 1^ in. long, ascending or spreading, slightly
connate at base : fl. large, on long slender pedicels : sepals oblong-ovate,
acute, \y2 lines long, 1—3 nerved: petals obovate, 2 lines long or more:
capsule globose, equalling the calyx: seeds large, smooth, compressed
and acutely angled.— On stony hill- tops and sandy or gravelly plains.
March — May.

5. A. Califomica, Brewer. Glabrous, very slender, 2—3 in. high:
leaves lanceolate, obtusish, 1 — 2 lines long: fl. small, on slender pedicels:
sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 3-nerved. 1 — 1^ lines long; petals spatulate,
2 lines: capsule oblong, as long as the calyx: seeds small, sharply muri-
culate.— Napa and Livermore valleys. April, May.

6. A. palustris (Kell.), Wats. Glabrous, flaccid, decumbent, leafy
throughout, ^ — 2 ft. high: leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, % — 1 in. long:
fl. few, large, long-pedicelled: sepals elliptic, obtuse or acutish, nerve-
less, herbaceous, but with a narrow scarious margin, 1J^ — 2 lines long:
petals oblong, twice longer: capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx:
seeds numerous. — Dr. Kellogg, writing of this from San Francisco
almost thirty years ago, says : "A plant very abundant in swamps in this
vicinity, known to us for the last ten years." Probably now extinct.

# * Perennials; valves of capsule bifid.

1. A. macrophyila, Hook. Stems low, ascending from running root-
stocks, mostly simple, leafy, puberulent above: leaves in 3 or 4 pairs,
lanceolate, acute at each end, 1—2 in. long, thin and flaccid: fl. few, on
slender pedicels: sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, l^--2^ lines long,
1-nerved, longer than the obtuse petals: capsule ovoid, nearly equalling
the calyx: seeds few, large, smooth.— Shady northward slopes of ML
Diablo, Mt. Hamilton, etc.

CARYOPHYLLE^. 35

7. ALSItfELLA, Dillen. (PEABLWORT). Diminutive herbs with
subulate or filiform exstipulate leaves, and minute long-pedicelled often
apetalous flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, commonly rotate-spreading in fruit.
Petals when present as many, entire or emarginate. Styles 4 or 5. Cap-
sule 1-celled, oc -seeded, dehiscent to the base into as many entire valves
as there are styles: the valves alternate with the sepals.

1. A. occidentalis (Wats.), Greene. Annual, glabrous or nearly so,
almost capillary, decumbent at base or ascending, 1 — 6 in. high: leaves
in pairs (none fascicled), slightly connate, acute, %—% in. long: fl.
5-merous, on long pedicels, these erect in fruit: sepals 1 line long: petals
nearly as long: stamens 10: capsule exceeding the calyx. — Very common.
March — May.

2. A. crassicaulis (Wats.), Greene. Perennial, stoutish and succulent,
decumbent: leaves broadly linear, acute, 2—6 lines long, scarious and
connate at base: pedicels 4—8 lines long; fl. erect or nodding, large,
the sepals more than a line long.; petals smaller: styles very short:
capsule ovate, scarcely exserted from the closed fruiting calyx. — A little
known species found at Dillon's Beach, Marin Co.

8. SPERGrULA, Dodoens (COBN-SPUBBEY). Herbs with linear and
apparently whorled leaves; the opposite pair (subtended by a pair of
scarious stipular scales) being augmented by several crowded and spread-
ing fascicled ones of nearly their own size which along with them seem
to form a verticil. Flowers perfectly symmetrical (stamens 10 or 5); the
5 styles alternate with the sepals, the 5 valves of the capsule opposite the
sepals. Petals entire. Seeds acutely margined or winged.

1. S. ABVENSIS, L. Glabrous or pilose-pubescent and slightly clammy,
1—2 ft. high, simple or with many decumbent basal branches: leaves
almost filiform, 1 — 2 in. long.: cyme terminal, ample, dichotomous, the
long pedicels nodding after flowering, but erect in flower and again when
the capsule is mature : sepals oblong or ovate, 2 — 3 lines long, the white
petals rather long, unfolding only in sunshine: capsule ovoid: seeds
acutely margined.— In fields and by waysides everywhere. Jan.— Sept.

9. TISSA, Adanson (SAND SPUBBEY). More or less succulent herbs
of maritime districts or subsaline plains inland. Leaves linear or sub-
ulate, with scarious ; stipules. Flowers arranged dichotomously or
unilaterally. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire (sometimes fewer than 5 or even
0). Stamens 2—10. Styles 3, rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds
winged or wingless. Embryo annular.

* Perennials with fusiform fleshy roots.
Jr— Internodes not short (about 1 in.); fascicled leaves few.

1. T. macrotheca (Hornem.), Britt. Stems ascending, stoutish,
terete, often 1 ft. high; whole herbage deep green and rather densely

36 CARYOPHYLLE.E.

rise id-pubescent: leaves semiterete, linear-subulate, acute, dften longer
than the internodes (1 — 2 in.); stipules ovate-triangular, 2 lines long:
pedicels % in. long or more, subtended by leafy bracts often nearly as
long: sepals % in. long, with narrow scarious margins: petals as long,
lilac : capsule ovoid, about equalling the calyx : seeds triquetrous-obovate,
smooth, dark-brown, with a very narrow or sometimes obsolete scarious
wing. — Maritime only, and common in sandy soil along the borders of
salt marshes. April — Dec.

3. T. lencantha, Greene. Habit of the preceding, but glabrous ex-
cept a glandular pubescence on the more ample and loosely dichotomous
inflorescence; branches more or less distinctly quadrangular: leaves
linear, acute, little exceeding the internodes (1 in. or. more); stipules
deltoid-ovate, acuminate, 2—3 lines long: pedicels 1 in. long or more, at
length abruptly deflexed, subtended by reduced and linear-subulate
bracts: sepals 2 — 3 lines long, with broad scarious margins: corolla % in.
broad or more, pure white: filaments broadly subulate and almost peta-
loid: apex of capsule exserted, distinctly triquetrous: seed brown, smooth,
of round-obovate outline and with a broad scarious wing. — Confined to
clayey subsaline or alkaline plains of the interior; plentiful on the east-
ern side of the Livermore Valley. March — May.

H— -i— Internodes short; axillary leaf-fascicles conspicuous.

3. T. palUda, Greene. Prostrate, diffusely branching and densely
cespitose, the geniculate stems stoutish below, often naked an cf appearing
suffrutescent; herbage pale, densely pubescent and very viscid: primary
leaves oblong-linear, very acute, }& in. long or more; those of the
fascicles shorter and relatively broader; stipules ovate-acuminate, often
4 — 5 lines long: fl. either scattered singly on short branchlets, or in re-
diiced terminal cymes: pedicels % in. long: calyx % in- long: petals lilac:
capsule equalling the calyx: seeds obliquely orbicular, light brown, very
smooth, broadly margined. — On high and dry clayey bluffs overhanging
the ocean in San Francisco Co., also in Marin. April — July.

4. T. Cleveland, Greene. Prostrate, slender, very diffuse, forming
deep green mats % — lj£ft. broad; herbage pubescent but only slightly
viscid: leaves narrowly linear, the fascicled ones subulate, all equalling
or exceeding the internodes: fl. in terminal cymes only, small (^ in,
broad), pure white.— Only on high and dry sandy ground, back from the
sea-bluffs. April — June.

* * Annuals; flowers usually lilac or lavender-color.

5. T. RUBRA. (L.), Britt. Stems slender, terete, prostrate, a few inches
long, glabrous below, pubescent and more or less glandular above;

CARYOPHYLLE.E. 37

leaves narro.wly linear or subulate, acute or mucronate, }£— % in. long;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 1—2 lines long: pedicels slender, 2—3
lines long: sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined : petals reddish,
about equalling the sepals: capsule ovate, obtuse, not exserted: seeds
brownish, tuberculate, wingless, triquetrous-obovate, with a marginal
elevation. — Roadsides; frequent, and sometimes perennial. April— Oct.

6. T. marina (Wahlb.), Britt. Boot thickish, not much branched,
sometimes perennial: stems ascending, 3 — 8 in. high, somewhat com-
pressed or angular, glabrous or somewhat glandular-pubescent: leaves
semiterete, narrowly linear, acute, light green, glabrate, seldom exceeding
the internodes; stipules broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate : cymes
scarcely leafy: pedicels about twice as long as the capsules: sepals acute
or acuminate, with a broad or narrow scarious margin : petals broadly
ovate, obtuse, scarcely equalling the sepals, whitish or pale rose-color:
capsule ovate, obtuse, nearly twice the length of the calyx : seeds orbicular,
with an elevated margin, reddish-brown, smooth, winged or wingless. —
Common and variable, occurring mostly near the sea.

7. T. salina (Presl.), Britt. Roots slender and tufted, simple or
much branched: stems 6 in. high, much branched, usually ascending,
rarely divaricate and prostrate: herbage glabrous or pubescent: leaves
flat, linear-filiform, obtuse or acutish, glabrous, light or livid green, sel-
dom longer than the internodes; stipules broadly ovate, short-acuminate,
not shining: pedicels leafy-bracted, or the upper bractless, none of them
longer than the capsules: sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, scar-
ious-margined: capsule acute, much longer than the calyx: seeds round-
obovale, tuberculate or muriculate, the marginal elevation distinct; hyaline
wing narrow or wanting. Var. sordid a, Greene. Stems ascending;
herbage very viscid and hairy; fl. in unilateral leafless racemes: seeds
nearly black, sharply muriculate, wingless. Var. Saufortli, Greene.
Stems erect repeatedly dichotomous: herbage scarcely viscid and only
slightly pubescent: inflorescence partly dichotomous, only the ultimate
branchlets unilaterally1 racemose: seeds dark brown, nearly smooth,
wingless. — Common on the seaboard. The first variety is very abundant
in low rich soil above the salt marshes on the " Island," near Alameda.
The second belongs to the plains in the interior. March — May.

9. T. tennis, Greene. Slender, prostrate, very diffuse, the whole
plant 1 ft. broad, glabrous, or the inflorescence sparsely glandular-
pubescent: leaves linear-filiform, 1 in. long, equalling the internodes;
stipules broader than long, acute, but small and inconspicuous: fl. very
numerous, crowded and often subsessile on the countless dichotomous-
cymose branchlets, apetalous: stamens 2: capsule triquetrous, acute, more
than twice the length of the oblong obtuse scarious-margined sepals: seeds
reddish brown, obliquely obovate, compressed, smooth, margined, wing-
less.— Alameda.

38 CARYOPHYLLE.E.

10. POLYCARPON, Lwfling. Low annuals, diffusely dichotomous,
with flat leaves, small scarious stipules and minute cymose flowers.
Sepals 5, carinate-concave. Petals 5, minute, hyaline. Stamens 3—5.
Ovary 1-celled; style short, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded.

1. P. TETBAPHYLLUM, Linn. Branched from the base and depressed,
the branches 3—7 in. long: leaves % in. long, obovate, short-petiolate,
the lower pairs with a second rather smaller pair at right angles to them
so as to appear whorled: stipules triangular-lanceolate: cymes many-
flowered, dense, the small flowers short-pedicelled : sepals green or pur-
plish, scarious-margined: petals scarious, shorter than the sepals: cap-
sule about equalling the calyx: seeds yellowish brown, semiorbicular,
compressed, with a sharp muriculation disposed in irregular striae. — Nat-
uralized in Napa and Solano counties. Bioktli, Jepson.

11. LCEFLINGIA, Linn. Low much branched rather rigid and
pungent-leaved annuals; the leaves with adnate and connate setaceous
stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves and branches.
Sepals 5, rigid, cariuate. Petals minute or 0. Stamens 3—5. Ovary
1-celled; style very short or 0. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded.

1. L. sqnarrosa, Nutt. The numerous prostrate or erect-spreading
branches 2 — 6 in. long; herbage glandular-pubescent: leaves and sepals
subulate-setaceous, rigid and recurved, the leaves 2—3 lines long, the
sepals somewhat shorter: capsule elongated, triquetrous, at length ex-
serted, oo -seeded. — Plains of the lower San Joaquin, and Sacramento.

OEDEB XIII. FRANKENIACE/E.
An order embracing scarcely more than the genus

FRANCA, Micheli. Herbs or undershrubs with opposite entire small
exstipulate leaves usually sessile and even united at base by a slight
membranous continuation of the blade. Fl. small, solitary and sessile
in the axils of the very numerous branches and branchlets, usually
5-merous and complete. Calyx tubular, furrowed; the lobes valvate and
induplicate in bud. Petals hypogynous, narrowed to a claw which bears
an appendage on its inner face. Style cleft into 2 — 4 filiform divisions;
ovary 1-celled. Capsule 'in vested by the persistent calyx; the few seeds
attached to the margins of the 2 — 4 valves.

1. F. graudifolia (Esch.). Somewhat woody at base, erect, much
branched and slender, % — 1 ft. high, glabrous or soft-pubescent, very
leafy: leaves obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, revolute, %—% in- l°ng»
of a dull green: calyx linear, }^ in. long, strongly furrowed, the lobes
short, acute : petals small, red, the blade 1 line long or more, erose at
summit, the appendage of the claw bifid: stamens 4—7: style 3-cleft:
capsule shorter than the calyx, linear, angiilar: seeds numerous. — A
homely plant of the salt marshes along the seaboard.

ILLECEBKE^. 39

OKDEBXIV. ILLECEBRE/E.

Differing from the Caryophyllese only in having a 1-seeded and utric-
Ular fruit.

1. PAROXYCHIA, Clusius. Herbs with opposite entire leaves and a
pair of scarious stipules at each node; flowers (in ours) clustered in the
axils. Sepals 5, imbricate, somewhat cucullate under the apex and aris-
tate or mucronate at the very tip. Stamens 5 or fewer, inserted on the
base of the sepals, these often slightly united. Petals represented by 5
small setiform organs alternating with the stamens. Ovary 1-celled,
1-ovuled; ovule attached by a slender basal funicnlus, ascending or sub-
pendulous. Utricle enclosed in the persistent calyx, at length bursting
longitudinally. Seed smooth. Embryo annular.

1. P. Cliileusis, DC. Perennial, diffuse, cespitose, the tough and
pliable short- jointed stems suff rutescent : leaves oblong-linear, 1% — 3
lines long, membranaceous, pungent at tip, minutely appressed pubes-
cent; stipules thin-hyaline, ovate-lanceolate, 1 — 2 lines long: fl. few in
the axils, very shortly pedicelled : calyx scarcely % line long, purplish;
sepals spinulose- tipped and only slightly cucullate: seed reddish-brown.
Frequent on grassy hillsides and summits at the Presidio; evidently
indigenous; otherwise known only as South American.

2. HERMARIA, Dodoens. Differing from Paronychia in habit, and
in that the sepals are united at base.

1. H. CINEREA, DO. Annual, slender, parted from the base into a few
ascending branches, these with many short distichous branchlets; herb-
age canescent with setulose straight or uncinate-tipped hairs: leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1—2 lines long; stipules hyaline, minute,
broadly ovate : fl. crowded, sessile, .minute, the calyx ^ line long : seed
black, smooth and lustrous. — Eastern base of Mt Diablo; native of S.
Europe. (Paronychia pusilla of Fl. Fr.) April.

3. PENTACJSNA, Bartling. Perennials of cespitose habit, with
alternate subulate rigid and pungent leaves, silvery -hyaline stipules, and
sessile flowers clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, united at base, very
unequal, cucullate, the 3 outer large and with a stout divergent terminal
spine, the 2 inner much smaller and with but a short awn. Petals
minute, scale-like. Stamens 3—5: staminodia 0. Style very short, bifid.
Utricle enclosed in the rigid persistent calyx. Embryo curved.

1. P. ramosissima (Weinm.), Hook. & Am. Stems prostrate, form-
ing mats 5 in. to 2 ft. broad, woolly-pubescent: leaves 3—5 lines long,
squarrose when old; stipules lanceolate, shorter than the leaves, 1 -nerved:
calyx-tube nearly a line long, the divergent outer lobes 2 lines: utricle
apiculate. — On sandy plains and dry gravelly hilltops toward the sea
throughout our district.

40 POLYGONE^.

OBDEB XV. POLYGONExE.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or whorled leaves of revolute
vernation; stipules when present cohering around the stem and forming
a sheath. Inflorescence various, but commonly racemose and terminal.
Calyx of 4—9 nearly or quite distinct sepals, often colored and petaloid,
persistent. Stamens as many as the sepals, or fewer, perigynous. Styles
2 — 4, distinct or somewhat connate, opposite the angles of the lenticular
or triquetrous 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a compressed or triquetrous
achene. Seed erect; embryo straight, in the midst of a farinaceous albu-
men, or curved around it.

Leaves alternate, stipulate:

Sepals 4 —6, equal, appressed to the achene POLYGONUM 1

the outer smaller RUMEX 2

Perianth tabular below, ti-lo bed above VIBO 3

Leaves often verticillate, exstipulate:
Involucre tubular or campanulate,with 4—8 )

teeth >• achenes triquetrous ERIOGONUM 4

) lenticular OXYTHECA 5

with 3—8 cuspidate teeth CHORIZANTHE 6

Involucre 2-lobed, 1-flowered PTEROSTEQIA 7

1. POLYGONUM, Columna. Herbs or undershrubs with alternate
entire leaves and sheathing stipules. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles
or terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth of 5 or 6 nearly distinct often
colored and petaloid sepals. Petals 0. Stamens 4 — 9, commonly in 2
sets or circles. Styles 2 or 3, distinct, or connate below, often very
short; stigmas capitate. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene, usually
closely invested by the persistent perianth.

* Leaves jointed upon a short petiole adnate to the 2-lobed or lacerate

sheath,' flowers axillary to leaves or bracts; filaments of the 3

inner stamens broad at base; achenes triquetrous.

•H- Glabrous and su/rutescent; sheaths conspicuous; sepals colored.

1. P. Paronychia, Ch. & Schl. Stems stoutish, ascending or pros-
trate, 1 — 2 ft. long, leafy above, below clothed with the scarious sheaths,
these % in. long, brownish and 5 nerved below, lacerate above: leaves
sub-coriaceous, 1 in. long, linear-lanceolate, revolute: fl. densely crowded
at the ends of the branches, the spikes more or less leafy-bracted i
perianth white or rose-color veined with green or brown, % in. long:
achene 2 lines long, smooth and shining. — In sandy soil near the sea;
flowering almost all the year through.

2. P. Bolanderi, Brew. Stems slender, tufted and strictly erect,
^—2 ft. high: sheaths much shorter than the nodes, herbaceous below,
scarious and lacerate above, persistent: leaves narrowly linear or sub-
ulate, acute or cuspidate, }£ — ^ in. long, not revolute: fl. solitary or few

POLYGONE^. 41

in the axils of short leafy branchlets, each involucrate with a sheath-like
scarious bract on the joint of the short pedicel: sepals 1^ lines long,
rose-color or white, slightly spreading. — Plentiful near the Soda Springs
above Napa; also in Sonoma Co. Aug. — Oct.

•»— -H- Annuals, with striate stems andless conspicuous sheaths; branches
leafy to the summit, floriferous throughout.

3. P. AVIOULAKE, L. Stoutish, much branched, prostrate, the branches
1—3 ft. long: herbage glabrous, bluish-green: leaves oblong or lanceolate,
acutish, % — 2}£ in. long: fl. on very short pedicels: sepals 1 line long,
green, with white or rose-colored margin: achene broadly ovate, 1 line
long or less, dull black and minutely granular. — A prevalent weed in
summer fields and vineyards. April — Oct.

4. P. coarctatum, Dougl. Erect, freely branching, the herbage
more or less scabro-puberulent throughout: leaves firm in texture, acute:
fl. spicate-crowded and on erect pedicels : sepals rose-color or white with
only a broad midvein of green : achenes very minutely punctate toward
the apex. — Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co. July — Sept.

* * Leaves not jointed with the petiole, striately 3-nerved; sheaths 2-lobed

orfimbriate; stamens 8, the inner 3 scarcely dilated.

5. P. Californicum, Meisn. Erect, slender, 3—6 in. high, panicled-
spicate, the stem and branches glabrous, dark brown: leaves rigid, linear
or filiform, %— \% in. long, pungently acute : spikes very slender, elon-
gated, the subulate bracts 1 — 2 lines long; sheaths 1 line long, deeply
lacerate-f ringed, nearly equalling the pale rose-colored flowers: achene
narrow, slightly exposed; styles slightly divergent. — Valleys and dry
hills of the interior, near Napa, etc. • July — Sept.

* * * Leaves not jointed, more ample, pinnately veined; sheaths cylin-

drical, oblique or truncate; fl. in dense spikes or loose cymelets;

stamens 4—8, all the filaments filiform; styles deciduous,

often only 2 and the achene lenticular.

•}— Weedy annuals of fields and gardens.

6. P. nodosum, Pers. Stoutish, erect or ascending, 1 — 4 ft. high,
freely branching, glabrous except the rough glandular peduncles, and
scabrous leaf-margins and veins beneath; stem often purple-dotted
throughout: leaves lanceolate, 2—5 in. long, acuminate, short-petioled ;
sheaths naked in age, glandular-ciliolate when young: spikes linear,
usually drooping, 1 in. long or more: fl. white or pale rose, 1 line long:
stamens 6: styles 2: achene lenticular, ovate. — Very common in culti-
vated lands, preferring moist places. July — Oct.

42 POLYGONE^E.

7. P. Persicaria, L. Much like the last but the sheaths and bracts
conspicuously ciliate: leaves less acuminate, subsessile: spikes shorter
and erect: fl. rose-color: achenes often triquetrous. — Not common.

•»— -i— Perennials, either aquatic or of wet places.

8. P. acre, HBK. Decumbent, rooting at the lower joints, 2 — 5 ft.
high; herbage light green, pellucid-punctate and acrid, glabrous or a little
scabrous: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled; sheaths bristly-
ciliate: spikes narrow and lax, 1—3 in. long, erect: sepals greenish and
glandular-dotted, 1 line long: stamens 8: achene commonly triquetrous.
—Very common in marshy places, along streamlets, etc. June— Nov.

9. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Stems stout and simple, rooting at the
decumbent base, above equably leafy to the summit; herbage more or
less strigose-hirsute : leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, 2 — 7 in. long, on
very short petioles; stipules with an abruptly spreading foliaceous bor-
der: fl. rose-red, in a dense ovate or oblong terminal spike: stamens 5:
style 2-cleft: achene lenticular. — In low ground; not common.

10. P. Mnhlenbergii, Wats. Stoutish, erect, 2—3 ft. high, leafy
throughout; scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs, with more
or less of a softer pubescence: leaves broadly lanceolate, narrowly acumi-
nate, 4—7 in. long, on petioles of nearly 1 in. ; sheaths with no spreading
margin: spikes 1 or 2, elongated and narrow, 1 — 3 in. long: fl. and fr. as
in the last. — Shore of the lakelet in front of the U. S. Marine Hospital,
San Francisco; rare in California.

11. P. a in phi hi u in . L. Aquatic and with floating leaves, or geniculate
and rooting in the mud along the shores of ponds and lakes; herbage
glabrous or nearly so: leaves elliptical or oblong, obtuse or acutish, very
smooth and shining above, 2 — 5 in. long, on petioles half as long: spike
mostly solitary, dense, ovate or oblong, 1 — 1^ in. long: fl. rose-color: fr.
lenticular. — Common in mountain lakes.

* * * * Twining or climbing annuals with broad leaves, and flowers in loose
axillary panicles or racemes; achenes triquetrous.

12. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. Twining or trailing, 1—3 ft. high, minutely
scabrous: leaves 1—2 in. long, hastate-cordate, acuminate: fl. in axillary

'interrupted racemes: fruiting perianth 1^—2 lines long, equalling the
somewhat opaque granulate -striate achene. — A weed in cultivated lands;
native of Europe, not yet prevalent in California, but already met with
near Berkeley. July— Sept.

2. RUMEX, Pliny (DooK. SORREL). Coarse perennials (rarely
annual or biennial), with leafy stems, and cylindrical obliquely truncate
scarious stipules; the small green or reddish perfect or unisexual flowers
fascicled or verticillate, forming panicled racemes. Perianth of 6 nearly

POLYGONE^E. 43

or quite distinct sepals; the outer herbaceous, spreading or reflexed;
inner larger, in some becoming greatly enlarged in fruit, appressed to
the 3-angled achene. Stamens 6; filaments very short. Styles 3 (or 2);
stigmas tufted. Embryo lateral, slender, slightly curved.

* Fl. perfect or polygamous; valves accrescent, often with a grain-like pro-
tuberance on the back; leaves elongated, never hastate, pinnately
many-veined; herbage scarcely acidulous.

•K- Valves small (2 lines, more or less), one or more of Ihem grain-bearing.
•M- Valves with slender awned teeth; herbage pubescent or scabrous.

1. B. OBTUSIFOLIUS, L. Tall (3— 5 ft.), slender, somewhat scabrous:
radical leaves oblong, obtuse, cordate or truncate at base, long-petioled,
the blade 6—15 in. long: fl. in loose whorls, on long pedicels, these
jointed below the middle: valves ovate-deltoid, 2—3 lines long, with 1—3
setaceous teeth on each side, usually only one valve grain-bearing. —
Naturalized, but rather sparingly, and in low lands only.

2. E. PULCHEB, L. Erect, 2—3 ft. high, with rigid branches divari-
cately and widely spreading: leaves scabrous beneath, the radical oblong
or lanceolate (sometimes panduriform), acute, at base cordate or obtuse :
fl. on short stout rigid pedicels: valves ovate, 2—3 lines long, with 4 — 6
rigidly awned teeth on each side. — Very abundant by way-sides.

3. K. polygonoides, L. Low (about 1 ft.), erect, stout, from an
annual or biennial root: herbage minutely pubescent and of a pale or
yellowish green : leaves linear-lanceolate, the margin somewhat crisped
or undulate, short-petioled, the blade 1—4 in. long: inflorescence com-
pact, the verticils dense: valves 1 line long, ovate-lanceolate, all grain-
bearing, and with 2 or 3 long-awned t'eeth on each side. — Common in
brackish marshes, and on lake shores.

•M- ++ Valves entire or only denticulate; herbage glabrous.

4. E. CONGLOHEBATUS, Murr. Stoutish, 3 — 4 ft. high, leafy-paniculate
above: radical leaves ovate or lanceolate, cordate, slightly undulate:
pedicels short, stout and geniculate in fruit, jointed near the base : valves
small, all grain-bearing, ovate-lanceolate, acute. — In wet places.

5. E. CBISPUS, L. Size and habit of the last, but panicles less leafy
and more condensed: leaves long-petioled, truncate at base, strongly
undulate or crisped: pedicels 2 — 4 lines long, rather slender: valves all
grain-bearing, ovate or cordate, strongly reticulate. — In waste lands.

6. K. Berlandieri, Meisn. Stout, erect, 2—4 ft. high: leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, very undulate, more or less acuminate, narrowed below
to an abruptly cuneate or almost truncate base, 6 in. long, short-petioled:

44 POLYGONE^E.

pedicels 1 — 2 lines long, jointed below the middle: valves ovate-lanceo*
late, 1% lines long, finely reticulate, all grain-bearing. — Said to have
been found at San Francisco.

7. R. salicifolius,Weinm. Stems clustered, ascending, 1—3 ft. high:
lowest leaves oblong, upper linear-lanceolate, 3—6 in. long, acuminate,
narrowed to a short petiole, not undulate, pale green: panicle open,
somewhat leafy, the flowers crowded: pedicels slender, 1—3 lines long:
valves ovate-rhomboid or broadly deltoid, 1^—2 lines long, entire or
denticulate, one or two of them with large whitish grains.

-i— 4— Valves % — ^ in. long, not grain-bearing; herbage glabrous.

8. E. occiden tails, Wats. Erect, 3—6 ft. high, sparingly branched:
leaves oblong-lanceolate, usually narrowing upward from the truncate or
somewhat cordate base, not decurrent upon the petiole, 1 ft. long or
more, scarcely undulate, usually acute : panicle narrow, elongated, nearly
leafless: pedicels slender, % — J£ in. long, obscurely jointed near the
base: valves broadly cordate, with a very shallow sinus, becoming about
% in. broad, often denticulate near the base: achenes 1% lines long. —
Frequent in marshy places.

* * Glabrous perennials wilh reddish usually dioecious flowers; valves

not grain-bearing; leaves mostly either broad and rounded, or

hastate, sparingly veined; herbage tender and acid.

9. E. ACETOSEI/DA, L. Stems erect from running rootstocks, slender,
6 — 18 in. high: leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 1 — 3
in. long, usually hastate, the lobes often toothed: panicle naked, long and
narrow; fl. dioecious, small, red, in loose fascicles; pedicels short, jointed
at top: achene small, ovate- triquetrous, % line long. — Very common.

3. VIBO, Medic. Annual herbs with alternate leaves, and axillary
solitary or clustered unisexual flowers. Staminate perianth 5—6 parted;
segments equal, spreading. Stamens 4 — 6; filaments filiform. Fertile
perianth with urceolate tube and 6 unequal lobes in 2 series, the whole
accrescent in fruit and indurated; the outer lobes spreading and spines-
cent, the inner plane, erect-connivent. Fruit a triquetrous achene
enclosed in the tube of the perianth but free from it. Seed subterete.

1. V. AUSTRAI/LS (Steinh.). Glabrous; the stout and rigid prostrate
branches 1—2 ft. long: leaves triangular-ovate, entire, 2 in. long; at base
abruptly narrowed to a long petiole: staminate $. often clustered at the
end of a peduncle; the pistillate sessile: fructiferous perianth }>$—% in.
long, thick and almost woody; outer lobes broadly subulate and thorn -
liker the inner broadly ovate, mucronate. — Native of S. Africa and
Australia; adventive on our sea-beaches*

POLYGONE^. 45

4. E R10GONUM, Michaux. Annual, perennial or suffrutescent plants
with radical or alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves and a greatly
diversified inflorescence of involucrate, mostly small and dense primary
flower-clusters. Involucre campanulate, turbinate or oblong, 4—8-
toothed or -lobed without awns; the pedicels few or many, more or less
exserted, subtended by scarious and narrow or quite setaceous bractlets.
Perianth 6-cleft or -parted, colored, enclosing the achene. Stamens 9,
upon the base of the perianth. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene
3-angled, rarely 3-winged.

* Plants with scape-like peduncles, from a more or less woody and leafy
base; involucres umbellate or capitate, not virgately disposed.

H— Perianth narrowed to a slender stipe-like base.

1. E. stellatnm, Benth. More or less tomentose, the stems diffuse
and leafy: leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : peduncles % — 1 ft.
high, bearing an umbel of 2 — 4 usually elongated and cymosely divided
rays; the nodes all leaf y-bracted : fl. yellow: stipitate base of perianth
elongated. — On Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton.

2. E. compositum, Dougl. More or less white- or yellowish-tomen-
tose, the leaves densely so beneath; these oblong-ovate, cordate at base,
acute or acutish, 1—3 in. long on rather long petioles: peduncles stout,
naked, % — \% ft. high, nearly glabrous: umbel of 6 — 10 long rays, each
bearing a short several- rayed umbellule, subtended by whorls of linear-
oblanceolate leaflets: fl. 2—4 lines long, cream-colored or yellow, the
stipe-like base relatively short. — Napa and Sonoma counties, at middle
elevations of the Coast Range.

-t- -i— Perianth abruptly contracted at base.

3. E. 1 at i folium, Smith. Stout, tomentose throughout, the short cau-
dex sparingly branched and leafy : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute,
1 — 2 in. long, rounded or cordate, or rarely cuneate at base, commonly
undulate, often glabrate above, 1—2 in. long, the stoutish petiole often
short and margined: peduncles stout, 6—20 in. high: bracts triangular:
involucres very-many-flowered, crowded in 1 — 3 large terminal heads, or
the peduncles more than once forked above and the heads smaller:
bractlets densely villous-plumose : fl. whi^e, the sepals broadly obovate.
In rocky or sandy places near the sea.

4. E. ii iidum, Dougl. Much taller and more slender than the last,
the ovate or oblong leaves (%— 2 in. long) densely tomentose beneath,
glabrate above: peduncle and loose panicle 1 — 2 ft. high, glabrous and
glaucescent, or somewhat floccose-tomentose : involucres 2—3 lines long,
nearly or quite glabrous, 3 — 6 in each cluster: fl. glabrous or villous, 1 —
\% lines long, white.— Clayey banks and dry hills; a more inland species
than the last. July — Oct.

46 POLYGONE^:.

* * Annuals, leafy near the base only; panicles dichotomous; involucre*

sessile, not virgately disposed.

5. E. t run cat urn, Torr. & Gray. Slender, floccose-tomentose through-
out, 1 ft. high: leaves mostly rosulate near the base of the stem, some-
times a whorl subtending the lowest node; blade oblanceolate, 1 in. long,
attenuate to a slender petiole, the margin undulate: inflorescence very
lax, in a kind of umbel of 4 — 6 elongated and di- or trichotomous rays:
involucres few, oblong-turbinate, 2 lines long: fl. rose-color, 1 line. —
Seemingly local, but plentiful at the eastern base of Mt. Diablo.

6. E. Kortoni, Greene. Near E. truncatum, but smaller, more
branching, the stem branches and involucres glabrous, reddish in age:
leaves small and thick, broadly obovate or somewhat obcordate, cuneately
but abruptly narrowed to a long slender petiole, glabrous above, white-
tomentose beneath: involucres terminal upon the dichotomous branches
and sessile in the forks, solitary, turbinate, \% lines long, the 5—7
angles conspicuous, teeth short and blunt: fl. very numerous, rose-color,
% line long: sepals equal, obovate, nearly truncate. — Marin Co.

* * * Annuals; the. diffusely di-or trichotomous panicle leafy at the nodes;

involucres pedicellate.

7. E. angnlosnm, Benth. Grayish-tomentose, 6—18 in. high, loosely
and widely branching from near the base, the branches 4 — 6 angled: low-
est leaves ovate or rounded, cuneate or somewhat cordate at base, obtuse,
often undulate, J^— 1 in. long, on rather short petioles; upper oblong or
lanceolate, subsessile: pedicels of the involucres ^ — 1*4 in. long, fili-
form: involucre hemispherical, 1 — 2 lines broad, many-flowered, smooth
or glandular: bractlets mostly dilated and rather firm: fl. rose-color,
purplish, or even greenish- white, ^ line long, not quite glabrous; outer
sepals ovate, concave, the inner lanceolate, plane, somewhat longer.—
Plains of the interior of Solano Co.

* * * * Involucres sessile, scattered up and down the virgate branches.

H— Annuals; leaves mostly basal and rosulate.
•M- Involucres tubular, 2 lines long.

8. E. virgatum, Benth. Usually white-tomentose throughout: leaves
oblong, 1 in. long on slender petioles: peduncle simple, or with only a
few erect virgate branches, 1— 2>£ ft. high, the involucres remote, the 5
teeth very short: perianth 1 line long, buff or yellow; outer sepals
broadly obovate, cuneately narrowed at base, the inner about as long,
spatulate-oblong: achene with a minutely puberulent rather slender beak.
— Banks of Putah Creek, Solano Co.

9. E. < las van the mu m, Torr. & Gray. Usually hoary-tomentose,
sometimes nearly glabrate: leaves oval or rounded, 5—10 lines long,

POLYGONE^:. 47

abruptly narrowed to a slender petiole: peduncle 1 ft. high, mostly
rather loosely but widely branching, the branches often more or less
cymose-dichotomous : involucres rather remote, not always solitary, nar*
rowly tubular, very shortly toothed, tomentose except the prominent
ribs, these glabrous: fl. scarcely exserted, erect, not numerous, 1 line
long, white or rose-color; more or less densely villous on the outside.
Var. Jepsonii, Greene. Panicle ample, as broad as high, the dichoto-
mous branches widely spreading: involucres campanulate-tubular, very-
many-flowered, the pedicels exserted and recurved; fl. rose-red. — The
type, along Putah Creek; the variety, from Gate's Canon, near Vaca-
ville. Sept., Oct.

•M- -M- Involucres 1 — \% lines long, usually turbinate.

10. E. yiminenm, Dougl. Seldom at all tomentose except on the
lower face of the ovate or orbicular slender-stalked leaves: peduncle 1 ft.
high, branched from near the base, the branches slender and virgate:
involucres very narrow and rather prismatic, the teeth very short: fl. few,
rose-color or white, exserted; outer sepals obovate, the inner obovate-
oblong and only half as broad. — Sonoma Co.

11. E. gracile, Benth. Slender, 1 — 2 ft. high, usually white-woolly
throughout: leaves rosulate or scattered, ovate, oblong or oblanceolate,
tomentose on both faces: panicle of few or many usually rather strict
and virga*te very slender branches : involucres many-flowered, turbinate,
the 5 teeth stout, prominent, acutish: fl. white, rose-color or yellowish, %
line long ; outer sepals obovate,- inner oblong. — Mt. Diablo Range.

-i— •*— Su ffrute scent ; stems leafy up to the base of the peduncles.

12. E. trachygronum, Torr. Woody stems erect, rather slender, 6 — 10
in. high, densely clothed with the living and dead leaves; these narrowly
oblanceolate, 1 in. long, narrowed to a slender petiole, the dense
tomentum persistent on both faces: panicle short-peduncled, 3 — 5 in.
high, twice or thrice dichotomous; lower involucres scattered, upper
more condensed, sessile, campanulate-tubular, prominently but obtusely
angled, glabrous except the woolly and obtusely toothed orifice: sepals
white with a green midrib, the inner longer and somewhat narrower than
the outer: ovary pubescent on the angles. — Abundant in dry gravel beds
along Putah Creek, and on Mt. Hamilton.

13. E. saxatile, Wats. Caudex stoutish, sparingly branched, very
leafy, ^—1 ft. high: leaves obovate, obtuse, 6—8 lines broad, 1 in. long,
cuneate at base, short-petioled, densely tomentose on both sides : branches
of the inflorescence short, spreading: bracts subfoliaceous, triangular or
oblong and acute: involucres 1J£ — 2 lines long; teeth acute: fl. rose-
colored, 2 lines long, the sepals all spatulate-oblong and carinate, about
equal, the inner appressed to the achene. — Near the summit of Mt.
Hamilton.

48 POLYGONE^:.

5. OXYTHECA, Nutt. Slender annuals, glandular-pubescent (not
tomentose), with a rosulate basal tuft of leaves and a repeatedly dicho-
tomous paniculate inflorescence. Bracts of the flowering branches foli-
aceous, more or less connate. Involucres small, few- flowered, more or
less distinctly pedicellate, the lobes awn-tipped or unarmed. Perianth
6-parted, usually glandular-pubescent on the outside, the segments
alike. Stamens 6. Achene commonly lenticular.

1. 0. inermis, Wats. Slender and low, 3—6 in. high, rather diffuse:
leaves broadly oblanceolate, 1 in. long, glabrous except the scabrous-
ciliate margins: bracts linear-oblong, acute, awnless: involucres short-
pedicelled, 4-cleft almost to the base, the oblong-lanceolate lobes 1 line
long, acute but awnless: fl. rose-color, ^ line long: achenes obtusely
triangular. — Supposed to have been found originally on Mt. Diablo, but
better known from beyond our limits.

2. 0. hirtiflora. (Gray), Greene. Glandular-puberulent and viscid,
6 in. high, erect, cymose-pauiculate above: leaves 1 in. long, oblong-
spalulate, with scabrous-ciliate margins and a broad red midvein: bracts
hispidulous, oblong, % in- l°ng or less, acutish: involucres awnless, ^
line long, on slender erect or nodding pedicels 1—3 lines long: fl. 3—5,
very hirsute, rose-red, % line long. — Summits of Mt. Diablo and Mt.
Hamilton.

6. CHORIZltfTHE, R. Er. Dichotomous annuals with few and
mostly basal leaves; the branches with ternate bracts at the nodes. In-
volucres 1 — 3 flowered, sessile, more or less tubular, coriaceous or chart-
aceous, often corrugated or reticulate, 3 -— 6-angled or -ribbed, with as
many cuspidate or rigidly awned teeth or segments. Flowers rarely
exserted, 6-parted or -cleft; bractlets minute or obsolete. Stamens 9
(rarely 6 or 3). Achenes triangular.

*Villous or hirsute; involucres usually clustered, 6-angled and sulcate,

the teeth cuspidate; bractlels obsolete: perianth 6-cleft, the

stamens inserted at or near its base.

4— Erect or erect-spreading ; involucres mostly in dense cymose clusters.
•M- Margins of involucral lobes scarious.

1. C. membranacea, Benth. Floccose-tomentose, erect, sparingly
branched, with long internodes and leafy nodes, %— 2 ft. high: leaves
linear, acute, 1—2 in. long: bracts similar to the leaves but cuspidate:
heads sessile, solitary or few upon the branches: involucres tomeutose,
2 — 2^ lines long, the limb at length dilated and with uucinate teeth:
tube contracted in the middle: perianth villous, becoming 1*£ lines long,
6-parted, the segments oblong or spatulate: achene broadly triangular
and rostrate-attenuate. — In the Coast and Mt. Diablo ranges.

POLYGONS^:. 49

2. C. robusta, Parry. Stout, erect, 6 — 18 in. high, dichotomously
branched, the main stem below with several whorls of oblanceolate
petiolate leaves; herbage hirsute, the inflorescence and growing parts
almost canescently so: capitate cymes sessile and solitary in the lower
forks, several and peduncled along the upper branches : bracts linear,
with acerose tips: involucres oblong-campanulate, sharply angled; seg-
ments unequal, the scarious margin very narrow, purplish, the uncinate
teeth not widely spreading: perianth short-pedicellate; lobes nearly
equal, erose-denticulate and mucronulate. — In dry sandy soil at Ala-
meda. June — Sept.

•M- -M- Lobes of involucre without scarious margins.

3. C. valida, Wats. Stout, 6—18 in. high, branching above, villous:
lower leaves oblanceolate, 1 in. long, on long petioles: involucres in
dense heads 2 — 3 lines long, the lobes nearly equal, slightly spreading,
the awns straight : perianth subsessile, narrowly tubular, 2% lines long,
villous or glabrous, cleft one-third of the length, the lobes oblong, very
unequal, the shorter ones erose: filaments adnate to the middle or even
higher. — In Sonoma Co., near Petaluma, etc.

•*— +- Of diffuse habit; involucres scattered, or in loose clusters.
•M- Lobes of involucre with narrow scarious margins.

4. C. pungens, Benth. Branches prostrate, 6 — 12 in. long, hirsute-
pubescent: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 1 in. long, mostly opposite;
bracts similar but narrower, acerose at apex: involucres crowded on
short lateral branchle ts, 1% — 2 lines long, unequally toothed, usually
margined; teeth strongly uncinate: perianth obconic, subsessile, shortly
cleft; segments equal, oblong, entire: filaments more or less adnate to
the lower part of the tube. — Sandy hills about San Francisco.

•M- -M- Lobes of involucre without scarious margins.

5. C. cuspidata, Wats. Habit of C. pung^ns, leafy-bracted: leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, 1 in. long; floral bracts acerose: involucres
loosely cymose-clustered, 1 line long, 6-toothed, without scarious mar-
gins, the alternate teeth shorter, all arme d with hooked awns : perianth
subsessile, pinkish; lobes nearly equal, oblong, acutish, the strong nerve
excurrent as a short cusp. — This was regarded by Dr. Parry as only a
form of C. pungtns; but by the description, it should be very distinct.
Sandy hills at San Francisco.

6. C. Cleveland!, Parry. Prostrate or assurgent, the rather few
branches 2—3 in. long, villous-pubescent : leaves mostly radical, broadly
oblanceolate, narrowed to a rather long and slender petiole: involucres
soft-pubescent, the triquetrous tube contracted above; segments very
unequal, 3 as long as the tube, the other 3 scarcely half as long, all unci-

50 NYCTAGINE^:.

nate: perianth shortly cleft; outer segments broadly ovate, erose, retuse
or emarginate, the inner narrow and lacerate: stamens 3; anthers orbic-
ular.— Wooded hills of Sonoma and Lake counties. June— Sept.

7. PTEROSTEGIA, Fisch. & Mey. Our species diffusely dichoto-
mous slender and flaccid (or in age somewhat wiry) annual with oppo-
site, petiolate, exstipulate 2-lobed leaves, and small foliaceous bracts.
Involucres each of a single bract shorter than the solitary sessile flower,
rounded and 2-lobed, in age larger, reticulated, loosely enfolding the
achene, and gibbously 2-saccate on the back. Perianth 5- or 6-parted;
segments equal, oblong-lanceolate. Stamens as many or fewer, inserted
at the base of the segments. Achene triquetrous.

1. P. drymarioides, Fisch. & Mey. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent:
leaves obovate, obcordate or reniform-bifid, often with the lobes again
2-lobed, the lowest petiolate, the upper sessile, % — % in. long: fl. minute :
fructiferous involucre 1^ lines long, closely enfolding the minute light
brown achene. — Common on rocky hills, and sandy banks. June.

ORDER XVI. NYCTAO'lNE/E.

Herbs or suffrutescent plants (ours mostly coarse and fleshy seaside
herbs) with tumid joints, opposite exstipulate entire leaves and showy
perfect flowers in axillary pedunculate and involucrate clusters. Invo-
lucre calyx-like, closely subtending the flower-cluster. Perianth corolla-
like, campanulate, salverform or tubular, the persistent base indurated
and constricted over the 1-celled 1-seeded free ovary. Stamens few,
hypogynous; filaments slender; anthers small and rounded. Pistil 1,
simple. Seed erect; embryo encircling a copious mealy albumen.

1. ABROMA, Juss. Viscid-pubescent rather succulent herbs with
opposite and somewhat unequal leaves. Flowers in umbel-like heads on
rather long axillary peduncles. Involucre of 5—15 distinct or slightly
united somewhat scarious bracts enfolding the base of the heads. Peri-
anth salverform; limb of 5 or 4 emarginate or obcordate lobes. Stamens
mostly 5, adnate to the tube and not exserted. Stigma linear-clavate.
Fruit coriaceous. 3 — 5-winged, enclosing a smooth cylindric achene.
Embryo with but one cotyledon.

* Wings thin but solid; body of fruit rigid or ligneous.

1. A. umbellata, Lam. Perennial, prostrate, rather slender, viscid-
puberulent, the stems 1 — 3 ft. long: leaves almost glabrous, ovate to
narrowly oblong, 1 — 1^ in. long, narrowed to a slender petiole, obtuse,
the margin often somewhat sinuate: peduncles 2 — 6 in. long: bracts of
the involucre narrowly lanceolate, % in. long; head 10 — 15 flowered:

AMAEANTOIDE^. 51

perianth rose-purple, 6—8 lines long: fr. 4—5 lines long, nearly glabrous,
the body oblong, attenuate at each end; wings thin, nearly as long,
broadest above, narrowing toward the base: achene 1% lines long.—
Sandy places along the seaboard. June— Oct.

* * Wings thicker, the central cavity of the fruit extending through them.

2. A. latifolia, Esch. Perennial, stout and succulent, very viscid, the
stems prostrate, 1—2 ft. long: leaves broadly ovate or reniform, ^—1^
in. long, obtuse: peduncles usually exceeding the leaves: bracts 5,
rounded to ovate or oblong, 2 — 4 lines long: perianth 5 — 6 lines long,
yellow: fr. 4 — 6 lines long, coriaceous, acute at each end; wings usually
narrow. — Plentiful along the seashore. May — Dec.

OBDEB XVII. AMARANTOIDE/E.

Herbs with simple exstipulate leaves, and small inconspicuous (mostly
greenish) axillary solitary or clustered perfect or unisexual flowers.
Calyx of 3—5 hypogynous more or less scarious persistent sepals, occa-
sionally with a pair of bractlets at base, generally enveloped by dry and
almost chaffy bracts. Corolla 0. Stamens usually 5 or more, distinct or
monadelphous. Stigmas 2 or 3, sessile on an undivided style. Fruit
utricular, sometimes circumscissile, or bursting irregularly. Seed small,
compressed, vertical. Embryo curved.

1. AMAEAKTUS, Dodoens. Annual weeds; leaves alternate, usually
broad, veiny, and tipped with a short sharp mucro. Flowers green or
purplish, in axillary spiked clusters or spikelets, the staminate usually
mingled with the pistillate in the same cluster. Sepals distinct or
united at base, seldom less than 3 or more than 5, more or less scarious,
erect, or the tips spreading. Stamens as many as the sepals, distinct.
Stigmas linear. Utricle ovate, 2 — 3 beaked, circumscissile or indehiscent
often deciduous with the perianth.

* Stems erect; sepals 5 or 3.

1. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Stout, 1 — 4 ft. high, paniculately branched
above; herbage dull green, roughish and more or less pubescent: leaves
ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1 — 4 in. long, on slender petioles: fl. green, in
erect or somewhat spreading nearly cylindrical spikes : bracts lanceolate-
subulate, scarious except the green carinate midrib, attenuate to a rigid
awn, \%— 3 lines long: sepals 5, narrowly oblong, mostly acute or even
mucronate, exceeding the utricle: seed ^ line broad, black and shining,
with a rather obtuse margin. — Gardens and waste lands.

2. A. ALBUS, L. Erect, ^—2 ft. high, rigidly and widely branched
from the base; herbage of a light green, glabrous or nearly so: leaves

52 SALSOLACE^:.

oblong-spatulate to obovate, ^ — IK in- l°ng including the slender
petiole, obtuse or retuse, often crisped: spikelets axillary, 4 — 5-flowered:
bracts subulate, rigid, pungently awned, 1 — 2^ lines long, the lateral
ones reduced or wanting: sepals 3, oblong-lanceolate, subulate-mucro-
nate, shorter than the somewhat rugose utricle: seed % line broad, black
and shining, very sharply margined.

* * Stems prostrate; sepals 3 or 1.
•*— Spikelets small, axillary.

3. A. BLITOIDES, Wats. Somewhat succulent, weak and prostrate, the
branches often 1 — 2 ft. long, whitish, the foliage of a rather deep shining
green, glabrous or nearly so: spikelets few-flowered and contracted:
bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, about equal, 1 — 1^£ lines long,
little longer than the oblong obtuse and mucronulate or acute sepals:
utricle smooth, little surpassing the 3 sepals: seed % line broad, abruptly
but rather obtusely margined.

4. A. Calif or iiicus (Moq.), Wats. Stems stoutish and rather fleshy,
branched from the base, prostrate, the branches 1 — \% ft. long, with
many short lateral branchlets: leaves obovate or oblong, 1 in. long or
less, including the short petiole, obtuse or acutish, with white veins and
margins: fl. green or purplish, in many small dense axillary clusters:
bract more or less scarious, little exceeding the utricle: sepals of stami-
nate fl. % line long; of the fertile (1 only) shorter: utricle slightly rugose,
tardily circumscissile : seed ^ line broad, obscurely margined. — In low
moist soils.

•»— H— Spikelets mainly in terminal clusters.

5. A. DEFLEXUS, Willd. Stems slender, prostrate, 1 ft. long: leaves
rather small, rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse, subemarginate, somewhat
puberulent, dull-green: spikelets obtuse, some glomerate in the axils of
the leaves, others forming a dense terminal thyrsoid cluster: sepals 3:
utricle surpassing the calyx, marked with 3 obscure lines : seed black and
shining, obtusely margined.— Native of southern Europe; common in
some gardens about the Bay.

ORDER XVIII. SALSOLACE/€.

Herbs or shrubs, often succulent, glabrous, pubescent, mealy or
scurfy, sometimes leafless. Flowers clustered, apetalous. Perianth of a
solitary bract-like sepal, or of 2 which are distinct and valvate or more
or less united, or of five distinct or united at base and calyx-like, never
scarious. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite to them, or
fewer; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an utricle
or achene enclosed in the persistent perianth. Embryo annular or
spiral; albumen mealy or wanting.

SALSOLACE^. 53

Stems leafy; leaves not terete;

Fertile perianth 5-cleft or divided;

Ovary superior CHENOPODIUM 1

" partly inferior B ETA

Fertile perianth of 2 bracts often more or less united ATRIPLEX 3

Stems leafy; leaves terete SUTEDA 5

Stems leafless, terete SALICORNIA 4

1. CHENOPODIUM, Tabernxmontanus (GOOSEFOOT. PIG WEED').
Herbs with alternate petiolate mostly angular foliage. Flowers small,
greenish, sessile, clustered in axillary or terminal spikes or cymes, perfect,
or pistillate only, bractless. Perianth herbaceous, 3— 5-parted; lobes
imbricate, often carinate or crested, persistent and more or less covering
the fruit, remaining green and herbaceous or becoming colored and
fleshy. Stamens 5 or fewer. Styles, 2, 3 or 4, slender. Pericarp
membranous, closely investing the lenticular horizontal or vertical seed.
Embryo annular or curved around a copious albumen.

* Annual, more or less mealy, not pubescent; seed horizontal.

1. C. ALBUM, L. Erect, stoutish, more or less paniculately branching,
1 — 4 ft. high; herbage pale green or whitish with a mealy indument:
leaves petiolate, ascending, rhombic-ovate, obtuse, acute or cuneate at
base, sinuate-dentate or subentire, 1 — 2 in. long, whiter beneath than
above : fl. densely clustered in close spikes, these forming a rather strict
leafless panicle: sepals of fruiting calyx carinate, completely covering
the fruit; seed smooth, shining, acutely margined. — A very common
weed of fields, gardens and waste places. June — Oct.

2. C. MUR\LE, L. Stoutish and rather low, often with many
decumbent or ascending branches from the base; herbage dark green,
rather succulent, the growing parts very mealy: leaves petiolate, ascend-
ing, ovate-rhomboid, unequally and sharply toothed: fl. in rather dense
axillary nearly leafless cymes: fruiting calyx nearly closed, the sepals
slightly carinate: seed opaque, punctate-rugose, sharply margined. — A
common weed flourishing at all seasons.

* * Herbage not mealy, glandular-pubescent and aromatic; seed
horizontal (except in n. 6.).

3. C. BOTEYS, L. Annual, erect, often widely branching, 1—2 ft.
high, glandular-pubescent and highly aromatic: leaves ovate or oblong,
1 — 2 in. long, sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes often toothed: fl. scattered in
very numerous slender axillary cymose panicles: sepals acute, loosely
investing the fruit: pericarp persistent: seed % line broad, thick-
lenticular, black and shining.

4. 0. ANTHELMINTICUM, L. Perennial, stems stoutish, decumbent,
1—2 ft. long; herbage light green, glandular-puberulenl, pleasantly aro-

54 SALSOLACEJE.

matic : leaves thin, oblong, narrowed at base, obtuse, sinuate-serrate or
sometimes remotely dentate, 1 in. longer less: inflorescence a terminal
leafless panicle of dense but slender spikes : sepals not carinate, completely
enclosing the fruit: seed smooth and shining, obtusely margined.

5. C. AMBBOSOIDES, L. Annual, erect or ascending, 2—3 ft. high,
deep green, glabrous or slightly scabrous, the foliage occasionally
puberulent: leaves oblong, attenuate at each end, . acutish, remotely
sinuate-toothed or entire, the uppermost and floral linear-lanceolate:
inflorescence loosely spicate and leafy: fruiting perianth completely
closed: seed smooth and shining, obtusely margined.

6. O. MULTIFIDUM, L. Prostrate, branching and leafy, aromatic:
leaves pinnatifid into narrow lobes; flowers glomerate in the axils:
perianth deeply campanulate, 3— 5- toothed, at length saccate and con-
tracted over the fruit and reticulate-nerved: pericarp whitish and with
scattered glandular dots: seed subrostellate, obtusely margined, dark
brown, minutely punctate-rugose. — Common in San Francisco.

* * * Glabrous or slightly mealy; seed vertical more or less exstrted.

7. C. Califoruicnm, Wats. Stems from a long fusiform perennial root,
stout, decumbent, mostly simple, 1 — 3 ft. high; the young parts a little
mealy: leaves broadly triangular-hastate, 2—3 in. long, truncate or with
sinuses at base, acuminate, sharply, unequally, and often deeply sinuate-
dentate: fl. in dense clusters in a long simple terminal spike: perianth
campanulate, rather deeply 5-toothed, enfolding the utricle only loosely:
pericarp persistent: seed somewhat compressed, % — 1 line broad. —
Common.

8. C. rubrum, L. Annual, stout and rather fleshy, erect with
ascending branches, ^ — 1 ft. high: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
1 in. long, obtuse, petiolate, remotely and rather coarsely dentate,
glabrous and green above, paler and mealy beneath: fl. in axillary
spiked clusters : perianth small, with rounded lobes, not quite concealing
the vertical, or as often horizontal utricle. — In the Suisun marshes on
elevated and dry ground; apparently indigenous, though possibly intro-
duced from Europe, where it is a common weed.

2. BETA, Columna (BEET). Bather coarse glabrous biennials, with
alternate leaves, the radical large and long-petioled, the floral reduced
and sessile. Flowers fascicled in the axils and spicate-congested along
the paniculate branches, connate at base, perfect. Sepals 5, inserted on
the margins of a concave receptacle, imbricate. Stamens 5, opposite the
sepals, filaments subulate. Ovary partly inferior and encircled by a
disk-like margin of the receptacle: style short, the 2 or 3 branches
stigmatose on the inside. Fruit partly adnate to the receptacle, and
enclosed by the thicked and somewhat fleshy sepals.

SALSOLACE^E. 55

1. B. VIILGARIS, L. Stout, 2—4 ft. high: radical leaves often 1 ft.
long including the stout petiole, commonly with prominent nerves and a
more or less undulate margin, the outline oblong or oval: inflorescence
1 — 3 ft. long. — Escaped from gardens; in some places a common weed.

3. ATRIPLEX, Pliny (OBACHE.) Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scurfy,
monoecious or dioecious; inflorescence axillary and glomerate, or terminal
and spicate or panicled. Staminate perianth bractless, 3— 5-parted,
enclosing as many stamens. Pistillate fl. bibracteate, without perianth
or rarely with 2 — 4 distinct hyaline sepals; the bracts erect, appressed,
distinct or more or less united, their margins often becoming dilated, the
surface sometimes in age thickened, indurated and muricate. Fruit
compressed, utricular. Seed vertical. Embryo annular.

* Monoecious annuals, somewhat succulent and mealy; bracts distinct or

nearly so, ovate-oblong to broadly, triangular or hastate.

1. A. hastata, L. var. oppositifolia, Moq. Bather slender, with
divaricate and somewhat decumbent branches; 2 — 3 ft. long, or stouter
and erect with ascending branches; herbage mealy, not very succulent:
leaves triangular-hastate or deltoid, mostly entire, all the lower opposite:
flower-clusters small, spicate: bracts small, triangular, entire or denticu-
late ^ in. long: seed 1 in. long, dark-colored.— Common along the
borders of brackish marshes at Petaluma, and elsewhere.

2. A. patnla, L. Stout and succulent, mostly erect, 1 ft. high, with
few ascending branches; herbage deep green, only the growing parts some-
what mealy: lowest leaves often opposite, broadly lanceolate, sometimes
with hastate base: inflorescence more or less leafy at base: bracts rhom-
bic-ovate, thick and subcoriaceous, often % in. long.— Very common in
salt marshes and near beaches.

3. A. spicata, Wats. Stout, erect, 1 — 2 feet high, sparingly branch-
ing, mealy: leaves alternate, rhombic- ovate, acute, coarsely and irregularly
sinuate-toothed, 2 in. long, attenuate to a short petiole: fl. densely
spicate, the 4-sepalous calyx usually staminate, but not rarely pistillate
and with a horizontal seed: bracts of pistillate fl. ovate, acute, little
enlarged in fruit, partly coherent at base, \% lines long: seed black, %
line broad; radicle inferior. — Alkaline soil among the foothills of the
Mt Diablo Range.

* * Herbs or shrubs seldom mealy, but silvery-scurfy; bracts mostly rounded

and more or less completely united, naked or variously appen-
daged or winged, frequently hard and nut-like in fruit.

+- Monoecious annuals.

4. A. verna, Jepson. Only 3 — 4 in. high; the branches simple or

56 SALSOLACE.E.

nearly so, two or three pairs opposite at base, the upper alternate ; the plant
loosely scurfy throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate, sessile,
3 — 5 lines long; flowers from the axils of the leafy stems in clusters of
two or three; calyx deeply 4-cleft, stamens 4; fruiting bracts orbicular,
compressed, 2 lines long, the margins crenate-dentate. — Near Collins-
ville, on the lower Sacramento. May.

5. A. depressa, Jepson. Diffuse, grayish-scurfy, decussately branched
throughout, the branches 1 — 4 in. long: leaves opposite, sessile, broadly
ovate, acute, a line or two long; flowers in the axils of the opposite
leaves in clusters of four, these and the leaves crowded on the branch-
lets, the internodes at time of flowering a line long or less; fruiting
bracts ovate hastate, acute, wingless, or the pair of hastate lobes
representing the wing. — In low saline spots, at the base of the Pelevo
Hills, west of Vanden, Solano Co. Sept.

6. A. cordulata, Jepson. Rigid, virgate, 8—15 in. high, widely and
oppositely branched at the base, alternately and sparingly so above;
herbage scurfy throughout; leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, three or some-
times four lines long; flower-clusters in all the axils; calyx tomentosely
scurfy and deeply 4-cleft; fruiting bracts semi-orbicular, 1^ — 2 lines
broad; much compressed, sessile or shortly stipitate, the margin with
acute teeth, the terminal tooth commonly the largest, the sides smooth
or with one or two tooth-like projections. — Near Little Oak, Solano Co.
August.

7. A. iiodosa, Greene. Stout, branched from the base, 1 ft. high*
mealy and apparently scabrous: leaves broadly rhomboid: fruit-clusters
borne at the enlarged nodes of the widely and irregularly branching
stem: pedicels stout, thickened under the bracts; these united and form-
ing an almost globose fruit 2 lines in diameter, 3-lobed at summit, the
sides covered with lichenoid spongy projections.— Near Antioch.

8. A. trinervata, Jepson. Stout, erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, closely and
finely mealy-scurfy : leaves 1 — 3 in. long, broadly or deltoid-ovate, irregu-
larly and sharply sinuate-toothed, the lower on stout petioles 9 — 10
lines long and strongly 3-nerved from the base: the upper reduced to
sessile floral bracts as broad or broader than long; fruiting bracts sessile
in the axils of the leaves, orbicular, 2 lines long, 2^—3 broad, usually
emarginate, sharply toothed, partly distinct in the wing, and commonly
bearing on one face a few irregular projections or crests. — Near the
Araquipa Hills, Solano Co. Sept.

-t- •*- Monoecious perennials.

9. A. frnticulosa, Jepson. Erect, suffrutescent at base, %— 1 ft.
high: herbage gray -scurfy; leaves sessile, lanceolate or narrowly oblong,

SALSOLACE^;. 57

% to % of an inch long; staminate flowers in dense globose clusters on
the terminal branchlets, naked or nearly so; pistillate flowers chiefly
below, from the leaf-axils; calyx deeply 5-cleft, occasionally unequally
parted and one lobe reduced; fruiting bracts orbicular, 1J£ — 2 lines
broad, the margins partly free, the sides tooth-crested; seed nearly a
line broad. — In alkaline soil near Little Oak, Solano Co. Aug.

10. A. Californica, Moq. Branches many, slender and wiry, pros-
trate, from a short and thick oblong or fusiform perennial root; herbage
densely mealy, leaves ovate- to linear-lanceolate, 3—8 lines long, entire,
acute, the lowest opposite: flower-clusters all axillary, the upper ones
more staminate, the calyx of these deeply 4-cleft; fruiting bracts rhombic-
ovate, membranous, distinct, 1% lines long, somewhat convex: seed %
line broad. — On the seacoast, and along the edges of salt marshes, from
near San Francisco and Alameda, southward. Sept.

•H- -i— -i— Dioecious shrubs.

11. A. leucophylla (Moq.), Dietr. Stout, shrubby, but the stem and
branches flexible and mostly reclining, 1 — 2 ft. long; plant hoary-scurfy
throughout : leaves thick, broadly obovate, cuneate at base, sessile 3-
nerved, ^ — 1^ in. long: staminate fi. in dense clusters in short terminal
spikes; calyx large, 5-cleft: fruiting bracts in axillary clusters 2 — 4
lines long, rhombic-ovate, united, spongy, the sides 2-crested, the nar-
row margin entire or obscurely toothed. On sand beaches of San Fran-
cisco Bay, and along the seacoast southward. Oct.

4. SALICORNIA, Tourn. (SAMPHIRE). Herbs or shrubs with cylin-
drical fleshy jointed and apparently leafless branches. Flowers very
simple, in threes at the joints of the spike-like ends of the branches; the
lateral ones of each trio often only staminate. Perianth of 4 or 5 dis-
tinct or variously united sepals, at length spongy-thicked about the
fruit. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2 or 3, short. Pericarp membranaceous,
adherent to, or free from the vertical seed.

* Branches and flowers opposite.

1. S. ambigna, Michx. Perennial, decumbent, often rooting at the
base, usually freely branching, %—l% ft. high: spikes not thicker than
the sterile parts of the branches, % — 2 in. long: perianth sac-like, with
an anterior opening (formed of 2 sepals united above and below), enclos-
ing the fruit: pericarp membranous, adherent to the obovate-oblong
seed, this % line long, pubescent.— Plentiful in salt marshes.

* * Branches alternate and flowers spirally arranged in the spikes.

2. S. occidentalis (Wats), Greene. Shrubby, diffusely branched, the
main stem erect, often 5 ft. high, with a close and smooth gray bark:

58 POKTULACE^:.

scale like crowded and fleshy leaves broadly triangular and acute, am-
plexicaul, of ten nearly obsolete : fl. densely spiked: perianth of 4 or 5
concave carinate sepals more or less united: pericarp free from the
oblong seed, this % line long or less. — In alkaline soil at Byron Springs.

5. SILEDA, Forskaal (SEA ELITE). Saline herbs or shrubs, with
alternate fleshy linear entire leaves, and axillary sessile usually per-
fect flowers. Perianth minutely bracteolate, 5-cleft or -parted, fleshy;
lobes unappendaged, more or less carinate, crested or winged, enclosing
the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, 3 or 4, short and thick. Pericarp mem-
branous, free or slightly adherent to the vertical or horizontal lenticular
seed. Testa shining, black and crustaceous. Embryo spiral.

1. S. Californica, Wats. Stout, 2—3 ft. high, very leafy, glabrous or
somewhat pubescent: leaves broadly linear, subterete, not wider at
base, % — 1 in. long, acute, crowded on the branchlets: fl. large, 1 — 4 in
each axil: perianth cleft nearly to the base; lobes not appehdaged:
seed vertical or horizontal, nearly 1 line broad, faintly reticulate. —
Vicinity of sand beaches about San Francisco Bay, but seldom seen.

ORDER XIX. PORTULACE>£.

More or less succulent herbs, with entire leaves and regular complete
flowers which open in sunshine only. Sepals 2 (in Leivisia 4—8), some-
times cohering at base. Petals 5 (in Lewisia 8—16), often united at base.
Stamens commonly 5 (3— oo ), opposite the petals, hypogynous, perigy-
nous or epipetalous; filaments distinct; anthers versatile. Ovary
1-celled, with few or many ovules on a central placenta. Seeds commonly
strophiolate; embryo curved or coiled around a mealy albumen.

1. PORTULACA, Lobel (PURSLANE). Fleshy annuals, with axillary
and terminal yellow or rose-colored flowers. Sepals 2, united below and
coherent with the base of the ovary; the limb free and deciduous.
Petals 4—6. Stamens 7—20, perigynous with the petals. Style 3—8-
cleft. Capsule circumscissile, opening by a lid. Seeds small.

1. P. OLERACEA, L. Prostrate, glabrous, the herbage usually reddish
or purplish: leaves flat, obovate, obtuse: sepals acute, carinate: petals
11/2—2 lines long, yellow: stigmas 5: capsule 3—5 lines long: seeds
dull-black, minutely tuberculate.— Native of S. Europe.

2. LEWISIA, Pursh. Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, with thick
fusiform roots, and short 1 -flowered scapes. Sepals 4—8, broadly ovate,
unequal, persistent, imbricate. Petals 8—16, large and showy. Stamens
oo. Style 3— 8-parted nearly to the base. Capsule circumscissile at
base, the upper and deciduous part more or less valvate-cleft. Seeds oo ,
black and shining.

PORTULACE^. 59

1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered on the short thick
caudex, linear-oblong, glabrous, glaucous: scapes little exceeding the
leaves, jointed at the middle, and with 5 — 7 subulate scarious bracts
whorled at the joint : sepals 6—8, broadly ovate, scarious-margined, Y2—
% in. long: petals 12—15, oblong, ^—1 in. long, pinkish or white: sta-
mens 40 or more : capsule broadly ovate, 3^ in- long. — On Mt. Diablo,
Mt. Hamilton, etc.

3. CALANDRIXIA, H. B. K. Sepals 2 only, subequal, persistent.
Petals 3— 10. Stamens 3— 25, apparently always hypogynous. Capsule
3-valved from the summit. Seeds several.

1. C. Menziesii (Hook), Torr. & Gray. Kather slender, diffuse, the
branches 3—6 in. long: leaves linear-spatulate, mostly radical and long-
peduncled; the upper and floral reduced and glandular-ciliate: sepals
ovate, acuminate, the margins and sharp keel glandular-ciliate: corolla
little exceeding. the sepals, white or bright purple: stamens 3—10; seeds
broadly ovoid, shining. — Coast Range. April, May.

2. C. elegans, Spach. Larger and stouter than the last, glabrous,
the decumbent and ascending branches often 1 ft. long, flowering
throughout: sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, less sharply carinate, the
keel and margins entire or with a sparse short and flattened but in no
wise glandular ciliation: stamens 10—15: corolla twice the length of the
calyx, % in. broad when expanded, bright rose-red: seeds larger, nearly
orbicular. — Very common throughout the Bay region and elsewhere in
the State. Apjil — June.

3. C. Breweri, Wats. Habit of the preceding but still larger, the
ascending branches often more than 1 ft. high, glabrous: pedicels rather
remote, in fruit deflexed: sepals broadly ovate, truncate at base, sur-
passed by the long-conical (^ in. long) capsule : seeds dull, tuberculate.
— Mt. Tamalpais.

4. CLAYTOMA, Gronovius. Glabrous herbs, often glaucous.
Leaves radical except an involucral pair (sometimes united) under the
racemose or subumbellate inflorescence of the usually scapiform pedun-
cles. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5, equal, commonly united by their
short claws. Stamens 5, each joined to the claw of its petal. Capsule
membranaceous, ovate or globose, 3 valved, elastically dehiscent, each
valve elastically involute, ejecting the rather few black and shining seeds.

* Perennial; pedicels axillary to a bract.

1. C. Sibirica, L. Stems 1 — 1^ ft. high: herbage almost dark green,
disposed to blacken in drying: radical leaves lanceolate to rhombic -
ovate, acute or acuminate, 1 — 2 in. long, long-petioled; cauline sessile,

60 PORTULACE^E.

distinct, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, not indistinctly parallel -veined:
raceme very lax, the fl. on long pedicels : petals 4 lines long, rose-purple,
retuse or emarginate at summit, at base narrowed to a distinct claw.— In
open swamps of Marin Co.

* * Annuals; bractless except at base.
+- Herbage light green, scarcely glaucous.

2. C. perfoliata, Donn. Stems 2—16 in. high: radical leaves from
deltoid-cordate, deltoid or rhomboidal to rhombic-lanceolate, 1 — 2 in.
long, on long petioles; cauline pair joined into a more or less orbicular
perfoliate nearly plane or strongly concave disk ^—4 in. broad: raceme
short-peduncled or sessile, with #n ovate acute or acuminate small folia-
ceous bract at base : petals 1 — 2 lines long, white; blade linear-oblong,
retuse or emarginate; claws united at base and stamens epipetalous:
fruiting calyx 2 lines long, twice the length of the subglobose 3-seeded
capsule: seed % line long, round-oval, black and shining but depressed
granular (under a strong lens), with a small white strophiole. Var. (1)
caruosa, Greene. Stout and low; the whole herbage very succulent:
fruiting calyx % in. long: seed nearly orbicular, 1^ lines broad. Var.
(2) anirust if'olia, Greene. Quite like the type save that the lowest radi-
cal leaves are linear, almost without distinction of blade and petiole, the
later ones somewhat broader and lanceolate; involucre truncate and
with acute angles on the upper side (opposite the deflection of the ped-
icels) rounded on the other. — The most prevalent of Californian winter
annuals, attaining its best development in the shade of oaks and laurels
among the hills; in open grounds much smaller; in sandy *oil near the sea
usually reduced and depressed. The first variety is peculiar to the Mt.
Diablo region, growing in open grounds, in fields and waste places.
The second grows along with the type everywhere, and is remarkably
different from it in that its early leaves are linear, only the later ones
widening to the lanceolate, thus reversing the common order; for in the
type the earliest leaves are broader than long, only the later ones being
somewhat narrower.

3. C. nubigena, Greene. Habit of the preceding, but much smaller,
the herbage pale and glaucescent, the white or pinkish flowers twice as
large: leaves all linear: involucre orbicular. — On the summits of Mt.
Hamilton, and Mt. Tamalpais.

-«— •«— Herbage glaucous, in age flesh-colored.

4. C. gypsophiloides, Fisch. & Mey. Pale and glaucous, 4—10 in.
high: radical leaves linear, one-half or one-third as long as the slender
scapes; cauline pair short and united on one side to form a quadrate
disk-like involucre, or longer, lanceolate-acuminate and less perfectly

POKTULACEvE. 61

united: raceme peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels scattered, often lin.
long: petals rose-purple, thrice the length of the calyx, cuneate- oblong,
deeply emarginate, unguiculate at base and united around the ovary:
seed dull to the unaided eye, under a lens roughened with a low and
rounded but smooth and shining tuberculation.— On northward slopes
in the Coast Bange, from Tamalpais and Mt. Diablo northward.

5. C. spat It ul tit a, Dougl. Low, densely tufted and fleshy, 1—3 in.
high: scapes little exceeding the linear leaves; involucral leaves lanceo-
late or linear, more or less dilated at base and there connate on one side,
equalling or exceeding the short raceme: petals white or purplish, little
longer than the sepals, truncate or rounded at apex: seed oval, % line
long, black and shining, the polished low tuberculation appearing under
a lens as a kind of reticulation. — Common on ledges of rock and gravelly
summits of low hills along the seaboard.

5. MOXTIA, Micheli. Annuals, or by stolons or bulblets perennial.
Leave opposite or alternate. Flowers few or many in axillary racemose
clusters, or in a single terminal raceme. Calyx, corolla, capsule and
seeds as in Claytonia, but segments of corolla often unequal and sta-
mens reduced to 3. Seeds sometimes 1 or 2 only, usually 3.

1. M. tout ana, L. Annual, slender, erect, ascending or procumbent,
1 — 4 in. long: leaves opposite, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, dilated
and somewhat connate at base, % — % in. long: corolla white, minute,
little exceeding the calyx and seldom expanding, the petals unequal,
united at base: seed minute, roundish, dull black, but under a lens shin-
ing and covered with an almost echinate murication.— Common and
variable; the coarser form inhabiting the margins of streamlets and
shores of muddy pools; the smaller and nearly prostrate state found on
dry ground under growing grain in rather low fields. — March — May.

2. M. parvifolia (Mo?.), Greene. Slender, succulent, 4— 10 in. high:
leaves alternate, on a short caudex % — 1 in. high, ovate or lanceolate, 1
in. long or less, including the slender petiole: racemose peduncles
elongated, leafy below, the nodes in age bearing bud-like plantlets:
calyx minute: petals rose-color, 2— 4 lines long: seeds most solitary in
the capsules, oval, shining. — Sonoma Co. Bioletti.

6. CALYPTBIDIUM, Nuitall. Glabrous and rather succulent herbs,
with alternate leaves, and small ephemeral flowers in solitary or
clustered scorpioid spikes. Sepals 2, broadly ovate or cordate-orbicu-
lar, scarious, usually persistent. Petals 2 — 4. Stamens 1 — 3. Style
bifid. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, 6— 12-seeded.

1. C. tetrapetalum, Wats. Branches erect or ascending from a
more or less decumbent base, leafy up to the short dense spikes: leaves

62 ELATINE^.

broadly spatulate, 1—3 in. long: sepals round-reniform, conspicuously
nerved and scariously margined, 2 — 4 lines broad, exceeding the 4 oblong
or round-ovate petals: stigmas broad; nearly sessile: capsule oblong, 3
lines long, 12 — 20-seeded. — Lake Co. and Sonoma.

ORDER XX. E L A T I N E XE .

Low annuals with opposite leaves, membranous stipules, and axillary
regular symmetrical 2 — 5-merous flowers. Sepals, petals and stamens all
distinct, hypogynous. Styles distinct; stigmas capitate; ovary 2—5-
celled, becoming a 2— 5-celled capsule with central placenta and a
septicidal or septif ragal dehiscence. Seeds straight or curved.

1. ALSIXASTRUM, Tourn. (WATER-WORT). Glabrous dwarf and
rather succulent plants of wet places, sometimes aquatic and floating.
Flowers axillary. Sepals 2 — 4, nerveless, obtuse, persistent. Petals
2 — 4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Styles, or
sessile stigmas, 2 — 4. Pod thin, globose, 2— 4-celled, several- or many-
seeded. Seeds cylindrical, straight or curved, striate-pitted.

1. A. brachyspermum (A. Gray). Commonly terrestrial: leaves
oblong or oval, attenuate at base, sometimes lanceolate, % in. long or
less: fl. sessile, mostly dimerous; stamens 2 or 3: seed oval, nearly
straight, }^ line long, coarsely pitted in 6 or 7 lines of 10 — 12 pits.

2. BEROIA, Linn. Coarser plants, not succulent. Flowers pedi-
cellate, often fascicled, 5-merous: Sepals with strong midrib, acute.
Capsule crustaceous, more or less of the partitions remaining with the
axis.

1. B. Texana (T. &G.), Seubert. Diffusely branched, the branches a
foot long more or less; herbage glandular-pubescent: leaves oblanceo-
late, acute, serrulate, ^ — \% in. long, narrowed to a short petiole; fl.
fascicled, pedicellate; sepals carinate, 1J£ lines long, exceeding the
petals and stamens: capsule globose: seeds smooth and shining. — Moist
places along rivers and ditches.

ORDER XXI. HYPERICE>£.
A small family, here represented by species of the genus

HYPERICUM, Diosc. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT). Glabrous, the bright green
herbage, punctate with pellucid or dark-colored dots. Leaves opposite,
simple, entire exstipulate. Inflorescence cymose; flowers yellow. , Sepals
5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, convolute in bud, rotate in expansion.
Stamens GO , usually connate at base or into 3 — 8 clusters. Styles 2 — 5,
nearly or quite distinct; ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; or 3-
celled by union of the placentae with the axis. Seeds many, minute.

MALVACE^. 63

1. H. con ci n n u in, Bentli. Erect, wiry, very leafy, suffruiescent at

— 1 ft. high : leaves thickish and somewhat conduplicate, linear
or linear-oblong, acute: cyme few-flowered: fl. 1 in. broad: sepals ovate,
acuminate: stamens oo, in 3 fascicles. — Common on bushy hillsides in
clayey soil, at middle elevations of the Coast Eange. May, June.

2. H. anagalloides, Ch. & Schl. Diffusely branching, slender, pros-
trate or assurgent, stoloniferom, forming a mat a foot or more in breadth:
leaves oval or elliptical, % — % in. long, obtuse, clasping, only half as
long as the internodes : inflorescence leafy-paniculate-cymose; fl. scarcely
2 lines long, the obovate- or linear-oblong sepals exceeding the petals :
stamens 15 — 30, nearly or quite distinct. — In wet places.

3. H. milt Hum, L. Stem flaccid, erect, widely branching, 6—20 in.
high: leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved;
cymes numerous, leafy; fl. 2 lines broad: sepals narrow, erect: stamens
5 — 12, distinct. — Shores of the Sacramento in Solano Co., Jepson.
Annual; common on the Atlantic slope; possibly introduced with us.

4. H. Scouleri, Hook. Erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, mostly simple up to the
cyme of few and large flowers: leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, 1 in. long
or less: sepals ovate, 2 lines long: petals 4 or 5 lines: stamens 60 or
more, in 3 fascicles. — On Howell Mountain, Napa Co., along streamlets.

ORDER XXII. MALVACE/E.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and a more or less
vStellate pubescence. Flowers usually perfect, complete and regular;
the 5-cleft valvate and persistent calyx often subtended by a supple-
mentary whorl of bracts and thus appearing double. Petals 5,
hypogynous, at base commonly joined to each other and to the base of
the tube of the monadelphous stamens, convolute in bud. Stamens 5 —
oo , more or less completely monadelphous and sheathing the styles;
anthers usually reniform, 1-celled. Ovaries either distinct and forming
a ring around a central columnar elevation of the receptacle, thus
becoming achenes, or joined into one 5 — 10-celled organ and becoming
more or less capsular. Seeds usually roundish, with little or no
albumen.

Calyx with 3-lobed involucre at base LAVATEEA 1

Calyx 1— 3-bracted at base;

Fruit a whorl of l-8eeded carpels;

Styles stigmatic lengthwise;

Stamineal column single MALVA 2

" double SIDALCEA 3

Styles with terminal stigma;

Seeds pendulous SIDA 4

" ascending MALVEOPSIS 5

Fruit a 5-celled capsule;

Involucre wanting ABUTILON 6

of many bractlets HIBISCUS

64 MALVACE^:.

1. LAYATERA, Tourn. Stout shrubs with coarse flexible branches,
ample palmately lobed leaves, and axillary showy flowers. Involucel 3-
lobed. Stamineal tube divided at summit into numerous filaments.
Style-branches stigmatose lengthwise, on the inside. Fruit a depressed
whorl of 5—8 crowded achenes surrounding the angular column of the
receptacle which scarcely exceeds them, and covered by the calyx.

1. L. assurgentiflora, Kell. Coarse, stout, soft-woody, flexuous-
branched, 6—15 ft. high, the young branches, pedicels and calyx, rarely
the leaves also, stellate-hairy or -tomentose: leaves long-petioled, 3 — 6
in. broad, angularly 5— 7-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed: fl. solitary,
on a long deflexed and curved pedicel: petals 1 — 1^ in. long, cuneate-
obovate, truncate or retuse, abruptly reflexed from near the base,
rose-red, with crimson veins: stamineal column glabrous : sty les exserted :
fr. % in. broad; carpels not beaked, equalling the summit of the axis. —
Native of the islands off Santa Barbara and San Pedro; long cultivated
about San Francisco, where it is become spontaneous.

2. MALYA, Pliny (MALLOW). Herbs with broad angular or rounded
leaves, and axillary solitary or glomerate flowers. Involucel 3-leaved.
Stamens and pistils as in Lavatera. Column of receptacle short, seeming
depressed below the whorl of achenes.

1. M. PABVIFLOBA, L. Simple or branching, the branches depressed
and a few inches long, or the main stem erect and 2—6 ft. high:
herbage more or less pilose-hairy : leaves long-petioled, obsoletely 5 — 7-
lobed, round-cordate, crenate, 1—3 in. broad: fl. glomerate, small, the
pale blue corolla little exceeding the calyx: bractlets linear; calyx
accrescent, the broad-lobed limb rotately spreading away from the mature
fruit: achenes glabrous or pubescent, transversely and sharply rugose on
the back, the acute winged margins distinctly toothed.— A. homely weed,
extremely common, often small and depressed when growing in the
streets or along country waysides, but in good soil erect and tall.

2. M. BOBEAHS, Wallm. Habit, aspect and foliage of the last, but
herbage more conspicuously pilose and often a little stellate-hairy:
bractlets lanceolate: calyx-lobes deep, closed over the mature fruit: cor-
olla pale blue, % in. long, surpassing the calyx: achenes reticulate-rugose,
the acute margins entire. — Rather common about Berkeley; easily distin-
guished from the foregoing by the larger flowers, connivent calyx-lobes,
entire- margined and irregularly rugose achenes.

3. SIDALCEA, A. Gray. Herbs with rounded and commonly lobed
or parted leaves; occasionally dioecious. Flowers in terminal racemes
or spikes, rose-purple or white. Involucel 0. Stamineal column double;
filaments of the outer series united into about 5 sets; of the inner
distinct. Style-branches stigmatic lengthwise as in Malva; fruit the
same, except that the achene is beaked.

MALVACE.E. 65

* Annuals.

1. S. diploscypha, Gray. Erect, 1—2 ft. high, paniculately branch-
ing, pilose-hirsute with long spreading hairs: leaves long-petioled,
rounded, the radical deeply crenate; cauline 7-parted with 2— 3-cleft
oblong segments: inflorescence umbellate, the umbels many, at the ends of
the branchlets, 3—5 flowered: fruiting calyx % in. long, deeply cleft, the
segments lanceolate, acuminate: corolla 1 in. long, pale rose-color:
achenes cochleale and nearly orbicular, scarcely a line in diameter, reticu-
late-rugulose on the back. — Mt. Diablo Kange, both in the hills and
upon the plains adjacent. March — May.

2. S. secundiflora, Greene. Pubescence and foliage as in the last,
but plant less branching: fl. in terminal rather lax spicate racemes:
petals oblique, purple, often with a very dark spot at base: achenes
nearly 2 lines long, semiobcordate, strongly favose-reticulate. — Less com-
mon than the last; often associated with it.

3. S. calycosa, Jones. Stout, rather widely branching, 2 ft. high,
glabrous below, sparingly hirsute above: inflorescence loosely spicate:
calyx-lobes ovate -lanceolate, abruptly acuminate; corolla 1 in. long, deep
or pale purple: achenes more or less perfectly sulcate on the back, by
obliteration of the usual transverse ridges. — In Marin Co.

4. S. hirsuta, Gray. Stout, erect, simple or almost fastigiately
much branched, 2—4 ft. high; the rather densely spicale inflorescence
and the growing parts densely hirsute: lower leaves round-cordate, slightly
crenate-lobed; cauline completely divided into 7 — 9 narrowly linear
entire segments of leaflets : calyx ^ in. long, the lobes deep, acuminate :
corolla rose-purple, 1 in. long: achenes rugose-reticulate, tipped with a
long rather soft but hispid erect beak. — Coast range hills northward.

* * Perennials.

5. S. humilis, Gray. Stems clustered from a tuberous- enlarged
root, simple, decumbent, virgate-racemose, ] — 2 ft. long : herbage from
hirsute to nearly glabrous: radical leaves rounded, crenate-incised :
corolla rose-purple, 1 in. long or less, broad-f unnelf orm : achenes almost
orbicular, rugose-reticulate. — Very common in open hilly places.

6. S. Oregana (Nutt.), Gray. Stems solitary or few from the root,
2—6 ft. high, naked and paniculately branched above, leafy below;
inflorescence stellate-lomentose, peduncles and lower part of stem spar-
ingly hirsute, the plant otherwise glabrous : lower leaves orbicular, 7 —
9-lobed, the cuneate-obovate lobes 3-cleft at summit; upper 7 — 9-parted,
narrowly and deeply cleft : spicate racemes usually dense but elongated :
calyx-lobes broadly ovate, acute, not longer than the tube: corolla % — 1
in. long: achenes small, straight (semiorbicular), slightly beaked, smooth
and glabrous, 1 line long. —Moist mountain meadows, in Sonoma Co.

bb MALVACE^l.

4. SIDA, Linn. Herbs with undivided leaves. Involucel 0 (except
in ours where it is 3-bracteate as in the preceding). Calyx 5-cleft.
Stamineal tube simple. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 1-celled, 1-seeded,
dehiscent or indehiscent, forming a short conical fruit. Seed pendulous.

1. S. hederacea (Dougl.), Torr. Perennial, stoutish, erect-spreading
or prostrate, very leafy, % — 1 **• high* hoary- or yellowish-tomentose
throughout: leaves short-petioled, about 1 in. long, reniform, very
oblique at base, plicate, serrate or crenate: fl. axillary, solitary or several,
the pedicels slender: calyx subtended by 1 or 2 slender bractlets; lobes
acuminate: corolla % in. long, cream color: fr. short conical, smooth,
glabrous; carpels 6—10, triangular, 1J£ lines long. — A depressed hoary
weed, very common in low and subsaline clayey soils.

5. MALYEOPSIS, Presl. Herbaceous or shrubby (ours mostly hoary-
tomentose shrubs), with usually angular foliage, and solitary or
racemose-panicled flowers. Calyx with an involucel of 1 — 3 bractlets, or
none. Stamineal tube simple; free filaments terminal and distinct.
Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels 1-seeded, bivalvate-dehiscent
or indehiscent. Seed ascending.

1. M. Fremonti (Torr.). Suffrutescent, very stout, 2-3 ft. high,
densely ivhite-lomentose: leaves very thick, short-petioled, 1—3 in. long,
broadly ovate, cordate at base, slightly 3-lobed and crenate: fl. in short
axillary pedunculate racemose clusters: calyx ovate, yz in. long, only
the setaceous tips of its lobes visible amid the deep and dense white
tomentum, almost equalled by the 3 linear setaceous involucral bractlets :
corolla % in. long, rose- color: carpels thin, smooth, promptly dehiscent.
— Mt. Diablo and southward.

2. M. fasciculata (Nutt.), O. Ktze. Usually 6-8 ft. high, often
larger and arborescent, the main stem a few inches thick; bark smooth,
gray; branches long, wand-like, slender, racemose or amply racemose-
paniculate above, these and the lower face of the leaves canescently
short-tomentose: leaves angularly 5-lobed and coarsely toothed, 1% — 3
in. long, and almost as broad: calyx-lobes triangular, as broad as long,
acute: corolla rose-purple, ^ in. long: carpels smooth, tomentose above,
promptly dehiscent: seed with a stellular-hairy minute reticulation. — A
very handsome shrub or small tree, common in S. Calif., reaching Mt.
Diablo, according to Rattan.

3. M. arcuata. Size and general habit of the last but stouter;
leaves half as large, obtuse and with inconspicous rounded lobes, very
strongly rugose-veiny and white-tomentose beneath: interruptedly spicate
flowering branches stout, strongly recurved, the flower-fascicles all on
one .side: corolla merely pinkish: carpels densely stellate^tomentose.—
Eastern slopes of the Coast Range back of Belmont; wrongly referred
to M. marrubioides in the Flora Franciscana.

L i N E m . 67

6. ABUTILON, Camerarius. Herbs or shrubs with axillary solitary
mostly yellow flowers. Involucel 0. Stainineal tube simple, anther-
iferous at summit. Styles 5 or more, with capitate stigmas. Fruit
truncate-globose or -conical; carpels dehiscent, several-seeded.

1. A. THEOPHBASTI, Medic. A stout erect branching annual, 2—6 ft.
high, the herbage green but velvety-pubescent and almost oily to the
touch : leaves round-cordate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, 3—6 in. long,
on petioles of 2—5 in.; peduncles axillary, erect, shorter than the petiole:
fl. small, orange-yellow: carpels about 15, inflated, obliquely birostrate,
pubescent, 3-seeded. — A common weed in cultivated grounds at the
East; reported as established about Santa Eosa.

7. HIBISCUS, Diosc. Stout herbs, with large and showy axillary
and solitary flowers. Involucel of many bractlets. Stamineal column
antheriferous below the summit; above naked and truncate or 5- toothed.
Styles united; stigmas 5, capitate. Carpels united into a 5-celled loculi-
cidal capsule; cells several-seeded.

1. H. Californicus, Kell. Perennial, stout, erect, branching, 5—7
ft. high, velvety-pubescent: leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely
but not deeply toothed, 3 — 5 in. long, exceeding the petioles: peduncle
jointed above the middle, 2 — 3 in. Ipng, 1-flowered: calyx 1 in. long,
cleft to the middle, the lobes acute: corolla 3 — 4 in. long, yellowish or
cream-color, with dark purple center: capsule 1 in. long, acute velvety-
pubescent: seeds a line in diameter, globose, striate and tuberculate-
roughened. — In swampy places along the lower San Joaquin.

OKDEB XXIII. L I N E >£ .

small order, comprising little besides the one genus
LINUM, Vergil (FLAX). Herbs with tough fibrous bark, alternate
entire leaves without stipules or with glandular organs in the place of
them, and cymose-panicled very regular and symmetrical 5-merous
flowers. Sepals imbricate, persistent. Petals convolute, fugacious.
Stamens monadelphous at the very base. Styles 2, 3 or 5, often united
below. Ovary of as many carpels as styles, each more or less divided
into 2 cells by a partition proceeding from the dorsal suture. Fruit
capsular, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 in each half-cell, ovate, com-
pressed, mucilaginous when moistened; embryo large; albumen thin.

* Flowers % — 1 in- broad, blue; sepals not glandular-margined.

L L. . USITATISSIMUM, L. Annual, glabrous, glaucous, 1 — 2 ft. high,
simple up to the ample inflorescence: sepals oval, short-acuminate, 3-
carinate-nerved at base, the inner scarious-margined and ciliate: petals
broad-cuneiform, blue, with deeper veins, % in. long: capsule round-

68 L i N E m .

ovoid, equalling the calyx, tardily dehiscent, incompletely 10-celled, the
septa not ciliate. — One of the cultivated flaxes; occasionally spontaneous.

2. L . HUMILB, Mill. Much like the last, but lower and more branch-
ing: capsule more elongated, promptly dehiscent, the septa ciliate.—
Another flax of the Old World, sometimes found wild by waysides.

3. L. Lewisii, Pursh. Perennial, glabrous, glaucous, 1—2% ft. high,
densely leafy below, lax-corymbose above : sepals broadly ovate, not cil-
iate, 3— 7-carinate-nerved: petals large, deep blue: capsule broadly ovate,
obtuse, 3 — 4 lines long, twice as long as the sepals, the 10 valves
dehiscing widely, the septa ciliate. — San Mateo Co.

* * Annuals; leaves often with stipular glands; fl. small, white, rose-
purple or yellow; sepals usually glandular-ciliate; petals commonly
with lateral teeth and ventral appendages, pistils only 2 or 3.

•t— Petals yellow.

4. L. Breweri, Gray. Slender, 3—12 in. high, glabrous, glaucous,
few-flowered: leaves linear-setaceous, 6—8 lines long; stipular glands
conspicuous: sepals 1% lines long, ovate, acute, glandular on the mar-
gin: petals spatulate, emarginate, % in. long, 3-appendaged at base:
capsule ovoid, acute, about equalling the calyx. — In the Vacaville and
Mt. Diablo foot-hills; also on Lone Mountain, San Francisco.

-i— -i— Flowers white or pink.

5. L. spergulinum, Gray. Slender, loosely dichotomous-paniculate,
6 — 15 in. high, glabrous or with scattered hairs: leaves linear, obtuse,
little narrowed at base, with or without stipular glands: pedicels slender
nodding: sepals ovate, glandular-ciliate; petals white or rose-colored,
obovate, 2 — 3 lines long, 3-appendaged at base: capsule ovoid, acute,
exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods of the Coast Eange; common in Marin
and Sonoma counties.

6. L. Calif or ni cum, Benth. Glaucous, glabrate or puberulent, 5—15
in. high, with angular branchlets: leaves remote, linear, the stipular
glands prominent: pedicels short, erect, not exceeding the rose-colored
flowers, these clustered at the ends of the branchlets; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, carinate below, sparingly glandular-ciliate; petals obovate*
% in. long, twice the length of the calyx, dilated and 3-appendiculate
below; filaments not toothed: capsule ovoid, acute, little shorter than
the calyx, the false partitions broad, gradually narrowed upwards. Var.
confertum, Gray. Low, densely leafy, the inflorescence condensed;
median appendage of petals obovate.— Eastern slope of Mt. Diablo
Range, also about San Francisco.

7. L. congestum, Gray. Size of the last, glabrous except the calyx,
the branches short and crowded: stipular glands small : ji. rose-purple,

GERANIACE.E. 69

in close terminal clusters; sepals pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, not
glandular; petals 3^ in. long, 2-toothed, 3-appendiculate, the median
appendage long and hairy: capsule sub-globose, shorter than the calyx.—
A rare species, to be sought at the north of Mt. Tamalpais.

OEDER XXIV. GERANIACE>£.

Ours soft-herbaceous plants with acidulous, pungent or aromatic
properties, and perfect mostly 5-merous flowers. Sepals and petals
distinct, the later deciduous, their insertion, like that of the 5 — 15
stamens, hypogynous. Filaments distinct or slightly connate at base:
anthers versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Carpels as many as the
sepals and alternate with them (or fewer), united around a central
column, becoming distinct and 1-seeded in maturity, or else forming an
elastically dehiscent 5— 10-valved many-seeded capsule.

1. GERANIUM, Diosc. (CBANESBILL). Stems with enlarged joints.
Leaves mostly opposite, palmately lobed; stipules scarious. Peduncles
umbellately few-flowered, or 1-flowered. Flowers regular; sepals and
petals imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 10. Carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-
seeded; styles persistent, coherent with the central column until the
carpel is ripe, then splitting away from it elastically from below
upwards, each forming a coil, not bearded within.

* Annuals.

1. €r. Caroliniannm, L. Erect, much branched from the base, 1 ft.
high, the pubescent herbage light-colored: leaves 5-parted, the divisions
cleft into many oblong-linear lobes: sepals awn-pointed, as long as the
pale flesh-colored emarginate petals: carpels pubescent: seeds ovoid-
oblong, blackish, minutely reticulate. — Common.

2. G. DISSECTUM, L. Taller than the last, the herbage of a darker
green; leaves cut into narrower and more acute segments: fl. larger,
bright red-purple, the petals more deeply emarginate; seed roundish, more
strongly reticulate. — Rather common; preferring moist and partially
shaded situations; continuing in flower until the end of June.

3. G. MOLLE, L. Low, slender, diffuse, the branches a few inches to
1 ft. long, the herbage softly and somewhat clammily villous : leaves 1
in. broad or more, cleft into oblong obtusish lobes : sepals ovate-oblong
not awn-pointed: petals very small, rose-color: carpels glabrous, trans-
versely rugose: seed minutely striate. — About the U. S. Marine Hospital,
San Francisco.

*• * Perennial.

4. G. BETBOBSUM, L'Her. Stouter than any of the foregoing, light
green, glabrous except a short stiffish retrorsely appressed pubescence on

70 GERANIACE.E.

the stems and growing parts: leaves 2 in. broad, 5-parted, the segments
obtusely and not deeply 3-lobed: petals 2 lines long, obtuse, purple,
equalling the aristate sepals: carpels slightly hairy: seeds oblong, min-
utely striate-reticulate. — San Francisco and Alameda. Native of New
Zealand.

2. ERODIUM, L'Her. (STOBKSBILL). Vegetative characters of Ger-
anium, but leaves often pinnate. Flowers and fruit almost the same;
but fertile stamens 5 only, as many scale-like sterile filaments alternating
with them. Beak of ripe carpel silvery-bearded within, and spirally
twisted.

* Naturalized species; leaves pinnate.

1. E. CIOUTARIUM (L.), L'Her. Leaves chiefly radical, in a depressed
rosulate tuft, usually 6—10 in. long, the many leaflets laciniately pinnati-
fid with narrow acute lobes; cauline leaves reduced: peduncels exceeding
them and bearing an umbel of 4 — 8 small bright bright purple flowers :
beak of carpels 1 — 2 in. long.— Frequent in the Bay region; perhaps
more common in the interior and southward. This is one of the pasture
plants commonly called Pin-clover and Alfilerilla; but the next is the
important one.

2. E. MOSCHATOM (L.), L'Her. Coarser and larger, the radical leaves
ascending, 1 ft. long or more; cauline more ample; leaflets unequally and
doubly serrate: corolla pale and rather dull purple or rose-color: herbage
with a delicate musky odor. — The prevalent Pin-clover of middle Calif.

3. E. BOTBYS, Bertol. Badical leaves rosulate, closely depressed,
shining above, of oblong obtuse outline, the segments coarsely dentate :
stems short: sepals 4 lines long; pale purple or lilac petals longer: beak
of carpels 2—3 in. long. — Common in Marin Co.

*• * Native species; leaves simple, rounded.

4. E. inacrophyllum, Hook & Am. Subacaulescent, 4—10 in. high,
soft-pubescent and with some gland-tipped pilose hairs, leaves 1—3 in.
broad, reniform-cordate with a broad open sinus, crenate-serrate : pedun-
cles exceeding the leaves : sepals oblong, accrescent, at length % in.
long; petals equalling them, dull white: carpel clavate, % in. long (exclu-
ding the 1 in. beak), densely velvety-pubescent: seed oblong linear, %
in. long, dull, smooth. — Plains of the interior; also toward the seaboard
in Marin Co. March, April.

5. E. Californicum, Greene. Caulescent, the stem exceeding the
rather few radical leaves, 1 — 2 ft. high; herbage without soft pubescence,
but upper part of stem and growing parts with abundant spreading
hairs tipped with purple glands: leaves broadly cordate-ovate with closed
sinus, slightly 5-lobed, rather coarsely crenate, the teeth obtuse, mucronu-
late: fl. much as in the preceding but petals deep rose-red: fruit as in
the last. — Berkeley hills and eastward. April — June.

GERANIACE^;. 71

3. CARDAMIXDUM, Town. (NASTURTIUM. TBOP^OLUM). Tall leafy
climbing plants, the succulent herbage with a pungent juice. Leaves
alternate, simple, extipulate. Flowers large, axillary, irregular. Sepals
not quite distinct; the 3 upper somewhat conjointly produced at base
into a long spur. Petals 5, unequal; the 3 lower often shorter. Stamens
8, distinct. Carpels 3, becoming large corky sulcate achenes.

1. C. MAJUS (L.), Moench. Leaves orbicular, peltate, repandly lobed :
petals usually orange-red, 1—2 in. long, broad and obtuse, unguiculate,
the 3 lower fimbricate lacerate at the base of the blade: achenes % — %
in. in diameter. — Native of Peru; escaped from cultivation in many
places in California.

4. FLCERKEA, Willd. Low annuals, slightly succulent, the juice
pungent. Leaves alternate, pinnately cleft, exstipulate. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary, regular, 3— 5-merous, (all ours 5-merous, or by exception
4-merous). Sepals valvate in bud. Petals convolute, as many hypogy-
nous glands alternating with them. Stamens 10, distinct. Style 5-cleft;
carpels distinct, subglobose, fleshy when young, becoming soft variously
roughened achenes separating from their short axis.

1. F. Douglasii (R. Br.), Baillon. Glabrous throughout, 6—18 in.
high : leaflets narrowly cuneiform, incisely lobed or parted: peduncles
2— 4 in. long: sepals lanceolate, % — % in. long: petals yellow, % in.
long, obovate, emarginate; achenes obovate-pyriform, more or less
tuberculate. — In very wet places. April, May.

5. OXYS, Tourn. (WOOD-SORREL). Herbs with sour juice (con-
taining oxalic acid), alternate palmately 3-foliolate leaves, and cymose or
umbellate regular 5-merous flowers. Sepals imbricate, distinct or
slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals convolute, deciduous.
Stamens 10, more or less monadelphous, those opposite the petals
longer than the others. Ovary of 5 united carpels; styles distinct.
Fruit an ovoid or columnar loculicidally dehiscent capsule; the valves
remaining attached to the central axis; cells' 2— several-seeded. Seeds
pendulous, the testa aril-like, at length splitting and becoming recurved.

1. 0. Oregana (Nutt.). Acaulescent, perennial by simple or spar-
ingly branched scaly rootstocks; herbage rusty-pubescent: leaves 1 ft.
high: leaflets broadly obcordate, ciliate, 1 in. long, l1^ in. broad: scapes
1-flowered, shorter than the leaves, bibracteolate above the middle: petals
oblong obovate, emarginate, white, with purple veins: capsule ovoid. —
Shaded slopes in the Coast Range.

2. 0. lutea, .J. Bauh. (1651); Tourn. (1700); Lam. (1778). Oxalis
cormctilata, L. Perennial, erect or'decumbent, 3 — 10 in. high, branching,
pubescent: leaflets broadly obcordate: peduncles mostly 2-flowered: fl.
small, yellow: capsule columnar, % in. long, densely pubescent, many-
seeded.— Not common in California.

72 RUTACE^E.

ORDER XXV. R U T A C E ^E .

Represented by a single species of the genus

PTELEA, Linn. (HOP-TREE). Shrubs or small trees with alternate
3-foliolate aromatic pellucid-dotted leaves, and corymbose regular
flowers. Sepals, petals and stamens each 4 or 5, the latter inserted out-
side of a disk encircling the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, surmounted by a
short style, and becoming an orbicular broadly winged 2-seeded samara.

1. P. crenulata, Greene. Tree 10—25 ft. high, strongly aromatic when
fresh; glabrous except the tomentulose flowers, and a sparse pubescence
on the lower face of the leaves and on the fruit: leaflets cuneate-obovate,
obtuse or acute, 1 — 3 in. long, crenulate or crenate-serrate : filaments
villous near the base : samara % in. long and as broad, truncate or
emarginate at both ends, often triquetrous and 3-seeded. — In the Coast
Range, from Lake Co. southward through Contra Costa, etc. May.

ORDER XXVI. SAPINDACE>€.

Trees or shrubs with opposite compound, or at least deeply lobed
leaves, without stipules. Inflorescence compound, usually racemose or
thyrsoid. Sepals 5, nearly distinct, or joined into a tubular calyx.
Petals 4 or 5, distinct, and, with the few and definite stamens, inserted
hypogynously, or around a hypogynous disk. Fruit a 3-celled capsule,
or a double samara. Seeds large; without albumen.

1. ACER, Pliny (MAPLE. BOX-ELDER). Trees or shrubs with oppo-
site palmately lobed or pinnately compound leaves without stipules.
Flowers small, greenish or reddish, in terminal racemes, umbel-like
corymbs, or fascicles, perfect or unisexual. Calyx usually 5-lobed.
Petals 5 or 0. Stamens usually 8 (3—12), in the perfect flowers inserted
with the petals upon a lobed disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2.

* Leaves simple; tree not dioecious.

1. A. macrophyllum, Pursh. Tree 50—90 ft. high, 2—3 ft. in diam-
eter: leaves % — 1 ft. broad, deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses rounded, the
segments often 3-lobed, coarsely toothed: fl. large, in large crowded
pendulous racemes which appear with the unfolding leaves, greenish
yellow or reddish: stamens 9 or 10; filaments hairy: fruit densely hir-
sute or almost hispid, the glabrous wings 1 in. long or more, divergent.
— Along mountain streams or on hillsides.

* * Leaves unequally pinnate; tree dioecious.

2. A. < :il i lorn ic 11 m (T. & G.), Dietr. Tree 30—70 ft. high, the young
twigs and partly developed leaves villous-canescent: leaflets 3, ovate, or

ANACARDIACE^. 73

the lateral ones oblong, acute, 3 — 4 in. long, the terminal largest and
3 — 5 lobed, or coarsely serrate : fl. of sterile tree umbellately clustered,
the pedicels long and capillary, those of the fertile in drooping racemes :
fruit pubescent 1—1^ in. long, including the nearly erect wings. — In
the Coast Eanges from San Luis Obispo northward.

2. HIPPOCASTANUM, Town. (BUCKEYE. HORSE-CHESTNUT). Trees
with opposite palmately compound exstipulate leaves, and a large
thyrsoid inflorescence, the flowers on jointed pedicels. Flowers poly-
gamous. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, unguicu-
late. Stamens 5—8, exserted, often unequal. Ovary 3-celled: ovules 2
in each cell, 1 abortive. Fruit a large coriaceous 3-valved capsule.
Seed very large; testa chestnut-brown, showing a large white hilum.
Cotyledons large, fleshy, somewhat coherent.

1. H. Calif or nicum (Spach). A low spreading tree, glabrous, except
the petiolules and inflorescence which are minutely pubescent : leaflets 5,
on distinct stalklets, oblong or elliptic-oblong, mostly rounded at base,
acute or acuminate at apex, serrulate, 3—5 in. long: thyrsus cylindrical,
often 1 ft. long: calyx 2-lobed, the lobes scarcely toothed: corolla white
with a faint tinge of rose, ^ in. long: stamens 5 — 7, long-exserted : fruit
smooth, usually 1-seeded: seed 1 in. thick. — Tree often 25 or 30 ft. high,
the rounded or depressed head of still greater breadth : very common
throughout middle California. Admirable specimens are seen at Shell
Mound, and on Point Isabel. Fl. May : f r. November.

ORDER XXVII. ANACARDIACE/E,

Shrubs or trees with resinous and often acrid juice, alternate exstipu-
late leaves, and small variously clustered regular flowers. Stamens
definite in number, as many or twice as many as the petals. Pistil 1 :
ovary free from the calyx. Fruit drupaceous.

1. KHUS, Theophr. Ours deciduous shrubs with trifoliolate leaves
and small perfect or unisexual flowers in axillary bracted panicles or
spikes. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge
of a disk lining the base of the calyx. Pistil 1; styles 3, distinct or
united. Fruit a small compressed drupe with thin flesh and ligneous
putamen. Seed erect; albumen 0.

•* Flowers greenish, in small axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves;
drupe white; putamen striate.

1. R. diversiloba, Torr. & Gray. Erect and 3—6 ft. high, or ascend-
ing trees by aerial roots to the height of 15 ft. or more: leaflets ovate,
obovate or elliptical, 1 — 4 in. long, variously lobed or toothed, the inden-
tations obtuse, or the leaflet rarely entire: panicles short-peduncled,

74 CELASTEINE^l.

more or less pendulous: fl. 1^ lines long: fr. 2 — 3 lines broad.— Copious
in the Coast Bange hills, preferring cool northward slopes and the banks
of streams; the terror of many excursionists and of some botanists, and
commonly called Poison Oak.

* * Flowers yellow, in small dense spikes, appearing before the leaves,'
drupe red, hairy; putamen smooth.

2. K. trilobata, Nutt. Diffusely branching, 2-5 ft. high, aromatic-
scented, more or less pubescent when young: terminal leaflet thrice as
large as the lateral, cuneate-obovate, 1 — 2 in. long, 3-lobed and coarsely
toothed above the middle; lateral pair round-obovate, scarcely lobed, but
coarsely crenate: spikes ^-3— % iQ- long, short-pedicelled : fr. viscidly
hirsute, the thin pulp keenly and pleasantly acid. Var. quinata,
Jepson. Leaves apparently quinate, the terminal leaflet being 3-parted,
the lateral ones little larger than the lateral divisions of the terminal
one. — Perhaps only the variety is found within our limits; and this
plentiful in the Vaca Mts. and northward.

ORDER XXVIII. CELASTRINE>£.

Shrubs with simple exstipulate leaves, and small perfect regular
flowers. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many
as the petals, inserted alternately with them on or under the edge of a
perigynous disk. Ovary free from the calyx, but immersed in the disk
or encircled by it, 3- or 4-celled; cells 1- or several-ovuled. Fruit cap-
sular, loculicidal : seed without albumen.

1. EUONYMUS, Theophr. (BURNING-BUSH). Deciduous shrub with
4-angular green branches, opposite leaves, and flowers in loose
axillary cymes. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading. Stamens
very short, on a broad angled disk. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3 — 5-
celled; style short or 0. Capsule coriaceous, 3— 5-lobed and -valved.
Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell, covered with a fleshy red aril.

1. E, occidentalis, Nutt. Erect, slender, 7 — 15 ft. high: leaves
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, short-petioled, 2—4 in.
long: peduncles slender, 2 — 4-flowered: fl. 5-merous, dark-brown purple,
4 — 6 lines wide: fr. smooth, deeply lobed. — Marin and San Mateo
counties, along mountain streams.

ORDER XXIX. R H A M N E >£ .

Shrubs with simple leaves; stipules minute, mostly caducous.
Flowers 4— 5-merous, small, perfect or unisexual, regular. Calyx 4—5-
cleft, valvate in aestivation. Petals cucullate or convolute, sometimes 0.
Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them, i. e.,

RHAMNE.E. 75

opposite the petals. Ovary more or less free, surrounded by a fleshy
disk, 2—3- or 4-celled; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit baccate or capsular.
Seeds erect; albumen fleshy or 0.

1. RHAMXUS, Nicander (BUOKTHOEN). Shrubs (all ours evergreen),
with alternate leaves and axillary clusters of small greenish 4 — 5-
merous flowers. Disk thin, lining the tube of the calyx. Fruit sub-
globose, the juicy pulp enclosing 2 or 3 large nut-like seeds.

1. R. crocea, Nutt. Low, spreading, slender and spinescent, 2 ft.
high; leaves coriaceous, % in. long, bright-green above, yellow beneath,
roundish ovate in out-line, glandular-denticulate: fl. 4-merous, apetalous,
often unisexual, short-pedicelled, solitary or few in a fascicle : f r. small,
obovoid, scarlet, 1- or 2-seeded. — Mission Hills and islands in the Bay.

2. R. ilicifolia, Kell. Erect, bushy or arborescent, 6— 15 ft. high, not
spinescent: leaves firm-coriaceous, 1 in. long more or less, oval, spinu-
lose-dentate; very short- petioled: fl. 5-merous: fr. as in the last, though
larger. — Mt. Diablo Range.

3. E. Californica, Esch. Bushy or arborescent, 4—20 ft. high,
nascent parts pubescent, otherwise glabrous: leaves thin-coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, denticulate or entire, 1 — 4 in. long: fl.
subumbellate, 5-merous : petals small, ovate, emarginate: filament long;
anther exserted from the cucullate petal: fr. globose, % — % in. in
diameter, copiously pulpy, black: seeds usually 2, hemispherical, as
broad at base as at summit. — Along the seaboard, on sandy plains near
the shore, where it is a low shrub; also among the hills in the form of a
small tree with ample spreading branches.

4. R, tomentella, Benth. Near preceding, of similar habit, but
never either low-bushy or aborescent: leaves 2 in. long, narrowly oblong
or elliptical, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire, the margin narrowly
revolute, glabrate above, minutely and very densely silvery- or yellowish-
tomentose beneath: fl. and fr. as in the last. — Eastern slope of the Mt.
Diablo Range.

2. CEANOTHUS, Linn. (CALIFORNIA LILAC). Arborescent, shrubby
or suffrutescent, unarmed or spinescent, with petioled leaves and mostly
thyrsoidly arranged, caducous-bracted fascicles or cymes of small perfect
blue or white flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-clef t, the lobes acute, con-
nivent; disk thick, adnate to the calyx and base of the ovary. Petals 5,
cucullate and arched, on long claws. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, long-
exserted. Ovary 3-lobed; style short, 3-cleft. Fruit 3-lobed and
capsular, though coated with a thin pulp; ultimately separating into 3
unilocular 1-seeded carpels which are elastically dehiscent by the
ventral suture. Seeds obovate, without a furrow.

76

RHAMNEJ:.

* Leaves alternate, membranous or thin-coriaceous, glandular-toothed or
entire; fruit unappendaged or slightly crested.

*- Branches 'flexible, not spinescent.
•M- Leaves plane, glandular-toothed, except in n. 1.

1. C. integerrimns, Hook. & Arn. Tall, loosely branching and some-
times arborescent, 5—12 ft. high, the branchlets green, more or less
angular when young, and warty in age: leaves ovate, 1—3 in. long,
prominently triple-veined, pubescent or glabrate, entire or'very slightly
glandular-serrate: thyrse long and dense, terminating leafy branchlets:
fl. from deep blue to white. — One of the most common species of the
Coast Eange northward, but mostly beyond our limits.

2. C. Yelutinus, Dougl. Stout, diffusely branching, 2 — 4 ft. high :
leaves subcoriaceous, broadly oval, \% — 3 iQ- l°ngi shining and thick-
glutinous above, more or less velvety-pubescent and strongly 3-ribbed
beneath; petioles stout, % in. long: thyrse compound, loose and broad,
rather short-peduncled : fl. white. — Higher parts of the Coast Range, as
far south as Mt. St. Helena. June.

3. C. thyrsifloms, Esch. Arborescent, 6 —15 ft. high, glabrous or
nearly so, branches angular, foliage firm-membranous, bright and
shining; leaves 1 — 2 in. long, short petioled, ovate oblong, strongly 3-ribbed:
thyrse dense, sometimes broader than long, on short leafy peduncles: fl.
deep blue : f r. small, smooth. — Frequent, preferring northward slopes
and cool ravines.

•M- -M- -H- Leaves pinnate-veined; margins glandular-toothed, undulate or
revolute; surface mostly papillose or rugose.

4. C. Parryi, Trel. Arborescent, 6—10 ft. high; branches sparingly
villous or glabrate, angular, more or less papillose: leaves oblong, obtuse.
1 — 1% in. long, the pinnate veins supplemented by a pair of laterals
which run near the more or less strongly revolute margin; surface of leaf
glabrate, lower face more or less tornentose-canescent : thyrse narrowly
oblong, umbels subsessile: fl. blue: fr. small, smooth. — In the hill-
country between Napa and Sonoma counties. May, June.

5. C. papillosus, Torr. & Gray. Stouter than the last, less arbore-
ous, 4—6 ft. high; branchlets and stalklets hirsute-pubescent: leaves
narrowly oblong, 1 — 2 in. long, glandular-serrate, the surface rugose and
glandular-papillose: fl. blue, in short, mostly simple and short-stalked
racemes: fr. small, smooth.— Hills along the seaboard.

6. C. foliosus, Parry. Low, slender, the erect stems 2 — 3 ft. high,
with many ascending very leafy branches; nascent parts pubescent:
leaves subcoriaceous, often fascicled, glaucous beneath, deep but dull

EHAMNE^. 77

green above, 2 — 5 lines long, obovate, or oval, obtuse, short-petioled,
closely denticulate, the mucronate teeth having very large rather decid-
uous resin-glands: fl. few, light blue, in a simple usually capitate
raceme on a slender more or less leafy-bracted peduncle: capsule
sharply crested at summit. — Wooded hills of Napa, Sonoma and Marin
counties.

•H- -i— Branches spinescenl; flowers in smaller clusters.

7. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Eigidly and diffusely branched, the
branches spinescent and divaricate, nearly glabrous: leaves ovate to
oblong, % — 1)4 in« long, rounded at base, acute or obtuse at summit,
not tomentose beneath, entire or minutely glandular-serrulate: racemes
rather lax, often leafy ; fl. blue or white : f r. of middle size, very resinous.
— In the Coast Range; very common.

8. C. incanus, Torr. & Gray. Spinescent branches thick and stout,
minutely cauescent, the foliage also cinereous-velvety and pale: leaves
coriaceous, tomentose beneath, broadly ovate or elliptical obtuse, sub-
cordate at base or somewhat cuneate, %— 2 in. long: fl. white, in short
racemes from thick spurs or axillary branchlets : f r. 2 lines in diameter,
resinous and warty. — In the Coast Range.

9. C. sorediatus, Hook. & Arn. Shrubby or arborescent, 5—10 ft.
high, nearly glabrous: branches spreading or recurved, and with short
stiff branchlets : leaves subcoriaceous, glossy above, glabrous or somewhat
tomentose beneath, but silky along the veins, oblong-ovate, %—].% in.
long, rounded or subcordate at base: racemes of deep blue, ^ — 2 in. long,
usually not longer than broad.— Plentiful on Mt. Tamalpais, on the
northern slope; common in the Berkeley Hills. March — May.

* * Evergreen shrubs; branches small-leaved, with warty stipules; leaves

opposite, coriaceous, closely pinnate-nerved; fruit with 3 horns.

•i— H— Shrubs erect, with short rigid branchlets.

10. C. cuneatus (Hook.), Nutt. Stems clustered, 6—12 ft. high, the
branchlets short and remote, glabrous or nearly so: leaves cuneate-obo-
vale, or oblong, obtuse or retuse, entire, % ^ l°ng or less> exceeded by
the profuse simple subsessile umbellate clusters of rather large dull-
white heavy-scented flowers: fr. rather large; horns short, erect. Var.
ramulosus, Greene. Smaller, the branchlets more numerous and more
leafy: leaves narrower and longer, more tomentose beneath: fl. half as
large, scentless, deep blue : fr. smaller and more elongated.— The type
on Mt. Diablo and near Los Gatos: the variety in the Coast Range only.
February — April.

11. C. divergens, Parry. Low, almost diffuse, the long rigid diver-
gent branches sometimes almost, trailing, pubescent when young: leaves 1

78 SABMENTOS^:.

in. long or less, rigidly coriaceous, cuneate dnd entire below the middle,
above bearing 2 or 3 opposite pairs of coarse spinescent serrate teeth,
the broad truncate apex with or without a similar tooth: umbels pedun-
cled or subsessile: fl. purplish or even blue: fr. large, elongated, with 3
prominent horns and as many alternating crests. — Higher mountains of
Marin and Sonoma counties.

12. C. Jepsonii. Low bush rigidly erect and intricately branching,
2 — 4 ft. high, the branches and branchlets short and very stout, divari-
cate, puberulent when young: leaves % in. long, hard-coriaceous, oblong,
obtuse, or even truncate at both ends, the whole margin coarsely and
salient ly spinose-toothed: fl. in short-peduncled simple clusters at the
ends of all the branchlets, large, dark blue, varying to white: fr. large,
prominently 3-horned. — Open hills in Marin County, near San
Geronimo, and northward. Confused with the preceding by Parry.

ORDER XXX. SARMENTOS>£.

A small family, important as containing the Grape.

1. VITIS, Varro (GRAPE). Shrubs with watery juice, climbing by
branching tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, num-
erous, in thyrsiform clusters opposite the leaves. Calyx minute, cup-like,
with or Without traces of 4 or 5 teeth. Petals 4 or 5, united at apex, and
falling off like a calyptra. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite
them, on a perigynous disk or elevation of the torus; filaments slender:
anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none; stigma slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit baccate, 1 — 4 seeded. Seeds bony, rather large, grooved
on one side; embryo small in a hard albumen.

1. V. Californica, Benth. Stem often 1 — 2 in. thick below, climbing
trees to the height of 20—50 ft.: leaves 3 in. long, nearly as broad, round-
cordate with deep and narrow sinus, obtuse, rather coarsely serrate,
sometimes 3-lobed, canescently tomentose beneath, and when young
more or less so on both faces: fr. 4 lines thick, in large clusters, purple,
glaucous: seeds broad.— Along streams back from the seaboard.

2. V. VINIFERA, L.T the wine grape, native of the Old World, has
escaped from cultivation, and will be occasionally seen in a wild state.

ORDER XXXI. TtTHYMALOlDE>£.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, often with milky acrid juice, the leaves simple,
stipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, bracted, imperfect, monoecious
or dioecious, in all ours apetalous. Stamens 1— oo. Pistil 1 ; ovary
superior, 1 — 3-celled. Fruit a 1— 3-celled capsule with as many lobes as

TITHYMALOIDE.E. 79

cells; the lobes in maturity separating from a central axis as a 1-celled
1-seeded carpel; this elastically dehiscent by two sutures and exposing
or ejecting the usually arilled or strophiolate seed. Ovules and seeds
pendulous. Embryo embedded in fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat.

1. CROTOX, Linn. Pale scurfy or stellate hairy plants with alter-
nate exstipulate entire leaves and racemose, cymose or solitary unisexual
apetalous flowers. Staminate calyx 4—6 parted, slightly imbricate in
bud. Stamens 5 — 7, on a hairy receptacle; anthers inflexed in bud.
Pistillate calyx when present 5-parted. Ovary simple and 1-celled, or
2— 3-lobed with as many cells; styles as many as the ovary-cells, simple
or once or twice forked. Seed grayish, smooth and shining.

* Fruit 3-lobed; styles forked.

1. C. Californicus, Mull. Arg. Suffrutescent, weak, decumbent or
prostrate: leafy branches erect, 1. ft. high; these and the foliage silvery -
canescent with a fine scurf and a minute stellate pubescence: leaves
narrowly oblong or elliptical, obtuse at each end, 1 — 2 in. long, on
petioles half as long: staminate flowers greenish, in short subsessile
racemes; calyx-lobes about 1 line long; filaments hairy: pistillate fl.
mostly solitary, on short pedicels; styles twice forked: capsule deeply
3-lobed, % in. thick: seed 2^ lines long, with a small appressed carun-
cle.—Plentiful among the sandhills at San Erancisco and southward.

* # Fruit of a single 1-seeded carpel, style simple.

2. C. setigerus, Hook. A stout low annual with short but wide-
spread leafy branches, the heavy-scented -herbage with a spreading
hispid and an appressed stellate pubescence: leaves ovoid or rhomboid,
% — 2 in. long, on slender petioles, the upper crowded and appearing
opposite or whorled: staminate fl. few in corymb, long-pedicelled ; calyx
with oblong obtuse segments a line long: pistillate fl. 1, 2 or 3 in an
axil; ovary and style densely pubescent: capsule and seed 2 lines long.
— Abundant in autumnal fields, mostly in the interior.

2. EUPHORBIA, Linn. (SPURGE). Herbs with milky juice, alter-
nate or opposite toothed or entire leaves, and inflorescence either
terminally clustered, or solitary in the forks of the many branches.
Both staminate and pistillate flowers within the same involucre; this
cup-shaped and like a calyx, the 4 or 5 lobes minute, usually alternating
with as many glands which have often a colored margin resembling a
petal. Staminate flowers many, of a single naked stamen jointed upon
a short pedicel which has often a minute bract at base. Pistillate flower
1, in the center of the involucre, pedicellate and soon exserted from it,
consisting of a single 3-celled ovary, 3 forked styles and 6 stigmas each
2-lobed. Capsule 3-seeded. Seeds smooth, reticulate, rugose or pitted.

80 TITHYMALOIDE^I.

* Stems erect; stipules 0; involucres in forked or umbellate terminal

cymes; glands flattened or convex; seed carunculate.

1. E. LATHYRIS, L. Biennial or perennial, erect, stout, 1—3 ft. high,
glabrous throughout: leaves opposite, 4-ranked, linear-lanceolate, sessile,
entire, obtuse, cuspidate, 3 — 4 in. long: inflorescence bracted, the
branches twice or thrice dichotomous, the leaf -like bracts oblong-ovate:
glands crescent-shaped, with broad obtuse horns : capsule % in. thick,
the lobes rounded, in age wrinkled: seeds reticulate rugose. — Native of
the Mediterranean region; with us, an escape from gardens.

2. E. EXIGUA, L. Annual, slender, glabrous, 3 — 10 in. high: leaves
alternate, linear, entire, acute or obtuse, the fioral diliated at base and
subcordate: inflorescence lax, repeatedly dichotomous: glands semilu-
nate, the horns divergent: capsule smooth, scarcely a line wide: seed
ovate-quadrangular, whitish, minutely tuberculate. — A weed of the grain
fields in Europe; reported as occurring in Santa Clara.

3. E. PEPLUS, L. Annual, slender, with light-green delicate herbage;
simple or with a few erect branches from near the base : leaves alternate,
the lowest round-ovate, the others cuneate-obovate, slenderly petiolate,
the floral broadest at the unequal and sessile base : glands sublunate, the
long slender horns little divergent: capsule with a pair of wing -like crests
on each lobe: seeds ash-color, obscurely 6-nded, with a few large dark-
colored depressions. — Common garden weed at Berkeley.

4. E. leptocera, Engelm. Annual or biennial, 1 ft. high: leaves
alternate, obovate-spatulate, obtuse, % — 1J£ in. long, entire or erose-
denticulate; the floral opposite or ternate, broadly rhombic-ovate,
sometimes connate, acute, % — M in< broad: involucre turbinate, the
oblong lobes nearly entire; glands large, crescent-shaped, the slender
horns entire or cleft: styles long, bifid: capsule 2 lines broad: seeds
ash-colored, oblong-ovate, dark-pitted, about 1J£ lines long, prominently
carunculate.— Common in bushy places either in sandy or clayey soil.

5. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Mey. Annual, erect, %—\% ft. high,
glabrous; stem simple below, or branched from the base: cauline leaves
alternate, oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse or retuse, obtusely serru-
late, % — 1% in. long; floral opposite, round-ovate, subcordate, mucronate,
2 — 6 lines long: involucres and glands small: styles deeply bifid: capsule
rough with small warty protuberances: seeds subglobose, dark-colored,
delicately net-veined, the caruncle thin and flat. — Of wide dissemination
in the State, but less common than the last. March — June.

* * Stems diffusely branched, often prostrate', leaves all opposite, unequal

at base, stipulate; glands with petaloid appendages; seeds
angular, not carunculate.

6. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Var. consanguine;!, Boiss. Diffuse
annual, with ascending or horizontal but seldom prostrate slender

POLYGONE^E. 81

branches: herbage glabrous, deep green, reddening in age: leaves
obovate- to spatulate-oblong, 1—3 lines long, obscurely pinnate- veined,
sharply serrate above the middle: stipules setaceous, lacerate or sub-
entire: glands of involucre minute, transversely oblong, reddish and with
narrow 2 — 3-lobed or entire white or rose-colored appendages: seed
quadrangular, the length scarcely twice the breadth, the sides more or
less rugose-pitted, the angles somewhat prominent. —Not common.

7. E. occidentalis, Drew. Habit of the last, but the glabrous her-
bage of a dull rather yellowish green: leaves oval or broadly oblong,
only slightly unequal, very obtuse at each end, serrate above the middle
or quite entire, mucronulate, 2—4 lines long; stipules setaceous-lacerate:
appendages of involucre crenate-lobed: seed % line long, whitish, the
/aces more or less distinctly sinuate-rug ost between the rather prominent
angles. — On Mt. St. Helena.

8. E. rugulosa, Greene. Wholly prostrate and very closely
depressed, rather succulent, much branched and in age forming a very
close mat a foot broad or more : herbage glabrous, pallid and glauces-
cent: leaves veinless, sharply serrate or almost entire: stipules,
involucre, etc., as in the preceding: seeds whitish, finely transverse-
rugose between the scarcely prominent angles. — Native of the southern
extremity of the State, but well established along our railroads.

9. E. macula! a, L. Prostrate, puberulent or hairy: leaves oblong-
linear, very oblique at base, senulate upward, 4—6 lines long, usually
with a brown -red spot in the centre; stipules lanceolate, nmbricate:
glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate red-
dish appendages: pods acutely angled, puberulent: seeds % line long,
sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the concave
sides. — An immigrant from the Mississippi Valley; not rara

OEDEB XXXIL POLYGALE>€.

Herbs or shrubs often with milky juice. Leaves simple, entire, exstip-
ulate. Flowers, except as to the pistil, simulating the papilionaceous;
but the affinities apparently with certain allies of Euphorbia. We have
but the genus

POLYGrlLA, Diosc. Ours low undershrubs with alternate leaves and
few irregular flowers in terminal cymes. Sepals 5, two larger than the
others, lateral and petal-like. Petals 3, joined to each other and to the
stamen-tube, the middle one hooded above and beaked or crested.
Stamens 6—8, unequal, monadelphous, forming a sheath, this open on
one side; anthers 1-celled, opening at top. Ovary short, 2-celled;
ovules solitary, pendulous, style long, curved dilated. Capsule mem-

82 POLYGALE^.

branaceous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, rounded and
notched at summit, dehiscent at the margin.

1. P. Californica, Nutt. Stems many, slender, 2—8 in. high, from
a woody base, mostly simple : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptical,
2*3 — 1 in. long: fl. rose-purple on bractless pedicels 1 — 3 lines long: outer
sepals 23^ lines long, rounded, saccate at base; inner ones broadly spat-
ulate, % in. long or less: lateral petals linear-lanceolate, somewhat
ciliate, equalling the broad obtuse somewhat curved beak of the rounded
hood: fr. mostly from apetalous fl. near the root; capsule glabrous,
broadly ovate, % in. long, retuse narrowly margined: seed 2 lines long,
pubescent; caruncle wrinkled and bladdery, calyptriform, half the
length of the seed. — In the Coast Range.

LEGUMINOS^. 83

DIVISION II, CHOKIPETAL^B PERIGYNJE.

Petals mostly distinct. Calyx more or less distinctly synsepalous, and
stamens perigynous.

OBDEB XXXIII. LEGUMIN(>S/€.

Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate, stipulate, compound (in Siliquas-
Irum simple) leaves; leaflets mostly entire, the upper, in some genera,
converted into tendrils. Sepals more or less united and forming a 2 — 5-
toothed or -cleft cup, the odd tooth or segment inferior. Petals 5
(sometimes by abortion fewer), more or less united above the base; the
two lowest joining to form the keel; the two lateral enfolding this and
called the wings; the uppermost one broader than the others, usually
erect, but in the bud folded over the other (except in Siliquastrum) and
called the banner; the corolla as a whole papilionaceous, or butterfly-
shaped. Stamens usually 10, distinct or diadelphous (9 and 1), or
monadelphous. Pistil 1, usually becoming a legume, i. e., a 2-valved
1 -celled pod with 1 row of seeds; these attached to the upper suture, and
containing no albumen, the large embryo filling the integuments.

* Unarmed shrubs.

Leaves broad, simple SILIQUASTRUM 1

unequally pinnate, leaflets many AMORPHA 6

few, 1-foliolate; branches reedy SPARTIUM 15

3-foliolate, not aromatic CYTISUS 13

*' glandular and aromatic PSORALEA 8

palmately 5— 9-f oliolate LUPINUS 16

* * Spinescent or prickly shrubs or trees.

Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets many , PSEUDACACIA 7

' all in the form of spine-like green organs ... ULEX 14

" 1— 3-foliolate; branchlets spinescent XYLOTHERMIA 17

* * * Herbaceous plants.

Leaves equally pinnate, tendril-bearing;

Style villous all around at apex VICIA 2

" *' lengthwise on one side LATHYRUS 3

Leaves unequally pinnate; fl. capitate or racemose;

Pods commonly inflated, not prickly ASTRAGALUS 4

" oblong, prickly GLYCYRRHIZA 5

Leaves of 1— oc often unequally distributed leaflets;

fl. in an umbel often with a bract at its base LOTUS 9

f fl. in slender racemes MELILOTUS 11

pods coiled or curved MEDICA 12

Leaves pmnately 3-foholate -j £ capitate, yellow TRIFOLIUM 10

i. herbage dotted, aromatic PSORALEA 8

Leaves palmately 3-foliolate \ fl' caPitate or umbellate TRIFOLIUM 10

<fl. racemose, yellow THERMOPSIS 18

Leaves palmately 5-9-f oliolate J caly* bilabiate LUPINUS 16

< herbage dotted, aromatic PSORALEA 8

84 LEGUMINOSJE.

1. SILIQUASTRUM, Tourn. (RED BUD). Shrubs with simple leaves;
the flowers in axillary fascicles, appearing in spring before the leaves.
Calyx campanulate, with 5 broad obtuse teeth. Petals 5, the banner
small, enfolded by the wings : keel-petals distinct, larger than the wings.
Stamens 10, distinct. Pod thin, flat, oblong, wing-margined -along the
upper suture.

1. S. occidentale (Torr.). Widely branching, 6—20 ft. high: leaves
round-cordate, entire, obtuse or emarginate, 2 in. brqad, on petioles of

1 in. or less: fl. J£ in. long, rose-purple: pod 2 in. long, % in. broad, acute
at each end. — From near Sufiol, Behr, northward. April.

2. VICIA, Varro (VETCH). Weak herbs with angular stems, climb-
ing by tendrils which terminate the pinnate leaves. Peduncles axillary,
1 — oo -flowered. Calyx 5-cleft or -toothed, the upper teeth shorter.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Style filiform, bent upward at apex and
villous all around, under the stigma, or else on the outside only. Pod
oblong, several-seeded.

* Racemose-flowered perennials.

1. V. gigantea, Hook. Stout, 5— 10 ft. high: leaflets 10— 13 pairs,
linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, 1 — 2 in. long; stipules 1 in., semi-
sagittate, toothed at base; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; the
dense raceme 1-sided, 5— 18-flowered; fl. dull red: pod glaucous, black
when ripe. — Common along streams. May, June.

2. V. Americana, Muhl. Weak, 2— 5 ft. high, climbing by branched
tendrils, nearly glabrous : leaflets 4—6 pairs, thin-membranaceous, vivid
green above, paler beneath, closely but delicately feather-veined, elliptic-
lanceolate, entire, obtuse, mucronulate, 1 in. long: peduncles shorter
than the leaves, 3 — 8 flowered: fl. % in. long, bright purple: upper
calyx- teeth very short, lower well elongated: pods 1 in. long, glabrous.
Var. truncata, Brewer. Lower and stouter than the type; leaflets
linear to oblong-linear, usually dentate or even serrate toward the
truncate apex: fl. larger and paler. Var, linear is, Wats. Leaflets
firmer in texture, narrowly linear, the veinlets confluent along the
margin. — Common and variable.

* *• Few-flowered annuals.

3. V. exigua, Nutt. Slender, 1—2 ft. high: leaflets 4 or 6, oblong-
linear, obtuse: peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, 1 — 2- flowered:
calyx-teeth lanceolate from a broad base: corolla white or purplish,

2 lines long: pod glabrous, 4— 5-seeded. — Hillsides or plains, preferring
stony or sandy soil. March — May.

4. V. Hassei, Wats. Taller and less delicate than the last, the
leaflets ampler, more numerous, deeply notched at apex: fl. 3 lines long:

L , E G U M I N O S m i . 85

pod shortly stipitate, 5— 8-seeded. — Of more southerly distribution than
the preceding, but found at Benicia, Bigelow.

5. V. SATIVA, L. Stoutish, suberect, 2—3 ft. high : leaflets 8 or 10,
obovate-oblong, truncate or retuse, mucronate: fl. 1 or 2, subsessile,
% in. long, red-purple. — The Vetch or Tare, cultivated from time im-
memorial as a food and fodder plant; of frequent occurrence by
way-sides and in old fields.

3. LATHYRUS, Theophr. (WrLD PEA). Coarser plants than Vicia,
with broader leaves and flowers, the style villous in a line up and down
the inside (next the free stamen).

* Tendril-bearing; the racemes many -flowered.

1. L. Bolanderi, Wats. Often shrubby below, 3—5 ft. high: leaflets
3 — 5 pairs, ovate, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, 1 — 1^ in. long, thin, on
very short petiolules: stipules broadly semisagitlate, acute, more or less
toothed: peduncles equalling the leaves: lower calyx-teeth lanceolate-
acuminate, longer than the tube; upper very short, broadly triangular, all
glabrous along the margin, or nearly so: corolla % in. long, rose-purple,
fading yellowish. --Frequent on wooded slopes.

2 L. Jepsoilii, Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous; stem 5—8 ft.
high, strongly winged along the angles and striate between them: leaflets
8—12, linear-lanceolate, acute,. 2 — 3 in. long, subcoriaceous, venulose:
stipules small, setaceously acuminate: peduncles stout, about as long
as the leaves: fl. rose-purple; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, the lowest not
much longer than the ot hers; corolla % in. long, relatively broad: pod
2—3 in. long, sessile in the calyx, 12— 16-seeded. — Muddy margins of
sloughs, within reach of tide-water in the Suisun marshes.

3. L. piiherulus, White. Low, herbaceous, or, 8—15 ft. high and
shrubby at base, soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous, the stems angled:
leaflets 5—7 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, cuspidate, subcoriaceous:
stipules broadly or narrowly semisagittate, toothed or entire : peduncles
about equalling the leaves; fl. % in. long, broad, purplish; lower calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the tube: ovary and pod
appressed-pubescent. — From Sonoma Co. southward. Feb. — May.

* * Without tendrils; peduncles 1—3 flowered.

4. L. Torreyi, Gray. Erect, slender, 1—2 ft. high, the herbage thin,
light green, fragrant: leaflets 4 — 6 pairs, with or without a reduced
terminal odd one, round-ovate or oblong, % in. long, mucronate : stipules
narrow, acuminate, the lower lobe short or almost obsolete: fl. 1 or 2,
short-peduncled, white or pinkish: calyx-teeth narrowly subulate, the
upper a little shorter: pod 1 in. long, pubescent, 3— 6-seeded. — From
Santa Clara Co., to Napa and northward, in dry woods. Herbage remark-
able as exhaling the fragrance of Asperula odorata. May.

86 LEGUMINOS^.

* * * Rachls dilated, ending in a rudimentary odd leaflet.

5. L. littoralis (Nutt.), Endl. Stout and low, decumbent, densely
silky-villous : stipules large, ovate or semihastate; leaflets 1 — 3 pairs,
cuneate-oblong, % in. long or more: peduncles exceeding the leaves;
calyx-teeth nearly equal, about as long as the tube: corolla % — % in.
long, banner bright purple, wings and keel white: pod large, oblong,
obtuse, villous, 3 — 5-seeded. — Strictly maritime, in sandy or clayey soil
within reach of the sea-spray.

4. ASTRAGALUS, Diosc. (BATTLE-WEED, LOCO-WEED). Herbs
either erect or decumbent, with unequally pinnate leaves, no tendrils,
persistent stipules, and axillary spikes or racemes of flowers which are
usually small for the size of the plant, and rather narrow. Calyx
5-toothed. Petals with slender claws, the keel obtuse. Stamens diadel-
phous, (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Stigma terminal, minute. Pod
various, seldom or never promptly dehiscent, often coriaceous and turgid,
or thin and bladdery-inflated, or thin and flat; 1-celled, or partly 2-celled
by intrusion of one or both sutures. Seeds few or many, small for the
size of the pod, commonly reniform, on slender funiculi.

* Annuals.

1. A. didymocarpns, Hook. & Arn. Slender, pubescent, 1 ft. high:
leaflets 9—15, cuneate-oblong to linear, emarginate, 3—5 lines long:
spikes long-peduncled, dense, ovate or oblong: fl. small, dull purplish:
pods erect, 2 lines long, and about as broad, scarcely exserted from the
calyx, strongly wrinkled, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Abundant along the eastern
base of Mt. Diablo Range and far southward.

2. A. nigrescens, Nutt. Smaller than the last, more slender, less
pubescent, the less dense spikes cylindrical: pods deflexed, well exserted
from the calyx, slightly wrinkled, strongly obcompressed. — Common on
sterile gravelly hill-sides of the Bay region; the flowers commonly
minute and dull, but on the flanks of Mt. Tamalpais and northward
larger and violet. April— June.

3. A. tener, Gray. Slender, sparsely pubescent, 6—10 in. high:
leaflets 9—15, linear or cuneate, acute or retuse: fl. many, capitate on a
slender peduncle, purple: pod % in, long, slender, incurved, 2-celled,
5— 10-seeded. — In moist lands, either sandy or alluvial. A handsome
species; the heads of purple and white recalling those of some kinds of
clover. April, May.

4. A. Breweri, Gray. Smaller than the last, relatively stouter,
leaflets broader, heads few-flowered: pods with a short body and a very
long incurved beak.— Common in fields of the Sonoma valley.

L E G U M I N O S M . 87

* * Perennials; pods bladdery-inflated.

5. A oxyphysus, Gray. Erect, 2—3 ft. high, stoutish, canescent
with a minute pubescence: leaflets 9 — 21, oblong, 1 in. long; peduncles
exceeding the leaves, raceme elongated: calyx -teeth subulate, half as
long as the oblong tube: corolla greenish -white, % in. long: pod com-
pressed, oblique (semiobovate), acuminate at both ends, 1% in- l°n£> on
a stipe little exceeding the calyx. — Dry hills of the Mt. Diablo range.

6. A. leuropliy 1 1 us, Torr. & Gray. Erect, tall, growing parts silvery -
canescent, when older glabrate : leaflets 27—37, broadly linear, acutish,
% in. long: peduncles long, racemes short: calyx-teeth subulate, half as
long as the oblong tube; corolla yellowish: pod obliquely oval, 1^ in.
long, on a long filiform pubescent stipe. — Low hills skirting the interior
valley; very common between Livermore and Niles.

7. A. crotalariae (Benth.), Gray. Stout, decumbent, glabrous, except
the canescent growing parts: leaflets very many, oblong- linear to
obovate, sometimes retuse, % — 1 in. long: stipules broadly triangular,
distinct: calyx-teeth subulate, half as long as the short-campanulate
tube: fl. white: pod thin, ovoid, 1 — 1% in. long, sessile in the calyx. —
Plains and hills.

8. A. Menziesii, Gray. Stout, erect, 2—4 ft. high, glabrous or nearly
so: stipules broad, not pointed, continued around the stem, sometimes
nearly meeting or even cohering opposite the base of the leaf: raceme
long and dense; fl. greenish: pod thin, large as in the last. — Plentiful in
sandy soils along the seaboard, at Alameda, San Francisco, etc.

9. A. macrodon (H. & A.), Gray. Erect, tall, glabrous in age, the
nascent parts canescent: leaflets 23 — 27, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
mucronulate : stipules small, lanceolate-acuminate: peduncles rather
shorter than the leaves; racemes long: calyx-teeth slender-subulate,
equalling the campanulate tube, and almost as long as the corolla: ovary
silky; pod unknown. — This plant was collected by Douglas only, some
sixty years ago, somewhere between Monterey and Sonoma, probably
near the former place. It should be carefully sought, though it may
have become extinct. The long and slender calyx-teeth, according to
the original description, so distinguished it from its allies, as to make
its recognition easy in case it should be rediscovered.

10. A. Donglasii (T. & G.), Gray. Ascending, 1 ft. high, cinereous-
puberulent when young, otherwise nearly glabrous: leaflets very many,
linear or linear-oblong, ^— M in- long: spike short, dense, 10—20
flowered: calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the campanulate tube: pod
thin, obliquely ovoid, 1% — 2 in. long. — In gravelly places along streams,
from San Francisco southward.

88 LEGUMINOS^E.

* * * Perennials; pods not bladdery.

11. A. pyciiostachyns, Gray. Stout, 2 ft. high, more or less villous-
hoary: leaflets about 21, oblong, % in. long: fl. yellowish, in dense
cylindrical short-stalked spikes: pods crowded, retrorsely imbricate, ovate,
acute, laterally flattened, thin-coriaceous, glabrous, coarsely reticulate,
1-celled.— In moist subsaline grassy land near the entrance to Bolinas
Bay, Bolander, 1863, Greene, 1888, also in a similar locality not so near
the sea southwest of Mt. Tamalpais.

5. GLYCYRRHIZA, Diosc. (LicoBiCE). Glandular-viscid perennials
with unequally pinnate leaves, and flowers in axillary peduncled spikes;
calyx 5-cleft. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; the alternate
anthers smaller. Pod short, compressed, prickly, indehiscent.

1. G. glutinosa, Nutt. Two or three ft. high, erect or decumbent,
either nearly glabrous and viscid with minute sessile resinous dots, or
more decidedly glutinous by a villous or hirsute glandular pubescence,
never scurfy: leaflets 13 to 19, oblong-lanceolate, 1 or 2 in. long; stipules
ovate-acuminate to lanceolate, persistent: spikes merely oblong, 1 to 1J£
in. long, on peduncles of 1 in.: pod bur-like.— Common in the Mt. Diablo
Range, and on the plains eastward; also at Alameda.

6. AMORPHA, Linnseus. Shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves
which, with the young twigs and inflorescence, are pellucid glandular
and heavy-scented, the glands in age dark brown and opaque. Leaflets
many; stipules and stipels caducous. Flowers very small, dark purple,
in long and narrow terminal spikes. Calyx obconic-campanulate, 5-
toothed, persistent. Banner (the only petal present) erect, concave, un-
guiculate. Stamens monadelphous at the very base. Pod short, lunulate,
glandular, scarcely dehiscent, 1- or 2-seeded.

1. A. hispid ula, Greene. Two to four ft. high, pubescent or gla-
brous, the glandular dots supplemented on the twigs, stalklets and leaf-
rachis by acute prickle-like glands with tips more or less recurved:
leaflets 8 — 12 pairs, oval to linear-oblong, an inch long, retuse or emar-
ginate: calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, more than half the length of
the tube: petal red-purple: pod half obcordate, very glandular, twice
the length of the calyx. — Marin and Napa counties.

7. PSEUDACACIA, Town. (LocusT-TuEE). Trees or shrubs with
odd-pinnate leaves and stout prickles in place of stipules, the leaflets
prickly -stipellate. Flowers showy, in pendulous racemes. Calyx slightly
bilabiate, 5-toothed. Banner large, roundish, reflexed, little longer
than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded, margined along the upper suture, readily dehiscent.

1. P. VULGABIS, Tourn. P. odorala, Moench. Robinia Pseudacacia.
L. Tree 30—50 ft. high : prickles on older branches small, straight, on

LEGUMINOS^E. 89

the younger larger and somewhat curved: leaflets 9 — 17, oblong-ovate
or elliptical: racemes pendulous, oblong: fl. white, very fragrant. — Na-
tive of the Atlantic states; long cultivated in California for shade and
ornament; now spontaneous in many places.

8. PSORALEA, Roy en. Perennials (one adventive species shrubby),
punctate with dark dots and heavy-scented: leaves pinnately 3-foliolate
(in n. 6 palmately 5-f oliolate) : stipules free from the petiole. Calyx-
lobes nearly equal, the two upper sometimes connate. Keel broad,
obtuse, joined to the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous :
anthers uniform. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1-seeded.

1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Stem prostrate, creeping, the leaves and
racemes erect, long-stalked; leaflets 2 — 3 in. long, the terminal one nearly
orbicular, the lateral pairobovate: raceme a few inches to a foot long,
the flowers subtended by large deciduous bracts: calyx villous and
pedicellate-glandular, cleft almost to the base, the lowest tooth as long
as the purplish corolla: stamens diadelphous: pod ovate, acute 3 lines
long. — Moist grassy places. July.

2. P. strobilina, Hook. & Arn. Erect, 2—3 ft. high, villous through-
out; the stem and stalklets glandular: leaflets rhombic-ovate, 2 in. long;
stipules large, broadly ovate, acuminate: peduncles shorter than the
leaves: spike oblong, the bracts very large, deciduous: calyx % in. long,
the lower tooth much the longest, equalling the purple corolla: stamens
monadelphous: ovary pubescent.— Mountains of Contra Costa and Santa
Clara counties.

3. P. macrostachya, DC. Erect, stout, 3—12 ft. high: leaflets ovate-
lanceolate: stipules small, lanceolate: peduncles greatly surpassing the
leaves: spikes cylindrical, silky- villous : bracts acuminate, as long as the
flowers: lower calyx-tooth longest, scarcely as long as the corolla: tenth
stamen almost free: pod ovate-oblong, acute, 3 or 4 lines long, compressed,
villous.— Very common, either on hillsides or in low ground, but always
in moist places. June — Oct.

4. P. physodes, Dougl. Erect, 2—3 ft. high, nearly glabrous: leaf-
lets ovate, acute, 1 in. long; stipules linear-lanceolate: peduncles about as
long as the leaves; raceme short, dense, the bracts small: calyx covered
with sessile glands and somewhat black-hairy, at length much enlarged
and inflated, becoming 4 or 5 lines long, its teeth short, subequal:
corolla scarcely % in. long, ochroleucous, often with a deep purple tinge:
stamens monadelphous: pod rounded, compressed, 3 lines long.— Com-
mon in both the Coast and Contra Costa Ranges, in open places among
thickets and trees. May — July.

5. P. GLANDULOSA, L. Shrubby or arborescent, with loose elongated
branches; glabrous, but roughish with elevated glands: leaflets ovate-

90 LEGUMINOSjE.

lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 in. long; stipules subulate-setaceous, decid-
uous: racemes longer than the leaves, the bluish flowers more or less
verticillate.— Native of Chile; frequent in cultivation, occasionally wild.

6. -P. Californica, Wats. Low, tufted; pubescence short, silky, ap-
pressed: leaves palmately 5-foliolaie; stipules scarious, lanceolate, decid-
uous; leaflets broadly oblanceolate, acutish, M~ 1M in- long: racemes
shorter than the leaves, short-peduncled, rather loose; pedicels slender:
calyx silky-villous, % in. long, the linear acuminate lobes a little
exceeding the petals: pod thin, villous, oblong with a lanceolate beak:
seed compressed, 2 lines long or more. — Summit of Mt. Diablo.

9. LOTUS, Tourn. (LOTUS. HOSAOKIA). Herbaceous or suffrutescent,
with pinnately 3— GO - f oliolate (in the first species often 1-foliolate)
leaves; leaflets sometimes of even number but unequally distributed on
the two sides of the rachis; stipules foliaceous, scarious, or more com-
monly reduced to dark glands. Flowers solitary, or in umbels or heads
which are naked or subtended by a 1 — 5-foliolate bract. Calyx 5-toothed
or -cleft. Corolla whitish, yellowish or purplish, changing to orange or
red; petals free from the stamens; banner ovate or rounded: wings
commonly meeting imperfectly and (by a twist in the claw) obliquely in
front of the obtuse or acute, sometimes rostrate keel. Stamens diadel-
phous; the alternate filaments dilated or thickened under the anthers.
Pod linear, compressed or terete, straight or arcuate, promptly or tardily
dehiscent, or indehiscent, 1— GO - seeded. Seeds variously rounded or
elongated, sometimes quadrate, smooth, tuberculate or rugose.

* Annuals with gland-like traces of stipules; leaflets 1 — 4, on a linear

rachis; pods straight, readily dehiscent.

1. L. Americanus (Nutt.), Bisch. Erect or decumbent, 1—2 ft. high,
more or less villous: leaflets (rarely 5) ovate or oblong, acutish, %. in.
long: peduncles slender, exceeding the leaves, the solitary salmon-
colored or whitish flower subtended by a bract 3—6 lines long: calyx-tube
very short, the linear teeth equalling the corolla: pod 1 — 1^ in. long:
seeds oblong, smooth, dark-colored. — On sunny banks, or in the dry
gravelly beds of streams, or even in moist meadow lands. May — Dec.

* * Stipules gland-like; leaflets 4 — 10* unequally distributed on opposite

margins of a dilated rachis; pods readily dehiscent.

H— Annuals; flowers solitary, short-pedicelled, not bracted; claws of petals
approximate; keel pointed.

2. L. Wrangelianus, Fisch. & Mey. Less than 1 ft. high, ascending,
much branched, densely leafy, sparsely or canescently villous: leaflets
about 4, cuneate-obovate to oval or oblong, 3—6 lines long; calyx-teeth
broadly subulate, equalling the tube: corolla 3 lines long, bright yellow,

LEGUMINOS^E. 91

the broadly obovate banner erect: wings meeting above the keel, not
enfolding it: pod pubescent, straight, 7 — 10 lines long, 5 — 7 seeded. —
Common throughout middle California, especially toward the seaboard.

3. L. humistratus, Greene. Low and diffuse, the branches 5—8 in.
long, herbage soft-villous: fl. nearly sessile, yellow; calyx-teeth linear,
much longer than the tube: pod oblong. % in. long, pilose, 2 — 3-seeded.
— Clayey banks and hillsides; as widely dispersed as the preceding, but
less common. May, June.

4. L. denticulatus, Greene. Erect, 1 — 2^ ft. high, fastigiately
branching, pale green and glaucous, sparingly pilose; calyx-teeth longer
than the tube, and, with the margins of the upper leaves, somewhat den-
ticulate: corolla 2 lines long, pale yellow or salmon-color, changing to
red: pod pubescent, short, 3-seeded. — A weed in grain fields of the
Sacramento. April — June.

H— • i— Flowers 1 or many, on an elongated, usually bracted peduncle; claw
of the banner commonly remote from the others, keel mostly obtuse.

±+Annuals; few-flowered.

5. L. micranthus, Benth. Erect, slender, 4—10 in. high, glabrous,
glaucous: peduncle filiform, bracted, 1-flowered: fl. minute, pale salmon,
turning red; pod 1 in. long or less, compressed, constricted between the
seeds, these oval or roundish, little compressed, smooth. — April, May.

6. L. salsnginosns, Greene. Ascending or depressed, slightly strigose,
somewhat succulent, the branches 8 — 18 in. long: leaflets 4 — 6, obovate,
obtuse: peduncles 1 in. long, 1—4 flowered, naked or with a conspicuous
1 — 3-foliolate bract: corolla yellow, 3 lines long, the banner and wings
equalling the straight keel: pod scarcely compressed, 10 — 12-seeded:
seeds obliquely oval, smooth. — From San Jose southward, either toward
the sea, or on subsaline flats of the interior. March— June.

7. L. ru bell us (Nutt.), Greene. Prostrate, slender, not succulent,
strigose-pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaflets 6 — 10, linear-oblong, mostly
acutish: early peduncles shorter than the leaves, bractless, 1-flowered,
the later longer, bracted, 2-flowered: corolla reddish, scarcely twice as
long as the calyx: pod slender, straight, 7 — 10-seeded: seeds quadrate,
minutely granula'e. — Plentiful in sandy soils, San Francisco, Alameda
and southward; apparently only along the seaboard. April— July.

8. L. iiu<Uflorus (Nutt.), Greene. Near the last, but leaflets smaller
and broader: fl. thrice as large: pod broader, more flattened, slightly
curved upward at apex: seeds larger, quadrate, faintly tuberculate.—
Eastern base of Mt. Diablo Range, near Byron, etc., on gravelly hill-tops;
thence southward. March— May.

92 L E G U M I N O S M.

9. L. strigosus (Nutt.), Greene. Strigose-pubescent, decumbent or
prostrate: peduncles long, commonly 1 — 2-flowered and 3-foliolate-
bracted: fl. 4—5 lines long, yellow: pod pubescent, slightly curved
upwards: seeds quadrate: but somewhat cruciform, being deeply notched
at each end and at the hilum, the surface closely sinuate-rugose. — Same
range as the last, and readily distinguished by its seeds which have
something of the outline of a Maltese cross. March — June.

10. L. hirtellus, Greene. Stoutish, depressed, canescently hirsutulous,
not at all strigose: leaflets 5—7, cuneate-oblong or -obovate, obtuse:
peduncles stoutish, bracted, surpassing the leaves, 2-flowered: pod ] in.
long, subterete, straight, 7 — 10-seeded; seeds quadrate, notched at the
hilum only, faintly rugose and coarsely granulate. — The Mt. Diablo Eange
near Livermore.

•M--M- Perennials ; flowers capitate-umbellate.

11. L. leucophaens, Greene. Low; ascending, less than a foot high,
internodes short, leaves ample, herbage velvety-pubescent: leaflets 5—7,
obovate, 6—9 lines long, acute: peduncles equalling or exceeding the
leaves; umbel 1-foliolate-bracted, 5— 8-flowered: fl. more than % in.
long, ochroleucous, becoming red-purple. — Dry ridges of the inner Coast
and Mt. Diablo Ranges. May.

12. L. grandiflorns, (Benth.), Greene. Tall, slender with few leaves
and long internodes, nearly glabrous: peduncles slender, elongated,
small-bracted, 5— 8-flowered: fl. nearly 1 in. long, deep yellow, the petals
broader than in the last, turning orange. — Same range as the last; but
less frequent.

* * # Perennials with true stipules; leaflets never inequilaterally dis-
tributed; flowers in bracted umbels; pods long, straight.

13. L. formosissimns, Greene. Slender, glabrous, the decumbent
stems several, 1 ft. long: leaflets 5 — 7, from broadly obovate to obovate-
oblong, obtuse, the lowest truncate or retuse; stipules thin, ovate:
umbels equalling the leaves, or shorter, the bract 3-foliolate; calyx-teeth
unequal, triangular, acute or acuminate, shorter than the campanulate
tube: corolla 7 lines long, the wide-spread wings and much shorter keel
rose-red, the banner yellow. — In moist ground along the seaboard. May.

14. L. pinnatns, Hook. Sloulish, glabrous, the erect stems 2ft. high:
leaflets 5 — 9, obovate or oblong, acutish: stipules scarious, triangular:
peduncles longer than the leaves, 3 — 7-flowered, naked or with a small
scarious 1— 3-foliolate bract: calyx- teeth triangular, half as long as the
tube: corolla as in the last, but keel and wings white, banner yelloiv. —
Said to inhabit the seaboard districts from San Francisco northward.

15. L. Torreyi (Gray), Greene. Habit of the last, but slender, more
or less silky-pubescent; leaflets narrower, acute or obtuse: bract of the

LEGUMINOS^. 93

umbel sessile: fl. smaller, the keel and wings white, the latter not
spreading. — Along streamlets in the middle or higher Coast Range.

16. L. Crassifolius (Benth.), Greene. Erect, stout, 2—3 ft. high, of
a dull green hue, as if glaucous, but minutely pubescent: leaflets 9 — 15,
thickish, obovate or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, ^ in. long or more :
peduncles nearly equalling the leaves; umbel many-flowered, the 1—3-
foliolate bract a little below it; calyx-teeth triangular, short; corolla
purplish marked with green spots: pods thick, 2 in. long. — Common in
the mountain districts. May, June.

17. L. stipularis (Benth.), Greene. Not as tall as the last, more
slender, villous ivith spreading hairs and often somewhat glandular;
leaflets 15 — 21, obovate-oblong, acute, mucronate, ^ — 1 in. long; stipules
large, ovate : peduncles short, 4— 8-flowered, the leaf -like bract near the
middle, 3 — 9-foliolate: calyx 2 lines long, the subulate teeth short:
corolla purple; pod straight, 1 — \% in. long. — Contra Costa and Sonoma
counties. Seldom seen.

18. L. balsamiferus (Kell.). Stoutish, erect, 2 ft. high, with 'the
foliage and inflorescence of L. crassifolius nearly; but herbage of a vivid
green, the stem and growing parts very glutinous from abundant gland-
ular-hispidulous short hairs. — Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti.
Doubtless a rediscovery of Dr. Kellogg's Hosackia balsamifera.

•*•*## Stipules gland-like; leaflets few, unequally distributed; pods small,

indehiscent, usually arcuate and long pointed.

•^Perennials (sometimes woody at base).

19. L. glaber (Vogel.), Greene. Suffrutescent, 2—8 ft. high, erect or
decumbent, nearly glabrous; leaflets mostly 3, on young shoots 4 — 6,
oblong to linear-oblong, % — % in. long, obtuse or acute: umbels many,
sessile; fl. 3 — 4 lines long, yellow, turning red: calyx-teeth subulate, erect,
rather less than half as long as the tube. Usually tufted and reedy-
looking, the foliage sparse, the flowers profuse. — Common about San
Francisco, and southward throughout the State, in the Coast Eange
chiefly; flowering almost all the year round.

20. L. Benthami, Greene. Eesembling the last, but smaller and
mostly prostrate: umbels on peduncles which equal or exceed the leaves
and are 1 — 3-foliolate-bracted at top: calyx-teeth more slender, stellate-
spreading in the bud and recurved in flower. — Common on low hills near
the sea in San Mateo Co. June, July.

21. L. jnnceus (Benth.), Greene. Nearly glabrous, erect, shrubby,
with slender branches reedy and sparsely leafy: leaflets obovate to
oblong, 2 — 4 lines long: fl. 3 lines; calyx 2 lines long or less; teeth very
short and blunt. — A more southerly species than either of the two
preceding; but said to have been found near San Francisco.

94 L E G U M I N O S M .

22. L. Biolettii, Greene. Slender, the somewhat wiry prostrate
branches I — 2 ft. long: herbage cinereously or canescently pubescent with
short appressed hairs: leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, 2 — 5
lines long: umbels on slender peduncles little surpassing the leaves,
unif oliolate-bracted, 6 — 10-flowered : calyx a line long or less, narrowly
funnelt'orm, the triangular pointless teeth a third as long, erect: corolla
2 lines long, yellow, turning dark- red: pod strongly arcuate, slender-
braked. — Dry ridges above Mill Valley, Marin Co.

•*-•*— Annuals.

23. L. eriophorns, Greene. The numerous branches a foot or two
long, flex MOWS, weak and prostrate : pubescence dense, somewhat tomentost:
leaflets 5—7, obovate or cuneate-oblong, acute, 3—6 lines long: umbels
short-peduncled or subsessile, bracted: fl. 3 — 4 lines long; calyx half as
long, very villous; the filiform teeth about equalling tjae tube.— In
sandy grounds near the sea, from San Francisco southward.

24. L. Heermam (Dur & Hilg.), Greene. Near the last, but less
pubescent, neither the leaflets nor the flowers more than half as large,
the leaflets broader and rounded. — Same range as the last.

10. TRIFOLIUM, Pliny (GLOVER). Herbs with palmately (in one
pinnately) 3-foiiolate leaves and adnate stipules; leaflets commonly
denticulate. Flowers in roundish or ovoid or somewhat depressed cap-
itate or umbellate clusters, on axillary or terminal peduncles. Calyx
5-cleft or -toothed. Corolla persistent; banner and wings commonly
coherent with the stamineal tube; keel mostly obtuse and shorter than
the wings. Stamens diadelphous. Pod concealed within or little
exserted from the calyx, 1— 6-seeded, dehiscent or indehiscent.

* Heads or spikes not involucrate.
•*- Flowers pedicellate, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate, not plumose.

1. T. gracilentum, Torr. & Gray. Erect, slender, 1—2 ft. high,
wholly glabrous: stipules ovate- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate: leaflets
cuneale-obcordate, spinulose-serrulate, % in. long: heads 15— 25-flowered :
calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, setaceously acuminate, thrice as long as
the tube, shorter than the usually deep reddish corolla: pod exserted,
2-seeded: seeds obliquely oval, straw-colored, very smooth. — Open plains
and hillsides. April— June.

2. T. hi Nil inn. Gray. Erect, very slender, 1 ft. high, pale green and
glaucous, the petioles and calyx more or less pilose-villous : stipules
ovate-lanceolate, entire, setaceously acuminate: leaflets linear-cuneate,
the sides remotely toothed, apex bifid and mucronulate: peduncles slender,
exceeding the leaves: heads 6— 15-flowered : calyx deeply 5-parted, the

LEGUMINOS^:. 95

teeth subulate-setaceous, about equalling tlie minute pale rose-colored
corolla: pod 1-seeded: seed rather narrowly obovate-oblong. Var.
(lecipiens, Greene. Taller and stouter, the leaflets cuneate-ablong with
closely serrulate margins aud only a shallow 'notch at apex; heads
15— 30-flowered. — The type is frequent between San Jose and Vacaville,
mostly within or to the eastward of the Mt. Diablo range. Only the
variety is found about the Bay. April — June.

3. T. ciliolatnm, Benth. Erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, glabrous: stipules
narrow, acuminate; leaflets cuneate-oblong or obovate, ^—1 in. long,
obtuse or retuse, serrulate: fl. purple, 3 lines long; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
very acute, rigidly ciliolale.— Throughout the western part of the State,
both seaward and in the interior. April — June.

4. T. PROCUMBENS, L. Ascending or suberect, slender, pubescent:
leaflets cuneate-oblong, emarginate, denticulate, the terminal one on a
longer stalklet: heads ovate or oblong, very dense; fl. yellow; banner
deflexed over the other petals in age.— A small Old World clover, begin-
ning to appear spontaneously with us.

5. T. REPENS, Rivinus, (1690). Perennial, diffuse, creeping, sending
up erect long-stalked glabrous leaves and heads: leaflets obcordate,
denticulate: heads depressed-globose, at length umbellate: fl. white; calyx-
teeth unequal, lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the tube: pod about
4 seeded. — The White Clover of eastern and European meadows and
pastures; a troublesome plant in lawns with us; sparingly naturalized.

•i- -f— Flowers nearly or quite sessile, not reflexed; calyx-teeth-elongated,
plumose, or at least hairy.

•M- Perennial.

6. T. PRATENSE, Tragus, (1552). Stoutish, ascending, 1 ft. high,
pubescent: leaflets oval or obovate, often retuse, 1 in. long: heads ovate,
1 in. long, sessile: corolla elongated-tubular, rose-purple. — The Red Clover
of eastern and Old World meadows; occasionally spontaneous with us.

•M- -M- Annuals.

7. T. Macreei, Hook & Arn. Much branched, decumbent or almost
prostrate, the slender branches 8 — 18 in. long, the herbage more or less
villous- or pilose-pubescent: leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate
above the middle, 6 — 10 lines long: heads nearly or guile sessile, usually
in a terminal pair, ovate, % — % in. high; calyx-teeth longer than the tube,
densely plumose-hairy, nearly equalling the small purplish corolla: pod
1-seeded. Var. albopurpurenm, Greene. Often 1—1^ ft. high, ascend-
ing; heads small, ovate-conical or sub-cylindrical, solitary at the ends of
very long slender peduncles; calyx-teeth slender, more delicately plumose,
fully equalling the white-tipped purple corolla. — Common and variable.

96 LEGUMINOS.E.

8. T. dichotomnm, Hook. & Arn. Erect or ascending, stoutish,
1— l^j ft. high, often flexuous and repeatedly dichotomous : pubescence
longer than in the last, more spreading: leaflets cuneate-obovate or
oblanceolate, the upper acute, % in. long, sharply denticulate: heads
long-peduncled, ovate-conical % — 1)4 in. high: calyx-teeth setaceous,
densely hairy, equalling the red-purple corolla: pod with close elevated
striae. — Plentiful on plains of interior, from Vacaville to Antioch.

9. T. amuMinm. Greene. Commonly 2 ft. high, stout, simple or with
few branches from the base, the heads 1 — 3, terminal and subterminal,
herbage canescently villous: leaflets broadly obovate, retuse or obtuse,
erose-denticulate, 1 in. long or more, 10 lines broad: heads globose, in age
oval 1% in. high: calyx-teeth linear-setaceous, plumose throughout, 3—4
lines long, much shorter than the very showy corolla; this light rose-
purple with dark centre. — Vanden Station, Sacramento plains.

10. T. columbinum, Greene. Erect, nearly simple, 1 ft. high, some-
what silky-pubescent: leaflets 1 in. long, cuneate-oblong, obtuse,
crenulate-denticulate: head ovate -conical, 1 in. high: calyx-tube less than
1 line long; the filiform segments 5 lines, soft and silky-plumose throughout,
deeply concealing the minute purple corolla: pod striate, villous at
apex. — Common about Vacaville; readily known by its pale dove-colored
heads altogether soft and silky, exhibiting no flowers, but seemingly
made up of the long, densely plumose calyx-teeth. May.

11. T. olivaceum, Greene. Simple or branched from the base, 1—1%
ft. high, glabrous except an appressed pubescence on the lower face of
the leaves: petioles 1 — 2 in. long, with lanceolate acuminate entire
stipules; leaflets as in the last, but somewhat serrulate: heads on long
slender peduncles, hemispherical in flower, 1 in. or more broad and high;
calyx-tube 1 line long; the linear -setaceous teeth 5 — 6 lines, densely plumose
toward the base only, gradually less so above, nearly naked at the rather
rigidly setaceous tips; corolla deep violet-purple, very small and con-
cealed; pod striate, glabrous. — With the preceding, but more common;
distinguished by its large olive-green heads.

12. T. ABVENSE, L. Belated to the last two, but of different aspect;
the numerous branches lateral, not basal; the leaves and heads short-
stalked : heads oblong or cylindrical, % in. long, or less: calyx-teeth
silky-plumose throughout, longer than the minute whitish corolla. — The
Rabbit-foot or Mouse-ear Clover of Europe, naturalized on the Atlantic
coast, has been reported from Alameda Co.

* * Heads subtended by a flat or concave (sometimes nearly obsolete)

involucre.

-^Corolla not inflated in age.
•^•Involucre flat; heads a little one-sided.

13. T. Wormskjoldii, Lehm. Perennial, spreading underground by
slender root-stocks; stems decumbent, 3 in. — 2 ft. long; herbage flaccid,

LEGUMINOS^E. 97

glabrous: leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pectinate-denticulate, 1 in.
long or more: heads hemispherical, 1 in. broad or more; involucre
J£ — % in. broad, laciuiate-aristate: calyx-tube scarious, 10-striate, the
alternate nerves less prominent, transverse veinlets 0; teeth linear-subulate,
much longer than the tube, all entire, or 1 or more of them setaceously
2 — 3-parted: banner elliptical, deeply emarginate, pale purple; other
petals darker. — -On hills about San Francisco only a few inches high;
in springy places, or along perennial streams, large and fistulous, form-
ing dense masses, the leaflets often 4, and the calyx-teeth more or less
cut into setaceous divisions. April— August.

14. T. variegatum, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, decumbent or pros-
trate, with very numerous slender branches: leaflets obcordate to
obovate-oblong, minutely spinulose-serrate : upper stipules roundish,
lacinately cleft: peduncles slender, longer than the leaves: laciniate
involucre, shorter than the small (3— 15-flowered) heads: calyx-tube
about 15-nerved; the teeth broadly subulate, tapering to a setaceous point,
longer than .the tube, shorter than the corolla: fl. dull purple or whitish.
Var. melananthum, Greene. More rigid, ascending, the branches often
a foot long or more; heads larger: calyx-teeth more triangular and only
pungently acute or acuminate, of a dark purple almost to the base;
corolla deep purple. Var. major, Loja. Flaccid and procumbent, but
very stout and fistulous, the branches often a yard long; leaflets oblong-
cuneiform, 1 in. long or more; heads 1 in. broad more or less: calyx-
teeth dark purple; petals purple with whitish tips.— Very common and
variable. April, May.

15. T. appendicnlatum, Loja. Glabrous, flaccid, diffuse: leaves
long-petioled: leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate, serrulate-spinulose,
mucronulate at apex: heads hemispherical, 1 in. or less in breadth:
fl. purple: calyx-teeth lanceolate-linear, entire, longer than the tube:
keel of the corolla rostrate-attenuate, longer than the wings. — Lake Merritt,
Oakland, V. K. Chesnut.

16. T. oligaiitlmiii, Steud. Pale green, glabrous, erect, slender, with
few ascending branches, 6—18 in. high: upper leaflets linear, acute, 1 in.
long, spinulose-serrate: peduncles filiform, 2^3 in. long, exceeding the
leaves: head small, 7 — 12-flowered; involucre reduced, laciniately divided:
fl. pale purple and white: 2-3 lines long: calyx-teeth ovate-acuminate,
pungent, entire, equal, shorter than the 10-striate tube. Var. Sonomeiise.
Smaller, the leaflets broader, oblong-cuneiform, truncate, cuspidate:
calyx-teeth subulate, aristate-pointed, equalling or even exceeding the
tube. Var. triflorum (T. triflorum, Greene, Pitt. i. 5). Leaflets as in
var. Sonomense nearly, but still broader and retuse: flowers fewer:
calyx-teeth triangular, acuminate, only a third as long as the tube. —
Type common in ravines and other shaded places. Var. Sonomense in
Knights' Valley, Sonoma Co. Var. triflorum near Mt Diablo.

98 LEGUMINOS^:.

17. T. tridentatum, Lindl. Erect, 8—16 in. high, glabrous, neither
viscid nor clammy: stipules setaceously laciuiate, erect: leaflets linear or
lanceolate, sharply serrate: heads 1 in. broad, the laciniate involucre
much shorter than the flowers: fl. J£ in. long, bright purple with dark
centre: calyx with 10-nerved tube, the rigid segments broad at base,
abruptly narrowed to a subulate spinulose-tipped apex which is usually
subtended by a short stout tooth on each side. Var. scabrellnm, Greene.
Slender, with long almost filiform peduncles and broad truncate cuspi-
date leaflets, and a sparse scabrous pubescence upon its stalklets and
growing parts. — The type belongs to the seaboard, where it abounds in
clayey soils, both on hills and plains. The var. scabrellum is from the
plains of the San Joaquin. March — May.

18. T. obtnsiflorum, Hook. Stout, erect, 1 — 3 ft. high, the herbage
bright green, sparsely short-hairy under a lens; the inflorescence and
growing parts somewhat resinous-glandular: stipules setaceously lacerate,
broad and spreading, in age reflexed; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 1 — \%
in. long, spinulose-serrate : heads more than 1 in. broad, on long stoutish
peduncles: calyx-tube oblong-campanulate, % in- l°ng» with 10 prom-
inent and as many lesser nerves, these branching and forming reticulations
above; teeth subulate-spinose, entire: corolla % in. long, lilac-purple
with dark centre. — Common on clayey hill-sides and stream banks in
the open country along the base of the Mt. Diablo Range. May.

19. T. roscidum, Greene. Erect, with ascending branches, stout,
1 — 2 ft. high, stems flexuous, purple, leaves deep dull green, soft-pubescent
throughout and very clammy, not at all resinous: stipules spreading or
reflexed, setaceously fimbriate: leaflets 1 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
pectinately setulose: heads as in the preceding (though not glandular),
calyx the same; corolla white, with dark red-purple centre. — Plentiful
in canons, along streams, in Solano Co., etc.

•M- -M- Involucre concave,' flowers developing equally all around.

20. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Slender, much branched, decumbent
or procumbent, soft-pubescent: leaflets obovate-cuneiform or obcordate,
emarginate, denticulate; stipules ovate-acuminate, nearly entire; heads
subglobose, very small, oo -flowered, on slender peduncles; involucre
many-cleft, segments entire: calyx-teeth subulate, broad, scarious, and
sometimes toothed at base: fl. minute, pinkish: pod globose, 1-seeded.
— Common. May.

21. T. microdon, Hook. & Arn. Larger than the last, not rarely
2ft. high, glabrous or nearly so: involucre broader, deeply cup-shaped,
equalling the head, its many lobes conspicuously toothed: calyx-teeth
rigid, triangular, acute, serrulate below. — Abundant in many places.

LEGUMINOSJE. 99

•1—4— Corolla more or less inflated in age.

22. T. barbigermn, Torr. Branches stout, with short internodes,
nearly prostrate, 4 — 10 in. long; herbage deep green, soft-pubescent:
petioles elongated; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse, denticulate, ^ in.
long or less : involucre as broad as the long-peduncled heads, 4 — 8 lines
wide, shortly lobed and setaceously toothed: calyx-tube short, thin and
at length scarious; teeth selaceous-awned, plumose, sometimes 2—3
parted, usually exceeding the small purple corolla: pod 2-seeded. —
Frequent at Berkeley, San Francisco, etc.

23. T. Grayi, Loja. Erect, stout, with long internodes, 1 — 2 ft. high,
sparingly branched, villous with long spreading hairs: leaflets 1 in. long,
cuneate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sharply serrulate:
heads long-peduncled, 1 in. broad; the involucre as broad: calyx- tube
scarious, villous, 10-nerved; teeth linear-subulate from a triangular base,
plumose, as long as the dark red-purple corolla. — Marin Co.

24. T. fucatum, Lindl. Branches stout and somewhat fistulous,
often a foot long: leaflets 1 in. long, rhombic-obovate rather conspic-
uously spinulose-serrate or -dentate, in texture somewhat succulent:
heads \}£ — 2 in. broad, 13 — 20-flowered: fl. 1 in. long or more; calyx-
tube campanulate, 1^ lines long; none of the teeth as long as the tube,
all triangular, the two upper short and acute, the three lower tapering to a
setaceous point; corolla cream-color, with a slight greenish tinge, fading
pinkish, the keel-petals with a dark purple spot; legume rather long-
stipitate. — In low meadow lands; most frequent near the Bay.

25. T. flaviiluni, Greene. Pale green and glaucescent, stoutish,
often larger than the last but heads not half as large: leaflets ^ — %
inch long, broadly obovate, from pectinate-denticulate to entire : heads
% — 1 inch broad, 5 — 12-flowered: flower seldom % inch long: calyx-tube
a line long, the shortest of the teeth decidedly longer, the 3 lower about
twice as long, all slender-subulate from a broad base: legume subsessile.
— More common than the last; usually on higher ground.

26. T. virescens, Greene. Near the two preceding, but slender and
half as large : leaflets inverse-deltoid, broadest at summit and truncate,
sharply serrulate: slender peduncles twice the length of the leaves:
heads less than 1 in. broad: calyx-teeth all slender-subulate, the two upper
shorter than the tube, closely approximate, the lower twice the length of the
tube: corolla greenish-yellow, 7—8 lines long. — Mountains and valleys
of Marin and Sonoma counties.

27. T. Gam belli, Nutt. A span high, scarcely branching: long-
peduncled heads usually only 3 — 5-flowered: upper calyx-teeth subulate,
the lower much larger, each cleft into 5 — 7 long setaceous segments. — Hills
at the eastern base of Mt. Diablo.

100 LEGUMINOS.E.

28. T. amplectens, Torr. & Gray. Light green and glabrous, small,
slender, the branches 3—10 in. long: leaflets %— % in. long, cuneate-
obovate or -oblong, truncate or retuse, mucronately denticulate: pedun-
cles slender; involucre half as broad as the heads, its lubes broad,
scarious-margined, obtuse, sometimes cleft or toothed: calyx cleft -nearly
to the base, the subulate slenderly acuminate teeth very unequal, the
larger rarely toothed or cleft: corolla ochroleucous, 2—3 lines long:
pod membranaceous, translucent, finely reticulate with green veins,
promptly dehiscent by one suture only, 4— 6-seeded: seed small, trans-
versely oval, emarginate at the hilum, coarsely tuberculate-rugose. —
Not common; but found at Alameda, and in the Oakland Hills.

29. T. hydrophilum. Diffuse, glabrous, the branches flaccid though
not very slender, 1—2 ft. long: stipules ovate, entire, subulate-pointed;
leaflets linear or oblong, obtuse or truncate, repandly dentate or somewhat
serrulate, 1 in. long: peduncles slender, little exceeding the leaves:
heads 8 — 15-flowered: involucre of about 5 small ovate or oblong bracts:
calyx-teeth very long, subulate-arisliform: corolla in age oblong, slightly
inflated and about equally so from end to end, conspicuously striate: pod
2-seeded: seed transversely oblong, sinuous-rugose. — In low moist lands
along the seaboard, preferring the vicinity of the salt marshes; but also
around ponds among the hills, and even on subsaline plains of the lower
Sacramento. A most distinct species every way, and one which, having
its lowest leaves narrowest and its uppermost and later ones broadest,
reverses that order of leaf-widening which is otherwise universal in
Californian clovers. It is T. diversifoUum of the Flora Franciscana;
but Nuttall's species can not be identified by his meagre description, and
it is hardly probable that he had this plant in view.

30. T. Franciscannm. Slender but wiry, the decumbent branches
5— 10 in. long: leaflets linear-cuneiform, the very lowest entire, truncate
and cuspidate, the others serrulate and acute; filiform peduncles far
exceeding the leaves: segments of involucre oblong, obtuse; heads
small, hemispherical or subglobose: calyx-teeth short and subulate:
corolla red-purple, in age inflated to the broadly ovate. Var. truucatum.
Larger and more flaccid, the leaflets ampler, nearly all linear and
oblong-linear, truncate and scarcely toothed; heads larger: corolla
ochroleucous, the keel tipped with dark purple, the whole in age inflated
almost to the turbinate or obpyramidal — Type common at San Francisco;
the variety abundant in Napa and Solano counties, etc. The two forms
comprise the T. stenophyllum of the Fl. Fr.; but that name is another of
Nuttall's nomina seminuda, and his description is more suited to the
variety next of the species.

31. T. depanperatnm, Desv. Only a few inches high, branched
from the base, flaccid, decumbent, glabrous: leaflets }4 in- long, cuneate-
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, denticulate : head long-stalked, few-flowered :

LEGUMINOS2E. 101

greatly reduced, with truncate short lobes: corolla larger than
iii the last, less inflated, red-purple: pod 1 — 2-seeded: seed little broader
than long, rather angular, tuberculate-rugose. — Var. stenophyllum.
Stems more slender and elongated: leaflets narrowly linear, the lowest
emarginate, the upper acute: corolla smaller, ochroleucous. — Mostly in
low places among the hills of the Coast Eange.

32. T. laciniatum, Greene. Slender, flaccid, glabrous, ascending,
3—6 in. high: stipules ovate, acuminate, mostly entire: lower leaflets
narrowly cuneiform, denticulate, the upper broad, truncate and 3-dentate
at apex, laciniately toothed or pinnalifid: involucre obsolete: fl. 3 — 5,
white with purple centre, inflated in age: pod 3— 4-seeded: seed oval,
with the strong corrugation running into a more or less distinctly f avose
coarse reticulation. Var. angtistatum. Leaves all linear, truncate,
entire. — Type from the vicinity of Byron Springs only; the variety there,
and also in Sonoma Co., Bioletti.

11. MELILOTUS, Morison (SWEKT CLOVER). Erect herbs with pin-,
nately 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets toothed, and small fragrant flowers
in slender axillary racemes. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens,
deciduous. Pod ovoid, small, scarcely dehiscent, 1 — 2-seeded. —Old
World plants with sweet-scented herbage and very fragrant flowers.
The following species are naturalized with us.

1. M. INDICA, Allioni. Annual, glabrous, 1 — 3 ft. high, bearing many
racemes of minute yellow flowers. — Common in low grounds, chiefly
near the salt marshes or along rivers. A good fodder plant.

2. M. ALBA, Lam. Stout, 3 — 6 ft, high: fl. larger, white, very fragrant.
— Spontaneous in northern California; perhaps not within our limits.

12. MEDICI, Tourn. Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-
foliolate) leaves and flowers 2, 3, or many, on axillary peduncles. Petals
free from the diadelphous stamens, deciduous. Pod 1-several-seeded,
falcate- incurved or coiled into a spiral. — Valuable forage plants, natives
of Asia, brought to California, by way of Mexico or South America in
early times; some of them now widely naturalized.

1. M. LEGITIMA, Clus. (1601). Medicago saliva, L. (ALFALFA). Per-
ennial, erect, glabrous, 2— 4 ft. high: leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblan-
ceolate, toothed above: fl. oo, racemose, violet: pod spirally coiled,
unarmed.— Here and there spontaneous, but not very prevalent in the
wild state, at least in our district.

2. M. LUPULINA (L.), Lam. Annual, slender, procumbent, 1 — 2 ft.
long, soft-hairy: leaflets obovate, small: fl. minute, in small oblong
heads, yellow: pod small, reniform or curved almost into a ring, black
when ripe, 1-seeded.— Not rare in moist waste lands.

102 LEGUMINOS^E.

3. M. DENTICULATA( Willd.). (Bun CLOVER). Annual, much branched,
decumbent, glabrous: leaflets obovate or obcordate, denticulate: fl. 2—3,
yellow: pods coiled into 2 circles, their margins armed with hooked
prickles. — Common everywhere: valuable as a forage plant, but the
"burs" damaging to wool.

4. M. APICULATA (Willd.). Aspect of M. denticulala, but the pods
unarmed, their margin beset on either side by a row of tubercles or
murications, the whole surface reticulate. — In grain fields, etc.; not
common.

5. M. ARABICA, Camerarius (1588). Medicago Arabica, Allioni (1785);
M. maculata, Willd. (1801). Larger every way than M. denticulala;
leaflets with a blackish purple irregular blotch in the middle: pods
coiled into a spiral of 4 or 5 turns, thus becoming globular, not retic-
ulate; the spines in 2 rows, divaricate, curved throughout — In moist
shaded grounds.

13. CYTISUS, [Hose. (BROOM). Shrubs with green very leafy or
nearly leafless often angular branches, palmately or pinnately 3-foliolate
leaves (leaflets entire), and solitary or racemose yellow or white flowers.
Calyx with campanulate tube and bilabiate limb. Petals broad; keel
obtuse. Stamens monadelphous. Pod compressed, several-seeded. —
Natives of the Old World; becoming spontaneous on our coast.

1. C. CANARIENSIS (L.), Greene. Much branched, 3 — 6 ft. high, soft-
pubescent, the branches and branchlets very leafy: leaflets % — % in.
long: fl. yellow, in numerous terminal short racemes, fragrant; calyx
with upper segment deeply, lower obsoletely 3-toothed at apex; banner
not reflexed; keel deflexed, releasing the stamens. — Running wild on
the grounds of the University at Berkeley.

2. C. SCOPARIUS (L.), Link. Size of the last, but sparingly leafy, the
branches prominently angular: leaflets glabrous, often 1 only: fl. large,
bright yellow, solitary or in pairs along the branchlets, in the leaf-axils,
and apparently racemose: pod pilose along the margins. — Naturalized
abundantly northward; more sparingly with us.

3. C. PROLIFERUS, L. f. Arborescent, branches terete and, with the
young leaves, etc., silky-pubescent; leaflets 3, elliptic-lanceolate, 1 in.
long or more: fl. white in lateral umbellate racemes: banner reflexed:
keel shorter than the wings, enclosing the stamens : pod villous. — Native
of Teneriffe; a valued forage shrub in some countries; escaped from
cultivation at Berkeley. Jan., Feb.

14. ULEX, Linn. (FURZE, GOKSE). Compact very thorny shrubs
with simple prickle-pointed leaf -like organs, and scattered yellow flowers.
Calyx of 2 nearly or quite distinct yellowish sepals. Banner nearly as

LEGUMINOS^E. 103

long as the other petals, not reflexed, scarcely even erect. Stamens
monadelphous. Pod few-seeded, little longer than the calyx.

1. U. EUROP^EUS, L. Three to six feet high, the numerous short
branchlets villous, ending in a stout spine: lower leaves sometimes
lanceolate, more commonly reduced to green spines ^ in. long: fl. ^ in.
long, yellow, solitary but often crowded on the branchlets; calyx villous.
— Spontaneous here and there about San Francisco. Feb. — June.

15. SPARTIUM, Lobel (SPANISH BROOM). Branches stout, terete,
green and rush-like, glabrous, sparsely leafy with 1-foliolate leaves, or
leafless, bearing terminal loose racemes of large yellow flowers. Calyx
spathaceous, cleft to the base above, 5-toothed at apex. Banner roundish,
erect; keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous. Pod compressed.

1. S. JUNCEUM, L. Native of southern Europe. Spontaneous near
San Francisco.

16. LUPIMJS, Catullus (LUPINE). Leaves palmately 5— 15-foliolate;
leaflets entire, sessile; stipules adnate, seldom conspicuous. Flowers
blue, pinkish or yellow, in terminal racemes, with bracts mostly caducous.
Calyx deeply bilabiate; upper lip notched, lower usually entire, occa-
sionally 3-toothed or -cleft. Banner roundish; wings falcate-oblong,
commonly slightly united at tip in front of, and enclosing, the falcate
usually slender-pointed keel. Stamens monadelphous, dimorphous, 5
with longer and basifixed anthers, the alternate 5 with shorter and
versatile ones. Pods compressed, straight.

* Pods several-seeded; cotyledons peliolate.
•i— Annuals; flowers more or less verlicillate.

1. L. micranthus, Dougl. Bather slender and weak, branched from
the base, 6 — 18 in. high, pilose-pubescent, not at all succulent: leaflets
5 — 7, narrowly linear to linear-spatulate, %—!% in- long* on petioles
twice as long: raceme peduncled, verticils 3—5, often indistinct: pedicels
1%* lines long (in fruit 3 lines); upper calyx-lip with divergent lobes;
lower long, entire: corolla 2 lines long, blue, except the white and dotted
middle of the erect mucronulate banner, the white spot changing to light
blue; wings narrow, appressed; keel woolly-ciliate toward the apex; pod
5-seeded: seed quadrate-oval, whitish, with or without minute light
brown dots. — Common in sandy soils.

2. L. polycarpus, Greene. Erect, stoutish, rather succulent, 1 — 2 ft.
high, with firm ascending branches from midway of the stem, pubescent:
leaflets 7, narrowly oblanceolate, 1 in. long; glabrous above: racemes
with 4 — 7 very distinct verticils; pedicels 1 line long: upper calyx-lip
bifid, its ovate segments short, parallel; lower scarcely longer, 3-nerved,
slightly notched at apex: corolla \% lines long, deep blue; the obovate

104 LEGUMINOS^.

retuse banner with a white spot; wings coherent at tip, inflated, exposing
the base of the broad short keel; this ciliate below the apex: pod rigid,
slightly falcate, 7 — 9-seeded.— Very common, preferring rich low meadow
lands adjacent to the salt marshes; also occurring in a reduced form on
the low plains of the interior.

3. L. trifldus, Torr. Slender, branched from the base, 6—10 in.
high, pilose-canescent: racemes short (1—3 whorls): upper calyx-lip
deeply cleft, segments divergent; lower broad, deeply trifid: corolla 2%
lines long, blue, the white spot on the banner permanent; keel deep,
scarcely falcate, shortly and obtusely pointed, and with a few stiffish
ciliolae above the middle. — In sandy land, at San Francisco and Alameda-

4. L. bicolor, Lindl. Low, often diffuse, stoutish, 6—10 in. high,
silky-pilose: leaflets 5—7, linear-spatulate, 1 in. long: upper calyx-lip
bifid; lower twice as long, entire: corolla 4 — 5 lines long, blue and white,
the white changing to red-purple; banner reflexed; keel falcate, acute,
ciliate toward the apex: pod small, about 5-seeded. — Sandy soil about
San Francisco, in a slender depressed very hairy form; also on gravelly
crests' of the Oakland Hills, where it is stouter, with ascending branches.

5. L. pachylobus, Greene. Stout, rigid, barely 1 ft. high, a few
ascending branches from the base, hirsute throughout: petioles slender
and long; leaflets 5 — 7, linear, % in long: racemes on stout peduncles,
whorls 2—4: fl. 3 lines long, subsessile, deep blue: calyx-lips broad, the
upper very short, notched; lower entire and twice as long: pod large,
(1% in long, 4—5 lines wide), very hirsute, 4— 6-seeded. — Contra Costa

Co , and northward, in the Coast ranges.

• *

6. L. mums, Dougl. Commonly 1 ft. often 2 ft. high, with many
decumbent branches, not succulent, minutely and not densely villous-
pubescent: leaflets oblanceolate, 1 in. long: racemes short-peduncled,
3 — 7 in, long, of many rather indistinct whorls of large deep purple
fragrant flowers: upper calyx-lip deeply cleft; lower 3-dentate: corolla
g_ 7 unes long, the orbicular retuse banner closely reflexed, the white
middle part turning rose-red; wings lightly joined, forming an obliquely
obovate inflated sac; falcate keel with a long slightly ciliate beak. — Com-
mon on plains, especially in sandy soil.

7. L. carnosulus, Greene. Erect, 1—2 ft. high, usually simple,
stout and succulent; pubescence minute, appressed : leaflets oblanceolate,
1 in. long, obtuse, but with a small recurved mucronation: raceme loose,
distinctly verticillate: upper calyx-lip deeply cleft; lower entire: corolla
deep blue; keel villous in the middle.— Valleys of the Coast Range.

8. L. aftinis, Agardh. Very stout and succulent, irregularly branch-
ing, 1 — 2 ft. high, the pubescence very sparse and short; stipules small,
setaceous: leaflets 7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 1—1% in-

LEGUMINOS.E. 105

long, on stout petioles twice or thrice as long: racemes rather short-
peduncled; whorls 3 — 7; bracts equalling the calyx; upper calyx-lip
bifid; lower entire or 3-toothed: corolla 5—6 lines long, deep bluish
purple; keel broad, not strongly falcate, naked: ovary densely velvety;
pod glabrate, 1—2 in. long, 5— 9-seeded. — Common in low, clayey soils.

-K- -i— Perennials; fl. 6 — 7 lines long.

9. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Stem nearly simple, very stout, somewhat
fleshy, erect, 3—5 ft. high, pilose-pubescent, equably leafy up to the
inflorescence: stipules adnate for half their length or more; petioles
6 — 12 in. long; leajiets 11 — 25, lanceolate, acute, hirsute beneath, glabrous
above, 3—6 in. long: raceme short- peduncled, dense, 1 — 2 ft. long: fl.
subverticillate, long pedicelled, % in. long and as broad: calyx-lips of
about equal length, the upper broader, both entire: wings bluish, banner
red-purple: keel falcate, acuminate, naked: pod 1 — 1*^ in. long, }£ in.
broad, 7— 9-seeded. — In open marshy ground from near Point Bonita
northward. May.

10. L. formosus, Greene. Stoutish and suberect, or more slender
and decumbent, 2—3 ft. high, sparsely silky-pubescent: stipules long,
linear-setaceous, persistent: leaflets 7 — 9, linear -lanceolate, very acute,
1 — l**jj in. long, equalling the petiole: raceme subsessile, more or less
whorled, but rather dense : fl. 6 — 7 lines long, rich violet, the banner and
wings equalling, the latter entirely enfolding, the less elongated naked
keel Var. Bridgesii, Greene. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, the whole
plant silvery-canescent, and even villous; raceme distinctly pedunculate,
the verticils more remote and distinct. — This, in various forms, is the
common perennial lupine of fields and orchards among the Coast Kange
valleys, and on the plains beyond.

11. L. sericatus, Kell. Stoutish, decumbent, % — 1 ft. high, very
leafy, canescent with a minute closely appressed silky pubescence: stipules
setaceously acuminate from an adnate base; leaflets 7, spatulate-oblong,
obtusish, 13^ — 2 in. long, on petioles as long: raceme short-peduncled:
fl. large, in about 5 whorls, deep purple: calyx-lips large, the upper
cleft, lower obscurely 3-toothed; keel slender-pointed, lightly ciliolate. —
An elegant species apparently confined to a limited area in the mountains
of Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties.

12. L. latifolins, Agardh. Stoutish, erect, branching, 2—4 ft. high,
minutely appressed-pubescent, the stem not striate, dark green and
shining, equably leafy, the basal leaves not long-stalked : stipules linear-
setaceous; leaflets 5 — 7, broadly oblanceolate, thin, mucronulate, pilose-
ciliale on the margins and the midvein beneath, 1 — 2% in. long: racemes
slender-peduncled, loose, the verticils often distinct; pedicels slender:
calyx-teeth elongated, the upper notched slightly at the narrow apex:

106 LEGUMINOS^:.

fl. blue, changing to dull brown : keel ciliolate below the middle.— By
streamlets and on wooded northward slopes of the Coast Range at low
altitudes: common in the hills near Berkeley. May — August.

13. L. lit tonilis, Dougl. Stems clustered, decumbent or ascending,
1 — 2 ft. long, from yellow roots that are somewhat fleshy and fusiform;
herbage canescently silky : leaflets 5—7, acute, 1 in. long, silky on both
sides: fl. distinctly and rather remotely verticillate in a short-peduncled
raceme: calyx-lips subequal, entire: banner red, shorter than the blue
wings : keel ciliate : pod linear, hirsute : seeds linear, brown with black
spots. — Near Point Reyes, on seashore sands.

H— H— -i— Suffrutescent or shrubby species.

14. L. albifrons, Benth. Arborescent, the distinct trunk-like woody
stem 1—3 ft. high, parted into spreading leafy branches, these ending in
a rather long-peduncled loose raceme: leaflets 7 — 9, oblanceolate, 1 in.
long or more, silvery-silky on both sides: fl. verticillate, large, deep blue:
upper calyx-lip broad, cleft to the middle, or less deeply; lower entire;
petals subequal, the broad banner with a whitish spot which soon changes
to rose-purple; keel ciliate: pod 2 in. long, 5— 9-seeded: seed oval, 2 lines
long, brownish, encircled marginally by a dark line. Var. collinns,
Greene. Smaller in all its parts and with no trunk-like stem, the branches
decumbent from a short caudex. — Very common on clayey slopes and
along ravines; the variety on rocky summits about the Presidio, and on
the islands in the Bay. Feb.— April.

15. L. jucundus, Greene. Shrubby, 2—4 ft. high; the branches as-
cending, leafy, ending in a long-peduncled rather loose raceme: leaves
silky-canescent; leaflets 7 — 9, narrowly oblanceolate, acute, not very
unequal : fl. very distinctly whorled : calyx-lips subequal, the upper bifid :
corolla % in. long, mainly dark violet, but with a yellow spot in the
middle of the banner which soon turns to a dark tawny red, the very
margin white changing to rose-red; keel naked; banner notably smaller
than the other pelals. — Vaca Mountains. (L. tricolor, Greene, not of
garden catalogues).

16. L. eminens, Greene. Of almost arborescent form, 3—6 ft. high :
branches stoutish ascending, very leafy, ending in a rather short and
dense short-peduncled raceme: growing branches and both faces of the
leaves silvery-silky : leaflets 7—9, very unequal, the longest 1% in., the
smallest barely 1 in. long: fl. scarcely whorled in the raceme; upper
calyx-lobe very broad, scarcely notched, the lower narrow, entire : corolla
about % in. long, purple, the banner shorter than the other petals,
changing from whitish to tawny; keel naked: pods villous, rather short,
almost erect, about 4-seeded. —Description drawn from a plant of the
Santa Inez Mts.; but the same appears to occur on Mt. Tamalpais.

LEGUMINOS^E. 107

17. L. Chaniissoiiis, Esch. Commonly 3 ft. high, but never arbor-
escent; the suffrutescent branches forming a more or less dense tuft and
leafy throughout: the petioles short; raceme elongated and dense, but
scarcely peduncled: fl. not very distinctly whorled, of a lavender shade;
banner with a permanent yellowish spot. — Apparently confined to the
sand dunes of the San Francisco peninsula and Point Reyes. April —
July

18. L. variicolor, Steud. Woody basal branches short, slender, very
tough, the decumbent, or often assurgent annual ones very leafy, 1 ft.
long or less : pubescence of the leaves scanty, appressed, the stems often
sparingly hirsute: leaflets 7 — 9, narrow, acute: raceme short, the whorls
often 3, 2 or 1 only: fl. large; banner white or pale blue; wings blue;
keel ciliale throughout its length: pods large. — Frequent on grassy north-
ward slopes at the Presidio, San Francisco, and southward.

19. L. arboreus, Sims. From arborescent and 6—10 ft. high to
suffrutescent and bushy; slightly silky-pubescent: leaflets about 9, nar-
rowly lanceolate, %— 1% in. long, acute, glabrate above: raceme often
1 fl. long; fl. whorled, sulphur-yellow; keelciliate: pod 2 — 3 in. long,
8 — 12-seeded: seed oblong, dark. — Very common among the sand-hills,
or in sandy soil, mostly near the sea or along the shores of the Bay.

20. L. propinquns, Greene. Near the last, but small and more
bushy, usually 2—4 ft. high, puberulent, except the glabrous upper face
of the leaflets: racemes short and shorl-peduncled, the bracts squarrose,
very caducous: petals violet, the banner reddening in age; keel strongly
ciliate: pods and seed nearly as in the preceding. — A seaboard species of
wide range north and south. Point Reyes, etc.

* * Pods 2-seeded; cotyledons connate. Annuals with whorled flowers
and persistent bracts.

21. L. microcarpns, Sims. Branched from the base, or near it, 1 ft.
high or less, somewhat succulent, villous throughout: leaflets 9, cuneate-
oblong, 1 in. long or more: racemes short-peduncled: bracts subulate-
setaceous, equalling the calyx or shorter: fl. short-pedicelled, purplish
or flesh-color: calyx densely hirsute; upper lip short, subscarious, enaar-
ginate or cleft; lower obscurely 2— 3-toothed.— Throughout the State,
apparently in the interior only.

22. L. densiflorus, Benth. Stem stout, simple below, parted in the
middle into numerous wide -spread branches, 2 ft. high, succulent, sparsely
villous: racemes 6— 10 in. long, long-peduncled: bracts setaceous from
abroad base: fl. white or rose-color, the banner greenish-dotted: calyx
sparingly villous: upper lip scarious, deeply cleft: lower long, toothed. —
Very common, both on the seaboard and plains of the interior. A

108 DRUPACEJE.

yellow- flowered form, possibly distinct (L. Menziesii, Agh.) occurs in
Napa Valley and near Antioch, and has sometimes been confused with
the next. April, May.

23. L. lut col us, Kell. More slender, simple below, loosely branching
above, 2 ft. high or more, rigid, not succulent: racemes shorter and more
dense; bracts linear-setaceous: fl. rather small for the group (6 lines
long), pale yellow, subsessile: upper lip of calyx ovate-lanceolate, entire;
lower 3-toothed. — A mountain species, from Contra Costa and Sonoma
counties; otherwise northern. June — Sept.

17. XYLOTHERMIA, Greene. A rigid much branched spinescent
shrub, with small nearly sessile 1 — 3-foliolate exstipulate leaves, and
large solitary almost sessile purple flowers. Calyx campanulate, repandly
4-toothed. Petals equal; banner orbicular, the sides reflexed; keel-
petals oblong, obtuse, distinct. Stamens distinct. Pod linear, com-
pressed, straight, several-seeded.

1. X. montana (Nutt.), Greene. Shrub 3 — 6 ft. high, the branches
spreading widely: leaves crowded; leaflets %—% in. long, oblanceolate,
acute, entire, somewhat silky when young: fl. near the ends of the stiff
spinescent branchlets, on short 2-bracteolate peduncles, from pale rose-
to deep red-purple, about % in. long. — At middle elevations in the Coast
Range; often forming dense thickets on hill-sides and summits.

18. THERMOPSIS, Robert Brown (FALSE LUPINE). Erect perennials
with palmately 3-foliolate leaves, foliaceous stipules, and a terminal
raceme of yellow flowers; the pedicels subtended by persistent bracts.
Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle, the two upper teeth often united.
Banner roundish, shorter than the wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly
straight, obtuse, equalling the wings. Stamens distinct. Pod linear,
flat, several-seeded.

1. T. Californica, Wats. Stipules broadly lanceolate, less than 1
in. long; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, 1 — 2 in. long, silky-tomentose
on both faces : pod 6 — 8-seeded. Var. velutina, Greene. Silvery-canes-
cent with a dense velvety pubescence; leaflets more acute. — Type common
on low hills toward the coast; the variety on Mt. Hamilton. May.

OBDEB XXXIV. DRUPACE>€.

Shrubs or trees with bark exuding gum; bark, leaves and seeds more
or less keenly bitter. Leaves alternate, simple, with small caducous
stipules. Flowers perfect (except in Osmaronia}, regular. Calyx tubular
or campanulate, free from the ovary, the tube lined with a disk, decid-
uous; limb 5-lobed, imbricate in aestivation. Petals 5, perigynous.
Stamens about 20, inserted within the petals on the disk of the calyx-

DRUPACE^:. 109

tube. Pistil 1 (in Osmaronia 5); style simple; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled,
becoming a drupe. Seed pendulous; cotyledons large, thick, fleshy;
albumen 0.

1. PRUNUS, Varro (PLUM-TREE. PRUNE). Leaves convolute in
the bud. Flowers in umbellate clusters from lateral buds, appearing
before or with the leaves. Drupe ovoid, glabrous, glaucous; the thick
sarcocarp pulpy, sweet or pleasantly acidulous, and with the distinctive
flavor of plums; putamen bony, smooth, compressed, acutely edged on
one margin, grooved on the other.

1. P. subcordata, Benth. Arborescent, 3 — 10 ft. high, much branched,
more or less spinescent; nascent leaves and twigs finely pubescent, in
age glabrate: leaves ovate, cuneate or subcordate at base, obtuse or
acute, sharply serrulate, about 1 in. long, short-petioled: umbels 2—4-
flowered; pedicels % — % in- l°ng> fl- white, ^ in. broad: drupe % in.
long, red, the pulp rather hard and unpalatable.— Hillsides and banks.
Fl. March, April. Fr. August, Sept.

2. CERASUS, Theophr., (CHERRY- TREE. CHOKE-CHERRY. ISLAY).
Leaves conduplicate in the bud. Flowers corymbose or racemose from
lateral buds which are often leaf-bearing. Drupe globose, glabrous,
destitute of bloom; the sarcocarp sweet rather than acidulous (in our
species), often keenly bitter, sometimes sour and astringent; putamen
osseous or ligneous, smooth, mostly globose, not prominently margined.

* Flowers corymbose, from lateral buds; drupe small, with bony putamen.

1. C. emarginata, Dougl. Shrub 3—8 ft. high, branched from the
base and clothed throughout with a smooth shining bark: leaves obovate,
oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, retuse or emarginate, on sterile twigs
acutish, %—l% in. long, finely crenate -serrulate, mostly uniglandular,
and that% on the lower part of the blade, well above the junction with
the petiole: fl. few, in a short corymb: fruit bright red, intensely bitter.
— Hills of the Coast Eange.

* * Flowers racemose, from axillary leafless buds.

3. C. ilicifolia, Nutt. Evergreen, often 12-18 ft. high, with well
rounded head, the trunk clothed with a dark rough bark: leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, truncate or rounded at base, coarsely
spinose-toothed, coriaceous, glabrous throughout, 1—2 in. long, short-
petioled: racemes 1—2 in. long, leafless; fl. small: drupe )<£ in. thick or
more, slightly obcompressed, putamen scarcely ligneous; sarcocarp thin,
sweetish, when ripe. — Oakland Hills, thence southward.

* * * Flowers racemose at the ends of leafy branchlets; drupe small.

4. C. demissa, Nutt. Deciduous, 3—12 ft. high: leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, sharply

110 POMACES.

serrate, more or less pubescent beneath, 2 — 4 in. long, with 1 or 2 glands
on the petiole just below its summit: racemes 3—4 in. long, many-flowered:
drupe globose, red or dark purple, astringent, putamen ligneous, glo-
bose.— Hills behind North Berkeley; also in San Francisco Co. Fl.
April, fr. Sept.

3. OSMAROXIA, Greene. (Oso BERRY). Deciduous shrub, with
flowers dioecious, in pendulous racemes terminating short leafy branch-
lets. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, broadly spatulate,
erect in the pistillate flowers, spreading in the staminate. Stamens 15,
in two rows, 10 inserted with the petals, 5 more deeply within the calyx-
tube; filaments slender, short. Pistils 5; styles short, lateral, jointed at
base. Drupes 1—4, ovoid, with thin pulp and osseous putamen. Seed
solitary; cotyledons convolute.

1. 0. cerasiformis (T. & G.), Greene. Stems 2—10 ft. high, the
bark dark brown: leaves broadly oblanceolate, entire, obtuse or acutish,
mucronulate, 2—3 in. long, short-petioled: racemes shorter than the
leaves; bracts conspicuous: fl. white, very fragrant: drupes 6—8 lines
long, slightly compressed, blue-black; pulp very thin, bitter.— Coast
Range hills. Jan. — April.

ORDER XXXV. P 0 M A C~E AL .

Trees and shrubs with astringent but neither bitter nor poisonous
properties; not gummiferous. Leaves alternate, simple or unequally
pinnate, with caducous stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, racemosely
or corymbosely clustered, white or reddish. Calyx-tube urceolate or
campanulate, more or less coherent with the ovary, the usually short
free portion lined with a staminiferous disk: limb 5-lobed, imbricate in
aestivation. Petals 5, perigynous. Stamens mostly 20, inserted on the
disk. Ovary of 2, 3 or 5 carpels, becoming a pome; styles as many as
the carpels. Seeds usually 2 in each cell, collateral, ascending; coty-
ledons fleshy; albumen 0.

1. AMELANCHIER, Label. (SERVICE-BERRY). Shrubs with decid-
uous oblong or rounded serrate or subentire leaves, and bracted racemose
white flowers appearing with them in early spring; the bracts caducous.
Calyx-tube broadly turbinate; segments as long as the tube, erect or
reflexed in flower. Petals linear-oblong; plane. Stamens 20, shorter
than the petals. Styles 3—5, coalescent at base or distinct; carpels as
many, incompletely 2-celled, but only 1 seeded. Fruit small, berry-like,
dark purple, more or less glaucous, the pulp sweet and edible.

1. A. a I ni folia. Nutt. Arborescent, but seldom 10 ft. high: leaves
nearly full grown at flowering time, but thin, dark green, oval or oblong-
ovate, obtuse at both ends, coarsely serrate toward the apex, otherwise

ROSACES. Ill

entire, woolly-pubescent beneath, even in age: racemes oo - flowered;
bracts setaceous, long-woolly: calyx densely tomentose, the triangular
lanceolate teeth closely reflexed: petals spatulate -linear, % in. long,
plane: stamens very short, not equalling the calyx-teeth.— Banks of
streams, and, in dwarf form, on rocky hills.

2. HETEROMELES, Itewer (CALIFORNIA HOLLY. CHRISTMAS BEERY).
A small evergreen tree with simple coriaceous serrate leaves, and num-
erous small white flowers in terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx tur-
binate; limb 5-parted, the lobes at length inflexed over the carpels and
becoming fleshy. Petals rounded, concave. Stamens 10; filaments
dilated at base and slightly connate. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, 4—6 ovuled;
styles and stigmas 2—3. Fruit ovoid, red, berry-like with dry mealy
pulp; carpels free from the fleshy calyx-tube above the middle. Seeds
1 — 2 in each cell, erect; testa thin -.cartilaginous.

1. H. arbutifolia (H. Ait. f ), Kramer. Usually 10—25 ft. high; nascent
parts tomentulose: leaves dark green and shining, narrowly oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, sharply but not very closely
serrate or dentate, 2 — 4 in. long: pome 3 lines long: seed one-half as
long. — Very common along streams and on northward slopes. Fl. July,
fr. Dec.

3. MALUS, Tourn. (APPLE-TREE. CRAB- APPLE). Small deciduous
trees. Leaves simple, more or less serrate ; Flowers rather large, reddish
or white, corymbose at the ends of short lateral branchlets. Stamens
20. Styles 5, more or less united at base. Carpels 5; wholly covered by
the adnate calyx-tube, chartaceous in^ fruit, 2-seeded. Pome large,
globose, depressed at each end, the flesh acidulous, destitute of grit -cells.

1. M. rivularis (Dougl.), Eo3m. Tree 15—25 ft. high: leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1—3 in. long, often slightly 3-lobed,
sharply serrulate, more or less pubescent when young : corymb somewhat
racemose; pedicels slender, 1 in. long: petals orbicular, 3—4 lines broad,
white: pome red or yellow, short-cylindrical, ^ in. long or more. — The
Oregon Crab-apple has been found as far southward as Sonoma Co.

2. M. GOMMUNIS, DC., the common apple of the orchards, already of
frequent occurrence by waysides, is becoming naturalized in California,
as it already is in many parts of the world where it has been long
cultivated.

ORDER XXXVI. R 0 S A C E /£ ,

Herbs or shrubs often prickly, with alternate frequently compound
leaves and mostly foliaceous commonly adnate stipules. Flowers perfect
or unisexual, solitary, cymose, corymbose, or paniculate. Calyx free
from the ovary, 4— 5-cleft, the segments valvate (rarely imbricate) in

112 ROSACES.

aestivation. Petals perigynous, as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate
with them, or 0. Stamens 5 —GO , perigynous. Pistils 1 — GO ; ovary usually
1-celled and with 1 ovule, sometimes many-ovuled: ovules pendulous or
ascending. Styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit an achene or an
aggregation of drupelets, sometimes follicular and dehiscent by the
ventral suture. Seeds with little or no albumen.

* Unarmed shrubs: leaven simple.

Pistils 3 — 5- mature carpels dry, dehiscent,

inflated, several-seeded, OPULASTER 1

not inflated, 1-seeded, HOLODISCUS 2

( fruit a plumose-tailed achene, CERCOOARPUS 3

( fruit an achene without plumose tail, ADENOSTOMA 4

* * Prickly shrubs.

Fruit a mass of coherent drupelets, RUBTJS 10

Fruit a number of bony achenes, enclosed

in a red berry-like calyx-tube ROSA 11

-x- * * Herbaceous plants; mostly perennial.

Leaves unequally pinnate; pistil 1 only;

Fl. apetalous; mature calyx-tube beset with

retrorsely barbed prickles,.. . . ACJENA 5

Mature calyx bur-like with hooked prickles AORIMONIA 6

Leaves variously compound or cleft; pistils several

or many; fruits achenes;
Small annuals, with minute green

apetalous flowers, and only 2 pistils, ALCHEMILLA 7

Leaves palmate or pinnate; pistils QO;

achenes on a dry usually hairy receptacle, POTENTILLA 8

Leaves ternate; pistils x>; achenes on a conical

fleshy receptacle FRAGARIA 9

1. OP UL ASTER, Medic. (NINE-BARK). Shrubs unarmed with sur-
culose shreddy-barked stems and simple more or less lobed and toothed
deciduous leaves; stipules free and deciduous. Flowers white, in corymbs
terminating lateral leafy branchlets. Calyx 5-lobed with campanulate
tube. Petals 5, rounded. Stamens GO , in several rows. Pistils 1—5,
becoming as many inflated 2-valved several-seeded capsules which are
alternate with the calyx-lobes when of the same number, slightly coherent
toward the base. Seeds several, obovoid, with a shining crustaceous
testa, and copius albumen.

1. 0. capitatus (Pursh). Surculiform stems 10—20 ft. long, more
or less tortuous and reclining or interlacing among the branches of
small trees: leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, more or less distinctly
3-lobed and coarsely toothed, 2 — 3 in. long, glabrous or stellate-pubescent :
fl. in hemispherical corymbs: pedicels and calyx more or less tomentose:
follicles usually 4, exceeding the calyx, 3—4 lines long, ultimately
splitting into 2 valves. — Common along streams. April, May.

ROSACES. 113

2. HOLODISCUS, Maxim. Unarmed deciduous shrubs with simple
toothed or lobed extipulate leaves and terminal panicles of numerous
small white flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, nearly rotate. Petals 5,
rounded, imbricate in bud. Stamens 20, inserted on an annular peri-
gynous disk. Pistils 5, wholly distinct, becoming 1-seeded hairy carpels,
alternate with the calyx-lobes, very tardily dehiscent by the dorsal
suture only, or indehiscent.

1. H. discolor (Pursh), Maxim. Shrub 2—6 ft. high, the branches
short, rigid, clothed with a gray more or less broken and shreddy bark:
leaves ovate, cuneately narrowed to a short winged petiole, above the
middle pinnately toothed or lobed, the lobes when present entire, deep
green and nearly glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath; panicles
erect on short erect or ascending branches; carpels more or less densely
hirsute throughout.— On dry rocky slopes and summits. July.

2. H. ariaefolius (Smith). Shrub commonly 8—18 ft. high, with
long spreading or recurved slender branches, these and the stem clothed
with a smooth unbroken dark brown bark: leaves short-petioled, deltoid-
ovate, 2 — -3 in. long, two-thirds as broad, almost truncate at base, pinnately
shallow-lobed from base to apex, the lobes entire or toothed, green and
glabrate above, slightly paler beneath with sparse villous appressed
pubescence: panicle ample, 6 — 10 in. long, drooping in fl., erect in fr.:
carpels compressed, hirsute along both sutures, the sides glabrous and
covered with sessile globular resin-dots.— Woods of the Coast Eange, at
low elevations among the hills.

3. CERCOCARPUS, HBK. (MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY). Unarmed
evergreen shrubs or trees with simple leaves, small stipules, and axillary
solitary or fascicled apetalous flowers. Calyx salverform, the 5-lobed
limb deciduous. Stamens x , in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx.
Pistil 1; style terminal; stigma terminal; ovule solitary, ascending.
Fruit a terete villous achene surmounted by a long villous twisted style.
Seed linear; albumen 0.

1. C. betulaefolius, Nutt. Shrubby or arborescent, 6 — 15 ft. high,
the stem with a gray thin flaky bark; branches spreading or recurved:
leaves somewhat coriaceous, broadly obovate with more or less cuneate
entire base, but coarsely serrate -toothed above the middle, conspicuously
feather-veined, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ^ — %/4 in. long:
calyx-tube at length % in. long: tail of achene often 3 in. long. — Hills of
the Coast Kange.

4. ADEXOSTOMA, Hooker & Arnott (CHAMISO). Unarmed evergreen
shrubs with rigid linear entire sessile fascicled stipulate leaves, and
small white flowers in closely panicled terminal racemes. Calyx obcon-
ical, 5- toothed, 10-striate, the orifice bearing 5 oblong glands. Petals 5,
orbicular. Stamens 10 — 15, inserted in bundles alternate with the petals.

114 KOSACE^.

Pistil 1, simple; style laterally inserted and flexuous toward the base;
ovary 1-celled, 1- or 2-ovuled, becoming an achene covered by the
hardened persistent calyx-tube.

1. A. fasciculatnm, Hook. & Arn. Shrub 2—20 ft. high, the virgate
branches covered with leaf-f ascicles : leaves linear-subulate, 2—5 lines
long, pungently acute, glabrous, often resinous; stipules small, acute:
fl. crowded, sessile; calyx 1 line long, bracted at base, the teeth much
shorter than the small petals: ovary obliquely truncate. — A most char-
acteristic bush of the summits and elevated slopes of the Coast Range.

5. ACJ2NA, Mulis. Perennial herbs, or the stems somewhat woody
at the decumbent or creeping base. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets
incised or pinnatifid. Flowers in terminal more or less spicate clusters.
Calyx-tube oblong, contracted at the throat, persistent, at length armed
with retrorsely barbed prickles; limb 3—7 parted, valvate, deciduous.
Petals 0. Stamens 1—10. Pistils 1 or 2; ovary free from the calyx;
style terminal; stigma capitate, multifid; ovule 1, suspended. Achene
enclosed in the hardened calyx -tube.

1. A. t Hilda, Ruiz & Pavon. Stems 1 ft. high, leafy mostly at the
creeping and woody base; herbage silky-villous : leaflets 9— 13, oblong-
ovate, 3—5 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 — 7 segments: fl. small,
greenish purple in an interrupted spike; filaments exserted: fr. ovate,
2 lines long, 3 — 4-angled; angles with 2 — 4 stout prickles, the intervals
with shorter ones. — Grassy summits or northward slopes of hills along
the sea coast. April— June.

6. AGRIMOXIA, Brunfeh (AGRIMONY). Perennials with odd-pinnate
leaves and long slender terminal racemes of small yellow flowers. Calyx -
tube urceolate; throat encircled by a border of hooked prickles; limb
5-lobed, at length connivent. Petals 5. Stamens 5 —15, in 1 row. Pistils
2, distinct, free from the calyx; styles terminal; stigma dilated, 2-lobed:
ovule pendulous. Achenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the bur -like calyx,

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Hirsute or glabrate, 2—4 ft. high, sparingly
branched above: leaflets 5—7, usually 2 — 3 in. long with very small ones
intervening, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed, acute at each end; stipules
large, semicordate, toothed or lobed: calyx in fruit % — % in. long, the
tube 10-sulcate above: achene 1, subglobose, 1 line thick. — Apparently
widely disseminated in California, but seldom seen.

7. ALCHEMILLA, Tragus. Herbs of various habit; ours small
annuals with leafy stems, and minute green flowers fascicled in the axils
of the palmately lobed leaves. Calyx- tube urceolate; limb 4— 5-cleft,
with or without as many minute bractlets or intervening teeth. Stamens
1 or 2, minute. Pistils 1 or 2; style basal or lateral; ovule 1, ascending.
Achene ovate, compressed.

ROSACES. 115

1. A, arvensis (L.), Scop. Slender, 1 —4 in. high, leafy, floriferous
and hirsute-pubescent throughout, the calyx-tube densely hirsute: leaves
3-parted, the segments 2— 3-cleft: calyx-tube much contracted under the
4-parted limb, bractlets minute. Var. glabra, Greene. Glabrous, even
to the calyx-tube, which is broader than in the type, less constricted at
the orifice, with larger bractlets. — Common along borders of thickets, or
on open plains; the variety in the valley of the Sacramento.

8. POTENTILLA, Brunfels (FIVE-FINGER). Herbs with pinnately
or palmately compound leaves, the leaflets usually toothed or cleft, and
adnate stipules. Flowers axillary and solitary or in terminal cymes.
Calyx from flat to campanulate, 5-cleft, valvate, with 5 alternating bract-
lets. Petals 5, rounded or elongated, yellow, red or white. Stamens
5 — oo ; filaments filiform or dilated. Pistils 1 — oo ; styles more or less
lateral, deciduous. Achenes on a glabrous or hairy dry receptacle.

* Stamens 10 — 30, uniform; filaments filiform, or dilated at base only:

petals rounded.
H— Perennials; stamens more than 10.

1. P. Anserina, L. Leaves often 1 ft. long; leaflets 7—21, with
smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, white-tomentose
beneath, silky or glabrate above: stems prostrate, with long internodes,
rooting at each joint and producing at each a tuft of leaves and one or
more long peduncled large yellow flowers: petals M~ M in- lonfif» exceeding
the calyx: stamens 20—25: achenes 20—40: receptacle villous. — Along
stream-banks, margins of ponds, or in springy places both along the
seaboard and in the mountains.

2. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Erect, 1—2 ft. high, glandular-pubescent
and ill-scented: leaves pinnate; leaflets 5—9, ovate or rhombic-ovate,
coarsely and doubly serrate: cyme lax, leaf y-bracted : fl. small; the pale
yellow obovoid petals scarcely equalling the calyx: stamens 25, in 1 row,
on the margin of the thickened disk : styles attached below the middle
of the ovary. — Bushy hills.

•»— •*- Annuals or biennials; stamens 10.

3. P. millegrana, Engelm., Wats. Tall, flaccid, soft-pubescent, leafy
up to the inflorescence: leaves ternate, the radical on long slender pet-
ioles; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtusely serrate at apex only; stipules
ovate-lanceolate, entire: cymes diffuse', fl. very numerous; petals yellow;
stamens about 10: achenes whitish. — Muddy banks of the lower San
Joaquin.

4. P. biennis, Greene. Biennial, branched from the base, erect and
rather stout, 1 ft. high or more, the stems purple, leafy, the whole
herbage pubescent and minutely glandular: stipules oblong-lanceolate,

116 ROSACES.

obtuse or acute, the lowest entire, the upper more or less toothed or
lobed: leaflets 3 (rarely 5), cuneate-flabelliform, irregularly incised, the
broad teeth or lobes mucronulate: cymes mostly contracted and dense:
petals small, yellow, spatulate-oblong, scarcely equalling the calyx:
stamens about 10: achenes minute, whitish. — Moist places in the
mountains.

* * Perennials; petals obovate to linear; stamens 10, alternately long and
short, the filaments petaloid-dilated.

-»— Cymes lax, dichotomous; bractlets large, often exceeding the calyx-lobes.

5. P. frondosa, Greene, Erect or decumbent, 1^—3 ft. high, leafy
throughout, viscidly hirsute and heavy -scented: radical leaves with 7 — 9,
cauline with 5 — 7 leaflets; these 1 — 2 in. long, oval or oblong, doubly
incised, thin and finely rugose; stipules ovate-lanceolate, coarsely incised:
cyme widely spreading, loose and leafy: calyx short-oampanulate, the
large spreading bractlets exceeding the segments, trifid at apex: stamens
very unequal: petals ligulate, erect or little spreading, white. — Near
Martinez, Frank Swett.

6. P. Californica (Ch. & Schl.), Greene. Size and habit of the last,
but stem less leafy, leaves mostly radical: herbage glandular-pubescent,
very fragrant; leaflets 11 — 21, the uppermost more or less confluent, the
lower distinct but approximate, ^ — % in. long, broadly cuneiform,
toothed or deeply incised at the rounded apex: calyx % in. high, short-
campanulate; bractlets exceeding the calyx-lobes, usually 3-toothed at
the broad apex, the middle tooth longest: petals white, spatulate,
spreading or suberect. Var. elata, Greene. More slender than the
type, equally fragrant: leaflets deeply and incisely once or twice cleft:
bractlets of the calyx like the segments triangular-lanceolate, entire. —
The type is common on wooded slopes about San Francisco and Oak-
land. The variety is of Napa Co., and northward.

7. P. Kelloggii, Greene. Stems stout, ascending, or almost prostrate,
1 — 2 ft. long; herbage glandless, scentless, canescent with a sho> t dense silky
pubescence: leaflets 11 — 15, obovate, coarsely toothed, % — % in. long:
calyx-tube cupulate; lobe, lanceolate, % in. long, equalled by the oblong
entire bractlets: petals pure white, spatulate oblong, ^ in. long.— In
sandy soil at Alameda, Lake Merced, etc.

-i— H— Cymes more condensed; bractlets smaller than the calyx-lobes; leaflets
in many pairs, deeply incised or lobed.

8. P. teiiniloba, Greene. Stems 1 ft. high; herbage canescently villous:
leaflets %—% iQ- loQg» cuneate-obovate, deeply parted into 4—8 linear
lobes, or the uppermost narrower, few-lobed or linear and entire:
cymes compact: calyx 2 lines long; lobes linear, surpassed by the
oblong-spalulate white petals. — Sonoma Co., Bigelow, and southward.

ROSACE^E. 117

9. P. Micheueri, Greene. Stems 6—8 in. high, tufted, reddish, and,
with the younger leaves, somewhat villous, the mature herbage glabrous:
leaflets in about 15 pairs, small and crowded, 5 -7-parted into oblong
obtuse entire segments: young cymes compact; petals cuneate-obcordate,
exceeding the calyx, white: all 10 stamens with oblong-petaloid white
filaments, the alternate ones smaller.— Southern flanks of Mt. Tamalpais.

9. FR1GA.RL1, Brunfels (STRAWBERRY). Perennial stoloniferous
herbs with 3-foliolate leaves; the leaflets coarsely toothed: scapes
cymosely oo -flowered. Flowers as in Potentilla, but the numerous
achenes borne on an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. Petals white.

* Leaves light-green, of thin texture; achenes superficial.

1. F. Californica, Ch. & Schl. Often 10 in. high, commonly smaller :
leaflets cuneate-obovate, rounded, sparingly villous on both sides : scapes
and petioles slender: fl. ^ in. broad; calyx-teeth and often the petals
also more or less toothed: fr. small, globose. — Common along the sea-
board; preferring wooded or bushy slopes.

* * Leaves dark-green, of firmer texture; each achene inserted in a small
depression of the receptacle.

2. F. Chilensis, Ehrh. Dioecious: scapes and petioles short; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, nearly glabrous and somewhat shining above, villous
beneath: fl. 1 in. broad. — Sandy banks and grassy slopes near the sea.

10. RUBUS, Vergil. Shrubs with stems unarmed or prickly, erect,
reclining or prostrate. Leaves simple and lobed, or compound; stipules
adnate. Flowers white or red, solitary, corymbose or panicled. Calyx
persistent, 5-lobed, without bractlets. Petals (5) and stamens (oo ) peri-
gynous. Pistils 2— GO , crowded on an elevated receptacle, ripening into a
coherent body of small drupes, so forming the aggregate fruit called a
raspberry or blackberry.

* Fruil concave beneath, parting freely from the receptacle.
H— Unarmed; leaves ample, palmately lobed.

1. R. parviflorus, Nutt. Erect, 3—8 ft. high; the bark of the main
stem becoming brown and shreddy; branchlets and pedicels hirsute and
more or less glandular-hispid: leaves membranous, 4—12 in. broad,
irregularly serrate, the 3—5 lobes acute or acuminate: fl. few, in loose
terminal clusters, white or pinkish, 1 — 2 in. broad: carpels oo , tomentose;
fr. hemispherical, scarlet when ripe, "sweet and pleasantly flavored."
Var. velutiiius, Greene. Leaves smaller, of much firmer texture,
densely velvety-pubescent, evenly serrate: fr. dry, insipid. — The type is
found only in the mountains of the interior or easterly parts of the
State. The variety belongs to the seaboard, where it is common. Fl.
March; fr. June.

118 ROSACES.

•»— •*— Stems prickly; leaves 3-foliolate.

2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. Stoutish, 5—10 ft. high, sparingly armed
with stout straight prickles: leaves occasionally simple: leaflets ovate,
acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, often more or less lobed, the veins
beneath and the stalks and stalklets sparingly villous:/. 1 — 3, large,
red: fr. large, ovoid, red or yellow, glabrous. Var. Men/iesii, Wats.
Foliage somewhat tomentose and silky. — Mendocino Co., Bolander,
northward, in moist woods. The variety is of the San Francisco district,
growing on wooded banks of streams, mostly near the sea. April — June.

* * Fruit persistent on the elongated receptacle.

3. R. yitifolius, Ch. & Schl. Stems woody, very prickly and glaucous,
weak and trailing or suberect, 5—20 ft. long: leaves pinnately 3— 5-f olio-
late; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less
pubescent or tomentose: stipules oblanceolate to linear: fl. imperfect;
staminate large, with elongated petals; pistillate small, with petals short
and relatively broad: fr. oblong, black and sweet.—Very common on
banks of streams throughout the Coast Range and in the interior. Fl.
Jan. — April; fr. May, June.

11. ROSA, Varro (WILD ROSE). Prickly shrubs with unequally
pinnate leaves, adnate stipules and solitary or corymbose large flowers.
Calyx-tube globose or urceolate: limb 5-parted; bractlets 0. Petals 5,
rounded, spreading. Stamens GO, on a thickened margin of the silky
disk which lines the calyx-tube. Pistils oo ; ovaries free and distinct;
stylessubterminal; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit of osseous achenes
enclosed in the fleshy-enlarged red berry-like calyx-tube.

* Calyx-lobes deciduous from the fruit.

1. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 — 4 ft. high, armed with scat-
tered slender and weak straight prickles: leaflets 5—9, rather remote,
glabrous, oval, sharply doubly serrate, %— 1 in. long: fl. 1, 2 or 3, barely
1 in. broad: calyx-lobes ovate, with few or no appendages: fr. 3—5 lines
long, oval or oblong, nearly or quite closed at summit : seeds few, smooth.
—Common in shady places, near streams and on bushy northward
slopes. March — May.

* * Calyx-lobes persistent.

2. R. Sonomensis, Greene. Slender, 1 ft. high, with many very
leafy branches well armed with straight prickles: stipules short, almost
truncate, narrow, the margin closely glandular-ciliolate, at length re vo-
lute: leaflets 5, remote, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, truncate or
somewhat cordate at the slightly inequilateral base, % — % in. long, the
margin evenly and coarsely serrate, the serratures minutely glandular-
denticulate, both surfaces glabrous: fl. many, small, in dense terminal

CALYCANTHE^l. 119

corymbs: calyx-tube round-pyriform, glandular-hispid; lobes ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, without foliaceous tip or appendages, erect in
fruit. — At the Petrified Forest in Sonoma Co., also on Mt. Tamalpais.

3. R. California, Ch. & Schl. Erect, branching, 3—8 ft. high;
prickles few, stout, usually recurved, mostly infrastipular in pairs: foliage
deep green, of firm texture, more or less glandular and tomentose;
stipules entire: leaflets 5—7, ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, the
serratures mostly simple, spreading rather than falcate-incurved : corymb
few- or many-flowered; pedicels pubescent and glandular; calyx-lobes
foliaceous-tipped: fruit globose, 4—6 lines thick, the persistent lobes
erect.— The common wild rose of middle parts of the State.

ORDER XXXVII. CALYCANTHE/E.

A small order, placed here on account of the analogy subsisting
between it and some Rosacese in point of floral structure; but probably
in no wise related to that order. It is represented in our district by one
species of

1. BUTNERIA, Du Hamel (SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB). Fragrant shrubs
with opposite entire exstipulate leaves, and solitary terminal large red
or purple flowers. Sepals oo , in many ranks, inserted on a persistent
obconical tube; the outer successively shorter and bract-like, the inner
longer and colored like the petals; all deciduous. Petals oo, on the
mouth of the tube, the inner shorter. Stamens oo , inserted on the upper
part of the tube within; filaments short, persistent. Pistils oo , distinct,
inserted on the base and sides of the calyx-tube; styles terminal.
Achenes enclosed in the dry thin fibro-ligneous calyx-tube. Seed erect;
albumen 0; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute.

1. B. occidentalis (H. & A.), Greene. Shrub 6—12 ft. high: leaves
dark-green, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, scabrous, 3 — 6 in. long: peduncles
1 — 3 in. long; petals and larger sepals linear-spatulafce, 1 in. long or
more; inner petals incurved: sterile filaments linear subulate, densely
villous: fruiting calyx ovate, 1^ in. long: achenes villous, 4 lines long.
—Common along streams in the lower mountains. Flowers of a dull
dark red. May — August.

ORDER XXXVIII. SAXIFRAGES.

Herbs or undershrubs (Ribes shrubby) with simple alternate usually
exstipulate leaves, the petiole often stipulaceously dilated at base.
Stems mostly simple below, commonly leafless and scape-like. Inflores-
cence mostly either cymose, racemose or paniculate. Calyx of about 5
sepals, often more or less coherent below and united to the base of the
ovary. Petals as many or 0. Stamens 5 or 10, perigynous or hypogy-

120 SAXIFRAGES.

nous. Ovary of about 2 carpels more or less cohering below, commonly
distinct and diverging at apex; style often wanting and stigmas sessile
on the tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit capsular or follicular (in
Ribes baccate). Seeds many, small, albuminous.

* Herbaceous perennials.

Stamens 10;

Scape leafless; fl. in cymes SAXIFRAQA 1

Stem sparingly leafy; fl. racemose TELLIMA 3

Stem sparingly leafy; fl. panicled TIABELLA 4

Stamens 5;

Flowers thyrsoid-panicled HEUCHERA 5

Flowers cymose-corymbose THEROFON 2

Flowers solitary on a 1-leaved scape PARNASSIA 6

* * Stems more or lens woody.

Low underahrub; leaves opposite WHIPPLEA 7

Shrubs (often prickly); leaves alternate RIBEB 8

1. SAXIFKAGA, Pliny (SAXIFRAGE). Short-stemmed or stemless
herbaceous plants with simple leaves, their petioles commonly sheathing
at base. Flowers in cymose thyrsoid or panicled clusters. Sepals dis-
tinct, or at base conjoined to each other and the base of the ovary.
Petals entire, imbricate in bud. Stamens 10, inserted with or below the
petals, on the base of the calyx, or between it and a fleshy disk. Carpels
2, usually partly united, dehiscent by the inside of the divergent beaks.
Seeds with thin coat and no wing or appendage

1. S. Mertensiana, Bong. Scape and leaves from a scaly-bulbous
base, glandular- pubescent, ^— 1 ft. high: leaves thin and pale, round-
cordate, crenately or incisely many-lobed, %.— l/^ in. broad, on long
petioles which are scarious-dilated at base: cymose panicle loose, the
branches often flowering at apex and bearing granular bulblets down
the sides: petals 1 — 2 lines long, oval or oblong, white, with a pair of
oval green spots near the base: filaments somewhat petaloid-dilated. —
Sonoma Co., and northward.

2. S. Californica, Greene. Leaves few, rather thick, reddish-veined,
sparsely glandular- villous, oval, oblong or elliptical, 1 — 2 in. long, on
broad petioles of ^ — 1 in. ; margin coarsely crenate to repand-denticulate,
rarely either sharply dentate or nearly entire: scape 6—18 in. high,
loosely cymose-paniculate : calyx nearly free from the ovary, the sepals
reflexed : petals oblong, thrice the length of the sepals, white or rose-
tinted: filaments subulate, inserted under the edge of an elevated perigy-
nous disk which equals the summit of the ovary. — Plentiful on cool
northward slopes. March— May.

2. THEROFOX, Raf. Perennial herbs with erect leafy stems, and
corymbose or paniculate cymes of white flowers; leaves round-reniform,
palmately lobed or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips; the

SAXIFRAGES. 121

petioles stipularly dilated at base. Calyx 5-lobed; lobes valvate, but
early open in the bud; the tube more or less adherent to the ovary.
Petals 5, entire, imbricate or convolute in bud. Stamens 5, short, alternate
with the petals. Capsule 2-celled, dehiscent down the beaks. Seeds
minutely granulate or papillose.

1. T, elatum, (Nutt.). Slender, 1—2 ft, high, glabrous or glandular-
pubescent, the bases of the petioles bearing brown bristly hairs : leaves
thin-membranaceous, 5— 7-lobed, 1—3 in. broad: calyx-lobes lanceolate-
triangular; tube oval and urceolate in fruit: petals cuneate-oblong,
obtuse, persistent, in age recurved: seeds elongated- oblong, acute at one
end, dark brown, rather densely tuberculate.— Shady banks and rocky
margins of streams. May — August.

3. TELLIMA, Robert Brown. Perennial herbs, with leaves chiefly
radical, round-cordate, toothed or palmately divided, their petioles
stipulaceously dilated at base. Flowers in a simple terminal raceme.
Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, free from the ovary, or adherent
to it at base or even to above the middle; the short triangular lobes
valvate in bud. Petals 5, laciniate-pinnatifid, or 3— 7-lobed, or entire,
distant, sometimes involute in bud. Stamens 10, short, included. Ovary
short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae; styles 2 or 3, very short;
stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, opening between the short beaks.
Seeds very numerous, with a close coat.

* Corolla regular , the petals greenish, sessile by a broad base, laciniately

pinnatifid; styles and placentae 2.

1. T. grandiilora (Pursh). Dougl. Stoutish, 1—2 ft. high, from
rather coarse-tufted rootstocks; herbage rough-hirsute: leaves round-
cordate, more or less lobed, 2—4 in. broad: calyx ^ — ^ in. long, inflated-
campanulate: petals deeply tinged with red: seeds light brown, oval,
strongly rugose-pitted. — Wooded hills, or sometimes in open ground,
from Santa Cruz northward. May, June.

* * Corolla slightly irregular, the petals while or pinkish, entire or lobed

or toothed, short-unguiculate; styles and placentas 3.

H— Calyx turbinate, the tube more or less adherent to the ovary.

2. T. affinis (Gray), Boland. Stems one or several from a slender
horizontal or ascending tuberiferous rootstock, commonly % ft. high,
scabrous-hirsute: radical leaves very few, round- reniform, slightly lobed.
1 in. broad; cauline relatively broader, 3-lobed to the middle, the lobes
coarsely toothed: calyx 2^ lines long; pedicels rather longer: lower
petals 4 or 5 lines long, 3-toothed, the upper narrower and a trifle shorter,
entire: styles short, not exserted from the calyx: seeds oblong, dark
brown, faintly striate-pitted or almost smooth. — Frequent on shady hill-
sides. April — June.

122 SAXIFRAGES,

-H- •»— Calyx campanulate, only the base adherent.

3. T. heterophylla (T. & G), Hook. & Am. Slender, 1 ft. high,
scabrous-hirsute: lowest leaves % — 1 in. broad, with 5 shallow rounded
lobes : cauline more deeply 3-lobed or -parted: pedicels very short, the
broad truncate-based calyx appearing almost sessile -.petals (at least the
lower 3) obtusely 3-lobed: styles glabrous: seeds muriculate. — Common in
the Coast Kange.

4. T. Bolanderi (Gray), Boland. Near the last but larger, often 2 ft.
high, more hirsute: radical leaves 1^ — 2J^ in. broad; cauline more
divided; petals 3—4 lines long, obovate or oval, the upper entire, the lower
often with a lateral tooth on each side: seeds muricate-scabrous. — South-
ern slope of Mt. Diablo, Brewer.

4. TIARELLA, Linn. Perennial herbs with simple or 3-foliate
alternate more or less distinctly stipulate leaves, and a terminal panicle
or raceme of small white flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes valvate.
Petals 5, entire, unguiculate. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into
the base of the calyx; antlers with 2 parallel cells. Ovary 1-celled,
compressed, the two valves early separating and becoming unequal, one
becoming lanceolate-elongated, the other remaining short. Seeds few
at the base of each placenta.

1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Pubescent, 6 — 15 in. high; leaves thin, ovate-
cordate, rounded or triangular, 3 — 5-lobed, the lobes crenate-toothed,
the radical ones long-petioled, the cauline few, small, short-petioled : pani-
cle narrow and raceme-like : petals almost filiform. — From San Mateo Co.,
Kellogg, northward, in woods.

5. HEUCHERA, Linn. (ALUM-KOOT). Perennial herbs, with leaves
and flowering stems from a short branching caudex, the former long-
petioled, palmately veined, roundish cordate, slightly lobed. Stems
somewhat scapiform, bearing few alternate reduced leaves and a panicle
or thyrse of cymose-dichotomous clusters of small white flowers. Calyx
campanulate, 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the ovary below; lobes
obtuse, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, small, entire. Stamens 5, alternate
with the petals; anthers 2-celled. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal
placentae, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds horizontal,
oval, muriculate or hispidulous.

1. H. niicrantha, Dougl. Leaves thin, 1 — 3 in. broad, ovate -cordate,
5 — 9-lobed, hairy on the veins beneath: stem villous, bearing a few small
leaves and a loose panicle often 1^ ft. long: calyx campanulate, 1 — 2 lines
long, acute at base, shorter than the slender pedicels, puberulent:
narrowly spatulate petals and slender filaments white, well exserted.—
Common in shady ravines. May — July.

2. H. pilosissima, Fisch & Mey. Hirsute with rusty and viscid
spreading hairs: leaves 1 — 3 in. broad, round-cordate, obtusely lobed

SAXIFRAGES. 123

and crenate: stem 1 — 2^ ft. high, naked or few-leaved, rather densely and
thyrsoidly paniculate: calyx densely hairy, subglobose, the tube rounded,
the lobes incurved: filaments and narrowly spatulate petals little exserted.
Var. Hartwegi, Wats. Stems 2—3 ft. high: panicle more open; the
whole plant, and especially the calyx, less hairy. — In the Coast Range,
and apparently not common; at all events seldom seen.

6. PAR1VASSIA, Tourn. Glabrous stemless perennials, with entire
petioled exstipulate leaves and simple 1-flowered scapes. Calyx 5-parted;
the base free from or adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, oval or
oblong, imbricate in bud, white, with conspicuous green veins, widely
expanding, tardily deciduous. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals,
and with as many clusters of short gland-tipped sterile filaments. Ovary
ovate, 1-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae; stigmas as many, closely
sessile each directly over its corresponding placenta. Capsule 3 -4-valved
from the apex, the valves placentiferous in the middle.

1. P. Californica, Greene. Radical leaves ovate or ovate-oblong,
1 — 2 in. long, tapering from the broad and sometimes slightly rounded
base to a long or short petiole : scapes 1 — 2 ft. high, the very small sessile
but not clasping leaf borne much above the middle: petals oval or
obovate, sessile, entire, % in. long: sterile filaments about 20 in each set,
united to the middle, each tipped with a conspicuous antheroid protu-
berance.—In the mountains above New Almaden, /. Burtt Davy.

7. WHIPPLEA, Torrey. Slender diffuse hairy undershrub, with
short-petioled leaves, and terminal naked-peduncled clusters of small
white flowers. Calyx white like the petals, 5-clef t : tube adnate to lower
part of the ovary. Petals 5, ovate or oblong, narrowed at base. Stamens
usually 10; filaments subulate. Ovary 3— 5-celled, with a single ovule
in each cell; styles distinct; stigmas introrse. Capsule septicidally
parting into distinct cartilaginous 1-seeded portions which open ventrally
only. Seeds oblong, with a short obtuse appendage at each end.

1. W. modesta, Torr. Stems 1 ft. long or more: leaves thin, ovate
or oval, somewhat toothed or entire, 1 in. long or less : fl. 2 lines broad
or less: calyx tube nearly hemispherical: capsule globular; styles decid-
uous from it. — Borders of thickets, or in deep woods, in the Coast Range.

8. RIBES, Fuchs. Shrubs, with alternate palmately lobed often
resinous -glandular or viscid leaves; the stipules when present adnate to
the petiole. Flowers racemose (rarely solitary) on short leafy shoot-
from lateral buds; pedicels subtended by a bract and usually bibracteo-
late about midway. Calyx-tube adnate to the globose ovary and more or
less produced above it, 5-lobed (4-lobed in n. 9), the lobes commonly
spreading or reflexed, usually colored. Petals 5, mostly smaller than
the calyx-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses. Stamens 5, alternate

124 SAXIFRAGES.

with the petals. Ovary 1-celled; placentae 2, parietal; styles 2, more or
less united; stigmas terminal. Fruit a berry, crowned with the withered
remains of the flower.

* Unarmed: leaves convolute in bud; calyx-tube elongated.

1. R. tenniflorum, Lindl. Shrub 5—10 ft. high, nearly glabrous,
glandless: leaves light green, 3— 5-lobed at apex, not at all cordate:
racemes GO -flowered; bracts green and conspicuous: fl. bright yellow,
scentless; calyx salverform, the tube ^ in. long or more, thrice longer
than the oval lobes: berry glabrous, amber-colored and translucent,
acidulous when ripe. — Wild Cat Creek, Behr; also near Niles.

* * Unarmed; leaves plaited in the bud; calyx-tube broader.

2. E. glutiiiosniii, Benth. Often 6 — 15 ft. high: leaves thin, 3—5 in.
broad, glutinous when young, glabrous or more or less pubescent in
age, not rugulose; petioles very abruptly dilated at base and obscurely
ciliolate: racemes long-peduncled, pendulous, very many -flowered: calyx
with 2 caducous bracteoles at base, cleft scarcely to the middle, the tube
cylindrical, the whole from pale pink to rose-color: berry large, globose,
blue with a dense bloom, and glandular-hispid; pulp black, dry, insipid.
Var. melanocarpum. Ripe berries black, without any trace of bloom. —
Very common along streams among the hills. The variety at Berkeley,
and in Santa Clara Co. Fl. Jan.— April; fr. August, Sept.

3. R. malvacenm, Smith. More rigid and compact, 3 — 6 ft. high:
leaves thick, 1 — 2 in. broad, strongly rugulose and somewhat scabrous
above, more or less densely white-tomentose beneath; the slight stipular
dilatation of the petiole only obscurely ciliolate : racemes short-peduncled,
dense; pedicels and ovaries whitish-tomentose : calyx-tube subcylindrical,
abruptly dilated and broadest just above the ovary; segments short,
spreading, the whole rose-color: petals white, roundish or subreniform:
berry oval, % in. long, purple, glaucous; pulp soft and sweet. — On dry
open hills of the Coast Range, from Bolinas Ridge, Drew, and Vaca
Mts., Jepson, southward. Fl. Nov. — March; fr. May.

* * * Thorny; leaves plaited; flowers few.
•H- FL 5-merous; calyx-lobes reflexed.

4. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Nearly glabrous: stems clustered, the
widely spreading branches 5—12 ft. long: leaves roundish, 3 — 5-lobed;
the lobes incisely toothed: peduncles elongated, slender, drooping,
3— 9-flowered; pedicels with a small broad bract at base: fl. % in. long;
calyx green without, dark livid purple within, the oblong-linear lobes
exceeding the campanulate tube; petals white, fan-shaped, plane, the
margins convolulely overlapping: filiform villous filaments and deeply
cleft style long-exserted: berry small, glabrous, black, agreeable.—
Along streams and on northward slopes.

SAXIFRAGES. 125

5. R. Victoris, Greene. Shrub 5 ft. high; branches very prickly:
leaves and growing branchlets pubescent and viscid: pedicels short,
deflexed, with 1 or 2 persistent bracts and as many short-pedicellate
greenish flowers J^ — M in> long- calyx-tube short-campanulate, much
exceeded by the greenish lobes: petals \% lines long, white, thinnish
involute, acute, more or less toothed at apex; filaments stoutish, little
surpassing the petals; anthers large, subsagittate, mucronate; berry
glandular-hispid.— By streams in the Coast Range north of San Fran-
cisco, and in the Vaca Mts.

6. K. Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Shrub 2—4 ft. high, with very
rigid and Jlexuous glabrous branches: leaves small, 3 — 5-lobed and incised,
sparsely glandular-puberulent when young, not at all viscid or heavy-
scented, in maturity glabrous: peduncles very short, 1 — 3-flowered; the
very short pedicels each with a small round-ovate bract beneath : calyx-
tube very short, the reflexed lurid-purple segments thrice as long;
petals white, thick, strongly involute, truncate and erose-toolhed at sum-
mit; filaments stout, thrice the length of the petals, the anthers ovate-
oblong, mucronate, reddish; ovary glandular-hispid: berry large, prickly.
—On bleak hills. Fl. Feb., March.

7. R. subvestitum, Hook. & Arn. Tall leafy open and rather hand-
some shrub 5 — 10 ft. high; branches usually more or less setose-hispid:
leaves more or less glandular-pubescent, very viscid and heavy-scented:
peduncles 1 — 3-flowered; pedicels elongated: calyx-tube broadly cam-
panulate, ll/£ lines long, the red-purple reflexed segments nearly twice
as long: petals white- waxy, truncate, entire, strongly involute; filaments
well-exserted: ovary densely glandular-hairy: berry large, as densely
clothed with short stiff gland-tipped hairs; pulp soft, sweet.— Very
common in the Coast Ranges from at least Sonoma Co. to Monterey.
March, April.

8. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Size and habit of the last: leaves more
than 1 in. broad and of greater length, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes coarsely
incised, usually soft-pubescent beneath, seldom or never viscid: peduncles
slender, pendulous, 1 — 2-pedicellate above the middle, the bracts small,
persistent: fl. % in- long; calyx of a rich red-purple, pubescent exteriorly,
the tubular-f unnelform tube about half as long as the ligulate reflexed
segments: petals large, thickish, truncate, involute, cream-color or
whitish: filaments subulate, not exserted, only the large linear-oblong
mucronate white anthers borne beyond the petals: ovary densely
echinate: fruit very prickly. — Marin Co. April, May.

•J— H- Fl. 4-merous; calyx-lobes erect.

9. R. speciosum, Pursh. Shrub 6—10 ft. high, with long leafy red-
bristly branches: subaxillary spines 3, united at base: leaves subcoriaceous,

126 CRASSULACE^.

dark green, very smooth and shining above, rounded and 3-lobed; lobes
short, crenately-toothed: peduncles pendulous, 2— 5-flowered: fl. bright
red, often 2 in. long from the base of the ovary to the tips of the long-
exserted stamens; calyx cylindraceous, the 4 (rarely 5) lobes erect;
anthers oval, small; ovary bristly: berry small, rather dry, densely
prickly. — Frequent along the seaboard, southward; not certainly known
as within our limits. — March— May.

OEDEB XXXIX. CRASSULACE>£,

Succulent herbs with exstipulate leaves. Flowers symmetrical,
cymosely arranged. Sepals 3—20, more or less united at base. Petals
as many, inserted in the bottom of the calyx, distinct or cohering below
to form a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens as many or twice as many as
the petals, when of the same number alternate with them; filaments
subulate. Ovaries as many as the petals, opposite to them, each with
or without a hypogynous scale at base. Fruit follicular. Seeds attached
to the margins of the suture, small, albuminous.

1. TILLJ3A, Michdi. Small and slender fleshy glabrous annuals.
Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers minute, axillary, white or pinkish.
Sepals and petals 3—5, distinct or united at base. Stamens as many.
Carpels distinct; styles short-subulate. Follicles 1 — several-seeded.
Seeds striate lengthwise.

* Fl. clustered; petals acuminate; carpels 1 — ^-seeded.

1. T. minima, Meiers. Simple or with few or many ascending
branches, 1 — 3 in. high: herbage very light green when young, in age
reddish: internodes short: leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 line long,
connate: fl. in short axillary panicles, mostly subsessile, occasionally
some with long pedicels: sepals 4, % line long, acute, nearly or quite
equalled by the linear-lanceolate acuminate petals: carpels acute, not
longer than the petals. — Very common in clayey soils in the hilly
districts. March— May.

* # Fl. solitary; petals oval or oblong; carpels several-seeded.

2. T. Drnmmondii, Torr. & Gray. Stems very slender, dichotomous,
diffuse, rooting at some of the lower nodes, 1 in. long or more : leaves
oblong-linear, slightly connate : pedicels at length equalling or exceeding
the leaves : petals red, fully equalling the obtuse carpels, and twice or
thrice the length ot the calyx-lobes. — Common in moist low places in
wheat fields near Suisun. May.

3. T. Bolauderi, Greene. Stems stoutish, simple, 2—5 in. long, the
lower portion with long internodes and rooting at the nodes; leaves
linear or linear-oblong, acutish, subterete, slightly connate; fl. short-

CRASSULACE^. 127

pedicellate, the pedicel in fruit elongated and surpassing the leaves:
petals oblong, acutish, equalling the carpels, more than twice the length
of the ovate calyx-segments. — Frequent on muddy shores about San
Francisco. May.

2. SEDUM, Columna (STONE-CHOP). Glabrous perennials or annuals.
Flowers in cymes, mostly secund. Sepals 4 or 5, united at base. Petals
as many, distinct. Stamens twice as many. Carpels distinct, or rarely
connate at base, few- or many-seeded.

* Perennial.

1. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Glaucous and of ten pulverulent : stems
4 — 6 in. high, ascending from a branched and rooting caudex: leaves
flat, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, 6—10 lines long: fl. 3 lines long: petals
yellow, lanceolate, acute, twice longer than the ovate acute sepals. —
Rocky places on the northward slopes of hills and mountains from San
Francisco and Berkeley northward.

* * Annuals.

2. S. radiatnm, Wats. Stems 3—6 in. high, decumbent at base:
leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, somewhat clasping by
the narrower base, % — % in. long: fl. sessile; sepals short, triangular;
petals yellow, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3 lines long: carpels
broad, abruptly divergent from the united bases.— Mt. Hamilton. Strictly
annual, though propagating by deciduous buds formed in the axils of
the lowest leaves.

3. S. pumilnin, Benth. Slender, erect, 1—3 in. high: leaves 1 — 2
lines long, ovate-oblong: fl. sessile in sparingly branched cymos; calyx-
lobes minute, triangular; petals yellow, linear, acute, 1J£ lines long:
follicles short, 1-seeded, the seed erect, filling the cavity. — Hills of Napa
Co. and eastward.

3. COTYLEDON, Nicander. Succulent herbs coarser than Sedum
and larger, but quite like them in all other respects save that the petals
are more or less united into a tube, and the follicles erect or suberect
rather than spreading; the inflorescence in ours compound-cymose.

1. C. ca'spitosa, Haw. Nearly or quite acaulescent, dull green:
leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, the larger 1^ — 3 in.
long: flowering branches J£— 1 ft. high, with broadly triangular-ovate
clasping bracts: pedicels short and stout, subtended by broad bracts:
sepals ovate, 2 lines long or less: petals yellow, broadly lanceolate, acute,
4 — 5 lines long: carpels ovate-oblong, about 3 lines long — From near
San Francisco northward.

2. C. farinosa (LindL), Baker. Short-caulescent, more or less white-
farinose: leaves rather flaccid, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, the

128 FICOIDE^E.

larger ones 2—4 in. long, acute : flowering branches 6-10 in. high, with
scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping bracts: bracts ovate-
lanceolate: pedicels 1 — 3 lines long: sepals broadly lanceolate, % in.
long: petals yellow, oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, 4 — 6 lines
long: carpels ovate-oblong, ^ in. long.— Near Sonoma.

OBDEB XL. F I C 0 I D E >£ .

Very succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves plane, triquetrous or terete,
without stipules. Calyx-lobes usually 5, unequal, foliaceous. Petals
very many and linear or 0. Stamens 5— oo, with slender filaments,
inserted on the calyx-tube. Styles 4-20. Fruit 4— 20-celled, dehiscent
stellately across the summit, or circumscissile, or indehiscent. Seeds
usually numerous and minute.

1. MESEMBKYANTHEMUM, Breyne. Flowers large, terminal.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Petals and stamens very numerous.
Fruit structurally capsular, but in ours juicy and baccate.

1. M. aequilaterale, Haw. Perennial, glabrous, glaucescent, the
stout prostrate stems several feet long, the short flowering branches
ascending; leaves opposite, very fleshy, triquetrous with linear sides,
] — 3 in. long: fl. solitary,. subsessile, 1% in. broad, bright rose-purple:
calyx-tube turbinate, % in. long or more; the larger lobes as long:
stigmas 6—10: fr. large, fragrant, edible.— On banks and cliffs near the
sea; also Australian and Chilian.

2. SESUVIUM, Linn. (SEA PUBSLANE). Flowers small, axillary and
terminal. Calyx-tube free from the ovary; lobes 5, apiculate on the
back near the top, scarious-margined, often purplish within. Petals 0.
Stamens 5— oo, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Styles 3—5.
Capsule ovate-oblong, 3— 5-celled, circumscissile, oo -seeded.

1. S. Portulacastrum, L. Stems prostrate, 1 ft. long or more:
leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, ^ — 1% in- l°n^ acute or obtuse: fl.
sessile or pedicellate: calyx 3 — 5 lines long, the lobes purple: stamens
numerous.— Lower San Joaquin, Bioletti.

3. TETRAGONIA, Linn. Perennial, with alternate plane fleshy
leaves and axillary greenish apetalous flowers. Calyx 4-cleft, adherent
to the ovary, 4— 8-horned; the lobes yellowish within. Stamens several.
Styles 3—8; ovary 3— 8-celled. Fruit osseous, nut-like, indehiscent,
3 — 8-celled, the cells 1-seeded.

1. T. expausa, Murr. Leaves petiolate, rhombic-ovate, acute or
acuminate, entire, more or less crystalline-papillose, 1—2 in. long: ti.
sessile, 1—3 in each axil: fr. 4-horned, about % in. long, scarcely as
broad.— Beaches of San Francisco Bay, in Marin and Alameda counties.

EPILOBIACE^. 129

OBDEB XLL EPILOBIACE^E.

Herbs, often with hard shrubby-looking stems shedding a thin papery
outer bark. Leaves simple, usually alternate, entire, toothed or pinna-
tifid. Flowers axillary to the leaves, or in bracted or naked racemes or
spikes, rarely panicled, usually 4-merous. Calyx-tube partly or wholly
adherent to the ovary; lobes valvate in bud. Petals borne on the throat
of the calyx-tubes or at the sinuses of the lobes, convolute in bud.
Stamens 2 — 8. Style single; stigma capitate or 4-lobed; ovary 2 or 4-
celled. Seeds naked or appendaged; albumen none.

Free portion of the calyx-tabe deciduous from the ovary;

Seeds with a coma \ fl' ema11' Purplish or white EPILOBIUM 1

<fl. large, scarlet ZAUSCHNERIA 2

C fl. yellow (ENOTHERA 3

not 8 J fl- purple or ( Calyx-lobes reflexed j petals sessile. GODETIA 4

< " ungaiculate.CLARKiA 5

16 [ rose-color ( Calyx-lobes ascending BOISDUVALIA 6

Only the segments of the calyx free from the ovary,

these persistent j fl' ^petalous ISNARDIA 7

< petals yellow JUBSLBA

1. EPILOBIUM, C. Oesner ( WILLOW-HEBE). Tube of calyx little
prolonged beyond the ovary; limb deeply 4-cleft, campanulate or funnel-
form, or 4-parted to the base with the lobes spreading, deciduous. Petals
4, spreading or erect, often emarginate or bifid, purplish or white. Sta-
mens 8, the 4 alternate ones shorter; anthers elliptical or roundish, fixed
near the middle. Stigma oblong, clavate, or with 4 spreading or revolute
lobes. Capsule mostly linear, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numer-
ous, ascending; the summit bearing a tuft of long white hairs.

* Annuals, with terete stems; leaves alternate (except the lowest}.

1. E. in in 11 In in, Lindl. Diffusely branched from the base, the mostly
decumbent branches % — 1 ft. long, puberulent : leaves ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, entire or repand-denticulate, }4,—% in. long: fl. solitary in
all the axils; petals obcordate, white or with a tinge of rose: 4 long
stamens equalling the style; stigma clavate, the lobes at length expanded
and fimbriate: capsule pedicellate, about 1 in. long: seeds rather few,
smooth. — In the Coast Eange, on dry hills. April — June.

2. E. paniculatnm, Nutt. Erect, slenderly paniculate-branched above,
1 — 10 ft. high, from wholly glabrous to minutely and densely glandular-
pubescent: leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, obscurely serrulate,
1 — 2 in. long, with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, the floral reduced
to subulate bracts: corolla cruciform; the rose-colored petals quadrate-
oblong, abruptly and often deeply notched, rose-purple and veiny, 1 — 2
lines long, rotate-spreading: capsule pedicellate, 1 in. long, attenuate at
each end, often arcuate: seeds minutely papillose. — Dry ground; com-
mon. July — Nov.

130 EPILOBIACE^:.

* * Perennials; leaves mostly opposite (except the upper).

3. E. Francis can um, Barbey. Very stout, 2 — 4 ft. high, pubescent
u'ith soft short glandular hairs: stem reddish, subterete, but with delicate
sharp angles running down from the leaf -bases: lower leaves opposite,
with short but distinct petiole, blade 2—4 in. long, oblong lanceolate,
rounded at base, serrulate : racemes dense, leafy-bracted, the red-purple
or pale flowers appearing somewhat corymbose: petals % in- l°ng or
more, deeply emarginale: capsule 2 in. long: seed obovoid-oblong, acutely
pointed at base, the hyaline papillae forming close longitudinal lines. —
Plentiful in springy places, along streamlets and shores of ponds about
8 an Francisco. June — Dec.

4. E. Watsonii, Barbey. Size of the preceding, but not stout, the
terete stems with less marked lines, somewhat hoary with a soft pubes-
cence: leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, denticulate, rounded to
short-winged petioles: fl. not crowded, suberect in the axils of the more
reduced and acute upper leaves, rose-red; petals elongated-obcordate:
seeds more coarsely granulate -striate. — On Russian River, Sonoma Co.

5. E. holosericeum, Trel. Loosely branched, at least the upper
leaves and branches canescent with sub-appressed hairs; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes acute, remotely serrulate, attenuate, or
abruptly contracted and then cuneately narrowed, to short petioles:
fl. small, scattered on the elongated branches, pale: mature capsules on
peduncles equalling the floral leaves : seeds short-beaked, very minutely
papillose-striate.— Solano Co., along streams.

6. E. adenocanlon, Hausskn., var. occidentale, Trel. Tall, with
paniculate ascending branches and long internodes; branches, inflores-
cence and capsules glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate- or triangular
lanceolate, ascending, abruptly rounded to short winged petioles,
prominently denticulate, the floral small, acute at both ends: fl. small:
capsule slender, short-pedicellate; seed elongated, obovoid, minutely
striate. — Common by streams and about springy places.

7. E. Californicum, Hausskn. Tall, slender, more sparingly branched,
glabrous below; pubescence of the buds, pods, etc., of coarse ascending,
not glandular hairs: leaves lanceolate, acutish, rather remotely serrulate,
short-petiolate: fl. scattered: fruiting peduncles slender, almost equalling
the floral leaves; capsules nearly glabrous: seeds almost beakless. —
Apparently along the seaboard only, and less common than the last.

2. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl Perennial herbs spreading by subterra-
nean shoots. Flowers racemose along the leafy branches, large, scarlet.
Calyx-tube globose-inflated just above the ovary, thence becoming
narrow-funnelform, 4-lobed, within bearing 8 small scales, 4 erect and
4 deflexed. Petals 4, little exceeding the calyx-lobes, obcordate or

EPILOBIACE^. 131

deeply cleft. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate ones shorter; anthers linear-
oblong, attached by the middle. Stigma peltate or capitate, 4-lobed.
Capsule slender-fusiform, 4- angled, 4-valved, oo -seeded. Seeds comose.

1. Z. Californica, Presl. Decumbent, 1 — 3 ft. high, canescenl with u,
minute but dense tomentose pubescence: leaves linear-lanceolate, % — 1^
in. long, entire or denticulate, thickish, seldom at all feather-veined:
fl. 1M in. long; calyx- tube narrow-funnelform, twice the length of the
linear-lanceolate segments, these surpassed by the deeply cleft petals :
capsule nearly glabrous, distinctly pedicelled: seeds oblong-obovate. —
In the Coast and Mt. Diablo Eanges, from Lake Co. southward, on dry
open ground. July — Nov.

2. Z. latifolia, Greene. Decumbent, seldom 1 ft. high, commonly
nearly glabrous: leaves from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, % — 1 *&•
long, very acute, more or less serrate-toothed, thin, conspicuously feather -
veined: fl. 1 in. long; calyx-tube narrowly cylindrical for about 2 lines
above the globose base, thence widening abruptly to a funnelform
throat, the whole not longer than the petals: capsule subsessile, glabrous.
— Eastern base of the Mt. Diablo Range. June — Nov.

3. (EXOTHERA, Linn. (EVENING PBIMROSE). Herbs exceedingly
diverse in habit. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or purplish,
axillary, spicate or racemose. Calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary,
mostly deciduous. Petals 4, mostly vespertine as to time of opening, and
evanescent, usually obcordate, or flabelliform. Stamens 8, equal, or
those opposite to the petals shorter; anthers various. Ovary 4-celled,
oo-ovuled; style filiform; stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule from
membranaceous to woody, more or less perfectly 4-valved and dehiscent,
or indehiscent. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, horizontal or ascending,
naked, often angled.

* Tall annuals or biennials; calyx-lube elongated, deciduous from the ovary;
fl. in a leafy spike, vespertine; stigma-lobes linear.

1. (E. Men nis, L. Erect, 3 — 5 feet high, the older parts, and
especially the capsules, hirsute: leaves rather thin, lanceolate, denticulate:
calyx-tube 1^ in. long; segments % in., their tips very short, not
contiguous: petals 1 in. long, light yellow: filaments subulate, short,
the long anthers exserted: style short; stigma-lobes green, not widely
spreading: capsule 1^ in. long, tapering from below the middle to apex,
scarcely angular, the valves separating at apex only. — Along the Sacra-
mento River in Solano Co., (E. Jepsonii, of Fl. Fr., but probably not
specifically distinct.

2. CE. GRANDIFLOBA, Ait. Erect, 3— 5 ft. high; stem and inflorescence
scabrous and sparsely hirsute; the ovate-lanceolate denticulate leaves
minutely and sparsely pubescent: calyx-tube 1—2 in. long, the segments

132 EPILOBIACE^.

almost as long, their slender tips elongated: petals obcordate, \% — 2 in.
long, yellow, turning to deeper yellow: filaments filiform, declined: style
shorter than the petals; linear stigma-lobes^ in. long, yellow: capsule
obtusely quadrangular, slightly tapering from near the base: seeds
sharply angled. — Common in cultivation, and sparingly naturalized
about Oakland, Alameda, etc. Differing from (E. biennis by its large
almost scentless flowers, declined stamens, etc.

* * Acaulescent; fl. diurnal, yellow, erect in bud; calyx-tube filiform above

the ovary; stigmas capitate.
•i— Perennials; calyx-tube persistent; capsules not winged.

3. (E. ovata, Nutt. Sparingly pubescent: leaves mostly oblong-
lanceolate, entire or denticulate, often somewhat undulate, occasionally
pinnatifid, 3—8 in. long: calyx-tube 1—4 in. long: petals % — % in. long:
capsules partly subterranean, chartaceous, 1 in. long, tapering above,
scarcely dehiscent: seeds ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Very common in open
grounds. Feb.— May.

•»— •»— Annual; calyx-lube deciduous; capsules winged.

4. (E. graciliflora, Hook. & Am. Herbage green and pilose: leaves
linear, entire or obscurely denticulate: calyx-tube not longer than the
leaves; segments short: petals 3—5 lines long, obcordate, turning
greenish: capsule hard coriaceous, % in. long or less, angled at base,
4-winged above, the wings obliquely truncate and hairy; seeds smooth.
— Hillsides and plains in Contra Costa Co.

* * * Caulescent; calyx-lube obconic or shorl-funnelform; stigma capitate ;

capsules sessile, mostly contorted.

-»— Maritime plants, with short primary axis bearing crowded elongated

narrow leaves, and radiating decumbent or prostrate shrubby- looking

flowering branches; fl. diurnal; capsules contorted.

5. OE. spiralis, Hook. Radiating branches stout, procumbent, 1—3
ft. long: leaves from spalulate to ovate-cordate, 1 — 3 in. long, entire or
dentate, more or less hirsute: petals 4 — 6 lines long: anthers linear-
oblong, fixed in the middle: capsule acutely quadrangular, hirsute:
seeds ovate, acute at base, compressed, dark brown. — Plentiful on the
sand hills of San Francisco, flowering almost throughout the year.

6. (E. mierantha, Hornem. Size and habit of the last but more
slender and hirsute, the small calyx densely hairy: leaves from narrowly
oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 2—4 in. long, acutish, more or less undulate:
petals 1—2 lines loag, entire or emarginate: capsule 4-angled, contorted,
rather slender, gradually attenuate upwards, sparsely hirsutulous. — At
San Francisco, near the Presidio, etc., and southward along the coast.

EPILOBIACE.E. 133

-«— -i— Plants itot maritime, erect at base and with ascending

branches; capsules narrow.

•H- Radical leaves narrow and peliolate, the cauline broad, sessile;
capsules sharply angled, much contorted.

7. <E. hirtella, Greene. Stoutish, erect, simple, or with a few
ascending branches from the base, 6 — 10 in. high, short-hirsute: radical
leaves oblanceolate, denticulate, \% in. long; cauline ovate, sessile, ^ in.
long, coarsely toothed and more or less undulate or crisped: petals 1 line
long or more: capsules hirsute, narrow, attenuate upwards, once or
twice coiled: seeds pale, smooth, more or less regularly rhombic-ovate.
— Common in the hill country away from the sea, from Sonoma Co. and
Solano southward.

•M--M- Without radical leaves; branches many, slender, leafy; capsules
narrowly linear, slightly or not at all contorted.

8. <E. strigulosa (F. & M.), Torr. & Gray. Erect-spreading, %—I ft.
high, all but the older parts clothed with short white hairs: leaves % in.
long, linear-lanceolate, acutish, denticulate, subsessile: petals broadly
obovate, \% lines long, yellow, turning deep red: anthers roundish,
basifixed: capsule about % in. long, sessile, straight or arcuate, not
contorted, scarcely attenuate at apex.— Sandy soil; common.

9. (E. campestris, Greene. Branched from the base and bushy,
6 — 10 in. high and as broad, more or less hirsute-pubescent throughout:
leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 in. long, dentate: petals very broadly cuneate-
obovate, 4~-5 lines long, turning brick-red: anthers linear-oblong, % line
long, fixed toward the middle and versatile: pods more than 1 in. long,
narrowly linear, slightly incurved. Var. cruciata, Greene. Petals half
as large, narrowly obovate or oblong, often emarginate.— Common on
the plains from Antioch southward.

4. GODETIA, Spach. Erect simple or branching annuals. Leaves
alternate, entire or denticulate. Flowers mostly purple, showy, in leafy
spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconic or short-funnel-
form, deciduous. Petals 4, broad, sessile, entire, emarginate or cleft,
diurnal and lasting for two days or more. Stamens 8. unequal, the
filaments opposite the petals shortest : anthers perfect, elongated, attached
by the base, erect or recurved. Ovary 4-celled, oo-ovuled; style short;
stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided,
coriaceous. Seeds ascending or horizontal, in 1 or 2 rows, obliquely
angled, the upper part tuberculate-margined.

* Flowers in a strict dense spike; capsule ovate or oblong.
-i— Tips of the calyx-lobes not free in the bud; sides of capsule not

%-costate: seeds in 2 rows in each cell.

1. G. purpurea (Curtis), Wats. Stem erect, 6—15 in. high, puber-
ulent: leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtusish, entire, glaucescent:

134 EPILOBIACE.E.

calyx-tube funnelform, as long as the segments: petals broadly obovate,
% in. long or more, crenulate, deep purple : stamens much shorter than
the petals: stigma lobes broad and short, dark purple: capsule ovate-
oblong, % — % in. long, hairy, the sides nearly flat, with a strong
midvein.— Dry hills of the Mt. Diablo Eange.

H— H— Tips of the calyx-lobes slightly free in the bud; capsule 2-costate on
at least two of the sides; seeds in 1 row in each cell.

2. G. lepida, Lindl. Branching above, pubescent with short
appressed hairs: leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, slightly pubescent: calyx-
tube obconical, very short, greatly surpassed by the segments: petals
rounded and emarginate at apex, pale purple, with a dark red cuueate
spot at summit: stigma purple, cruciform: capsule ovate-oblong, sessile,
closely ribbed and sulcate, white- villous.— Mt. Diablo Range.

3. G. micropetala, Greene. Slender, simple, 1—3 ft. high, puber-
ulent: leaves 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, entire, sessile: spike rather
short: calyx-tube scarcely 2 lines long; segments 4 lines, the slender
elongated tips twisted in the bud: petals linear-lanceolate, only 3 lines
long, entire or erose: stigma purple, the lobes broad and short: capsule
sessile, % in. long, linear-oblong, abruptly pointed, hirsute, the alternate
sides bicostate. — Contra Costa Co., near Walnut Creek, Martinez, etc.

4. G. Arnottii, (T. & G.), Walp. Nearly glabrous, slightly glaucous,
1 — 2 ft. high, densely flowered at the leafy summit: leaves mostly opposite,
except the floral, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely denticulate: calyx-tube
short: corolla deep purple: stigma purple, the lobes oval: capsule cylin-
drical-conic, bicostate on the sides.— Common in the Sacramento Valley.

5. G. albescens, Lindl. Rigid, pubescent, the branches very short,
crowded at the summit: leaves glabrous, glaucous, lanceolate, entire:
fl. sessile, densely crowded among the upper leaves on the short branch-
lets : calyx-tube funnelform, as long as the segments : petals obcordate*
Yz in. long, pale purple, with a small darker spot in the centre: stigma-
lobes narrow, greenish: capsule oblong, 8-sulcate, acuminate, villous:
seeds roundish, scabrous. — Solano Co. and southward.

* * Flowers in loose spikes or racemes; capsules mostly linear;
seeds in 1 row.

Je- Racemes erect in bud; calyx-lobes distinct and rejlexed in flower ;
capsules sessile.

6. G. quadrivulnera (Dougl.), Spach. Very slender, 1—2 ft. high,
puberulent: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly denticu-
late: calyx-tube obconic, 2—3 lines long: petals purplish with a dark
spot at summit, 3—6 lines long: stigma-lobes short, purple: capsules 5 — 10
lines long, attenuate at apex, bicostate at the alternate angles — Common
toward the coast everywhere.

EPILOBI ACE^E. 135

7. G. viminea (Dougl.), Spach. Glabrous, 1—3 ft. high: leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base, 1 — 2 in. long, puberulent:
calyx-tube 2—4 lines long : petals purplish with a dark spot at summit,
%—!}£ in. long: stamens short, subequal: stigma-lobes linear-oblong,
purple: capsules 1 — 1% in. long, pubescent, slightly bicostate on the
sides. — From middle parts of the State northward.

8. G. tenella (Cav.), Wats. Puberulent, slender, erect, %— 1% ft.
high; leaves linear, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, more or less narrowed
at base, % — 2 in. long: calyx-tube obconic, 1—3 lines long: petals 3 — 5
lines, deep purple: stigma-lobes purple: capsule linear, attenuate at apex,
8 — 14 lines long, quadrangular, the sides not costate but the midvein
usually prominent.— Common.

H— •)— Racemes nodding in the bud; calyx-lobes united and turned to one
side under the open corolla; capsule pedicellate.

9. G. amoeiia (Lehm.), Lilja. Slender, 1—2 ft. high, puberulent:
leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or denticulate: calyx-lube obconic,
2 — 4 lines long: petals 8—15 lines long, white, pink or purple, with a
dark purple spot near the base: filaments rather stout; anthers deep crim-
son, the vacant upper end white or yellowish: stigma-lobes linear: capsule
1 — 1^ in. long, narrowed at each end; pedicel 2—6 lines long.— Along
the coast; the typical white-flowered form seldom seen.

10. G. rubicunda, Lindl. Near the preceding, but often 4 ft. high:
calyx-tube longer, funnelf or m: petals purple, with an orange spot at base:
anthers orange-red, the empty end bright yellow : capsule sessile, scarcely
attenuate at apex. — Of more northerly general range than the preceding.

11. G. hispidnla, Wats. Simple, a few inches high, often 1 -flowered:
pubescence hispidulous: leaves narrowly linear, 1 — 2 in. long: calyx- tube
2—3 lines: petals purple, %—liu. long: filaments slender: stigma-lobes
linear: capsules % — %in. long, attenuate at apex, below abruptly contracted
to a short pedicel. — A little known species of the valleys of the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin.

12. G. biloba (Durand), Wats. Slender, 1—2 ft. high, sparingly
branching, nearly glabrous: leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1 — 2 in.
long, obscurely denticulate, the lower on long and slender petioles : petals
light-purple % — % in. long, cuneate-obovale, deeply 2-lobed: capsule
puberulent, % — % in. long, attenuate at apex, narrowed at base into a
short pedicel. — Plentiful in the Briones Hills of the Mt. Diablo Kange in
Contra Costa Co. not far from Martinez; otherwise only in the Sierra.

5. CLARKIA., Pursh. Erect sparingly branched annuals, with race-
mose or spicate purple flowers nodding in the bud. Calyx-tube more or
less prolonged above the ovary, deciduous. Petals 4, unguiculate, often

136 EPILOBIACE.E.

lobed or cleft. Stamens normally 8, but those opposite the petals often
sterile or rudimentary, or sometimes wanting; anthers oblong or linear,
fixed by the base. Ovary 4-celled; style elongated; stigma with 4 broad
spreading lobes. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, straight
or somewhat curved, 4-angled, 4-celled, 4-valved to the middle. Seeds
angled or margined.

* Calyx-tube elongated and almost filiform ; stamens 4 only.

1. C. conciima (F. & M.), Greene. Simple, or with a few subcorym-
bose branches, 1 — 2 ft. high, glabrous or puberulent: leaves ovate,
entire: calyx- tube almost filiform, 1 in. long: corolla regular; petals
3^— % in. long, cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broadest, little
longer than the others: filaments subulate; anthers recurved after dehis-
cence, somewhat villous: stigma subpeltate, the lobes short, rounded:
capsule subcylindrical, in maturity obscurely quadrangular, acutish. —
Coast Range at considerable elevations. May, June.

2. C. grandiflora (F. £ M.), Greene. Near the preceding, but dif-
fusely branching from the base: corolla larger, irregular, the 3 upper
petals approximate, ascending, the lower one remote from these and
declined, the middle lobe of each attenuate to a claw and far surpassing
the others.— Very common in the Mt. Diablo Range, perhaps identical
with the preceding.

3. C. Breweri (Gray), Greene. Glabrous,! — 2ft. high: leaves lanceo-
late, entire, short-petioled: calyx-tube slender, more than 1 in. long,
abruptly dilated at base: corolla irregular; petals round-obcordate, with
a linear-spatulate middle lobe proceeding from the deep, or rather shallow
sinus and far exceeding the others: filaments clavate: anthers densely
white-villous along the sutures, erect after dehiscence as before: capsule
sessile, 1 in. long, curving away from the stem: seeds large, tuberculate,
conspicuously winged. — On Mt. Hamilton.

* * Calyx-tube obconic; petals never 3-lobed; stamens 8, all perfect.

4. C. elegans, Dougl. Glabrous or puberulent, reddish and glaucous,
erect, 1—6 ft. high, simple or somewhat branching, stout and rigid:
leaves broadly ovate to linear, repand-dentate: petals entire, the rhom-
boidal limb about equalling the linear claw: filaments with a densely
hairy scale on each side at base: capsule %—% in- long, stout, sessile,
4-angled, somewhat curved, often hairy.— On open or half-shaded hill-
sides, very common.

5. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Puberulent or glabrous, 1—3 ft. high,
rather slender: leaves thin, entire, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, 1 — 2 in.
long: petals with rhomboidal limb and short broad claw which is often
broadly toothed : filaments with hairy scales at base: capsules pedicellate,
8—12 lines long, 4-angled, glabrous, curved near the base.— Of wider
range than the last; equally common.

EPILOBIACE^. 137

6. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. Annuals, rigid and leafy, rather low
(except the first species); the leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers small,
purple, in leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx-tube funnelform above the ovary,
deciduous; lobes not reflexed in flower. Petals 4, obovate-cuneiform,
sessile, 2-lobed. Stamens 8, all perfect, unequal; filaments slender,
naked at base; anthers oblong, fixed near the base. Ovary 4-celled,
several-ovuled; stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate. Capsule mem-
branaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete, acute, dehiscent to the
base. Seeds in 1 row in the cell.

1. B. densiflora (Lindl.), Wats. Stoutish, sparingly branching, 1—5
ft. high, soft-pubescent throughout: lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate-toothed; the floral broader, entire: flowers in rather dense ter-
minal spikes: calyx 1% — 3 lines long, half as long as the purple petals:
capsules ovate-oblong, glabrous or villous, 2—4 lines long; cells 3—6-
seeded, the partition separating from the valves and adhering to the
placenta: seeds nearly a line long. Var. imhricata, Greene. Less can-
escent than the type, the whole plant larger and coarser; spikes thick
and dense, the capsules concealed under the very broad acute closely
imbricated bracts. — Abundant in low grounds. July— Oct.

2. B. stricta (Gray), Greene. Canescent with a short stiff spreading
pubescence; plant slender, seldom 1 ft. high: leaves lanceolate or linear,
narrow at base, entire or denticulate, the floral not differing from the
others except as being smaller: flowers in a loose simple spike, minute:
capsules linear-acuminate, 4— 6 lines long; cells 6— 8-seeded: seeds }£
line long or less, ovate. — Frequent from Santa Clara Co. northward.

3. B. cleistogama, Curran. Pale and glaucescent, glabrous or hispid-
ulous; 4 — 10 in. high, rather slender: leaves ovate-lanceolate, % — 1% in.
long, remotely serrate: fl. small, rose-red, the earliest ones cleistogamous :
capsule rather coriaceous: seeds numerous.— Common on the lower
Sacramento plains; also in Sonoma Co.

7. ISKAKDIA, Linn. Herbs (ours creeping and aquatic or riparian)
with entire opposite leaves, and axillary commonly apetalous 4-merous
flowers. Calyx-tube prismatic, not produced beyond the ovary; lobes
4, persistent. Stamens as many or twice as many. Ovary broad at apex
and usually flattened, or crowned with a conical style-base; stigma capi-
tate, 4-grooved. Capsule 4-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits or terminal
pores. Seeds very many, minute.

1. I. pal list ris, L. Glabrous; stems 4 — 10 in. long: leaves all opposite,
oval or ovate, acute, % — 1 in. long, tapering to a short petiole: fl. sessile,

1 in each axil: petals rarely present, minute, reddish: capsule oblong,

2 lines long or less, somewhat 4-angled.— On muddy shores in the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin valleys.

138 HALORAGE.E.

8. JUSSUEA, Linn. Habit of the preceding. Leaves attenuate.
Flowers 5-merous; petals yellow. Calyx-tube not angular, elongated,
not produced beyond the ovary ; lobes conspicuous, persistent. Capsule
in ours indehiscent. Seeds very numerous.

1. J. diffusa, Forsk. Perennial, the stout floating stems 1 ft. to 2
yards long: herbage altogether glabrous: leaves obovate to obovate-
oblong and even lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 1—2^ in. long, on petioles
of % — 1 in.; stipules gland-like or slightly scale-like: fl. 6— 8 lines broad,
deep yellow; the petals obtuse: fr. 1 in. long, spongy; the pedicel % in. or
more. — Plentiful, forming extensive floating masses, covering the surface
of sluggish waters of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin.

OBDEB XLIL HALORAGE>£.

Plants herbaceous and mostly aquatic, with small inconspicuous
usually apetalous flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts. Calyx,
in fertile flowers, adnate to the ovary, its limb short or absolete. Fruit
indehiscent and nut-like, 1 — 4-celled, with a single seed suspended in
each cell. Cotyledons small and short. Albumen copious.

1. LIMtfOPEUCE, Vaillant. Erect stoutish but low perennial aquat-
ics. Stem simple, short-jointed, with linear entire leaves in whorls of
8 or 12. Calyx-tube globular; the limb entire. Petals 0 Stamen 1;
filament subulate. Ovary 1-celled; style becoming filiform and elongated,
stigmatic throughout. Fruit oblong-ovoid, nut-like, 1-seeded.

1. L. vulgaris, Vaill. Stem %—l ft. high; herbage glabrous: leaves
% — 1 in- l°ng» acute: calyx % line long: style and stamen rather
conspicuous: nutlet nearly 1 line long. — In shallow ponds and pools,
and about springy places, but not often met with.

2. MYKIOPHYLLTJM, Malthiolus (WATEB-MILFOIL). Aquatic per-
ennials. Leaves verticillate, the submersed ones pinnately divided into
capillary or filiform segments; the emersed ones pectinate, or toothed,
or entire. Flowers spicate or axillary, commonly unisexual; the stam-
inate with a very short calyx-tube, and 2 — 4-lobed limb or none. Petals
2 — 4. Stamens 4 — 8. Calyx of pistillate fl. with a more or less deeply
4-grooved tube and 4 minute lobes or none. Styles 4, short, often
plumose and recurved. Fruit quadrangular, when ripe splitting into
4 one-seeded carpels.

1. M. spicatum, L. Stems often many feet long, growing in deep
waters, branching above: flowers in emersed short-peduncled verticillate
spikes 2—3 in. long; bracts reduced and inconspicuous; submersed leaves
in whorls of 4 or 5: petals 4, deciduous: stamens 8: carpels rounded on
the back, with a deep wide groove between them.— Mountain Lake, San
Francisco. July.

CERATOPHYLL^. 139

2. M. hippuroides, Nutt. Stems 4—8 in. long, growing in mud or
shallow water, the emersed branches erect, simple, leafy, flowering through-
out: submersed leaves in whorls of 4 and 6, with 6—8 pairs of capillary
pinnae; emersed ones often alternate, linear-lanceolate, serrate or dentate,
or the uppermost entire; the lowest often pinnatifid: petals often
pinkish and somewhat persistent : stamens 4 : carpels carinate and some-
what roughened; deep grooves between them. — In Marin Co., also on
the lower San Joaquin. June — Sept.

3. CALLITBICHE, Columna. Small and slender, growing in water
or on moist shaded ground. Leaves opposite, linear, spatulate or
obovate. Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by a pair of falcate or
lunate membranous bracts, mostly consisting of a single stamen and
pistil. Filaments elongated: anthers reniform, the cells ultimately
confluent. Styles 2, filiform, papillose. Fruit sessile or peduncled,
4-celled, more or less carinate or winged on the margins, 4-lobed, the
lobes united in pairs, forming 2 discs with a groove between them, at
maturity parting into 4 compressed carpels, each 1-seeded.

1. C. margiuata, Torr. Usually terrestrial and very small; when
aquatic the submersed leaves linear, 1-nerved, passing gradually into
the emersed, which are oblanceolate or spatulate, 3-nerved: styles
elongated, reflexed, deciduous: mature fruit on slender pedicels, often
buried in the mud, deeply emarginate at both ends, broader than high, the
margins of the thick carpels widely divergent and narrowly winged. —
Low grounds, among growing grain, etc., from San Mateo and Alameda
counties northward. June.

2. C. palustris, L. Usually aquatic, with linear retuse or bifid
submersed leaves, and spatulate or obovate emersed ones, these rounded
or truncate or retuse at apex, narrowed into a margined petiole, and
profusely dotted with stellate scales: fr. sessile, oblong, with a small
apical notch, narrow- winged above, deeply grooved between the lobes. —
In sluggish or stagnant shallow pools. June.

OBDEB XLIII. CERATOPHYLL/E.

Represented by a single species of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. (HOBNWOBT). Aquatic herbs, with
rigid verticillate leaves, these usually pinnatifid and the segments
toothed. Flowers clustered in the leaf -axils, involucrate, unisexual.
Involucre multifid. Calyx and corolla wanting. Stamens 14—20. Ovary
ovate, 1-celled; style filiform, incurved. Fruit a small nutlet: the seed
pendulous. Albumen 0; cotyledons 4, verticillate, 2 larger than the
others; plumule conspicuous, compound.

1. C. demersum, L. Stem 1 — 2 ft. long, nearly glabrous; in ternodes
short; leaves in whorls of 6 or 8; the linear segments acute, aculeate-

140

toothed: achene 2 lines long or more, elliptical, somewhat compressed,
short-stipitate, with a short spine or tubercle on each side near the
base, not margined; style equalling the achene. — At San Francisco,
according to Chamisso.

ORDER XLIV. S A L I C A R I >£ ,

Herbs with entire leaves, and axillary or spicate mostly 5-merous
purplish flowers. Calyx tubular, enclosing the ovary but free from it;
the petals and definite stamens borne on the throat of it. Style I.
Capsule mostly 1-celled by the vanishing of the thin partitions. Seeds
numerous, small, on a central placenta, exalbuminous.

1. LYTHRUM, Linn. Calyx cylindrical, 10— 12-angled or -striate,
10 — 12-toothed; the teeth alternately long and erect and shorter and
incurved. Petals 5 or 6, inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube alter-
nately with the erect teeth. Stamens from the middle or the base of
the calyx-tube, as many or twice as many as the petals. Style filiform;
stigma capitate.

* Petals minute, pale.

1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. Annual, simple or branching, erect, 4 — 10 in.
high: herbage pale, glabrous: lowest leaves opposite: fl. subsessile in
the axils of the alternate leaves, very small, whitish or pale-purple. — Not
rare in the Coast Range, from Humboldt Co. southward throughout the
State; also, in a large form, in the interior, near Stockton, etc.

2. L, cidsiirgeiis, Greene. Stoloniferous perennial, the 5-angled
branches 1 — 3 fl. long, decumbent or assurgent; herbage pallid, glabrous,
slightly succulent: calyx 2% lines long, 12-striate, the striae at length
widening below: petals pale purple. — Plant very near the preceding in
all points except its great size and perennial stoloniferous habit.
Common in wet places near the Bay, at West Berkeley, etc.

* * Petals larger, bright red-purple.

3. L. Californicnm, Torr. & Gray. Stoloniferous perennial, the
roots spreading near the surface of the ground: stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high,
simple below, paniculately branching above: lower leaves lanceolate;
upper and floral linear: striae of the calyx not wing-margined; teeth
very short. — In marshy land; also along streams, and in springy places.

2. AMMAXNIA, Houston. Glabrous opposite-leaved annuals; the
flowers 2 or more in each axil. Calyx subglobose, more or less distinctly
4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with horn-shaped appendages alternating
with the teeth. Petals 4, purplish, small and deciduous, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 4 — 8. Capsule globular.

1. A. coccinea, Bottb. Erect, stoutish, ^—2 ft. high, with few
spreading branches: stem 4-angled: leaves linear-lanceolate, 1—3 in.

L 0 A S E M . 141

long, with a broad auricled base: fl. 1—5 in each axil, mostly sessile:
calyx 1J£ lines long, in fruit becoming 2 lines broad: petals small, bright
purple: capsule bursting irregularly. — Common along the lower Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin.

2 A. humilis, Michx. Smaller; leaves linear-oblanceolate, not auri-
cled at base but tapering, sometimes short-petiolate : fl. 1 — 3 in each
axil : calyx globular, the accessory teeth as long as the lobes or shorter :
petals small, purplish: capsule globular, dehiscent septicidally. — Habitat
of the preceding, but less frequent.

ORDER XLV. L 0 A S E >£ .

Rigid herbs clothed with stinging or jointed and barbed hairs. Bark
of stems often white and deciduous. Leaves without stipules. Calyx-tube
adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens often very numerous, and some
of the outer petaloid. We have but the following genus.

1. MENTZELIA, Plumier. Annuals and biennials. Leaves alternate,
mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary or cymose, large
or very small, yellow. Calyx-tube cylindrical, ovoid or turbinate; the
5-lobed limb persistent. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens GO , inserted on the
throat of the calyx; filaments free, or in clusters opposite the petals,
filiform, or the outer more or less dilated and without anthers. Ovary
truncate at summit, 1-celled; ovules horizontal or pendulous, in 1 or 2
rows on the 3 parietal placentae. Capsule mostly cylindrical, opening
irregularly at the summit. Seeds angled or compressed.

* Annuals, small- flowered; petals 5 only; stamens rather few.

1. M. allinis, Greene. Stoutish, often 2 ft. high, simple and leafy
below, widely branching above; leaves lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnat-
ifid: fl. scattered, % in. broad; calyx-lobes attenuate-subulate, 2 — 3 lines
long: capsule 1 in. long, almost linear, hispid with short stiff hairs which
have a pustulate base: seeds prismatic, with grooved angles.— Plains of
the San Joaquin, and far southward.

2. M. micrantha (H. & A.), Torr & Gray. More slender, the inflor-
escence in age compactly dichotomous: leaves ovate, from entire to
serrate-toothed: fl. very small; 5 of the filaments petaloid and einargin-
ate: capsules 3 — 6 lines long, few-seeded: seed prismatic, twice as long
as broad, the base often oblique, angles with very shallow groove, sides
faintly tuberculate. — Santa Clara Co., in the mountains. May— July.

3. M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. Slender, simple or bushy-branched,
1 — 3 ft. high; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2—3 in. long, from
pectinate-pinnatifid to coarsely toothed: fl. axillary and terminal: calyx-
lobes rather broadly lanceolate, % — % in. long: fl. vespertine: petals
obovate, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate, 1 in. long or more, golden

142

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.

yellow: filaments many, very slender, unequal, the longest almost
equalling the petals; anthers minute, oval: capsule 1 in. long or more:
seeds angular, tuberculate.— Common in the Mt. Diablo Kange.

* * Flowers large; petals about 10^ stamens very numerous.

4. M. hi'victuilis (Dougl.), Torr. & Gray. Biennial, stout, Branched
above, 2—3 ft. high; stem white, scarcely roughened: leaves lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed, 2—8 in. long: fl. sessile on short branches, 3—4 in.
broad, light yellow, diurnal: calyx-tube naked; segments 1 in. long or
more: petals oblanceolate, acute, almost equalled by the numerous
stamens: capsule 1^ in. long, 3—4 lines in diameter: seeds minutely
tuberculate, \y2 lines broad. — In the mountain districts at low altitudes,
and on the plains near the foothills. July — October.

ORDER XLVI. ARISTOLOCHIACE/E.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, with alternate entire mostly cordate or
reniform exstipulate leaves, and solitary apetalous perfect flowers. Peri-
anth lurid-purple or greenish, with a valvate regularly or irregularly
3-lobed limb: the tube more or less adnate to a 6-celled ovary, which
becomes a 6-valved capsule, or a berry. Stamens 6—12, on the ovary,
more or less adnate to the style; anthers extrorse. Styles usually 6,
united at the base. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA, Diosc. (PIPE-VINE). Perianth very irregular;
tube inflated above the ovary, deciduous from it. Anthers 6, sessile and
adnate to the short simple style. Stigma 3 — 6-lobed or -angled. Fruit
capsular, 6 -angled, 6-valved, septicidally dehiscent.

1. A. Californica, Torr. A deciduous shrubby climber, 6—10 ft.
high, pubescent with short silky hairs: leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse or
acutish, 2—4 in. long, short-petioled : peduncles slender, 1—2 in. long,
with a small cordate or obovate bract in the middle : calyx-tube broadly
saccate and doubled upon itself, 1 — 1J£ in. long from the base to the top
of the curvature, y2 in. broad, little contracted at the throat; limb
bilabiate, the upper lip of 2 broad obtuse lobes, with a disk-like thicken-
ing on the inner side: anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3
broad stigma-lobes: ovary linear-clavate, pubescent: capsule spongy-
coriaceous, obovate, attenuate to a slender base, \% *&• long, 6- winged;
spongy. — Banks of streams; not very common. April.

2. AS ARUM, Diosc. (WILD GINGER). Perianth regular, campanulate;
limb 3-cleft, persistent, the tips of the segments infolded in the bud.
Stamens 12, nearly free from the styles, the alternate ones shorter;
connective continued beyond the anthers, pointed. Styles 6, more or
less united. Capsule globose, fleshy, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds large,
thick, in 2 rows in each cell.

CUCURBITACE^:. 143

1. A. caudal inn, Lindl. Acaulescent, with creeping aromatic root-
stocks, the branches of these bearing 2 long-petioled leaves and a
pedunculate flower: leaves cordate-reniform, somewhat cucullate, acutish
or obtuse, 2 — 4 in. long, sparingly pubescent above : peduncles slender,
6 — 15 lines long: ovary 4 lines broad: calyx-lobes oblong, with long-
attenuate apex, 1 — 2^ in. long: filaments stout, the free apex of the
connective shorter than the anther: styles united, equalling the stamens:
seeds 1^ lines long, ovate. — Woods of the Coast Range. April.

ORDER XLVII. CUCURBITACE/E.

Herbs, tendril-bearing, trailing or climbing, commonly scabrous and
succulent. Flowers axillary to the alternate leaves, unisexual. Calyx-
tube coherent with the ovary; limb of 5 lobes or teeth. Corolla with
petals more or less united. Stamens 5, more or less united; anthers
2-celled, or one of them 1-celled. Ovary 2— 3-celled; stigma 3— 5-lobed.
Fruit fleshy. Seeds large, usually compressed, exalbuminous; cotyledons
fleshy.

1. CUCURBIT A, Pliny (SQUASH. PUMPKIN). Flowers solitary.
Caylx-tube campanulate, 5 lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft to the
middle or lower, the lobes recurved. Sterile fl. with stamens at the
base of the corolla; filaments distinct; anthers more or less united,
flexuous. Fertile fl. with 3 rudimentary stamens; ovary oblong, with
3 placentae and many horizontal ovules; style short; stigmas 3, 2-lobed
Fruit indehiscent; in our species with a hard shell-like rind.

1. C. foetidissima, HBK. Boot large, fusiform: stems long, trailing:
leaves scabrous, triangular-cordate, acute, the slight lobes rounded or
angled, mucronate-denticulate; petiole shorter than the blade: tendrils
3 — 5-cleft: fl. 3—4 in. long, yellow; corolla-lobes obtuse, mucronate:
calyx-tube ^ in. long, the linear lobes as long: fr. globose, 2 — 3 in.
thick, smooth, yellow, on a peduncle 1 — 2 in. long; shell filled with a
fibrous bitter pulp: seed thin, obovate, 4 — 5 lines long, obtusely
margined. — From San Joaquin Co. southward, on low plains.

2. MICRAMPELIS, Raf. (Bio-RooT). Membranous-leaved trailing
or climbing herbs, with simple tendrils, and small white or greenish
flowers, the fertile solitary, the sterile racemose or panicled from the
same axil. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate; teeth small or obsolete.
Corolla rotate or campanulate, deeply 5— 7-lobed, with elongated seg-
ments. Sterile fl. with stamens at base; filaments short, united: anthers
distinct or more or less coherent. Fertile fl. pedicellate, with or without
abortive stamens. Ovary globose or oblong, bristly, 2— 4-celled; cells
1 — 4-ovuled: style short; stigma 2— 3-parted or -lobed. Fruit prickly,
fibrous and watery-pulpy, dehiscing irregularly near the apex. Seeds

144 CUCURBITACEjE.

large, ovoid or more rounded, more or less compressed, encircled by a
mere marginal line; hilum linear, acute; cotyledons thick, remaining
within the integuments after germination. Our species perennials with
very large fleshy fusiform roots.

* Leaves rather longer than broad; corollas rotate.

1. M. fabacea (Naud.), Greene. Glabrous, or the younger parts
with scattered short curved hairs: stem 10—30 ft. long: leaves 2—6 in.
broad, of round-ovate general outline, more or less deeply and angularly
5 — 7-lobed; lobes abruptly acute, mucronate, the sinuses obtuse: sterile
fl. 15—30 in slender racemes, the pedicels 1—2 lines long; corolla 3—4
lines broad, of a dull or greenish white: fertile fl. 5—6 lines broad,
without abortive stamens: ovary globose, densely echinate, 2-celled,
4-ovuled: //•. globose, "2 in. long, densely covered with stout pungent spines
% — 1 in. long: seeds 4, obovoid, 10 lines long^ 6 lines broad. Var.
agrestis, Greene. Stems 2—4 ft. long, prostrate or merely trailing;
leaves and fruits much smaller, the latter armed only sparsely with very
short spines.— The type is common all along the seaboard, growing in
thickets and climbing high over shrubs and small trees. The variety is
a weed in grain fields along the eastern foothills of Mt. Diablo. Fl.
Jan. — April.

* * Leaves broader than long; corollas campanulate.

2. M. Marali (Wats.), Greene. Stems 3 — 30 ft. long: leaves reniform
or round-cordate, 3 — 6 in. broad, pedately lobed: racemes of sterile
flowers %—l ft. long; corolla % in. long or more, campanulate, clear
white: fertile fl. with abortive stamens; pedicel slender, 2 — 6 lines long:
ovary oblong-ovate, acuminate, more or less clothed with soft spines, 2 —
3-celled; ovules 1—4 in each cell, ascending or horizontal, attached to
the outer side of the cell : fr. ovate-oblong, 4 in. long, attenuate at each
end, more or less muricate with short weak spines: seeds horizontally
placed, somewhat elliptical or nearly orbicular, compressed, 1 in. long and
about half as thick. — Shady banks, or open northward slopes, trailing or
high-climbing; common about Mt. Tamalpais, also in Alameda and
Contra Costa counties.

3. M. Watsonii (Cogn.), Greene. Slender, not succulent, glaucous:
stems 6 — 8 ft. long: leaves broad-reniform, 5— 7-lobed, 2—4 in. broad,
the lobes broader above, sinuate-toothed or -lobed : sterile racemes few-
flowered; fl. small, white: fertile fl. without abortive stamens, on slender
pedicels 1—2 in. long; ovary glabrous or muricate: fr. nearly globose, 1
in. thick or more, naked or with a few weak spines near the base, 2-celled,
%—4-seeded: seed nearly globose, % in. thick, attached to the outer side
of the cell, marginless. — Vaca Mts March — May.

AKALIACE.E. 145

ORDER XL VIII. ARALIACE^E,

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with mostly hollow stems, and alternate lobed
or compound leaves. Flowers small, in simple panicled or racemosely
arranged umbels. Calyx joined to the ovary, entire or toothed. Petals
5, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted around the border of the calyx out-
side of an epigynous disk. Ovary more than 2-celled; styles as many as
the cells, sometimes connate. Fruit berry-like. Seeds pendulous; em-
bryo minute; albumen fleshy.

1. AR A LI A, Vaiilant (SPIKENARD). Our species a very coarse peren-
nial herb, with ternately compound leaves and large serrate leaflets.
Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Disk depressed or 0. Fruit laterally com-
pressed, becoming 3— 5-angled, fleshy externally; endocarp chartaceous.

1. A. Californica, Wats. Unarmed, 6—10 ft. high: leaflets cordate-
ovate, 4 — 10 in. long, abruptly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate:
umbels in loose terminal and axillary compound or simple racemose
panicles 1—2 ft. long, each umbel subtended by several linear bractlets :
fl. 2 lines long; disk and style-base obsolete; styles united for half their
length : f r. 2 lines long. — In shaded and moist ravines.

2. HEDERA, Pliny (!VY). Shrubby, climbing "by aerial roots. Leaves
coriaceous, evergreen, simple, lobed. Flowers in a terminal panicle of
umbels. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles united into a single very short one.
Berry smooth, black; seeds 2 — 5.

1. H. HELIX, Gerarde (1633). Leaves ovate, angularly 3 — 5-lobed,
those of the sterile and young shoots more deeply so than those of the
flowering branches; these bushy, erect, projecting a foot or more from
the climbing main stem: umbels globose: fl. yellowish-green. — The
English fvy, common on trees in parks, and on buildings, and well
adapted to our climate, fruits freely here, and will often be met with wild.

ORDER XLIX. UMBELLIFER/E.

Herbs with mostly hollow, striate, angled or fluted stems, and usually
compound leaves which are prevailingly -alternate; the petiole dilated
or even sheathing at base. Flowers small, in simple or compound
umbels (sometimes sessile and therefore capitate). Calyx almost wholly
adnate to the 2-celled ovary. Petals 5, mostly valvate in bud, usually
inflexed at apex in flower. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals; anthers
ovate, subdidymous. Styles 2, simple, more or less dilated at base into
a stylopodium. Fruit of 2 closely approximated and often ribbed, some-
times winged, always 1-seeded carpels; the intervals between the ribs
usually occupied by one or more oil-tubes or viltse. The face by which
the two carpels meet or partly cohere is called the commissure. A

146 TJMBELLIFER^.

slender prolongation of the axis between these faces is called a carpo-
phore, which, in maturity, is apt to split into 2 branches, with a carpel
suspended from each.

* Umbels simple, or imperfectly or irregularly compound.

Low, flaccid; leaves simple;

Stems creeping; peduncles erect, scapif orm HYDROCOTYLE 1

Stems trailing; peduncles short, not scape-like BOWLESIA

Rigid, branching; leaves elongated, firm, setaceously

toothed or lobed ...ERYNGIUM 3

Umbels irregularly compound: fruit without

ribs, subglobose, prickly or tuberculate SANICULA 4

* * Umbels regularly compound; leaves compound, often finely dissected-

Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, not broadly winged;

Oblong or rounded; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals VEL^A 5

Broadly ovate; ribs obtuse; oil-tubes none CONIUM 6

Ovate or oblong; ribs corky; oil-tubes 2 or more SiUM 7

Broad-ovate or rounded; ribs broad; oil-tubes solitary CICUTA

Styles elongated; oil-tube 1 in each interval; seed

flat on the face (ENANTHE 9

Styles not elongated; oil-tube 1 to the interval: seed terete APIUM 10

Fruit very small; ribs obscure: oil-tubes solitary APIASTRUM 11

Fruit ovate or oblong; ribs filiform; oil-tubes 1 to

each interval CARUM 12

Carpeln 5-angled; ribs slender; oil-tubes

several to the interval PIMPINELXA 13

Calyx with turgid border and no teeth FCENICULDM 14

Ribs of carpel beset with hooked prickles;

Seed nearly flat on the face DAUCUS 23

Seed deeply channeled on the face CAUCALJS 24

f attenuate at base MYRRHIS 20

Carpels much elongated ] short-beaked CH^EROPHYLLUM 21

'long-beaked ..SCANDIX 22

Fruit not compressed; ribs corky (ENANTHE

Fruit slightly compressed dorsally; some of the

ribs narrowly winged SELJNUM 15

Fruit strongly compressed dorsally and winged;

Lateral wings broad; dorsal less prominent ANGELICA 16

Lateral wings thick, corky: dorsal obscure LEPTOT^ENIA 17

Lateral wings thin, coherent until maturity;

Oil-tubes running the whole length of the carpel PEUCEDANUM 18

Oil-tubes obnlavate, running from the apex to

below the middle of the carpel SPHONDYLIUM 19

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. (MARSH PENNYWORT). Low glabrous
herbs, growing in or near water, with creeping stems. Leaves rounded,
toothed or lobed, sometimes peltate; stipules scale-like. Flowers incon-
spicuous, in simple umbels, or in whorls one above another, on a scapi-
form erect peduncle. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals entire, acute. Fruit
flattened laterally, suborbicular, acutely margined, and with 2 or more
less prominent ribs or nerves on each side; oil-tubes 0; carpels coherent.

UMBELLIFER.E. 147

1. H. prolifera, Kell. Herbage light green and flaccid: leaves about
1 in. broad, peltate, emarginate at base, simply crenate, on petioles 1—4
in. long: peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves: fl. in 1 — 4 whorls,
each 4— 12-fiowered, with many bractlets; pedicels 1—6 lines long: fr. 1
line wide, emarginate at base; ribs 2 on each side, prominent. — Said to
occur near San Francisco; common in the Suisun marshes. June — Aug.

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Herbage dark green, fleshy: leaves 1—2 in.
broad, round reniform, 3— 7 -clef I, the lobes crenate; petioles 2—10 in.
long; peduncles much shorter (^ — 3 in.), reflexed in fruit: fl. 5 — 10 in a
capitate umbel: fr. very shortly pedicellate, 1 — 1^ lines broad, with
thickened but scarcely angled margins, rather obscurely nerved on each
side, longer than the pedicels.— In shallow ponds, margin of lakes, etc.,
along the seaboard.

2. BOWLESIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Slender very flaccid herbs, with
sparse stellate pubescence, and opposite simple leaves with scarious
lacerate stipules. Flowers minute, white, in simple few-flowered umbels
on axillary peduncles. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals elliptical,
obtusish. Fruit broadly ovate, with narrow commissure, turgid, becom-
ing depressed on the back, without ribs or oil- tubes.

1. B. lob at a, R & P. Annual, the slender stems more or less dicho-
tomous, 2 in. to 1 ft. long: leaves round-reniform or cordate, % — 1^ in.
broad, shorter than the slender petioles, deeply 5-lobed; lobes acutish,
entire or few-toothed : umbels short-peduncled, 1— 4-flowered: fr. 1 line
long, sessile or nearly so, pubescent, the inflated calyx not adherent to
the carpels. — Among rocks, under trees, etc., on hillsides. April, May.

3. ERYNCrlUM, Nicander (BUTTON SNAKEROOT). Perennials with
rigid coriaceous spinosely toothed or divided leaves, and white or blue
flowers sessile in dense heads which are encircled by a series of bracts
forming an involucre; each flower also subtended by a rigid bract.
Calyx-teeth manifest, rigid, persistent. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, scarcely
compressed, covered with hyaline scales or vesicles; ribs obsolete; oil-
tubes 0; carpels and seeds semiterete.

1. E. armatum, C. & K. Diffusely branching,! ft. high or more:
radical leaves oblanceolate, serrately or spinosely dentate or incised,
attenuate to a margined petiole; cauline narrower, sessile: heads pedun-
cled, globose, % in. thick; bracts of involucre triangular-lanceolate,
entire, thick-margined, 1 in. long and much exceeding the head; bracllels
similar and as prominent: fr. with lanceolate -acuminate calyx-lobes
longer than the styles. — Common in low ground.

2. E. Vaseyi, C. & B. Smaller, branching above: leaves oblanceo-
late, irregularly spinose-serrate, attenuate at base: involucral bracts

148 UMBELLIFER^l.

narrow, rigid, spinescent at lip and spinose-toothed, 1 in. long or less;
bractlets similar: fr. with lanceolate acuminate-cuspidate calyx-lobes
exceeding the short styles.— With the last.

3. E. petiolatum, Hook. Erect, 1 — 5 ft. high, branching above: rad-
ical leaves oblanceolale, irregularly spinose-serrate, narrowed to an elon-
gated fistulous petiole, or the very lowest reduced to a long terete petiole;
cauline mostly sessile : heads peduncled, globose, % in. high; involucral
bracts linear-lanceolate, spinosely tipped and toothed, often 1 in. long;
bracllels lanceolate, cuspidate-tipped, little exceeding the flowers, scari-
ous-winged below: fr. with calyx-lobes like the bractlets but smaller,
shorter than the long styles. — Perhaps not in our district.

4. E. artieulatiini, Hook. More or less branching, erect, decumbent
or rarely prostrate: radical and lower leaves consisting of a long artic-
ulated petiole with or without a small lanceolate entire or laciniate
blade; cauline sessile: bracts of involucre % in. long, exceeding the
heads, linear, cuspidate, spinosely toothed; bractlets tricuspidate, little
exceeding the flowers, the central cusp largest: calyx-lobes lanceolate,
cuspidate, little exceeding the styles. Var. microcephalnm, C. & E.
Very small and slender: bracts ovate -acuminate, little surpassing the
heads, these only 2—3 lines long; calyx-lobes short-mucronate. — In
swamps and wet meadows.

5. E. Harknessii, Ourran. Slender, not rigid, dichotomously branch-
ing, 3 — 4 ft. high : leaves much as in the last, but blade of the lowest with
perfectly entire and unarmed margin; cauline petiolate, sparingly soft-
spinuloseon the margin: heads round-ovate, % in. high, blue: bracts of
the involucre longer than the head but deflexed: calyx-segments subulate,
pungently mucronate, equalling the long styles. — In the Suisun Marsh.
August— October.

4. SA.NICULA., Brunfels (SANICLE). Glabrous perennials (n. 1 bien-
nial), with chiefly radical leaves, these mostly palmately divided and
sometimes subdivided. Flowers unisexual, in irregularly compound
few-rayed umbels; these in volucrate with sessile leaf -like usually toothed
bracts; the bracts of the involucels usually small and entire. Calyx-teeth
persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, densely uncinate- prickly or
tuberculate; ribs obsolete; oil-tubes many.

* Mature fruit pedicelled; leaves palmately lobed or divided.

1. S. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Biennial: stem solitary, erect, branch-
ing loosely above, 2—5 ft. high: leaves 2 — 3 in. broad, of rounded outline,
but with deep broad lobes and cordate base, the shining surface delicately
i-nifinte; the 3—5 lobes sharply toothed, the teeth setaceously tipped;
involucre small, of 2 or 3 narrow leaflets; the involucels of 6 — 8 lanceo-

UMBELLIFEE^. 149

late entire bracts a line long: fr. obovate, a line long or more, covered
ii'ith hooked prickles. — Abundant in open woods, and along streams in
shade of thickets. May, June.

2. S. arctopoides, Hook. & Arn. The whole herbage of a greenish
yellow, and with an offensive odor: main stem simple, very short; the
many scape-like flowering branches at first depressed, later becoming
elongated and divergent, 3 — 6 in. long, each bearing an umbel of 1 — 3
elongated rays : leaves deeply 3-parted, the lanceolate segments once or
twice laciniately cleft: involucre of 1 or 2 leaflets; heads large, % in.
broad, encircled by 8 or 10 oblanceolate mostly entire bracts which are
yellow and resemble the rays of a composite: fr. ] J£ lines long, naked at
base, strongly armed above. — Bleak hills near the sea, at San Francisco,
etc. Feb.— -April.

* * Mature fruit sessile; leaves palmately divided (except in n. 4).

3. S. nndicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Stems several, slender, erect, 1 ft.
high or more: leaves long petioled, of cordate outline, 3-parted; divisions
laciniately once or twice pinnatifid, the segments with widely spreading
acute often spinosely pointed teeth: fl. yellow, in many small heads dis-
posed in compound umbels terminating sparingly leafy branches: fr.
naked at base, uncinate-bristly above.— Wooded hills, along borders of
thickets, etc., towards the sea. March— May.

4. S. maritima, Kell. Stoutish, 1 ft. high, rather fleshy: radical
leaves long-pelioled, the lowest oblong-cordate, not lobed, but crenate-
dentate; some of the later more or less deeply 3-lobed, 2—4 in. long:
involucre of large leaf -like lobed or parted bracts: umbel of about 3
elongated rays : fl. yellow, the sterile ones short-pediceljate : fr. nearly
naked below, prickly above, 2 lines long.— In lowlands adjacent to salt
marshes near Alameda, San Francisco, etc. March — May.

* * * Fruit sessile; leaves pinnately divided and subdivided.

5. S. bipinnatiflda, Dougl. Stoutish, slightly fleshy, 1—2 ft. high,
herlmge of a peculiarly dark green: leaves mostly radical, but an opposite
pair on the stem near the base, with 1 — 3 above these, all pinnately 3 —
7-parted, the divisions incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the
toothed rachis, the teeth acutely or somewhat setaceously pointed: um-
bel of 3 or 4 greatly elongated rays: fl. very dark purplish red: fr. 1^
lines long, prickly.— Very common on hillsides and open grounds gen-
erally. March — May.

6. S. bipinnata, Hook. & Arn. Erect and rather slender, from a
somewhat fusiform-tuberous and perhaps only biennial root, 1 — 2 ft.
high: leaves not fleshy, the segments or leaflets remote, not decumbent,
narrowly obovate, cuneate, mucronate-dentate : umbel compound: fl.
yellow: fr. naked at base, echinate above.— Foothills of the inner Coast
ranges. Feb. — April.

150 UMBELLIFEB^:.

7. S, saxatilis, Greene. Stems many, depressed, 1 ft. long, from a
fleshy napiform root: leaves ternately pinnate, the ultimate segments
broad, coarsely toothed: branches repeatedly dichotornous, with pedi-
cellate heads in all the forks : small involucels of very unequal f oliaceous
entire or toothed bractlets: fr. strongly tuberculate, the tubercles of the
upper part ending in a broadly subulate incurved point. — Summit of Mt.
Diablo, growing among loose rocks.

8. S, tuberosa, Torr. Very slender, the solitary erect freely branch-
ing stem 6—18 in. high, from a small roundish not deeply seated
tuberous root: leaves small, finely twice or thrice pinnate, the ultimate
segments small: umbels 1— 4-rayed, small: fl. yellow, the sterile ones
long pedicelled: fr. broader than long, tuberculate. — Kocky hills, in sterile
clayey soil. March— May.

5. TELJEA, De Candolle. Glabrous or pubescent. Boots thick,
elongated, yellow, fragrant. Leaves mostly radical, pinnately or ternately
compound. Involucre sometimes wanting. Involucels conspicuous.
Flowers yellow. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally, with prominent
equal filiform ribs, and thin pericarp. Oil-tubes conspicuous, 3—6 in
the intervals, 4—10 on the commissural side.

1. V. Hartwegi (Gray), C. & B. Subacaulescent, light green, the
petioles and veins somewhat scabrous: leaves biternate and quinate;
leaflets obovate or oval-oblong, 1-— 2 in. long, mostly confluent, coarsely
and deeply mucronate-serrate : peduncles 1 — 2 ft. high; umbel 16—20-
rayed, usually without involucre, but the umbellets subtended by
linear-oblong reflexed bractlets; rays 2^ — 4 in. long; pedicels short: fr.
nearly orbicular, smooth, 3 — 4 lines long, 1% — 3 lines broad, sharply
ribbed. Near San Francisco.

2 Y. Kelloggii (Gray), C. & B. More slender than the last, mostly
puberulent: leaves triternate; leaflets ovate, % — % in- long; usually
3-lobed: umbel 8 — 16-rayed, mostly without involucre, the involucels of
small linear bractlets', rays 1—3 in. long: fr. 1—2 lines long, nearly as
broad, retuse at base, the ribs filiform. — Hills of the Coast Bange, in
wooded or open ground.

6. CONIUM, Linn. (POISON HEMLOCK). Tall glabrous biennial, with
large ternately-dissected thin leaves, and compound umbels of small
white flowers terminating the paniculate branches. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed; carpels with 5 prominent
obtuse often undulate or crenulate ribs, and no oil-tubes.

1. C. MACULATUM, L. Boot fusiform: stem stout, fistulous, 3—7 ft.
high, glaucescent, spotted with purple: leaves a foot long or more,
two-thirds as broad: segments % in. long, pinnatifid, the lobes acute:
umbels 12— 20-rayed: rays 1—1% in. long: fr. 1^ lines long, shorter
than the pedicels.— Waste grounds, in shady places.

UMBELLIFER^. . 151

7. SIUM, Diosc. (WATER PARSNIP). Glabrous perennial aquatics,
with angled stems, pinnate leaves with leaflets pinnatifid or serrate, and
white flowers; the involucres and involucels of several bracts. Calyx-
teeth minute. Fruit oblong, ovate or nearly globose; ribs prominent or
obscure; oil-tubes few or many in the intervals.

* Fruit with corky ribs; oil-tubes between them.

L 8. heterophyllum, Greene. Stem stoutish and brittle, strongly
angular and somewhat flexuous, 3 ft. high, from a cluster of fleshy fibrous
roots, these thickened below the middle: lowest leaves simple, 2—10 in.
long, rhombic-lanceolate, serrate or laciniate, on a stout fistulous petiole
which is still longer and usually submerged; the later radical 3-lobed or
-parted, thus passing to the cauline which are pinnate, mostly with only
2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, these broadly lanceolate, acute, serrate: bracts of
involucre broadly lanceolate, acute at each end: fr. 1J£ lines long, broadly
ovoid; oil-tubes broad, solitary between the ribs, 2 on the face: seed
angular. — Common in brackish swamps, under the influence of tide-
water, at Suisun, Stockton, etc.

* * Fruit with angled corky covering; oil-tubes beneath this.

2. S. erectum, Huds. Stems angular, 1—3 ft. high, from a stolon-
iferous crown, usually erect, corymbosely branching above: leaflets
about 6 pairs, ovate oblong to linear, 1J£— 2 in. long, often laciniate at
base, the upper ones usually more or less deeply incised: peduncles 1 — 2
in. long: rays 1 in. or less: involucre and involucels of 6— 8 linear entire
lanceolate bracts: fr. % line long, less compressed than in the above:
oil-tubes small in twos and threes, concealed beneath the corky covering
(confluent ribs). — San Mateo Co.

8. CICUTA, Sealer. (WATER HEMLOCK). Glabrous tall branching
perennials of marshes and stream banks. Bootstocks short and erect, or
horizontal and rooting from beneath. Leaves pinnately or ternately
compound. Umbels of white flowers many-rayed; involucre small or 0;
involucels of several small bractlets. Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylo-
podium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate or rounded, slightly compressed
laterally, but the commissure narrow; ribs broad, obtuse, corky; oil- tubes
solitary in the intervals. Seed subterete.

1. C. Bolanderi, Wats. Roots numerous, very coarse, 4—7 in. long,
whorled around the base of a short-conical strictly erect axis: stem stout,
erect, 4—9 ft. high, purplish below and very glaucous, paniculate from
below the middle: radical leaves on petioles 2 ft. long or more, the blade
twice or thrice pinnate: leaflets narrowly lanceolate-acuminate, 2 — 4 in.
long, closely and sharply serrate, the setaceous tips of the teeth some-
what spreading. — Marshes about Suisun Bay; also in similar situations
(always within reach of tide-water) near Napa.

152 . UMBELLIFER^E.

2. C. Californica, Gray. Eoolstock horizontal, freely branching, the
branches % — 1 ft- l°ng> the older portion slender (% in. thick or more)
with long internodes. upper end abruptly davate-enlarged and short-jointed:
stem erect, 3—6 ft. high: lowest leaves bipinnate, the upper simply pin-
nate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate : involucre nearly obsolete: seed sometimes
with 2 oil-tubes in the intervals.— In eddies and along the margins of
swift-flowing mountain streams of the Coast Kange only, from near
Santa Cruz and Mt. Hamilton to the Oakland Hills.

9. (ENANTHE, Diosc. Aquatic perennials, with glabrous decom-
pound leaves and involucrate umbels. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute.
Stylo podium short-conical: styles elongated in age. Fruit oblong, not
compressed, with broad commissure, rounded corky ribs, and oil-tubes
solitary in the intervals. Seed compressed dorsally, flat on the face.

1. (E. Californica (H. & A.), Wats. Eootstocks erect or ascending,
1 — 2 in. long, % in. thick, solid : stem solitary, decumbent or procumbent,
rooting at the lower joints, erect above and with one or more umbellif-
erous branches : leaves ternate and bipinnate (or the upper ones simply
pinnate), the pinnae nearly sessile : leaflets approximate, ovate, acutish,
toothed, at base often lobed, 3^—1 m. long: fr. 1% lines long, oblong,
obtuse at each end, tipped with the long spreading styles; ribs and
commissure corky: oil-tubes at the angles. — Very common, forming
dense masses covering shallow pools, back of the salt marshes and
among the hills. April — Nov.

10. APIUM, Brunfeh. Glabrous biennial, with pinnately or ternately
compound leaves, and nearly naked umbels of small whitish flowers.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed or 0. Fruit ovate or
broader; the carpels straight, obtusely ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals. Seed nearly terete.

1. A. GRAVEOLENS, L. (CELERY). Biennial, with fibrous roots: stem
erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, branching freely: leaves pinnate; leaflets in 1 or 2
pairs, cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, sparingly toothed, 1-^2 in. long,
those of the uppermost leaves 3 only, oblanceolate, nearly entire : umbels
sessile or short-peduncled; rays 6 — 12, slender, 1 in. long: fr. % line
long. — Common in marshy grounds throughout the Bay region.

11. APIASTRUM, Nutt. A small and rather delicate branching
annual, with leaves dissected into linear segments. Umbels sessile in
the forks, or opposite the leaves, naked, few-rayed. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Petals ovate, concave, obtuse. Stylopodium depressed; styles short.
Fruit cordate, laterally compressed, the commissure narrow; ripe carpels
incurved, with 5 often obscure rugulose ribs; oil-tubes broad and solitary
in the intervals, with a narrow one under each rib.

1. A. augustifolium, Nutt. A few inches to nearly a foot high;
branches more or less dichotomous : leaves 1 — 2 in. long, biternately or

UMBELLIFER^E. 153

triternately dissected into almost filiform segments: rays of umbel very
unequal: fr. ^ line long, somewhat broader, the 5 primary ribs occasion-
ally supplemented by 4 less prominent intervening ones. — Common on
bushy hills. April — June.

12. CARUM, Turner. Glabrous erect rather slender herbs, our species
perennial, with tuberous or fusiform or coarse-fibrous usually fascicled
roots, pinnately ternate leaves with few linear leaflets, and involucrate
umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate to linear-
oblong; pericarp thin, with obtuse often filiform ribs; oil-tubes solitary
in the intervals.

1. C. Kelloggii, Gray. Stems several, 3 — 6 ft. high, from a strong
tuft of coarse hard fibrous roots: lower leaves ternate, the pinnate divisions
with linear segments 1 — 3 in. long or more: involucre and involucels
prominent, somewhat scarious: calyx- teeth subulate, conspicuous: fr.
oblong, 1% — 2)£ lines long; stylopodium prominent, styles as long:
seed sulcate beneath the large oil-tubes. — On open plains and hillsides.

2. C. Gairdneri (T. & G.), Gray. Stem solitary, 1—4 ft. high, from
a fascicle of fusiform tuberous roots: leaves mostly simply pinnate, with
3 — 7 linear or almost filiform leaflets 2 — 6 in. long, the lowest rarely
themselves pinnately divided, the uppermost cauline usually simple:
involucre of few bracts or 0: involucels of linear-acuminate bractlets:
fr. ovate, ^ — 1 line long, with long styles: seed terete. — Dry hills.

13. PIMPItfELLA, Brunfds. Perennials with decompound foliage
and nearly naked umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, laterally
compressed but with broad commissure; carpels 5-angled, with distant
usually slender ribs, and several oil-tubes in the intervals. Seed some-
what flattened dorsally, with plane or slightly convex face.

1. P. apiodora, Gray. Stoutish, erect, glabrous, 2—3 ft. high, sweet-
scented: leaves mostly radical, 2— 3-ternate: leaflets cuneate-ovate,
laciniately pinnatifid and toothed, 1 in. long: umbels long-peduncled,
6 — 15-rayed; rays 1 — 2 in. long, hispidulous-puberulent: fl. white or
pinkish: fr. broadly ovate (not known in its mature state), 1^ lines
long: oil-tubes 4—6 in the intervals, 8 or more on the face.— Hills of
Marin Co., near Sausalito.

14. FCENICTJLTJM, Pliny (FENNEL). Perennial, erect and tall, with
dark green striate stem, and equally dark sweet-scented and -flavored
leaves dissected into countless linear-setaceous leaflets. Flowers yellow,
in umbels destitute of bracts and bractlets. Calyx with turgid border
and no teeth. Fruit oblong; carpels 5-ribbed; oil tubes solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the face.

1. F. VULGARE, Gerarde. Cultivated from ancient times, and formerly
in high repute as a medicinal and culinary herb; naturalized in many

154 UMBELLIFERjE.

parts both of the Old World and the New, and common in central and
southern California, attaining the height of 3—6 ft.; readily known by
its dark green finely dissected foliage and large umbels of greenish-
yellow small flowers. May — Sept.

15. SELINUM, Theoplir. Caulescent, branching perennials. Calyx-
teeth obsolete. Fruit with prominent crenulate disk. Carpel decidedly
winged; oil-tubes usually only one in each interval, 2—4 on the face.

1. S. Paciflcum, Wats. Leaves ternate-bipinnate; segments ovate,
acutish, 1 in. long, laciniately toothed and lobed; peduncles stout, the
umbel about 15-rayed; bracts of involucre 1 in. long, equalling the rays,
lobed and toothed; involucels of several linear entire or 3- toothed bract-
lets: fr. oblong, 3 — 4 lines long; wings narrow; oil-tubes conspicuous,
rarely 2 in the intervals: seed channelled under the dorsal oil-tubes. —
Near Sausalito, and in the Mission Hills.

16. ANGELICA, Braunschweig. Perennials, stout and tall. Seg-
ments of the large pinnately or ternately compound leaves broad,
toothed; petioles dilated. Umbels many-rayed, nearly or quite naked.
Flowers white or purple. Calyx-teeth minute or oboslete. Fruit ovate
or oblong, strongly flattened dorsally, with a very broad commissure,
margined by a broad somewhat scarious wing; dorsal ribs prominent,
more narrowly winged; oil-tubes 1—3 in the intervals.

1. A. tomentosa, Wats. Hoary-tomentose, or the stem in age glabrate:
leaves quinately bipinnate; leaflets firm, ovate, acute, very oblique at
base, 2—4 in. long, the lower sometimes lobed, serrate with unequal
acute teeth: umbels naked, often dense: rays 1 — 3 in. long: fr. 3 lines
long, broadly elliptical, the lateral wings thin, the dorsal acutish : seed
thin, plane on the face, channeled on the back by the impressed dorsal
oil-tubes. — Banks of streamlets among the hills.

2. A. Calif or nica, Jepson. Stem 4 ft. high, glabrous, only the leaves
and ends of the rays puberulenl: leaflets broadly ovate, 2 in. long, thinnish,
the lower often lobed or divided at base, all irregularly serrate and the
serratures mucronate: peduncles with broadly dilated bracts about in
the middle: rays 40—50, unequal, 1—6 in. long: fr. oblong, about 4J£
lines long, the dorsal and intermediate ribs winged: oil-tubes 3 in the
intervals, 2 on the face.— Vaca Mountains.

17. LEPTOTJSNIA, Null. Glabrous subacaulescent perennials, with
thick often very large fusiform roots, pinnately decompound leaves.
Fruit strongly compressed dorsally, oblong or elliptical, with thick corky
lateral wings, the dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or obscure; oil-
tubes 3—6 in the intervals, 4—6 on the face, mostly small, sometimes
obsolete.

UMBELLIFER^. 155

1. L. dissecta, Nutt. Leafy at base, 1 — 3 ft. high: leaves broad,
1 ft. long, ternate and thrice pinnate; segments ovate or oblong, % — 1
in. long, laciniate-pinnatifid and toothed, puberulent on the veins beneath
and along the margins: umbel 8 — 20-rayed, involucrate with few linear
bracts, the bractlets of the involucels more numerous: fl. yellow or
purplish: fr. sessile or nearly so, 5 — 9 lines long, about 3 lines broad:
seed face plane. — On dry hills.

18. PEUCEDANUM, Theophr. Perennials of diverse habit, ours
mostly low and subacaulescent, with fusiform root. Leaves ternately or
pinnately dissected. Involucre 0: involucels usually present. Flowers
white or yellow. Calyx-teeth obsolete or manifest. Fruit strongly
flattened dorsally, oblong to suborbicular, glabrous or tomentose; carpel
with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform and approximate, the lateral
ones developed into a broad thin wing which until maturity is coherent
with that of its companion carpel, forming a broad scarious wing to the
fruit as a whole. Oil- tubes 1 — 8 in the intervals, 2— 10 on the face.

* Stout; leaves finely dissected; fruit-wings broad; fl. while.

1. P. eurycarpum, C. & E. Boot tuberous-enlarged: stem 1 — 2
ft. high, branching, pubescent: leaves subdivided into countless small
linear cuspidate segments: umbel 3— 12-rayed, with involucels of lanceo-
late acuminate often united bractlets; rays % — 4 in. long; pedicels 1 — 5
lines: fr. glabrous, 5 — 9 lines long, broadly elliptical, the wings as broad
as the body or broader, the ribs filiform; oil-tubes large, solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the face. — Plains and hills of the interior.

2. P. dasycarpum, Torr. & Gray. Subacaulescent from a fusiform
root, tomentose-pubescent: leaves small, with countless short linear
segments: peduncles stout, ^ — 1ft. high; umbel 6 — 12-rayed; involucels
of linear-lanceolate more or less tomentose bractlets; rays 1 — 3 in.,
pedicels 3 — 5 lines long: fr. nearly orbicular, 4—7 lines long, nearly
glabrous or coarsely pubescent, the thin scarious wings broader than the
body: oil-tubes large, usually solitary in the intervals, 4 on the face:
seed deeply sulcate under the oil-tubes. — In the interior.

3. P. tomentosnm, Benth. Subacaulescent, more or less densely
villous-tomentose and purplish: leaves cut into very small filiform or
very narrow segments: peduncles 1 ft. high or more: umbel of 4—8
equal rays 1—3 in. long; involucels of linear-lanceolate or ovate-acumi-
nate bractlets: calyx-teeth manifest: fr. ovate to orbicular, 5 — 9 lines
long, densely tomentose; wings rather thick, from somewhat narrower to
even broader than the body, the prominent ribs concealed by the tomen-
tum: oil-tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 4 on the face. — Common on
bushy hills and open plains.

156

UMBELLIFERJE.

* * More slender, leaves much dissected; Ji. yellow.

4. P. utriculatum, Nutt. Bather slender, usually erect and branch-
ing, 1 ft. high or more, glabrous or puberulent: petioles short, their
margins greatly dilated and forming a membranous saccate cavity;
ultimate segments of the decompound leaves narrowly linear, % in. long
or less: umbel 5 — 20 rayed, with involucels of dilated obovate often
toothed petiolulate bractlets: fr. glabrous, broadly elliptical, 2—5 lines
long; wings thin, as broad as the body; oil-tubes large and solitary in
the intervals, 4—6 on the face. —On plains and open hills.

5. P. cariiifolinm, Torr. & Gray. Herbage and general aspect of
the last, but acaulescent or nearly so; petioles without bladdery dilata-
tion; leaf-segments %— 2 in. long; bractlets of involucels often lanceolate:
fr. 3—4 lines long: wings narrow and thickish; ribs obsolete: oil-tubes
indistinct, 2 or 3 in the intervals, none on the face.— Plains and hills.

* * * Leaves not finely dissected, fl. yellow.

6. P. robustum, Jepson. Acaulescent, glabrous, glaucous, 2 ft. high:
leaves pinnately ternate; leaflets broadly ovate or oblong, sessile, sparingly
toothed or serrate at summit, otherwise entire: scapes 1 — 3, very stout,
greatly dilated under the rays, these 15—21, unequal, also dilated at
summit; involucre and involucels 0: fr. 2^ — 3 lines wide, 4^£ — 5 lines
long, the wing half as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals, 6 on the commissural face.— Plains of the Sacramento, in
Solano Co. May, June.

7. P. Hassei, C. & R Caulescent, stout, 1—2 ft. high, glabrous,
glaucescent: leaves biternate, in long petioles; leaflets broadly ovate,
with cuneate base, irregularly lobed, coarsely mucronate-toothed, 2 — 3 in.
long: umbel long-peduncled, 8— 10-rayed, with involucre and involucels
of oblanceolate, or linear, or linear-setaceous bracts and bractlets : f r.
very large, glabrous, with very broad wings; oil- tubes solitary in the
intervals.— Vaca Mountains, Solano Co.

8. P. SATIVUM (L.), Wats. Biennial, branching, 2 — 4 ft. high: stem
leafy, angular or fluted; herbage nearly glabrous, of a somewhat yellowish
green: leaflets of the pinnate leaves large, ovate or oblong, incisely
toothed: involucre and involucels small or 0; fr. oval, 2 — 3 lines long,
broadly winged, prominently ribbed; oil- tubes solitary in the intervals.
—The Parsnip of farms and gardens, native of Europe; spontaneous
here and there by waysides and in waste lands.

19. SPHOXDYLIUM, Town. (Cow PARSNIP). Perennial or biennial,
with stout hollow fluted stem, ample lobed or compound leaves, and
very large umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete.
Fruit round-obovate, very much flattened dorsally, somewhat pubescent.

UMBELLIFER.E. 157

Carpel with dorsal ribs filiform, the margin winged; wings coherent
when young: oil- tubes solitary in the intervals, obclavate, extending
from the apex downward to or below the middle of the carpel.

1. S. lanatum (Michx.) Stem 3—8 ft. high: leaves ternate, 1—2 ft.
long, the stout petioles and veins hirsute beneath, the base of the petiole
much dilated; leaflets 4 — 10 in. long, rounded and subcordate, the lobes
somewhat palmately arranged, acuminate, toothed: rays many, 3 — 6 in.
long : fl. large, white, irregular, the outer petals being larger : f r. broadly
obovate, 4—6 lines long, slightly pubescent. — In wet open ground, or in
moist thickets. March, May.

20. MYRRHIS, Morison (SWEET CICELY). Perennials with thick
aromatic roots, rather slender stems not tall, ternately-compound mostly
radical leaves: involucres and involucels reduced or obsolete. Flowers
white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, more or less
attenuate at base, acute at summit, glabrous or bristly along the ribs.
Carpel nearly pentagonal in section, flattened dorsally if at all. Oil- tubes
obsolete in mature fruit. Seed-face slightly concave to deeply sulcate.

1. M. occidentalis (Nutt.), Beuth. & Hook. Stoutish, puberulent or
pubescent: leaflets oblong, 1^ — 4 in. long, acute, coarsely serrate, rarely
incised: umbel 5 — 12 rayed, naked or with 1 or 2 bracts; rays 1 — 5 in.
long, mostly erect; pedicels 1 — 3 lines : fr. 7 — 12 lines long, \yz lines
wide, obtuse at base, glabrous, with prominent acute ribs; the mostly
conical stylopodium together with the style % — 1 line long. — Dry woods.

2. M. iiuda (Torr.), Greene. Slender, 2—3 ft. high, more or less pil-
ose-pubescent: leaves twice ternate; leaflets 1 — 2 in. long, ovate, acute or
obtusish, rather deeply cleft and toothed: umbel long-peduncled, 3—5-
rayed, naked or with small caducous bracts or bractlets; pedicels % —
% in. long: fr. slender, 3—7 lines long, with slenderly attenuate base: car-
pels acutely ribbed; stylopodium very short.— Common in shady woods.

21. CHJ1BOPHYLLUM, Columna. Bather slender annuals with
ternately compound leaves, and small white flowers in almost naked
umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit lanceolate, or ovate-oblong and
beaked at summit, the beak not as long as the body ; ribs of carpel
equal; oil -tubes present.

1. C. ANTHBISOUS (L .), Lam. Weak and often half reclining; small
umbels opposite the leaves, about 3-rayed: fr. about 2 lines long includ-
ing the short beak, roughened with short rigid incurved bristles. — In
sandy soil at Alameda, etc.

22. SCA1VDIX, Theophr. Annual, with pinnately decompound leaves
cut into countless slender segments. Flower and fruit much as in
Chserophyllum, except that the beak of the carpel far exceeds the body.

158 UMBELLIFER^:.

1. S. PEOTEN VENERIS, Dod. Erect, 1 ft. high more or less leafy
throughout, but radical leaves ample, of oblong outline, cut into many
short ligulate acuminate lobes: bractlets of involucels many: fr. J^ — 3 in.
long including the beak which is the conspicuous part of it, the body
and the margins of the beak with tubercles ending in short prickles. — A
weed in fields and by waysides.

23. DAUCUS) Galen. More or less hispid annuals and biennials,
with pinnately decompound leaves, involucres and involucels of lobed or
divided bracts, and white flowers. Outer rays of umbel longest, in fruit
connivent over the inner, giving a concave top to the umbel. Calyx 5-
toothed. Fruit ovate or oblong; carpels semiterete or dorsally flattened;
primary ribs filiform and bristly, the secondary more prominent, winged
with a row of more or less united barbed prickles. Oil-tubes solitary
under the secondary ribs. Seeds nearly flat on the face.

1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual, erect, or the branches short and
decumbent, ^—2 ft. high, retrorsely hispid; leaves bipinnate, the
segments pinnatifid, with short narrowly linear lobes; rays 2—6 lines
long, nearly equal; involucre bipinnatifid, equalling the umbel; involu-
cels equalling the greenish white flowers: fr. 1^— 2 lines long, short-
pedicellate, the prickles usually equalling or exceeding the width of the
body: seed slightly concave on the face. — Nearly all parts of the State;
on bluffs and hills near the sea, often depressed and condensed.

2. D. CAROTA, L. Biennial, stout, 2—3 ft. high, hispid: involucre of
many pinnatifid bracts equalling the large umbel; bractlets scarious,
with an herbaceous midrib : fl. white, but the central one of each umbel-
let abortive and dark purple: fr. oblong-ovoid, the spines as long as its
diameter: fruiting umbel deeply concave, resembling a bird's nest.— The
Carrot of the gardens; already becoming a wayside weed.

24. CAUCALIS, Theophr. Scarcely distinct from Daucus, but fruit
more compressed laterally; the seed face deeply-channelled.

1. C. NODOSA, Huds. Branching at base, the long branches reclining,
leafy throughout and retrorsely hispid: leaves pinnate, with pinnatifid
divisions: umbels small, naked, subsessile opposite the leaves: carpels
unequal, the larger one a line long; surface tuberculate and prickly, the
prickles barbed or incurved at summit. — Obscure weed, from Europe.

2. C. microcarpa, Hook. & Arn. Erect, slender, 6—15 in. high,
nearly glabrous: leaves much dissected, hispidulous: umbels terminal
and at the ends of the branches, subtended by two or more foliaceous
dissected bracts, 3—6 rayed; rays slender, 1—3 in. long; umbellets few-
flowered, the pedicels unequal; involucels of short entire bractlets: fr.
oblong-ovoid, 2 lines long, armed with uncinate prickles. — Very common.

CORNER. 159

ORDER L. C 0 R N E >£ .

Trees, shrubs or undershrubs, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and
naked or involucrate cymose or capitate inflorescence. Calyx-tube
coherent with the ovary; limb 4-lobed or obsolete. Petals 4, epigynous,
valvate in bud. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals; anthers 2-celled.
Style filiform; stigma simple. Fruit drupaceous, 1 — 2- seeded. Seed
pendulous; embryo minute; albumen fleshy.

1. COENUS, Pliny (DOGWOOD). Deciduous shrubs, or low semi-
herbaceous plants. Drupe globose, ovoid or oblong; putamen 2-celled,
2-seeded.

* Flowers white, not involucrate, cymose.

1. C. glabrata, Benth. Shrub 5—12 ft. high, with gray bark, and
nearly or quite glabrous twigs and foliage: leaves oblong to narrowly
ovate, acute at each end, or acuminate at apex, 1 — 2 in. long, green alike
on both faces; petioles short, slender: fl. in many small open flat-topped
cymes : fr. globose, white; stone little compressed, not furrowed, broader
than high, breadth 2 lines or more.— Coast and Mt. Diablo Ranges.

2. C. Greenei, C. & E. Size and habit of the last : twigs and inflores-
cence appressed-pubescent: leaves ovate, obovate or oval, acutish or
rounded at base, acute or acuminate at apex, appressed-pubescent or
glabrate above, beneath scarcely lighter but with a sparse appressed
pube&cence of stiffish hairs of which some are straight, others curved:
fl. large, in loose paniculate cymes: calyx-teeth triangular: styles with
enlarged greenish tips: fr. dark blue; stone globular, not furrowed,
slightly ridged.— Wooden Valley, Napa Co., Jepson.

3. C. pubescens, Nutt. Shrub 6— 15 ft. high, with smooth reddish
branches: leaves ovate, acute, 2—4 in. long, paler and more or less
pubescent beneath: fl. in convex cymes: fr. white, subglobose, 2 lines
broad; stone somewhat flattened, mostly oblique, with a more or less
prominently furrowed edge, the sides more or less prominently ridged.
Var. Calif or nica, C. & B. Pubescence said to be loose and spreading;
leaves more rounded and broader; stone smaller, etc. — Throughout the
State, the variety chiefly; the type being of more northerly habitat.

* * Flowers greenish, sessile on a thick convex receptacle,
subtended by 4 — 6 large white petaloid bracts.

4. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Tree 15—70 ft. high, with ascending or
widely spreading branches and smooth bark: leaves 3—5 in. long, obovate,
acute at each end, pubescent: bracts of involucre usually 6, obovate to
oblong, 1% — 3 in. long, abruptly acute to acuminate, white, often tinged
with red: head %—\ in. broad, very dense: fr. 5—6 lines long, scarlet —
Coast Range from Monterey northward. May — July.

160 GARRYACE.E.

ORDEB LI. GARRYACE>£.
Consists of the genus

1. GARRY A, Douglas. Evergreen shrubs with greenish bark, and
opposite entire coriaceous leaves. Flowers dioecious, in axillary pend-
ulous aments, solitary or in threes between the decussately connate
bracts. Petals 0. Calyx of sterile flowers 4-parted, with linear valvate
segments. Stamens 4; filaments distinct; disk and rudimentary ovary 0.
Calyx of fertile flower with a shortly 2-lobed or obsolete limb; disk and
rudimentary stamens 0; ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules; styles
2, stigmatic on the inner side, persistent. Fruit capsular, circumscissile
at about the middle, or indehiscent. Seeds coated, with an acidulous or
bitter red pulp which is never in contact with the wall of the pericarp,
the inside of this being glabrous and polished.

1. G. elliptica, Dougl. Stems clustered, 5—15 ft. high: leaves %—3
in. long, dark green, elliptical, rounded or acute and mucronate at apex,
truncate or rounded at base, the margin undulate, glabrous above,
tomentose beneath: aments solitary or several; the sterile 4—10 in. long,
their silky bracts truncate or acute; calyx-segments cobering at tip:
fertile aments stouter, 2—6 in. long; bracts acute or acuminate: ovary
sessile, densely silky-tomentose : fr. globose, 4 lines thick. — In rich
shady places along streams. Fl. Feb.; fr. Sept.

2. G. Fremonti, Torr. Shrub 5—10 ft. high, glabrate: leaves light
green, ovate or oblong, not undulate, 1% — 2^ in. long: aments 2—3 in.
long, with acute somewhat silky bracts: ovaries nearly glabrous; fr.
globose, 2 lines or more in thickness, short-pedicellate. — From Mt.
Hamilton northward, on dry slopes and summits.

DAPHNOIDE^. 161

DIVISION III, SYMPETAL^ PERIGYN^E.

Petals united below, and, with the stamens, inserted on the calyx,
usually near its summit, the tube being more or less adherent to the
ovary (free from it in Daphnoidex).

ORDER LIL DAPHNOIDE/E.
We have but one member, of the genus

1. DIRCA, Linn. (LEATHERWOOD). Branching deciduous shrubs,
with smooth and very tenacious brown bark; the -wood also very tough
and flexible. Flowers in fascicles of about 3, appearing before the leaves,
but from the same buds, and these of yellowish or whitish very silky
caducous scales, which appear as an involucre to the flowers. Perianth
corolla-like, tubular, but slightly oblique, yellowish, nodding, 4-lobed.
Stamens 8, inserted at base of the perianth-tube, exserted; filaments fili-
form; anthers small, oblong. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style longer than the
stamens. Perianth deciduous from the growing ovary, this becoming a
somewhat drupaceous small fruit.

1. 1). occideutalis, Gray. Shrub 4— 7 ft. high: bud scales densely
white-villous: leaves oval with rounded base, 1 — 3 in. long: perianth
canary-yellow, subsessile, 3— 4 lines long, rather deeply 4-lobed, the lobes
nearly truncate, somewhat connivent, rendering the upper and broader
part of the organ slightly urceolate. — On moist well shaded northward
slopes of the Oakland and Berkeley Hills; also in the counties of Marin
and San Mateo. — Feb., March.

ORDER LIII. LORANTHE/E,

Half-shrubby parasites on trees and shrubs; color yellowish-green or
yellow. Branches dichotomous; the joints swollen. Leaves opposite,
either coriaceous, or reduced to more or less distinctly connate scales.
Flowers (dioecious in our genera) of 2 — 5 sepals coherent at base and
valvate in aestivation, no petals; anthers as many as the calyx-segments
and (in ours) sessile upon them; ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled becom-
ing a 1-seeded berry with glutinous pulp.

1. PHORADENDROX, Nutt. (MISTLETOE). Flowers globose, imbed-
ded in the rachis of jointed spikes. Calyx 3- (rarely 2- or 4-) lobed.
Anthers sessile on the base of the lobes, 2-celled, opening by a pore or
slit; pollen-grains smooth. Stigma sessile, obtuse, entire or more or
less distinctly 2-lobed. Berry globose, pulpy, translucent, crowned with
the persistent calyx-lobes. Embryo with foliaceous cotyledons.

1. P. villosum, Nutt.. Stems much branched, ^—1 ft. long, forming
spherical masses on the branches of deciduous trees : herbage of a deep

162 LORANTHE^.

or dark green, covered with a short almost velvety pubescence: leaves %
—1% in. long, from round-obovoid to spatulate-oblong, short -petiolate:
spikes opposite: berries white.— Frequent in the interior valleys from
Sonoma and Solano counties southward. Very distinct from the eastern
yellow-green P. Jiavescens.

2. P. Holloa nu HI (Seem.), Engelm. Branches 5—8 in. long: leaves
very thick, spatulate to linear, obtusish, nerveless, % — 1 in. long: spikes
opposite or in fours, with connate ciliolate bracts: berries white.— On
Mt. St. Helena, toward the northwestern base, Jepson.

2. RAZOUMOFSKYA, Hoffm. Small, yellow or greenish, leafless;
leaves represented by connate scales. Flowers axillary and terminal,
solitary, or several in each axil. Staminate fl. mostly 3-parted, com-
pressed, or the terminal ones globose: anthers sessile on the lobes,
orbicular, 1-celled, dehiscent by a circular aperture at base; pollen-grains
spinulose. Pistillate fl. ovate, compressed, 2-toothed, subsessile, the
pedicel in fruit elongated and recurved. Fruit elastically dehiscent at
the circumscissile base, forcibly ejecting the seed. Cotyledons rudiment-
ary, indicated by a notch in the axis of the embryo.

1. R. Douglasii, (Engelm.), O. Ktze. Slender, greenish yellow, ^—1
in. high, much branched, but not verticillately, the accessory branchlets
behind (not beside) the primary ones : spikes short, mostly 5-flowered :
staminate fl. less than a line wide, with round-ovate acutish lobes,
fr. 2% lines long. Var. abietiiia (Engelm.). Fertile plant larger (1—3
in. high), the sterile smaller, with spreading or even recurved branchlets :
fr. smaller (scarcely 2 lines long).— Mt. St. Helena, on Pinus attenuata,
Jepson, the variety only.

OBDEB LIV. CAPRIFOLIACE>£.

Shrubs often trailing or climbing. Leaves opposite, mostly exstipulate.
Flowers terminal and cymose or subspicate, or solitary or in pairs in the
leaf -axils, regular or irregular. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary;
limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Corolla 4— 5-lobed or -cleft; the lobes
imbricate in bud. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2 — 5-celled, or by abortion
1-celled after flowering. Fruit a berry or drupe.

1. SAMBUCUS, Pliny (ELDEB). Shrubs or small trees, with stout
thick and very pithy shoots and branches, and pinnate foliage; leaflets
5 — 11, serrate; young shoots and foliage heavy-scented. Flowers small,
white or cream-color, very many, in compound cymes at the ends of
terminal and lateral shoots. Calyx with 5 minute teeth. Corolla rotate,
5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas and ovary-cells 3—5. Fruits of the
nature of drupelets, though berry-like, each with 3 (rarely 4 or 5) separate
seed-like nutlets; each witb a single seed.

CAPRI FOLIAGES. 163

* Berries without bloom; shrubs flowering in early spring.

1. S. maritima, Greene. Arborescent, 10—25 ft. high, clustered,
and each of the several trunks often a foot in diameter; bark light brown,
more flaky than fissured; pith of shoots white: young twigs and foliage
pubescent with sparse stiff short somewhat retrorse hairs: young leaves
with free ligulate callous-tipped stipules 1—3 lines long: leaflets 2 — 5
pairs, often with conspicuous false stipellse, or the later leaves on
vigorous shoots completely bipinnate, the ordinary leaflets from oval to
oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, closely and rather deeply serrate,
thin: cymes rather small but flat-topped: corolla white: fr. black,
without bloom. — Rare or local shrub of the bay shore at Shell Mound.

2. S. callicarpa, Greene. Near the preceding, but not as large;
bark darker and fissured; cymes small, not flat-topped, rather low-
pyramidal: fr. scarlet. — Common along mountain streams.

* * Berries blue with a dense bloom; shrub flowering in summer.

3. S. glauca, Nutt. Aborescent, often 30 ft. high, the solitary trunk
a foot thick, covered with a dark close very distinctly and rather finely
fissured bark: twigs long and slender; leaves exstipulate, coriaceous,
glabrous; leaflets 3—5 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrulate,
seldom or never divided : cymes large, flat: fl. white: fr. blue with a
dense bloom but black beneath it. — Common in rather dry and sparsely
wooded ravines or in open fields.

2. SYM PHOBIC ARPOS, Dillenius (SNOWBEBEY). Low branching
shrubs. Leaves small, membranaceous, mostly entire. Flowers small,
axillary and terminal, solitary or in dense spicate clusters, white or
pinkish. Calyx with globular or oblong tube and 4— 5-toothed persist-
ent limb. Corolla short campanulate, slightly gibbous, 4— 5-lobed.
Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla and as many as its lobes.
Ovary 4-celled; 2 cells containing a few sterile ovules, the other 2 each
with a single suspended ovule. Fruit globose, berry-like, containing
two seed-like smooth 1-seeded nutlets.

1. S. racemosus, Michx. Usually 3— 4 ft. high, slender, with spread-
ing branches: leaves round-oval to oblong, 1 in. long, glabrous above,
pubescent along the veins beneath: axillary clusters mostly few-flowered,
the lowest 1-flowered: corolla reddish or pinkish, 2 lines long, slightly
gibbous, moderately villous within, cleft above the middle: fr. %~% in.
thick, subglobose, snow-white. — On banks of streams in shady places
almost everywhere in the Coast Range. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

2. S. filial us, Nutt. (?). Low and diffuse, seldom 1 ft. high, with
many very slender but rather rigid leafy branches, and few-flowered
clusters: leaves oval, obtuse, ^— M in- long, glabrous above, pubescent
along the veins beneath, the margin rather densely ciliate: corolla

164 CAPRIFOLIACE.E.

rose-red, 2 lines long, slightly gibbous, cleft to the middle or more
deeply, scarcely villous within: fr. small, globose, snow-white. — Common
in the Oakland Hills on northward slopes. Fl. May. fr. July.

3. DISTEGIA, Raf. Stems erect. Leaves membranaceous. Flowers
in pairs on an axillary peduncle, each pair closely subtended by a pair
of ample foliaceous bracts. Corolla salverform or funnelform, gibbous
at base. Berries approximate but distinct, black when ripe, their sub-
tending bracts then dark red, more or less reflexed.

1. D. Ledebourii (Each.). Stoutish, 5-15 ft. high, often with the
very long sarmentose branches reclining on other shrubs or small trees :
leaves : corolla strongly gibbous at base, strictly salverform above the gib-
bosity, the short rounded lobes spreading abruptly, the whole almost
scarlet without, yellow within. — Common along streams throughout
western California, ranging northward far beyond our borders.

4. CAPRIFOLIUM, Brunfels (HONEYSUCKLE). Trailing or climbing
shrubs, with subcoriaceous leaves occasionally stipulate, the upper pairs
usually connate-perfoliate. Flowers larger and showy, verticillate-spicate
at the ends of the branches. Calyx-limb small and 5-toothed, or obsolete.
Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2—3-
celled, becoming a few-seeded red or yellow berry.

1. C. hispid u In in, Lindl., var. Californicnm, Greene. Twining, 10
— 25 ft. high, the ultimate branches often a yard or two in length and
drooping, hispidulous and somewhat glandular as to the upper portion
and about the inflorescence; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical, acutish, 1
— 3 in. long, the lower pair without stipules, the intermediate with
broadly ovate stipular appendages often % in. long and as broad, the
one or two floral pairs connate, all very glaucous beneath, pale and
glaucescent above: spikes 1 — 5, each with 3 — 6 whorls of pink flowers:
corolla hispidulous, %— % in. long; anthers exserted, narrowly linear,
2>£ lines long. —Common in moist ravines and on shady banks, climbing
over small trees, along the seaboard chiefly. May — July.

2. C. interruptum (Benth.), Greene. Stoutish, erect and bushy, 4—
7 ft. high, less disposed to twine or climb; bark of branches white and
almost shining, glabrous: leaves of a very pallid hue, white-glaucous
beneath, glaucescent above, 1 in. or more in breadth, mostly orbicular
or round-ovate, never stipulate, several of the uppermost pairs connate:
fl. numerous, in several interrupted spikes, corolla % in. long, yellow,
glabrous. — Common on bushy hills of the inner Coast Ranges.

RUBIACEJE. 165

ORDER LV. R U B I A C E ^E .

Our species herbs (Cephalanlhus and some species of Galium shrubby)
with opposite or verticillate mostly exstipulate entire leaves, and 4-
merous perfect (or often dioecious) flowers. Calyx-limb obsolete, or of 4
teeth. Stamens distinct, alternate with the corolla-lobes and inserted on
its throat or tube. Ovary 2— 4-celled, with a solitary ovule in each cell.
Fruit indehiscent, dry or baccate.

1. CEPHALANTHUS, Linn. (BUTTON-BUSH). Shrubs with oppo-
site or ternate leaves, and flowers in dense globose terminal and axillary
peduncled heads. Calyx inverse-pyramidal, 5-toothed. Corolla with
long slender tube and small 4-cleft limb. Stamens 4, short, on the
throat of the corolla. Style slender, long-exserted; stigma capitate;
ovary 2-celled. Fruit achene-like, 1 — 2 -seeded.

1. C. occidentalis, L. Shrub or small tree, with ovate -lanceolate
leaves 3—5 in. long, rather glossy above, often more or less pubescent:
fl. white, in heads 1 in. thick, these solitary or few or several toward the
ends of the branches. — River banks of the interior, especially of the
lower Sacramento and San Joaquin. June— August.

2. SHERARDIA, Dillenius. Annual, slender, rough, with angular
stem, and exstipulate leaves in verticels of 6. Flowers umbellate. Calyx-
limb of 4—6 accrescent teeth. Corolla salverform, with a slender tube
and 4-cleft limb. Stamens 4. Fruit of 2 dry indehiscent 1-seeded car-
pels, crowned by the calyx-teeth, separating when ripe.

1. S. ARVENSIS, L. About 3 — 6 in. high, hispidulous-roughened or
nearly glabrous: leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute: fl. in small subsessile
umbellate cymes : corolla bluish. — Berkeley.

3. GALIUM, Diosc. (BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS). Herbaceous or suffru-
tescent, with slender angular stems, verticillate leaves without stipules,
and small cymose flowers. Calyx-limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, short. Styles 2, short: stigmas
capitate: ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit didymous (biglobular),
dry or fleshy, separating into 2 close 1-seeded carpels which are inde-
hiscent, and glabrous, hispid, or hirsute.

* Fruit dry when ripe.
H— Annuals.

1. G. SPURIUM, L. Branching chiefly from the base; diffuse, 1—2 ft.
high, glabrous except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and
veins and margins of the leaves: leaves 6—8 in the whorl, linear-oblan-
ceolate, cuspidate: fl. 3-9 in axillary umbellate cymes; corolla pale
green, the segments acuminate: pedicels recurved after flowering: fruit

166 RUBIACE^E.

large, coarsely tuberculate, more or less uncinate-hispid.— Mostly in the
mountains back from the seaboard; less common than the next.

2. G. APARINE, L. Taller and more slender, 3—5 ft. high (or often
only a few inches), climbing by the retrorse prickliness of the angles
and leaf-margins: corolla minute, white : pedicels straight in fruit: surface
of carpel smooth but densely uncinate-hispid. — Very common in shady
or open places in woods and along the salt marshes.

3. G. ANGLICUM, Huds. Slender, erect or diffuse, glabrous, but
with small hooked prickles on the angles of the stem : leaves firm, mostly
6 to the whorl, narrowly oblanceolate, rough on the margins with minute
prickles: fl. greenish-white in small cymes: fr. small, glabrous, granulate
with small tubercles.— Plentiful in certain wooded districts in Sonoma
Co., Biolelti.

•*- -t— Perennials.

4. G. triflorum, Michx. Stem flaccid, 1 ft. long or more, reclining
or at least decumbent, retrorsely aculeate-scabrous on the angles, or
smoothish: leaves in sixes, thin, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or
cuspidate-acuminate, the margins and often the midrib beneath beset,
with very short usually retrorse and hooked prickles: peduncles few,
once or twice 3-forked; pedicels divergent; corolla greenish: fr. hirsute
with slender hooked bristles, or when ripe merely roughened. — In
woods; not common.

5. G. trifldum, L. Erect or reclining, rather slender, 5—20 in. high,
glabrous, except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem, and the
more hispidulous but sparse roughness of the margins of the leaves and
the midrib beneath: leaves (in our forms) usually in fours or fives, linear
or oblanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4—7 lines long: peduncles
slender, scattered, 1— several-flowered: fl. minute, white, often 3-merous:
fr. small, smooth, glabrous. — In wet grounds.

•* * Fruit fleshy, berry-like.

6. G. Calif or nicum, Hook. & Arn. Herbaceous from slender creeping
rootstocks, in low tufts, or diffuse with slender stems a foot long, hispid
or hirsute, rarely glabrate in age: leaves thinnish, ovate or oval, apiculate-
acuminate, .% — /^ in. long, margins and midrib hispid-ciliolate : fr.
blackish, glabrous, on recurved pedicels. — In shady places.

7. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Suffrutescent, tall and climbing, often 3—4
ft. high, mostly glabrous, except the minutely aculeolate-hispidulous
angles of stems and margins of leaves, these also sometimes naked:
leaves small, oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mucronulate, or obtuse:
fr. smooth and glabrous, purple. — In thickets.

8. G. Andrews!!, Gray. Small and densely matted; nearly or quite
glabrous, the herbage bright green and shining: leaves crowded, ace rose-

VALERIANE.E. 167

subulate, either naked or sparsely spinulose-ciliate, 2—4 lines long:
fl. dio3cious, the sterile in few-flowered terminal cymes; fertile solitary,
subtended by a whorl of leaves which are longer than the deflexed
fruiting pedicel: berry smooth, blackish.— Dry summits of Mt. Diablo,
Mt. Hamilton, etc.

OBDEB LVI. VALERIANE>£,

Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules, and mostly complete flowers,
in a cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence. Calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary; limb either obsolete, or composed of teeth which develop as a
pappus or feathery crown upon the fruit. Corolla more or less irregular;
the limb bilabiate, the lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 1 — 3, epipetalous.
Filaments and style filiform; stigma undivided and truncate, or minutely
3-cleft. Fruit an achene; seed pendulous.

1. YALERIANELLA, Vaiilanl. Rather small spring annuals, with
small pinkish flowers in cymes which form a more or less interrupted
thyrsiform terminal inflorescence. Corolla more or less bilabiate,
spurred or gibbous at base. Calyx-limb none, therefore no pappus to
the variously winged often meniscoid glabrous or pubescent fruit.

1. V. macrocera (T. & G.), Gray. Corolla only a line long, with
spur sometimes as long as the body, sometimes shorter; limb somewhat
equally spreading, hardly bilabiate, or equally 4-lobed and the posterior
lobe emarginate-bifid : fr. glabrous or puberulent, obtuse or lightly lineate-
sulcate on the dorsal angle, the broad wing, circumscribing the ventral
face of the achene, spreading or incurved. — On hillsides. April— June.

2. V. congesta, Lindl. Corolla 3—4 lines long, with obviously
bilabiate 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse; tube very gibbous,
spurred at base, the spur short, arcuate, obtuse : fr. pubescent, the keel
prominent, obtuse, circumscribing ventral-face wing broad, involute. —
Common on dry hills, or in shady places. — April, May.

3. Y. samolifolia (DC.), Gray. Corolla a line long, obscurely bilabiate,
with short obconic-saccate spur: fr. triquetrous, wholly destitute of wing,
glabrous or a little pubescent. — Near the coast, from Sonoma Co-
northward.

OBDEB LVII. D I P S A C E /£ .

Herbs with opposite leaves, and flowers in dense involucrate peduncled
heads; each flower in the head enclosed within a tubular involucel and
subtended by a bract. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb entire,
or toothed, or with bristle-like segments that persist upon the fruit.
Corolla inserted at summit of calyx-tube, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4,
epipetalous, alternate with the corolla lobes. Style filiform; stigma
simple, longitudinal or subcapitate. Fruit achene-like, crowned with
the calyx-limb, 1 seeded. Seed pendulous; albumen fleshy.

168 COMPOSITE.

1. DIPSACUS, Diosc., (TEASEL). Tall coarse biennials with muricate
or prickly stem and foliage; the cauline leaves connate. Involucre of
rigid spreading unequal bracts; bracts of receptacle rigid, acuminate.
Involucel sessile, 4-angled, 8-ribbed, terminated by 4 short teeth. Calyx-
limb cup-shaped, quadrate or 4-lobed. Corolla funnelform, 4-cleft.

1. D. fu 1 1 on 11 m, Mill. Stout, erect, very rough with short prickles,
4 — 6 ft. high; radical leaves 8—12 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, arcuate;
cauline connate-perf oliate : heads large, ovoid or oblong, on stout naked
peduncles: bracts of receptacle riyid, recurved at the tips, as long as the
flesh-colored corollas: stamens exserted. — Very common coarse weed in
low lands of Alameda and Contra Costa counties.

2. SCABIOSA, Brunfels. Soft unarmed plants, with peduncled
globose or hemispherical heads, the flowers of the outer circle often
larger than the others. Receptacle bearing hairs or soft scales among
the flowers. Calyx-limb a cup-shaped border with 4 or more teeth or
bristles. Corolla funnelform or salverform, often slightly irregular.

1. S. ATROPURPUREA, L. Suffrutescent, freely branching, 2 — 3 ft.
high: radical leaves lyrate; cauline pinnate, the segments oblong,
toothed or incised: heads low hemispherical, in fr. ovate: corollas dark
fnaroon to rose-purple, flesh-color, and white, the outer circle of them
larger and exceeding the involucre; calyx-limb pedicellate, in fruit
bearing 5 pappus-like bristles — An escape from the gardens of old-
fashioned flowers, and become a luxuriant street and wayside weed in
various sections about the Bay. The almost black flowers of one variety
have given rise to the common name Mourning Bride.

ORDER LVIII. COMPOSITE.

Herbs or shrubs with watery or resinous (never milky) juice, foliage
various, the individual flowers small, in dense closely involucrate heads,
the head often resembling a simple flower. Calyx wholly or partially
adherent to the 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary; the limb represented, if at all,
by one or more scales, awns or bristles called the pappus. Corollas tub-
ular, palmatifid or ligulate; the tubular ones 4 — 5-toothed or -cleft, often
called disk-corollas; the ligulate commonly toothed at apex, known as
the ray-corollas. Stamens mostly 5, syngenesious, their anthers thus
forming a tube around the style. Pollen-grains globose, echinate.
Style in all fertile flowers 2-cleft at summit (except in one suborder),
stigmatose on the margin, the upper portion of the forks usually not
stigmatose, often variously hairy or appendaged. Fruit 1-seeded, inde-
hiscent, commonly crowned by its pappus of capillary or plumose
bristles, or of scarious scales; at the insertion on the common receptacle
often subtended by a bract; this collection called the chaff: the recepta-

EUPATORIACE.E. 169

cle described as naked when the chaff is wanting: the surface of the
receptacle being diagnosed as alveolate, foveolale, or merely areolale,
according as the insertion of the achenes forms deeper or shallower
depressions; or fimbrillate when the receptacle around these scars rises
in teeth, or awns. — Our largest natural order, so-called, of flowering
plants; the genera and species most conveniently considered under
subordinal, natural, by not easily definable groups.

Rays none; style branches elongated, usually clavate-thickened upward and obtuse:
stigmatic only below the middle ............................ 1 . EU P ATO RI ACE.*.

Rays usually present; anthers not caadate; style-branches of perfect flowers flattened,
and with a distinct terminal appendage .......................... 2. ASTER ACE^E.

Rayb none; anthers caudate; style-branches of perfect flowers with no appendage,
the stigmatic lines reaching almost to the naked truncate or obtuse summit.

Rays none; fertile fl. apetalous or nearly so; the staminate involucres forming a
raceme above the axillary pistillate one; pappus none ....... 4. AMBROSIACEJE.

Rays seldom wanting; anthers not caudate; involucre not scarious; receptacle
chaffy; pappus never of capillary bristles ................. 5. HEI<IAXTHA<JE^E.

Rays present, fertile, the achenes of each more or less enfolded by its involucral
bract; receptacle chaffy, style-branches subulate, hispid ........... 6. MAI>IACEzE.

Rays present; receptacle naked, or merely fimbrillate; pappus paleaceous or aristi-
form.or when bristly rigid ................................... 7. II i: M:\ I O I I» I 1 .

Anthers not caudate; bracts of involucre more or less scarious; style-branches
truncate; pappus a scarious crown, or a circle of small scales, or wanting.

........................................................... S. AUTTHEMIDE^E.

Anthers not caudate; receptacle naked; involucres not imbricated, mostly cylin-
drical, the bracts not scarious; pappus of many soft-capillary bristles.

........................................................ 9. si:\r.< IOMIM: i:

Rays none; anthers caudate; style branches united, stigmatic to the obtuse summit,

smooth and naked, but often with a pubescent node below; receptacle densely setose.

................................................... 1C. CYNAROCEPHAL,^.

Subordor 1. EUPATOKIACE^E.

Heads rayless. Corollas all tubular and regular, never yellow, though
sometimes cream-color. Anthers without tails. Style branches elongated,
usually clavate, minutely papillose or puberulent, the stigmatic lines only
near the base.

Achenes 4-angled; pappus partly squamellate ....................... TRICHOCORONIS 1

Achenes 10-striate; pappus a single series of scabrous bristles ..... COLEOSANTHUS 2

1. TKICHOCORONIS, A. Gray. Weak and flaccid fibrous-rooted
perennial of muddy shores. Leaves opposite or attenuate, sessile.
Heads few, peduncled, terminating somewhat corymbose branches.
Flowers flesh-color. Style-branches scarcely clavate; rather linear and
flattish. Pappus of small awns and intervening palese.

1. T, riparia, Greene. Stems assurgent, hardly a foot high,
sparsely pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate, slightly

170 COMPOSITE.

auricled at base: heads 2^ lines broad: achenes % line long, sharply
4-angled, the sides dark brown, the angles hispid-ciliolate toward the
summit; pappus of 4 barbellate bristles and as many intervening minute
fimbriate-lacerate scales. — Banks of the lower San Joaquin; perhaps not
within our range.

2. COLEOSANTHUS, Cassini. Perennial, often suffrutescent. In-
florescence of terminal and subterminal short clusters of narrow heads.
Involucre of striate-nerved scales, the outer shorter. Corollas slender,
5-toothed. Style bulbous at base. Achenes 10-striate or -ribbed. Pap-
pus of numerous but uniserial scabrous or barbellate bristles.

1. C. Californicus (T. & G.), O. Ktze. Shrubby at base, 2—3 ft. high,
paniculately branching: leaves alternate, broadly ovate or triangular,
irregularly crenate- toothed, about 1 in. long, 3-ribbed and roughish,
and, with the whole plant, somewhat glandular-puberulent, heads spicate
or racemose along the leafy branches, mostly nodding, % in. long, 10 —
15-flowered: scales of involucre with mostly obtuse straight tips. —
Usually along stream banks, in gravelly places, and chiefly in the inner
Coast Eanges. Sept.— Dec.

Suborder 2. ASTERACE^E.

Plants with a watery (never balsamic) juice, destitute of aromatic and
bitter qualities, the leaves and heads only, in some, resinous. Leaves
mostly alternate. Receptacle seldom chaffy. Anthers obtuse and entire,
or only emarginate at base. Style-branches not clavate, often with fili-
form, or shorter and broader, papillose or hispid appendage. Pappus in
most of ours of rather firm scabrous bristles. Disk-flowers yellow, in
some of the genera with cyanic rays changing to red or purple.

* Flowers of both ray and disk permanently yellow.

Pappus of several short scales XANTHOCEPHALTTM 3

Pappus of a few stout deciduous awns GRINDELIA 4

Pappus of many and persistent slender bristles;
Heads with ligulate ray flowers;

Heads few, % in. high, somewhat spicate PYREOCOMA 5

Heads many, panicled;

Ray-achenes with no pappus HETEROTHECA 6

All the achenes pappose \ PaPP™ double CHRYSOPSIS

( pappus simple ERICAMERIA

Heads solitary, peduncled; pappus soft, white STENQTUS

Heads very small \ corymboee: achenes silky EUTHAMIA 11

'• panicled; achenes not silky SOLIDAGO 12

Heads with palmatifid ray-corollas LESSINGIA 15

Heads with no ray-corollas;

Corollas ventricose ISOCOMA 10

Corollas not ventricose;

Shrubs, with corymbose small heads ERICAMERIA 9

Herbs, with larger heads CHRYSOPSIS 7

ASTERACE.E. 171

* * Ray-corollas when present not yellow.

Pappus of 3—5 bristles PENTACH^TA 13

Pappus none; herb acaulescent BELLIS 14

Pappus of many reddish or tawny bristles;

Ray-corollas palmatifid LESSINGIA 15

Ray-corollas ligulate; style-tips very bristly CORETHROGYNE 16

Pappus of many dull-white bristles;

Rays 20— 30; pappus copious A.STER 17

Rays 100 or more (orO); pappus scanty ERIGERON 18

Pappus very copious; rays 0; plants dkecious BACCHARIS 19

3. XlffTHOCEPHALUM, Willd. Nearly glabrous, somewhat resin-
iferous freely branching herbaceous or suffrutescent plants. Leaves
alternate, narrow, entire. Heads small, spherical, hemispherical, or
narrower, usually, corymbosely arranged at summit of stem and branches.
Involucral bracts coriaceous., the outer successively shorter, often with
greenish but usually appressed tips. Flowers of both ray and disk
permanently yellow. Style app'endages slender. Achenes angled or
striate, mostly silky. Pappus minute, paleaceous or coroniform.

1. X. Californicum (DC.). Stems tufted, ascending from a woody
base, 1}4 ft- high* loosely paniculate: leaves linear, acute, scabrous:
heads few, solitary or in pairs or threes at the ends of the branchlets,
turbinate or obovate, 3 lines high; fl. of disk and ray each 8 — 10: achenes
densely silky: pappus of about 12 unequal acutish scales, none longer
than the achene. — Marin Co., and Oakland Hills. June — September.

4. GRINDELIA, Willd. Coarse herbs or suffrutescent plants, with
sessile rigid mostly serrate leaves, and rather large hemispherical heads
terminating corymbose branches. Bracts of involucre imbricated in
many series, with usually narrow herbaceous squarrose-recurved tips.
Flowers of both disk and ray very numerous, permanently yellow.
Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Achenes short, thick, compressed
or turgid, truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2—8 deciduous stout awns or
bristles.

* Herbaceous perennials, flowering in early summer.

1. G» camporum. Stems white and shining, tufted from a perennial
root, 2 ft. high, glabrous, very leafy up to the loosely corymbose heads, even
the branches of the corymb conspicuously leaf y-br acted; radical leaves
almost wanting, cauline oblanceolate-spatulate, sessile and clasping,
2 in. long, saliently serrate-toothed; bracts of flowering branches nearly
entire, spreading, involucres ^ — % in. wide, their bracts with long
linear recurved tips: ray-achenes obscurely triquetrous, with 3 or more
pappus-awns; disk-achenes compressed, obliquely biauriculate or uni-
dentate at summit, and with pappus of 2 bristles. — Common on rich
plains east of the Mt. Diablo Kange. June— September.

2. G. rubricaulis, DC. Bather slender, ascending, 2 ft. high, stems
from brownish to dull red, herbage scarcely glutinous, roughish-

172

COMPOSITE.

pubescent or even somewhat hirsute: radical leaves numerous, tufted,
oblanceolate, coarsely serrate; cauline reduced, few and remote: heads
solitary or few, nodding in the bud: inner bracts of involucre closely
imbricated and very glutinous, without spreading tips: achenes mostly
thin and flat, with obcordate summit and only 2 pappus-awns. Var.
maritima, Greene. Stouter, often depressed; leaves broader, firmer:
pappus-awns 2—5, compressed, barbellate-scabrous on the margins. —
Open glades among the wooded hills; the variety on bluffs near the sea.

3. G. pal ens, Greene. Foliage and pubescence of the preceding,
nearly, but stem stouter, erect, the flowering branches at no stage nodding
at summit; heads larger, %— 1 in. broad; bracts of involucre mostly linear -
or lanceolate-foliaceous, straight and widely spreading, some of the inner
with shorter and recurved tips: disk-achenes with obcordate summit
and only 2 awns. — Hillsides and plains about San Francisco Bay.

* * Late-xstival and autumnal species
•»— Herbaceous perennial.

4. G. procera. Strictly erect, 5—7 ft. high, simple up to the corym-
bose-paniculate summit, the stout while stem scabro-puberulent, plant
otherwise glabrous, slightly glutinous: lower leaves unknown; upper
cauline lanceolate, attenuate-acute, entire, 2 — 3 in. long; involucres
small, low-hemispherical; bracts with appressed base and short slender
recurved tips: rays short: pappus-awns 2. — Bottom lands of the lower
San Joaquin, in places inundated in spring and early summer.

-»- -i— Suffrutescent species.

5. 0. cmieifolia, Nutt. Bushy, 2—4 ft. high, glabrous: leaves thick-
ish and rather fleshy, 3—4 in. long, cuneate-spatulate to linear- oblong,
entire or sharply denticulate, clasping though not auricled at the broad
base; involucre % in. high, glutinous, the bracts all with squarrose
green tips : pappus-awns usually several, compressed, barbellulate. —
Borders of salt marshes and along tidal sloughs about S. F. Bay and
southward along the coast. August — December.

6. G. palndosa. About 5 ft. high, sterile leafy shoots a foot high, or
more, surviving the winter, the plant otherwise herbaceous: herbage
glabrous except the scabrous-ciliolate leaf -margins; only the involucres
glutinous : leaves slightly fleshy, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate-oblong,
2 — 3 in. long, conspicuously serrate, at least those of sterile shoots with a
broad cordate-clasping base, the lobes surrounding the stem: involucre
squarrose: achenes with prominent turgid angles, those of the ray
triquetrous, of the disk compressed: awns 2 only, even in the ray, stout,
strongly flattened.— Abundant in brackish marshes of Suisun Bay.
August -October.

ASTERACE.3E. 173

5. PYRROCOMA, Hook. Rigid perennial herbs, with coriaceous
mostly radical leaves from a fusiform caudex. Stems leafy-bracted,
bearing racemose or panicled middle sized heads. Bracts of hemispher-
ical involucre many, rigid, with herbaceous more or less squarrose tips.
Flowers yellow; those of the ray rather numerous, short, pistillate; of
the disk tubular, slightly dilated upwards. Style- appendages subulate-
linear, pubescent. Achenes more or less flattened and striate, glabrous
or pubescent. Pappus of copious reddish or brownish slender but rigid
unequal bristles.

1. P. elata. Stout, erect, 1 — 3 ft. high, glabrous: radical leaves
long-petioled, 6 — 8 in. long, lanceolate, entire; cauline 1 — 3 in., sessile,
ascending: heads J£ in. high and as broad, disposed in an interrupted
spike or narrow panicle : involucral bracts rigid, imbricated in several
series, the green tips acute, spreading: achenes flattened, closely cos-
tate, pubescent — A somewhat rare plant of subsaline soils at Oalistoga
and near San Jose. July— October.

6. HETEROTHECA, Cassini. Tall hairy herbs, with alternate
leaves, and a terminal corymbose panicle of middle-sized heads. Invol-
ucres ovate; their bracts closely imbricated in many series, without
spreading tips. Flowers yellow; those of the ray pistillate, 'of the disk
perfect, the later with ovate or lanceolate style-appendages. Achenes
compressed, pubescent, those of the ray thin-triquetrous with caducous
pappus or none; pappus of disk achenes of an outer series of sparse
short bristles, and an inner, more copious series of longer ones.

1. H. grandiflora, Nutt. Annual or biennial, 3—6 ft. high, hirsute,
the inflorescence viscid and strong-scented by a coat of short gland-
tipped hairs: cauline leaves oval or oblong, coarsely toothed, partly
vertical by a twist in the petiole, this at base bearing 2 stipuliform lobes :
involucre % in. high : ray achenes without pappus, those of the disk
with but faint traces of the outer and shorter bristles. — Frequent along
railways in Contra Costa Co.; an immigrant from S. Calif. July— Dec.

7. CHRYSOPSIS, Elliott. Perennials, leafy -stemmed and of rather
low growth. Leaves sessile, entire or nearly so. Heads middle-sized,
terminating corymbose or fastigiate branches. Involucres ovate or
broader, of narrow regularly imbricated bracts in several series. Style-
appendages linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Achenes compressed,
obovate to linear-fusiform; pappus fuscous, of many capillary scabrous
bristles, with or without an outer series of short bristles or palese.

* Heads radiate; outer pappus setose-squamellate.

1. C. sessiliflora, Nutt. Slender, sparsely pilose-hispid, viscid-gland-
ular: leaves oblanceolate, sharply pointed: corymbose branches ending
in about 3 subsessile heads % iQ- high.* kafy-bracted at base: bracts of

174 COMPOSITE.

involucre not pubescent but very viscid-glandular: achenes slender-
fusiform, silky-pubescent; outer pappus slenderly squamellate. — Santa
Clara Co., and southward. June.

2. C. Bolanderi, Gray. Stoutish, % — 1 ft. high; pubescence long-
silky: heads few and subsessile: bracts of involucre not glandular,
silky-villous : outer pappus of narrow palese nearly half as long as the
achene. — On stony hilltops toward the sea; flowering in summer.

3. C. echioides, Benth. Rigid, brittle, 2—3 ft. high, often suffrutes-
ceiit, hoary with a dense hirsute and hispid pubescence: leaves rigidulous,
small: heads less than % in. high, in short fastigiate corymbs; bracts
hirsutulous: achenes silky but the hairs not appressed: setulose outer
pappus not conspicuous. — Sandy plains, and banks of streams, from
Solano Co. southward, east of the mountains. Aug. — Oct.

* * Rays none; outer pappus obsolete.

4. C. rudis. Erect or decumbent, 1 — 3 ft. high, rigid, brittle, rough-
hairy but not hoary, glandular, heavy-scented: involucres in a narrow
leafy panicle: bracts of involucre acute, midrib prominent, margin
scarious: achenes oblong, pubescent; pappus copious, slender, scabrous,
seldom a trace of the short outer series. — Common along stream banks
in Napa Co. ; heretofore referred to C. (Ammodia) Oregana, from which
it is altogether distinct. July — Oct.

8. STENOTUS, Nult. Glabrous resiniferous evergreen shrub. Leaves
alternate, linear, entire. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.
Involucre hemispherical; bracts in 2 or 3 series, membranaceous,
scarious-margined, closely appressed. Flowers yellow; rays few; disk-
corollas dilated above, deeply 5-toothed. Style-appendages filiform,
flattened, puberulent: Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, densely
villous; pappus very slender, permanently white.

1. S. linearifolius (DC.), Torr. & Gray. Very leafy, 1—4 ft. high;
leaves 1 in. long, acute, spreading, punctate, 1-nerved: head about 1 in.
broad, on a peduncle: rays 12— 14: achenes densely white-villous; pappus
copious, fragile or deciduous. — Mt. Diablo towards the summit, and
southward. May — July.

9. ERICAMERIA, Nult. Evergreen shrubs of low stature, with
linear entire subterete punctate leaves, and terminal cymose or corymbose
clusters of small heads. Involucre turbinate; bracts mostly lanceolate,
very regularly imbricated, margins subscarious. Flowers yellow. Disk-
corollas slender-tubular with subcampanulate throat and deeply cleft
limb. Style-appendages filiform, acuminate, hirsutulous. Achenes
prismatic. Pappus of scabrous slender bristles dull -white or yellowish,
becoming reddish.

ASTERACE^. 175

1. E. microphylla, Nutt. Diffusely branching, YZ—^A ft. high, the
branches fastigiate-corymbose, very leafy throughout: leaves linear,
terete, those of the branches %— % in. long, deflexed, bearing in their
axils very short branchlets hidden by two-ranked closely imbricated shorter
ones: involucres % in. high; bracts tomentose-ciliolate : rays about 5,
short: achenes subcylindrical, striate, glabrous.— Sandy hills and beaches
from Bolinas Bay southward; plentiful at San Francisco. Aug — Dec.

2. E. arboresceiis (Gray). Erect, fastigiately branching, 3—10 ft.
high, densely clothed with very narrow-linear sublerete leaves l%—3 in.
long, 1 line wide: heads in a terminal cymose-corymb, 20 — 25-flowered:
turbinate involucre scarcely 3 lines high; bracts lanceolate, acute: rays
seldom present : achenes short, apparently quadrangular, silky-pubescent.
— At considerable elevations in the mountains of Sonoma, Marin and
Contra Costa counties. Sept. — Dec.

10. ISOCOMA, Null. Bather rigid tufted erect suffrutescent plants,
with thick slightly succulent toothed leaves, and a corymbose terminal
cluster of smallish rayless heads. Bracts of several-flowered involucre
coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous but appressed, obtuse
or acutish. Corollas permanently yellow; tube slender; limb ventricose,
the segments being more or less strongly connivent about the style, the
pubescent appendages of which are ovate or somewhat narrower.
Achenes short, compressed or subterete, silky-pubescent. Pappus-
bristles numerous, unequal, the inner longest and often perceptibly
flattened and awn-like, hardly scabrous.

1. I. vernonioides, Nutt. Glabrous or loosely pubescent, 2—4 ft.
high, erect: leaves oblauceolate, more or less serrate, 1—2 in. long, often
with many fascicled ones in the axils: heads 4 lines high, campanulate;
bracts of involucre obtusish: pappus-bristles stout, none very perceptibly
flattened. — Common shrub of S. Calif., found at Black Point, San
Francisco, where it may have been introduced accidentally.

2. I. arguta. Branches 6 — 10 in. high, more or less pubescent or
hirsute below, glabrous above, leafy throughout; leaves diminishing
upwards, the lowest 1 in. long, all broadly oblanceol ate, of coriaceous
texture, wiih saliently spreading coarse and acute or mucronale teeth: heads
Yz in. high, turbinate, 12 — 15-flowered: inner pappus-bristles distinctly
flattened and tapering very gradually from base to apex.— Subsaline
plains east of the Vaca Mts., in Solano Co., Jepson.

11. EUTHAMIA, Cassini. Erect glabrous perennials, very leafy,
the branching more or less distinctly corymbose. Leaves nearly linear,
entire, pellucid-punctate. Heads small, clustered at the ends of the
branches. Involucral bracts firm, imbricated, glutinous. Flowers per-
manently yellow; those of the ray about twice as many as those of the
disk. Achenes short, turbinate, villous-pubesceut.

176 COMPOSITE,

1. E. occideiitalis, Nutt. Somewhat paniculately branching, 3 — 6
ft. high: leaves lanceolate-linear, obscurely 3-nerved: bracts of involucre
linear-lanceolate, acute: rays 16— 30; disk-flowers 8— 14, their style-tips
obtuse.— Common in low grounds along rivers and on the borders of-
marshes. Aug. — Oct.

12. SOLIDAGO, Vaillant (GOLDEN KOD). Strict simple-stemmed
perennials, with alternate more or less serrate leaves. Inflorescence a ter-
minal cluster of many small heads, usually disposed in scorpioid racemes
and forming a panicle; otherwise forming a thyrsus. Involucre narrow;
bracts in 2 or more series, neither herbaceous tipped or glutinous.
Flowers all permanently yellow; the outer and ligulate short, the inner
narrow-funnelform. Style-appendages flattened, lanceolate. Achenes
terete or prismatic, 5— 10-nerved, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus a
series of unequal scabrous permanently white bristles.

* Heads numerous, panicled.

1. S. sempervirens, L Bright green and glabrous, leafy throughout,
2 — 8ft. high: leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate to linear, the upper acute,
lower obtuse, all entire: panicle narrow, dense, virgate: heads 3 — 4
lines long: bracts of involucre lanceolate, scabrous-ciliolate : rays 8 — 10,
rather large, golden yellow : achenes minutely pubescent. — Attributed
to marshes about San Francisco, at Laguna Honda, etc. Aug. — Nov.

2. S. elongata, Nutt. Puberulent, 1 to 2 ft. high equably leafy up to
the long panicle: leaves thinnish, lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate,
2—3 in. long: branches of panicle scarcely secund, ascending; heads
small; bracts of involucre linear, acutish or obtuse: rays 10—16, narrow:
achenes pubescent. — Oakland Hills, in open ravines, etc. July — Oct.

3. S. Californica, Nutt. Roughish with an almost cinereous short
pubescence,' commonly 2 — 4 ft. high: leaves ampler and more numerous
below, passing from obovate to oblong-lanceolate and lanceolate, and
from obtuse to acute, the lower and broader more or less serrate: panicle
usually virgate but loose, 4—12 in. long, the racemiform clusters secund
but seldom recurved: heads 3 lines high; bracts lanceolate-oblong or
oblong-linear, obtusish pubescent, rays 7 — 12, pale yellow: achenes
pubescent.— Very common, in dry and even sandy soil. July— Oct.

* * Heads fewer and larger, somewhat thyrsoidly congested.

4. S. spathulata, DO. Glabrous, slightly glutinous, with the order of
Grindelia, 1 — 2 ft. high: stems decumbent and even suffrutescent at
base: lower leaves spalulate, 2 — 4 in. long, rounded at apex, serrate: heads
4 lines high, almost as broad, about 25-flowered, disposed in short
racemes thyrsoidly crowded at and near the summit of the stem: bracts
of involucre oblong or broadly linear, all but the inmost series obtuse

ASTEKACE^. 177

and green-herbaceous almost throughout, the inner acutish and with a
green mid vein : rays short: achenes pubescent.— On bluffs near the sea
at Point Lobos; also in the Mission Hills. Aug., Sept.

13. PEXTACHJ2TA, Nutt. Slender almost glabrous small vernal
annuals. Leaves alternate, linear, entire. Involucres solitary, hemi-
spherical or campanulate, of thin scarious-margined appressed mucronu-
late bracts in 2 series. Bays white, yellow, or wanting. Disk-corollas
yellow, very slender. Style-appendages filiform-subulate, hispid.
Achenes pubescent. Pappus of 3 — 5 slender bristles.

1. P. bellidiflora, Greene. Sparingly branching, the peduncles
somewhat scapiforni: involucre hemispherical, many-flowered: rays 8 — 14,
white or reddish; achenes oblong- turbinate, villous: pappus-bristles 5 or
none.— Open hills and sterile slopes in Marin and San Mateo counties,
not common. April, May.

2. P. alsinoides, Greene. Dichotomously branching, only 2—5 in.
high: involucre turbinate, of 5 — 7 bracts and 3 — 7-flowered: rays 0: disk-
corollas filiform, not deeply cleft: achenes obovate-clavate; pappus-bristles
3, very slender. —An obscure hillside plant, but not rare. April — June.

3. P. exilis (Gray), Greene. Very slender, only 2—3 in. high, usually
simple and monocephalous : whole plant purplish, the peduncle white-
villous under the small head: outer series of corollas rose-red, claviform-
urceolate, i. e., widening upwards, the throat abruptly contracted under
the minute teeth: pappus of 3 — 5 short bristles or cusps, or obsolete. —
Frequent on open hills in San Mateo and Contra Costa counties, thence
northward. April, May.

14. BELLIS, Pliny (DAISY). Low herbs. Involucres broad, many-
flowered; bracts of nearly equal length. Rays many, white or reddish.
Disk-corollas yellow. Style-appendages short, triangular. Achenes
obovate, compressed, nerved on the margins. Pappus none.

1. B. PERENNIS, L. Perennial, acaulescent: leaves obovate: scapes
several, each with a single head. — Escaped from gardens, and naturalized
in the seaboard counties from at least Marin northward.

15. LESSINGIA, Chamisso. More or less floccose-woolly annuals
with alternate more or less serrate leaves and small cymosely panicled
heads of yellow, whitish or purplish flowers, these all perfect. Corollas
with slender tube and long narrow lobes; those of the marginal row
more deeply cleft on one side and imitating a palmatifid ligule. Involu-
cre campanulate or turbinate; bracts much imbricated and appressed,
herbaceous-tipped. Anthers with slender-subulate appendages. Append-
ages of style-branches obtuse or truncate, densely hispid, often with a
setiform cusp amid the hairs. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform, silky-
villous. Pappus-bristles rigid, scabrous, red or brownish.

178 COMPOSITE.

* Yellow-flowered species.

1. L. <* or manor u m, Cham. Low, slender, branching and spreading
from the base; branchlets at length glabrate, purple: lower leaves sin-
uate-pinnatifid, those of the branches narrowly oblanceolate : involucre
hemispherical, its bracts, more or less green-herbaceous not glandular. —
San Francisco and southward in sandy soil near the sea.

2. L. glandulifera, Gray. Erec(, stoutish, diffusely branched above:
leaves more irregularly and deeply toothed or cleft, those of the stem
more numerous,' ovate or oblanceolate, and of the branchlets minute and
almost crowded, rigid, beset along the margin with yellowish large
glands: involucre campanulate to turbinate, its bracts more or less
glanduliferous. — Plains of the lower San Joaquin and southward.

* * Flowers pale- or deep-purplish.

3. L. ramulosa, Gray. Erect, 1—2 ft. high, very loosely branching,
the glabrate branchlets and upper leaves more or less hirtellous and
glandular: involucre campanulate or turbinate, 10— 20-flowered: corollas
short, purple: style-appendages with minute setiform tip.— Dry hills
from Sonoma Co. southward.

4. L. leptoclada, Gray. Taller and more slender, with almost filiform
branchlets bearing few or solitary 5— 20-flowered heads: corollas elon-
gated: style-appendages with a conspicuous subulate tip. — Same range.

5. L. virgata, Gray. More densely woolly : stem and virgate branches
rigid: upper leaves appressed, concave, carinate-nerved : heads spicately
sessile in the axils of the leaves: involucre cylindrical, 5— 7-nowered: fl.
pale or whitish: style-appendages with conspicuous subulate tip.—
Plains of the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento.

6. L. liana, Gray. Stems very stout, short, depressed, the whole plant
white- woolly: heads large (% in. high), oblong, 10— 20-flowered; outer
bracts linear-lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, scarcely herba-
ceous in any part, inner scarious-chartaceous, while, tapering into a rigid
subulate point: fl. crimson; style-appendages with no cusp: achenes
short and turgid; pappus red. — Foothills of the Mt. Diablo Eange and
eastward. July— Sept.

16. CORETHROGYNE, DeCandolle. Genus very nearly allied to
Lessingia; distinguished chiefly by the numerous and altogether ligulate
violet ray-corollas: the habit in our species (the typical), quite different,
the roots being perennial, the branches often subscapiform and mono-
cephalous; the heads large; involucres hemispherical. Style-appendages
strongly hairy but not cuspidate. — June — Aug.

1. C. Californica, DC. Suffrutescenl and diffusely branched from the
base, densely white-jioccose ; the assurgent flowering branches numerous:

ASTERACE^. 179

lowest leaves oblanceolate-spatulate, few- toothed; upper linear entire.—
At Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., and southward.

2. C. obovata, Benth. Stems fewer, erect or ascending, hoary, as also
the obovate or spatulate obtuse leaves which are serrate above; those of
the branches oblong or narrower : heads 1 in. broad or more, including
the purple rays. — Sandy hills from Lake Merced to Humboldt Co.,
plentiful on Point Reyes.

17. ASTER, Tourn. Leafy-stemmed autumnal herbs with panicled
or somewhat corymbose heads. Involucre hemispherical to campanulate,
of several series of unequal imbricate bracts with herbaceous tips. Rays
many, not very narrow, white, pinkish, or bluish. Disk-corollas yellow
changing to red-purple; tube slender; limb funnelform. Style-append-
ages from triangular-lanceolate to slender-subulate. Achenes compressed.
Pappus copious, dull-white, or rarely more deeply colored, scabrous.

* Perennials; inflorescence corymbose.

1. A. riHl ill inns, Gray. Stoutish, roughish-pubescent, 1 ft. high or
more, usually bearing an open corymb of middle-sized heads: leaves
rigid, obovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate above, tapering to a narrow
entire base, scabrous both sides: involucre obconic, 4 — 5 lines long:
bracts rigid, appressed, acutish or mucronate, the tips green: rays white;
disk-corollas becoming red: achenes minutely pubescent; pappus rather
rigid. — Borders of woods and thickets; early-flowering. July — Sept.

* # Perennials; paniculate or racemose.

2. A. Menziesii, Lindl. Strictly erect, 2 ft. high, usually simple and
very leafy up to the mostly simply racemose or racemose-paniculate inflor-
escence, the whole plant cinereously and roughly pubescent: leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1—3 in. long, remotely serrate or entire, sessile
by a broad auriculate-clasping base: involucre broadly turbinate, % in.
high; bracts somewhat spatulate, well imbricated, the broad green tips
obtuse: rays light violet, rather short. — Vaca Mountains, Jepson, and
southward. Sept. — Dec.

3. A. invennstns. Stout stems 2 ft. long or more, ascending from a
decumbent base; herbage cinereous with scabrous and short-hirsute
pubescence: lower cauline leaves lanceolate-spatulate, 2 — 3 in. long,
with remote and slight serratures: heads very numerous in an ample
cymose panicle; involucres nearly hemispherical, 3^ in. high, the almost
wholly green-herbaceous very obtuse spatulate-linear bracts in rather
few ranks; rays dull pale purplish.— Collected only by the author, and
in the upper part of Napa Valley, near Calistoga, August, 1888.

4. A. Chilensis, Nees. Erect, stoutish, 2 — 4 ft. high, glabrous or
somewhat hirsute, the stem occasionally with strongly hirsute lines:

180 COMPOSITE.

leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—5 in. long, entire, or obscurely serrate,
the whole margin scabrous: heads ^ in. high, in a more or less ample
panicle of short loose leafy racemes; bracts of campanulate or broadly
obconic involucre much imbricated, linear or linear-spalulate, with short
and rounded green tips: rays 25—30, purple or violet, % in. long.—
Common and variable; some forms very showy. Aug. — Oct.

5. A. Souoiiiensis. Slender, decumbent at base, 1—1% ft. high,
glabrous and glaucescenl, only the leaf -margins scabrous-ciliolate: leaves
mainly radical, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a long petiole, this with
a dilated and strongly ciliate basal part: heads rather few in a terminal
corymbose panicle; involucres % in. high, broad-campanulate to broad-
obconic, the well imbricated bracts narrowly oblanceolate, acute; rays
purplish, rather narrow, % in. long. — In open plains of the Sonoma
Valley, in low subsaline ground. Sept., Oct.

6. A. lentus. Erect, slender, 4—6 ft. high, slightly succulent, glabrous
except a slight pubescence under the heads, and a delicately serrulate-
scabrous margin to the leaves: lowest leaves 3—5 in. long, lanceolate-
linear, slightly falcate, those of the flowering branches straight and
half-clasping at the sessile base : panicle loose and ample, often a yard
long, the branches loosely racemose: heads 4 — 5 lines high; involucres
oblong; bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-herbaceous and somewhat
succulent almost throughout: rays many, % in. long, light purple. —
Plentiful along tidal streams in western part of the Suisun marsh; the
largest and most beautiful of Calif ornian species. Oct., Nov.

* * * Biennial or annual, paniculate; heads small.

7. A. exilis, Ell. Glabrous, slender, 2-6 ft. high, with narrow
lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and a diffuse panicle of very small
heads: bracts of narrow involucre lanceolate-subulate, mainly green
herbaceous, the margins scarious : rays white, short and inconspicuous :
pappus fine and soft: achenes little compressed. — Borders of Suisun
marshes, and elsewhere in low subsaline land. Aug. — Dec.

18. ERIGERON, Linn. Involucre of narrow, usually almost equal
bracts which are never coriaceous or distinctly herbaceous-tipped. Rays
very narrow, commonly extremely numerous and in several series, but
in several of our species wanting. Style branches with short roundish
appendages. Achenes compressed, 2-nerved. Pappus of scanty fragile
bristles, a short outer series sometimes manifest.

* Perennials; stems leafy at base; cauline leaves reduced.

1. E. ula iicus. Ker. Monocephalous branches several from a stoutish
leafy caudex, the whole plant more or less villous or hirsute, especially
above; leaves obovate or spatulate-oblong, 2 — 4 in. long, entire or with

ASTERACE^:. 181

few teeth; those of the flowering branches more bract-like and fewer:
heads 1% in. broad including the not very narrow light-violet rays. — On
hills and cliffs along the seaboard.

2. E. Philadelphicus, L. Hirsute, 1—3 ft. high from a perennial
root: radical leaves obovate or spatulate, the scattered cauline ones
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, with broad clasping base, all irregularly
toothed: heads less than 1 in. broad, in an ample loose terminal cymose-
corymb: rays very many and extremely narrow; flesh-color to bright
pink. — Along streamlets and the borders of boggy places.

* * Perennials; stems simple, brittle, equably leafy up to the corymb',

leaves narrow, entire: involucral bracts unequal and more or

less imbricated; outer pappus of few short bristles.

•t-Heads with bluish rays.

3. E. foliosus, Nutt. Scabrous, more or less strigose-pubescent,
1 — 2^ ft. high: leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 1—2 in. long, those of the
branches reduced: hemispherical heads ^ in. broad; rays about 30;
achenes with a few coarse bristly short hairs. — Dry hills of Sonoma and
Contra Costa counties, and southward. June — Sept.

H— •*— Rays wanting; involucre much imbricated.

4 E. angnstatus, Greene. Stems tufted, 2ft. high, rigid and brittle;
herbage glabrous except a few short incurved hairs on the margins and
midvein of the leaves, and a somewhat granular minute indument on the
much imbricated turbinate involucres: leaves narrowly spatulate-linear,
entire: corymbose panicle ample: bracts of the involucre with reddish
tips: corollas of a deep golden yellow: achenes setose-hirsute. — Dry
hills on either side of Napa Valley. July— Oct.

5. E. Biolettii. Size of the preceding: whole plant scabrous-puber-
ulent: leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, with sparsely but rigidly hispid-ciliate
margins: corymb with branches less divergent: achenes appressed-
pubescent. — On Hood's Peak, Bioletti, and Howell Mountain, Jepson.

6. E. petrophilus, Greene. Half the size of the last, more leafy,
the whole plant except the somewhat glandular heads canescently hirsute;
the corymb less ample; bracts of involucre not as numerous. — Rocky
summits of the inner Coast Range, from Mt. St. Helena to Mt. Hamilton;
above Wild Cat Creek near Berkeley. July— Oct.

* * * Annuals, with thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence.

7. E, Canadensis, L. Sparsely hispid or nearly glabrous; stem
stout, erect, 1—6 ft. high, with countless small subcylindric heads in a
rather dense panicle: lowest leaves spatulate, upper linear: heads only
2 lines high: rays white, very short. — A common weed in cultivated
lands, or by waysides.

182 COMPOSITE.

19. BACCHARIS, Linn. Dioecious shrubs or herbs, with striate or
angled branches, alternate simple, often glutinous leaves, and small
clustered discoid heads of white unisexual flowers. Involucre of scale-
like imbricated bracts. Fl. of staminate heads with tubular-funnelform
5 cleft corolla; of the pistillate slender-tubular, truncate or minutely
toothed. Style-appendages ovate to lanceolate, rarely coalescent.
Achenes 5— 15-costate, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus of fertile flowers
very fine and soft, often becoming elongated in fruit.

* Herbaceous perennial.

1. B. Donglasii, DC. Erect, 3 — 4 ft. high, simple up to the terminal
corymb; leaves very glutinous, ovate-lanceolate, nearly or quite entire,
3—6 in. long: bracts of involucre erose-ciliate : pappus of pistillate fl
short, soft; of staminate clavellate and barbellate at summit. — In moist
lowlands. Sept. — Nov.

* * Suffrutescent or shrubby.

2. B. glntinosa, Pers. Shrub 6—12 ft. high: leaves lanceolate, acute,
entire, denticulate or repand- dentate, 2 — 3 in. long: heads in ample
cymose panicles at the ends of long willowy leafy branches. — On banks
of streams, from Napa and Solano counties southward. May — Dec.

3. B. consaiigninea, DC. Compactly branching evergreen 8—12 ft.
high: branchlets green, angular from the leaf-bases: leaves subcoriaceous,
glutinous, 1 in. long and less, cuneate-obovate, coarsely toothed: heads
sessile singly or in pairs or threes in the leaf-axils: bracts of involucre
oblong-linear, obtuse, with subscarious fringed margins. — Hillsides and
banks of streams everywhere. Oct. — Dec.

4. B. pilnlaris, DC. Low, slender, the depressed or prostrate diffusely
branching stems 1 — 2%/£. long; branchlets angular: leaves seldom % in-
long, cuneate-obovate, angular- toothed or subentire, heads mostly solitary
in the leaf-axils and at the ends of the broom-like fastigiate branchlets:
involucral bracts acutish, fringed toward the tips. — Sandy soils along
the seaboard and about San Francisco Bay. Aug. — Oct.

Suborder 3. G-NAPHALIACJE^:.

Plants mostly white with floccose wool, the herbage apt to be more or
less pleasantly or unpleasantly scented. Heads discoid: bracts of invo-
lucre various, often scarious and white or yellowish. Anthers caudate.
Style-branches of perfect flowers blunt, unappendaged, the stigmatic lines
running almost to the summit, which is sometimes papillose or penieil-
late. Pappus finely capillary or none.

GNAPHALIACE.E. 183

* Involucral bracts few or none: receptacle chaffy.

Fructiferous chaff or bract quite enclosing its achene;

Achenes gibbous GNAPHALODES 21

Achenes straight or curved;

Receptacle columnar ANCISTROCARPHUS 22

Receptacle globular or ovoid PSILOC ARPHUS 23

Fructiferous bract scarcely enclosing its achene;

Receptacle columnar; pappus none EVAX 24

Receptacle convex; pappus present FILAGO 25

* * Involucral bracts many, receptacle not chaffy.

Involucre dry, but hardly scarious PLUCHEA 20

Involucre herbaceous; achenes large ADENOCAULON 27

Involucre scarious; achenes small GNAPHALJUM 26

20. PLUCHEA, Cassini. Herb with alternate ample leaves, and a
terminal cymose cluster of smallish heads; these many -flowered, the
flowers largely pistillate only, their corolla reduced to a slender truncate
or 2— 3-toothed tube, that of the hermaphrodite (but sterile) flowers
regularly 5-cleft. Achenes small, 4 — 5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a
series of capillary bristles.

1. P. camphorata (L.), DC. Annual, stoutish, leafy, 2 ft. high;
minutely and somewhat viscidly pubescent: leaves oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, toothed or denticulate, the larger
(3 — 5 in.) petioled: heads short-pedicelled, dull-purple, crowded in a
corymbiform cluster: involucral bracts ovate to lanceolate, often tinged
with the dull pale purple of the corollas. —Borders of brackish marshes
about Suisun Bay, etc. Aug. — Oct.

21 GNAPHALODES, Tourn. Low floccose-woolly annuals, with
alternate entire leaves. Heads scattered, several-flowered. Pistillate
flowers on a small receptacle, each enclosed in a conduplicate bract, the
tip of which is scarious-appendiculate; the few hermaphrodite-sterile
ones mostly naked. Involucre outside of the fruiting bracts scanty and
scarious. Achene gibbous, obovate, enclosed in its bract and falling
away with it. Pappus none.

1. €r. Californica (F. & M.). Slender, erect, 6—12 in. high: leaves
mostly linear: fructiferous bracts 5 or 6, firm-coriaceous, somewhat semi-
obcordate or semiobovate, straight anteriorly, the erect beak-like tip
largely scarious.— Open ground; very common. May.

2. €r. amphibola (Gray). Fructiferous bracts about 10, somewhat
imbricated on an oblong receptacle, membranaceous or merely, chartaceous
at maturity, the beak, an ovate almost hyaline appendage, at maturity
porrect.— Hills of Contra Costa Co. May.

22. ANCISTROCARPHUS, A. Gray. Low canescently flocculent
annual, erect, branched from the base, with alternate entire leaves, and

184 COMPOSITE.

more or less glomerate heads. Fertile flowers 5—9, loosely disposed on
a slender receptacle, their enclosing bracts cymbiform, firm except the
narrow hyaline tip. Sterile flowers involucrate by 5 larger bracts, these
ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a rigid incurved-uncinate cusp, persist-
ent and at length stellate-spreading. Achene ovate-fusiform, obscurely
decompressed, the pericarp distinct from the seed and faintly nerved.
Pappus none.

1. A. fllaginens, Gray. Leaves linear to spatulate: heads capitate-
glomerate, the hooked empty bracts at maturity 34 in. long. — In open
grounds; not common.

23. PSILOCARPHUS, Nutt. Small usually depressed much branched
floccose annuals, with opposite leaves and globose heads sessile in the
axils or at the forks. Fructiferous bracts numerous, on the globular
or oval receptacle, cucullate-saccate, semiobovate or semiobcordate,
rounded at top, herbaceo-membranaceous, apex introrse, the ovate or
oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or erect. Achene loose within the
bract, oblong or narrower, straight, slightly compressed. Pappus none.

1. P. ten ell us, Nutt. Prostrate, forming a dense mat 3 — 6 in. wide:
heads very many: leaves spatulate, % — ^ in. long: fructiferous bracts
scarcely a line long: achene ovate-oblong.— In rather low or shaded
grounds among the hills. May.

2. P. bre vissimus, Nutt. Dwarf, with very few and rather large woolly
heads: leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 — 5 lines long, seldom surpassing
the heads: achene cylindrical or slightly clavate, 1 line long.— Plains of
the interior, in low places. May.

24-. EVAX, Gtertner. Low but rigid, leafy, with heads axillary and
terminal. Bracts of the involucre and those of the receptacle subtending
the pistillate flowers from oblong to obovate, becoming coriaceous,
persistent, concave. Eeceptacle slender columnar from a broader base,
sparsely villous, the pistillate flowers and their bracts crowded at its
base; the summit bearing a whorl of 3 — 7 coriaceous obovate or rounded
open bracts subtending a few sterile flowers; these with cleft style but
no ovary. Achenes pyriform-obovate, somewhat obcompressed, very
smooth. Pappus none.

1. E. caulescens (Benth.), Gray. Branching from the base, erect,
2—4 in. high; leaves spatulate, the blade ^ in. long, tapering to a
slender petiole as long: heads mostly solitary in the axils, a number
glomerate at summit, which is not specially leafy.— Very common on
sterile hills along our northern border. May.

2. E. acanlis, Greene. Stout and low, the very short branches horizon-
tal: leaves with short blade and greatly elongated petiole: head glomerate
at the ends of all the branches, none in the axils'. — Moist plains near
Antioch, and southward. April — June.

GNAPHALIACE.E. 185

3. E. involucrata. Stout, strictly e>ect, simple, or rarely with one or
more ascending long branches from the base, 8 in. high or more: heads
only in a terminal hemispherical cluster % in. broad, surrounded by a
conspicuous whorl of 15 or 20 leaves, these with spatulate-obovate cuspi-
date blade Y2 in. long, only a third the length of the slender petiole, this
abruptly dilated at base to half the width of the blade; cauline leaves
shorter and narrower. — Plains of the lower Sacramento; collected only
by the author. May.

•25. FILAGO, Tourn. Erect rather slender floccose-woolly herbs,
with alternate and entire leaves, and small heads in capitate lateral and
terminal clusters. Bays 0. Eeceptacle plane, hemispherical or subcon-
ioal; its naked summit bearing both sterile and fertile flowers having a
pappus of capillary bristles. Base of receptacle bearing pistillate flowers,
the achenes from these being destitute of pappus and enfolded by a
concave bract. Achenes terete or slightly compressed, sometimes
roughish-papillose.

1. F. Californica, Nutt. A span high or more: heads ovate, slightly
angular: convex: pistillate fl. 8—10, their bracts broadly ovate, deeply
boat-shaped, incurved; inner bracts oblong, concave: achenes almost
terete, obscurely pappillose-granular. — Dry hills. May.

2. F. GAKLICA, L. Eeceptacle nearly plane: heads pentagonal-conical:
outer achenes completely enclosed in their conduplicate at length
indurated bracts. — Introduced from Europe, but not rare with us.

26. GrtfAPHALIUM, Diosc. Floccose-woolly. Leaves sessile, entire.
Heads cymosely clustered, white, yellowish or rose-tinted. Eeceptacle
flat, naked. Bracts of involucre scarious, imbricated. At least the
outer flowers (usually all of them) fertile. Achenes terete or flattish.
Pappus a single series of scabrous capillary bristles.

* Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately.
+- Plants dioecious.

1. (jr. Americanum, Clusius (1601). G. margarilaceum, L. Erect, 1 —
2 ft. high, growing in tufts from a perennial root, equably leafy up to the
terminal cymose corymb; white-floccose, except the glabrate upper sur-
face of the broadly lanceolate leaves; broadest leaves 3-nerved: bracts of
involucre pearly- white, radiating in age. — Common about the Bay, on
wooded or bushy northward slopes of hills.

•i— -)— Heads heterogamous; all the flowers fertile.
•M- Involucre woolly at base only.

2. G. inicrocephalum, Nutt. Biennial, slender, with several erect
branches 2 ft. high or more, loosely corymbose-paniculate above, the

186 COMPOSITE.

whole herbage white with a persistent woo?, not at all glandular or heavy-
scented: leaves linear, or the lower spatulate, with slenderly decumbent
base: involucres small, ovate, bright white; bracts ovate or oblong,
obtuse. — Hillsides. Aug. — Oct.

3. G. Chileiise, Spreng. Annual and biennial, stoutish, 1 — 2^ ft.
high, cymose-corymbose at summit : leaves lanceolate, more thinly Jioccose
than in the last, the short decumbent leaves rather broad: involucre
hemispherical, with a greenish-yellowish tinge; bracts thin, oval or
oblong, obtuse. Var. eoufertifolia. Very stout and low: leaves linear,
densely clothing the stem up to the sessile dense cluster of heads.— Very
common and variable; the variety biennial; both flowering at almost all
seasons.

4. G. Californicum, DC. Stoutish, 2—3 ft. high, biennial, the leaves
diminishing in size towards the broad cymose terminal loose cluster of
large rather dull white heads: leaves lanceolate, glabrate above, glandular
and balsamic-scented, very obviously adnate-decurrent: outer bracts of
the involucre ovate or oblong, the inner acute. — Common on dry hills in
places partly shaded.

5. G. ramosissimmn, Nutt. Biennial, erect, 3—5 ft. high, the fastig-
iate panicle often 2 ft. long and more, of small reddish heads: leaves green
and glandular on both faces, linear, decurrent, the herbage very sweet-
scented: heads only 2 lines high: involucral bracts rather few, oblong-
lanceolate, acutish. — Wooded hills; late-flowering. Sept. — Nov.

•M- -M- Involucres deeply embedded in loose wool.

6. G. palustre, Nutt. Low branching annual, floccose with long
wool : leaves spatulate to oblong and lanceolate : heads glomerate, leaf y-
bracted, a line high : tips of linear involucral bracts white, obtuse. — In
low moist lands. May — Aug.

* * Pappus-bristles united at base, deciduous in a ring.

7. G. purpureum, L. Biennial, simple or branching, erect or
decumbent, 6 — 10 in. high, canescent with a dense coating of close wool:
leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate and green above:
heads crowded in an elongated more or less interrupted spiciform
inflorescence: involucre brownish: achenes sparsely scabrous. — In open
grounds. March — May.

27. ADEffOCAULON, Hook. Perennial, with alternate dilated leaves
on long margined petioles; the slender stem naked and paniculate above,
bearing small heads of whitish flowers; the peduncles beset with stalked
glands. Involucre of few thin-herbaceous bracts. Receptacle flat,
naked. Achenes ovoid-oblong or subclavate, far exceeding the involucre,
the upper part beset with stout stipitate glands.

AMBROSIACE^:. 187

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Stem 2 ft. high : leaves ample, deltoid-cordate,
coarsely sinuate-dentate or slightly lobed, green above, white-cottony
beneath: involucral bracts 4 or 5, in one series, ovate, reflexed in fruit,
small by the side of the 4—6 clavate achenes.— Eedwood forests.

Suborder 4. AMBROSIACEJE.

Heads small, greenish, the fertile flowers without corolla, or this reduced
to an obscure rudiment. Bays none. Staminate involucres mostly
forming a raceme above the axillary and few pistillate ones. Anthers
but slightly united or quite distinct. Pappus none.

Heads all alike, and only in the leaf -axils IVA 28

Staminate heads racemose above the others AMBROSIA 29

Staminate heads glomerate; lertile head becoming a bur XANTHIUM 30

28. IVA, Linn. Perennial herb with simple mostly alternate leaves,
and discoid heads nodding on short pedicels in their axils. Involucre
of few scales in 1 series, commonly joined into a cup. Marginal fl.
pistillate and with short tubular corolla; the other and more numerous
fl. staminate, with funnelform 5-lobed corolla and undivided style:
anthers nearly distinct. Receptacle with linear or. spatulate scales
subtending the sterile fl. Achenes thick, naked.

1. I. axillaris, Pursh. Branching sparingly, 1 — 1% ft. high: leaves
from obovate and spatulate to broadly linear, sessile, entire. 1 in. long
or more: heads hemispherical: scales of involucre about 5, united at
base, or beyond the middle. Var. pubescens, Gray. Villous with loose
spreading hairs; the involucre turbinate, almost entire. — Solano Co. and
southward, mostly on subsaline plains, or near the coast.

29. AMBROSIA, Dodoens. Weedy aromatic coarse perennials with
mostly alternate and piunately divided leaves. Flowers unisexual, the
staminate heads several-flowered and arranged in erect spikes or racemes
resembling aments. Pistillate heads mostly in the axils of the upper
leaves, 1— 4-flowered, their involucres closed and achene-like, in maturity
bearing protuberances or prickles. Achene ovoid or obovate, thick.

* Fruit 1-seeded, more or less roughened, but not spinescent.

1. A. psilostachya, DC. Stems erect, from horizontal rootstocks,
2 ft. high or more, with strigose pubescence and somewhat scabrous:
leaves once or twice pinnatifid: fr. mostly solitary in the axils, turgid-
obovoid, less than 2 lines long, obtusely short-pointed, rugose-reticulate,
either unarmed, or with 4 short blunt or sharp tubercles. — Borders of
fields in uncultivated land near the Bay; plentiful on Point Isabel.

* * Fruit often more than 1-seeded, spinescent.

2. A. bipinnatiflda (Nutt.). Stems very stout, procumbent, 2—3 ft
long, somewjiat hirsute: leaves ovate, 1 — 3 in. long, twice or thrice pin-

188 COMPOSITE.

nately parted into oblong-linear divisions and small oblong lobes, canescent
with a silky pubescence: sterile raceme dense, the heads large: fruit
ovate-fusiform, armed with short thick flattish spines, their tips often
incurving. — Sandy beaches; very common. June — Dec.

3. A. Chamissonis (Less.)- Size, habit etc., of the last, but leaves
cuneate-obocale, or oblong-ovate with cuneate base, obtusely serrate, only
some of the lower laciniate -incised: fruiting involucre ovate, the spines
broad and channeled. Habitat of the preceding, but less common.

30. XANTHIUM, Tourn. (COCKLE-BUB). Coarse annuals, with branch-
ing stems, alternate lobed or toothed leaves, and clustered heads of
greenish flowers; the staminate clusters uppermost, the pistillate in the
leaf-axils. Involucre of staminate heads 1 or 2 series of narrow bracts.
Stamens monadelphous but anthers merely connivent. Fertile head a
closed ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1 — 2-beaked at
apex : each flower a single pistil, becoming a thick ovoid achene, the two
enclosed in the hardened prickly involucre.

1. X. SPINOSUM, L. Widely branching from the base, 2 ft. high:
leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less lobed or pinnatifid, glabrate and green
above, white-tomentose .beneath: burs % in. long, armed with short weak
prickles. — By waysides, common; native of tropical America.

2. X. Canadense, Mill. Stout, branching above only: leaves broad-
ovoid, slightly lobed, scabrous: bur an inch long, densely beset with
stoutish prickles, and at apex strongly 2-horned. — In low fields, where
it may have been introduced. Aug.— Oct.

Suborder 5. HELIANTHACE^E.

Plants commonly with balsamic-resinous juice, and coarse roughish or
woolly foliage. Bays conspicuous; receptacle strongly chaffy; anthers
not caudate; .involucre not scarious; pappus never of capillary bristles.

Involucre of 1 or 2 series of similar bracts; rays small,

white EOLIPTICA 31

Involucral bracts imbricated in several series;

Pappus none; achenes oblong BALSAMORRHIZA 32

" of more or less united awns or palese WYETHIA

'' of two or more thin caducous paleae HELIANTHUS 34

" none; achenes obovoid, compressed HELIANTHELLA 35

Involucre double; outer series of bracts spreading, inner erect;

Pappus not retrorsely barbed LEPTOSYNE 36

retrorsely barbed or aculeolate BIDENS 37

31. ECLIPTICA, Rumphius. Flaccid low riparian herbs with oppo-
site leaves, and scattered small heads of whitish flowers. Involucre
broad, of 1 or 2 series of herbaceous bracts. Bracts of flattish receptacle
reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles. Bays short, fertile. Achenes
thick, those of the ray triquetrous, of the disk compressed, margined.
Pappus of 2—4 short teeth or awns or none.

II E LI A NT HA C E ^ . 189

1. E. alba (L.),O. Ktze. Annual, 1—3 ft. high, decumbent, minutely
strigose-pubescent: leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparingly serrate, sessile,
or the lower short-petioled: peduncles from the upper axils long or
short; rays about equalling the disk: disk-achenes corky-margined,
truncate. — Banks of the lower Sacramento, Jepson. Sept., Oct.

32. BALSAMORRHIZA, Nuttall Rather coarse but low acaulescent
perennials, with thick roots which exude a terebinthine balsam, and
bear a tuft of long-petioled leaves and several monocephalous scapes.
Involucre broad; bracts large, imbricated. Chaff of receptacle linear-
lanceolate. Kays large, fertile. Achenes destitute of pappus, those of
the ray oblong, of the disk quadrangular.

1. B. Hookeri, Nutt. Canescent with a fine appressed pubescence :
leaves a foot long, once or twice pinnately parted, lanceolate in outline :
scape often 2-leaved near the base: involucral bracts linear or lanceolate,
acuminate. — Hills of Sonoma and Alameda counties; rare.

33. WYETHIA, Nuttall. Vegetative characters of Balsamorrhiza,
but the stout stems in our species leafy. Achenes prismatic-quadrangu-
lar, crowned with a short pappus of united or nearly distinct rigid
scales or awns.

1. W. helenioides (DC.), Nutt. Hoary-tomentose when young, glabrate
in age: radical leaves oblong, 1 — 1^ ft. long, 4—8 in. wide: cauline half
as large, all contracted into a short petiole: heads leafy at base: outer
involucral bracts ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes toothed: achenes
more or less pubescent at summit; pappus more or less united at base.
— Common on elevated hillsides. March — May.

2. W. id a bra, Gray. Size and habit of the preceding; green and
glabrous; achenes and pappus glabrous, the lobes of the latter ciliolate.
— Hills of Marin Co. April, May.

3. W. angustifolia(DC.),Nutt. Stems scapiform, with a few reduced
leaves toward the base, 1 — 2 ft. high, more or less hirsute: radical leaves
1 — 1% ft. long, elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends: head naked;
bracts of involucre many, broadly linear or lanceolate, foliaceous, loose,
ciliate with villous or hirsute hairs: achenes crowned with 1—4 stout
hirsute awns, with some short intervening scales. — Very common on dry
plains and low hills. May, June.

34. HELIANTHUS, Linn. (SUNFLOWER). Annuals and perennials.
Leaves simple, the lowest of them opposite. Heads peduncled. Kays
conspicuous, yellow. Disk-corollas yellow or dark purple, with short
tube and long cylindric throat. Chaffy bracts of receptacle partly
embracing the compressed-quadrangular or 2-edged achenes. Pappus a
pair of caducous thin scales, with occasionally a few intervening ones.

190 COMPOSITE,

* Annuals 3— 6 feet high.

1. H. a ii ii u us, L. Eobust, hispid or scabrous: stem often 1 in. thick
at base, mottled or spotted with purple: leaves ovate, acute or acuminate,
more or less regularly serrate, 4—10 in. long, petiolate: involucral bracts
broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-acuminate: dark-purple disk 1 in. or
more in diameter: rays often 2 in. long.— Plains of the San Joaquin, but
probably introduced from the Rocky Mountain region. July — Oct.

2. H. Bolanderi, Gray. Not as stout, a yard high, scabrous-hispid:
leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire or coarsely serrate, 2—5 in.
long: disk 1 in. wide or less, brownish-yellow; rays about 1 in. long:
chaff of receptacle subulate- aristif or m, equalling the disk-flowers. — Sono-
ma Co., and northward and eastward.

3. H. exilis, Gray. More slender, seldom a yard in height: leaves
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, tapering into a
slender petiole: cusp of the chaff a slender awn surpassing the disk-flowers.
— Lower Sacramento plains; thence northward.

* * Perennial from a taberiform root, 6 — 10 feet high.

4. H. Califoruicus, DC. Stem very leafy throughout: leaves lan-
ceolate, entire or serrate, 6—12 in. long, short-petioled: heads about %
in. high in a terminal corymbose panicle: involucral bracts linear-subu-
late, often somewhat hirsute: rays over an in. long: disk-corollas
canescently puberulent toward the base: achenes glabrous; palea3 of
the pappus broadly lanceolate. — Plentiful along streams, and borders
of marshes. Aug.— Nov.

5. H. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray. Stems branching, hispidulous; upper
rhomboid-oblong to spatulate-lanceolate, tapering into winged petioles,
obtuse, entire 1 — 2 in. long: heads % "*• high: involucral bracts mostly
foliaceous, hispidulous; outer narrowly oblong, obtuse, reflexed or spread-
ing, longer than the disk; innermost shorter, erect, acute or acuminate:
rays % in. long; chaff entire.— Obscure and long lost species, collected
by Douglas near Santa Clara sixty years since.

35. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Low subacaulescent peren-
nials, with habit of some eastern Helianthi; differing from that genus in
the more compressed and thin-edged achenes, which, in our species,
have no pappus.

1. H. Californica, Gray. Minutely hirsute- pubescent, slender, 2 ft.
high, sometimes branching: all save the radical leaves opposite, all
tapering into petioles and of spatulate-lanceolate outline: heads folia-
ceous-bracted, the disk; % in. wide: rays % in. long: achenes black,
obovate-oblong, smooth and glabrous, obcordate at summit, narrowly
margined. — Common at considerable elevations among the Coast Range
hills of Marin, Napa and Contra Costa counties. May — Aug.

MADIACEJ5. 191

2. H. castauea, Greene. Stouter, seldom a foot high, rough-pubes-
cent with short spreading hairs: leaves scabrous, lanceolate, nearly
equalling the stem; heads nearly 2 in. wide; rays 1 in. long: achenes
cuneate-obovate, neither strongly compressed nor thin-edged, those of the
ray thicker and triquetrous, all dull-black at base, chestnut-brown above
the middle; apical notch short and deep.— Summit of Mt. Diablo.

36. LEPTOSYXE, DeCandolle. Low glabrous annuals, with an
apparently radical tuft of leaves cut into linear lobes, and long scapiform
erect peduncles bearing each a showy head of yellow flowers. Involucre
double; an outer series of narrow foliaceous spreading bracts, and an
inner of broad membranaceous erect ones. Rays broad. Chaff of
receptacle linear, thin, scarious, deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat,
margined. Pappus a minute callous cup, or a pair of palea3.

1. L. Douglasii, DC. Peduncles slender; head an inch wide: achenes
sparsely beset with capitate rigid bristles, the margin at length corky;
cup-like ring in place of the pappus entire. — Attributed to the vicinity of
San Francisco; perhaps erroneously.

2. L. Stillmani, Gray. Less strictly acaulescent: achenes nearly
smooth and glabrous, the corky margin rugose; terminal, cup sometimes
%-lobed. — At Alma, Santa Clara Co., according to Dr. Behr.

3. L. calliopsidea (DC.), Gray. Stoutish and somewhat leafy above
the base: bracts of outer involucre thick, broadly ovate, little shorter
than the narrowly ovate inner ones: rays often 1 in. long and % in. wide:
ray-achenes distinctly thin-winged; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong , long-
villous on the margins and inner face; pappus of 2 long and conspicuous
palese. — Santa Clara Co., Behr.

37. BIDEXS, Ccesalpinus. Branching herbs with opposite leaves,
the heads with double involucre as in Leptosyne. Achene bearing a
pappus of 2 or more rigid retrorsely hispid or aculeate awns.

1. B. frondosa, L. Somewhat hairy, 2— 6 ft. high: leaves pinnately
3— 5-divided into lanceolate-serrate petiolulate leaflets: involucre often
very leafy: rays inconspicuous: achenes obovate or oblong, 2-awned. —
Fields of the lower Sacramento. Aug. — Oct.

2. B. laevis (L.), BSP. Glabrous, stout, more or less decumbent, 1 —
2 ft. high: involucre not leafy, surpassed by the oval inch-long yellow rays:
achenes often with more than 2 awns. — In very wet grounds only, near
lakes and rivers. Aug. — Nov.

Suborder 6, MADIACE^E.

Herbs with watery juice, but herbage mostly viscid and glandular.
Involucre of a single series of equal bracts. Bay-flowers fertile, the

achenf of each embraced by or enfolded within its involucral bract. Chaff

192 COMPOSITE.

of receptacle mostly in a single row between ray and disk, and often
united into a cup. Disk-corollas usually hairy. Style-branches subulate,
hispid.

* Involucral bracts quite enclosing eachiits r ay-ache ne.

Achenes compressed, /. e., flattened laterally MADIA 38

obcompressed;

Rays very short, erect; pappus showy ACHYRACH^ENA 43

" broad, spreading; pappus none LAOOPHYLLA 44

; ampler;

Pappus of ray short, cup-like; of disk scanty HOLOZONIA 45

" " none; of disk copious BLEPHARIPAPPUS 46

* * Involucral bracts half enclosing their achenes.

Receptacle chaffy throughout; leaf -lobes pungent CENTBOMADIA 40

leaves not pungent HEMIZONIA 39

Receptacle chaffy only between disk and ray;

Rays few (often 1 only); plants with large saucer-shaped

glands CALYCADENIA 41

RaysSor more ^ papt>U8 P^mo8e BLEPHARIZONIA 42

paleaceous or 0 HKMIZONIA 39

38. MADIA, Molina (TARWEED). Glandular and viscid heavy-scented
herbs, with at least the upper leaves alternate, entire, or merely toothed.
Heads axillary and terminal, the yellow flowers vespertine, closing in
sunshine. Involucre angled by the salient carinate backs of the uniserial
involucral bracts; these completely enfolding the laterally compressed
smooth achene, and having free herbaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat or
convex, bearing a single series of chaff united and forming a cup which
separates between rays and disk-flowers. Ligules 3-lobed. Bracts of
involucre deciduous with the mature achenes (except in n. 2); these
smooth, beakless, (except in n. 7).

* Annuals; rays short, inconspicuous; pappus none.

1. M. sativa, Mol. Stout, 1 — 4 ft. high, pubescent with slender
hairs and beset with pedicellate very viscid glands, ill-scented: leaves
lanceolate, nearly entire: heads ^ in. high, short peduncled or sessile in
the upper axils and at the ends of some short branches : cup of receptacle
broadly campanulate, enclosing many disk-achenes, these cuneate oblong
and 4- angled; ray-achenes falcate-obovate. — By waysides and in culti-
vated lands. July— Sept.

2. M. capitata, Nutt. Size of the last, but more expressly viscid
herbage honey-scented, the loose hairs hispid: leaves linear, sessile by a
broad base: heads longer and narrower, capitate congested at the ends
of stout ascending short branches : involucre very hispid : cup of receptacle
narrow and nearly closed, the achenes within it very few: ripe involucral
bracts and achenes semipersistent.— Marin Co., and far northward.
Very distinct; early-flowering. April— June.

MADIACEJE. 193

3. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray. Slender, loosely branching,
2 ft. high, viscid: heads scattered, broad-ovate, % in. high: cup of
receptacle ovoid but not closed: achenes thin, but none angular. — Borders
of thickets and along mountain roads; not in open plains or cultivated
lands. May— July.

4. M . anomala, Greene. Lower and stouter than the last, otherwise
of the same aspect: chaff of receptacle not joined into a cup: achenes of
ray 3—5, of disk 3 only, none either compressed or angled, somewhat
gibbously obovate. — Mountain districts from Marin Co. northward;
perhaps rare.

5. M. exigna (Sm.), Greene. Slender, 1 ft. high more or less, hirsute,
glandular above, paniculately branched, the small heads on long filiform
naked peduncles: leaves linear: involucral bracts 5—8, lunate, almost
destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular: cup of receptacle prismatic and
very narrow, enclosing a single straight obliquely obovate achene; ray-
achenes obovate-lunate, pointed by a small disk. — Open woods and
glades, in the higher hills. June— Aug.

* * Rays ample and showy; annuals (except n. 6).

6. M. madioides (Nutt). Perennial, slender, 2 ft. high: leaves oppo-
site, linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate: heads loosely panicled, 4 lines
high, slender-peduncled: bracts of involucre 8—12, with short tips: rays
y^ in. long: cup of receptacle deeply cleft, enclosing many sterile flowers,
these with a pappus of small palese. — Borders of redwood forests, and
elsewhere in damp shades of the coast mountains. July — Oct.

7. M. radiata, Kell. Stout, 2—3 ft. high: leaves broadly lanceolate,
denticulate, hirsute and viscid: bracts of involucre 10—20, with short
tips: rays light yellow, % in. long, obtusely 3-toothed: disk-flowers very
numerous, all but the central ones fertile, their achenes somewhat clavate
and 4-angled, without pappus; ray-achenes narrowly obovate-falcate, flat,
tipped with a minute reflexed beak. — Plains of the lower San Joaquin.

8. M. elegans (DC.), Don. Clothed with long hirsute and shorter
gland- tipped spreading hairs : stem stout, 3—6 ft. high, simple up to the
ample corymbose panicle: leaves at base of stem alternate, crowded,
narrowly linear, 6—10 in. long, acute, entire, the midvein beneath very
prominent: bracts of involucre with slender linear tips: rays 12 — 15,
1 in. long, 3-lobed at apex, yellow throughout or dark red at base: disk-
flowers sterile, without rudiments of pappus: achenes obliquely obovate-
cuneate, beakless, black.— Valleys of the Coast Range. July — Oct.

9. M. hispida, Greene. Clothed with long almost hispid hairs, and
a short little more than scabrous indument, a few gland-tipped hairs of
intermediate length interspersed: stem 1—2 ft. high: lowest leaves

194 COMPOSITE.

scattered in pairs (opposite), oblanceolate, obtusish, not even the scattered
reduced and linear upper ones acute: corymbose panicle ample: rays
narrow, % — % in. long, yellow: achenes lunate-clavate, brown dotted
with black. — Mountain sides and summits; Tamalpais, Hamilton, Diablo,
etc. May, June.

39. HEMIZONIA, DeCandolle. Very heterogeneous assemblage of
annuals, of which the typical species are only empirically separated from
Madia on account of the broader ray-achenes, which are but partly
enclosed by their bracts. But the ray-achenes in the second group are
rugose, and the flowers diurnal. Receptacle flat; chaff mostly as iu Madia.

* Habit, pubescence, and vespertine rays of MADIA; ray-achenes
obovate-triangular, smooth, the terminal areola nearly cen-
tral; disk-achenes abortive, without pappus.
•i—Corymbosely paniculate-branching.

1. H. congest a, DC. Soft-hirsute but not lanate, 2 ft. high, the
inflorescence glandular : bracts of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous
tips little surpassed by the white rays: margined bracts of the receptacle
lightly connate or distinct: achenes with conspicuous inflexed stipe. —
Marin Co., near Olema.

2. H. citrina. Lowest leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved,
obtusish, glandular-pubescent, not lanate: heads at first few, in a simple
corymbose-panicle : flowers lemon-yellow : tips of involucral bracts short
and broad; bracts of receptacle joined into a cup: achenes with incon-
spicuous stipe. — Northern part of Marin Co., a vernal species, flower-
ing in April and May.

3. H. Inzulacfolia, DC. Lowest leaves opposite, narrowly linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, silvery-canescent with a fine appressed
silky wool: inflorescence at length diffuse, very glandular and ill-scented:
rays white or pinkish: involucral bracts, achenes, etc., as in the last.
Var. lutescens, Greene. Flowers from rich cream-color to lemon-
yellow, the branches more slender; leaves narrower. — The type abundant
in fields and waste lands generally. The variety in Contra Costa Co.,
near San Pablo, and in Marin, about San Rafael. June — Dec.

H— -t-Heads racemosely arranged along simple branches.

4. H. Cleveland!, Greene. Lower leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved,
silky-lanate as in the last; racemose or spicate flowering branches villou»
with long spreading hairs: fl. white: achenes nearly as in the last. —
Common from Marin and northern Napa Co. to Oregon.

195

* * Rays more numerous, very narrow, diurnal; achenes turgid,

indistinctly rugose, with a beak-like apiculation at
summit of the inner angle.

5. H. corymbosa (DC.), Torr. & Gray. Pubescent, viscid and gland-
ular, 1 ft. high, corymbosely and widely branching: radical leaves
pinnately divided into linear segments, the uppermost linear entire:
pappus of sterile disk ovaries of palese cut into chaffy bristles, or nearly
obsolete.— Plains and hills near the Bay. July— Nov.

6. H. angustifolia, DO. Hirsute and viscid-glandular, widely branch-
ing from the base: leaves mostly entire, linear, less than 1 in. long: rays
12 — 15; pappus of sterile disk-achenes none, or a row of minute bristles
rather than scales.— Less frequent than the preceding.

* * -x- Rays 5 only, broader; disk-flowers also few; tips of involu-

cral bracts short, rigid, erect: achenes as in the preceding
group, but more rugose.

•^Receptacle chaffy only next to the rays; disk-ovaries with a pappus.

7. H. fascicnlata (DC.), Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or hispid below, gla-
brous and viscid-glandular above, 6—18 in. high: heads small subsessile,
usually faciculate-clustered: involucral bracts glabrous or glandular-
hispidulous, those of the receptacle slightly united: pappus of disk-
ovaries of 6 — 10 linear paless.— Hills of the Mt. Diablo Range, near Wal-
nut Creek, Livermore, etc. June — Aug.

8. H. Wrightii, Gray. Slender, diffusely and widely branching; the
filiform branchlets terminating in a single head: lower leaves laciniate-
pinnatifid: disk-ovaries with pappus of 8 or 9 oblong firm paless. — Native
of San Bernardino Co., but found on the Oakland mole in 1881; at that
time a species still undescribed. It has not reappeared in this district.

9. H. Kelloggii, Greene. Hirsute below, loosely paniculate above, 1 — 3
ft. high, the heads on slender pedicels: lower leaves pinnately parted:
involucre % in- high; bracts glandular on the back: ray-achenes with a
slender curved beak; pappus of the sterile ones of the disk long, almost
equalling the corolla, lacerately truncate and united into a tube from base
almost to summit. — Abundant in fields of grain on the lower San
Joaquin from Antioch southward.

-*—-*—Virgately racemose species; all the flowers subtended by bracts;
disk-achenes with no pappus.

10. H. Heermanni, Greene. Viscid and pubescent, heavy-scented,
1 — 3 ft. high: minute leaves of the flowering branchlets scattered: bracts
of hemispherical involucre viscid-pubescent and beset with stalked
glands; terminal gland inconspicuous : disk-flowers 10 — 15. — Mt. Diablo
and southeastward. Aug. — Oct.

196 COMPOSITE.

11. H. virgata, Gray. Nearly or quite glabrous, 2— 4 ft. high: flow-
ering branchlets very leafy; their leaves short-linear, a line long, glandular-
truncate: bracts of oblong involucre also ending in a truncate gland,
and stipitate-glandular on the back: disk-flowers 7—10. — Plains of the
lower Sacramento and San Joaquin. July — Sept.

* * * * Rays very many, narrow; receptacle chaffy throughout.

12. H. macradenia, DC. Stout, hirsute, viscid-glandular, 1—2 ft.
high, leafy below, parted abruptly above the middle into few and widely
diverging spicate branches: leaves linear, sharply laciniate-toothed or
entire, the chaff of receptacle, floral bracts and uppermost leaves linear-
subulate, abruptly gland-tipped and more or less beset with smaller
gland-tipped hairs: heads often sessile and glomerate, % in. thick: ray-
flowers very many, with short yellow ligules: achenes dull-black, scarcely
rugose or granular, with an angle on the ventral face and 5 dorsal
nerves; the apiculation very short. — Rich open ground in the Bay region
and southward. Aug., Sept.

40. CENTROMADIA. Rigid corymbosely or diffusely branching
annuals, with alternate pinnatifid or entire spinescent foliage and invo-
lucral bracts; the whole plant more or less resiniferous or glandular
and scented. Receptacle convex, chaffy throughout and the bracts
distinct, persistent ( !). Bracts of involucre subulate, pungent, embracing
the ray-achenes, persistent (!). Ray-flowers 30 — 40, small, ligulate, bifid,
neither vespertine nor matutinal but open all day; their achenes destitute
of pappus, triangular, the inner angle terminated by a short erect
apiculation, the whole surface nearly smooth, or faintly rugose-tubercu-
late. Disk-achenes mostly sterile and with or without a paleaceous
pappus. — In point of habit this is the most distinct genus of the suborder,
after Madia and Blepharipappus ; and the duration of the corollas, as
well as the persistence of the involucral and receptacular bracts are
characters of the best kind.

* Herbage yellowish- green, scentless, or with aromatic or sweet odor.
•*-No pappus to disk-achenes.

1. C. pun irons (H. & A.). Erect, 2-4 ft. high, stout and with rigid
ascending branches; hirsute or hispid, scarcely viscid and nearly or
quite scentless : lower leaves doubly, the upper simply pinnatifid, all the
lobes pungent-tipped; chaff of receptacle rigid and pungent: ray-achenes
nearly black, rather glossy, about a line long, not strongly compressed,
the ventral angle carinate, and with a short apiculation, the plane sides
and rounded back faintly tuberculate-rugose. — Plains of the lower San
Joaquin. July— Oct.

2. C. marittina. Stout as the last, but only 1—2 ft. high, less rigid,
darker green, more villous or hirsute, and with widely spreading and

MADIACE^E. 197

divaricate branches at summit of the erect stem; leaves nearly all
pinnatifid and softer, but setose-pungent; chaff of receptacle sharply
mucronate, scarcely pungent: ray-achenes dull greenish-brown, scarcely
% line long, not compressed, though with angled face, more prominently
and acutely apiculate, the summit and back quite prominently and sharply
rugulose, the whole surface obscurely roughened. — Borders of salt marshes
about San Francisco Bay. July— Nov.

-t- -i— Disk-achenes with 3 or more slender linear palese.

3. C. rudis. With the aspect. of C. pungens, but only 1—2 ft. high,
commonly branched from near the base, and the branches ascending,
sparsely hispid-hairy and scabrous-pubescent, slightly resinous and
distinctly honey-scented : earliest cauline leaves pinnatifid, all the others
linear-subulate, entire hispid-ciliate, the margins in age revolute:
achenes of ray black, about aline long, strongly compressed, semi-obcordate
in outline, the surface nearly smooth, the apiculation infra-terminal and
rather prominent, though short. — Sacramento Valley, near Vacaville,
Jepson. Long supposed to be mere C. pungens, to which it bears a very
close general likeness. But the disk-achenes have the pappus of the
next species, and those of the ray are altogether peculiar. May— Aug.

4. C. Parryi (Greene). Widely branching, 1—2 ft. high, sparsely hir-
sute, minutely resinous-glandular, aromatic: lowest leaves pinnatifid, the
cauline linear, entire, sharply pungent, spreading, the uppermost
pilose-ciliate toward the base: heads scattered rather than glomerate:
ray-achenes dull black, % lines long, somewhat compressed, smooth on
the sides, but with a few coarse tuberculations on the back: those of the
disk with 3 or more palese exceeding the corollas: chaff of receptacle not
pungent.— Plentiful about the warm springs at Calistoga; herbage with
the fragrance of Wintergreen. June — Aug.

* * Herbage dull and dark, ill-scented: disk-achenes with pappus.

5. C. Fitchii (Gray). Stout, widely branching, 1—2 ft. high, villous-
hirsute, somewhat viscid, more or less beset with stalked glands: leaves
mostly entire, linear-acerose, the very lowest pinnately divided into
about 3 pairs of linear-acerose segments: bracts of the involucre con-
spicuous, subulate; those of the receptacle soft, pointless, long-villous :
ray-achenes obovate-triquetrous, light-brownish, obscurely if at all
tuberculate, indistinctly angled; those of the disk with 8—12 linear
pappus-palese. — Very common on plains and among the foothills of the
interior. Aug. — Oct.

41. CALYCADENIA DeCandoUe. Rigid strict virgate more or less
hispid annuals. Lowest leaves opposite, the others alternate, all
narrowly linear, entire, revolute; those of the axillary fascicles and about

198 COMPOSITE.

the heads subulate, but obtuse, commonly ending in a large saucer-
shaped gland. Receptacle small, flat, the chaff herbaceous and only
encircling the disk flowers. Bays 1—5, white or yellow, vespertine,
palmately 3-lobed or -parted; the head as a whole narrow and small.
Ray-achenes obovoid-triangular, the terminal areola nearly central.
Disk-achenes turbinate-quadrangular, the outer fertile, all bearing a
conspicuous chaffy pappus.

1. C. truncata, DO. Slender, 1—2 ft. high, glabrous, or some of the
lower leaves sparsely hispid; herbage keenly benzine-scented, though
rigid and dry: heads sessile and scattered along the virgate branches:
short uppermost leaves and bracts truncate by a large sessile flattish
gland: fl. yellow; rays 5 (rarely more); disk-fl. 10 — 24; receptacle-chaff
distinct, or nearly so, truncate: pappus of disk-achenes of 7 — 10 oblong
fimbriate-toothed pointless palese. — Dry hills of Marin, Sonoma and
Napa counties. July — Oct.

2. C. cephalotes, DO. Stem simple, or with few ascending branches,
%— l/^ ft- high: herbage sweet-scented: few-flowered heads densely glom-
erate and sessile at the summit and in all the upper axils: small floral leaves
densely hispid-ciliate : involucral bracts 1—3, only a third the length of
the cup of the receptacle : fl. white, with a reddish tinge, ray-achenes
with prominent turgid angles and faintly rugose sides: disk-achenes
appressed-villous, their pappus as long as the achene and of about 8
chaffy scales which are alternately acuminate-pointed and pointless. —
Marin to Napa Co., and northward. June— Aug.

42. BLEPHARIZOtfIA, Greene. Stout and rather coarse glandular-
viscid and hirsute heavy-scented annuals, with linear entire lower, and
oblong upper leaves. Ray-flowers 7 — 10, with 3-lobed white ligules.
Disk-flowers 10 — 30, the outer ones subtended by linear chaff. Achenes
silky-hirsute, 10-striate, those of the ray partly embraced by the involu-
cral bracts and without pappus; those of the disk surmounted by many
densely plumose awns.

1. B. plnmosa (Kell.), Greene. Somewhat paniculately branching
from the base, the branches bearing, racemosely, many heads, these
15 — 20-flowered: ray achenes with a minute crown of short scales, those
of the disk 20 or more erect plumose bristles half as long as the achene.
— Plains near Antioch. Aug. — Oct.

2. B. laxa, Greene. Larger, 3—6 ft. high, loosely paniculate above,
the large heads borne singly at the ends of the branches, 20— 25-flowered :
pappus of ray- and disk-achenes alike, short and spreading, less plumose
than in the preceding, only a fifth as long as the achene. — Habitat of
the other species.

43. ACHYRACHISNA, Schauer. Soft-pubescent sparingly branching
annual, with narrow leaves, and rather large oblong-campanulate seem-

MADIACE^. 199

ingly rayless heads terminating pedunculiform branches. Kays 6—8,
very short, erect; their achenes slightly obcompressed, enclosed, without
pappus. Disk-achenes chiefly fertile, clavate, 10-costate, bearing a
showy pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-scarious palese.
Chaff of receptacle in a single row, not united, between ray and disk.

1. A. mollis, Schauer. Erect, 1 ft. high or less; branches fastigiate:
heads 1 in. long: rays very short and involute, light yellow, soon
changing to scarlet: globose heads of mature achenes with expanded
pappus very showy. — May, June.

44. LAGOPHYLLA, Nutt. Slender annuals, rigid and brittle, pani-
culately branching, with many small heads of pale salmon-colored or
yellow vespertine flowers. Eay-achenes 5 only, obcompressed, enclosed
completely by their involucral bracts, their terminal areola not protuber-
ant. Disk-achenes slender, abortive; no pappus to any, whether of ovary
or disk. Receptacle bearing a circle of chaff between ray and disk, .this
and all the achenes and bracts deciduous at maturity.

1. L. ramosissima, Nutt. Canescent with a loose silky pubescence,
1—4 ft. high, diffusely paniculate: lowest leaves spatulate-obovate,
cauline lanceolate and linear, all entire : heads 3^ in high? % in. broad
in expansion of rays : achenes 1^ lines long. — Mountain districts north
and south of the Bay. June — Oct.

2. L. congest a, Greene. Tall as the preceding and robust, not pan-
iculate, but the heads twice as large, densely glomerate on short
branches: lowest leaves oblanceolate, remotely serrate: achenes 2 lines
long.— Habitat of the last.

45. HOL0550NIA, Greene. Perennial, spreading by creeping root-
stocks. Leaves opposite. Heads small, on slender pedicels, in an ample
panicle. Flowers diurnal, white. Ray-achenes 6 — 8, obcompressed, com-
pletely enclosed, smooth, surmounted by a short saucer shaped hyaline
entire persistent pappus. Disk-achenes with a pappus of 2 slender,
deciduous paleae. Receptacle flat, with a circle of united chaff between
disk and ray.

1. H. filipes (H & A.), Greene. Stems decumbent, 2 ft. high; slender
branchlets and filiform peduncles glabrous or glandular : cauline leaves
linear, minutely villous; those of the branches with some short-stipitate
dark glands: involucre loosely villous: rays white or rose-tinted, deeply
cleft into 3 linear lobes.— By streamlets in the hills east of Napa Valley;
also in low fields along Napa River. July — Oct.

46. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook. Vernal annuals, with alternate
leaves, and mostly showy broad heads of white or yellow diurnal flowers.
Bracts of involucre flattened on the back, with dilated and thin margins,

200 COMPOSITE.

the whole completely enfolding its obcompressed achene. Kays 8—20;
their achenes obovate -oblong or narrower, without pappus. Disk-
flowers with cylindraceous-funnelform 5-lobed corollas; their achenes
linear-cuneiform, usually with a pappus of bristles or awns. Eeceptacle
flat, bearing a series of chaffy bracts between ray- and disk-flowers,
'these, with the involucral bracts, mostly deciduous when mature, leaving
a naked receptacle.

* Pappus of 10 — 20 bristles which are stout, and, below the middle,
long-plumose.

•^Hairs of pappus-bristles not interlaced.

1. B. heterotrichus (DC.), Greene. Erect, 1 ft. high or more branch-
ing from the base, rough-hirsute or hispid and glandular: lower leaves
lanceolate: laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, the upper entire: rays large,
white: long- villous hairs of the pappus-bristles all erect and straight. —
Eastern base of the Mt. Diablo Range, on sandy plains. April, May.

2. B. graveolens, Greene. Stout, erect, 2 ft. high or more, sparingly
branching, hirsute, and with numerous rigid gland-tipped hairs inter-
spersed: leaves all entire: heads very large, rays of a creamy white:
achenes slenderly clavate; pappus when mature deciduous in a ring, the
villous wool of the bristles all straight and erect and two-thirds their
length. — Said to occur on Mt. Tamalpais; but this may be doubted. It
may be looked for on the plains of the lower San Joaquin. Apr. — June.

3. B. carnosus (Nutt), Greene. Dwarf, depressed, branched from
the base, pubescent; leaves succulent, 1 in. long, linear-oblong or spatulate,
entire, or the lowest sinuate-pinnatifid : heads small : rays white, reduced
and inconspicuous: pappus-bristles sparsely plumose with straight
villous hairs. — Sands of the sea beaches in Marin Co., etc. April— June.

4. B. hieracioides (DC.), Greene. Erect, rather strict, 2—3 ft. high,
stoutish, hispid: leaves linear to oblong, laciniate-dentate : rays yellow,
short, little exceeding the disk: hairs of the pappus all straight and
erect. Var. anomala, Bioletti. Involucral bracts open-boat-shaped,
not enfolding the achenes, and persistent on the receptacle after the
falling of the fruit.— A coarse weedy species of wooded or bushy hills,
in half shady places. May, June.

5. B. gaillardioides (H. & A.), Greene. Freely branching below,
1 ft. high or more, hispid: leaves commonly laciniate-pinnatifid: rays
orange-yellow, %—% in. long: pappus dull-white or sordid, the bristles
about twice as long as their copious straight villous basal hairs.— Said
to be common near San Francisco; which we doubt.

6. B. neinorosus. Bather slender, sparingly branched above, 1 — 2
ft. high, hispidulous: foliage and heads much as in the preceding, but

MADIACEJE. 201

rays pale yellow below the middle, white above it: pappus short, the bristles
often scarcely surpassing- their copious brownish villous hairs. — A
beautiful species of shaded slopes on Tamalpais, Mt. Diablo, and the
Berkeley Hills. May, June.

•*-•*- Villous hairs of pappus-bristles more or less interlaced.

7. B. hispidus, Greene. Scarcely 1 ft. high, branching from the
base, rather densely hispidulous; a few dark stipitate glands on the
involucre: leaves all narrow, entire: rays white, rather short and not
conspicuous: pappus white, of 10 aristiform bristles, with copious short-
villous hairs, the innermosb of which are interlaced. — Mt. Diablo and
southward, near the higher summits. May, June.

8. B. elegans (Nutt), Greene. Habit of the last but much larger,
more or less stipitate-glandular throughout: lower leaves pinnately
toothed; upper entire: rays yellow, % in. long: pappus white, its copious
villous hairs much shorter than the aristiform bristles. — More widely
diffused than the last, and at lower elevations. May, June.

* * Pappus of naked aristiform bristles.

9. B. platyglossus (F. & M.), Greene. Sparingly branching, 1 ft.
high more or less, hirsute and stipitate-glandular: lower leaves pinnat-
ifid into linear lobes: rays % in. long, yellow, with white tips: pappus of
15—20 upwardly scabrous stout awn-like bristles. — Common in open
grounds. April — June.

*•* * Pappus paleaceous or none.

10. B. Fremonti (T. &G), Greene. Strictly erect; branching above
the base, 1 ft. high, minutely pubescent, not glandular: leaves pinnately
cut into short lobes: rays % — % in- long, yellow at base, white above it:
pappus-palest ovate to oblong -lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn,
entire at the margins and with a few long-villous hairs. — Plains of the
lower Sacramento, etc. April, May.

11. B. Douglasii (H. & A.), Greene. Habit and flowers of the last,
but plant nearly or quite glabrous : pappus of 10—18 very unequal rigid
subulate awns, these slightly hirsute near the dilated base, Var. oligo-
choeta (Gray). Pappus reduced to 2 marginal awns and some rudiments
of intervening ones. — About the Bay and northward. April — June.

12. B. chrysanthemoides (DC.), Greene. Aspect of the preceding;
flowers the same: achenes destitute of pappus and all wholly gla-
brous.— Habitat of the last. April — June.

13. B, nutaiis, Greene. Low, slender, with divergent branches above
the base, 3 — 6 in. high: leaves all linear, entire, the lower pairs opposite,

202 COMPOSITE.

all hirsute-ciliolate : branches, peduncles and involucres glandular-
pubescent: rays 5—7, yellow, ^ in. long: acllenes hispidulous : pappus
of some 10 unequal linear-lanceolate acuminate white palese, their mar-
gins barbellate: heads small, nodding both in bud and in fruit. —
Mountains of Sonoma Co. April — June.

Suborder 7, HELENIOIDE^E.

Herbs seldom viscid or balsamic. Receptacle naked. Bracts of involu-
cre herbaceous mostly uniserial and equal, sometimes concave behind
the ray-achenes, but never enfolding them. Style branches of perfect
flowers with either truncate or appendiculate tips. Pappus mostly
paleaceous or none.

Receptacle globose; rays cuneiform HELENI ASTRUM 48

flattish; rays narrow; pappus 0 BLENNOSPERMA 49

flat; ligulate rays 0; pappus hyaline CHJENACTIS 50

' rays short; pappus firm-paleaceous RIGIOPAPPUS 51

subulate to conical;

Leaves opposite; pappus various or 0 LASTHENIA 52

" alternate; pappus 0 MONOLOPIA 53

opposite; pappus paleaceous ERIOPH YLLUM 54

Glabrous succulent seaside herb JAUMEA 55

48. HELENIASTRUM, VaillanL Herbs erect, with sessile mostly
decurrent leaves, and long-peduncled heads; the herbage more or less
resinous-dotted. Rays numerous, cuneate, disk-flowers very many.
Involucre of 1 or 2 series of small herbaceous bracts. Receptacle glo-
bose, naked. Style branches with capitate truncate tips. Achenes
turbinate. Pappus in ours of awn-pointed palese.

1. H. puberulum (DC ), O. Ktze. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, 2—
4 ft. high, with slender widely spreading monocephalous branches:
leaves lanceolate, entire, all but the radical strongly decurrent: involu-
cre and reflexed rays very short and inconspicuous: globose disk of red-
brown flowers % in- thick: palese of pappus ovate, short-awned. — Banks
of streams, and in other moist places. July — Dec.

2. H. occideutale. Stout, 2—4 ft. high, erect, parted above into
several stoutish very erect pedunculiform monocephalous branches:
leaves lanceolate, 6 in. long or more, thickish and somewhat fleshy,
almost gummy to the touch, and with some tomentose pubescence : rays
showy, % in. long: disk brownish-yellow: pappus-paleae ovate-lanceolate,
tapering into a long awn. — Suisun marshes. July — Oct.

49. BLENNOSPERMA, Lessing. Low annual, with pinnately parted
leaves, and pedunculiform branches bearing solitary radiate yellow
heads. Involucral bracts uniserial, equal, oblong, herbaceous but
purplish or yellowish. Receptacle flattish, naked. Rays 5—12, linear.
Disk-flowers about 20; their narrow tube abruptly expanded into a

HELENIOIDE.E. 203

campanulate limb; their style undivided, with capitate apex; their
ovaries abortive. Achenes (of the ray) pyriform, obscurely 8— 10-ribbed,
with small areola and no pappus; the surface bearing minute papillae
which develop mucilate when wet.

1. B. Californicum (DC.), Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely
branching, flaccid, glabrous: leaves alternate, pinnately parted into
narrowly linear entire lobes: expanded heads % in. broad: ligules pale
yellow within, brownish without: disk-flowers shorter than the involucre:
style-branches of fertile flowers broad.— Early vernal plant of the valleys
of the Mt. Diablo Range, and plains beyond. March, April.

50. CHJE\ACTIS, De Candolle. Compound-leaved herbs, often more
or less woolly, with discoid heads mostly solitary and pedunculate.
Involucre campanulate, the linear bracts equal, uniserial, herbaceous.
Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas (yellow in ours) with short tube, long
narrow throat, and short teeth; but those of the outer circle more
ample, approaching the nature of rays. Achenes slender, smooth.
Pappus of hyaline nerveless palea3.

1. C. glabriuscula, DC. Annual, seldom a foot high, thinly floccose,
at length glabrate; peduncles long, stout: heads % in. high: bracts of
involucre thickish, glabrate, obtuse: marginal corollas ample, much
exceeding the others : pappus of 4 equal narrowly oblong acutish palese.
— Plains of the lower San Joaquin. April— June.

51. RIGIOPAPPUS, A. Gray. Heads with short narrow ligulate
rays; all the flowers yellow. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts
nearly linear, equal, rather rigid, involute in age. Disk-corolla small,
with short tube, long narrow throat, and 3—5 short erect teeth. Style
branches with slender-subulate hispidulous appendage and short linear
stigmatic part. Pappus alike in disk and ray, of 3—5 opaque paleaceous
awns; the linear pubescent achene transversely rugose.

1. R. leptocladus, Gray. Slender erect annual, 6—12 in. high,
simple below, above with few slender corymbose branches : leaves alter-
nate, narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, hirsutulous or glabrate, those
of the filiform branchlets subulate: paleaB of pappus % — % as long as
the long slender rugulose achene.— Open glades among sparsely wooded
hills. May.

52. LASTHENIA, Cassini. Mostly annuals and low, from glabrous
to slightly flocculent. Leaves opposite. Heads middle-sized, on slender
peduncles. Receptacle conical to subulate, muricate with projecting
points on which the achenes are inserted. Involucres hemispherical,
campanulate, or oblong Rays oval or oblong. Disk-corollas with
slender tube and campanulate 5- toothed limb. Achenes linear, subclavate,
or linear-cuneate, more or less flattened or angled, naked at summit,
with or without a paleaceous or more or less awn-like pappus.

204 COMPOSITE.

* Bracts of involucre joined into a toothed cup.

1. L. glaberrima, DC. Stems weak, decumbent, 1 ft. long or less,
very glabrous: leaves linear, entire: heads nodding in bud: involucre
about 15-toothed: rays very short; all the corollas shorter than their
broadly linear pubescent achenes: pappus of 5 — 10 firm chaffy scales,
2 or 3 of them subulate-pointed or short-awned, the others not so. —
Subaquatic herb of shallow winter pools on low plains or in depressions
among the hills; not very common. May, June.

2. L. glabrata, DC. Stout, sparingly branching, 1 — 2 ft. high,
peduncles few, elongated, erect: leaves, at least the upper pairs, ovate-
lanceolate, coarsely but irregularly toothed, conspicuously connate at the
dilated base and forming an open cup rather than sheath: heads very
large, 1 in. wide: achenes dark, smooth, without pappus.— Borders of
salt marshes only; not common. June.

3. L. Californica, Lindl. More slender, almost diffusely branching,
the many and not elongated peduncles forming a corymbose top to the
herb as a whole: leaves narrow, entire, divaricately spreading, not dilated
or manifestly connate below: heads % in. wide. — Abundant on low plains,
and even moist slopes of hills. Much more common than the last, and
inexcusably confounded with it for many years. May, June.

4. L. chrysantha (Greene). Habit, foliage and flowers of the last,
but plant smaller: achenes obovate-oval, much compressed, surrounded by
a border of very short clavale closely packed hairs. — Plains of the San
Joaquin; perhaps altogether outside of our district. April.

5. L. conjugens, Greene. Only a few inches high; leaves narrowly
linear, only the lowest entire, the others cleft into several pairs of long
linear segments, these entire or toothed: involucral bracts united below
the middle only: achenes very small (1 line long) olive-green and polished:
pappus none.— Subsaline soil near Antioch; closely connecting this
group and the following. April, May.

* * Involucral bracts distinct.

•^Herbage often slightly villous- orfloccose-lomenlose; pappus
of pale se or awns, or both, or none.

6. L. Fremoiiti (Torr.). Erect, slender, 8—10 in. high, only hirsute-
pubescent: leaves mostly palmately parted into linear lobes: involucre
broad; bracts 10 or 12; rays as many, the oval ligules not longer than
the width of the disk: pappus of 4 slender awns and as many or more
numerous small palese, or rarely none. — Moist plains from Napa and
Solano counties southward. May.

7. L. Burkei (Greene). Much like the last, but taller, 1-2 ft. high:
pappus of 8 — 10 minute entire acute palese and a single very long and
slender awn. — Southern Mendocino Co.; to be expected in Sonoma.

HELENIOIDE^. 205

8. L. tenella (Nutt). Erect, sparingly branching, 4—6 in. high,
somewhat canescent with deciduous woolly hairs: leaves linear, entire,
or some of the lower laciniate: rays oval or oblong, short: palese and
awns each usually 2, but pappus not rarely wholly wanting. — Low
plains of Contra Costa Co. April, May.

9. L. nliginosa (Nutt.). Stouter than the last, freely branching,
often decumbent, somewhat flocculent: leaves linear-ligulate, the lower,
if any, entire, the upper laciniate-pinnatifid into linear entire or cleft
segments: involucral bracts and long-exserted rays. 10 — 13: pappus of
about 4 slender awns, and as many or twice as many broad truncate
laciniate-fimbriate palese. — Common in low grounds. April, June.

10.' L. microglossa (DC.). Slender, seldom 6 in. high, branching
from the base but erect: leaves entire, pubescent: involucre narrow and
nearly cylindrical: rays few, very short and inconspicuous: achenes
linear-fusiform, flattish, minutely and sparsely hispid; pappus of 2 — 4
rather rigid awned or awn-like scales, or in the ray sometimes none. —
Valleys among the coast mountains southward. April, May.

•H- H— Pappus usually present and uniform, of awned palese or

paleaceous-dilated awns; leaves mostly entire.
•^•Somewhat succulent; pubescence woolly, if any.

11. L. platycarpha (Gray). Purplish-stemmed and very wiry, 5 — 8
in. high, with erect or ascending branches: leaves linear, or pinnatifid
into filiform segments: involucral bracts 6 or 7, 3-nerved, the middle
nerve carinately prominent: pappus-palex bright-white, ovate, slender-
awned, the awn as long as the achene. — Subsaline plains of Solano and
Contra Costa counties. April, May.

12. L. car uosa (Greene). Leaves all filiform, entire : bracts of invo-
lucre with a single strongly carinate nerve: pappus of 4 or 5 subulate-
awned ovate palese. — Border of salt marsh north of Vallejo: rare or
local. April.

•M- -M- Not succulent; leaves entire; (except in n. 15) pubescence not woolly.
= Pappus invariably none,' achenes subclavate.

13. L. chrysostoma (F. & M.). Hirsutulous, 1 ft. high more or less,
freely branching: leaves narrowly linear: head 3—4 lines high: bracts of
involucre, and the rays, 7 — 12, the latter 3 — 4 lines long: achenes gla-
brous.— Rich fields and sunny slopes. April, May.

14. L. macrantha (Gray). Perennial, stout and nearly simple, decum-
bent at base, with peduncles 4 — 8 in. long: leaves somewhat 3-nerved
and obtuse, linear, 4 8 in. long, hispid- ciliate toward the base: heads %
in. high and as broad: involucre of about 12 hirsute-pubescent thickish
herbaceous bracts: ligules ^ — 34 in. long. — Moist lowlands of western
Marin Co., and northward. June.

206 COMPOSITE.

= Pappus seldom if ever wanting; achenes somewhat cuneate.

15. L. hirsntnla. Stout and low, from a strictly annual root, mostly
branching very freely: the whole herbage rather roughly short-hirsute:
leaves broadly linear, often with saliently projecting scattered teeth, the
lower conspicuously connate, sheathing the stem: involucral bracts obo-
void, obtuse or acutish: rays oblong: achenes mostly very smooth,
rounded at summit, manifestly compressed; pappus of 2 brownish very
slsnder- subulate aristiform bristles. — Plentiful on open rocky and grassy
hills along the seacoast, from Marin Co. southward. May, June.

16. L. gracilis (DC.). Whole habit and aspect of n. 13, but achenes
linear-cuneate, with pappus of white lanceolate or ovate slender-awned
palese, or the paleae sometimes almost obsolete.— Very plentiful and var-
iable; often very small, slender and simple, not rarely as large as L.
chrysostoma. April — June.

53. MONOLOPIA, De Candolle. Annuals white with floccose wool.
Leaves alternate, not linear, toothed or entire. Kay-corollas with ample
ligule, bearing at base, and opposite the ligule, a rounded denticulate
appendage. Acheues black, without pappus. Genus otherwise like
Lasthenia, and too near it; but also as easily referable to Eriophyllum.

1. M. major, DC. Stout, nearly simple, or with several pedunculi-
form naked monocephalous branches, 2 ft high; expanded heads more
than 1 in. wide: bracts of involucre joined into a broad-campanulate toothed
cup: achenes 2 lines long. — In rich fields, or on hillsides. May.

2. M. gracilens, Gray. Slender, diffusely paniculate, bearing scat-
tered short-peduncled heads less than 1 in. wide: bracts of involucre
distinct to the base: achenes 1 line long. — Plentiful on Mt. Diablo near
the summit, thence southward to the Santa Cruz seaboard. May — July.

54. ERIOPHYLLUM, Lagasca. Ours mostly suffruticose, floccose,
and with divided leaves. Involucres oblong or campanulate, the bracts
of firm texture, permanently erect. Rays few, short and broad. Disk-
corolla with distinct slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse,
or obscurely conical : Achenes clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly
4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless hyaline paleae.

* Suffruticose; heads smallish, terminally clustered.

I. E. staechadifoliuin, Lag. Stem and lower face of leaves white
with a close pannose tomentum; shrub much branched, 2 — 5 ft. high,
very leafy throughout: leaves subcoriaceous, cut into linear pinnate
divisions: heads compactly corymbose-cymose; involucres oblong, angular,
% in. high or more, of linear bracts: receptacle convex: rays 6—8:
pappus-palese 8 — 12, the 4 over the angles of the achene somewhat
longer. — Sandy hills, and slopes of bluffs near the sea only. May — Dec.

ANTHEMIDE^. 207

2. E. cOHfertiflorum (DC.), Gray. Smaller, 1—2 ft. high; haves
on the flowering branches reduced and scattered, membranaceous, hoary-
tnnn'iitose on bothfaces, ternately 3— 7 parted into linear divisions; heads
2 lines high, short-peduncled or sessile in a dense terminal cluster:
involucre obovoid-oblong, of broadly oval bracts: rays 4 or 5: palese of
the pappus 8— 14. Var. discoideum. More condensed and leafy; heads
broader, with more numerous flowers, but no rays.— Very common on all
hills; the variety in Sonoma Co. June — Dec.

3. E. Jepsonii, Greene. Suffraticose, 2 ft. high; stem white with
pannose tomentum; leaves hoary on both faces, pinnately divided into
5 — 7 narrowly linear revolute segments: inflorescence loosely cymose-
corymbose, the peduncled heads 3—4 lines high, and, with 6—8 oblong
rays expanded, 1 in. broad: bracts of involucre 6—8, coriaceous, ovate:
achenes with a few short hispidulous hairs, and 2 unequal sets of pappus-
paleae, those of the inner circle exceeding the others. — Mountains of
Alameda Co., south of Livermore, Jepson. May.

* * More herbaceous; heads large, solitary or scattered.

4. E. arachiioideum (F. & L.). Loosety branching from a decum-
bent base, 1—2 ft. high, clothed with long floccose wool: leaves broad,
from rhombic or cuneate in outline to oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, 3 — 5-
lobed or -incised, the lobes or coarse teeth triangular or oblong: involu-
cre hemispherical, 3 — 4 lines high: rays 10—13, large; disk-corollas with
very glandular-hirsute tube: achenes short, thickish: pappus-palese
short. — In the redwood districts of Marin Co., etc. June— Oct.

5. E. achillseoides (DC.). Leaves mostly basal, opposite, pinnately
parted into 3 — 5 divisions, these incised or pinnatifid: heads somewhat
corymbosely collected and short-peduncled; involucres hemispherical, the
bracts and rays 9—13. — Hills of Napa, Sonoma and Marin counties and
northward. June— Sept.

55. JAUMEA, Persoon. Procumbent very succulent perennial herb
with opposite subterete leaves and solitary terminal short-peduncled
heads. Involucre campanulate, the outer bracts shorter. Corollas gla-
brous. Style-branches papillose or hairy. Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus 0.

1. J. carnosa (Less.), Gray. — Common denizen of sandy salt marshes,
associated with Salicornia; flowering during summer and autumn.

Suborder 8, ANTHEMIDE^.

Mostly aromatic-scented plants, with a very bitter juice. Leaves often
much dissected. Bract* of involucre imbricated, more or less scarious.
Receptacle either naked or chaffy. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches
of perfect flowers truncate, sometimes penicillate. Achenes small and
short, with no pappus, or a paleaceous crown.

c OMPOSIT^:.

Heads scattered or solitary;
terminating leafy branches or peduncles;

Receptacle bristly ANTHEMIS 56

naked;

conic or f asiform MATBICABIA 58

44 n 5 heads radiate ...CHRYSANTHEMUM 59

discoid COTUL A 61

sessile in the forks SOLIVA 60

Heads cymose-corymbose;

small; flowers white .. ACHILLKA 57

larger; flowers yellow TANACETUM 62

Heads panicled, small, rayless. nodding ARTEMISIA 63

56. AXTHEMIS, Diosc. Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and
rather large heads on peduncles terminating leafy branches. Involucre
hemispherical. Ray -flowers -white; disk-flowers yellow. Chaff of recep-
tacle bristly. Achenes not flattened, glabrous; the truncate summit
with or without a short coroniform pappus.

1. A. COTULA, L. (MAYWEED). Strong-scented annual weed 1 — 2 ft.
high, somewhat freely branching: receptacle conical, destitute of chaff
near the margin: achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate.— In waste
grounds. July — Oct.

57. ACHILLEA, Diosc. Erect perennial herb, with pinnately mul-
tifid lanceolate leaves, and small heads in a dense terminal cymose
corymb. Chaff of receptacle membranaceous. Rays few, short and
broad. Achenes obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous, destitute of
pappus.

1. A. Millefolium, L. (YARROW). Stoutish, 1—2 ft. high, villous-
lanate to nearly glabrous: heads crowded in a fastigiate flat-topped
cyme: involucre oblong; rays 4 or 5, white. — Very common in sandy
soils toward the sea.

58. M4TRICARIA, Tourn. Our species annual herbs, with finely
dissected sweet-scented foliage and rayless heads of green flowers ter-
minating the branches. Receptacle conical or ovoid, naked. Achenes
glabrous, 3— 5-nerved on the sides, rounded on the back, nearly desti-
tute of pappus.

1. M. discoidea, DO. Low often diffusely branching, mostly less than
1 ft. high, sweet-scented: heads sbort-peduncled: bracts of involucre
broadly oval, scarious, with green centre, not half the length of the
ovoid disk: achenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroni-
form margin at summit. — By waysides everywhere, mostly in hard
sterile soil. April, May.

2. M. occidentalis, Greene. Erect, very stout, \YZ— 2% ft. high,
corymbosely branched at summit, the herbage nearly scentless: heads
more than twice as large as in the last and 6—8 lines high: receptacle

ANTHEMIDE^. 209

somewhat fusiform: achenes sharply angled and with a broad coroni-
form margin below the summit. — Grain fields and by roadsides, chiefly
in the interior; only occasional near the Bay. May, June.

59. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Diosc. Herbs of various habit and foliage
Heads large, with yellow or white rays. Receptacle flat or hemispher-
ical, naked. Achenes glabrous, 5— 10-ribbed all around.

1. C. SEGETUM, Lobel (1570). Annual, erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, with few
ascending leafy monocephalous branches: leaves somewhat fleshy, gla-
brous, glaucous, oblong, incisely serrate, the upper sessile by a clasping
base: heads yellow, 2 in. wide including the rays: disk-achenes com-
pressed, corky-winged — Bather common in fields and by waysides above
West Berkeley, and east of Oakland.

2. C. PARTHENIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW). Biennial, erect, 1—2 ft. high,
stoutish, branching, puberulent: leaves thin, pinnately parted, the oval
or oblong divisions incised or toothed: rays while, obovate, 2 — 3 lines
long: pappus a minute crown.— Only occasionally spontaneous; an
escape from the gardens.

60. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pavon. Small depressed herb with rigid short
branches, petioled pinnately dissected leaves, and heads of greenish
flowers sessile in the forks. Involucre of 5 — 12 nearly equal bracts.
Receptacle flat. Outer and only pistillate flowers apetalous, their
achenes pointed with the hardened and persistent style, obcompressed,
with rigid callous margins. Pappus none.

1. S. sessilis, R. & P. Plant depressed, seldom 6 in. broad, villous
or glabrate: primary divisions of the leaves 3—5, petiolate, parted into
3 — 5 narrow lobes: heads depressed: achenes broadly obovate, thin-
winged, the wings entire or panduriform-incised near the base, spinulose-
pointed at summit: persistent style long and stout. — In moist open
ground, or, less frequently, in shady places. May.

61. COTULA, Linn. Low herbs with alternate lobed or dissected
leaves, and slender peduncled discoid short-hemispherical heads. Outer
series of flowers pistillate only, and apetalous, the style deciduous.
Disk-flowers 4-toothed. Bracts of involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks.
Mature achenes pedicellate, obcompressed, thick-margined or narrowly
winged, in ours nearly or quite destitute of pappus. Both species of our
flora supposed to have come from Australia, in recent times.

1. C. CORONOPIFOLIA. L. Somewhat succulent glabrous stoutish and
decumbent usually subaquatic perennial: leaves ligulate-linear, lacini-
ate-pinnatifid, or the upper entire, the base clasping or sheathing: head
much depressed, % — % in. broad: pistillate fl. in a single series, their
achenes with a thick spongy wing: disk-achenes with wing reduced. —

210 COMPOSITE.

Abundant in shallow pools and on muddy banks of tidal streams; occa-
sionally on higher lands; flowering throughout the year.

2. C. AUSTRALIS (Sieb.), Hook. f. Slender, not fleshy, very diffusely
branched: leaves bipinnately dissected into linear lobes and somewhat
pubescent: heads small; pistillate fl. in 2 rows, their achenes pedicelled,
those of the disk less so.— Plentiful in gardens, and along some streets
in San Francisco and elsewhere. Feb. — June.

62. TAXACETUM, Pliny (TANSY). Kobust aromatic perennials, leafy
to the corymbose summit. Leaves ample, 2— 3-pinnately dissected into
very many divisions or lobes. Heads discoid, erect. Receptacle naked.
Flowers yellow. Anther-tips broad, obtuse. Achenes truncate, and
with a coroniform-dentate pappus.

1. T. camphoratnm9 Less. Camphoric-aromatic, villous-tomentose,
very stout but decumbent, the stems 1—3 ft. long: pinnse and segments
of the very large leaves much crowded: heads in a large corymbose
cluster, short-peduncled, the low-convex disk % in. broad; achenes
4-angled. — Abundant on sand dunes about Point Lobos, etc. Aug. — Dec.

63. ARTEMISIA, Diosc. Bitter-aromatic herbs and low shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Heads discoid, small, paniculately disposed, usually
nodding. Flowers whitish or yellow, often sprinkled with resinous
globules. Anther-tips slender and pointed. Achenes obovate or oblong,
usually with small summit and no pappus.

* Shrubby species.

1. A. Call for uica, Less. Branches ascending, 2 — 4 ft. high; leaves
cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, terebinthine-scented,
the lowest parted into a few linear-filiform segments, the upper entire :
heads many, in leafy panicles; involucre 2 lines broad: achenes broadish
and truncate at summit, with a squamellate or coroniform-dentate
pappus.— Southward and westward slopes of hills. Sept.— Dec.

* * Herbaceous species; perennial (except n. 4)-

2. A. pycnocephala, DC. Stout, erect, simple, very leafy up to the
dense close thyrsoid or virgate panicle, densely silky-villous even to the
involucre: leaves 1— 3-pinnately parted into few and short linear or
spatulate lobes: heads 2 lines broad, only the marginal fl. fertile; style
of the disk fl. undivided and tufted at apex: achenes glabrous; pappus
none. — Sandy hills and shores about the Bay. Aug. — Dec.

3. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Stems clustered, ascending, 2—4 ft.
high, virgately branched: herbage glabrous, pungent scented when
bruised, but neither aromatic nor bitter: lowest leaves 3-cleft at summit,
the others linear, entire: heads little more than a line broad.— Mostly
beyond our limits eastward and southward, but said to occur at Black
Point, San Francisco, and near Lake Chabot. Aug.— Nov.

SENECIONIDE^. 211

4. A. bieimis, Willd. Annual, erect, virgate, 1 — 3 ft. high, leafy to the
summit: herbage deep green, glabrous and tasteless, nearly: leaves 1 —
2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or toothed
lobes, or the uppermost only pinnatifid: heads small, in close glomerules
on the spiciform short branches and main stems: achenes with small
epigynous disk and no pappus. — Mostly in or near cultivated ground, at
West Berkeley, etc. Aug.— Oct.

5. A. heterophylla, Nutt. Strictly erect, 3 — 5 ft. high, simple and
leafy up to the short naked dense panicle; herbage bitter and aro-
matic: leaves white beneath with cottony tomentum, green and glabrate
above, 2 — 4 in. long, lanceolate or broader, acute, often laciniately toothed
or cleft, as often entire, of firm texture: heads very numerous, 2 lines
high, seldom as broad. — Very common in low rich land, along streams,
etc. July— Oct.

Suborder 9, SENECIONIDE^:.

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, mostly with watery juice, but pun-
gent; some genera bitter and aromatic. Bracts of involucre herbaceous,
in 1 or 2 series. Receptacle naked. Anthers not caudate; sometimes
sagittate. Style-branches of perfect flowers obtuse or truncate; in some
penicillate. Pappus of capillary bristles.

Heads subdioacious; flowers whitish PETASITES 64

Heads large; flowers yellow;

Leaves palmatifid CACALIOPSIS 65

ovate or rounded, or pinnatifid;

Pappus brownish, not copious ARNICA 66

white, fine and copious ,. SENECIO 67

Heads small, mostly cylindric; flowers yellow SENECIO 67

64. PETASITES, Tourn. Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks
sending up early scapiform leafy-bracted flowering stems, and later ample
long-petioled radical leaves which are cottony-tomentose at least when
young. Flowers whitish or purplish, in a racemose corymb, subdice-
cious. Achenes narrow, 5— 10-costate. Pappus elongating in age, very
soft and white.

1. P. palmata (Ait.), Gray. Leaves of round-reniform outline, 7 — 10
in. broad, palmately 7 — 11-cleft to beyond the middle, these appearing
later than the very early flowering stems. — Wet mountain woods, at
Taylorville, Marin Co., etc. Fl. March.

65. CACALIOPSIS, A. Gray. Floccose-woolly stout perennial, with
ample palmatifid leaves appearing before the flowers. Stem stout, with
few large ray less heads of yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, of
many lanceolate-linear acuminate bracts. Corolla with cylindraceous
throat longer than the slender tube. Style puberulent below the flattish
branches. Achenes 10-striate. Pappus copious, soft, white.

212 COMPOSITE.

1. C. Nardosmia, Gray. Kobust, 1 ft. high or more: leaves mostly
radical or at the base of the stem: heads 1 in. high, peduncled, corym-
bosely or racemosely arranged near and at the summit of the stem:
flowers honey-yellow, sweet-scented. — Mountain summits of northern
Napa, or adjacent Sonoma Co., collected by the author, in 1874; other-
wise a far northern plant. June.

66. ARNICA, Ruppius. Perennial herbs, somewhat glandular or
viscid and aromatic. Leaves opposite. Heads one or several and large,
at summit of the stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, not bracteolate at
base; the herbaceous bracts lanceolate, equal, in about 2 series. Recep-
tacle flat, naked. Disk-corollas yellow (as also the rays when present),
with distinct long tube and funnelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb.
Achenes linear, angled. Pappus a single series of rather rigid brownish
scabrous or barbellate bristles.

1. A. discoidea, Benth. Stoutish, very hairy, 2 ft. high or less: leaves
ovate or oblong, 2 — 4 in. long, coarsely toothed, cordate, or truncate, or
sometimes slightly cuneate at base; the upper smaller, sessile, often
alternate: heads % in. high, ray less: involucre villous and glandular:
achenes sparsely pubescent, not glandular.— Northward slopes of the
higher coast mountains, in shady places chiefly. June, July.

67. SENECIO, Malthiolus. Plants extremely diverse in habit, fol-
iage, etc., but leaves always alternate. Heads clustered cymosely, or
solitary; either radiate or discoid. Involucre usually cylindrical, of
many equal bracts, and with calyx-like bracteoles at the base. Flowers
yellow; those of the disk 5-toothed or -lobed. Eeceptacle flat or convex.
Achenes commonly glabrous, terete, or somewhat ribbed. Pappus of
very copious fine white capillary merely scabrous bristles.

* Annual species.

1. S. vulgaris, Tragus (1552). Nearly glabrous, slightly fleshy, 1 ft.
high more or less, branching, leafy throughout : leaves clasping at base,
pinnatifid; the lobes and sinuses sharply toothed: scales at base of the
small cylindric involucre with black tips: rays none. — Abundant in rich
shady cultivated grounds; flowering at all seasons of the year.

2. S. aphanactis, Greene. Blender, 2—6 in. high, slightly arachnoid
when young, glabrate in age, scarcely viscid, scentless: leaves % — % iQ-
long, slightly fleshy, erect or ascending, the lowest linear-spatulate, the
cauline linear to oblong, coarsely toothed or slightly lobed: heads very
small, 2 or 3 together at the ends of the few branches: bracts of involucre
linear-acuminate, not black-tipped irays about 5, minute, recurred: achenes
appressed-silky.— Clayey slopes, or open hilltops of the Mt. Diablo Range.
A somewhat rare indigenous plant, strangely mistaken, by some, for the
Old World weed S. silvalicus. March, April.

SENECIONIDE^E. 213

*• # Perennial species.

3. S. curycephalus, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat floccose when young,
at flowering time glabrous: stem stout, 2—3 ft high, leafy: leaves 4 — 6
in. long, lyrately pinnate, the lobes or leaflets 7 — 15, cuneate, acutely
and incisely cleft: heads many, in an ample corymb: involucres ^ in.
high or more, with few bracteoles: rays 10 — 12, light yellow, long and
showy.— In groves along rocky bases of the coast mountains from Sonoma
and Contra Costa counties southward. May, June.

4. S. Greeuei, Gray. Somewhat floccose, less than 1 ft. high, leafy
at base: heads 1 — 3, large, peduncled, terminal: radical leaves roundish,
with abrupt or slightly cuneate base and long petioles, coarsely crenate-
toothed: heads % in. long, with no bracteoles at base; rays deep orange,
% in. long: style tips of disk-flowers penicillate and with a central cusp.
— Under bushes, and on more open and rocky spaces among the higher
mountains of Napa and Sonoma counties and northward. * May, June.

5. S. aronicoides, DC. Growing parts loosely woolly, afterwards
glabrate: stem stout, 2—3 ft. high, leafy chiefly at base, the many small
heads in a compound terminal cyme: leaves ovate to oblong and lanceo-
late, 3—6 in. long, irregularly and coarsely toothed, much reduced on
the stem, the uppermost only bract-like: involucral bracts lanceolate,
acuminate, not black-tipped: flowers 10—20; rays none, or rarely 1 or 2.
— Chiefly among thickets, on northward slopes of hills. April, May.

6. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. var. Paciflcus, Greene. Very stout, suc-
culent, glabrous, glaucescent, the purplish coarse stems 2 — 4 ft. high,
leafy mostly at base: leaves lanceolate, the lower 5—9 in. long, with
stout petiole, the upper successively shorter and sessile, all more or less
denticulate : heads small, very numerous, cymose-corymbose : rays none.
— Brackish marshes; formerly plentiful at West Berkeley, and on the
lower Napa River; still abundant in the Suisun marshes. July — Sept.

* * * Suffrutescent species-

1. S. Donglasii, DC. Usually 3 ft. high, branching from the base,
stoutish, loosely leafy; growing parts and young leaves whitish- tomen-
tose, later glabrate— at least the upper surface of the leaves; lower leaves
pinnately divided into about 5 narrowly linear revolule lobes, the upper
linear, entire, all with revolute margins: heads few, large, corymbose;
rays conspicuous, light-yellow: achenes glabrous.— Frequent on dry
hills of the Mt. Diablo Eange from Alameda Co. southward. July— Nov.

8. S. CINERARIA, DC. Sfcout, 2—4 ft. high, white-tomentose : leaves
of firm texture, petiolate, pinnately parted, the segments oblong, obtuse,
more or less distinctly 3-lobed: heads many, in a terminal corymb: rays
10 — 12, short, oval. — An ornamental species of southern Europe, not
infrequent as an escape from the gardens.

214 COMPOSITES.

9. S. MIKANIOIDES, Otto. Glabrous, twining and trailing to the
height of 20 feet: leaves roundish-cordate-hastate, sharply 5— 7-angled,
2— 5 in. long, nearly as broad, on petioles as long or longer, these with
a reniform stipulaceous lobe on either side at base: heads small, in com-
pound corymbs terminating axillary branchlets: rays none: disk-fl. 9 —
15.— Plentiful along banks of streams at the base of the Oakland and
Berkeley Hills. Native of S. Africa; flowering profusely in January.

Suborder 10. CYNAROCEPHAL^E.

Herbs with watery juice, usually prickly leaves, and flowers in dense
ovoid or globose heads; involucre imbricate. Receptacle densely setose.
Flowers all alike and perfect, or the marginal larger than the others and
neutral. Corollas regular or slightly irregular, deeply cleft into 5 long
and narrow lobes; the marginal in some enlarged and palmatifid but
never ligulate. Stamens syngenesious and also rarely monadelphous
below. Anthers caudate. Style slightly or not at all cleft, commonly
with a pubescent node or ring below the stigmatic part. Achenes thick,
hard, smooth, basally or obliquely inserted. Pappus setose, plumose, or
rarely paleaceous, sometimes wanting.

Pappus of many setose bristles CENTAUEEA 68

' ' double, i. 6. of 2 different sets j of bristle8 CNICUS 69

<of paleae CENTROPHYLLYTTM 70

" many series of barbellate paleae SILYBUM 71

" united at base, deciduous in a ring;

in many series of plumose bristles CTNARA 72

in one series of plumose bristles CARDOTJS 73

68. CENTATJREA, Linn. Annual or biennial herbs of various habit.
Leaves unarmed and decurrent, or spinescent and merely sessile. Heads
ovate; the imbricated bracts various. Achenes compressed or some-
what tetragonal, the insertion somewhat oblique or sublatral. Pappus
of many slender scabrous bristles, mostly in two sets, or occasionally
wanting. — All our species naturalized from Europe.

* Bracts of involucre armed with a rigid spine; marginal corollas
not enlarged. '

1. C. CALCITRAPA, L. Stoutish, rigid, 1 — 2 ft. high, very widely
branching, leaves narrow, laciniate-pinnatind; the uppermost somewhat
involucrate-crowded about the sessile head: principal bracts of the
involucre armed with a widely spreading long and rigid subulate spine,
which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at base: corollas red-purple:
pappus none. — Common along roadsides at and near Vacaville.

2. C. SOLSTITIALIS, L. Erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, canescent with cottony
wool: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline lanceolate and linear,
mostly entire, decurrent on the branches in narrow wings: heads pedun-
culate: middle bracts of the in volucre with a long rigid spreading spine

CYNAROCEPHALJE. 215

several times their own length, and having 1 or 2 spinules at base; outer-
most bearing a few small palmate prickles; innermost only scarious-
tipped: corollas yellow: pappus double; outer of short and squamellate,
inner of large bristles.— Very common in Napa Valley, less frequent in
other parts of middle California.

3. C. MELITENSIS, L. Erect, 2 — 4 ft. high, cinereous-pubescent, or
when young slightly woolly: radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline
lanceolate, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent: principal bracts of invo-
lucre with a slender spine of about their own length which is pectinate-
spinulose at base; innermost with spinescent tips : flowers yellow: pap-
pus of very unequal rather rigid bristles or squamellate.— A very common
field and wayside weed.

* * Bracts of involucre unarmed, merely fringed; marginal
corollas much larger than the others.

4. C. CYANUS, L. Slender, 1—2 ft. high, not prickly, whitened, at
least when young, with floccose wool : leaves linear, entire, or the lower
toothed or pinnatifid: heads naked, on slender peduncles: involucral
bracts narrow, fringed with short scarious teeth: marginal flowers
asexual, much enlarged, irregularly and somewhat palmately cleft and
ray -like, blue or pinkish or white: pappus of unequal bristles about
equalling the achene. — Escaped from gardens to waysides; also occasional
in grain fields; everywhere admired for the beauty of its flowers, and
called Cornflower, Bluebottle, etc.

69. CNICUS, Vaillant. Annual with sinuate-pinnatifid leaves thin-
nish and reticulate-veiny, only weakly prickly. Heads enclosed within
large leafy accessory bracts. Proper bracts of the involucre thin-coria-
ceous, in few ranks, many or all of them abruptly tipped with an
aristiform or spinescent and pectinate-prickly appendage. Receptacle
densely setose with long and soft bristles. Achenes terete, strongly
many-striate, the corneous margin at summit 10-toothed. Pappus
double; each set consisting or 10 aristiform bristles; the outer set longer
and naked, the inner short and fimbriolate.

1. C. BENEDICTUS, L. A less rigidly thistle-like annual, with pale
yellow flowers in large leafy-involucrate heads; occurring rarely as a
ballast waif at San Francisco.

70. CENTEOPHYLLUM, Necker. Annual or biennial. Leaves am-
plexicaul, reticulate-veiny, rigid, pinnatifid, and spinescent. Outer
bracts of involucre foliaceous, with few spinescent lobes; the inner
firmer, appressed, not cleft, but with a dilated and spinescent tip.
Receptacle densely setose-paleaceous. Flowers yellow. Achenes obpyr-
amidal; those of the marginal row more plump, somewhat convex and
gibbous on one side, more angular on the other; those of the disk more

216 COMPOSITE.

regularly and sharply rhombic-tetragonal; all truncate at the broad
summit and surrounded by a crenulate margin. Pappus of the outer
row of achenes reduced or wanting; of the others double, namely with
an outer set of elongated but unequal ciliate palese in several series,
and an uniserial and much shorter inner set.

1. C. LANATUM (L.), DC. & Duby. A very rigid thistle-like yellow-
flowered annual, naturalized about South San Francisco, Biolelti.

71. SILYBUM, Vaillant. Coarse and stout annual, with very large
sinuate-pinnatifid prickly leaves veined and blotched with white. Heads
large, at the ends of long pedunculiform branches. Involucre broadly
ovoid; bracts foliaceous, spinose along the margins, tapering into a
rigid prickle. Receptacle densely soft-bristly. Corollas all alike, red-
purple. Stamens monadelphous below. Achenes compressed and
smooth. Pappus multiserial, of narrow almost setiform barbellate
palese which are united slightly at base, and deciduous in a ring.

1. S. MARIANUM (L.), Gaertn. One of the most common and trouble-
some of rank thistles, in all waste lands in California.

72. CYNARA, Galen. Very stout perennials, with pinnatifid or
bipinnatifid sessile though not decurrent leaves; the lobes spinescent-
tipped. Heads very large; involucral bracts coriaceous. Receptacle
fleshy, fimbrillate. Achenes obovate compressed and somewhat 4-angled.
Pappus of many series of plumose bristles.

1. C. SCOLTMUS, L. (ARTICHOKE). Stout and low, with very ample
hoary-tomentulose bipinnatifid leaves, the segments spine-tipped: iiivo-
lucral bracts ovate, obtuse or emarginate.— Escaped from gardens near
Benicia, West Berkeley, Alameda, etc.

73. CARDUUS, Pliny (THISTLE). Stout herbs, mostly biennial.
Leaves mostly sessile or decurrent, and with sharply spinose lobes or
teeth. Heads large, ovoid or subglobose; the pluriserial and imbricated
involucral bracts usually prickly-tipped. Receptacle densely villous-
setose. Flowers all alike, crimson, purple or white, the segments of the
corolla long and linear-filiform. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed*
smooth, not striate; pappus a single series of long and barbellate or plu-
mose slender bristles concreted at base and deciduous in a ring, often
clavellate-dilated at the naked tip.

* Bracts of involucre with dilated and sguarrose-spreading lips;
heads shorl-peduncled.

1. C. fontinalis, Greene. Stout, 2 ft. high, the widely spreading
branches ending in middle-sized nodding heads: stem and upper sur-
face of leaves glandular-pubescent: bracts of the involucre herbaceous,
broad, squarrose-spreading or recurved, abruptly acute, with a short

CYNAROCEPHAL^; 217

spinose tip and no glandular spot: flowers dull white: anther tips acute.
— Along streamlets and in springy places about Crystal Springs, San
Mateo Co. ; a very peculiar species. July.

* * Only the outer involucral bracts sguarrose; terminal spine in all erect.
•*— Heads not conspicuously long-peduncled.

2. C. remotifolius, Hook. Loosely arachnoid when young, glabrate
in age, 3 — 5 ft. high; leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid: heads
on long rather slender peduncles, 1^ in. high, ovate; bracts rather loose
and thin, linear-lanceolate, the outer narrowed to a small weak prickle,
the middle ones more or less cartilaginous and lacerate as well as some-
what dilated toward the tip; the inner linear-subulate with narrow fim-
brillate scarious margin: corollas ochroleucous, the limb only a third as
long as the throat. — Marin Co.

3. C. crassicanlis, Greene. Very stout and tall, 4—7 ft. high: stem
strongly striate, simple to near the summit, there becoming rather close-
paniculate, with 3 — 7 short-peduncled headg 1^ — 2 in. high: herbage
permanently hoary-lanate: leaves small, pinnately parted, the segments
spine-tipped and the whole margin spinulose-ciliate : involucral bracts
rather loose, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate, all tipped with a
slender spine, the outer and middle ones with pectinate-spinescent margins:
segments of the whitish or pinkish corolla about as long as the throat. —
Abundant in moist grassy bottoms of the lower San Joaquin.

4. C. amplifolius, Greene. Somewhat fleshy, green and glabrous
except a sparse arachnoid tomentum on the lower face of the leaves:
stem stout, 3 — 4 ft. high: leaves very broad and ample, conspicuously
decurrent, the ample lobes crowded and overlapping each other, trifid and
spinose-ciliate : heads short-peduncled and clustered, 1% in. high, leafy -
bracted at base; the outer bracts loosely spreading and arachnoid, the
inner more appressed and glabrous, their spinose tips often reflexed:
corollas of a rich bright purple, their linear obtuse lobes much shorter
than the throat. — On stream banks back of Point San Pedro.

5. C. edulis (Nutt.), Greene. Eobust, 3—6 ft. high, pubescent,
leafy up to the short panicle: leaves oblong or narrower, sinuate- pinnali fid,
weakly prickly: heads 1% in. high, depressed-globose, leafy-bracted at
base: involucre arachnoid when young: corollas deep but dull purple;
segments shorter than the throat.— Along streams in the Oakland Hills,
etc. June, July.

•!— -t— Heads solitary on stoul peduncles.

6. C. Califoniicus (Gray), Greene. Bather slender, 2—4 ft. high,
canescently woolly: leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, moderately prickly, heads
middle-sized, the lower brads coriaceous-acerose, spreading and incurved,

218 COMPOSITE.

the others straight, all subulate-spinescent at the tip: corollas lilac-
purplish or reddish, lobes shorter than the throat. — Mt. Diablo and
southward. June, July.

7. C. Yenustus, Greene. Stoutish, 3 ft. high, the foliage permanently
arachnoid-tomentose: heads large (2 in. high), terminating long and
almost naked pedunculiform branches: involucre glabrate, the many
subcoriaceous bracts with closely appressed base, and long lanceolate-
subulate abruptly shorl-spinescent tips: corollas bright crimson, the
segments longer than the throat: pappus-bristles barbellate above the
plumose part, the tips scarcely dilated.— Foothills of the Mt. Diablo
Range. May, June.

8. C. occidentalis, Nutt. Stout, 2 — 3 ft. high; peduncles stout,
rather short: leaves deeply pinnatifid, glabrate above, canescently
tomentose beneath: involucre subglobose; bracts straight, subulate-lanceo-
late, with short spines, the whole mass densely festooned with remarkably
distinct cobwebby hairs: corollas red-purple: anthers distinctly bisetose
and lacerate at base : pappus somewhat scanty. — Sandy hills along the
seaboard only. May — Aug.

* * * Involucral bracts appressed, the slender spine at their tips more
or less abruptly spreading.

9. C. hydrophilus, Greene. Bather slender, freely branching above,
3—5 ft. high; when young pale with a fine thin arachnoid pubescence,
in maturity green and glabrate: leaves not large, deeply cut into uniform
3-lobed segments: heads 1 in. high, somewhat clustered at the ends of
the branches; involucre ovate, the appressed-imbricate bracts with a
green and glutinous ridge toward the summit, and ending in a short
slender somewhat spreading spine.— Brackish marshes about Suisun
Bay. July— Sept.

10. C. quercetorum (Gray), Greene.* Sparingly villous-arachnoid
when young, soon glabrate: stem stout, 1 ft. high or less, with few
rather large heads: leaves mostly petiolate, the larger 1 ft. long, pinnately
parted, the oblong divisions often 3— 5-cleft, prickly: involucral bracts
coriaceous, closely imbricated in numereous ranks, the outer with short
prickles, the inner obscurely scarious at tip : corollas either dull-purple
or white: anther-tips narrow, very acute.— Open grassy summits and
higher slopes of hills on both sides of the Bay. June, July.

11. C. LANCEOLATUS, L. More or less villous or hirsute, seldom
cottony; 2—4 ft. high, stem and branches interruptedly winged by the
decurrent leaves, both leaves and wings prickly: heads nearly 2 in. high,
arachnoid-woolly at first, the bracts lanceolate, attenuate into slender
and rigid prickle-pointed spreading tips: fl. rose-purple.— A most trouble-
some Old World weed, already abundant on this coast far northward,
only lately beginning to be seen occasionally in our district.

CICHORIACE^E. 219

OBDEB LVIX. CICHORIACE^E.

Plants with alternate leaves and a milky narcotic juice; as to inflor-
escence closely analogous to Compositse, though not naturally allied to
them very closely; much nearer Lobeliacese. Flowers in the head all
ligulate, the ligules 5-toothed at apex. Anthers appendaged at summit,
at base sagittate, or abruptly acuminate-setaceous. Style-branches
slender, obtusish or acutish, minutely papillose. Pollen-grains perfectly
smooth and distinctly 12-sided.

* Pappus of plumose bristles-
Receptacle not chaffy;

Achenes truncate PTILORIA 2

[" flowers -white NEMOSERIS 3

" beaked \ " purple TRAGOPOGON 4

[ " yellow.. PICRIS 9

Receptacle chaffy HYPOCKasRis 5

* * Pappus paleaceous, awned or awnless.

Pappus-paleae awnless CICHORIUM 1

" awned;

Awn from a notch in the palea UROPAPPUS 6

Palea tapering into the awn;

Annuals; achenes oblong or turbinate MICROSERIS 7

Perennials; achenes cylindric SCORZONELLA 8

* * * Pappus of capillary bristles only.

Achenes not compressed;
Achenes truncate;

Pappus soft, deciduous , MALACOTHRIX 10

Pappus firmer, persistent;

Pappus dull- white or darker HIERACIUM 11

" bright-white CREPIS 12

Achenes slender-beaked;

10-ribbed or -angled AGOSERIS 13

" 4— 5-angled TARAXACUM 14

Achenes compressed;

Beaked or at least attenuate above LACTUCA 15

Not beaked or narrowed above ..SoNCHUS 16

1. CICHORIUM, Theophr. Perennials, leafy at base; the tall stem
and branches with reduced foliage, bearing several heads of blue flowers
in the axils. Bracts of the involucre in 2 series; the inner erect, partly
enfolding the subtended achenes, the 4 or 5 outer more spreading.
Achenes short, truncate, somewhat angled; the broad summit bordered
with 2 or more series of short blunt paleae.

1. C. INTYBUS, L. (CHICOBY). More or less hirsute below, 2—5 ft.
high: radical leaves runcinate; cauline oblong or lanceolate, dentate;
those of the flowering branches scarcely more than bract-like: heads
1 in. broad or more, expanded in the morning, closing by midday. —
Common in many places, as an escape from the market gardens.

220 CICHOEIACEJE.

2. PTILORIA, Raf. Ours stoutish and rather rigid tall annuals.
Leaves runcinate. Heads small; fl. pinkish or purplish, few in the head,
the ligules all equal. Involucre of several longer erect inner bracts,
and as many short appressed calyculate outer ones. Achenes truncate,
5-angled. Pappus a series of plumose bristles curving outward.

1. P. virgata (Benth.), Greene. Eigid, virgate, 1—3 ft. high, glabrous
throughout and the herbage deep green: leaves runcinate: heads 3—4
lines long, subsessile along the naked upper part of stem and branches,
4— 8 flowered: achenes subclavate or oblong, rugose-tuberculate between
the ribs: pappus clear white, plumose almost throughout.— Sandy banks
and hills. Aug.— Oct.

2. P. cnuescens, Greene. More slender, paniculate, 2—4 ft. high;
stem and foliage hoary-tomentose when young, somewhat glabrate in
age: leaves lanceolate, more or less sinuate- or runcinate-pinnatifid:
achenes larger than in the last, and less tuberculate; pappus as white,
slightly longer and of fewer bristles.— Mountain sides, and clayey banks
of streams, in exposed places. June— Sept.

3. KEMOSERIS, Greene. Stout annual, near Ptiloria, but decidedly
inclining to the corymbose in branching: flowers much more numerous
in the head: ligules white, unequal. Achenes tapering to a long beak
supporting the pappus; the rays of the latter not at all curved.

1. H. Californica (Nutt.), Greene. Glabrous, the stem white, 2—3
ft. high, herbage glabrous and with a strong narcotic smell: leaves
oblong, pinnatifid, sessile and clasping: heads 1 in. wide when expanded:
outer achenes pubescent; plumose pappus sordid. — On clayey banks
and slopes of wooded hills; common. June— Sept.

4. TRAGOPOGON, Theophr. Stoutish biennials with fusiform
edible root, leafy erect stems and large long-peduncled slender conic
involucres. Receptacle naked. Achenes muricate, long-beaked; the
beak supporting an ample pappus of setaceous bristles which are long-
plumose at base and naked above.

1. T. POBBIFOLIUS, L. (SALSIFY). Leaves entire, long and grassy:
stem 2 — 4 ft. high: rays deep purple. — Naturalized in waste lands; an
escape from the gardens.

5. HYPOCILERIS, Vaillant. Plants leafy mostly at base of the
branching naked or leafy-bracted somewhat corymbose stems. Involucres
oblong -conic, erect in the bud ; bracts imbricated. Receptacle scarious-
chaffy, the chaff deciduous. Flowers yellow. Achenes oblong or
fusiform, 10-ribbed, glabrous or scabrous, at least the inner ones tapering
to a beak. Pappus a series of fine plumose bristles, often accompanied
by some outer naked ones. — Weeds introduced from Europe.

CICHORIACE^.

1. H. GLABRA, L. Annual, glabrous, 1 ft. high more or less: leaves
in a depressed radical tuft, oblanceolate, obtuse, sinuate-toothed : scape
branching: ligules and expanded head small: outer achenes truncate at
summit, the inner tapering to a long slender beak: pappus of capillary
bristles intricately plumose below the nearly naked apex, and of some
fine short naked outer ones. — Very common in all open grounds.

2. H. RADICATA, L. Twice as large as the preceding, perennial, hir-
sute: ligules long, and expanded heads 1 in. broad: achenes all rostrate.
— Common in shaded grassy ground at Berkeley, where it began to
appear only a few years since.

6. UROPAPPUS, Nutt. Subacaulescent annuals, nearly or quite
glabrous, with laciniately cleft or pinnatifid leaves, and stout scapiform
monocephalous peduncles enlarged under the oblong-conic heads, these
always erect. Ligules short, in expansion surpassed by some of the
bracts of the oblong conic imbricated involucre. Achenes slender-fusi-
form, 8 — 12-ribbed, truncate at summit. Pappus of 5 scarious ample
bifid palese, with an awn or bristle arising from the notch.

* Achenes brownish; pappus brownish,

1. U. Lindleyi (DC.), Nutt. Stoutish, 1% ft. high or smaller : achenes
5—6 lines long, slightly narrowed toward the summit: pappus-palese
linear-lanceolate, 4 lines long, the awn very little shorter.— The most
common species. May, June.

2. U. leucocarpus, Greene. Like the preceding in size, etc., but
achenes almost white, slenderly attenuate at summit, the narrow part
vacant, i. e., not filled by the seed; very light-brown palese and slender
awn each about 2% lines long. — With the preceding, but far less
common.

3. U. Cleveland!, Greene. Smaller than the preceding, f urfuraceous-
puberulent: afchenes 3 lines long, not at all attenuate, the body, and also
the pappus, of a deeper brown; palea3 with a very short awn.— Plains at
the eastern base of Mt. Diablo, thence southward. April.

4. U. Kelloggii, Greene. More slender than any of the preceding,
the scapes little enlarged under the heads: achenes slightly attenuate at
each end: palese of pappus only about 2 lines long, the awn somewhat
longer. — Toward the seaboard, and not common: near Tomales, etc.
April, May.

* * Achenes black; pappus clear white, deciduous.

5. U. linearifolins (DC.), Nutt. Stouter than any of the foregoing;
the numerous scapiform peduncles much dilated under the involucres :
blackish achenes almost rostrate-attenuate. Var. elatns. Slender and
tall, the stem (not rarely a foot high) and slender peduncles together

222 CICHORIACE^.

sometimes making a height of 2 ft. or more : heads smaller, with fewer
flowers.— The type common, chiefly along the seaboard; the variety, of
the interior, extending far southward. April, May.

7. MICBOSERIS, Don. Stemless annuals, with an ample radical
tuft of mostly pinnatifid leaves, and many slender erect or decumbent
monocephalous scapes; the ovoid or subglobose heads nodding in bud,
and even in flower; usually erect in fruit. Involucre with short-imbri-
cated bracts at base; the main bracts longer and equal. Ligules short;
expanded heads small. Achenes oblong-claviform to turbinate. Pappus
of usually short palese tapering into a long scabrous awn.

1. M. Donglasii (DO.), Gray. Scapes many, decumbent at base,
8 — 18 in. high: head broad-ovoid: achenes 2 lines long, thickish, oblong -
turbinate, contracted near the summit, those of the outer circle usually
white- villous : paleas of the pappus 2 lines long, round-ovate to orbicular.
half or a third the length of the awn, glabrous or villous on the outside.
Very common, and in great variety of forms. April, May.

2. M. attennata, Greene. More slender, with fewer scapes, these
not as long, more erect: head oblong: achenes 4 lines long, attenuate-
fusiform^ the upper and narrower half not filled by the seed but vacant:
pappus-pale % 3 lines long or more, oblong -lanceolate, about half the
length of the awn, more or less villous externally. — Hills of Contra
Costa Co., but first collected at Berkeley, where it is long since extinct.

3. M. imlivisa, Greene. Stoutish, leaves not pinnatifid, many not
even toothed, oblanceolate; scapes quite erect, 1 — 1J^ ft. high: heads
subglobose, the fl. and achenes more than 100; outer row of achenes
silvery-silky, the others glabrous, all chestnut-brown, 2 lines long, the
pappus about 5 lines, of 5 whitish barbellulate not fragile bristles the bases
of which are dilated into small triangular lanceolate palese. — Plains of
Solano Co., east of the mountains. May.

4. M. tenella (Gray). Very slender, and the leaves subentire, or
larger and the leaves pinnatifid: heads broad-ovate to subglobose:
achenes dark-brown, oblong-clavale: pappus mostly of only 2 or 3 very
slender fragile bristles which are merely deltoid-dilated at base. — Very
common and variable; occasionally destitute of pappus and the small
heads hemispherical. April, May.

5. M. elegaiis, Greene. Seldom 1 ft. high, slender, the leaves pin-
natifid: fruiting head small (less than Y2 in. high): achenes little more
than a line long, turbinate: pappus-palex ovate-deltoid, a fourth the length
of the very slender awn, these and often the whole summit of the achene
minutely villous. — Low plains of Solano and Contra Costa counties.

6. M. Bigelovii, Gray. Often 1 ft. high and more: broad-ovate head
^ in. high: involucre more imbricated than in the foregoing: acheues

CICHORIACE^. 223

oblong-turbinate, 2 lines long: pappus-palese ovate-lanceolate, brownish,
only half or a third the length of the similarly brownish awn. — Along
the seaboard chiefly, in sandy soil; extremely variable, if not indeed an
aggregate of two or more species. April— June.

7. M. acnmina'ta, Greene. Only a span high, but heads elongated;
leaves deeply pinnatifid into slender lobes: achenes slenderly fusiform-
turbinate, nearly 3 lines long, the pappus nearly % in. long; palese
narrowly lanceolate, the awn shorter than the palea.— Plains and mountain
valleys from Sonoma Co. to Solano. April, May.

8. SCORZONELLA, Nutt. Stems erect, from a fusiform perennial
root, parted into several pedunculiform monocephalous branches, and
leafy mostly at base. Leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed, or pinnatifid
into narrow segments, or some entire. Heads large, nodding in bud;
ligules elongated, yellow, the expanded head therefore showy. Involucre
cylindraceous-ovoid, more or less imbricated. Achenes cylindric, with
10 or more obscure angles. Pappus of 10 or more scabrous- or barbel-
lulate-awned long or short firm palese.

1. S. silvatica, Benth. Mostly simple and monocephalous, 1—2 ft.
high: head 1 in. high, 30 — 40- flowered: bracts of involucre in 3 or 4
series, the outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, the inner
lanceolate, gradually acuminate: ligules glandular-puberulent: palese of
the pappus lanceolate, as long as the achene, tapering into the subplumose
awn which is somewhat longer. — Hills and plains along the eastern base
of the Mt. Diablo Range.

2. S. paladosa, Greene. Sterns several, 2 ft. high or more, strictly
erect: leaves subentire to laciniate-parted into long and very narrow
segments: head 50— 75-flowered; bracts all tapering frorn a lanceolate
base into a long slender acumination: achene 2 lines long: pappus
brownish, the lanceolate palex little more than a line long, the barbellulate
awn 4—5 lines.— Low moist plains, from Marin Co. to Solano.

3. S. Bolanderi (Gray), Greene. About 1 ft. high, the scapiform
branches leafy at base only and decumbent: leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, or with linear lobes above the middle: bracts all gradually atten-
uate from a broad base, rather regularly imbricated: pappus brown,
5 lines long, the ovate palea % line. — Marin Co., in wet places. April.

4. S. maxima, Bioletti. Very stout, 2 — 4 ft. high, leafy -stemmed,
the branches long and erect: leaves 1 ft. long, 2 in. wide, entire or barely
somewhat toothed: heads very broad, 400-flowered; bracts of involucre
from ovate, acute, to lanceolate-acuminate: achenes % in. long, the
pappus almost white; lanceolate palea \% lines long, the merely scabrous
awn 5 or 6 lines. — At Los Guilucos. June, July.

224 CICHORIACE^:.

9. PICRIS, Theophr. Coarse branching leafy herbs, rough-bristly,
yellow- flowered; the heads scattered. Involucre double, an outer series of
foliaceous spreading bracts and an inner erect series. Achenes subterete,
transversely rugose, beaked and bearing a pappus of plumose bristles.

1. P. EOHIOIDES, L. Biennial, 2—3 ft. high: stem hispid with hooked
hairs; oblanceolate leaves rough with bristles from a pustulate base:
outer involucral bracts ovate-acuminate, bristly-spiny on the margins:
achenes reddish, slender-beaked; pappus very plumose.— Common way-
side weed about Vallejo. West Berkeley, Santa Clara, etc.

10. MALA.COTHRIX, DeCandolle. Annuals, heterogeneous as to
habit, involucre, etc., but known by short glabrous terete and 5—15
costate, or 4— 5-angled truncate achenes with denticulate border to the
summit, and a soft-capillary deciduous pappus, accompanied by one or
more stouter bristles which are more persistent; the inner, more copious
deciduous set more or less joined into a ring at base.

* Acaulescent; heads targe, pale-yellow.

1. M. Californica, DC. Woolly when young, with very long «oft
hairs: leaves once or twice pinnately pinnatifid into narrow-linear or
almost filiform lobes': scapes stoutish: involucre long-conical, % in. high;
outer bracts slender- subulate; receptacle slender- bristly: achenes nar-
row, striate-costate: outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles, and between
them some minute pointed teeth. — Plains of eastern Contra Costa Co.

* * Caulescent, branching freely; heads smaller.

2. M. parviflora, Benth. Leaves scattered, only some of the lower
pinnatifid; plant 1 ft. high; panicle narrow; heads % in. high, few-
flowered, fl. yellow; achenes oblong linear, minutely striate-costate,
4 or 5 of the ribs slightly more prominent; outer pappus of 1 conspicuous
bristle and many white setulose teeth. — Mt. Diablo Range, and plains to
the eastward. April— June.

3. M. obtusa, Benth. Leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, runcinate-
pinnatifid, the lobes sinuate -toothed, the teeth or sinuses bearing tufts
of cottony white wool: stem 8—10 in. high, diffusely corymbose-panicu-
late: heads % in. high; fl. pure white, or with a pinkish tinge: achenes
obovate-oblong, obtusely 5-angled, the apex slightly narrowed and border
entire; none of the pappus-bristles persistent. — Coast and Mt. Diablo
ranges at middle and higher elevations. May, June.

4. M. Coulteri, Gray. Stoutish, erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, with rather few
branches; herbage glabrous, glaucescent: upper cauline leaves ovate or
cordate, sessile, clasping, all sparsely toothed: involucres % in. high,
ovoid, of silvery-scarious bracts very distinctly imbricated in several
series: fl. white, fading purplish: achenes acutely about 15-ribbed and
4- or 5-angled, the summit obscurely denticulate: 1 or 2 stouter bristles
more persistent.— Plains of the lower San Joaquin. April— June.

CICHORIACE^E. 225

11. HIERACIUM, Diosc. Perennial, often rough-hairy herbs.
Involucre subcylindric, of uniserial linear bracts. Keceptacle naked.
Flowers mostly yellow (in ours white). Achenes linear, 10-ribbed or
-striate. Pappus of rigid fragile dull-white or brownish bristles.

1. H. albifloruni, Hook. Leaves mostly radical, oblong-spatulate,
entire or denticulate, 2 — 5 in. long, thickly beset with long bristly hairs:
stem nearly naked above, ending in a more or less ample panicle of
white-flowered heads: involucre 3 — 5 lines long, achenes 1^ lines long,
not tapering, evenly striate-ribbed. — Woods of the Coast Range.

12. CREPIS, Dalechamps. Perennial, tomentulose or glabrous herbs.
Involucre of linear equal bracts, usually with calyculate short ones at
base. Flowers yellow. Achenes columnar to fusiform, 10— 20-costate.
Pappus of copious soft white bristles.

1. C. acmninata, Nutt. Hoary-tomentulose, slender, 1 — 2 ft. high,
with open cyme of many slender peduncled narrow heads: leaves radical,
runcinately pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes below the middle,
the apex prolonged into a narrow entire acumination: involucre 5—7
lines high, narrow-cyJindric: achenes 10-striate, tapering at summit. —
Mt. Hamilton; thence southward and eastward.

2. C. VIKENS, L. Green and glabrous, slender, 1 — 2 ft. high: leaves
mostly radical, lanceolate or broader, toothed or pinnatifid; cauline
sessile, with subsagittate base: heads very small; -fl. yellow: achenes
oblong, 10-striate, smooth, narrowed slightly but about equally at both
ends.— In shady grassy 'places about Berkeley; naturalized from Europe.

13. AGrOSERIS, Rof. Herbs usually quite acaulescent, with tufted
radical leaves lanceolate, pinnately toothed or cleft, and simple scapes
bearing solitary large heads of yellow or orange-colored flowers. Invo-
lucre at first subcylindric, later approaching the conic: bracts imbricated
in 2 series, the outer often short, more foliaceous and spreading. Achenes
oblong or linear, or slender-fusiform, terete, 10-ribbed; the apex pro-
duced in ours into a very slender beak with a dilated terminal areola on
which are inserted the copious fine white pappus-bristles.

* Perennials; achenes tapering into the beak.
•j— Heads very large, but ligules very short.

1. A. plebeia, Greene. Sparsely lanate-hirsute on the leaves beneath,
the involucres woolly at base, otherwise glabrous: scapes often 2 ft.
high: leaves not rarely 1 ft. long, narrowly oblanceolate, usually slenderly
acuminate, the sides with several pairs of abrupt triangular teeth or
subfalcate lobes: ligules short, suberecl, deep yellow: achenes slender-
fusiform, 2 — 2% lines long; beak 5 or 6 lines; pappus very soft and
white. — Western side of the Coast Range, and about the Bay; the most
rank and the least showy species. May, June.

226 CICHORIACE^:.

•f— -»— Heads large, and Ugules elongated.

2. A. graiidiflora (Nutt.), Greene. Bather more lanate than the
last, often as large: leaves more deeply and constantly pinnatifid, the
terminal undivided part oblanceolate, obtuse: ligules light yellow, elon-
gated, spreading, the expanded head 2 — 3 in. broad: achenes about 3
lines long, the beak 10 lines. — Plains of the eastern part of Solano Co.
and far northward; not in the Bay region proper. May.

3. A. intermedia, Greene. Size of the last, nearly, pale green and
glaucescent, but with some lanate pubescence when young: leaves with
a linear rachis, many remote narrowly linear pinnate segments and a
long linear-acuminate terminal lobe: expanded ligules forming a head
2 in. broad, fl. pale yellow: achenes 2 — 2% lines long, very sharply
carinate-ribbed, the ribs along their bases closely beset with short stiff
setulose hairs; beak 8—10 lines long.— Mt. Diablo, near the summit, and
elsewhere, at considerable elevations of the inner ranges.

4. A. hirsnta (Hook.), Greene. Hirsute-pubescent, not rarely caules-
cent and the depressed or ascending stem 6 in. high: leaves from narrowly
spatulate and merely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, to pinnately parted
into linear lobes: scapes or peduncles slender, 1—1^ ft. high, reddish;
the elongated bright yellow ligules also fading reddish: achenes slender-
fusiform, 1% lines long or more, the beak only about twice as long; pappus
usually dull or yellowish white.— Only on open grassy slopes near the
Bay and seacoast. May — Nov.

5. A. apargioides (Less.), Greene. Very near the last, but every
way much smaller, the leaves more remotely and slenderly pinnatifid:
heads only ^in. high: beak not longer than the body of the achene.—Saud
hills of San Francisco; flowering almost throughout the year.

* * Perennials; achenes abruptly beaked from a truncate summit.

6. A. retrorsa (Benth.), Greene. Hoary with a woolly pubescence:
leaves pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate usually long retrorse lobes,
the terminal one long and narrow, all callous-tipped: ligules long, pale
salmon-color: achenes truncate, 3 lines long, the filiform beak nearly an
inch. — Higher elevations of all the coast mountains. June, July.

# * * Annuals; manifestly caulescent.

7. A. heterophylla (Nutt.), Greene. Slender, seldom 1 ft. high,
more or less villous or hirsute: leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, toothed
irregularly, or entire: heads % — % in. high; ligules short and inconspic-
uous: achenes about 2 lines long, with beak of about 3 lines; inner
achenes mostly with obsolete ribs and not rilled to the summit by the. seed;
outer ones extremely variable, normally with ribs developed into broad
undulate wings, otherwise merely ribbed and hirsute, or again, inflated
to the subcylindric and the ribs not visible. — Very common, and dispersed
widely beyond our limits. April— May.

CICHORIACE^l. 227

8. A. major, Jepson. Twice larger every way; leaves often pinnati-
fid: ligules elongated and head conspicuous (1% in. broad), when in
flower: achenes inclined to vary, as in the last, but not reaching such
extremes, tapering more abruptly into thejtipe, and more or less distinctly
toothed under it: pappus sordid or almost fuscous. — Plains of the inte-
rior, from Solano Co. southward. May.

14. TARAXACUM, Haller. Flaccid nearly glabrous acaulescent
herb, with a tuft of depressed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, and hollow
scapes bearing solitary heads. Involucre double; outer bracts short,
spreading, partly connate at base; inner erect, narrow, equal. Achenes
oblong-obovate, 4 — 5-angled or -costate, muricate or prickly near tile
summit, abruptly narrowed into a long filiform stipe which bears the
soft capillary whitish pappus.

1. T. OFFICINALE, Weber (DANDELION). Common weed in parks and
lawns, where it has been introduced accidentally, with lawn-grass seed;
scarcely naturalized in our district.

15. LACTliCA, Pliny. ' Leafy-stemmed biennials and annuals, with
ample though narrowish panicles of small conoidal heads. Flowers yel-
low. Achenes compressed, oblong, abruptly narrowed to a short slender
beak which bears at its dilated summit the soft white capillary pappus.

1. L. VIROSA, L. Strict, 3 — 6 ft. high, glaucescent, glabrous except
the lower part of the stem, which is somewhat hispid: leaves horizontal,
oblanceolate to oblong, with spinulose-dentate margins, the midrib
beneath beset with a row of soft prickles : beak about the length of the
striate-nerved achene.— Shady places along Strawberry Creek, Berkeley.

2. L. SATIVA, Bauhin (LETTUCE). The common salad plant, with obo-
vate or obovoid thin unarmed foliage, and a short somewhat corymbose
panicle of heads, is a common field and orchard weed in Napa Valley,
and elsewhere in the Coast Range regions.

16. SONCHUS, Diosc. Coarse annuals with pinnatifid leaves and
indistinctly panicled or more scattered and irregular inflorescence.
Involucre conic, in age broad and thickened at base. Achenes obcom-
pressed, without beak or dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft
fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or less unitedly, and commonly one
or more stronger ones which fall separately. — Old World weeds; but
common in all parts of California.

1. S. OLERACEUS, L. Stoutish, 2—4 ft. high, sparingly leafy, glabrous,
or with a few glandular hairs on pedicels and calyx, glaucescent: leaves
from obovoid to narrower and runcinate-pinnatifid, toothed but not
prickly margined, ainplexicaul, the auricles straight, acute, holding the
same plane with the blade: achenes striate-nerved, transversely rugulose-
scabrous. — Common everywhere; flowering at all seasons.

228 LOBELIACE^I.

2. S. ASPEB, Fuchs. (1542). Stouter, the distinctly and acutely angled
very leafy stem often an in. thick, the heads irregularly umbellate at its
summit: leaves pinnatifid, prickly-margined, the auricles helicoid and
appressed to the stem: achenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side.— Nearly as
common as the preceding, but more a plant of spring and early summer.

OEDEB LX. LOBELIACE>£.

Herbs with milky juice, alternate simple leaves, and racemose or
scattered irregular flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb
divided. Corolla bilabiately lobed or cleft. Stamens 5, alternate with
the corolla-lobes; filaments joined into a tube; anthers also united;
pollen 12-sided, as in the Cichoriacese. Ovary 1- or 2-celled; style entire.
Fruit capsular, many-seeded.

1. HOWELLIA, A. Gray. Delicate herbs of muddy shores. Calyx
with linear-clavate tube wholly adnate to the ovary; limb of 5 segments.
Segments of corolla only slightly unequal; tube obsolete. Stamen-tube
nearly free, and with the included style, slightly incurved. Capsule
membranaceous, 1-celled, few-seeded, bursting irregularly on one side.

1. H. limosa, Greene. Weak procumbent branches 6 — 12 in. long,
leafy and fioriferous throughout : leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile, % in.
long: corolla white, the segments 1 line long, cuneiform, the two upper
narrower and more widely separated: capsule % in. long, surmounted
by the 5 triangular erect calyx-teeth. — Margins of pools on the plains of
Solano Co. near Suisun. May.

2. BOLE LI A, Raf. Dwarf herbs of low plains or along lake shores.
Calyx-tube very long, stalk-like, wholly adherent to the long slender
ovary. Corolla with very short tube and ample bilabiate limb; lips
spreading, the larger broad and only toothed or lobed, the divisions of
the upper (and smaller) usually distinct. Capsule elongated and linear,
many-seeded, dehiscent longitudinally into 3 long valves.

* Larger lip of corolla merely 3-loothed or -lobed at apex.

1. B. insignis, Greene. Stoutish, erect, mostly simple and few-
flowered: lower lip of the very large corolla ^ in. broad, obovoid,
3-lobed, the lobes and lateral parts of the body sky-blue marked with
darker veinlets, the main portion white, bearing in the middle 2 oblong
parallel green spots; upper lip merely bifid, the lobes ascending and
parallel; throat of corolla with a pair of bright yellow folds in a field of
dark violet.— Low plains of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin.
Very different from its far northern ally, B. elegans. May.

* * Larger Up of corolla trefoil-shaped.

2. B. pulchella (Lindl.), Greene. Freely branching, often 6—10 in.
high: lower lip of corolla parted into 3 broad oblusish and mucronulate

CAMPANULACE M. 229

r inlet lobes, the, undivided part yellow, with white border; divisions of the
upper lip spreading and divergent, of broad-lanceolate outline. — With
the preceding, and a more profusely flowering species. May.

3. B. tricolor, Greene. Branches few, weak, tortuous and reclining:
lower lip of corolla parted into 3 equal broadly obovate truncate and
slightly cuspidate lobes, these deep blue at tip, white below, the undi-
vided part with a transverse somewhat quadrate spot of dark maroon;
upper lip of 2 small segments somewhat recurved, but parallel.— Plains
near Suisun. May.

4. B. concolor, Greene. Bather firm branches 3—5 in. high, very
numerous and for ruing a dense tuft; the herbage very minutely puberu-
lent: corolla violet almost throughout, but base of lower lip very dark and
this spot circumscribed by lighter blue, the lobes slightly unequal, very
obtuse and somewhat cuspidate; upper lip cleft to the middle only, the
lobes lanceolate, more or less deflexed. — Low grain fields near Suisun.

5. B. ornatissima, Greene. Slender, 6 — 10 in. high, mostly simple,
erect and rather strict: corolla pale throughout; lobes of lower lip some-
what obcordate and cuspidate, the undivided part with 4 prominent fold- like
protuberances partly filling the throat; segments of upper Up each deflexed
and coiled backward into a ring, the, corolla-tube at base of these seg-
ments abruptly raised into a sharp protuberance. — Plains of the lower
Sacramento, especially about Elmira. May.

# * * Segments of corolla not very dissimilar.

6. B. humilis, Greene. Very dwarf, the stem branching, only about
1 in. high: segments of the calyx-limb linear, unequal, exceeding the
minute while corolla; this bilabiate, the upper segments being smaller,
but all of them ovate-oblong, acute. — Moist plains of Sonoma Co.

ORDER LXI. CAMPANULACE>£.

Closely allied to Lobeliacex; but corolla regular (in our genera);
stamens quite distinct. Style I, with 2 — 5 introrse stigmas. Flowers in
all oars blue, or bluish.

Capsule dehiscent by small valvular openings on the sides;

Flowers all having corollas CAMPANULA 1

all but the uppermost apetalous TRIODANIS 2

Capsule bursting on the thin sides indefinitely HETEROCODON 3

Capsule opening at top, within the calyx (TITHOPSIS 4

1. CAMPANULA, Dodoeus. Flowers all complete. Calyx-lobes 5,
narrow; tube short and broad. Corolla 5-lobed or -parted. Filaments
dilated at base. Capsule short, opening on the sides by 3 — 5 small
uplifted valves.

230 CAMPANULACEJ3.

1. C. prenauthoides, Durand. Perennial, 1—2 ft. high, erect, gla-
brous or scabro-puberulent: leaves ovate to oblong, 1 in. long or less,
sharply serrate, the cauline mostly sessile: fl. mostly racemose, short-
pedicelled: corolla slender-cylindric in bud, % in. long, almost 5-parted,
the narrowly lanceolate lobes thrice the length of the tube.— Wooded
hills of the Coast Range.

2. C. Scouleri, Hook. Perennial, but delicate, decumbent, few-
leaved, the stems seldom a foot long; leaves mostly tapering into a
marginal petiole: fl. somewhat panicled, nodding, on long filiform pedicels:
corolla oblong in bud, exceeding the slender calyx-lobes, deeply 5-cleft;
lobes ovate-oblong. — Bed woods of Marin Co., in moist shades.

3. C. exigua, Rattan. Annual, 2—5 in. high: leaves only 1—3 lines
long, sessile, the lowest obovate, entire or with few teeth, the upper
subulate: fl. erect at the ends of the numerous divergent branchlets: calyx-
lobes subulate-linear, twice the length of the turbinate tube: corolla
light blue, oblong-campanulate; tube longer than the oblong acute
lobes: filaments dilated into a broad ciliolate base: capsule urceolate,
opening by 3 valves above the middle.— Only at the very summits of our
highest mountains, Diablo, Tamalpais and Hamilton. June.

2* TRIODA.NIS, Raf. Annuals with very broad closely sessile leaves,
and flowers of two kinds sessile in their axils. Only the uppermost
flowers complete, these with rotate 5-lobed corolla; the others apetalous,
fertilized in the bud. Calyx prismatic, of the apetalous fl. 3-lobed, of
the complete 5-lobed. Prismatic capsule opening by 2 or 3 small lateral
valves. Seeds oo , ovoid, flattish, smooth.

1. T. biflora (R. & P.). Slender, 6—10 in. high, often with many
branches from the base: leaves ovate or_ oblong, somewhat crenate-
toothed; the upper reduced to lanceolate bracts shorter than the flowers:
calyx-lobes of complete fl. lanceolate-subulate, of apetalous shorter and
broader: valvular openings of capsule just below the summit: seeds
lenticular.— Sandy plains and dry hillsides; not common. April, May.

3. HETEROCODOX, Nutt. Habit, and dimorphous flowers of the
last genus; but calyx with obpyramidal tube, and broad foliaceous lobes
which are veiny and sharply toothed. Capsule 3-angled, thin and mem-
branaceous, bursting on the sides irregularly. Seeds oblong, obscurely
triquetrous.

1. H. rariflorum, Nutt. Very slender, 2—10 in. high : leaves rounded,
with cordate partly clasping base, and coarse sharp teeth. — Mountains
of Napa Co. and northward.

4. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. Low rigid branching annuals, with flowers
all alike complete. Calyx with clavate or linear 10-ribbed tube and 5
long narrow rather rigid foliaceous lobes. Corolla narrowly campan-

231

ulate. Capsule firm, strongly ribbed, crowned with rigid calyx-lobes of
its own length, opening by a round aperture formed by the falling away
of the base of the style. Seeds oblong to somewhat fusiform.

1. <*. specularioides, Nutt. Roughish with short stiff hairs, 2 — 5
in. high, mostly quite erect, and with few short divergent branches, each
1-flowered: leaves lanceolate-oblong, sessile, coarsely toothed: corolla
blue, usually shorter than the narrow-linear 1-nerved calyx-lobes: cap-
sule pedicellate: seeds rather slender-oblong. Dry open grounds. May.

2. (x. diffusa, Gray. Slender, diffusely branching, glabrous: calyx-
lobes subulate-lanceolate from a broad base, half the length of the
linear sessile capsule: seeds short-oblong. — Vaca Mountains, and south-
ward. May, June.

ORDER LXIL E R I C A C E ^E ,

Woody plants (Pyrola herbaceous), with alternate simple leaves, and
symmetrical mostly 5-merous flowers. Calyx either adherent to or free
from the ovary, and stamens epigynous or hypogynous, opening by ter-
minal pores. Corolla sympetalous (in Pyrola choripetalous), often
urceolate. Style 1; stigma sometimes girt with a ring. Ovary with cells
equal in number to the petals. Fruit baccate, drupaceous, or capsular.

Corolla sympetalous;

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary :. VACCINIUJM 1

' free from the ovary;

Fruit granular, baccate ARBUTUS 2

smooth, drupaceous ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 3

capsular, but berry-like by enclosure in a

fleshy calyx BROSSJEA 4

" woody-capsular RHODODENDRON 5

Corolla choripetalous; stamens hypogynous;

Flowers umbellate, on a leafy stem CHIMAPHIL.A 6

racemose, on a naked scape PYROLA 7

!• YACCINIUM, Linn. Shrubs. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
and corolla epigynous. Anther-cells separate, tapering upwards into a
tube, this opening by a round orifice at the apex. Stigma simple, with-
out a ring. Fruit a many-seeded berry crowned with the 5 small teeth
of the calyx.

1. V. ovatum, Pursh. Evergreen, erect, 3—6 ft. high, with spreading
branches and hirsute branchlets : leaves coriaceous, smooth and shining
above, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate: fl. crowded in very
short axillary and terminal racemes: corolla campanulate, pink: calyx-
teeth as long as the ovary : berries black, without bloom — Plentiful on
wooded hills in the vicinity of the Redwoods. May, June.

2. ARBUTUS, Pliny. Trees. Calyx 5-lobed, free from the ovary.
Corolla urceolate, with 5 small recurved teeth. Stamens 10, included;

232

anthers with a pair of reflexed awns on the back. Ovary raised on a
hypogynous disk. Fruit a berry with granular, surface, and many seeds.

1. A. Menziesii, Pursh. Small symmetrical large-leaved evergreen
tree, with hard wood, and a red-brown exfoliating bark : leaves oval or
oblong, deep green and shining above, entire or serrulate: fl. in an ample
terminal panicle of dense racemes; corolla white, nearly globular : berries
dark reddish. — Common in the Coast Range.

3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Galen. Shrubs or small trees, with inflor-
escence and flowers nearly as in Arbutus. Foliage coriaceous and
evergreen. Cells of ovary only 1-ovuled. Fruit with hard smooth sur-
face, and a mealy or almost powdery pulp between it and the 5 or more
hard-woody or almost bony stone-like 1-seeded nutlets; these often more
or less firmly consolidated.

* Ovary glabrous; branches and petioles never hispid.

1. A. pumila, Nutt. Stems depressed, several feet long, tomentose-
pubescent when young: leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire,
short-petioled : fl. in short racemose clusters, with veiny bracts: corolla
pinkish: fr. orbicular, yellowish -brown; the nutlets broadly carinate,
occasionally partly coalescing into irregular 2-celled stones. — A rare
undershrub, found chiefly about Monterey, but occurring at the base
of Lone Mountain, San Francisco. Fr. July.

2. A. Manzanita, Parry. Trunks erect, usually clustered, the bush
or small tree 6—25 ft. high: bark mahogany-red, exfoliating: leaves
commonly vertical by a twist in the short petiole, rigid, ovate, with broad
rounded base and obtusish though often mucronate apex: peduncles
and pedicels of the somewhat paniculate inflorescence pubescent;
bractlets broad, acuminate: corolla pinkish, broadly urceolate: fr. cin-
namon-color, but bright and shining, depressed-globose, 4—6 lines
broad: nutlets more or less firmly coalescent, the whole including 5—7
fertile cells. — Very common in the Coast Range; in Napa and Sonoma
counties often very large and tree-like. Fl. Nov. — Feb.

3. A. Stan for diana, Parry. Stems 3—5 ft. high, slender, the smooth
bark not exfoliating: leaves narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, tapering to a
short petiole, entire, mucronate, deep green on both faces: calyx red;
corolla pink : fruit in pendulous racemes, orbicular, much flattened, the
nutlets broader than high, carinate, usually 2 or more coalescent, rarely
all united into an irregular stone. — Abundant on hills above Calistoga,
Napa Co. Fl. March; fr. July.

4. A. glauca, Lindl. Erect, 8— 20 ft. high, glabrous, glaucous: leaves
rigid, often vertical, round-ovate to oblong: racemes panicled; pedicels
glandular-hirsutulous; fruit large, not depressed, but rather longer than
broad; the nutlets completely consolidated into a 5-celled stone a half-inch
thick.— Mt. Diablo to Los Gatos, and southward.

^:. 233

* * Ovary pubescent; branchlets often hispid.

5. A. tomentosa (Pursh), Dougl. Erect, 4 — 8 ft. high, tomentose
when young, the branchlets and often the petioles hispid with long white
rather flaccid-bristly hairs: leaves glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to
ovate and somewhat cordate, entire, or rarely serrulate: fl. in short
conspicuously bracted clustered racemes, the pedicels shorter than the
bracts : f r. red, puberulent. — Cool slopes of the Coast Range.

6. A. Amlersonii, Gray. Size of the last, every way similar in
aspect, save that the leaves are thinner, longer, and sessile, or nearly so,
by a strongly sagittate-clasping base: drupes reddish, much depressed,
clothed with short viscid-glandular bristles. — Oakland Hills and south-
ward to the Santa Cruz Mts.

7. A. niunmularia, Gray. Low, more or less spreading, glabrous
excepting the bristly hairs of the branchlets: leaves of a vivid light green,
not in the least glaucescent, oval, rounded at both ends, or at apex
acutish, }& — % in. long, short-petioled: racemes short and clustered. —
Marin Co. and northward.

4. BROSSJEA, Plumier. Low shrub, with large evergreen leaves,
and flowers in axillary racemes from scaly buds. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla
urceolate, 5-toothed. Stamens 10. Fruit closely imitating a berry, but
consisting of a depressed 5-celled many-seeded capsule enclosed within
the enlarged and fleshy or pulpy calyx.

1. B. Shallou (Pursh), O. Ktze. Shrubby stems ascending, 1 — 2 ft.
high: leaves ovate-cordate, acute or acuminate, 2—4 in. long, finely
serrate : fl. in terminal and axillary compound viscid glandular racemes :
bracts scaly : pedicels 1 — 2-bracteolate below the middle : corolla ovate :
fr. blackish and sweet. — Only in the redwood districts, and not very
common with us.

5. RHODODENDRON, Linn. Shrubs with alternate entire leaves,
and showy flowers in terminal umbels. Corolla large, with ample limb
and, in ours, 5 exserted stamens. Capsule woody, elongated, septicidally
5-valved from the summit. Seeds many, small, with a loose testa.

1. R. occidental (T. & G.), Gray. Shrub 5—8 ft. high: leaves
obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, glabrate, the margins minutely hispid-
ciliate: flowers faintly mephitic, appearing after the leaves; corolla 2 in.
long or more, minutely viscid-pubescent on the outside, white, with a
long yellow spot on the upper lobe, the narrowly funnelform tube about
as long as the limb.— Banks of mountain streams, and on swampy north-
ward slopes: plentiful in some parts of Marin Co.

2. R. Sonomense, Greene. Shrub 2—5 ft. high; leaves somewhat
elliptical, 1 in. long or less, the margin serrulate and ciliolate : fl. rose-

234 ERICACEAE.

color, sweet-scented; corolla 1 in. long or more, one of two of the segments
with a narrowly elliptic deep salmon-colored spot.— Mostly on dry slopes
of the mountains of Sonoma Co., from Mt. St. Helena^to near Petaluma.

6. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Low evergreen undershrubs, with rather
large serrulate leaves in irregular whorls, and a terminal naked umbel
of a few fragrant flowers. Corolla rotate; petals 5, orbicular, concave.
Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Style in verse -
conic; stigma broad, orbicular. Fruit a depressed 5-lobed 5-celled cap-
sule opening loculicidally from the apex.

1. C. Menziesii (Don.), Spreng. Leaves % — \Y2 in. long, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, purplish beneath, more or less
mottled or veined with white above: peduncle 1 — 3-flowered: filaments
villous.— Mt. Hamilton; and to be expected on Mt. Tamalpais; otherwise
a northern plant.

7. PYROLA, Brunfels. Low perennial herbs. Leaves when present
ample, petiolate and near the ground. Scape scaly-bracted, bearing a
raceme at summit. Petals orbicular, concave, but more or less conver-
gent. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule loculicidal, the valves separating from
below.

1. P. picta, Smith. Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, on short or mar-
gined petioles, coriaceous, pale, veined or blotched with white: petals
greenish-white. — Reported from Mendocino Co., and likely to be found
within our limits.

2. P. aphylla, Smith. Leafless; the stems red, 7 — 10 in. high, from
a scaly-bracted rootstock: lobes of the calyx ovate, acute, much shorter
than the obovate white petals. — Lower slopes of Mt. Tamalpais.

PLUMBAGINACE.E. 235

DIVISION IV. SYMPETAL^ HYPOGYN^.

Corolla sympetalous, the stamens attached to its tube, the whole
inserted around the base of the ovary.

ORDER LXIII. PLUMBAGINACE>€.

Maritime herbs, with radical leaves clasping the stem at their insertion.
Flowers regular, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx 5-plaited, 5-toothed, persist-
ent. Petals with long claws united into a ring at base. Stamens
opposite the petals and joined to their base. Fruit utricular or achene-
like, in the bottom of the calyx; the one seed with straight embryo in
mealy albumen.

1. STATICE, Dalechamps. Leaves narrowly linear, in a close radical
tuft. Flowers in a single globose head terminating a simple scape.

1. S. Armeria, L. Leaves flat, 1-nerved: scape solitary, stoutish,
1 ft. high or more: fl. dull pink or flesh-color. — Along sandy beaches in
wet ground, or occasionally in elevated stations among the hills of the
seaboard. May, June.

2. LIMQNIUM, Diosc. Leaves ample and rather few. Flowers in
short spikes terminating the many branchlets of a branching scape.

1. L. commune, S. F. Gray, var. Californicum (Boiss.). Leaves
8 — 10 in. long, obovate-oblong, entire, fleshy-coriaceous: scape 1—2 ft.
high, the spikes corymbose-panicled : calyx- tube more or less hairy on
the angles. — In salt marshes, plentiful. Sept. — Nov.

ORDER LXIV. PLANTAGINACE/E.
Comprising scarcely more than the genus

1. PLANTAGO, Pliny (PLANTAIN). Acaulescent herbs with elongated
leaves, and spikes of colorless small flowers on naked scapes, each flower
subtended by a bract. Calyx of 4 persistent imbricated sepals free from
the ovary. Corolla short-salverform, scarious, persistent; its limb
4-parted, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2 — 4, inserted on the corolla alter-
nate with its lobes. Style filiform, all the upper part pubescent and
stigmatic. Fruit a circumscissile capsule, few- or many-seeded. Embryo
straight; albumen fleshy.

* Corolla remaining expanded, i. e. not closed over the fruit.

1. P. MAJOR, L. Perennial, stout, glabrous or sparsely pubescent:
leaves ovate or oval, 3 — 10 in. long, very distinctly 5 — 7-ribbed, entire or
somewhat toothed: spikes linear, elongated, the naked part of the scape
not as long as the leaves: capsule ovoid, obtuse, circumscissile near the

236 PLANTAGINACE.E.

level of the sepals: seeds 8— 18, brownish, minutely reticulated.— Mostly
in shaded or moist places; not very common; supposed to have been
introduced from Europe.

2. P. Asiatic:!. L. Bather more slender, the leaves more rounded;
spikes slender, little surpassing the leaves, the flowers of the lower part
scattered: capsule globose-ovoid, circumscissile not a little below the level
of the sepak. — Less common, and less confined to the neighborhood of
buildings, or to cultivated lands,* presumably native.

3. P. LANCEOLATA, L. Perennial: leaves oblong-lanceolate, villous or
glabrate, tapering into a short petiole, very strongly ribbed: scapes
slender, deeply sulcate and angled: spike short, dense: bracts and sepals
broadly ovate, scarious, brownish. — Very common in moist meadow
lands and waysides; native of Europe.

4. P. maritima, L. Very stout maritime perennial, with many
linear obtuse very fleshy leaves: spikes cylindric, long and dense: bracts
mostly roundish, shorter than the calyx: sepals oval, carinate: corolla
with pubescent tube: capsule 2— 4-seeded.— Plentiful on rocks and cliffs
of the seaboard; also in sandy salt marshes.

5. P. Bigelovii, Gray. Stoutish, fleshy and glabrate like the last,
but annual and small, the leaves and scapes erect, the latter only 2—4
in. high, the leaves shorter, linear, entire: spike in fruit 1 in. long or
more: stamens 2 only: capsule ovoid-oblong, well exserted from the
calyx, 4-seeded. — Borders of saline or brackish marshes; quite common
about the Bay, and on the lower San Joaquin. April, May.

6. P. Californica, Greene. Annual, 3 — 6 in. high, the rosulate leaves
commonly depressed, and scapes more or less decumbent at base: leaves
linear, entire or with few remote salient teeth, glabrous or very sparingly
hirsutulous: scapes twice the length of the leaves: spikes linear, 2—3
in. long, rather dense: bracts broadly ovate and with broad scarious
margins below the middle, shorter than the sepals: stamens 2: seeds
8 — 12, irregularly pitted, blackish. — Plains of Alameda and Contra Costa
counties and southward, in alkaline soils. March — May.

7. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. Californica. Annual, slender, 3 — 10
in. high, more or less villous but not lanate, the leaves and scapes slender,
strictly erect from the very base: leaves narrowly oblanceolate linear,
nearly equalling the scapes, these gradually dilated up to the base of
the short cylindric spike: bracts less than half the length of the obtuse
scarious-margined sepals : lobes of the corolla roundish, reflexed : seeds
oblong-oval. — Abundant on grassy plains and hillsides. March— May.

* * Corolla in age closed and forming a beak over the fruit.

8. P. hirtella, HBK. Perennial, somewhat fleshy: leaves oblong-
ovate or -spatulate, 6 — 10 in. long, glabrate, sparsely denticulate, 5—7-

PRIMULACE^. 237

nerved, narrowed to a short and broad petiole-like base: scapes, with
their Jong and dense spike, 1—2 ft. long, stout, hirsute: corolla-lobes ovate,
acute. — In wet places among the hills at San Francisco.

OKDEB LXV. PRIMULACEXE.

Herbs with simple exstipulate leaves, and flowers either axillary and
solitary or, more commonly, terminal and umbellate, sometimes rac-
emose. Corolla regular, the stamens as many as its lobes and opposite
them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 1-celled, the many ovules borne on a
free central placenta. Fruit capsular. Embryo small, in fleshy or
corneous albumen.

Flowers umbellate, terminating a scape;

Segments of corolla long, reflexed MEADIA 1

" short, rotate ANDKOSACE 2

Flowers few, at leafy summit of stem ALSINANTHEMUM 3

solitary in the leaf-aKils;

Pedicellate, red or blue AN AGALI is 4

Sessile \ corolla small CENTUNCULUS 5

< '• none; calyx white GLAUX 6

Flowers racemose; corolla small, white SAMOLUS 7

1. MEADIA, Catesby. Herbs with tufted simple radical leaves, and
a naked scape, from a short perennial often bulbilliferous crown; the
roots fleshy-fibrous. Flowers 5-merous (rarely 4-merous or 6-merous),
umbellate, nodding. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla very deeply
cleft, the purplish segments reflexed. Stamens with very short filaments,
often connate at base, inserted on the very short tube of the corolla;
anthers long, erect, mostly connivent around the style. Capsule oblong,
many-sided, in our species circumscissile near the summit.

1. M. Hendersonii (Gray), O. Ktze. Leaves ovoid or obovoid, very
obtuse to almost truncate and retuse, entire, 2 in. long or more exclusive
of the equally long or longer broad petiole; herbage glabrous: scape
8 — 12 in. high: segments of corolla of a rich rose-purple, the short tube
dark maroon encircled by a band of light yellow: anthers about 2 lines
long, neither connivent nor divergent but erect: capsule oblong, twice
the length of the calyx, circumscissile well below the summit. Var.
cruciata (Greene). Leaves narrower; scapes taller and more slender:
flowers of a darker purple, always 4-merous: the anthers longer and
narrower.— The type is common among the higher hills of both ranges
of coast mountains; the very marked variety on northward slopes of hills
about the Bay. Feb. — April.

2. M. patula (Greene), O. Ktze. Low and stout, pale green and very
glandular throughout, 3—7 in. high: leaves 1—2 in. long, elliptic, entire,
narrowed to a short broad petiole: segments of corolla pale cream-color
with sometimes a purplish tinge; tube of a dark velvety maroon-purple

238 PRIMULACE^E.

encircled by a band of yellow: anthers deep blue-purple, barely a line
long, linear-oblong, with broad retuse apex, at length divergent from
the style: capsule short-oblong or subglobose, circumscissile near the
summit. — Subsaline plains of the interior; abundant in the eastern
part of the Livermore Valley; also on the Oakland Hills, and Bernal
Heights, in a modified form. March, April.

2. AM) ROSACE, Mallhiolus. Diminutive herbs, with small rosulate
radical leaves, and slender scapes bearing an involucrate umbel of very
small white flowers. Corolla salverform, with constricted throat. Sta-
mens 5, included. Capsule subglobose, valvate-dehiscent; seeds few.

1. A, acut a. Very slender, 1 — 4 in. high, rather densely hirsutulous
or almost hispidulous throughout: leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate-
acute, entire, hispid-ciliolate, % — % in. long: bracts of involucre ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lines long: umbel few-flowered, the filiform
pedicels % — 1J£ in. long: calyx 2—3 lines high including the triangular
acuminate almost pungently acute and slightly recurving segments:
capsule not known.— Not rare on northward slopes of the hills of Contra
Costa and Alameda counties; but an obscure plant, known to us for
years, and hitherto mistaken for A. occidentalis. March.

3. ALSIXANTHEMUM, Thalius. Low glabrous perennials, the sim-
ple stem, from a tuberous-thickened root or rootstock, bearing an
apparent whorl of ample leaves at summit, and among these a few fili-
form 1-flowered pedicels.- Flowers 7-merous or 6-merous. Corolla
rotate, deeply parted, the divisions convolute in bud. Capsule dehiscent
by about 5 revolute valves. Seeds few, large, covered with a white
pellicle.

1. A. Europaeum (L.), var. latifolium (Torr.). Stem naked below:
leaves oblong-obovate, mostly acute, 1% — 4 in. long, in a cluster of from
4 to 7 : corolla 5—6 lines broad, from pinkish to almost rose-red. — North-
ward slopes of hills, in shade of trees or thickets. May.

4. ANAGALLIS, Diosc. Low annuals with opposite leaves, and
flowers in their axils on slender pedicels. Corolla rotate, 5-parted; the
rounded lobes convolute in bud. Stamens on base of corolla; filaments
pubescent. Capsule globose, circumscissile.

1. A. ABVENSIS, L. Glabrous, depressed; stem 6—10 in. long, leafy
and flowering throughout: leaves % in. long or more, ovate, sessile:
calyx-lobes narrow, almost equalling the scarlet, or sometimes bluish
corolla, this expanded only under a clear sky. — Very common; flowering
at all seasons except mid-winter.

5. CEXTUNCULUS, Dillenius. Diminutive glabrous annual, with
alternate leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers solitary in their axils.

OLEACE^E. 239

Corolla with globular tube, and 4— 5-lobed limb shorter than the calyx.
Stamens on the tube of the corolla; filaments short, subulate. Capsule
circumscissile.

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2—6 in. long: leaves usually
obovate or spatulate-oblong, 2 — 3 lines long; fl. nearly or quite sessile,
usually 4-merous: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, as long as the capsule.
— Obscure little herbs of low plains. May.

6. GLAUX, Dodoens. Small erect succulent seaside herb, with
leaves mostly opposite, and small flowers sessile in the axils. Calyx
campanulate, corolla-like and white or pinkish, 5-cleft. Corolla 0. Sta-
mens 5, hypogynous. Capsule globose, 5-valved from the summit.

1. G. maritima, L. Perennial, glauc'escent, 3—6 in. high, leaves ob-
long, % in- l°ng more or less, minutely dotted. — Frequent both along
the seaboard and in subsaline soils in the interior.

7. SAMOLUS, Pliny. Glabrous perennial herbs, wiih alternate
leaves, and small white flowers in a terminal raceme, or racemose pani-
cle. Ovary at base connate with the base of the calyx. Corolla
subcampanulate. Stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla; filaments short;
anthers cordate. Staminodia 5, in the sinuses of the corolla.

1. S. Valerandi, J. Bauh., var. Americanns, Gray. Slender, 3—10
in. high, branching and somewhat racemose-paniculate : leaves obovate,
thin, narrowed to a petiole : pedicels of the small flowers not bracted at
base, but bracteolate near the middle : calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than
the corolla.— Not rare among rushes and sedges, in the Suisun Bay
marshes. Aug. — Oct.

OKDEBLXVI. 0 L E A C E >£ .

Important family of trees; represented in our district by two very
dissimilar species of Ash.

1. FRAXIXUS, Vergil Trees, with unequally pinnate leaves, and
very many small flowers in crowded panicles, developed before the leaves
in spring, and from separate buds: dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-
cleft or -toothed, or obsolete. Corolla of 2—4 petals distinct or united
at base. Stamens 2— 4, hypogynous. Ovary 2-celled; a pair of ovules
pendulous in each cell. Fruit a samara, winged from the summit.

1. F. dipetala, Hook. & Arn. Tree small: leaves glabrous; leaflets
5—9, oval or oblong, serrate, mostly petiolulate, 1 — 2 in. long, in age
coriaceous: calyx usually 4-toothed, sometimes almost entire: petals 2,
white, obovate-oblong, with short claw: fr. narrowly spatulate-oblong,
mostly retuse, 1 in. long, the base merely sharp-edged, or else the wings
continuing to the base. — Near Niles, Livermore, etc.

240 APOCYNACE.E.

2. F. Oregana, Nutt. Tree of fair dimensions: leaves tomentose,
or glabrate in age; leaflets 5—9, oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile,
2 — 4 in. long: fl. all with minute calyx and no petals; fr. marginless at
base, margined upwards into an oblanceolate or spatulate retuse wing,
the whole 1—1^ in. long. — Marin and San Mateo counties.

OBDER LXVII. APOCYNACE^E.

Herbs with milky juice, opposite entire exstipulate leaves, and regular
5-merous flowers. Corolla-lobes convolute in bud. Stamens borne on
the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers more or less coherent with
the stigma. Ovaries 2, both developing into long follicles filled with
flattish seeds usually bearing a tuft of silky down at the end.

1. APOCYNUM, Matthiolus. Flowers small, in terminal cymes.
Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla cylindric or campanulate, 5-lobed,
bearing within and toward the base 5 triangular- subulate appendages,
alternate with the stamens. Stamens on the base of the corolla; fila-
ments short, broad; anthers sagittate, acute. Stigma ovoid, obscurely
2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds many, with long coma at apex.

1. A. pumilum. Commonly pubescent, stoutish, seldom 1 ft. high,
with spreading branches from the base: lowest leaves subreniform to
j'ound-ovate, the others cordate-ovate and oval, commonly % in., seldom
more than 1 in. long: fl. solitary in the upper axils, and in short cymose
clusters at the ends of the branches: corolla subcylindric, 3—4 lines long;
oblong-lanceolate segments little spreading. -^Goiomon in the Mt. Diablo
Range and northward. Eeferred as a variety to A. androsaemifolium
hitherto, but wholly distinct in size and form of corolla, as well as in
other particulars.

2. A. caiiiialriiiuiii, L. Herbage of a light almost yellowish green,
flaccid, glabrous: stem 2—4 ft. .high, erect, rather strict: leaves oblong,
2 — 3 in. long: fl. small, greenish, in small dense terminal cymes; corolla
little exceeding the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Frequent along streams, and
in low lands. June — Aug.

3. A. Yestituni. Allied to the last, but dwarfish, rather widely
branching, and densely soft-pubescent throughout: leaves all ovate-
lanceolate, 1 — 2 in. long: cymes ample and compound: corolla cylindric,
about twice the length of the lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes, its segments
a third the length of the tube, little spreading. — Hills west of Napa
Valley, in dry soil. July.

2. PERVINCA, Tragus. Flowers large, solitary in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx 5 -par ted, with acuminate segments. Corolla with narrow-
funnelform tube, hairy and angular throat, and rotate limb. Stamens 5,
the inflexed anthers longer than the short filaments; these on the tube

ASCLEPIAD.ACE.E. 241

of the corolla. Style enlarged above, ending in a reflexed membrane.
Stigma obscurely 2-lobed, hispid. Follicles 2, terete, striate. Seeds
oblong-cylindric, with no coma.

1. P. MAJOR (L.), Scop. Steins slender, when young and flowering
erect, 1 ft. high, at length procumbent or trailing and several feet long:
leaves ovate, 2—3 in. long, short-petioled, finely ciliate: calyx-segments
subulate, ciliate, toothed below: corolla blue: the limb 1 in. or more in
breadth. — Common in moist shady places, as an escape from the gardens;
multiplying by rooting at the joints or the ends of the long shoots, but
not fruiting with us. Jan. — March.

ORDER LXVIII. ASCLEPIADACE/E.

Ours perennial herbs, with milky juice, opposite or whorled entire
leaves, and smallish flowers in axillary mostly subglobose umbels.
Flowers 5-merous, but carpels 2 only. Stamens joined to the stigma.
Pollen in waxy masses. Fruit a follicle. Seeds thin, flat, crowned with
a coma of silky down.

1. ASCLEPIAS, Diosc. Calyx very small; corolla larger, both deeply
5-parted, the divisions reflexed. Filaments monadelphous, inserted on
the very base of the corolla; a circle of hood-like organs between corolla
and stamens being the most conspicuous part of the flower, these with
(or sometimes lacking) a horn-like appendage within. Anther cells,
with waxy pollen-masses, connected with the stigmatic disk; the body
of the anther with a triangular corneous wing widening down* to the
base of the organ, i. e. to the column. Follicle usually one only from
each flower, the other ovary being abortive.

* Species hoary -tomentose, or almost white.

1. A. speciosa, Torr. Stout, 2 — 4 ft. high: leaves oblong-ovate,
acutish, 4 — 6 in. long, very short-petioled: peduncle longer than the
white- woolly pedicels: fl. % in. long, of a dull red-purple; hoods nearly
% in. long, ascending or almost spreading, lanceolate, the short inflexed
horn not surpassing the anthers: follicle soft-spinous, densely tomen-
tose.— Marin and Contra Costa Co. hills; also at Alameda, and in the
hills to the eastward.

2. A. eriocarpa, Benth. Stoutish, 2—4 ft. high, the stem often
sharply angled: leaves sometimes 3 or 4 in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, acute, 4 — 7 in. long, short-petioled: umbels on stout
peduncles mostly longer than the pedicels: fl. 3^ lines long, creamy-
white with slight purplish tinge; hoods shorter than the anthers, oblately
semiorbicular, open to near the middle of the back, the summits
produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, nearly enclosing the
acute falciform horn. — Napa and Santa Clara counties, and southward.

242 GENTJANACE.E.

3. A, yestita, Hook. & Am. Densely floccose- woolly, even to the
outside of the corolla: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very acute or
acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile: only
the terminal umbel at all peduncled, the others sessile: corolla purplish;
hoods nearly erect, venlricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, somewhat
truncate, the inner angles involute, the vomer-shaped crest-like horn
attached up to the summit of the hood and not exserted. — Alameda and
San Francisco counties, and southward.

4. A. Californica, Greene. General aspect of the last, but stouter
and low, seldom 2 ft. high: leaves ovate or oblong, 2—4 in. long, sharply
acuminate: umbels sessile : corolla purplish; hoods dark-maroon, nearly
orbicular, attached centrally and lying partly below the anthers, 2-valved
half way down the back, destitute of horn. — Mt. Diablo Range.

* * Glabrous species.

5. A. ecornuta, Kell. Herbage dark almost purplish green: stem 2
— 3 ft. high: leaves 3 — 5 in. long, from deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
sessile by a cordate base: umbels mostly at naked summit of stem and
axillary to mere bracts; pedicels slender: fl. dark red-purple; hoods
oblong, obliquely truncate and acutely angled, attached near the base,
destitute of horn: follicles smooth and glabrous.— Napa Co. and north-
ward, in the higher mountains. June.

6. A. fascicularis, Dcsne. Slender, 2—3 ft. high: leaves in whorls
of 3— 5, .or the lower and uppermost opposite, linear to linear-lanceolate,
2 — 5 in. long, short-petioled: slender-peduncled umbels many, often in
whorls; pedicels and calyx often puberulent: fl. small, flesh-color or
purplish; column of filaments half as long as the anthers; the slender
horn subulate, erserted from the hood and incurved over summit of the
stigma. — In low plains of Alameda and Santa Clara counties; perhaps of
more general distribution in our district.

2. SOLANOA, Greene. Low and rather slender perennial, differing
from the preceding genus in having lunate rather than triangular
anther wings, and the hoods split down both sides into 2 valves, and des-
titute of horn or appendage.

1. S. purpurascens (Gray), Greene. A few inches to 1 ft. high,
decumbent; herbage canescently puberulent: leaves cordate-ovate,
obtuse, 1 in. long or more: umbels globose and dense, on peduncles
exceeding the pedicels : fl. purplish-red, about 2 lines long. — Mountain
summits of Sonoma Co., near the Geysers. June.

ORDER LXIX. GENTIANACE/E.

Herbs with watery and bitter juice, mostly opposite simple entire
Bessile leaves, no stipules, and complete regular 5-merous flowers. Calyx

GENTIANACE^E. 243

persistent. Corolla convolute in bud. Stameus on corolla-tube, as
many as its lobes and alternate with them; anthers 2-celled, opening
lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae. Style 1; stigma 2-
lobed. Seeds very many and small.

Small and slender yellow-flowered annual MICROCALA 1

Pink-flowered annuals EKYTHRJEA 2

Blue-flowered perennials GENTIANA 3

Trif oliolate white-flowered perennial MEN YANTHES 4

1. MICROCALA, Link. Plants almost filiform, the branches pedun-
culiform, terminating in a minute 4-merous yellow flower. Corolla
funnelform; tube ventricose. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the
corolla; anthers cordate-ovate. Capsule 2-valved, septicidal, the
placentse along the sutures.

1. M. quadrangularis ( Lam.), Griseb. Simple, or with a few erect
branches from the base, 1—2 in. high: leaves minute, oval or oblong:
peduncles strict, quadrangular: calyx short, quadrangular, appearing
truncate at both ends: corolla deep yellow, twice the length of the calyx,
open under a sunny sky only. — Frequent along the bases of low hills,
and in moist fields; doubtless native. April.

2. ERYTHRISA, Renealm. Stems leafy and mostly freely branching.
Calyx 5-parted; the divisions slender. Corolla salverform; stamens
inserted on its throat; anthers oblong or linear, twisting spirally in age.
Capsule elongated. Seeds oblong or spherical, reticulate-pitted.

* Seeds spherical.

1. E. yenusta, Gray. Simple and cymosely several-flowered at sum-
mit, or corymbosely branched, 3—8 in. high: leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, % — % in. long, obtusish: calyx-lobes very narrow down to
the base: corolla bright pink with a yellow center, the limb % in. broad;
lobes oval or obovate: anthers oblong-linear. — A southern species, but
occurring near San Leandro, according to Dr. Behr.

2. E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, 2—10 in. high, loosely paniculate:
leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, J£— % in long: peduncles
filiform, erect, the central ones 1 in. long or more: lobes of the pink
corolla oblong, 2 lines long. — Attributed to San Francisco by Dr. Behr.

* * Seeds slightly elongated.

3. E. Mnhlenbergii, Griseb. Low, fastigiately branched from the
base, cymosely flowered at summit: leaves oblong, obtuse; the floral
lanceolate: pedicels short or almost none in the forks, but the lateral
often as long as the flower, and bibracteolate at the summit: corolla
rose-red, its lobes 2 — 3 lines long, obtuse or. retuse: seeds short-oval. — Com-
mon in the Bay region.

244 POLEMONIACE^E.

4. E. floribunda, Benth. Rather strict and closely flowered, 6—10
in. high, corymbose-cymose at summit: lower leaves oblong; upper
lanceolate: fl. short-pedicelled, or those in the forks nearly sessile; lobes
of pinkish corolla oblong, only 2 lines long, the tube twice or thrice longer:
anthers short-oblong: seeds round-ovoid. — San Bruno Mountains, Behr.

5. E. trichantha, Griseb. Fastigiate-cymose and profusely flower-
ing, 4—8 in. high: leaves oblong-oval to lanceolate: corolla-lobes oblong-
lanceolate, % in. long or more: filaments slender; anthers linear: seeds
oval-oblong. — Marin and Napa counties.

8. GENTIAtfA, Diosc. Herbs wifch showy usually blue corollas
commonly persistent on the calyx and enclosing tbe mature capsule.
Corolla campanulate or funnelform, the 5 lobes with plaited folds in
their sinuses. Stamens included. Style short or 0. Capsule septicidal,
sometimes with its whole inner wall placentiferous.

1. 0. Oregana, Engelm. Perennial, erect, stoutish, 1—2 ft. high:
leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 — 1% in. long: fl. few at summit of stem:
corolla 1 in. long or more, deep blue, funnelform, the ovate lobes not
narrowed at base, the plaits extended into a conspicuous laciniate-
toothed or -cleft appendage. — Mt. Tamalpais, and hills northward.

4. MENYANTHES, Dalechamps. Bog perennial, with thick horizon-
tal rootstocks bearing long petioled leaves (in ours trifoliate) and a
naked scape with a terminal raceme of white flowers. Corolla campan-
ulate, 5-cleft; the lobes fimbriate-bearded on the face. Anthers sagittate,
versatile. Ovary surmounted by a long style. Capsule globular. Seeds
few and rather large; the close testa smooth, shining crustaceous.

1. M. trifoliata, L. Petioles and scape stout, 1 ft. high or less : leaf
divided into 3 oblong-obovate entire or repand leaflets: corolla less than
1 in. long, densely bearded within, white or rose-tin ted. —Formerly at
San Francisco, but extinct there since 1859, according to Dr. Behr; not
rare in the Sierra Nevada, and elsewhere northward beyond our limits.

ORDER LXX. POLEMONIACE/E.

Mostly herbs, with watery juice of no marked properties. Leaves
exstipulate, simple or divided. Flowers complete, 5-merous (rarely 4-
merous), except the pistil, which is 3-merous; the style 3-cleft, the ovary
3-celled. Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent, with axial placentae
and few or many seeds; these commonly mucilaginous when wet.

* Calyx herbaceous throughout.

Calyx slightly accrescent, otherwise unchanged in age POLEMONIUM 1

* * Calyx scarious or coriaceous at base.

Calyx-segments equal, the sinuses in age distended into a short lobe. .COI-LOMIA 2
" unequal; sinuses unchanged in age NAVARRETTA 3

POLEMONIACE.E. '245

* * * Calyx scarious between the angles.

Leaves alternate; stamens inserted equally GILIA 4

Leaves mostly opposite and corolla salverform;

Leaves mostly digitate-divided; stamens inserted equally LINANTHUS 5

" undivided; stamens unequally inserted PHLOX 6

1. POLEMOXIUM, Diosc. Herbs with alternate pinnate flaccid
leaves, the leaflets or segments sessile, entire. Calyx herbaceous
throughout, neither angled nor costate, slightly accrescent and loosely
investing the capsule, campanulate or narrower, cleft to the middle, the
segments lanceolate or broader, equal, erect, or connivent over the cap-
sule, or campanulate-spreading, entire, never recurved nor aristate-
pointed. Corolla regular, in ours campanulate, blue or purplish. Sta-
mens more or less declined. Seeds angular or winged.

1. P. carneum, Gray. Stoutish, 1—2 ft. high, sparingly leafy,
loosely cymose-paniculate, the branchlets 3-flowered: leaflets ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, 1 — 1L< in. long: calyx deeply 5-cleft; lobes ovate-
oblong: corolla campanulate-funnelform, nearly 1 in. long and as broad
in expansion, salmon-color to violet-purple; lobes round-obovate : ovules
and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — Most beautiful species, of mountain
woods in San Mateo and Marin counties, and far northward. June.

2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. Herbs with alternate leaves, and cymose
clustered flowers. Calyx scarious below between the angles, in flower
turbinate, in age obpyramidal or nearly cyathiform, not distended by
the capsule; segments herbaceous, equal, entire, triangular or lanceo-
late, erect, never recurved or even spreading; the sinuses at length
distended below into a re volute lobe. Corolla with narrow tube, open
throat, and a spreading limb. Stamens unequal and unequally inserted
on the tube of the corolla. Capsule narrowed at base. Seeds usually
1 in each cell.

1. C. graiidiflora, Dougl. Erect, 6 in. to 2 ft. high, leafy through-
out, flowering only at and near the summit: leaves linear, and oblong-
lanceolate, to almost ovate around the flower-clusters, 2 — 3 in. long,
mostly entire: fl. capitate crowded at summit, and at the ends of a few
subterminal short branchlets: calyx and bracts viscid-pubescent: corolla
pah salmon-color, 1 in. long or more, narrowly funnelform, with limb of
oblong lobes spreading to the width of 8—10 lines. — Slopes and summits
of the inner coast mountains, at considerable elevations. June, July.

2. C. heterophylla, Hook. Low, diffuse, pubescent and viscid:
leaves thin, more or less bipinnatifid, or some of the upper merely
toothed, or entire : fl. in small clusters in the axils, and at ends of
branches; corolla small, slender-salverform, deep purple: capsule ellip-
soid; seeds 2 — 3 in each cell. — Common in mountain shades.

3. NATARRETIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Annuals, glabrous and scentless,
or viscid- pubescent and heavy-scented; the leaves always alternate, even

246 POLEMONIACE^:.

the lowest, and setaceously or spinosely pinnatifid, or the lowest sub-
entire; flowers in crowded bracted clusters at the ends of all the branches.
Calyx-tube scarious between the 5 prominent green angles or costae, not
accrescent, prismatical or obpyramidal ; segments unequal, erect or
spreading, not recurved, pungent-tipped, all entire, or the two larger
spinulose-toothed or -cleft. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform.
Stamens and style usually straight, rarely declined. Pericarp 1 — 3-
celled, 1 — many-seeded, partially dehiscent from above, or from below, or
occasionally in dehiscent.

* Pericarp hyaline, indehiscenl, the walls closely adherent to and trans-
parently exhibiting the agglutinated mass of dark-colored seeds.

1. X. prostrata (Gray), Greene. Primary flower-cluster sessile near
the ground, the few branches radiating from beneath it and prostrate:
leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad and strap-shaped, the segments short
and spreading, some of the uppermost occasionally 3-cleft: calyx-tube
minutely white-hirsute, thin-hyaline between the stout costse, constricted
over the capsule, the segments spreading, 3 spinulosely trifid, 2 subulate
and entire: pericarp a transparent utricle close-fitted to the glutinous
seeds, breaking transversely or irregularly when soaked. — Plains of the
lower Sacramento. May.

2. X. lencocephala, Benth. Erect, a span high or more, the stem
whitish-puberulent: leaves once or twice pinnatifid, the rachis not
broader than the divaricate segments: calyx-tube nearly glabrous with-
out, white-hairy in the sinuses, little constricted over the capsule, the
segments erect, all entire, or one or two of them cleft: corollas larger
than in the preceding, white.— Very common on the plains of Solano
Co., beyond Suisun. April, May.

3. X. intertexta (Benth.), Hook. Nearly simple, or branching from
the base, 3—10 in. high, neither viscid nor glandular: stem retrorsely
pubescent: leaves mainly glabrous, their divaricate acerose divisions
simple or sparingly divided: fl. densely glomerate: base of their bracts and
tube of calyx densely villous with long spreading white hairs: corolla pale
blue or white, little exceeding the calyx: capsule subglobose, 3-celled,
several-seeded, but walls hyaline, adherent to the seeds, breaking irregu-
larly.—Marin and Sonoma counties, and northward. June.

* * Capsule of firm texture, opaque, more or less perfectly dehiscent;
seeds not agglutinate in a mass.

4. X. cotul 83 folia (Benth.), Hook. & Am. Stem stout and rigid, 4 — 8
in. high, puberulent, or villous and somewhat glandular: leaves twice
pinnatifid into slender herbaceous soft and innocuous segments; the upper-
most ones, and the bracts decidedly spinescent: fl. white, 4-merous:

POLEMONIACE^. 247

stamens exserted: capsule few-seeded. — Plains of the lower Sacramento;
plentiful near Fairfield and Suisun. A peculiar soft-leaved and scentless
species. April, May.

5. N. Yiscidnla, Bentk. Only 2 — 4 in. high, simple or branching
from the base: viscid-pubescent: stem- leaves extremely narrow, remotely
pinnatifid; the floral rigid, pinnatifid-toothed, and, with the bracts and
calyx-teeth spinescent : corolla large, rather narrow, perfectly regular, deep
blue, stamens straight' cells of capsule 1-seeded. — In dry rather sandy
soils, from Napa Valley southward. June.

6. N. heterodoxa, Greene. Slight pubescence of the preceding, but
extremely viscid, mephitic-scented; stem 6 — 12 in. high, with many
slender wide-spread branches : lowest cauline leaves with linear-filiform
rachis and pinnate segments, the latter in 5—7 pairs; the upper and
floral more lanceolate, and with pinnate teeth toward the base only;
bracts broadly ovate, subulate-acuminate: segments of calyx subequal,
entire: corolla blue, with short tube, open-campanulate limb and exserted
declined stamens: seeds small, 4 or 5 in each cell. — Hills of Napa and
Sonoma counties, and southward to beyond Santa Clara. June — Aug.

7. X. parvula, Greene. Low but stoutish with numerous short
branches, 2—4 in. high; glandular-puberulent, very viscid and aromatic:
lowest leaves linear, entire, the upper rather broader and with subulate
teeth or segments: corolla about 4 lines long, broadly tubular-funnel-
form, light blue: stamens very unequal, the 2 posterior included, the 3
anterior long-exserted and declined. — Near Crystal Springs. June.

8. N. mellita, Greene. Slender and low, 2 — 5 in. high and with
ascending or spreading branches, the branches glandular-villous : herbage
very viscid and honey-scented: lowest leaves divided pinnately into
subulate-acerose spine-like segments, those of the upper leafy-dilated
and spine-tipped: corolla narrowly tubular-funnelform, minute, not
exceeding the calyx, very pale blue: stamens included. — San Mateo Co.,
near Belmont, and northward. June — Aug.

9. X. pnbescens (Benth.), Hook. & Am. Tall, stoutish, flexuous and
branching, soft-pubescent, the herbage with a strong hircine odor: leaf-
segments 5—11, the terminal or odd one spatulate-dilated, the others
linear, all with numerous sharp and stiff teeth or lobes : calyx-teeth all
pungent-tipped, 3 small and entire, 2 twice as large and toothed: corolla
deep blue or purple, % in. long; throat funnelform; stamens exserted:
capsule 1-celled and 1-seeded. — Common on low foothills of the inner
ranges, and plains adjacent. April — June.

10. X. squarrosa (Esch.), Hook. & Arn. Stout, rigid, ^—1 ft. high,
branching, very viscid-pubescent, strongly mephilic- scented: leaves and
bracts pinnately parted, the segments spinescent: corolla salver/orm,

248 POLEMONIACE^E.

small, deep blue: stamens not exserted: seeds numerous, small, black.—
A noxious wayside weed; Skunk weed, of the country people June— Oct.

11. X, atractyloides (Benth.), Hook. £ Am. Stout and low, with
short branches paniculately arranged: leaves ovate-lanceolate, rigidly
coriaceous, in age reticulate, the margins beset with straight spinose-
subulate teeth: segments of the calyx subulate, entire, erect-, only
moderately unequal: corolla narrowly funnelform, % inch long, deep
purple.— From the lower Sacramento southward. Ill-scented like the
last, but less common. June— Aug.

4. (ilLIA , Ruiz & Pavon. All our species (except n. 6) annuals, with
leaves alternate, flaccid, not pungent, 1 — 3-pinnately dissected into
narrow segments. Flowers more or less clustered at the ends of the
few branches, the clusters not bracteate. Calyx-teeth equal, connivent
or recurved in fruit; tube in some (scarcely in our species) ruptured to
the base (through scarious sinuses) by the splitting of the capsule.
Corolla funnelform. Stamens inserted equally on its throat. Seeds
several in each cell of the capsule.

1. G. capitata, Dougl. Slender, 1 — 2 ft. high: leaves dissected into
filiform lobes: fl. many, in dense capitate long-peduncled clusters: calyx,
nearly glabrous, infr. globose: corolla very small, light blue; tube scarcely
dilated at the throat; segments nearly linear: stamens inserted in the
sinuses of the corolla. — Species of the higher parts of the Coast Range.

2. G. achilleaefolia, Benth. Stoutish, pubescent, 1—3 ft. high, the
head-like flower-clusters larger and less compact: calyx more or less
woolly; the somewhat triangular teeth connivent over the growing ovary :
corolla broad-funnelform, deep or pale blue; lobes obovale or oblong;
throat abruptly and amply dilated.— Common in sandy soil. May— Aug.

3. G. multicaulis, Benth. Slender, in age commonly diffuse, % — 1%
ft. high: leaves twice cleft into narrowly linear lobes: fl. few and in less
dense clusters, on short peduncles: calyx-teeth recurved in fruit: corolla
nearly salverform, deep or pale blue, its lobes obovate: capsule ovoid. —
Rocky hills and sandy plains; extremely variable. April — June.

4. G. tricolor, Benth. Slender, seldom a foot high, cymose-panicled :
leaves and calyx almost as in the last, but fl. much larger and ampler,
distinctly 3-colored: corolla %in. long; tube yellow; ample campanulate-
funnelform throat marked with deep violet-purple or darker; broad
rounded lobes white or lilac.— Common from Napa and Solano counties
northward and southward, but chiefly in the interior. April, May.

5. G. gilioides (Benth.), Greene. Loosely branching, %— 2 ft. long,
viscid-pubescent: leaves simply cut into few narrowly oblong or lanceolate
divisions: fl. few in the cluster: corolla slender-salverforrn, deep blue-
purple: stamens hardly equally inserted: capsule globular: ovules and
seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. — Higher parts of the Coast Range. May — July.

POLEMONIACEjE. 249

6. G. densifolia, Benth. Perennial, 1 — 2 ft. high, more or less floccose-
woolly; stems erect, virgate, from a somewhat woody base: leaves rigid,
linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, the short lobes subulate: fl. many,
in a dense head: corolla % — %, iQ- l°ng» salverform, violet-blue; limb
% in. broad in expansion: anthers linear. — Mountains of Santa Clara
Co., and southward.

5. LINANTHUS, Benth. Annuals, with opposite leaves mostly
divided digitately into 3 or more narrowly linear rigid segments.
Inflorescence dichotomous and loose, or cymose-glomerate and terminal
only. Calyx prismatic; its segments equal; its tube scarious between
the angles. Corolla usually salverform, often with very long and slender
tube. Stamens equal and equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule
few- or many-seeded.

* Sterns dichotomously branching; flowers scattered.

1. L. dichotomus, Benth. Erect, 4—10 in. high, the nodes few and
exceeding the leaves, these or their 3—5 segments linear-filiform, 1 in.
long: flowers subsessile: calyx prismatic, scarious except the 5 prom-
inent angles which are prolonged into acerose-linear recurved segments:
corolla salverform; tube scarcely exserted; limb 1 — 1% inches broad,
white, shaded on the outside with dark chocolate-color: stamens inserted
below the middle of the throat, the base of each filament set within a
nectariferous groove; anthers linear: cells of capsule very many-seeded:
seeds roundish, not mucilaginous when wet. — Common. May.

2. L. liniflorus (Benth.), Greene. A foot high, slender, glabrous:
leaf-segments about 3, filiform: flowers on long slender pedicels in a
loose cymose panicle: corolla with nearly obsolete tube; limb rotate, % — 1
in. broad, the obovate entire lobes white, marked with 7 deep blue
veinlets: stamens nearly as long as the corolla-lobes; filaments with a
dense pilose ring just above the base, the very short corolla-tube, below
them pubescent: ovules 6—8 in each cell: seeds mucilaginous. — Dry
hills and sandy plains. April, May.

3. L. fllipes (Benth.), Greene. Slender, often diffuse, 4—10 in. high,
scabrous-puberulent: pedicels elongated, filiform: calyx a line long,
narrow-campanulate, hispidulous throughout, the subulate-acerose teeth
little shorter than the tube: corolla pale purplish, 3% lines long, the
limb campanulate from a short cylindrical lube: seeds about 8 in each
cell of the capsule. — Open hillsides. May.

4. L. Bolanderi (Gray), Greene. Slender as the last, differing in a
narrowly cylindraceous calyx and salverform corolla, the tube of which
equals the calyx; the rotate limb purplish and about 3 lines wide: seeds
2 — 5 in each cell. — Sonoma Co.

5. L. ambignns (Eattan), Greene. Stouter than the last; corolla
much larger (% in. long), not strictly salverform, the slender tube little

250 POLEMONIACE2E.

exserted, the obconic dark purple throat about as long as the rotate-
spreading purplish lobes: seeds 2 in each cell.— At Oak Hill, four miles
south of San Jose, Rattan.

* * Stem not dicholomous; flowers corymbose-capitate.
H— Corolla salverform, the slender tube long-exserted.

6. L. androsaceus (Benth.), Greene. Stoutish, 6—15 in. high:
lowest leaves 3-, uppermost 5— 7-parted, the divisions oblanceolate, those
of the floral subulate-lanceolate, all acute, rather strongly hispid-ciliate:
corolla more than 1 in. long, the slender purple tube 9 —10 lines, the
short turbinate throat about a line long, very dark purple, "with a yellow
border, the broad rounded or somewhat cuspidate segments lilac-purple
(occasionally white), 3 — 4 lines long; style and filaments little surpassing
the throat of the corolla. — Abundant on half shaded hillsides. May.

7. L. parviflorus (Benth.), Greene. Much more slender than the
last, and scarcely as tall; leaves with narrow segments: tube of corolla
very slender, 9 — 10 lines long; throat yellow; segments oval, 2 — 3 lines
long, mostly pale yellow or white, tinged with red or brown on the
outside: style and filaments half or more than half as long as the
corolla-limb. — Plentiful in open grassy lands. April, May.

8. L. acicnlaris, Greene. Only 3—6 in. high, very slender, more
rigid and less pubescent than the last; leaf-segments linear-acerose:
corolla golden yellow throughout, the very slenderly filiform tube about
thrice the length of the limb: stamens two-thirds the length of the
obovate-lanceolate lobes; style short. — With the last but less common.

9. L» rosaceus, Greene. Commonly branching from the base and
the branches decumbent, 3—5 in. high, stoutish and with short inter-
nodes, these 5 — 7, not twice the length of the leaves; segments of the
lowest leaves obovate-spatulale, of the upper spatulate-linear, those of the
floral bracts subulate, pungently acute, spinulose-serrulate above the
middle, more softly ciliate toward the base: corolla 1 in. long; tube and
limb rose-red, the ample throat orange. — Only on sandy hills at San
Francisco and southward. May. June.

10. L. bicolor (Nutt.), Greene. Very near the last, but dwarf (2—3
in. high); flowers rose-purple, the elongated corolla-tube % — % inch
long and less slender than in L. parviflorus but the limb much smaller,
only 2—3 lines broad. — Low hills, and on grassy plains along the Mt.
Diablo Range and far northward. April, May.

11. L. ciliatns (Benth.), Greene. Rigid, strict, y2 — 1 ft. high, sca-
brous-pubescent: internodes long: leaves with 5 — 9 linear rigidly ciliate
segments: corolla rose-color, very small and slender, little longer than
the floral leaves, the rotate limb only 2 lines broad. — Range of the last,
but at greater elevations in the hills; usually under trees. May.

HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 251

-i— H— Corolla broadly funnelform above the short tube.

12. L. grandiflorus (Benth.), Greene. Very rigid and strict, % — 1%
feet high, the rigid linear-subulate leaf-segments 5 — 11, ascending,
spinulose-serrulate on the margin and toward the base somewhat ciliate :
corolla lilac; tube little exserted; limb more than ^ inch broad.— At
Alameda, San Francisco, and southward. June, July.

6. PHLOX, Linn. Opposite-leaved herbs with usually cymose and
terminal inflorescence; differing from the last genus in that the stamens
are unequal and unequally inserted on the upper part of the tube of the
salverform corolla, and the leaves not rigid nor palmatisect. Our only
species belongs to a chiefly Texan group of annuals with a scattered
inflorescence: the upper leaves being alternate.

1. P. gracilis (Dougl.), Greene. Only a few inches high, pubescent:
lowest leaves obovate; upper lanceolate: corolla less than ^ in. long,
rose-purple; tube hardly exceeding the linear calyx-lobes; limb only 2
lines broad.— Not rare in the more hilly districts. April, May.

OEDEB LXXI. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. ,

Ours (with the exception of one gummy coriaceous-leaved shrub)
herbs remarkable for much of the hispid and rough in pubescence, coin-
cident with a thinnish and juicy herbage; the juice watery and without
special properties. Leaves exstipulate, often pinnately lobed or dis-
sected. Flowers complete, 5-merous, very often in unilateral and
scorpioid false racemes or spikes. Calyx persistent, of 5 deep lobes or
distinct sepals. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, alternate with
its lobes. Ovary not lobed or divided, 1- or 2-celled; the 2 styles distinct
at apex if not throughout (except in Romanzoffia}. Fruit capsular; the
2 placentae parietal, or borne on the half-partitions.

* Ovary 1-celled, the placentx forming a sac-like lining to the ovary-walls.

Seeds uniform, globular or ovoid NEMOPHILA 1

" not uniform within the capsule EUCRYPTA 2

* •* Placentse narrow, not lining I he cell, sometimes almost
partitioning it into two.

Style-cleft at apex, or to the middle;

Corolla blue or white, deciduous PHACELIA 3

yellow, persistent EMMENANTHE 4

Style and stigma entire; flowers white ROMANZOFFIA 5

Styles 2, distinct to the base ERIODICTYON fi

1. NEMOPHILA, Null. Diffuse annuals with tender herbage, pin-
nately lobed or divided leaves, and axillary peduncles usually 1-flowered.
Calyx 5-parted, usually with a supplementary reflexed lobe at each sinus.
Corolla deeply 5-lobed, broadly campanulate to nearly rotate, convolute

252 HYDROPHYLLACE^.

in bud; the throat appendaged within with 10 scales or plaits. Stamens
and style mostly shorter than the corolla; filaments naked; anthers
sagittate. Ovary tardily dehiscent by 2 valves, 1— 16-seeded. Seeds
globular or nearly so.

* Leaves alternate,' stems beset with short retrorse prickles.

1. N. aurita, Lindl. Stems both fleshy and very brittle, 1—3 ft.
long, reclining or trailing by the prickly angles: leaves deeply pinnatifid
above into mostly retrorse lobes, the petiole broadly winged and the
wing auriculate-dilated at the base : lower peduncles 1 flowered, upper
often 3-flowered: appendages of the calyx very small: corolla 1 in. broad,
dark violet, its appendages broad, partly free : seeds globose, reticulate. —
Shady slopes of hills, in San Mateo Co., and on Angel Island.

2. N. membranacea (Benth.). More slender, paler, glaucescent,
prickly-angled and procumbent, 1 — 1J^ ft. long: leaves pinnately divided
into 3—9 linear obtuse nearly entire divisions; the petiole winged: fl.
few or many on the peduncles, very small; calyx and corolla without
appendages, the latter white: seeds globose, reticulated. — Shady hillsides
from the Livermore Valley southward. Thoroughly congeneric with
N'. racemosa; only empirically placed under "Ellisia," notwithstanding
the absence of calyx-bractlets. March, April.

* * Leaves often opposite; stems not prickly-angled.

3. N, iusignis, Dougl. At length very branching, the branches
ascending, 6 — 10 in. high: leaves pinnately parted into 7—9 oblong,
sometimes 3 — 5-lobed, small divisions: corolla rotate-campanulate, 1 in.
broad, clear blue; its internal scales short and rounded, partly free, short-
hirsute: seeds oval, somewhat corrugated or tuberculate. — Very common
in rich fields and on low hills. April, May.

4. Jf. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Smaller than the preceding, the
leaves less divided: corolla as large, rather more nearly rotate, white or
very pale blue, sprinkled with dark dots toward the centre, the spots
confluent into a purplish eye; its scales narrow, one edge wholly adherent,
the other free and densely ciliate: seeds oval or oblong, either smooth or
somewhat tuberculate. — Not as common as the last, though plentiful in
some parts of Marin and Napa counties. April, May.

5. N. pedunculata, Benth. Every way much smaller than the last;
whole plant 2—4 in. high: corolla seldom 2 lines wide, white, with purple
veinlets. — Rocky shades, and very wet plains; not uncommon. May.

6. X. parviiiora, Dougl. Slender, weak and procumbent, neither
the leaves nor the stems notably succulent: leaves pinnately 5— 9-parted,
the divisions obovate or oblong, obtuse: corolla campanulate, 3—5 lines
broad, white; its appendages oblong, wholly adherent by one edge,
nearly or quite glabrous.— Shady mountain sides. April— June.

HYDROPHYLL ACE^E. 253

2. EUCRYPTA, Nutt. Erect, with opposite bi- or tripinnately dis-
sected leaves, and axillary peduncled racemes of small whitish flowers.
Calyx 5-parted, not accrescent, not appendaged, campanulate. Corolla
small, campanulate, without internal appendages. Capsule globose,
8-seeded, each valve in dehiscence liberating 2 oblong- ovoid seeds, and
retaining between the placenta and the wall of the ovary 2 flattened and
lenticular or meniscoid ones.

1. E. chrysaiitheinifolia (Nutt.), Greene. Stoutish, freely branching
though very erect, 1—3 ft. high, very leafy : racemes rather dense, little
surpassing the ample pubescent and slightly clammy tripinnatifid leaves:
calyx-lobes ovate, acutish: corolla white with a bluish tinge: free
rounded seeds corrugated; the concealed and flattened ones smooth. —
Common in the hilly districts. April — June.

3. PHACELIA, Jussieu. Annuals, or a few perennials, with alternate
simple or compound leaves, and more or less scorpoid unilateral racemes
or spikes of blue or bluish flowers. Calyx mostly, or always, completely
divided into 5 sepals. Corolla deciduous; the tube commonly with 10
vertical folds or lamellae within. Capsule with narrow placenta and
1 — oc corrugated or reticulate or pitted seeds.

* Seeds 1 or 2 on each placenta; testa areolate or f arose.
•J— Perennials or biennials; leaves pinnatifid or entire.

1. P. Californica, Cham. Stout sparingly leafy flowering stems
1 — 2 ft. high,/row a stout much branched depressed and very leafy woody
caudex: herbage canescent with a minute close pubescence, and setose-
hispid with scattered long white hairs : leaves mainly of a large elliptic-
lanceolate terminal lobe; the pinnae below few and reduced: racemes
erect, short and dense, in a short paniculate cluster at and near the
summit of the stem: sepals equal, lanceolate, 2 lines long in maturity,
erect, reticulate-veiny and with a strong midvein: capsule ovate-oblong,
acutish, 1^ lines long, 1-seeded: seed ovate-lanceolate, a line long,
deeply alveolate. — Sandy hills and plains near the sea. Feb.— Sept.

2. P. imbricata, Greene. Stems erect, several from a stout perpen-
dicular perennial root, densely leafy at base only: panicle of geminate
racemes long and lax, the branches widely spreading: pubescence much
as in the last, but more scanty: corolla bluish : fruiting calyces compressed
and closely imbricated; sepals unequal, the broad deltoid-ovate outer one
larger than the others, these ovate-oblong, acutish, all hispid-ciliate, none
showing either distinct midvein or reticulation; seed 1 only. — Dry hills
and valleys of the mountain districts back from the sea. June, July.

3. P. nemoralis, Greene. Apparently only biennial, stout, erect,
rather widely branching, 2—4 ft. high; herbage light green, destitute of
pubescence but strongly hispid with stinging hairs: leaves simple, or with

254 HYDROPHYLLACE^E.

a pair of pinnae, rarely 2 pairs, at base, petiolate, without any conspic-
uous parallel veins: racemes geminate or ternate, short but not lax:
corolla small, ochroleucous: sepals oblanceolate: capsule 2-seeded: seed
deeply pitted.— Shady ravines and along stream banks. June — Aug.

H— +- Annuals; leaves entire, or with shallow lobes.

4. P. malyaefolia, Cham. Annual, the herbage of a light green,
pubescent, very hispid with spreading or reflexed stinging hairs: leaves
round-cordate, slightly 5— 9-lobed, sharply toothed, 1—3 in. long: spikes
solitary or gemmate: corolla 3—4 lines long, yellowish white, longer
than the unequal linear and spatulate sepals: stamens exserted: capsule
4-seeded: seeds alveolate-scabrous. — Damp shades, from San Francisco
and Alameda counties southward. June — Sept.

5. P. Rattaui, Gray. Smaller than the last, beset with more slender
bristles: leaves ovate or oval, with truncate or subcordate base, incisely
lobed or crenate: calyx of 4 spatulate sepals and one larger and obovate:
corolla whitish, little more than 2 lines long: stamens and style included:
seeds small. — Northern part of Sonoma Co., on Russian River, etc.

6. P. Breweri, Gray. Slender, diffusely branched, the stems 6—10
in. long, canescently pubescent and hispidulous: racemes slender, long
and lax: sepals linear: corolla open-campanulate, violet, twice as long as
the calyx: filaments not exserted: capsule ovate, acute, mostly 1-seeded:
seed favose. — Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and southward. May, June.

H— -H- -)— Annuals (except n. 9); leaves oblong or narrower, pinnately lobed,
toothed, or compound, and the lobes or divisions toothed or incised.

7. P. distans, Benth. Usually rather slender, branching, 1 — 2^ feet
high, the branches when present decumbent: leaves ample, very finely
and compoundly dissected: spikes mostly scattered, solitary or geminate:
sepals unequal, linear to spatulate, 1 or 2 more dilated upwards: corolla
dull yellowish white, 3—4 lines long, rotate-campanulate; the internal
appendages broadly semiovate, with a free pointed tip: stamens little
exserted: capsule globular: seeds rugose-tuberculate.— Plentiful at
Alameda; also in Mar in Co. and southward. May — July.

8. P. tauacetifolia, Benth. Stouter than the last, seldom branching,
erect: leaves less ample and less dissected: spikes all clustered and ter-
minal: sepals equal, linear, beset with rigid bristles: corolla open-
campanulate, % in. long, lavender-color or lilac- purplish; inner append-
ages wholly adnate: stamens well exserted. —Mostly in fields and open
plains of the interior. May, June.

9. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Stems clustered and decumbent or
ascending, from a perennial root: herbage pubescent and viscid-glandular:
leaves divided into oblong or narrower pinnatifid-incised divisions:

HYDROPHYLLACE^. 255

kes short, dense: corolla ochroleucous or bluish: stamens and style
ly moderately exserted: sepals linear-spatulate, twice the length of
3 capsule: seeds oblong. — Mt. Diablo Range. June, July.

10. P. Arthur!, Greene. Annual, decumbent or nearly prostrate,
• stoutish branches 2 ft. long: herbage setose-pubescent, not viscid,

e inflorescence hispidulous: leaves rather remotely pinnate, or some
rate, the lobes crenate-toothed: spikes many, solitary in the axils,
ort-peduncled: fl. biserial and crowded: sepals entire, very unequal,
<mall, at length partly enfolded by the accrescent rhombic- obov ate
•ute fifth: corolla only a line broad, light blue: stamens not exserted.
Found by the side of a street in the western part of Oakland, in 1887,
v Arthur Simonds; the plant now extinct in that locality.

11. P. ciliata, Benth. Erect and simple, or with several ascending
ranches, 1 — 1% **• high; stems scabrous; other parts pubescent or
>aringly hirsute : leaves pinnately parted or cleft, the divisions or lobes
jlong, piniiately incised: spikes short, at length rather loose, the
edicels short or none; sepals lanceolate to ovate, accrescent, in age some-
htil chartaceous, reticulate, 4 — 5 lines long and sparsely bristly-ciliate:
jrolla smallish, bluish; capsule ovate, mucronate: seeds oval, favose.
-Common, especially east of the Mt. Diablo Range, on the plains; but
Iso to the southward of San Francisco. May.

12. P. suaveolens, Greene. Annual, stoutish, freely branching from
he base, the branches ascending, 1 — 2 ft. long: herbage very sweet-scented,
oft pubescent and glandular-viscid throughout: cauline leaves oval,
Coarsely-toothed, 1 in. long, on slender petioles of nearly equal length;
he lower with some lyrate lobes at or below the base of the main blade :
•acemes solitary or in pairs, elongated, dense: sepals spatulate, entire,
'4 inch long, exceeding the 4-seeded capsules: corolla bright blue,
narrowly funnelform, % in. long, the limb one half as broad: seeds oval,
black, deeply favose-pitted.— At the Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co.

* * Seeds 6—12 or more on each placenta; testa not rugose,
but areolate-reticulate.

13. P. circinatiformis, Gray. Erect, sparingly branching from the
base, 6 — 10 in. high, puberulent and very hispid: leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, parallel-veinsd: racemes dense: sepals linear or linear-spat-
ulate, enlarging in age, greatly exceeding the capsule : corolla dull- white,
very small, scarcely wider than funnelform- tubular, 2—3 lines long;
calyx when mature 5 lines or more : capsule ovate, acute or mucronate,
6— 16-seeded: seed scrobiculate.— Plentiful near the summit of Mt.
Diablo; also reported from Mt. Hamilton, but a rare plant. June.

14. P. divaricata (Benth.), Gray. Diffusely branching^ from the
base, the branches 6 — 18 in. long, more or less pubescent and hirsute:

256 HYDROPHYLLACE^.

haves ovate or oblong, commonly entire, exceeding the petiole, the veins
curving upwards : racemes loose; pedicels shorter than the calyx : corolla
rotate-campanulate, % in. broad, blue : seeds very many. — Common on
dry hills about the Bay, preferring stony and poor soil. April— June.

15. P. Douglasii (Benth.), Torr. Diffusely branching, pubescent
and hirsute: leaves oblong-linear, pinnatiftd into many pairs of lobes or
segments; the terminal lobe not larger, nor parallel- veined: racemes long
and lax: sepals spatulate: blue corolla open-campanulate, % — % in. wide;
its appendages semioblanceolate : capsule ovate, mucronate, many-
seeded: seeds roundish-oval, scrobiculate. — Near Lake Merced, thence
southward. May.

4. EMMENANTHE, Benth. Herb (the genus in our view monotypical)
with more the habit of Eucrypta than Phacelia, erect, the straight
ascending racemes panicled at summit of the stem. Calyx deeply
5-parted, the divisions not widening upwards. Corolla campanulate,
light yellow, persistent. Capsule as in Phacelia, and seeds pitted.

1. E. penduliflora, Benth. Villous-pubescent, slightly viscid, 1 ft.
high more or less : lobes of the pinnatifid leaves very many, short, some-
what toothed or incised: corollas nearly % in. long, in age pendulous on
filiform pedicels of their own length: filaments nearly free from the
corolla: seeds several, 1 line long. — Summits of the higher Coast and
Mt. Diablo ranges. June — Aug.

5. .KOMA.NZOFFIA, Chamisso. Delicate and pale herbs, of Sax-
ifrageous aspect. Leaves mostly radical, alternate, round-cordate,
crenately lobed, long-petioled. Stems loosely racemose; the flowers
white. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnelform, without appendages,
deciduous. Stamens on the base of the corolla- tube, unequal. Filiform
style and small stigma both entire. Capsule retuse, nearly or quite
2-celled. Pitted-reticulate seeds small, numerous, on linear placentae.

1. R. Sitchensis, Bong. Filiform rootstocks tuberif erous : stems
slender, erect, 4—8 in. high; pedicels spreading, longer than the flowers:
calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate, not equalling the corolla, little
shorter than the capsule : style long, slender.— Shady wet rocky places
among the higher coast mountains. April— June.

6. EBIODICTYON, Benlh. Shrubs, with coriaceous leaves balsamic
and fragrant, white-woolly beneath. Inflorescence a terminal panicle of
scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments not widening
upwards. Corolla funnelform approaching the salverform. Styles 2,
distinct to the base; stigmas clavate-capitate. Capsule crustaceous,
small, globose, ovate, acute, 2-celled, 4-valved. Seeds few.

1. E. Califoriiicum (H. & A.), Greene. Shrub 3-5 ft. high: lanceo-
late irregularly serrate leaves 3 — 8 in. long, resinous-glutinous above,

ASPERIFOLIJ2. 257

beneath very closely white-woolly between the reticulate veins : panicle
of cymes naked: corolla pale blue, tubular-funnelform, thrice the length
of the sparsely hairy calyx. — Dry hills in the sparsely wooded mountain
districts. May— July.

OEDER LXXII. ASPERIFOLI/E.

Plants intimately connected with HydrophyUaceaz, the herbage in
general still more pronouncedly rough-hairy or hispid, but less succu-
lent. Inflorescence equally unilateral and scorpioid. Differing in that
the single style is surrounded at base by a 4-lobed ovary, which ripens
into 4 (or by abortion 2) usually distinct and very seed-like nutlets. The
5-cleft or -parted calyx mostly persistent; corolla deciduous, in ours
mostly short-salverform and the throat closed by folds.

* Corolla imbricate or quincuncial in estivation.

Nutlets depressed and horizontally extended;

Nutlets rounded, the whole surface rough CYNOGLOSSUM 1

" elongated, the margins prickly PECTOCARYA 2

Nutlets vertically elongated, but often incurved;
Insertion basal;

Nutlets carinate, transversely rugose ALLOCARYA 3

" not carinate, irregularly roughened LITHOSPEMUM 7

Insertion nearly basal;

Flowers white ALLOCARYA 3

" yellow AMSINCKIA 6

Insertion lateral;

Scar rounded, usually hollow PLAGIOBOTHRYS 4

' linear, forked at base CRYPTANTHE 5

'* ovate or lanceolate AMSINCKIA 6

•* * Corolla plicate in aestivation.
Fruit nearly 4-lobed, at length separating into 4 nutlets HELIOTROPIUM 8

1. CYNOGLOSSUM, Diosc. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, open in fruit.
Corolla short-salverform, with conspicuous arching crests at the throat
concealing the short stamens and pistil. Nutlets 4, broad, depressed,
the whole back covered with short stout prickles having minutely barbed
tips, oblique or horizontal, separating at maturity from below upwards,
and for a time suspended on a process connected with the style.

1. C. grande, Dougl. Perennial, stout, 2 ft. high, with long-pet-
ioled ovate-oblong leaves often a foot long, usually rounded at base,
pubescent with soft slender hairs : panicle of short racemes small, on a
long naked peduncle terminating the short leafy stem: corolla % in.
broad, deep blue, with pinkish central folds.— In shades along streams,
and on northward slopes. Jan.— April.

2. PECTOCARYA, De Can dolle. Low slender annuals, with strigose-
hirsute pubescence, small narrow leaves, and small flowers near their

258 ASPERIFOLI^:.

axils. Corolla minute, white. Nutlets flattish depressed and laciuiate-
bordered, or pectinately setose around the margin, the bristles or prickles
uncinate at tip.

1. P. penicillata (H. & A.), A. DC. Diffusely spreading branches
only a few inches long: nutlets divergent in pairs, oblong, surrounded by
an undulate or pandurate wing which at the apex of the nutlet is thickly
beset with uncinate bristles.— Common in the interior of Calif., especially
southward; rare in our district, but found in Napa Valley.

2. P. pusilla (A. DC.), Gray. Erect, somewhat flexuous, 2—4 in.
high: nutlets equably divergent, cuneate-obovate, wingless, and with a
carinate midnerve, the acute margin beset with a row of slender uncinate
bristles.— Napa Valley and northward.

3. ALLOCARYA, Greene. Low herbs, ours annual, with linear entire
leaves, the lowest always opposite and connate-perfoliate : branches
numerous and commonly depressed, racemose almost throughout.
Plants vernal in their flowering, confined to low moist grounds, herbage
usually light green and somewhat succulent, more or less hirsute. Ped-
icels turbinate-thickened and more or less distinctly 5-angled under the
calyx, persistent, somewhat indurated in age. Calyx 5-parted to the
base; segments spreading. Corolla salverform with short tube, yellow
throat and white limb. Nutlets ovate or lanceolate, crustaceous, opaque
or vitreous-shining, smooth or variously tuberculate and rugose, muri-
culate or even strongly glochidiate, often carinate on one or both sides,
attached by an infra-medial or basal, concave, but sometimes raised and
stipitate scar.

1. A. stipitata, Greene. Erect, simple, or with ascending branches
from the base, 10—18 in. high: herbage light green, apparently glabrous,
yetroughish, slightly, with sparse and short setae: calyx nearly sessile;
segments spreading, foliaceous and accrescent, in fruit often % in. long:
corolla short-funnelform, ^— /^ in. broad; nutlets ovate-lanceolate, car-
inate for the whole length of the ventral face, and a little past the apex,
the back covered with blunt tuberculations and interrupted transverse
rugae; scar exactly basal, roundish and separated from the body of the
nutlet by a short but distinct stipe. — Napa Valley, and plains of the lower

. Sacramento and San Joaquin. May.

2. A. Californica (F. & M.), Greene. Slender, sparingly setose,
diffusely branching, the branches 6—15 in. long, weak and reclining:
racemes with few bracts at base : calyx-segments slender, not accrescent,
spreading in fruit: nutlet ovate, % line long, keeled, rugulose and gran-
ulated as in the last: scar roundish, nearly basal, not stipitate. — Common
in low fields. April— June.

3. A. stricta, Greene. Slender, strictly erect and somewhat succulent,
simple, or with several scarcely divergent spicate branches above, barely

ASPERlFOLIvE. 259

5—6 in. high; glabrous, or nearly so, all except the floral leaves opposite:
spikes dense, 1—2 in: long: flowers very small, white, with yellow
centre: calyx segments closed over the immature fruit: nutlets light
gray, vitreous-shining, long-ovate, about % line long, with numerous close
transverse rugosities; insertion supra-basal, the scar linear with dilated
base and about one-third the length of the nutlet.— Near the warm
springs at Calistoga; plentiful, and probably local. April, May.

4. A. diffusa, Greene. Pubescence light, closely appressed: branches
procumbent, a foot or less in length, loosely racemose from the base, the
raceme leafy to the middle at least; lowest pedicel ^ in. long, the
others hardly a line: calyx widely spreading, corolla small: nutlets dark
brown, broadly ovate, incurved, % line long, ventrally carinate down to
the supra-basal oblong-lanceolate scar, the back with rather sharp
granulations and rugae, the latter favosely confluent. — Open hills, only
toward the sea. April, May.

5. A. humistrata, Greene. Stout and succulent, the branches mostly
prostrate, a foot long, racemose throughout: pedicels short and stout,
commonly deflexed: calyx-lobes linear-spatulate, in fruit greatly enlarged
(4: — 6 lines long) and turned to one side, standing vertically in a row:
nutlets ovate-lanceolate, % line long, straight, carinate ventrally down
to the nearly or quite basal rounded scar, the back with minute muri-
culations and sharp-edged transverse rugulse which are commonly tipped
with a tuft of minute penicillate bristles. — Low subsaline plains of the
interior, on the lower San Joaquin, etc. April, May.

6. A, trachycarpa (Gray), Greene. Size and habit of the last, but
more branching and decumbent rather than procumbent, commonly
more slender, rough with a coarser and somewhat spreading pubescence:
racemes less open, leafy almost throughout: segments of calyx linear,
widely spreading: corolla very small: nutlets ovate, straight, carinate on
both sides, the dorsal keel and nearly straight transverse rugse dentate-
interrupted; scar suborbicular, nearly basal. — Habitat of the last.

7. A. Greenei (Gray). Habit, pubescence and inflorescence of the
last, but a coarser, larger plant; nutlets a line long, ovate, straight,
carinate ventrally down to the nearly basal ovate scar, the back covered
with coarse granulations and stout barbed prickles % — % line high, these
distinct at base or more or less confluent into walled reticulations, the
latter sometimes strongly developed and the prickles themselves corre-
spondingly reduced or even nearly obsolete. — Very common on low
plains of the interior. May.

8. A. Chorisiana (Cham.), Greene. Freely branching, the branches
10 — 18 in. long, at length reclining: racemes elongated, loose, leafy
below; pedicels filiform, 4—8 lines long: calyx little accrescent, the
spreading segments about a line long: corolla 3—5 lines wide: nutlets

260 ASPEKIFOLI^I.

ovate, little more than % line long, brownish and dull, carinate ventrally
only, the keel and scar closely approached, but not covered by the lateral
angles, the obtuse rugae of the back running into more or less favose
meshes among the numerous minute granulations: scar linear, short. —
Common in wet grassy land among the Mission Hills, and in Marin Co.

4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, Fiach. & Mey. Bather large but slender
annuals with most of their leaves in a close radical tuft. Kaceines
spike-like, elongated, loose, naked or leafy-bracted; pedicels very short,
filiform, persistent. Calyx 5-cleft or -parted, closed or campanulate,
more or less accrescent in fruit, and when not too deeply cleft irregularly
circumscissile near the base. Nutlets ovate or indistinctly cruciform in
outline, carinate on both sides toward the apex, usually with well defined
lateral margins, the back very regularly transversely rugose, smooth or
roughened between the rugae; insertion almost medial on a depressed
gynobase; areola or scar rounded, hollow or solid.

* Stems branched from the base, the branches prostrate.

1. • P. caiiescens, Benth. Canescent with a pale soft-villous pubes-
cence, the branches }£— 1% ft. long, leafy and floriferous throughout:
calyx thinnish, cleft to the middle, the tube slightly inflated in age, and
the segments closed over the incurved-connivent nutlets; these with strong
transverse ruga3 and minute intervening granulation.— PJains and hills
of Alameda and Santa Clara counties, and thence both northward and
southward, in the interior. April, May.

*• * Stems erect from the base, loosely branching above.

2. P. iiothofiilvus, Gray. Stem mostly solitary from the depressed
leaf-tuft, 1—1 }£ ft. high including the widely spreading flowering
branches; herbage canescent with a short and fine pubescence: calyx
small, cleft hardly to the middle, its teeth closed over the fruit, but the
whole calyx, except the very base, at length deciduous by circumcision,
exposing and releasing the ripe nutlets; these cruciform-ovate, with
rather prominent rugaB, and dot-like white granulations intervening. —
Very common on hills. March — May.

3. P. teuellus (Nutt.), Gray. Small and slender, seldom 10 in. high,
soft-hirsute and canescent, the calyx rusty-yellowish, the erect stems
with one or more small leaves: spikes rather few-flowered: calyx deeply
cleft, not circumscissile, loosely connivent over the shining somewhat
cruciform nutlets; these a line long, smooth and glassy, with very straight
transverse rugse which are either smooth or quite strongly muricate. —
Very common in our northerly hilly districts. April, May.

4. P. campestris, Greene. Stouter than any of the preceding, 1—2^
ft. high, scarcely canescent, but hirsute, the calyx with a brownish
pubescence, cleft nearly to the base, the segments wholly herbaceous, per-

ASPERIFOLI^:. 261

sialenl: nutlets large (1% lines long), nearly a line wide in the middle,
abruptly stout-beaked, the body sharply carinate and laterally margined,
with or without sharp transverse rugae and intervening muriculations.—
Plains of eastern Solano and Contra Costa counties. May.

5. CEYPTANTHE, Lehmann. Pilose -hispid slender mostly rather
rigid and erect annuals, with bractless, spicate flowers. Herbage and
root imparting no stain. Leaves alternate, narrow and entire. Calyx
5-parted to the base, deciduous: segments erect, usually closely embracing
the fruit, the often attenuate and elongated tips sometimes spreading
above it, and hispid with straight or hooked bristles. Nutlets 4 (some-
times by abortion 2 only, or 1), smooth, tuberculate or rnuriculate,
attached from the base upwards commonly to near the apex; linear
groove and transverse scar open or closed.

* Nutlets muricate-roughened.

1. C. mnriculata (A. DC.), Greene. Stoutish, ^— 1 ft. high, very
hispid: spikes rather short and dense, usually in twos or threes at the ends
of the branches: calyx % lines long, the segments merely acute, not long-
tipped: nutlets a line long, of deltoid-ovate outline, light gray, scabrous-
muricate over the fiattish rather than rounded back : ventral groove and
its basal fork mostly closed.— Mt. Diablo and southward, at considerable
elevations. May, June.

2. C. Jonesii (Gray), Greene. With stouter stem than the last, but
more slender and quite distinctly panicled spicate branches: calyx only a
line long, and nutlets little more than % line. — Mt. Tamalpais, thence
southward along the seaboard hills.

3. C. micromeres (Gray), Greene. Very slender, diffusely branched,
6—10 in. high, hispid, but green, not canescent: spikes filiform, very
numerous but single: calyx only % line long: ovate-trigonous nutlets
acute, 3 of them muriculate- scabrous, the other nearly or quite smooth.—
Coast Kange hills: an obscure but not rare plant.

4. C. ambigna (Gray), Greene. Usually stout, low, with many short
ascending branches spicate almost throughout: herbage canescently-
hispid: calyx % in. long or more and, with linear-elongated segments
twice the length of the narrow-ovate acuminate papillose-scabrous gray
nutlets; these with groove and its basal bifurcation nearly closed. —
Inner coast ranges northward, on dry hills.

* * Nutlets smooth and shining.
•f— All the four ovules maturing into nutlets.

5. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.), Greene. Usually diffusely branched from
the base, the branches % — 1 ft. long; whole plant canescent with an
appressed pubescence and some pilose-hispid hairs : inflorescence short-

262 ASPERIFOLIJE.

spicate or somewhat glomerate and leafy-bracted: calyx a line long, the
segments scarcely attenuate or prolonged above the nutlets; groove of
small ovate acute nutlet not forked at base. — Sandy lands along the sea-
board. April — Aug.

6. C. Torreyana (Gray), Greene. Erect, sparingly paniculate-
branched, 1 — l^j ft. high, hirsute-hispid, the calyx with rigid stinging
bristles, its sepals elongated and attenuate upward: nutlets ovate, acute,
the groove forked at base. —Very common among the hills and mountains,
in clayey soil. May — July.

•t— +- Nutlet solitary, three ovules being abortive.

7. C. flaccida (Dougl.), Greene. Rigidly erect, slender, usually
simple up to the terminal set of rather strict spikes: minutely strigose-
hispid: fruiting calyx erect, appressed to the rachis, narrow and slender,
the filiform-linear sepals very hispid below with deflexed strong bristles :
nutlet subterete, ovate-lanceolate, rostellate-acuminate, shorter than the
sepals; groove enlarged below, but not furcate. — Very common on
stony hillsides almost everywhere. May, June.

6. AMSINCKIA., Lehmann. Hispid annuals, with yellow flowers in
elongated spikes. Calyx herbaceous; sepals 5, or 4 by the union
of 2 into one broader one. Corolla salverform, the throat somewhat
funnelform, the aperture often angular by folds, the lobes rounded, rarely
somewhat unequal and the corolla therefore slightly bilabiate. Fila-
ments short; anthers oblong or oblong-linear. Style filiform; stigma
capitate, 2-lobed. Nutlets crustaceous, erect or incurved, smooth or
rugose, commonly more or less ovate-triquetrous. Cotyledons 2-parted.

1. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Herbage of a light yellowish-green, very
hispid, the bristles from a pustulate base: leaves in a rosulate tuft,
lanceolate, slenderly acuminate: stem at first erect, at length freely
branching and the branches trailing, 1 — 2^ ft. long: spikes more or less
leafy-bracted: sepals short: corolla pale yellow, very slender: nutlets %
line long, brown or blackish, rugulose and muriculate. — Sandy soils
along the seaboard. March — July.

2. A. intermedia, Fisch. & Mey. Loosely branching above, 1—3 ft.
high, less hispid than the last, deep green: leaves linear, or the lowest
oblanceolate : sepals twice the length of the nutlets and half as long as
the deep yellow narrow corolla: anthers oblong: nutlets very much
incurved, carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and obliquely rugose.
— Very common in the Bay region, in alluvial soils. April — June.

3. A. spectabilis, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, slender, less hispid, 1 — ]J^
ft. high: leaves linear: sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate, elongated,
ferruginous-hispid: corolla orange-yellow, % — % in. long; lobes slightly
unequal: nutlets granulate-rugose, carinate on the back. — Hills of the
Mt. Diablo Range. March — May.

ASPERIFOLI^E. 263

4. A. campestris. Stoutisb, 1—2 ft. high, the short and rather dense
spikes aggregated at summit of the stem: pubescence strigose-hirsute
rather than hispid: leaves all linear-oblanceolate : sepals short hardly
twice as long as the nutlets, ovate-lanceolate, not ferruginous : corolla
inconspicuous, its throat nearly closed by folds: nutlets very dark
brown, irregularly-transverse rugose and more or less echinate-muricate.
At Byron Springs, and near Bethany. March, April.

5. A. echinata, Gray. Erect, 1—2 ft. high, very hispid with white
spreading bristles: leaves linear-lanceolate: sepals very narrow, yellow-
hispid: corolla small and very slender : nutlets almost prickly-muricate,
the rugte obsolete. — Antioch and southward; perhaps here an immigrant
from the Mohave district. March, April.

6. A. tessellata, Gray. Stout, rather loosely branching, very hispid:
leaves oblong-lauceolate: spikes long and loose: calyx large and folia-
ceous, of 3 narrow sepals and 1 broad one, only loosely investing the
nutlets and far surpassing them, bristly but hardly fulvous-hirsute:
corolla small, orange-yellow, the throat with folds: nutlets broadly ovate,
acute, not carinate but Jlattish on the back, covered with warty granula-
tions running more or less distinctly into transverse ridges which, car-
ried out to the edges, form a dentate border. — Plains of the lower San
Joaquin and southward. March.

7. A. collina. Near the last, but of different habit, being slender
and simple up to the few short dense terminal spikes: pubescence more
hirsute and appressed: leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute: calyx
intensely fuscous, the sepals longer, less foliaceous: corolla with no folds
in the throat: nutlets of ovate outline, flattened on the back, marked
with few and sharp interrupted transverse ridges, and intervening low
tessellale granulations. — Hills east of the Livermore Valley. March.

8. A. gnuidiflora, Kleeb. Stoutish, simple up to the short terminal
spikes, hispid: lower leaves oblanceolate, upper lanceolate, all very
acute, or even acuminate : sepals broad, often 4, or 3 only, very deeply
fulvous-hirsute: corolla 1 in. long, deep yellow; stamens nearly sessile at
the orifice of the very short proper tube, the funnelform-ampliate throat
Yz in. long beyond this; limb more than % in. broad: nutlets light gray,
sharply triquetrous, perfectly smooth and shining, the back concave rather
than convex. — At Antioch, and on hills east of the Livermore Valley.

7. LITHOSPERMUM, Diosc. Herbs erect, with sessile leaves, and
leafy-bracted flowers. Corolla salverform or funnelform. Stamens
short, included. Nutlets ovoid, bony, sessile by the very base, the scar
flat, not excavated.

1. L. AEVENSE, L. Annual, slightly canescent with minute appressed
hairs, 1 — 2 ft. high: leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent midrib:

264 CONVOLVULACE.E.

corolla funnelform, % in. long, whitish: the throat with puberulent lines:
nutlets brownish, dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted.— Occasional at
San Francisco; native of Europe.

8. HELIOTROPIUM, Theophr. Genus differing from all others of
this order, in our flora, by a corolla with plaited lobes, anthers connivent,
and nutlets that are not seed-like in appearance, but resemble 4 sep
arated closed cells of a capsular fruit.

1. H. Curassayicum, L. A very fleshy glabrous and glaucous
depressed perennial: leaves ob9vate to much narrower, almost linear:
spikes mostly in pairs, dense-flowered: corolla white, with yellow eye. —
Common in low subsaline soils, chiefly in the interior.

OEDER LXXIII. CONVOLVULACExE,

Herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, the stems usually twining or
trailing. Leaves alternate, petiolate, exstipulate. Peduncles axillary,
1-flowered, or cytnosely several-flowered. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-
merous. Sepals mostly distinct, persistent. Corolla mostly plaited and
the plaits convolute. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate
with them. Ovary entire or lobed; usually maturing as a capsule with
few and large seeds.

Stems twining or trailing; corolla plaited CONVOLVULUS 1

" creeping; corolla not plaited DICHONDRA 2

" erect or diffuse; corolla not plaited CBESSA 3

1. CONVOLVULUS, Pliny (BINDWEED. MORNING GLORY). Corolla
funnelform, plaited and the plaits dextrorsely convolute. Stamens not
exserted. Style 1, cleft at apex; stigmas 2, linear to oblong or ovate.
Capsule globose, thin-walled, 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled, mostly
2 — 4-valved, with few and large seeds.

* Species naturalized from Europe.

1. C. PENTAPETALOIDES, L. Annual, slender, branching from the
base, 6—15 in. high, pubescent: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate : peduncles
1-flowered, bibracteate toward the summit: corolla small, purplish, deeply
5-lobed the lobes ovate.— Common in fields along the eastern base of the
Mt. Diablo Eange. March, April.

2. C. ARVENSIS, L. Perennial, prostrate, the stems 1 — 3 ft. long:
leaves oblong-sagittate or hastate, 1—2 in. long, the basal lobes short:
pedicels 1— 3-flowered, with a pair of subulate bracts near the base:
corolla white, with a tinge of purple on the outside, neither lobed nor
angled. — Very prevalent as a weed in fields and by waysides. May — Nov.

* * Native species; calyx embraced by a pair offoliaceous bracts.

3. C. Soldanella, L. Low, glabrous, slightly succulent; stems 10 — 15
in. long, prostrate: leaves reniform, deep green and shining, 1 — 2 in. long,

CONVOLVULACEJE. 265

on stout petioles: corolla 1^ in. broad, pinkish: capsule 1-celled.— On
sandy beaches only. May, June.

4. C. subacaulis (Hook. & Am.). Fibrous-rooted low perennial;
stem 1—18 in. long, erect, trailing, or in forms with longer stem some-
what twining: leaves thin, sparingly pubescent, oblong or ovoid or
deltoid: with truncate or hastate base: bracts smallish, embracing but
not enclosing the calyx: corolla campanulate-funnelform, angularly
5-lobed, 2 in. broad, cream-color, with purplish exterior. — Common and
variable species of low hills along the seaboard.

5. C. villosus (Kell.), Gray. Stouter than the last, equally variable
in size, form of leaves, etc., but stems more numerous, stouter, more
leafy, and the whole herb densely velvety-lomentose and while: leaves
rather sharply triangular-hastate as a rule, but variable: bracts narrow,
but as long as the calyx: corolla smallish, funnelform, cream-color. —
Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Diablo, and the higher inner range of hills generally.

6. C. sepinin, L. Stems from a horizontal slender running root-
stock, 2—3 ft. high, twining firmly: petioles, leaf-margins, etc., some-
what pubescent: leaves sagittate, very acute: bracts ovate-cordate,
acute, large, completely enfolding the calyx: corolla pinkish, 2 in. long
or more. — Plentiful in brackish marshes towards the mouth of Napa
Kiver and about Suisun Bay; its roots within reach of tide water; its
stems twining upon rushes and sedges. June - Aug.

* * * Native species; peduncles with small subulate bracts.

7. C. luteolus, Gray. Shrubby, the herbaceous growing and flower-
ing branches twining, the whole ascending shrubs and trees to the
height of 20 ft. or more; the whole plant glabrous: leaves sagittate, 2 in.
long: peduncles several-flowered, longer than the leaves; bracts linear-
lanceolate, distant from the calyx about their own length: corolla rather
open-funnelform, pale cream-color, \\£ in. long, the limb not lobed or
angular. Var. pnrpnratns. Herbage distinctly glaucescent; corolla
with broader shorter tube; color of limb from light to deep rose-purple.
— Type very common on hills and along streams. The variety alone is
found on islands in the Bay; occurring also on banks and ledges near
the salt water on the mainland in Marin Co. May— Oct.

2. MCHONDRA, Forsler. Prostrate creeping herbs, with round-
reniform foliage, and small axillary flowers. Corolla campanulate,
deeply 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, each with a filiform style
and capitate stigma, and maturing as an utricular 1 -seeded fruit.

1. I), repens, Forst. Slender stems partly subterranean, rooting
freely, when above ground pubescent: leaves glabrous, %— 1 in. wide,
on long petioles: flowers short-peduncled : sepals obovate to spatulate,

266 CUSCUTE^.

obtuse, 1—2 lines long, rather exceeding the yellow corolla, and equalling
the subglobose pubescent carpels. — Open hills about the Presidio, San
Francisco, and above Mountain Lake.

3. CRESSA, Linn. Stems erect, branching from the base, leafy
throughout, and bearing small white flowers in the upper axils. Calyx
of 5 subequal sepals. Corolla with oblong tube and 5 oblong-ovate
spreading lobes. Filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary 2-celled; capsule
by abortion 1-seeded.

1. C. cretica, L. Slender stems and small oblong-ovate leaves
canescently silky: fl. sessile or short- pedicelled in the upper axils, some-
times spicate-crowded as if in a leafy-bracted spike : white corolla 2—3
lines long, silky pubescent on the outside.— In hard subsaline clayey
soils, usually near maritime salt marshes.

ORDER LXXIV. CUSCUTE>€.

A single genus of parasitic herbs with twining filiform golden yellow
leafless stems; floral organs much like those of some Convolvulacex.

1. CUSCUTA, Tragus. Flowers small, white, usually densely clus-
tered. Calyx 5-cleft or -parted. Corolla campanulate, or subcylindric
with spreading limb. Stamens usually with a fringed appendage below
their insertion in the throat. Ovary globose, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles
in all our species 2. Capsule 1 — 4-seeded, dry and circumscissile or
baccate. Embryo filiform, spirally coiled in fleshy albumen, destitute
of cotyledons.

1. C. Californica, Choisy. Flowers 1 — 2 lines long, pedicelled in
loose cymes: calyx-lobes acute: corolla-lobes lanceolate- subulate, as
long as or longer than the shallow campanulate tube: filaments nearly
equalling the linear-oblong anthers; appendages none, or represented by
rudimentary inverted arches near the base of the tube: styles slender:
capsule depressed-globose. — Attributed to the western part of California
generally, and running into some marked varieties not known to us.

2. C. salina, Engelm. Stems very slender, densely clothing stems
of Salicomia and other salt-marsh herbs: fl. l^-r2^ lines long, pedi-
celled in loose cymes: calyx-lobes ovate lanceolate, acute, as long as the
denticulate corolla-lobes: corolla-tube shallow-campanulate: filaments
about as long as the oval anthers; fringed scales shorter than the corolla-
tube, sometimes incomplete : styles as long as, or shorter than the acute
ovary: capsule conical, surrounded by the withered corolla, usually
1-seeded. — Plentiful in salt marshes all around the Bay.

3. C. subinclusa, Dur. & Hilg. Stems coarse and few, ascending
small shrubs to the height of a yard or more: fl. sessile or short-pedi-
celled, at length in clusters %—l in. thick, the individual fl. 2*^—3^

SOLANACE^U. 267

lines long: calyx lobes ovate lanceolate, acutish, overlapping, much
shorter than the cylindric or urn-shaped corolla-tube: corolla-lobes much
shorter than the tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute, minutely crenulate or,
papillose: anthers oval, subsessile: scales narrow fringed, reaching to
the middle of the tube : sjender styles longer than the pointed ovary :
capsule conical, capped by the withered corolla, usually 1-seeded. —
Common in all the hilly districts, usually on shrubs or coarse herbs.

ORDER LXXV. SOLANACE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, commonly rank-scented and with colorless narcotic
juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers regular, 5-merous, 5-
androus, their pedicels bractless. Corolla usually plaited in aestivation.
Ovary 2-celled, with axial placentae; style single. Fruit capsular or
baccate, many-seeded. Seeds with curved embryo in fleshy albumen.

Corolla rotate or campanulate; fruit a berry SOL.ANUM 1

Corolla elongated; fruit a capsule;

Pericarp thick, prickly DATURA 2

Pericarp thin and smooth;

Calyx merely toothed or lobed NICOTIANA 3

" 5-parted; segments f oliaceous PETUNIA 4

1. SOL ATOM, Pliny. Calyx and corolla 5-parted or -cleft, the latter
rotate or nearly so, and valvate in the bud. Filaments short: anthers
distinct but connivent; the cells with a terminal opening. Style long:
stigma entire. Fruit a berry, containing many flattened seeds.

1. S. VILLOSUM, Lain. Annual, stoutish, depressed, the branches 1
ft. long, somewhat flexuous, and with one or more slight angles, the
whole plant villous-hirsute : leaves rhombic-ovate, 1 in. long or more,
strongly sinuate-dentate: corolla white, minute: berries of a, clear deep
green when ripe, and half invested by the shallow -campanulate calyx.— In
fields and gardens.

2. S. ALATUM, Moench. Similar to the last, but with angular stem
and red berries. — Said to have been found about San Francisco Bay;
but we doubt the identification.

3. S. Douglasii, Dunal. Somewhat shrubby, widely branching, and
even half climbing by the rough angles of the branchlets, 3^-5 ft. high :
leaves ovate with cuneate base, 1—2 in. long, nearly entire : corolla
bluish, 3—5 lines wide: berries black. — Plentiful along stream banks and
elsewhere in half shady places; flowering and fruiting in many instances
almost throughout the year.

4. S. umbelliferum, Esch. Stoutish cinereous and tomentose-pubes-
cent shrub, 3—4 ft. high: leaves thin, ovate or obovate, or oblong, obtuse
entire, acute or cuneate at base, 1—2 in. long: umbels short-peduncled,
few-flowered: corolla about % in. broad, deep blue, with greenish spots at

268 SOLANACE^E.

base: berry 4 — 5 lines in diameter, yellow when ripe. — Common in moist
thickets, or on more exposed bushy hillsides; flowering at all seasons:
the leaves rarely somewhat pinnate.

2. DATURA, Linn. Coarse herbs of rank odor and narcotic-
poisonous properties. Flowers large, solitary. Calyx tubular, decidu-
ous by a transverse separation near the base. Corolla funnelform,
strongly 5-plaited. Capsule thick, prickly.

1. D. meteloides, DC. Perennial; low and spreading stout flexuous
branches often a yard long or more: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5
— 10 in. long, usually entire, pale with a soft whitish pubescence: calyx
3, and corolla 6—8 in. long, the latter pale blue or violet, the widely
expanded limb with prominent slender-subulate long points: capsule
nodding, 2 in. thick, subglobose, thickly armed with equal short weak
prickles, bursting irregularly when ripe : seeds with thick margin. — Low
sandy plains of the interior. July — Nov.

3. NICOTIAXA, Dalechamps (TOBACCO). Strong-scented narcotic-
poisonous herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves, and panicled narrowly fun-
nelform flowers. Calyx oblong, 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-limb
plaited and plaits convolute. Stamens not exserted: anthers short,
opening lengthwise. Capsule many-seeded, 2-valved from the summit,
the valves afterwards splitting into two.

1. N. attenuata, Torr. Viscid-pubescent, erect, 1— 3ft. high, leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate into a petiole: fl. in loose terminal
racemes: calyx % in> l°n£f tubular-campanulate : teeth short, equal, tri-
angular, acute: corolla white, 1 in. long or more, narrow-salverform,
with short-lobed border % in. in diameter: capsule ovate, acute, exceed-
ing the calyx. — Not known to occur quite within our limits; but found
at Monterey, and at Stockton.

2. BT. Bigelovii, Wats. Size of the last, and with the same clammi-
ness: leaves sessile: calyx with unequal linear-lanceolate lobes: corolla
tubular-f unnelform, with deeply lobed limb 1 in. broad : the lobes broad-
ovate, acute: capsule obtuse, shorter than the calyx. — Of the mountains
chiefly, and originally; but now found at San Rafael and San Francisco,
along the railroads and other public highways.

3. N. GLAUCA, Graham. Slender loosely branching soft-woody tree
12 -20 ft. high; branches and foliage glabrous, glaucous: leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate, subcordate, entire, long-petioled, rather thick aud sub-
coriaceous: fl. in loose terminal panicles; corolla 2 in. long, greenish-
yellow, tubular, with constricted throat, and erect 5-crenate limb. —
Native of Buenos Ayres; naturalized from Napa Valley and plains of
the lower Sacramento southward.

SCROPHULARINE.E. 269

4. PETUNIA, Jussieu. Viscid-pubescent herbs, with lateral rather
than terminal flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions foliaceous. Capsule
2-valved; valves entire.

1. P. purviflora, Juss. Small rather fleshy prostrate annual, freely
branching, with narrow-spatulate ££ in. long leaves nearly sessile: fl.
short- peduncled, 4 lines long: corolla purple, with a yellowish tube, its
short retuse lobes slightly unequal : capsule ovoid. — Low moist lands at
Alameda, thence eastward and southward.

ORDER LXXVI. SCROPHULARINE/E.

Herbs or shrubs with a watery juice, not rarely a heavy narcotic odor.
Leaves prevailingly opposite, though of ten alternate exstipulate. Flowers
complete, mostly very irregular; the corolla usually bilabiate, imbricate
in bud. Stamens mostly 2 or 4, with a rudimentary fifth. Style 1,
undivided; stigma not rarely 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, the placentae
firmly united in the axis (except in Diplacus). Seeds oo , small, often
angular, occasionally winged.

* Corolla nearly rotate; the tube very short.

Coarse tall herbs with yellow flowers VERBASCUM 1

Low herbs with bluish or white flowers VERONICA 10

* * Corolla bilabiate, personate.
Capsule opening by pores;

Corolla spurred at base LlNABlA 2

" saccate at base ATTTIRRHINUM 3

*• * •* Corolla bilabiate, neither personate nor galeate.

Corolla gibbous or saccate at base on the upper side, with dilated

tube and spreading lobes COLLINSIA 4

Corolla-tube ventricose; lobes very short SCROPHULARIA 5

Corolla various; sterile filament representing the fifth stamen

prominent PENTSTEMON 6

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled;

Shrubs; mature placentae parting DIPLACUS 7

Annuals; capsule thickish, dehiscent on one side only EUNANUS 8

Herbs; capsule thin, dehiscent by both sutures... MIMULUS 9

Calyx tubular or campanulate, not angled;

5-sulnate; capsule dehiscent at apex and down one side MIMETANTHE 10

'Sepals distinct, unequal; corolla campanulate, scarcely

irregular HERPESTIS 11

Calyx 5-parted; perfect stamens 2;

Corolla-lobes of nearly equal length GRATIOLA 12

Upper lip of corolla smaller, erect and concave ILYSANTHKS 13

* * * * Corolla scarcely bilabiate.

Calyx and corolla both almost campanulate PLANTAGINELLA 14

Corolla nearly rotate, 4-lobed;

Leaves cauline and opposite VERONICA 10

Leaves in a radical tuft WULFENIA 16

270 SCROPHULARINE^.

* # * * -x- Corolla strongly bilabiate; upper Up concave or galeaie.

Calyx and corolla laterally compressed;

Capsule not rostrate CASTILLEIA 17

Capsule falcate or rostrate PEDICULARIS 21

Calyx 4-cleft; lower lip of corolla 3-saccate OBTHOCARPUS 18

Calyx spathaceous, or diphyllous ADENOSTEGIA 19

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft, the segments toothed BELLARDIA 20

1. YERBASCUM, Pliny (MULLEIN). Coarse biennials, the cauline
leaves sessile, often decurreut; the spicate or racemose flowers ephem-
eral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate. Htiimens 5; anthers by
confluence 1-celled; superior filaments woolly-bearded. Capsule 2-valved,
oo - seeded. Seeds rugose. — Our two species naturalized from Europe.

1. V. THAPSUS, L. Densely woolly throughout: stem simple, 3—6 ft.
high, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong entire crowded leaves :
fl. yellow, in a dense spike a foot long or more, and 1 — 2 in. thick. —
Upper part of Napa Valley, and elsewhere in mountainous districts.

2. V. VIRGATUM, Withering. Green, but somewhat pubescent and gland-
ular, rather slender, 3—6 ft. high: leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or
sinuate, not decurrent: fl. yellow, in a long loose raceme; pedicels often
in twos and threes and not longer than the calyx-lobes. — Not rare in
fields and on roadsides.

2. LIN ARIA, Brunfels. Inflorescence simple, racemose. Corolla
personate, spurred at base. Capsule many-seeded, opening by irregular
perforations.

1. L. Canadensis (L.), Dumont. Glabrous annual, leafy chiefly as
to the procumbent shoots at base of main stem, and the leaves of these
opposite or whorled, oblong, 1—2 lines wide: stem 6—30 in. high, nearly
naked, racemose at summit: pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform
curved spur of the blue corolla. — Sandy soils.

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Diosc. Ours either glabrous, or glandular and
oily-viscid herbs, with axillary or terminal and spicate-racemose flowers,
their structure like those of Linaria, except that the corolla has a
sac-like gibbosity or protuberance at base instead of a spur.

* Stout perennials, with spicate-racemose flowers.

1. A. virga, Gray. Glabrous; stems strict and simple, 3—5 ft. high:
leaves linear, diminishing under the long spike-like raceme to subulate
or setaceous bracts: purple flowers mostly secund,'% in. long: longer
filaments with tips dilated to more than the width of the anthers. —
Sonoma Co. and northward, among the higher hills. May, June.

2. A. giandnlosum, Lindl. Size of the last, but more branching,
very glandular-pubescent a nd viscid throughout : leaves lanceolate: corolla
% in. long, purplish, with yellow palate: capsule tipped with long and
persistent style.— Mt. Hamilton and southward. June, July.

SCKOPHULARINE^:. 271

* * Annuals, more or less slender and climbing.

3. A. yagans, Gray. Diffusely branched, in age more or less climbing
by prehensile branchlets; sparsely setose-hirsute and more or less glandular
and viscid: leaves tbickish, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire: oblong
upper sepal equalling the tube of the corolla, the others linear and
shorter: corolla light purple, % in. long: seeds tuberculate.— Very
common in ravines among the hills and mountains. June — Oct.

4. A. strictum (H. & A.), Gray. Erect, very slender, nearly simple,
2 ft. high, glabrous, climbing by the long filiform peduncles: lowest leaves
ovate-lanceolate; upper linear, the floral filiform, much shorter than the
tortile peduncles : corolla violet, % in. long, with hairy palate and gib-
bous base; capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of its own
length.— Mt. Tamalpais and far southward. June— Aug.

4. COLLINSIA, Nult. Annuals with opposite leaves, the lowest
pairs of which are commonly ternately divided, the others merely
toothed or entire. Flowers pedicellate, axillary and scattered, or in
whorls forming a raceme. Calyx campanulate, deeply cleft. Corolla
with very short proper tube, ventricose and gibbous or saccate throat,
and bilabiate usually somewhat personate limb; the 2 lobes of the upper
lip more or less recurved; middle lobe of the lower usually conduplicate,
enclosing the stamens; these 4 in 2 pairs with long filaments; a gland
at the base of the corolla on the upper side answering to the fifth
stamen. Capsule ovate or globose; the rather few seeds somewhat
peltate or meniscoid.

* Corolla strongly bilabiate; the lowest lobe conduplicate.
•i— Flowers short-pedicelled, racemose at summit of stem.

1. C. tinctoria, Hartw. Stoutish, 1 ft. high or less, viscid-hairy or
glabrate: leaves more or less toothed, oblong or lanceolate, the upper
sessile by a broad subcordate base: fl. nearly sessile; calyx-lobes linear
or oblong-linear, obtuse: corolla yellowish or nearly white, marked with
many purple lines and dots, or the purple prevailing; throat so strongly
saccale-ventr'icose that its axis is at right angles with tube and limb;
upper lip very short. — Mt. Diablo and northward through the higher
hills; herbage imparting a stain. June.

2. C. bicolor, Benth. More slender, often 2 ft. high, usually glabrous
or nearly so, seldom a little viscid and hairy: lowest leaves ternately
compound, those seen at flowering all oblong-lanceolate : pedicels shorter
than the acute calyx-lobes: lower lip of corolla purple, the upper little
shorter, paler or nearly white; saccate throat oblique to the tube. — Very
common on open or shady hillsides, or, in an almost white-flowered
smaller form, on open sandy plains. April— June.

272 SCKOPHULARINE^.

3. C. bartsiaefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular,
the calyx usually white-villous; stems rather stout, simple or branched,
6—10 in. high: leaves rather broader and more toothed than in the fore-
going: flower-whorls few: upper lip of corolla about the length of the
curved-gibbous throat, the whole nearly white; gland-like rudimentary
stamen sessile, elongated, porrect.— Sandy soil along the seaboard;
plentiful at San Francisco. April, May.

4. C. Greenei, Gray. Glandular-puberulent, slender, 4— 8 in. high:
leaves oblong-linear, tapering to the base, coarsely and sparsely toothed:
fl. only 2—6 in the whorl, the pedicels as long as the calyx; lobes of
calyx acutish: corolla rather slender, deep violet-purple; upper lip short,
crested near the base within with a pair of callous teeth on each side,
which are connected by a transverse ridge; lateral lobes of the lower lip
small : gland small, sessile.— Rocky ledges along streams in the higher
mountains of Sonoma Co., toward the Geysers. May, June.

H-H- Pedicels longer and fewer; the flowers solitary, or umbellate- whorled.

5. C. Franciscans, Bioletti. Slender and with thinnish foliage, %— '2
ft. high, puberulent above, otherwise glabrous: leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, the upper sessile: pedictls 1—6 in the axils of the uppermost
leaves or bracts, from slightly shorter to twice or thrice longer than the
calyx: calyx-lobes acute: corolla % in. long, the limb % in. broad,
bluish, the upper lip pale, dotted with purple; throat a fourth longer
than wide, closed at the mouth: gland subulate, bearing the yellowish
rudiment of an anther. — San Francisco and San Mateo counties, on
shady hillsides. May, June.

6. C. arvensis, Greene. Erect, simple or with several nearly erect
branches from the base, 10 — 18 in. high, glabrous except the very sparsely
setulose-hairy leaf -margins : lowest leaves oval or oblong, J£ in. long, on
petioles of equal length, coarsely toothed or somewhat lobed; cauline
lanceolate to linear, sessile, revolute: fl. loosely racemose (1, 2 or rarely 3
at each upper node), deep violet-purple, % inch long: calyx-teeth lanceo-
late-subulate, twice the length of the tube; corolla with compressed
saccate tube as broad as long (^ in.); tipper lip half the length of the
lower, and paler: filaments very sparsely hirsute below. — Hills and open
valleys of the Coast Range; plentiful in grain fields. April, May.

7. C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Mey. Puberulent throughout, and the
herbage reddish, 4—8 in. high, with few ascending branches: leaves
mostly lanceolate, entire, the very lowest small, rounded, toothed and
petiolate : pedicels usually 1 or 2 at node, three or four times the length
of the calyx, the lobes of the latter lanceolate, twice as long as the tube:
corolla very small, hardly exceeding the calyx, pale or deep violet-purple,
with dots of deeper color. — Northward slopes and summits of the coast
hills. April, May.

SCROPHULARINE.E. 273

* * Corolla bilabiate, but all the lobes, even the lowest, spreading.

8. C. tenella, Benth. Stems almost filiform, 5—10 in. long: lowest
leaves round-ovate, toothed; middle cauline 3-lobed or -divided; upper-
most and floral linear, entire: filiform pedicels solitary or in pairs at the
nodes, longer than the leaves: corolla minute, little exceeding the calyx;
its 5 lobes of nearly equal length, but the anterior one transversely oval,
the other 4 oblong: capsule exceeding the calyx : cells 1-seeded. — Santa
Clara and Sonoma counties, and far northward. April.

5. SCROPHULA.RIA, Tourn. Homely weed-like perennials, with
opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small dull-reddish flowers in a
nairow terminal panicle. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; lobes broad, rounded.
Corolla short; tube ventricose; limb of 5 unequal lobes, 4 erect, the fifth
and lowest recurved. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs; anthers transverse and by
confluence 1- celled: a scale like rudimentary fifth stamen borne on the
upper side of the throat of the corolla. Capsule ovate, septicidal, many-
seeded. Seeds tuberculate-rugose.

1. S. Californica, Cham. Almost glabrous, dark green, or the stem
purplish, 2—5 ft. high : leaves oblong-ovate with cordate base, coarsely
and doubly toothed: inflorescence somewhat glandular-pubescent and
viscid: branchlets of the panicle rather few-flowered and distinctly
cymose. Var. floribnnda. More slender; the herbage light green;
leaves more sharply deeply and incisely toothed : branches of the panicle
greatly elongated and remarkably flexuous as well as very many-flowered.
— Type common at the seaboard; the variety belonging to hills of the
interior.

6. PEXTSTEMOX, Mitchell. Herbaceous or shrubby, with opposite
or verticillate leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly showy flowers; the
peduncles from the axils of floral leaves or bracts. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla with ventricose usually elongated tube; limb more or less
bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at
base, ascending above; anthers with cells mostly united or confluent at
summit; the fifth stamen a conspicuous often more or less dilated and
hairy filament. Capsule septicidal, GO -seeded. Seeds angled.

* Anther cells divergent, or even divaricate.

1. P. centra nthifolius, Benth. Herbaceous, glaucous, the erect and
strict stems, 2 — 4 ft. high: cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a
broadish clasping base; panicle narrow, 1 ft. long or more: corolla nar-
row-tubular, 1 in. long, obscurely bilabiate, bright vermilion-red; the
short-oblong lobes alike save that the two posterior are united higher:
anthers opening widely; sterile filament slender, naked.— Near Vacaville
and Niles, and southward. May, June.

274 SCKOPHULAEINE^E.

2. P. Sou om ensis, Greene. Suffrutescent, evergreen, very leafy, 5—
10 in. high, slightly puberulent: leaves rather light green, coriaceous, den-
ticulate, %—% in. long and nearly as broad, short -petiolate, the
uppermost round-ovate, acutish; lower nearly orbicular and retuse:
raceme terminal, sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate: corolla 1 in.
long, deep red; segments nearly equal, not widely spreading: anthers
slightly exserted: white- woolly. — Among rocks at the summit of Hood's
Peak, Sonoma Co., and on Mt. St. Helena.

3. P. corymbosus, Benth. Suffrutescent, much branched, ascending
1 — 2 ft. high, cinereous-pubescent: branches leafy up to the corymbiform
cyme: leaves oblong or oval, denticulate, %— 2 in. long: sepals lanceolate:
corolla scarlet, narrow-tubular 1 in. long with abruptly spreading limb:
anthers glabrous.— Summits of Mt. Hamilton, Mt. Diablo, and north-
ward; growing on rocks. July, Aug.

4. P. Lemmoni,Gray. Slender shrub 2—5 ft. high, bright green, gla-
brous: leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1 — 1^ in. long, sharply though remotely
serrate-toothed: panicle loose, virgate and racemose: peduncles longer
than the subtending floral leaves, cymosely 2 — 7-flowered: corolla small,
dull yellowish and red, with short tube and small unequal segments:
sterile filaments strongly yellow-bearded on one side of the curved apex.
— Mountains of Solano Co.

* * Anthers horseshoe-shaped or reniform, ciliate.

5. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Tufted and bushy but only 1—1^ ft.
high and somewhat woody at base : herbage glabrous, glauescent, the
stem commonly reddish: leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, subcoria-
ceous, entire: peduncles short, erect, 1— 3-flowered: sepals lanceolate,
acuminate: corolla glabrous, lJ/£ in. long, with ample ventricose tube
and rather short bilabiate limb, the whole either red-purple or bright
blue. — On the higher parts of both Coast and Mt. Diablo ranges.

7. DIPLA.CUS, Nutt. Evergreen glutinous low shrubs with opposite
mostly serrate-toothed leaves revolute in vernation. Flowers showy,
pedicellate, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5- angled, 5-toothed, persistent,
finally ruptured by the splitting of the 2-valved subligneous capsule.
Corolla with funnelform tube and bilabiate limb, all the segments
spreading; the lower larger than the upper. Capsule linear-oblong,
with a tubercular enlargement at the pointed apex at base of the style,
firm-coriaceous, dehiscent by the upper suture, each valve bearing its
own placenta which is lamellar and conceals the many minute seeds.

1. I), glutinosus (Wendl.), Nutt. Shrub 3—6 ft. high; branches
puberulent: leaves linear-lanceolate, acutish, denticulate, in age loosely
revolute, pubescent beneath with branching hairs: corolla 1 in. long,
buff or salmon color; throat narrow-funnelform; lobes emarginate or

,SCROPHULARINEjE. 275

retuse and with other scarcely definable irregularities of margin. — Banks
and hillsides, usually near streams. May — Dec.

8. EUNANUS, Benth. Annuals, either dwarf and depressed, or erect
and somewhat strict. Herbage glandular-hairy and somewhat viscid.
Flowers axillary and solitary. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed.
Corolla from slender funnelform and strongly bilabiate to almost salver-
form and with slight inequality of lobes. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs.
Style filiform; stigma bilamellar or somewhat peltate-funnelform. Cap-
sule from cartilaginous to almost membranaceous, but dehiscent on one
side only, or from that to a little below the apex on the other side,
obtuse and shorter than the calyx, or acuminate and surpassing it.
Seeds many, often muriculate.

# Subacaulescent dwarfs, with greatly elongated corolla-tube: capsule
short, cartilaginous, nearly or quite indehiscent.

1. E. snlMiuifloriis (Hook. & Arn.). Stem %—l% in- high, very
leafy : leaves rhombic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, % — 1 in. long, entire or
crenate-toothed: corolla dark red-purple, 1 — 1^ in. long, its slender tube
thrice the length of the calyx; throat oblong-urceolate; upper lip of limb
consisting of two broad erect lobes, the lower of a single small triangular
tooth (the lateral lobes obsolete) : capsule % in- l°ng» semi-translucent,
obtuse, very gibbous, the acutely carinate posterior part twice as long
as the obtuse anterior part: seeds ovoid, acute, granular-muriculate. —
Damp hillsides and plains. March, April

2. E. angustatns, Greene. Nearly or quite acaulescent : leaves linear
and linear-spatulate, 1 in. long, entire: calyx with constricted throat and
ample foliaceous segments: corolla with filiform lube at least 4 times the
length of the funnelform throat: upper lip exceeding the lower: capsule
broadly ovate, acute, scarcely compressed : seeds few, large, f avose-pitted.
— Napa and Sonoma counties : an early vernal species like the last.

3. E. tricolor (Lindl.), Greene. Low, but with short decumbent
leafy branches 1 — Sin. long: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, or remotely
serrate -toothed, 1 — 2 in. long: corolla 2 in. long, with short narrow tube,
ample throat and wide not very irregular limb, the 3-lobed lower lip about
as long as the 2-lobed upper, the whole corolla rose-purple, with mark-
ings of deep crimson and of yellow in the throat: capsule oblong-ovate,
obtuse, slightly gibbous, compressed, both edges acute: seeds obovoid.
— Plains of Solano and Contra Costa counties east of the Mt. Diablo
Range. April, May.

* * Less diminutive plants, and erect: capsules more elongated,
thinner, definitely dehiscent.

4. E. Douglasii, Benth. Eigidly erect, 6—10 in. high, the internodes
longer than the leaves; these ovate to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate:

276 SCROPHULARINE^E.

corolla dark red-purple; tube 1 in. long, widening into ashort-funnelform
throat and bilabiate limb; lobes of the lower lip only half as long as the
upper, and more spreading: capsule 4 — 5 lines long, narrow, obtuse,
subterete, unequal-sided: seeds few, large, obovate, minutely granular.
Var. parviflorus. All parts of the plant thrice smaller; the corolla
scarcely % in. long, its tube little exserted. — The type quite common on
hillsides near the coast; the variety in the Vaca Mountains. April, May.

5. E. Bolanderi (Gray), Greene. Glandular-pubescent and viscid,
% — 2 ft. high, simple or branched: leaves ovate and oblong 1—2 in.
long: calyx-teeth unequal, acuminate: corolla red-purple, % — 1 in. long,
the tube rather abruptly widening to the not very irregular spreading limb:
capsule fusiform-subulate, as long as the calyx. — Mt. Hamilton, Mt.
Diablo, etc. June — Aug.

9. MIMULUS, Linn. Herbaceous light green and flaccid plants,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, some albuminous-viscid, others musk-
scented, none resinous-glandular. Flowers peduncled, axillary and
solitary, or becoming racemose by reduction of the upper leaves to
bracts. Calyx 5-angled, commonly short and bilabiate, the uppermost
lobe largest. Corolla in most of ours yellow, often personate, seldom
otherwise than strongly bilabiate. Stamens 4; stigma bilamellar. Cap-
sule obtuse, enclosed within the calyx; the membranaceous walls
(apparently not valvate) tardily separating from the central and con-
joined placentae.

1. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Stout, viscid-pubescent, rather strong-
scented when bruised, 2 — 4 ft. high: leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate,
erose-dentate, parallel- veined, sessile, 2 in. long: corolla scarlet, 2 in.
long, very irregular ; 3-lobed lower lip reflexed; upper less deeply divided,
the undivided part erect, the lobes reflexed: stamens exserted.— Mount-
ain streams, and on wet rocky hillsides. June— Sept.

2. M. moschatus, Dougl. Perennial, slender, soft-villous, slimy,
mask-scented: stems 1 ft. long, decumbent, rooting at the joints: leaves
oblong-ovate, 1 in. long, petiolate; corolla light yellow, ^ in. long.
Var. sessilifolins, Gray. Leaves 2 in. long, sessile by a broad base:
corolla 1 in. long, the ample spreading limb nearly regular: herbage
only faintly or not at all musk-scented.— Swampy places in the Coast
Range; probably the variety only, with us. May — Sept.

3. M. floribumlus, Dougl. Annual, diffuse, slender, villous, very
slimy, 6-10 in. high, leafy and flowering from the axils throughout:
lea-ses ovate, 1 in. long or less, the upper shorter than the pedicels:
calyx short-campanulate, ovate or oblong in fruit, and with nearly equal
short triangular teeth: corolla % — % *"• I°n9i on^y twice, the length of the
calyx, light yellow: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Common in the
mountains far north and south; not known in those about the Bay, but
found in Lake Co., and to be expected in Sonoma and Marin.

SCROPHULABINE.E. 277

4. M» guttatus, DO. An Alaskan species, whose type is in the
Sierra Nevada, and eastward. We have but some remarkable varieties,
or subspecies. Var. gramlis. Perennial, stout and fislulous, 2—5 ft.
high; stems terete, mostly simple above the decumbent and somewhat
proliferous base: leaves orbicular to round-ovate, 1—3 in. long, the
radical petiolate and sometimes lyrate by a few pinnae along the petiole;
floral reduced and connate-clasping: raceme pubescent, often faintly
musky, not rarely 1% ft. long: peduncles slender, 1 in. long or more:
calyx ventricose-campanulate; teeth broadly triangular, the upper one
largest: corolla 1—1% in. long, strongly bilabiate, light yellow, the
throat with many small red dots. Var. insiguis. Apparently annual,
simple or branching, 1—2 ft. high: calyx dotted with red, and large
corolla with very large dark red spots on the palate and limb. — The first
variety a conspicuous perennial of stream banks and some boggy places
among the hills near the Bay. The second is of Napa and Sonoma
counties, and the most beautiful Mimulus in our flora. April — July.

5. M. glareosus, Greene. Annual, slender, diffuse, the branches
10—12 in. long, these and the leaves relrorsely pubescent and slimy:
leaves round-ovate, % in. long, on slender petioles, irregularly toothed
and slightly lobed, usually with a band of purple spots across the base :
pedicels very slender, far exceeding the leaves: calyx-teeth very unequal,
the uppermost one much the largest: corolla % — % in' l°n^ strongly
bilabiate, yellow, with many purple dots. — Gravelly margins of mountain
streams about Mt. St. Helena. July— Sept.

6. M. arvensis, Greene. Annual, erect, 1—2% ft. high, stem some-
what 4-angled, sparingly leafy, loosely racemose from the middle: lower
leaves long-petioled, roundish, coarsely toothed, hastate, and the whole
becoming lyrate by the accession of several pairs of small leaflets below
the main blade: floral leaves soft-villous beneath, the plant otherwise
glabrous: calif x 3 — 4 lines long, campanula! e, purple-dotted, the orifice
commonly almost truncate and toothed rather than lobed and unequal,
in fr. twice as large: capsule 2—3 lines long, compressed. — Plentiful in
low fields. April — June.

7. M. nasutus, Greene. Annual, erect, % — 1% ft. high, puberulent
or nearly glabrous: stem quadrangular and winged, flowering from the
base: leaves ovate to reniform- cordate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed;
the upper floral reduced to bracts; peduncles ascending, short: calyx
broad-campanulate, the teeth or lobes very unequal; the upper one in
maturity thrice the length of the others; the lower pair bent upwards
and lying across and enfolding the other three: corolla comparatively
small (% in. long), little surpassing the calyx, yellow, with a large dark-red
blotch on the lower lip. — Common about springy places in the hills
almost everywhere, but especially in Marin Co. April, May.

278 SCBOPHULARINE^:.

8. M. latidens. Annual, slender, usually much branched from the
base, 3 — 10 in. high, glandular-puberulent: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, i<£— 1 in. long, 3— 5-nerved, entire or sparingly toothed, short-
petioled or sessile: pedicels as long as the fl., in fr. much longer: calyx
oval, 3—6 lines long; teeth triangular-ovate: corolla 3—5 lines long,
nearly regular, but limb very small, white; throat yellowish — Rich low
plains of the lower Sacramento and southward. April, May.

10. MIMETANTHE, Greene. Villous and glandular ill-scented herb,
with corolla of Mimulus', but calyx 5-cleft and slightly 5-sulcate, not
angled. Style glabrous; stigma bilamellar. Capsule oblong-ovate,
acuminate, chartaceous, dehiscent by the upper suture, and to just past
the apex on the lower, the partial valves thus formed being reflexed.
Seeds many, minute, favose-reticulate and glandular.

1. M. pilosa(Benth.), Greene. Annual, 6— 15 in. high, much branched
from the base, erect, leafy, villous with long viscid hairs, and with the
odor of narcotic solanaceous plants: leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate,
entire, sessile: calyx slender-pedicelled, oblique, the upper segment
longest and about equalling the tube: corolla light yellow, 3 — 4 lines
long, little exceeding the calyx.— Gravelly banks and shores of mountain
streams. June — Oct.

11. HERPESTIS, Gsertn.f. Ours a large herb creeping in mud, or
a floating aquatic. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary. Calyx
of 5 distinct very unequal sepals. Corolla campanulate. Stamens 4,
in slightly unequal pairs; anther-cells parallel. Capsule thin, 2-valved,
the valves 2-parted. Seeds many, elongated.

1. H. Eiseui (Kell.). Branches prostrate, rooting, ^—2 ft. long,
stoutish and succulent: leaves oblong-obovate, 1 in. long, sessile, entire,
several-nerved from the base: pedicels 1 or 2 in the axils, about as long
as the leaves, pubescent: 3 outer sepals broad, the others narrow:
corolla white, campanulate, 4—5 lines wide and as long, with a barely
perceptible irregularity, the 2 upper lobes a trifle smaller and nearer
together: anthers cordate-ovate, deep blue: seeds linear-oblong.— Stag-
nant pools along the lower San Joaquin and southward; certainly
altogether distinct from H. rolundifolia to which it has been referred.

12. GRA.TIOLA, Dodoens. Low branching annuals, with opposite
sessile leaves, and small solitary flowers on naked axillary peduncles.
Calyx 5-parted; the divisions subequal. Small yellowish or white
corolla with upper lip entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft; all the lobes
spreading. Stamens not exserted, only 2 fertile; their anthers with 2
transverse cells on a broad connective; anterior pair either wanting, or
represented by sterile filaments. Style usually bent at tip; stigma of 2
flat lobes. Capsule many-seeded, 4-valved, the valves parting from the
thick axial placenta.

SCROPHULARINE^E. 279

1. G. ebracteata, Benth. Glabrous, obscurely viscid, erect, 2—5 in.
high: leaves lanceolate, acute, mostly entire: calyx with no bractlets at
base, the segments almost equalling the small yellow-throated white
corolla: capsule globose. — Low wet places in fields; Sonoma Co., Bioletli.

13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. Slender glabrous low annuals, with opposite
sessile leaves and filiform naked peduncles in their axils, the upper
becoming racemose by the reduction of the subtending leaves to bracts.
Calyx 5-parted; the divisions subequal. Upper lip of corolla short,
2-lobed, erect; lower larger, 3-cleft, spreading. Only 2 stamens fertile,
these included, their anthers 2-celled; sterile anterior pair inserted high
in the throat of the corolla, each of an .unequally 2-lobed filament;
shorter lobe small, tooth-like, the longer glandular. Many-seeded small
capsule 2-valved; edges of the valves separating from the partitions,
these being left with the undivided placenta.

1. I. gratioloides (L.), Benth. Diffusely branching, 3—7 in. high:
leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire: peduncles surpassing
the leaves, in fruit divergent: corolla light purple or bluish, 3 — 4 lines
long. — Muddy banks of the lower San Joaquin. July — Oct.

14. PL ANT AGIN ELL A, Ruppius. Glabrous dwarf annual with run-
ning stems putting forth at their ends clusters of narrow entire fleshy
leaves; 1-flowered scapes. Calyx and nearly regular corolla campanu-
late, 5-toothed and -cleft. Stamens 4, nearly equal; anthers with con-
fluent cells. Style short, clavate; stigma thickish. Capsule globose,
many-seeded, 2-valved; valves separating from the thin partitions;
placentae remaining central.

1. P. aquatica (L.), Moench. Leaves with petioles longer (when
growing in water much longer) than the spatulate-oblong or oval blade,
and exceeding the scapes, but the whole leaf usually only 1 — 3 in. long:
corolla very small, white or purplish. — Margins of fresh water ponds
and lakes on the San Francisco peninsula; usually terrestrial only.

15. VERONICA, Fuchs. (SPEEDWELL). Herbs, with at least the
lowest leaves opposite. Flowers small, white or blue, in racemes, or
solitary in the axils. Calyx and nearly rotate corolla each 4-parted;
lower lobe of the latter, and sometimes the lateral ones, narrower than
the upper. Stamens 2, one on each side of the uppermost corolla-lobe?
exserted; anther-cells confluent at apex. Stigma somewhat capitate.
Capsule compressed, 2-lobed, or at least emarginate, few — many- seeded;
dehiscence loculicidal.

1. V. Americana, Schwein. Perennial, glabrous, the decumbent
stems ^—2 ft. long; herbage rather fleshy: leaves oblong, serrate,
truncate or slightly cordate at base, short-petioled: racemes opposite,
slender peduncled, many-flowered: pedicels slender: corolla blue, with
purple stripes: capsule turgid, many-seeded. — Shallow margins of
streamlets, growing in sand or gravel.

280 SCROPHULARINE^J.

2. V. peregrina, L. Annual, 3—10 in. high, erect, sparingly branch-
ing, only the lower leaves opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or
toothed; the upper gradually smaller: fl. short-pedicelled in the axils:
corolla very xmall, white: capsule round-obcordate, many-seeded. — Com-
mon in wet fields. April, May.

3. V. ARVENSIS, L. Annual, simple and erect, or with few decumbent
branches, 3—6 in. high, pubescent: leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, the
lowest petiolate, the bract-like floral ones linear-lanceolate: spike-like
raceme at length loose: corolla very small, deep blue: capsule much
shorter than the sepals, obcordate, the short style not exceeding the
notch. — European weed, escaping from lawns and gardens.

4. V. BUXBAUMII, Ten. With many weak assurgent branches from
the base; these 6—10 in. long: herbage somewhat pubescent, the hairs
not gland-tipped: leaves round-ovate, petiolate (the floral alternate),
coarsely serrate or crenate-serrate, % in long or less: peduncles nearly
1 in. long: corolla bright blue, 4 — 5 lines wide: capsule of 2 rhomboid-oval
widely divergent lobes sparingly beset with small gland-tipped hairs and
reticulate-venulose. — A pretty weed from Asia, plentiful in gardens at
Berkeley, flowering from midwinter to early summer.

16. WULFESIA, Jacguin. Perennials, with flowers and capsules of
Veronica, except that in our species the anther-cells are not confluent;
but in habit quite different; all the leaves being radical and long-
petioled. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike.

1. W. cordata. Scarcely rhizomatous, the tuft of rather coarse
fibrous roots attached to the base of an elongated but upright leafy
crown: herbage slightly rusty-hairy, especially the petioles and lower
face of leaves; the latter ovate- to deltoid-cordate, 1 — 2j^ in. long,
obtuse, doubly crenate; petioles 2—3 in. long: scapes several, not equal-
ling the leaves, few-flowered: fl. long-pedicellate, the pedicels and calyx
with fairly abundant brownish deflexed hairs: corolla nearly rotate,
light blue: capsule not known. — Northern slope of Mt. Tamalpais and in
Mendocino Co. (Synthyris reniformis cordata, Gray).

17. CA.STILLEIA, Mutis (PAINTED CUP). Herbs or suffrutescent
plants, with alternate sessile leaves, the floral ones, or their tips, and the
calyx-lobes, colored like petals. Flowers in terminal spikes. Calyx
tubular, cleft in front or behind, or both; lobes 2 and lateral, or 4.
Tubular corolla laterally compressed, especially the long conduplicate
upper lip: lower lip short and minute, 3-toothed. Stamens 4; anthers
2-celled, the cells unequal. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved; valves bear-
ing the placenta on their middle. Seeds oo , with loose f avose testa.

1. C. afliuis, Hook. & Arn. Annual, strict, simple 1—3 ft. high:
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire: lower fl. somewhat scattered; upper spi-

SCKOPHULAEINE^. 281

cate-crowded : calyx and upper bracts tipped with scarlet: corolla 1 in.
long and more, surpassing the calyx, yellowish; lower lip short but
prominent, its callous oblong teeth rather shorter than the keel beneath;
upper lip nearly as long as the tube. — In wet places among the coast
hills. April, May.

2. C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. Soft-hirsute and viscid perennial 1—2
ft. high, branched from the base: leaves round-obovaie to oval, I in. long,
sometimes 3 — 5-lobed, especially the scarlet -tipped floral ones: the 2
calyx-lobes broad, notched or 2-lobed at the apex, surpassing the corolla-
tube: lower lip of corolla short, the teeth inflexed; upper rather longer
than the tube. — Moist slopes of hills near the sea.

3. C. Douglasii, Benth. Sparsely and rather stiffly hirsute, 1—2 ft.
high: lower leaves linear, obtuse, entire, scarcely narrowed at base;
upper usually broader and cleft or incised; floral oblong, with an ovate
or oblong scarlet spot at tip: spike at length loose and interrupted:
calyx-lobes obovate, scarlet at the obtuse tips, shortly and broadly 2-lobed,
scarcely exceeding the lower lip of the corolla. — Northward slopes of the
Coast Range; flowering almost all the year round.

4. C. foliolosa, Hook. & Arn. Suffrutescent, branching, 1—3 ft. high,
hoary or nearly white with malted wool of intricately branched hairs:
leaves short and numerous, many densely fascicled on short axillary
branchlets, all linear and entire, or some with a pair of linear divaricate
lobes; upper floral cleft, and with yellow or scarlet tipped segments: the
2 calyx-lobes broad, retuse or merely notched, nearly equalling the corolla;
this with the lower lip very small.— On exposed southward slopes; almost
always in flower.

18. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Ours all spring annuals, with cleft
foliage and often the colored-bracted spikes of Caslilleia; floral structure
much the same. Calyx 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind, and the
divisions 2-cleft. Corolla with upper lip not greatly exceeding the
lower in length, but the lower inflated and 3-plaited or 3-saccate. Sta-
mens in some with but one anther-cell.

* Lower lip only moderately inflated, plaited-3-saccate for its whole
length: floral bracts more or less colored at the tips.

1. 0. attenuatus, Gray. Slender, strict, 1 ft high or less, usually
simple, pubescent: leaves linear-attenuate, entire, with few lobes: spike
very long, narrow and lax; bracts with slender barely white-tipped divisions:
corolla very narrow, % in. long, whitish, with purple spots on the lower
lip, the narrow teeth of which nearly equal the upper. — Plains and low
hills of the Napa and Sacramento valleys, etc.

2. 0. (lensiflorus, Benth. Erect and simple, or branched from the
base, 6—10 in. high, soft-pubescent: leaves with few slender lobes, or the

282 SCROPHULARINE^E.

lower entire: spike dense, at length cylindric; bracts about equalling the
fl., the linear lobes with purplish and white tips: corolla 1 in. long or
less, purple and white, the teeth of the moderately inflated lower lip
shorter than the upper.— Common on hills or in lower lands.

3. O. castilleioides, Benth. More slender, with ampler foliage, the
broader denser spikes soft-hirsute: leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong,
entire or laciniately cut into rather short obtusish lobes; bracts more
dilated and cuneate than the leaves, equalling the fl., herbaceous, white-
or yellowish-tipped: corolla 2 in. long, dull white, often purplish-tipped;
lower lip well inflated.— Common along the borders of salt marshes.

4. 0. purpurascens, Benth. Erect, stoutish, 10—18 in. high, usually
with several ascending branches, hirsute with copious white hairs: leaves
once or twice pinnately parted, above the linear or lanceolate base, into
narrow-linear divisions : spikes dense, at length cylindric : bracts about
equalling the fl., their laciniate-lobed divisions and those of the calyx-
lobss tipped with crimson-purple: corolla 1 in. long; the tube whitish or
yellowish; lower lip with 3 sacs at its broad apex, these not larger than
the short rounded recumbent teeth or lobes; upper lip long, obtuse and
hooked at the apex, densely red-bearded. — Fields and hillsides.

* * Lower lip of corolla conspicuously 3-saccate, much larger than the
slender upper one; floral bracts not petaloid-colored at tip.

5. 0. pnsillus, Benth. Small very slender branching red-purple herb
3— 5 in. high: leaves 1— 2-pinnatifid, the floral 3— 5-parted into filiform
segments, exceeding the scattered inconspicuous dark red flowers: corolla
glabrous, 2 — 3 lines long; upper lip longer than the 3-lobed lower one:
capsule globular. — Forming low dark red patches in moist grassy lands.

6. 0. floribiindus, Benth. Glabrous, 4—8 in. high, slender, sonle-
what corymbosely branching and erect: leaves pinnately parted at apex
into many linear-filiform divisions: spikes rather dense; bracts not
exceeding the calyx: corolla very pale yellow; lower lip strongly 3-sac-
cate, the teeth lanceolate, erect; stamens at length well exserted from the
upper lip. — Hilltops about San Francisco.

7. 0. faucibarbatus, Gray. Stoutish and rather tall (1 ft. high),
fastigiately branching, glabrous, or the inflorescence with some hirsute
hairs; herbage invariably green and slightly fleshy : spikes long and dense;
corolla slender, \ in. long, even the sacs relatively small, the folds within
villous-bearded, color either sulphur-yellow or white with a pinkish
tinge: stamens not exserted. — In moist meadows of the Coast Range;
the albino state more common in Santa Cruz Co.

8. 0. eriantlms, Benth. Smaller and more slender than the last?
bat with as many fastigiate branches, soft-pubescent; herbage, or at least
the stem and bracts dark reddish: corolla deep sulphur yelloiv, the acute

SCROPHULAKINE.E. 283

slender falcate upper lip dark purple : tube very slender, but sacs large
and deep, their folds villous within.— Very common, and on higher
ground than the last.

9. 0. yersicolor (F. & M.). Slender as the last, and the herbage
slightly reddish, seldom branching, or more than 6 in. high: leaves at
apex filiform-cleft (as in all the group): corollas with shorter tube, and
the broadly obovate sacs almost twice as large as in the last; color of the
fl. pure white, fading pinkish; folds of the throat densely bearded. Var.-
roseus (Gray). Corolla deep rose-color from the first (not white, then
changing, as has been assumed). — Dry sandy hills, about San Francisco,
and in Marin Co.; the flowers fragrant, as in no other species.

10. 0. lithospermoides, Benth. Stout, commonly simple, or with 2 or
3 branches, 1—1^ ft. high, pubescent, very leafy: lower leaves lanceo-
late, entire; upper with a few slender lobes; floral with dilated base,
and palm atifid tips nearly equalling the densely spicate flowers: calyx-
lobes linear: corolla 1 in. long or more, strongly 3-saccate, the sacs %
in. wide, the whole of a deeper than sulphur yellow, fading whitish. —
Moist plains and hillsides; later in flowering than the other species.
May, June.

19. ADENOSTEGIA, Benth. JEstival and autumnal branching annuals,
with alternate narrow leaves either entire or 3 — 5-parted. Flowers
bracted, scattered, or spicate-crowded. Calyx spathaceous, of an anterior
and a posterior leaf -like division, or the anterior one wanting. Corolla
tubular, bilabiate; lips short and nearly equal; lower obtusely 3- toothed;
upper compressed, its apex more or less uncinate-incurved. Stamens,
with ciliate or bearded anther-cells. Capsule compressed. Seeds with
a loose testa, pointed at one end.

* Calyx 2-leaved; bracts and foliage gland-tipped.

1. A. rigida, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat hispid, 1 — 2 ft. high,
paniculately branched: leaves linear-filiform; lower entire; upper 3 — 5-
parted, the floral with cuneate base and bristly -ciliate margins; divisions
with dilated and retuse or notched gland-bearing tip: fl. crowded in
terminal heads: corolla yellowish and purplish, %—% in. long. — Mt.
Hamilton, and perhaps San Mateo Co. and southward. July — Sept.

2. A. pilosa (Gray), Greene. Soft-villous and somewhat hoary, 2—4
ft. high and loosely paniculate: leaves narrowly linear, entire; upper
and floral often broader and 3-toothed: fl. only 2 or 3 together at the ends
of the branchlets: corolla less than 1 in. long, white and purplish. — In
the mountain districts generally. Aug. — Oct.

* * Calyx 1-leaved; leaves and bracts not callous-tipped.

3. A. maritima (Nutt ), Greene. Pale, glaucous and hoary-pubes-
cent, corymbosely branched from the base, 1 ft. high or less: leaves and

284 OROBANCHACE^.

bracts linear-lanceolate and lanceolate, acute: fl. spicate: corolla dull
purplish: stamens 4, in very unequal pairs; anthers of the longer 2-celled,
of the shorter 1-celled, only the base of the cell ciliolate. — Sandy salt
marshes from near San Francisco southward. Aug. — Nov.

4. A. mollis (Gray), Greene. Glaucous and villous-hirsute, 1—1^ ft.
high, fastigiately branched: leaves oblong-linear; lower entire, obtuse;
upper, and the bracts of the spike, with obtuse teeth or lobes: corolla
white and dull-purple: stamens 2; anthers unequally 2-celled: seeds
subreniform, with loose cellular-reticulate coat— Brackish marshes
about Vallejo and Suisun. Aug. — Nov.

20. HELL A HI) I A, Allioni. Stoutish rather rigid erect annual, with
densely spicate terminal inflorescence. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed, the
lobes toothed. Corolla strongly bilabiate, the lower and 3-lobed lip
equalling or exceeding the galeate upper. Stamens 4, in unequal pairs,
enclosed in the concavity of the galea; anther-cells mucronate. Capsule
ovate-globose, turgid; the thick placentae bifid. Seeds minute and very
numerous, finely costate lengthwise.

1. B. TRIXAGO (L.), All. Simple or with a few branches, 1—1 J£ ft.
high: leaves lanceolate, crenate-serrate; the lower somewhat narrowed
at base, the upper broader below and subcordate-clasping: spike dense,
thick, tetragonal, several inches long: corolla % — 1 in. long, rose-color
and white. — Plentiful in an old field near Martinez, and escaping to the
uncultivated slopes adjacent. May.

21. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Perennials, with alternate pinnately
divided leaves, and flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx irregular, 2—5-
toothed. Corolla strongly bilabiate: upper lip compressed and arched;
lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, enclosed within
the galeate upper lip; anthers transverse, equally 2-celled. Capsule
ovate or lanceolate, oblique, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds ovoid.

1. P. densiflora, Benth. Herbage pubescent and dark reddish when
young, green and glabrate in age : stem 1 ft. high or less : leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 3—6 in. long, twice pinnatifid or parted, the divisions irreg-
ularly and sharply toothed: the upper reduced to bracts of the long
dense spike: calyx-teeth 5, lanceolate: corolla narrow, slightly clavate,
1 in. long, scarlet or crimson; lower lip only a fourth as long as the
upper: anther-cells with tapering or acute base. — Eocky hills in some-
what shady places. April —June.

ORDER LXXVII. OROBANCHACE/E.

Plants without green herbage, and parasitic on roots of herbs and
shrubs. Floral structure that of Scrophularinese, but capsules with
parietal placentae. Seeds very small and numerous.

LABIATE. 285

1. APHYLLOX, Mitchell Ours low viscid-pubescent plants, usually
with peduncled flowers. Calyx regular, 5-cleft or -parted. Corolla
more or less tubular and curved and not very strongly bilabiate. Sta-
mens not exserted: anther-cells deeply separated from below upward,
nmcronate at base. Each valve of the capsule bearing a pair of contig-
uous placentae.

* Scapiform peduncles from a short crown or stem.

1. A. unifloruin (L.), Gray. var. occidentale. Scapes few, often 1
only, slender, 1 — 5 in. high, from an almost subterranean short crown:
lobes of the calyx subulate, longer than the tube: corolla %—% in. long,
deep blue-purple. — Wooded stony hills. April.

2. A. fasciculatnm (Nuti), Gray. Scaly fleshy stern rising several
inches above ground, bearing few or many fascicled peduncles as long as
the stem: calyx-lobes broader and shorter than in the last: corolla more
than 1 in. long, sulphur-yellow, with reddish or purplish tints on the
outside. — Sandy or gravelly hills. May.

* * Inflorescence racemose or thyrsoid.

3. A. comosum (Hook.), Gray. Branching at or near the surface of
the ground : fl. on slender pedicels in a corymb or short raceme : calyx
5-parted, the lobes long and slender: corolla 1 in. long, rose-color or
purplish; upper lip 2-lobed or notched; lower 3-parled: anthers woolly. —
Open hills; parasitic on Artemisia. June.

4. A. tnberosutn, Gray. Low, stout, minutely puberulent, the
thickened base of the stem with imbricated scales: fl. in a dense thyrsoid
cluster: calyx unequally cleft, little shorter than the corolla; this with
short sea cely spreading lobes: anthers glabrous. — Mt. Hamilton. July.

ORDEE LXXVIIL L A B I A T >€ ,

Herbs (and a few shrubs) mostly keenly aromatic, with quadrangular
stems, opposite simple exstipulate leaves and axillary solitary or cymose-
congested flowers; but the inflorescence often more terminal and spicate
or racemose. Calyx 3— 5-toothed or cleft, regular or bilabiate. Corolla
usually strongly bilabiate; upper lip entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft or
-parted. Stamens 2 or 4. Ovary 3-lobed, each lobe becoming a seed-
like nutlet in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Seed erect from the
base of the nutlet, usually exalbuminous.

* Calyx and corolla both nearly regular.

Stamens 4, long-exserted, curved TRICHOSTEMA 1

" 4, short, nearly equal MENTHA 2

" 2 only LYCOPUS 3

286 LABIATE.

* * Calyx regular; corolla pronouncedly but not strongly bilabiate.

Flowers densely glomerate terminally and in the upper axils;

calyx short-tubular; corolla lobes short KCELLIA 4

Flowers in a simple terminal bracted flat-topped head MONARDELLA 5

Fowers 1 or 2 only in each axil;

Stems slender, prostrate MICROMERIA 6

" shrubby, erect SPHACELE 10

* * * Calyx regular; corolla strongly bilabiate.

CJalyx with 10 spinescent teeth, some of them hooked MARRUBIUM 16

Calyx with 5 more or less spinescent teeth;

Nutlets with truncate'summit LAMIUM 17

" with rounded summit STACHYS 18

•* *• * * Both calyx and corolla bilabiate, the latter strongly so.

Flowers few in each leaf-axil;

Calyx oblong-campanulate, flattened on the back MELISSA 7

closed in fruit, and with a casque-like projection on

the back SCUTELLARIA 14

Flowers densely verticillastrate;

Verticillasters forming a close spike or thyrse;

Upper calyx-lip truncate, 3-toothed BRUNELLA 15

Calyx oblique at the throat; teeth subequal NEPETA 13

" strongly ciliate, deeply and unequally 5-clef t POGOGYNE 8

Verticillasters more remote;

Subtended by prickly-margined bracts ACANTHOMINTHA 9

Anthers with long filament-like connective, 1 cell at each
end, or 1 end with no cell;

Upper lip of corolla manifebt SAL VIA 11

" " obsolete EAMONA 12

1. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronov. Herbs, ours annual, with a very keen
somewhat acid smell, and blue flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-clef t.
Corolla with narrow tube and more or less oblique limb; the somewhat
similar lobes oblong. Stamens with capillary filament very long
exserted and curved, didynamous; anther-cells divaricate or divergent.

1. T. laxum, Gray. Diffusely branching, 1 — 2 ft. high, minutely
pubescent, sparsely leafy: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate but obtusish, 2—3 in. long, nervose-costate, rather slender-petioled:
cymes pedunculate, loose: tube of corolla about 3 and limb 2 lines long. —
From Sonoma Co. northward. July — Oct.

2. T. lanceolatum, Gray. Tall as the last, rather strict and simple,
only a few ascending branches from the base: herbage pale with a dense
pubescence: leaves crowded, costate-nerved, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
tapering from near the broad base to a very acute tip: cymes short-pedun-
cled, dense: calyx villous: corolla somewhat pubescent. — Livermore
Valley, and northward and southward, towards the interior. June— Oct,

2. MENTHA, Pliny (MINT). Fragrant perennial herbs, mostly
spreading by slender creeping rootstocks. Calyx short, 5-toothed,

LABIATE. 287

Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small, hardly irregular, but upper lobe
often broadest and emarginate. Stamens 4, similar, nearly equal, not

declined.

* Old World species; inflorescence terminal.

1. M. VIRIDIS, L. Herbage green, nearly glabrous: stems erect, 2 — 4
ft. high: leaves subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate,
somewhat rugose-veiny '.flower-clusters crowded in narrow leafless terminal
spikes: calyx oblong-campanulate; teeth triangular-subulate, as long as
the tube: corolla very pale purplish, glabrous. — Naturalized abundantly
along streamlets and on moist banks.

2. M. PIPEBITA, Huds. Tall as the preceding, but the herbage dark
or reddish-green, with a very pungent flavor : leaves ovate-oblong- or
oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly petiolate; spikes narrow but inter-
rupted.— As common as the last, or even more so.

3. M. CITRATA, Ehrh. Aspect of the preceding, but leaves more
rounded, thinner, with a comparatively delicate sweet ordor: flower-
clusters a subglobose terminal head, with a few verticillasters beneath
it. — By a streamlet near West Berkeley.

* * Flower-clusters in the leaf-axils; one species native.

4. M. PULEGIUM, L. Almost hoary with a short white-woolly pubes-
cence: stems 1 — 2 ft. long, reclining or prostrate and rooting at the
lower joints, the young sterile shoots above ground (not subterranean
and shizomatous): leaves elliptic-ovate, short-petiolate, ^—1 in. long,
remotely denticulate-serrate; dense cymes globular, smaller (and the
leaves smaller) towards the ends of the branches: calyx broad-funnel-
form, slightly bilabiate: teeth lanceolate-acuminate, half as long as the
tube, 10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs. — Wet banks of streams,
above Santa Rosa, and islands of the lower San Joaquin.

5. M. Ciinadensis, L. From nearly glabrous to villous-hoary, 1 — 2^
ft. high : leaves oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate,
tapering to the short petiole : calyx hairy : teeth triangular-subulate, half
the length of the cylindraceous tube: corolla from white to pale laven-
der-color. — Frequent in marshes about the Bay, and along river banks.

3. LYCOPUS, Town. Herbs with the habit of the mints of our
second or indigenous group; but herbage wholly scentless and rather
intensely bitter. Leaves often deeply sinuate-toothed. Calyx campan-
ulate, 4— 5-toothed. Corolla with upper lip entire. Fertile stamens 2
only. Nutlets somewhat 3-sided, with thickened margins at the summit.

1. L. lucidus, Turcz. var. Americanus, Gray. Stoloniferous at
base of the stem, 1—3 ft. high; stem sharply quadrangular toward the
summit: leaves 2—4 in. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and
coarsely serrate, almost sessile, glabrous or nearly so: calyx-teeth slen-

288 LABIATE.

der-subulate, equalling the white corolla, not exceeding the nutlets :
rudimentary stamens slender, with thickened tips. — Suisun marshes.

4. KCELLLV, Moench. Erect perennials, with densely crowded ver-
ticillasters at the upper nodes, subtended by a pair of reduced leaves.
Calyx with 5 short equal teeth; throat naked within. Corolla-tube
scarcely exceeding the calyx; the short limb bilabiate, the upper lip
nearly flat and almost entire; lower spreading and of 3 short obtuse
lobes. Stamens 4, straight, divergent, the interior pair slightly longer :
anther-cells parallel.

1. K. Californica (Torr.), O. Ktze. Herbage whitish with a very fine
and close soft pubescence : stem 2—3 ft. high, simple or with few ter-
minal branches, all floriferous: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile
by an obtuse or subcordate base, entire or denticulate, 1 — 3 in. long:
heads terminal and in the axils of some of the uppermost leaves, com-
pacted with slender bracts : fl. white. — Contra Costa Co. hills.

5. MONARDELLA, Benth. Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Flowers
in large involucrate terminal heads. Calyx tubular, 10 — 13-nerved, 5-
toothed, the teeth short, straight, subequal; throat naked within. Cor-
olla with slender tube; the bilabiate limb of 5 long and narrow linear or
oblong lobes. Stamens 4 exserted; anther-cells often divergent or
divaricate.

* Perennials, sujfrulescent at the very base.

1. M. yillosa, Benth. Stems 1 ft. high, stoutish, not densely tufted:
leaves ovate, green and subglabrous above, villous beneath, % — 1 iD- long*
conspicuously veiny, crenate-dentate: flowers deep purple. — Open grassy
hills near the sea.

2. M. Sheltonii, Torr. More slender and tufted, as well as more
shrubby at base: leaves thinner, oblong, entire or denticulate, cinereous-
puberulent on both faces, the upper ones subsessile; flowers of a lighter
purple approaching lavender-color.— Dry wooded hills from Napa and
Sonoma counties northward.

* * Annuals, branching aboi}6; leaves not toothed.
•K- Bracts of the head transparent between the veins.

3. M. Douglasii, Benth. Pubescent: leaves lanceolate: bracts ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, somewhat hirsute, fenestrate by greenish
veins running through the hyaline surface from midrib to stout marginal
nerves: calyx -teeth rigid, subulate; tube hirsute. — ML Diablo.

4. M. Breweri, Gray. Puberulent: leaves ovate-oblong: bracts
broadly ovate, abruptly cuspidate, less translucent than in the last, the
veins more slender, destitute of strong marginal nerves: calyx-teeth trian-
gular-subulate, acute.— Southern part of Contra Costa Co., Corral
Hollow, etc.

L A B I A T M . 289

5. M. undulata, Benth. Minutely pubescent or glabrous, 8—15 in.
high: leaves oblong-spatulate to nearly linear, obtuse, undulate-mar-
gined, petiolate: bracts and calyx villous; the former broadly ovate,
obtuse or acutish, thin and somewhat scarious, parallel-veined: corolla
rose-purple.— Hills toward the sea; Point Eeyes, etc.

6. MICROMERIA, Benth. (YEBBA BUENA). Very sweet-scented trail-
ing evergreen undershrub, leafy, and with mostly solitary flowers in the
axils. Calyx oblong-tubular, 13-striate, regularly 5-toothed. Corolla
white, with erect emarginate upper lip, and spreading 3-parted lower
one. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled.

1. M. Chamissonis (Benth.). Stems 1—4 ft. long, often rooting at
the ends : leaves round-ovate, thin-coriaceous, of a light yellowish green,
1 in. long, sparingly toothed: fl. on a filiform bibracteolate peduncle:
calyx-teeth subulate: corolla pure white, 4 lines long, twice the length
of the calyx. — Wooded northward slopes of hills near the coast.

7. MELISSA, Tourn. Sweet-scented perennial, with tufted stems,
ovate rugose petiolate leaves, and white flowers clustered in the axils.
Calyx campanulate-tubular, bilabiate, 13-striate; upper lip flattened,
3- toothed; lower 2-toothed, erect. Upper lip of corolla concave, emar-
ginate; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, converging
under the upper lip; anther-cells divaricate, confluent.

1. M. OFFICINALIS, L. Herb 1—2 ft. high: leaves 1 in. long, ovate,
truncate at base, deeply crenate-serrate : fl. few in the cluster, subsecund:
corolla more than twice the length of the calyx. — By waysides, and along
streamlets, at Temescal, Berkeley, etc.

8. POGO€rYNE,I?^/i. Aromatic low annuals, with oblong-lanceolate
leaves tapering to a petiole. Flowers crowded, the verticillasters mostly
interrupted-spicate. Bracts and calyx hirsute-ciliate. Corolla blue or
purple. Calyx deeply and unequally 5-cleft: teeth longer than the about
15-nerved tube. Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips;
the upper erect, entire; lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending;
anthers 2-celled. Style bearded.

* All 4 stamens antheriferous.

1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Stout, 6—12 in. high: leaves oblong, spat-
ulate, or oblanceolate : spikes dense; bracts linear, acute: lower segments
of calyx twice or thrice the length of the tube, much longer and narrower
than the others: corolla % in. long, bluish-purple.— Common along
ditches, and low places that become dry in summer. May — July.

2. P. parviflora, Benth. Not stout, 5 — Sin. high: leaves narrower:
bracts obtuse: calyx-segments broader, less unequal, the lower hardly
longer, the upper shorter than the tube: corolla % in. long. — About
San Francisco Bay, and northward.

290 LABIATE.

* * Flowers very small; upper stamens sterile.

3. P. serpylloides (Torr.), Gray. Slender, almost diffuse, the branches
3—6 in. long: leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 3—4 lines long, most of
the lower distant with but few flowers in the axils, the upper approx-
imate and the verticillasters dense and spicate-crowded: calyx hirsute,
its lobes unequal but all much longer than the tube, the longer fully
equalling the very small blue corolla: sterile filaments with capitellate
rudiments of anthers: style with few and coarse hairs.— Plentiful in
moist shades; Oakland Hills, etc.

9. ACAXTHOMINTHA, A. Gray. General aspect of the preceding,
and floral structure similar, but flowers less crowded; each verticillaster
subtended not only by its leaves, but also by a pair of almost stipule-like
coriaceous callous- and prickly-margined broad bracts.

1. A. lauceolata, Curran. Stoutish, ^— 1 ft. high, pubescent, oily
and ill-scented: leaves oblanceolate or oblong, sparingly spinulose-
dentate: teeth of bracts and calyx long-aristate : middle tooth of upper
calyx-lip erect, the lateral bent forward in fruit; lower lip 2-parted, its
segments lanceolate and awns short: upper lip of corolla somewhat
falcate-incurved, cleft at apex; lower with oblong entire lobes, the
middle one longer and narrower: style sparsely pilose. — Mountains near
Niles; also on Mt. Hamilton and southward to Monterey Co. June— Aug.

10. SPHACELE, Benth. Strong-scented shrubs, with ample leaves;
the floral reduced in size, and the large flowers solitary in their axils.
Calyx campanulate, deeply and subequally 5-toothed. Corolla with
broad tube, and 4 short spreading lobes; the 5th and lowest one much
longer, laid in a fold and erect. Stamens 4, distant ; anther-cells diverging.

1. S. calycina, Benth. Bushy-branching. 2—5 ft. high, tomentulose-
villous or glabrate : branches with ample thinnish and soft rugose ovate-
oblong crenate leaves 2 — 4 in. long, short-petiolate; the uppermost and
floral sessile: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, little surpassed by the
white or merely flesh-tinted corolla: anthers short. — Bather dry hills of
the coast ranges. June — Aug.

11. SAL VIA, Linn. Aromatic herbs and shrubs of various aspect;
inflorescence in ours densely verticillastrate and interrupted. Calyx
bilabiate, with upper lip 3-toothed or entire; lower 2-cleft. Corolla
deeply bilabiate; upper lip erect; lower spreading or drooping, its
middle lobe commonly large, notched or obcordate. Stamens 2, in the
throat of the corolla; filaments short, the long curved connective appear-
ing like a fork to the proper filament, its posterior portion ascending
and bearing a single anther-cell, its opposite arm bearing a smaller or
merely rudimentary anther-cell, or this arm of the connective itself
almost obsolete.

LABIATE. 291

L S. spathacea, Greene. Very stout perennial, or the bases of the
stems enduring, 1 — 3 ft. high, very villous and glandular, honey-scented,
or when bruised more aromatic : lowest leaves hastate-lanceolate, obtuse,
3 — 8 in. long, on margined petioles; upper oblong, sessile, all very
rugose, sinuate-crenate, white-tomentose beneath: fi. densely capitate-
glomerate; heads large, interruptedly spicate: calyx % in. long, spathe-
like and closed by conduplication, the orifice oblique; 2 lower teeth very
short: corolla crimson, l^j in. long: anther-cell 1 only; rudimentary
arm of the connective very short. — Hills near the coast, from San
Francisco southward.

2. S. carduaeea, Benth. Very stout erect annual, 1 — 2 ft. high:
stem nearly naked, but with a cluster of ample sinuate-pinnatifid spinu-
lose-toothed leaves at base, these and the whole plant, except the flower,
white-woolly and thistle-like : head-like verticillasters 1—4, dense, 1 in.
broad, equalled or surpassed by the ovate-lanceolate spinescently pec-
tinate-toothed bracts: calyx long- woolly, many-nerved; its upper 3-
toothed, the middle tooth large, the laterals smaller and distant: corolla
1 in. long, rather light blue; its tube exserted; upper lip erose dentic-
ulate and cleft; lower with an excessively large flabelliform fimbriately
many-cleft middle lobe: proper filaments very short; lower arm of the
long filiform connective bearing a polliniferous anther-cell.— Dry Hills
of Contra Costa Co. March, April.

3. S. Columbarise, Benth. Slender annual, branching and leafy
below, 8 — 18 in. high, naked and peduncle-like above, bearing few
closely bracted rather large capitate clusters of small flowers: leaves
rugulose, once or twice pinnatifid into toothed or incised divisions:
upper lip of calyx large, arched, tipped with a pair of partly connate
short-awned teeth, much exceeding the two small teeth of the lower lip:
corolla small, hardly longer than the calyx, deep blue; upper lip small,
notched; lower with small lateral lobes, and large unguiculate trans-
versely oval 2-lobed middle one — Throughout the coast ranges, on dry
hills and sandy plains.

4. S. inellifera, Greene. Shrubby, 3—8 ft. high, with herbaceous
flowering branches, leafy, cinereous-tomentose as to the growing parts,
but glabrate in age: leaves oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, rugulose and
crenate: dense capitate flower- clusters small, several at the end of each
branchlet: calyx oblique, the teeth cuspitate and several- awned: corolla
white or pinkish, small and little exserted.— Contra Costa and San Mateo
counties, on hillsides.

12. RAMONA, Greene. Shrubs or undershrubs, with habit, foliage,
inflorescence, and even the peculiar spathe-like oblique calyx of the
Californian Salvias; but corolla with no proper upper lip; its throat
inflated and horizontally split, the upper portion of this either obsolete,

292 LABIATE.

or vertically cleft and the segments divergent, exposing fully the sta-
mens from their insertion on the bottom of the throat. Genitals all
long-exserted. Stamens 2, consisting of a distinct filament articulated
with the single arm of the connective present, this on the same plane
with the proper filament, bearing the one anther- cell at its summit.

1. R. hiimilis (Benth.), Greene. Prostrate very leafy woody stems
forming broad mats: leaves oblanceolate to spatulate-oblong, obtuse,
petiolate, tomentose-canescent and finely rugulose: scape-like peduncles
erect, a foot high more or less: verticillasters few-flowered: arched
calyx with not very unequal lips, the upper pungently 3-toothed,
the lower deeply 2-cleft: corolla, stamens and pistil deep violet; short
tube of the corolla closed by hairs; sundered upper part of throat
cleft into 2 lanceolate upturned and divergent segments; deeply
concave and wide-open lower part showing stamens from their
insertion, truncate at the upper end, the ampliate 3-lobed and crisped
lower lip joined to this by a broad and short ligulate claw. — Common on
the mountain sides near Mt. St. Helena, Hood's Peak, etc. April — June.

13. ffEPETA, Linn. Calyx 15-ribbed, oblique at the constricted
throat, unequally 5-toothed, 3 upper teeth longer than the 2 lower.
Corolla with rather long and slender tube; upper lip erect, slightly con-
cave, emarginate, or 2-lobed; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4;
anther-cells at length divaricate and confluent. — Both species Old World
garden plants, not native here.

1. N. CATABIA, L. Perennial, stoutish, erect, 1—3 ft. high, with
ascending branches; hoary with a dense short pubescence: leaves triangu-
lar-ovate, subcordate, coarsely serrate, about 2 in. long: verticillasters
forming a dense terminal thyrsoid cluster: calyx-teeth lanceolate subu-
late: corolla % in. long, white, dotted with lilac. — Not rare in Marin,
Sonoma and Solano counties.

2. N. HEDEBACEA (L.). Stems slender, procumbent, rooting; flowering
branches short, ascending: leaves round-reniform, crenate, glabrous or
hispid-puberulent : flowers few: calyx ^ in. long; teeth triangular-subu-
late: corolla % in. long or more, blue. — Moist banks by a roadside on Mt.
St. Helena.

14. SCUTELLARIA, Cortusi. Perennial herbs not aromatic, with
solitary flowers in the axils of leaves or bracts. Calyx without teeth,
horizontally cleft in to 2 lobes, the upper with a crest-like projection; the
orifice closed in fruit, and the casque-like upper half of the calyx at
length falling away from the mature fruit. Corolla with elongated and
ventricose throat : upper lip erect, arched or galeate, the lateral lobes of
the lower lip attached to it, the middle and lowest lobe of the corolla
appearing to constitute the lower lip.

LABIATE. 293

1. S. Californica, Gray. Slender, 8 — 20 in. high, puberulent: leaves
oblong, obtuse, entire, short-petiolate, 4 in. long: corolla 1 in. long, yellow-
ish-white.— Common in the mountain districts. May — July.

2. S. tnberosa, Benth. Slender, sparsely leafy, 2—4 in. high, from
moniliform-tuberous rootstocks; soft-pubescent or villous: leaves ovate,
coarsely and obtusely few-toothed, % — % in- long: corolla % — M **«•
long, deep blue: nutlets strongly muricate. — Open hills, in clayey or
stony soil. March — May.

15. BRUNELLA., Tourn. Low, perennial, with blue flowers in a ter-
minal cylindraceous head or spike. Calyx oblong, 10-nerved, reticulate -
veiny, bilabiate; lips flattened and closed in fruit; upper dilated,
truncate, 3-toothed. the teeth broad and short; lower with 2 lanceolate
teeth. Upper lip of corolla arched, entire; lower 3-lobed; its middle
lobe drooping, rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments 2-toothed at
apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther, the cells divergent.

1. A. Yiilgaris (L.). Roughish-pubescent or glabrous, 6— 10 in. high:
leaves ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, petiolate: corolla violet or
darker. — Moist borders of woods, and cool summits of hills.

16. MARRUBIUM, Columna. Bitter-aromatic whitish-woolly ru-
gose-leaved perennial, with dense verticillasters of small white flowers in
all the axils. Calyx 10-nerved, and with as many unequal teeth, some or
all of these spinescent and the tips recurved. Corolla very short, white;
upper lip 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, not exserted: anther-cells
confluent.

1. M. VULGABE, L. (HOBEHOUND). Stem stout, tufted, white-woolly,
2 ft. high: very rugose rounded and crenate leaves only hoary, rhombic-
ovoid, 1—2 in. long, petiolate.— Very common wayside weed.

17. LA.MIUM, Pliny. Decumbent slightly fleshy small herbs, with
rounded toothed or lobed leaves, and pink or purple flowers in the axils.
Calyx funnelform, 5- toothed. Corolla with rather long tube; upper lip
vaulted, entire or notched; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes
usually reduced to small teeth, the middle one emarginate. Stamens 4;
anther-cells divaricate, confluent. Nutlets truncate at summit.

1. L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Small annual, branching at base, 3—6 in.
high, sparingly pubescent: lower leaves deltoid-ovate, petiolate; floral
round-reniform, sessile and amplexicaul; all coarsely toothed: calyx-
teeth triangular-acuminate, as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple,
% in. long or more; the fl. rather few in the axils.— Fields of Sonoma
Co., Bioletti.

18. ST ACHYS, Diosc. Ours all perennial, with upright rather sharply
quadrangular leafy stems; flowers in the upper axils, or separate from
the leafy part of the stem and in a terminal spike. Calyx narrow-

294 LABIATE.

campanulate or turbinate, 5— 10-nerved, the 5 equal teeth often spiny-
pointed. Corolla white or purple; tube not dilated into a throat; upper
lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Sta-
mens 4, under the upper lip; anthers 2-celled.

* Corolla-tube little or not at all exceeding the calyx.
^- Flowers whitish; herbage soft-hairy.

1. S. ajii£oi(los, Benth. Villous with white hairs; stems low and
decumbent, % — 1 ft. high : leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed, 1—3 in.
long, often tapering to the petiole; the upper sessile: fl. about 3 in the
axils of the upper ordinary leaves, but more numerous in those of the
mere bracts above, and so becoming spicate: teeth of the short-campan-
ulate calyx mucronate- acuminate. — In low moist fields. May -July.

2. S. albens, Gray. Softly whitish-tomentose; stems erect and rather
strict, 3 — 5 ft. high: leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, subcordate at base,
obtuse, crenate, 2—4 in. long: virgate spike 3— 9 in. long: teeth of the
turbinate-campanulate calyx triangular, awn-pointed.— In marshy places
only. June — Sept.

3. S. pycnantha, Benth. Green, but hirsute or villous with soft
spreading hairs; stems 1 — 3 ft. high: leaves oblong-ovate, cordate,
obtuse, crenate, 2 — 4 in. long, all except the floral rather long-petioled :
fl. in a distinct bractless (or nearly so) dense cylindraceous terminal spike,
or the lowest verticillasters separated from the spike: calyx-teeth trian-
gular, mucronate.— Only along streams, or about springy places among
the hills. May — July.

•i— -f— Flowers purplish; pubescence coarser and shorter.

4. S. Californica, Benth. Stoutish, 2—5 ft. high, green and rather
villous, the lower face of the ample ovate-oblong subcordate leaves
resinous-viscid, the surface not very rugose, the whole plant heavily
aromatic-scented: leaves gradually reduced to bracts of the interrupted-
spicate inflorescence; fl. 6— 10 in the whorl: teeth of the fruiting calyx
ovate, mucronate-acute: corolla-tube somewhat exceeding the calyx;
lateral lobes of the lower lip reflexed.— San Mateo Co. and southward,
on banks of streams. June.

5. S. bnllata, Benth. More slender, 10—18 in. high, the sharp
angles of the stem retrorsely hispid and the whole pubescence more
harsh, the herbage not resiniferous or viscid: leaves oblong-ovate,
coarsely crenate, strongly bullate-rugose : inflorescence as in the last,
but fl. fewer (about 6 to the whorl): calyx-teeth pungent: corolla-tube
not exserted; all the lobes of the lower lip eventually reflexed. — Very
common in dry soils. March — June.

VERBENACE^S. 295

* * Corolla-tube far exceeding the calyx.

6. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Very stout. 3 — 10 ft. high, mostly rough-
hispid with retrorse bristles, especially on the angles of the stem : leaves
3—10 in. long, oblong-ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate, villous or
hirsute above, villous-tomentose beneath, rather long-petioled : calyx
tubular-campanulate, its teeth cuspidate: corolla rose-red, 1 in. long, the
tube exserted twice the length of the calyx. — Along the margins of
mountain streams, in deep shades; of very rank growth in Bear Valley,
beyond Olema, Marin Co.

OEDEB LXXIX. VERBENACE/E.

Square-stemmed opposite-leaved plants analogous to Labiatx; but
the inflorescence not verticillastrate; 5-toothed calyx not always per-
sistent; the corolla less irregular. Ovary not deeply lobed; when mature
splitting into 2 or 4 nutlets with lateral insertion, or covered with a
pulp, and thus drupaceous.

1. VEBBEXA., Pliny. Herbs, with flowers in panicled spikes at
summit of leafy stem or branches. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and
-toothed, at least in some species deciduous at the maturing of the fruit.
Corolla salverform; limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, on the tube of
the corolla, not exserted. Stigma of 2 dissimilar lobes. Ovary when
mature splitting into 4 elongated laterally inserted nutlets.

1. V. hastata, L. Perennial, erect, 3 — 6 ft. high, minutely pubescent:
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely and incisely serrate, some of
the lower haslately 3-lobed: spikes many, dense, 2 — 4 in. long, in a close
terminal panicle: corolla 2 lines long, deep blue; limb 2 lines wide. —
Common on the banks of the lower Sacramento. Sept.

2. V. prostrata, B. Br. Stems rigidly erect and 2 ft. high, or more
slender and ascending or decumbent, seldom or never prostrate: herbage
more or less hirsute-pubescent: leaves extremely variable, obovate, spatulate-
obovate, oblong or cuneate-oblong, tapering into a marginal petiole,
sharply serrate, deeply incised, or pinnately 3— 5-cleft: spikes long,
slender, solitary or several, or not rarely many, short and dense,
arranged in a terminal panicle: bracts subulate, not exceeding the
calyx: corolla rather light blue, 2 lines long and broad.— Bather common
in moist places along the Bay, and by streamlets among the hills.

3. V. bracteosa, Michx. Perennial, stoutish, rather rough-hirsute,
much branched from the base and nearly prostrate: leaves cuneate-
oblong or obovate, pinnately incised or cleft, or coarsely toothed; the
lower narrowed into a short margined petiole, the uppermost passing
into the bracts of the long dense spikes which are sguarrose with the rigid
lanceolate sparsely hispid foliaeeous bracts that subtend the flowers:
corolla very small and slender, blue. — Lower San Joaquin and south-
ward.

296 URTICACEJE.

2. LIPPIA., Houston. Ours low riparian herbs, bearing axillary
peduncled and bracted capitate spikes of small whitish flowers in char-
acter much like those of Verbena. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit forming 2
one-seeded nutlets.

1. L. nodi flora, Michx. Erect, from creeping rootstocks, herbaceous
throughout and rather slender: leaves oblanceolate or cuneate-spatulate,
serrate above: peduncles exceeding the leaves. — Muddy banks of the
lower Sacramento and San Joaquin.

2. L. cuiieifolia (Torr.), Steud. Woody at base and diffusely branch-
ing, the branches often a yard long or more, rather rigid and coarse:
leaves rigid, linear-cuneiform, incisely 2 — 6- toothed above the middle:
peduncles usually shorter than the leaves; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate,
abruptly acuminate. — River banks, and low subsaline plains of the
interior.

DIVISION V. APETAL^ AMENTIFER^E.

Apetalous; mostly shrubs and trees with unisexual flowers; the stam-
inate always (except in the first two orders), and often the pistillate also,
in aments or catkins.

OEDEB LXXX. URTICACE>€,

Represented by very few species of two closely allied genera of herba-
ceous plants.

1. URTICA, Pliny. Perennials; the quadrangular stems and other
parts bearing stinging bristly hairs. Leaves opposite, stipulate, serrate.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, green, clustered in arnent-like axillary
geminate racemes. Staminate fl. of 4 sepals, 4 stamens, and the cup-
shaped rudiment of an ovary; pistillate with 4 sepals, 2 outer spreading,
2 inner erect, the latter becoming membranous and enclosing the ovate
flattened achene. Stigma sessile, capitate, tufted.

* Annual; inflorescence of mingled fl. of both sexes.

1. U. UEENS, Ray (1660). Slender, erect or ascending, 1—2 ft. high,
nearly glabrous: leaves thin, 1 — 2 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, very
coarsely and deeply toothed; stipules small, free: flower-clusters mainly
pistillate: fruiting sepals ovate, hispid on the margin, usually with one
lateral bristle : achene 1 line long. — Very common in sandy soil about
San Francisco, flowering all the year round.

* * Perennials; inflorescence unisexual.

2. U. California, Greene. Stout but not tall, (2—3 ft. high), very
hispid: stipules large, narrowly oblong: leaves broadly or somewhat

PLATANACEvE. 297

deltoidly ovate, acute, cordate at base, 3—5 in. long, ascending or spread-
ing on stoutish petioles 1 — 1^ in. long: sepals broadly ovate, little
exceeding the broadly ovate, minutely punctate achene which is little
more than % line long. — Borders of thickets near streamlets on the sea-
ward slope of the Coast Eange in San Mateo Co., and no doubt all the
middle Calif ornian " U. Lyallii " is this. June, July.

3. U. holosericea, Nutt. Not only stinging-bristly, but also densely
and finely hoary-tomentose, especially on the leaves beneath: stems very
stout, 5—8 ft. high: leaves oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2—4
in. long, often subcordate at base; stipules oblong, ^ in- long: inner
sepals ovate, densely hispid, % line long, about equalling the broad-
ovate achene. — Very common on banks of streams, and in other moist

2. HESPEROCMDE, Ton-. Very analogous to Urtica Mwia,but gen-
erically separated on account of the complete cohesion of the sepals of the
pistillate flower into a membranous compressed oblong-ovate sac, with
a minutely 2 — 4-toothed orifice.

1. H. tenella, Torr. Slender, 1—2 ft. high, hispid with branching
hairs and bristly: leaves ovate, % — 1J£ in. long, short-petioled, thin,
obtusely serrate: flower-clusters lax, shorter than the petioles: perianth
hispid with hooked hairs, % — % line long in fruit: achene thin, minutely
striate-tuberculate. — Shady banks in Napa and Contra Costa counties
and southward. April, May.

ORDER LXXXI. PLATANACE/E,
Represented by one species, of the only genus,

1. PLAT ANUS, Theophr. Monoecious trees, with exfoliating bark,
ample palmately lobed leaves, sheathing deciduous stipules, and flowers
in dense globose naked heads, without perianth, but subtended by
clavate truncate minute hairy scales. Filaments very short; anthers
clavate, with prolonged peltate connective. Style stigmatic on one side,
persistent; ovules 1 or 2, pendulous. Fruit an obpyramidal achene.

1. P. racemosa, Nutt. Tree widely branching, often 60—80 ft. high:
leaves broadly cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, densely rusty- tomentose when young;
lobes acute or acuminate, sometimes toothed: fertile heads 2 — 7, in a
moniliform spike; in fruit 1 in. in diameter. — Along all large streams.

ORDER LXXXII. BETULACE>£.

Of Betula, the principal genus no species occurs within our limits;
though Alnus, the only other genus of the order, is with us.

1. ALXUS, Pliny (ALDER). Ours monoecious deciduous trees, inhab-
iting stream banks or other wet places among the hills. Bark smooth.

298 MYRICACE.E.

Leaves alternate, simple, doubly toothed. Aments unisexual; staminate
narrow-cylindric and pendulous; pistillate oblong or ovoid, erect. Bracts
of staminate ament peltate, including 5 bractlets and about 3 flowers;
perianth regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 2 or 4, opposite the lobes; anther-
cells contiguous. Bracts of pistillate ament fleshy, imbricated, including
4 bractlets and 2 flowers, cuneate, slightly 4-lobed, in fruit persistent
and woody. Nutlets seed-like and flattened.

1, A. rhombifolia, Nutt. Tree 30—50 ft. high; bark of branches
dark brown ; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong and obovate, slightly pubes-
cent beneath, glabrous above, obtuse or acute, irregularly glandular-
denticulate: flowering in midwinter, long before the appearing of the
leaves: fruiting aments oblong, 6—8 lines long: nutlets a line long, very
broadly obovate, with a thickened margin. — Not common. Some good
trees formerly stood upon the site of the Judson Iron works near Shell
Mound. Fl. Jan.

2. A. ru bra, Bong. Bark of branches more or less dotted with
white: leaves thick, rusty-pubescent beneath, ovate to elliptic, 2 — 8 in.
long, acute, coarsely and rather obtusely toothed, the teeth crenate-
toothed, the margin narrowly revolute: flowers appearing in spring with
the leaves: fruiting aments roundish-ovate % — 1 in. long: nutlets \%
lines long, orbicular or obovoid, surrounded by a narrow thin wing- —
Very common. Fl. March, April.

ORDER LXXXIII. MYRICACExE.

Represented by one species of the genus

1. GALE, Tourn. Monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, with
alternate often dotted and fragrant foliage. Flowers in sessile ovoid
aments. Perianth none. Stamens several, monadelphous (in ours),
axillary to a bract of the ament. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with 2 sessile
filiform stigmas. Fruit globular, nut-like, rough on the surface by an
uneven deposit of wax.

1. 6. Californica (Cham.). Evergreen tree, sometimes 30—40 ft.
high, and trunk 1—2 ft. thick; the branches forming a round bushy or
broader and somewhat depressed head: leaves thin-coriaceous, slightly
tomentose below, oblanceolate, 2—4 in. long, acute, attenuate to a short
petiole, serrate above the base: aments simple or somewhat compound,
androgynous, 3—5 lines long; the small broadly ovate obtuse bracts
more or less lacerately ciliate: fr. 2 lines in diameter; the waxy coat
thin, granular-roughened, dull purplish. — Common in moist places
among the hills.

SALICACE^:. 299

ORDER LXXXIV. SALICACE/E,

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple stipulate leaves, and dioecious
flowers in terminal aments, each flower subtended by a membranous
bract, with no perianth. Stamens from two to several, central, or scat-
tered on a glandular disk. Ovary 1-celled, bearing 2 subsessile stigmas.
Fruit a 2-valved capsule, with many minute comose seeds.

1. SALIX, Varro ( WILLOW). Branches terete. Buds covered by a
single calyptriform scale. Bracts of the aments entire. Stigmas short.
Ovary and capsule mostly slender-conical.

* Aments terminating leafy branchlels late in spring; stamens
3 — 5; scales of fruiting ament deciduous.

1. S. nigra, Marsh. Small tree with rounded head; trunk slender,
with rough dark bark; branches brittle at base: leaves linear-lanceolate,
slenderly acuminate from near the base, sometimes falcate, 4 — 6 in. long,
closely serrate, green and glabrous on both sides, the midvein prominent;
stipules semicordate or 0: fertile aments becoming loose, scales slightly
toothed or entire, villous with crisp hairs: capsules glabrous, ovate-conical,
brownish; styles very short: stigma notched. — The common river bank
willow of the lower San Joaquin.

2. S. Isevigata, Bebb. Taller and more shapely tree, with more
elongated and symmetrical head: leaves larger, broader, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3—7 in. long, % — 1% in. wide,
dark green glabrous and glossy above, paler beneath, minutely serrulate;
petioles downy-pubescent; stipules semicordate or 0: aments rather dense,
2—4 in. long, somewhat flexuous; scales pallid, villous, dentate; in the
staminate ament roundish-obovate, cucullate, in the pistillate narrower,
truncate, with 2—4 teeth at apex; capsule conical from a thick base,
acute, glabrous; style short or obsolete; stigmas emarginate.— Margins
of mountain streams.

3. S. lasiandra, Benth. Shrub, or small tree with broad spreading
head; branches yellow: leaves lanceolate, acute at base, the apex very
slenderly acuminate, sharply and closely serrulate; pale beneath: petioles
glandular at the upper end; stipules broadly semilunate, glandular-
serrate: scales of cylindric staminate ament thin, yellowish, more or less
toothed: stamens 5 or more: capsules lanceolate; stigmas bifid. — Low
valleys and plains, in moist places.

* * Stamens 2, or 1 only.

4. S. longifolia, Muhl. River-bank shrub, with slender stem and
branches: leaves linear to lanceolate, long-acuminate, sessile or nearly
so, usually 2—3 in. long, remotely mucronate-dentate or entire, seldom
nearly glabrous, more commonly from hoary to almost white with silky

300 SALICACEJl.

tomenlum: aments on lateral leaf y branches, and some terminal, often sev-
eral together on a vigorous shoot, linear-cylindric; scales yellowish-
villous, toothed, deciduous: stamens 2: capsules oblong-conic, obtuse,
usually tomentose. — Common, but chiefly at some distance from the Bay.

5. S. lasiolepis, Benth. Tree sometimes 30 or 40 ft. high, with
smooth grayish trunk and broad rounded head: leaves oblanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 3—5 in. long, obliquely acute or acuminate, more or
less strongly pubescent when young; or even in age, coriaceous, une-
qually serrate, glaucous and somewhat ferruginous beneath; stipules
mostly none: aments subsessile, appearing long before the leaves, cylin-
dric, dense; scales rounded, blackish, densely white-silky, persistent:
stamens thrice as long as the scale: filaments slightly united at base:
capsules dark green, glabrous, acute. — The most abundant of willows, in
the Bay region; found along all streams, and in all springy places.

6. S. Bigelovii, Torr. Only a low tufted shrub, seldom 8 or 10 ft.
high; branches very stout, pubescent: leaves obovate, or cuneate-oblong,
obtuse, entire, silky-pubescent beneath: aments on short villous some-
what leafy peduncles, short and dense: ovary ovate, pedicellate. —
Apparently confined to moist depressions among the sand hills near San
Francisco; early -flowering like the last; in our opinion distinct from it.

7. S. Sitchensis, Sanson. Shrub 6—15 ft. high, with straggling
rather slender recurving branches: these pubescent when young, sometimes
glaucous: leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, acute, or the earliest
obtuse and cuspidate-pointed, the base narrowed to a short petiole, lus-
trous-white and satiny-tomentose beneath, margin entire or obsoletely
crenulate: aments erect, slender, dense: scales yellowish or tawny,
sparsely villous: stamen solitary: capsule ovate-conic, acute, tomentose.
— Banks of streams among the higher hills.

2. POPULUS, Pliny (POPLAR). Trees with branchlets somewhat
angular. Buds with several and imbricated scales. Bracts of the aments
lacerately toothed or fringed. Stamens few or many, inserted on an
obliquely truncate disk; filaments filiform; anthers purple. Capsule
ovate-oblong to globose, 2 — 4-valved.

1. P. trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Tree of somewhat conical outline,
30 — 50 ft. high: buds shining and viscid: leaves broadly ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 — 4 in. long, crenate, finely puberulent when
young, in maturity pale beneath; petioles terete, 1 — 2 in. long: staminate
aments dense, 2 in. long; bracts slightly villous : rachis pubescent: disk
broad, slightly pubescent; filaments as long as the anthers: pistillate
aments 2 in. long (becoming 6 in.); rachis pubescent; bracts and dilated
disk nearly glabrous; ovary densely pubescent; styles 3, broadly dilated
and lobed: capsules almost sessile, subglobose, pubescent, 3-valved, ^4 in,
thick: seed light-colored. — Along the larger mountain streams.

JUGLANDE^. 301

2. P. Fremoiiti, Wats. Large tree with broad rounded or depressed
head, gray, cracked bark, and subterete branchlets: leaves deltoid- ovate,
sinuate-crenate; petioles flattened, and, with the branchlets and leaf-
margins, often pubescent when young: bracts and rachis of aments
glabrous: fruiting aments 3—4 in. long: capsules ovate, 3 — 4 lines long,
on stout pedicels 1 — 2 lines long; disk % in. broad: valves of capsule 3:
seeds white. — Valleys among the coast ranges, and also on plains of the
interior.

ORDER LXXXV. JUGLANDE/C.

Represented by a single species of the genus

1. JUGLANS, Pliny (WALNUT TREE). Trees with hard wood, and
alternate exstipulate unequally pinnate somewhat resinous-aromatic
leaves. Staminate flowers in long aments, 12 — 40 stamens to each of the
3-lobed green perianths; pistillate solitary, or few and spicate, their
calyx adherent to the ovary, 4-toothed and bearing 4 small petals. Pistil
1; style short; stigmas 2, linear or clavate, fringed. Pericarp large,
fleshy, indehiscent, enclosing a rugose nut. Seed without albumen;
cotyledons fleshy, 2-lobed, rugose.

1. J. Californica, Wats. Tree 40—60 ft. high; trunk 2— 4 ft. thick:
leaflets 5—8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2 — 2% in. long: aments
loose, 4—8 in. long: fruit globose, little compressed, 1 in. thick: nut
shallow-sulcate. — Frequent along streams, chiefly back from the seaboard.

OBDEK LXXXVI. CUPULIFER/E.

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple pinnate-veined
leaves, caducous stipules, and staminate flowers in cylindrical usually
pendulous aments. Individual staminate fl. with a lobed or cleft
perianth. Pistillate sessile in a cup-like involucre ( 1 — 5-flowered) covered
with bract-like or spinescent appendages; perianth 6-lobed, adherent to
the 2— 6-celled and 4 — 12-ovuled ovary, this becoming a 1-celled 1-seeded
nut inserted in or enclosed within an involucre. Seed without albumen;
cotyledons large, fleshy.

1. QUEBCUS, Pliny (OAK). Staminate flowers in slender usually
pendulous aments; calyx 4— 8-lobed or -parted; stamens 3 — 10; anthers
2-celled. Pistillate flowers single or in clusters; ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled,
bearing 3 styles or sessile stigmas, and enclosed by a scaly bud-like
involucre which enlarges into a cup around the base of the rounded or
elongated nut (acorn), the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining as rudiments
at base or summit of the perfect seed.

302 CUPULIFEB^.

* Stigmas nearly or quite sessile; bark usually light-colored; wood
nearly white; foliage of a dull or pale green. — WHITE OAKS.

-)— Acorns ripening the first year; leaves deciduous.

1. Q. lobata, Nee. Stately tree, with slender, often long and pendu-
lous branches: leaves oblong or obovate, 2^—5 in. long, deeply lobed or
pinnatifid: acorns subsessile; nut long-conical, l%—2% »»• long, usually
pointed; cup deep-hemispherical, strongly taberculate. — Plains of the
interior chiefly, but plentiful and of fine development in Napa Valley as
well as elsewhere in valleys of the Coast Eange.

2. Q. Garryana, Dougl. Not as large as the last; branches not
drooping, but branchlets rigid, tomentose or pubescent: leaves more
coarsely lobed; lobes broad, obtuse; acorns sessile or short-peduncled;
nut oval, often ventricose, 1% — ^%. in. long; cup small and shallow, with
small lanceolate slightly pubescent scales. — A tree of the hilly districts
from Marin Co. northward.

3. Q. Donglasii, Hook. & Arn. Middle-sized tree, or larger, with
rounded, or in age depressed head; branches and branchlets numerous;
bark of trunk very light-colored: leaves small (2—3 in. long), oblong,
sinuate or with shallow lobes, bluish-green above, pubescent beneath:
acorn sessile or short-peduncled; nut elongated-oblong, % — 1)4 in- loug*
mostly acutish; cup hemispherical, with ovate-lanceolate flat or some-
times tubercled scales — Mostly inhabiting the first and rather dry foot-
hills of the inner ranges.

•f— -t— Acorns ripening the first year; leaves persistent.

4:. Q. dumosa, Nutt. Shrub 4—8 ft. high, the slender branches
tomentose when young: leaves coriaceous, 1 in. long or more, oblong,
obtuse, often acutish at base, sinuate or sinuate-toothed, on young shoots
spinose-toothed, dark green above, pubescent beneath: acorns sessile,
variable in size; nut oval, 1 in. long more or less; cup deep-hemispher-
ical, 5—10 lines wide, usually strongly tuberculate, occasionally with flat
scales. Var. bnllata, Engelm. Leaves more rounded, convex above,
usually hoary-tomentose on both sides. — A southern species, properly,
but reaching our borders in San Mateo Co., and even southern Alameda;
also recurring as far north as Lake Co., both type and variety.

-)— •*- H— Acorns biennial; trees evergreen.

5. Q. chrysolepis, Liebm. Varying from the size of our largest
oaks, to mere shrub of a few feet high : leaves oblong, acute or cuspidate,
obtuse or subcordate at base, usually entire on old trees, sharply
spinose-dentate on more vigorous young trees or shoots, very pale and
glaucous above, fulvous-lomentose beneath when young, in age glabrate:
acorns extremely variable in size: nut oval, obtuse, ^ — \% in. long;
cup hemispherical, with scales almost hidden by fulvous tomentum, and

CUPULIFER^:. 303

}*j— 1 in. wide. — Scarcely other than small trees, or mere shrubs, of this
species within our limits; but such forms common on the higher
mountains, like Diablo and Tamalpais.

* * Stigmas on long styles; bark dark-colored', wood reddish',
foliage bright green. — BLACK OAKS.

6. Q. agrifolia, Nee. Large tree, in our district mostly of low stature
and widely spreading, the trunks or main branches often several from
near the ground and ascending; tree not properly evergreen, but foliage
persisting for a year: leaves oval to oblong or obovoid, 2 — 3 in. long,
sinuately spinose-dentate, somewhat stellate-pubescent when young, in
maturity mostly convex above, pale and glabrous beneath: acorns annual
sessile or nearly so; nut rather narrow and tapering, 1 — 1^ in. long,
3 — 4 lines thick; cup turbinate, rather deep, with lanceolate imbricated
slightly pubescent brown scales. — Common along streams, and in more
open ground; at San Francisco only a large arborescent shrub.

7. Q. Wislizeni, A. DO. Eesembling the last, but evergreen; leaves
more coriaceous and lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, commonly acute
and less sinuately spinose-dentate: acorns biennial: cup turbinate, very
deep; nut much as in the last — Less frequent in our district; but small
forms common on the higher hills and mountains.

8. Q. Morehus, Kell. Small tree (20—40 ft.), straight and symmet-
rical, or more lax and straggling: leaves subpersistent and rather coria-
ceous, oblong-lanceolate, 3—4 in. long, acutish at base and long-pe Holed,
the margin coarsely sinuate-toothed and teeth subulate from a broad
base: acorns biennial, solitary, on peduncles % in. long; cup hemispher-
ical, with glabrous ovate scales ciliate below; nut oblong, obtuse, two-
thirds exserted from the cup. — Marin and Contra Costa counties, and
northward; nowhere plentiful; possibly a hybrid between the preceding
and the next.

9. ((. Kelloggii, Newb. Middle-sized tree, not very symmetrical;
bark of trunk rough, black: leaves ample, deciduous, broadly oval or
obovoid, 4—6 in. long, pinnately lobed, the lobes tapering and entire, or
broad and coarsely toothed, at first tomentose, at length glabrous:
acorns biennial mostly on peduncles %— 1 in. long, often several
together; cup hemispherical, rather deep, with ovate-lanceolate obtusish
scales; nut oblong, obtuse, 1 in. long or more. — In the mountains chiefly,
or along their bases in low valleys.

* * * Aments erect; flowers whitish; cup echinale.

10. (J. densiflora, Hook. & Arn. Middle-sized or large symmetrical
evergreen, with smooth bark and tomentose branchlets: leaves oblong,
acute, 2 — 6 in. long, coarsely and rather remotely spinulose-serrate, with
strong feather-veins running from the midrib to each tooth, tomentose

304 CORYLACE.E.

beneath, in age glabrate above: acorns solitary or in short-peduncled
clusters; cup shallow, covered with linear or linear-subulate spreading
scales and silky-tonientose within; nut very hard, oval or oblong, indis-
tinctly trigonous at summit.— Moist woods of the Coast Eange.

11. Q. ecliinoides, R. Br. Campst. Shrub bushy and low, 3—12 ft.
high: leaves mostly 1 — 3 in. long, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate and
more or less revolute, the feather veins obsolete toward the margin: nut
more elongated than in the last; cup with longer softer more or less
tortuous linear appendages. — Hillsides of the inner coast ranges, mostly
northward beyond our limits; but occurring at the Petrified Forest,
Sonoma Co.

2. CASTANEA, Brunfels. Differing from the type of Quercus in that
the staminate aments are erect, and sometimes panicled, and the pistil-
late in involucres situate at base of these. Nuts 1— several, enclosed in
a pungently prickly at length dehiscent involucre.

1. C. chrysophylla, Dougl. Arborescent, erect, seldom 30 ft. high
with us (much larger at the north), evergreen : leaves coriaceous, lanceo-
late, acuminate or acute, 1—4 in. long, densely yellowish-scurfy beneath :
stout spines of involucre % — 1 in. long subverticillately branching : nut
usually solitary, obtusely trigonous, % in. long.

OBDEB LXXXVII. CORYLACE>E.

Allied to the preceding order; represented here by one species of

1. CORYLUS, Vergil. Monoecious shrubs, with alternate simple
leaves. Staminate flowers in pendulous aments appearing before the
leaves. Stamens 4 to each obovate bract. Pistillate flowers in a short
spike, 2 flowers to each bract, with small bractlets which become an
involucre to the subglobose woody-shelled smooth nut.

1. C. rostrata, Ait. var. Californica, A. DC. Shrub seldom less
than 8 ft., sometimes 20 ft. high, slender, with ascending and at last
widely spreading branches : leaves broadly ovate or oval, 2 — 4 in. long,
acute or abruptly acuminate, cordate or rounded at base, pubescent or
even hirsute: fruiting involucre densely hispid, the bracts unitedly pro-
longed above the nut into a short broad tube; nut % in. thick.— By
streams in the foothills and lower mountains, usually in the shade.

ORCHIDACEJE. 305

SUBCLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OB ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS.

Embryo with but one cotyledon. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers
having their parts mostly in threes.

DIVISION I. CALYCES PEEIGYN^.

Perianth with tube adnate to the ovary, the stamens consequently
perigynous, or else (as in the first order) gynandrous.

ORDER LXXXVIIL ORCHIDACE,4E.

Perennial herbs, the roots mostly few and very fleshy fibrous, or still
more fleshy and tuberiform. Flowers usually inverted by a twist in the
long ovary, the sepals and 2 lateral petals similar, the third and supe-
rior petal (apparently the lower) unlike the others and called the lip.
Stamens coherent with the style and with it forming the column, with
usually only the anther opposite the lower sepal perfect, and 2 rudimen-
tary lateral ones; anthers 2-celled; pollen more or less coherent in 1 — 4
waxy masses. Stigma oblique, concave. Capsule dehiscing by 3 placen-
tiferous valves. Seeds many, minu.te, resembling saw-dust.

Stem with ample leaves; flowers few, not small LIMODOKUM 1

Stem-leaves few, small; fl. many, email, spicate;

Lip undulate, not spurred at base ORCHIASTRUM 2

" with a long spur at base HABENAIUA 3

Plants leafless and destitute of chlorphyll CORALLORHIZ A 4

1. LIMODORUM, Clusius. Caulescent and leafy, erect, from creeping
rootstocks. Flowers few, in a terminal conspicuously leafy-bracted
raceme. Perianth spreading; sepals and petals subequal: lip free,
deeply concave at base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in
the middle, the upper part petaloid-dilated. Anther 1, sessile behind
the broad truncate stigma, 2-celled, obtuse; pollen-masses becoming
attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the
stigma.

1. L. giganteum (Dougl.), O. Ktze. Stoutish, 1—4 ft high, almost
glabrous: leaves ovate below, lanceolate above, 3—8 in. long, acute or
acuminate, somewhat scabrous on the veins beneath: fl. 3 — 10, greenish
strongly veined with purple, on short pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
6—8 lines long, the upper concave; petals a little smaller; lip as long,
the saccate base with erect wing-like margins, the dilated summit ovate-
lanceolate, entire, somewhat wavy-crested. — Moist ground, Marin Co.

2. ORCHIASTRUM, Micheli. Stems leafy below, from fascicled
tuberiform roots. Flowers small, in a 1 — 3-ranked spirally twisted spike.
Lateral sepals somewhat decurrent; the upper and the petals coherent:

306 ORCHIDACE^J.

lip oblong, the dilated summit spreading and undulate, usually entire.
Column short, oblique, ending in a stout terete stipe bearing the ovate
stigma on the face.

1. 0. Romaiizoftianum (Cham.). Stout, 4—18 in. high, bracteate
above: leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear: spike dense, 3-ranked, 1 — 4
in. long, conspicuously bracteate: perianth white, about 4 lines long;
sepals and petals all connivent; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, contracted
below the wavy-crenulate summit; callosities obscure. — Near the Presidio,
San Francisco, Bolander, and in Marin Co. Sept.

2. 0. porrifolinm (Lindl.). Much like the last, but with smaller
flowers, and consequently a narrower spike: callosities at base of lip
sharply prominent and pointing downward. — Marin Co., Behr.

3. HABENARIA, Willd. Stems leafy-bracted or leafy, erect simple
and solitary, from perpendicular fleshy-fibrous or tuberiform roots.
Flowers small, green or white, in a terminal spike or raceme. Sepals
and petals similar, convergent: lip flat, spreading entire (in ours), with a
slender long spur at base on the outside.

1. H. elegans (Lindl.), Bolander. Stem rather slender, 1—2 ft. high,
from an ovate or oblong tuberform root: leaves 2, radical, depressed,
oblong, 3 — 5 in. long and 1% — 2 in. broad, appearing in early spring, but
dying and disappearing before the flowering period: fl. small, light green,
in a slender but dense long spike; sepals and petals subequal, 2 lines long,
obtuse; lip similar, with filiform spur 3 — 5 lines long: beak of stigma
prominent, broad and rounded.— Wooded hillsides. June, July.

2. H. inaritima, Greene. Eobust, 6—16 in. high; at flowering time
destitute of foliage, but the upper part of the stem bearing many lanceo-
late-subulate appressed and more or less imbricated green bracts % in.
long or more: spike 1% — 3 in. long, 1 in. thick, the flowers closely
crowded, white, heavily honey-scented: sepals oblong, obtuse, 1% lines
long, white, with a narrow and delicate deep green midvein; petals not
quite equalling the sepals, oblong-lanceolate, the upper 2 plane, deep
green at base and well up the middle, otherwise white; the lip pure white even
to the prominently elevated and broad midvein: spur slender, longer than
the ovary. — On dry hills near the sea at Point Lobos; leaves probably
appearing in early spring and soon dying. Fl. Aug. — Oct.

3. H. Michaeli, Greene. Very robust, 8—12 in. high, leafless, but the
cyllndric and apparently very fleshy stem bearing many triangular or tri-
angular-ovate acuminate thin appressed bracts: spike very dense, 3 in.
long: fl. greenish; sepals and petals alike, % in. long; lip broader, its
spur a third longer than the ovary. — Open hills, under oaks, etc., from
near Livermore southward.

4. CORALLORHIZA, Holler. Plants without green herbage, the
solitary scapes from fleshy short jointed often coralline roots, and bearing

IRIDACE.E. 307

a few sheathing bracts in place of leaves, and a raceme at summit. Lat-
eral sepals oblique at base, either decurreut into a short spur adnate to
the side of the ovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity above it. Upper
sepal and petals somewhat incurved: lip dilated, usually somewhat
recurved, flat or concave, with a pair of longitudinal ridges near the
base. Column bearing the caducous anther at summit. Pollen masses
in 2 distinct pairs, sessile on a short oblong gland.

1. C. multiftora, Nutt. Scape 1 — 2 ft. high: sepals and petals 4 — 5
lines, buff, with reddish or purplish markings; spur a line long or more
but quite adnate to the ovary; lip broadly ovate, subsessile, 3-lobed by a
deep cleft on each side, the middle lobe rounded or emarginate, the lat-
eral ones narrow and acutish, ridges of the body of the lip rather promi-
nent: column stout, two- thirds the length of the petals. — Woods of the
mountain ranges near the coast.

2. C. Bigelovii, Wats. Flowers fewer and smaller, altogether red-
purple and pure white : lateral sepals oblique and, with the base of the
column, strongly gibbous over the ovary: lip deeply concave, broad and
somewhat auriculate, elliptical; spur none: column slender, broadly
margined below. — More frequent than the last, and on both sides of the
Bay; the flowers rather inconspicuous.

OEDEB LXXXIX. I R I D A C E >£ .

Stems in our species from creeping stout rootstocks, or a tuft of fibrous
roots. Leaves 2-ranked, ensiform, sheathing. Flowers large, few or
solitary, spathaceous-bracteate, regular, triandrous. Petal-like divisions
of the superior perianth 6, in 2 series, convolute in bud. Stamens on
the base of the outer series, or sepals; their anthers extrorse. 'Ovary
3-lobed, becoming a 3-celled capsule.

1. IRIS, Theophr. Stems from thick rootstocks, stout, terete.
Flowers in the axils of spathaceous bracts along the flexuous upper part
of the stem. Perianth-tube prolonged beyond the ovary; outer segments
obovate above the claw, spreading or recurved; inner narrower, erect,
at apex connivent. Stamens with linear anthers lying close beneath
spreading or somewhat recurved large petaloid branches of the style.
Capsule elongated, trigonous. Seeds flattened or turgid, horizontal, in
2 rows in each cell.

1. I. macrosiphon, Torr. Stem low and very slender, much shorter
than the leaves (these 6—15 in. long), somewhat flattened: leaves narrow,
acuminate: bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2^— 4 in. long; fl.
1 or 2, short-pedicellate, with filiform lube 1—3 in. long, dark violet-
purple: sepals 1% — 2 in. long: capsule oblong-ovoid, abruptly acute at
each end, 1 in. long: seeds flattened and angular. — Open hills about San
Francisco, and elsewhere near the sea. March, April.

308 LI

2. I. Douglasiana, Herbert. Stouter and taller than the last, yz—\yz
ft. high: bracts broader, less acuminate: fl. 2 or 3, larger and on longer
pedicels: perianth-lube only % — 1 *n- long: capsule oblong, acutely
triangular, 1% in. long: seeds almost globular.— Habitat of the preceding.
April, May.

3. I. longipetala, Herbert. Stout, 1—2^ ft. high; leaves about as
high: bracts large, acuminate, 3— "4 in. long: flowers 3—5, pale blue, on
stout pedicels 1—2 in. long; tube funnelform, % in. long; sepals 2^—3 in.
long; petals somewhat shorter, oblanceolate: capsule oblong, narrowed
at each end, 2 in. long: seeds flattened. — Very plentiful on moist slopes
of hills on the southern outskirts of San Francisco. May, June.

2. BERMUDIANA, Tourn. Stems and foliage from a tuft of coarse-
fibrous perennial roots. Leaves narrow and grass-like. Stems flat.
Flowers clustered within a pair of ensiform bracts, fugacious. Perianth
6-parted; segments only slightly differing in breadth, but of equal
length, usually cuspidate, spreading. Stamens monadelphous; anthers
oblong. Style short; stigmas filiform, involute. Capsule subglobose.
Seeds several, nearly spherical.

1. B. bella (Wats.). Stems 1 — 1J£ ft. high, glabrous or with scabrous
margins, with 1 — 3 floriferous nodes at the summit: peduncles usually 2
at each node; spathes of 2 nearly equal bracts, scabrous on the keel, 4 — 7-
flowered: perianth deep blue-purple with yellow base, expanding % in. or
more: stamens monadelphous to near the summit; anthers very small:
capsule round-obovoid, % in. high: seeds % line thick, obscurely pitted.
—Abundant on moist slopes. March — June.

2, B. Californica (Ker). Scape broadly winged, 6—15 in. high, sur-
passing the broad glaucescent leaves: perianths 3 — 7 to the spathe, clear
yellow, % in. broad '.filaments united at base only] anthers linear-sagittate.
—Boggy places on the San Francisco peninsula. Herbage turning
black in drying, and staining paper dark purple.

DIVISION II. CALYCE^E HYPOGYN^E.

Ovary superior; the stamens inserted at its base, either as distinct
from the perianth, or as adherent to its tube.

ORDEB XC. L I L I A C E >£ .

Ours all herbaceous plants; the stems usually from bulbs or corms or
more or less fleshy rhizomes. Perianth regular, corolla-like, of 6 distinct
or more or less united parts. Stamens opposite the segments, with
2-celled anthers (or confluently 1-celled). Ovary superior, 3-celled,
becoming a capsular, or rarely a baccate fruit.

LILIACE^. 309

* Flowers more or less distinctly racemose.

Stem leafy above; a scaly bulb at its base;

Bulb-scales flattened; fl. with no nectaries LILIUM 1

" " thick; fl. often with nectariferous glands FRITILLARIA 2

Stem leafy at base only; bulb tunicated;

Flowers blue, in a simple raceme , CAMASSIA 5

•' white, in a panicle of racemes CHLOROGALUM 6

" white, with green markings; racemes mostly simple . . ZYQADENUS 9
Stem leafy; no bulb or corm at base;

Leaves many, very narrow, coriaceous XEROPHYLLUM 10

" not few, broad, thin; raceme short simple or com-
pound VAGNERA 11

" 1—3 only; fl. dimerous. UNIFOLIUM 12

* * Flowers not distinctly either racemose or umbellate, long-
peduncled, or very few, or solitary.

Stem with 2 broad leaves at base only; all from a long bulb-like

corm ERYTHRONIUM 3

Stem cymosely or umbellately branching; leaves narrow CALOCHORTUS 4

Leaves and 1-flowered scapes from fibrous root s SCOLIOPUS 7

" 3 only, in a whorl beneath the solitary flower TRILLIUM 8

Stem branching and leafy, with few nodding flowers at the ends

of the branches; roots fibrous DISPORUM 13

Stem few-leaved, 1 -3-floWered, from a scaly-bulb;

Bulb-scales flattened LILIUM 1

" notflattened FRITILLARIA 2

* * * Inflorescence umbellate.

Leaves ample; stem scapiform; no bulb or corm CLINTONIA 14

Leaves narrow, and, with the scape, from a bulb or corm;

umbel spathaceous bracted;
Pedicels jointed at base of the perianth;

Scape tortuous or twining; perianth-tube thin, more or

less inflated DICHELOSTEMMA 15

Scape firmly erect, straight;

Perianth with short tube and ( perfect stamens 3 HOOKER A 16

spreading limb '* 6 CALLIPRORA 17

Perianth funnelform TRITELEIA 18

open-campanulate HESPEROSCORDUM 19

Pedicels not jointed under the perianth;

Scape and leaves from a corm; plants not alliaceous — MUILLA 20

Scape and leaves from a coated bulb; plants strongly

alliaceous ALLIUM 21

1. LILIUM, Pliny. Stem simple from a scaly bulb, leafy. Leaves
narrow, sessile, scattered or whorled. Flowers large, showy, in a ter-
minal raceme, or solitary, or subumbellate; pedicels not jointed. Peri-
anth deciduous, funnelform or broader, with 6 distinct equal oblanceolate
spreading or recurved segments, whitish or red, often spotted with
brown. Stamens 5, hypogynous, included; filaments long; anthers
oblong or linear, versatile. Style long, clavate, deciduous; stigma
3-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, 6-angled. Seeds many, flat, horizontal, in
2, rows in each of the 3 cells.

310 L I L I A C E M .

1. L. rnbesceus, Wats. Bulb slightly oblique and rhizomatous, 2 in.
thick: broadly lanceolate scales 1 in. long: stem 1 — 7 ft. high: leaves
glabrous, glaucescent, flat or undulate, lower scattered, upper in 3—7
whorls, oblanceolate, acute or acutish, 1—4 in. long: pedicels usually
several, 1 — 3 in. long; fl. nearly white becoming rose-purple, somewhat
dotted with brown; segments 1^—2 in. long, the upper third revolute:
ovary wing-angled, alternate downward, J£ iQ- long.— Wooded slopes
from Marin Co. northward.

2. L. maritimnm, Kell. Bulb conical, 1—1% in. thick, the scales
closely appressed: stem 1—3 ft. high, slender: leaves seldom at all
whorled, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse, 1—5 in. long: fi. 1—5,
long-peduncled, horizontal, deep reddish orange, spotted with purple;
segments lanceolate, 1^ in. long, the upper third somewhat recurved:
oblong anthers 2 lines long. — Moist meadows near the coast, from Marin
Co. northward.

3. L. pardalinnm, Kell. Stem (from a thick branching rhizomatous
mass of oblate scaly bulbs) 3—7 ft. high: leaves usually in 3 or 4 whorls
of 9 — 15, with some scattered ones both above and below the whorls,
narrowly lanceolate, sharply acuminate, deep green, thin, faintly 3-nerved;
fl. usually very numerous, on long spreading pedicels; perianth-segments
2—3 in. long, %—% *'«• wide, strongly revolute, bright orange-red, with
large purple spots on the lower half: anthers red, 4—5 lines long: capsule
narrowly oblong, 1% in. long, angles acutish — The most common lily
of the Bay district, occurring in open marshy places, or in shady places
along streams. June, July.

2. FKITILLA.RIA., Gesner. Stem, as in Lilium, upright and leafy,
from a scaly bulb, but this commonly depressed-globose, often corm-like,
the scales little flattened; flowers usually more campanulate, but some-
times funnelform. Perianth-segments deciduous, concave, mostly with
a nectariferous pit near the base, the coloring commonly dull, but apt to
be more or less checkered in light and dark shades. Stamens 6, included;
anthers oblong, versatile. Styles slender, united to the middle or
throughout. Capsule often acutely 6-angled, or even winged.

* Perianth checkered more or less distinctly in two colors.

1. F. coccinea, Greene. Stem stoutish, 8 — 18 in. high: leaves 2 — 3
in. long, linear-lanceolate, mostly 4—12, in 2 or 3 whorls near the middle
of the stem: fl. mostly few (1 — 4), 1 in. long; segments not recurved at
tip, spreading to the degree of the campanulate-funnelfonn, yellow and
scarlet, not indistinctly checkered: styles distinct above; stigmas linear:
capsule rather obtusely angled.— Wooded mountains of Sonoma and
Napa counties. May.

2. F. mutica, Lindl. Bulb broad and flat, above thickly beset with
tuber-like scales: stem 1^—3 ft. high, mostly 6— 12-flowered. deep green

LILIACE.E. 311

and glaucescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, in 3 — 7 whorls: perianth cam-
panulate, checkered with green and dark brown; segments oblong-lanceo-
late, strongly arched, with large oblong nectary and more or less strongly
crisped or crenulate-undulate margin: styles distinct above: capsule 1
in. long, broadly winged. March, April.

* * Perianth not checkered.

3. F. Mflora, Lindl. Bulb of few and thick fleshy ovate scales: stem
stout, 6 — 18 in. high, 1 — 3-flowered: leaves 2 — 6, mostly near the base of
the stem, scattered or somewhat whorled, oblong-lanceolate to linear,
2 — 4 in. long: perianth campanulate, of a very dark lurid purple: style
stout, parted into three above: capsule % — % in. long, 6-angled. Var.
agrestis. Taller, commonly 3— 7-flowered: perianth wholly of a light
yellowish green. — Type common on stony hills near the sea. The variety
is of rich fields in the Livermore Valley and eastward. March.

4. F. pluriflora, Torr. Bulb as in the last; and plant every way
like the variety agreslis except that the perianth is narrowed at base so as
to be funnelform- campanulate, or turbinate-campanulate, and the whole
of a reddish purple; nectary obscure: stigma shortly 3-lobed: stamens
unequal. — Along the eastern bases of the inner coast ranges, in Solano,
and apparently in Contra Costa.

5. F. liliacea, Lindl. Bulb as in the last two, or the scales fewer
and larger: stem low: leaves few, those nearest the base often approx-
imate, or even verticillate : segments of the 1 — 3 whitish perianths
broadly oblanceolate, without nectary, the whole perianth tapering to the
base: anthers oblong, mucronate: capsule atipitate, % in. long and broad,
truncate at both ends.— Open grassy hills near the sea, or in the Coast
Range. April.

3. ERYTHROMUM, Linn. Stem low, simple, 1— several-flowered,
from an elongated bulb like corm. Leaves 2, broad, thin, radical.
Perianth broad-funnelform, with segments mostly recurved, deciduous.
Stamens 6; filaments slender; anthers basifixed. Capsule membrana-
ceous, obtusely triangular, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds oblong-obovate,
ascending in 2 rows in each cell; brown rugulose testa loose at apex.

1. E. gigaiitemii, Lindl. Leaves 6 —10 in. long, narrowed to a short
margined petiole : scape 10—15 in. high, 1— G-flowered: perianth cream-
color tinged with pink, yellow at base; segments broadly lanceolate, 1 —
1% in. long, recurved: capsule oblong-obovate, 7 — 9 lines long, very
obtuse or retuse at summit. — In woods on northward slopes of the
higher mountains of Sonoma Co., etc.

2. E. Hiirtwegi, Wats. Smaller; leaves not rarely 3: perianths 1 — 3,
pale yellow, with orange base, the segments 1—2 in. long, scarcely
recurved.- -Near Healdsburg, Sonoma Co., and northward.

312 LILIACE.E.

4. CALOCHORTUS, Parsh. Stem branching, from a membranous-
coated corm (or this rarely fibrous-coated). Leaves few, linear-lanceolate,
the radical 1 or 2 much larger than those of the flexuous stem. Perianth
deciduous, of 6 more or less concave segments; the 3 outer small, com-
paratively colorless and therefore true sepals. Petals broadly cuneate-
obovate, usually with a glandular pit near the base, this apt to be hidden
by long hairs. Stamens 6; anthers erect, basifixed. Ovary triquetrous,
3-celled; stigmas sessile, recurved. Capsule membranaceous, 3- angled
or -winged. Seeds oo , in 2 rows in each cell, flattened; testa thin.

* Flowers nodding, subglobose with concave petals; capsule broad,
obtuse, nodding.

1. C. albns, Dougl. Glaucous, 1 — 2 ft. high, almost paniculately
branching: radical leaves 1 — 2 in. wide: petals pearly-white, with a leaden-
lavender tinge outside, round-ovate, 1—1^ in. long, bearded above the
gland with long white hairs; gland lunate, shallow with 4 transverse im-
bricated scales fringed with short hairs: anthers linear-oblong, obtuse,
mucronate: capsule ] — 2 in. long, % — 1 in. wide.— Shady banks in the
Coast Ranges near the sea.

2. C. pulchellus, Dougl. Half as tall as the last, more branching
and floriferous: radical leaf equalling or exceeding the stem: sepals
greenish -yellow, 8 — 12 lines long, nearly equalling deep yellow oblong-
ovate acutish petals, these glandular-ciliate, and with scattered short
erect yellow hairs; gland a deep pit, produced upward and covered by
stiff appressed yellow hairs: anthers broad, obtuse or acutish: capsule
elliptical. — Cool summits of the more elevated Coast Range hills and
mountains, in shade of thickets.

* * Flowers less concave, erect: capsules broad, nodding.

3. C. Maweaniis, Leichtl. Stem low (3— 10 in. high), 3— 6-flowered:
glaucous leaves surpassing the stem: petals white to purplish-blue,
exceeding the purplish* sepals, broadly obovate, acute, somewhat arched
and pitted, the broad naked claw with a transverse semicircular scale, the
rest of the surface within covered with long white or purplish hairs: anthers
lanceolate, acuminate: capsule oblong-elliptic, acutish.— Open hills.

4. C. lilacinus, Kell. Stem 4— 8 in. high: leaves long and broad:/.
4— 10, in 1 — 3 close umbels or corymbs on long flexuous pedicels: petals
broad, pale lilac, with purplish claw, somewhat hairy below the middle;
gland very shallow, ciliale, and with a narrow scale : anthers oblong,
obtuse: capsule elliptic, obtuse at each end. — Open hills,

5. C. uniflorus, Hook. & Arn. Scarcely branching, % — 1 ft- high, 1
— 2-flowered: sepals purplish, 6 —8 lines long; petals 10— IS lines, the
summit broad, denticulate, lilac, with purple base; gland small, shallow,
purple, densely hairy; lower half of the petal with scattered hairs:
anthers obtuse.— In low moist lands; plentiful at Calistoga.

LILIACE^. 313

# * * Flowers open campanulate, both these and the capsules erect.

6. C. luteus, Dougl. Leaves all very narrow, not conspicuous: stem
10—18 in. nigh, 1— 3-flowered; sepals about equalling the petals, narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, erect, greenish yellow and purplish, with a brown
spot at base: petals broadly fan-shaped, 1 in. long, greenish yellow,
marked with brown-purple and slightly hairy in the middle portion;
gland broad, rounded or somewhat lunate, densely covered with ascend-
ing yellow hairs, and with some scattered spreading ones surrounding
it: anthers yellow, linear, obtuse: capsule attenuate upward, 1 — 1^ in.
long. — Open plains and hillsides. May, June.

7. C. Yenustus, Benth. Habit of the preceding; foliage the same:
campanulate perianth twice as large, white or pale cream-color suffused
with lilac above, and with a conspicuous red-purple spot near the top, a
brownish spot overarched with yellow in the centre, and a brownish base;
gland large, oblong, densely hairy and surrounded with scattered hairs.
— From Napa Co. southward, in the inner ranges of mountains.

8. C. splendens, Dougl. Like the last in habit, though more slender,
branching, and with more numerous flowers: sepals strongly recurved:
petals deep lilac-purple, with scattered white hairs below the middle, and
a round densely hairy gland: anthers purple. — Hills at the western base
of Mt. Diablo near Danville, and southward. June.

5. CAMASSIA, Lindl. Scape and linear carinate leaves from a
tunicated bulb. Flowers in a simple scarious-bracted raceme. Perianth
of 6 distinct and similar oblanceolate 3— 7-nerved segments, nearly
rotate-spreading. Stamens 6 on the base of the perianth; filaments
filiform-subulate; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Style slender, trifid.
Capsule thick-membranaceous, 3-lobed and -angled, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds several in each cell, ovate, more or less compressed and angled,
with thin black shining testa:

1. C. (Juamush (Pursh). Scape 1—2 ft. high: raceme loosely 10 — 20-
flowered; pedicels % — 1 iQ- long, shorter than the narrow bracts: fl. dark
blue to very pale, 7—15 lines long. — Point Reyes, Bigelow.

6. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth. Tuft of radical linear carinate leaves
and paniculately branching stem from a fibrous-coated bulb. Branches
of panicle loosely racemose. Perianth white, or with a purplish tinge,
persistent, remaining twisted over the growing and mature ovary. Peri-
anth-segments distinct, ligulate. Stamens 6, adnate to base of segments;
anthers versatile. Ovary subglobose; ovules 2 in each cell ; style filiform
slightly 3- cleft. Capsule broadly turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds
obovate, with close thin somewhat rugose testa.

1. C. pomeridiaiium (Ker), Kunth. Bulb large, long, densely and
coarsely fibrous-coated: stem and spreading panicle 2 — 5 ft. high: leaves

314 LILIACEJE.

/^~ l/^ ft. long, strongly undulate: perianth rotate, its segments 8—10
lines long, white, with purple veins. — Common on rocky banks and hills;
flowers vespertine, opening in the middle of the afternoon. June, July.

7. SCOLIOPUS, Torr. Nearly stemless glabrous perennials, the
fascicle of coarse-fibrous roots bearing, on a short subterranean erect
stem, a pair of ample oblong leaves and the nearly obsolete peduncle of
an umbel, the elongated and sharply angled pedicels of which, resem-
bling 1-flowered scapes, alone appear above ground. Perianth of 3
ovate-lanceolate spreading sepals and as many linear erect petals.
Stamens 3, opposite the sepals; filaments short, cylindric, with a bulbous-
dilated base; anthers oblong, extrorse, attached above the base. Ovary
triquetrous; style very deeply 3-parted, the branches linear, stout,
widely spreading and with a downward curvature, stigmatic only at the
rounded apex, this held near the open anther by the curve in the style-
branch. Capsule thin, bursting irregularly. Seeds numerous, oblong,
slightly curved, sulcate-striate.

1. S. Bigelovii, Torr. Leaves 4 — 15 in. long, mottled or without
dark spots, acute or obtusish: pedicels 3-15, slender, 3—8 in. long,
sharply 3— 4-angled, in age reclining and strongly tortuous or somewhat
coiled: sepals spreading at base, bent downward abruptly from about
the middle, the ground-color green, but this obscured by many dark-red
striae: petals as long, strongly revoluteand nearly erect. — Mt. Tamalpais,
in low woods; flowers very fetid. Jan.— March.

8. TRILLIUM, Miller. Perennials, with short fleshy rootstocks and
fibrous roots. Solitary erect stems scariously sheathed at base, at
summit bearing a whorl of 3 ample rhombic-ovate subsessile netted-
veined leaves and a solitary 6-merous flower. Sepals 3, lanceolate,
green-herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, white or purplish to dark
maroon, exceeding the sepals, persistent. Stamens 6, on the base of the
perianth; filaments short, stout; anthers long, basifixed. Ovary sessile;
styles none; stigmas linear or subulate, recurved. Fruit an ovate
angular fleshy capsule 1 — 3-celled. Seeds ovate.

1. T. sessile, L. Leaves and flower closely sessile; petals erect. Var.
gigaiiteum, Hook. & Arn. Stout, 1—2 ft. high: leaves broadly rhombic-
ovate, 3 — 6 in. long, usually broader than long, acutish : petals oblanceo-
late, 2—4 in. long, dark-maroon to rose-purple and white. Var. chloro-
petalnm, Torr. Still larger, the obovate-elliptic obtuse petals twice the
length of the sepals, and uniformly light green. — Only the varieties
occur; the first plentiful in the Oakland and Berkeley hills, the second
in the redwood districts of Marin Co. March, April.

2. T. ova In in, Pursh. Slender, 8— 18 in. high: leaves 2—6 in. long,
acute or abruptly acuminate, narrowed at base, slightly petiolate: pedun-
cle erect, 1 — 3 in. long: petals spreading, lanceolate, acute, 1 — 2 in. long,

LILIACE^. 315

white changing to rose-purple, little surpassing the sepals: stigmas
slender, sessile: capsule ovate, winged, % — % in. long.— Coast Kange,
in open woods. April.

9. ZYGADEXUS, Michx. Scape-like racemose stem and narrow
carinate leaves from a tuuicated bulb. Flowers greenish white, ascending
or spreading on slender pedicels. Perianth nearly rotate; segments
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with a more or less pronounced green gland-
ular spot at the mostly short-unguiculate base of the segments. Stamens
5, on the base of the segments; filaments subulate; anthers cordate
before opening, peltate afterwards. Capsule of 3 nearly distinct and
follicle-like cells. Seeds brownish, angled.

1. Z. speciosus, Dougl. Bulb oblong, 1—2 in. long: leaves light
green, often 1 in. wide toward the base: stem stout, 1—4 ft. high, the
ample subpyramidal raceme single, or with two or more accessory ones;
lower pedicels 1—3 in. long: perianth free from the ovary, rotate, % in.
broad; outer segments not unguiculate; inner abruptly narrowed to a
broad claw, all oblong-ovate, obtusish, the greenish yellow gland toothed
on its upper margin by running into the strong elevated nerves of the
segment: stamens nearly free, shorter than the segments: capsule 1 in.
long. Var. minor (H. & A.). Seldom 6 or 8 in. high, simple, few-flow-
ered: perianth larger; segments more oblong. — Type plentiful on bushy
hills; the variety only in wet open ground, on the San Francisco
peninsula. Feb. — April.

2. Z. veiieiiosus, Wats. Bulb oblong-ovate, small: stem slender,
1 — 2 ft. high: leaves narrowly linear, scabrous on the margin: raceme
mostly simple, short; perianth-segments % in- long? all contracted abruptly
to a short claw; blade rounded or subcordate at base; gland ending
above in a well defined irregular line: stamens as long as the perianth. —
Moist banks, and borders of boggy places, in Marin Co. May — July.

10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Erect and simple-stemmed peren-
nials, with thick lignescent rootstock and numerous narrow hard and
dry serrulate leaves. Flowers many, white, in a dense raceme. Peri-
anth of 6 distinct spreading oblong-lanceolate nerved persistent segments.
Stamens at base of segments; filaments subulate-filiform; anthers
rounded, dehiscent laterally. Ovary ovate, 3-lobed; styles 3, distinct,
stigmatic on the inside, reflexed or recoiled, persistent. Capsule charta-
ceous. Seeds oblong, with thin wrinkled light-colored testa.

1. X. tenax (Pursh), Nutt. Radical leaves 2—3 ft. long, 2 lines
wide, rigid: stem 2—5 ft. high, its scattered ascending gradually reduced
leaves dilated at base: raceme 1 — 2 ft. long; lower bracts foliaceous and
toothed, upper scarious: pedicels 1 — 2 in. long: fl. fragrant; segments
5 lines long, stamens somewhat longer. — Toward the summit of Mt.
Tamalpais.

316 LILIACE.E.

11« YAGXERA, Adanson. Erect simple ample-leaved perennial,
with fleshy elongated horizontal rootstock, fibrous roots, and a terminal
simple or compound raceme of small white 6-merous flowers. Perianth
rotate. Filaments subulate; anthers rounded or oblong, versatile,
introrse. Ovary ovate; style short, thick, 3-lobed. Fruit a globose 1—
3-seeded berry.

1. V. amplexicaulis (Nutt.). Eootstock simple, stout: stem 1^—3
ft. high, somewhat pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical, 3—7 in.
long, sessile, amplexicaul: panicle of short racemes dense, short-pedun-
cled, 2 in. long: perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, less than a line
long: broadly subulate filaments both longer and broader than the
perianth-segments : berry light red and with dots of dark red, usually 1-
seeded: seed whitish, 1^ lines thick.— Woods of the Coast Kange.

2. V. sessilifolia (Nutt.). Eootstock slender, branching, the plants
thus forming close colonies covering the ground extensively : stem 1 — 2
ft. high, flexuous: leaves bright green, glabrous, 2—6 in. long, acute or
acuminate, sessile, clasping, more or less plicate and furrowed (strongly
so when young): raceme loose, flexuous, the spreading pedicels 2—7 lines
long: perianth segments 2—4 lines long; stamens half as long: berry glo-
bose, red, 1— 3-seeded: seeds brown.— Plentiful on moist northward
slopes in thickets.

12. UNIFOLIUM, Brunfels. More diminutive herbs, with only 1- 3
cordate leaves. Raceme short, simple, but the flowers often 2 or 3
together at a node. Perianth segments and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled;
stigma 2-lobed. Otherwise like the preceding genus.

1. U. dilatatum (Nutt,). Glabrous ^— 1 ft. high, herbage deep
green, not glaucescent, the 2 or 3 leaves 2— 5 in. long, ovate to subreni-
form-cordate, with deep sinus and rounded lobes, the petiole 2 in. long
or more: perianth segments oblong-obovate, deflexed; stamens shorter
than these. — Woods of Marin Co. and northward.

13. DISPORUM, Salisb. Eootstocks short, erect. Boots fibrous.
Stems branching. Leaves alternate, sessile, thin, many-nerved.
Flowers 1 — 3 or more at the ends of the leafy branches. Perianth cam-
panulate, of 6 white or greenish distinct segments. Stamens 6; fila-
ments distinct filiform; anthers oblong, attached within above the base.
Ovary ablong or ovate; style slender, entire or with 3 short spreading
stigmas. Fruit a red berry, 3— 6-seeded.

1. I). Menziesii (Don.), Britton. Somewhat woolly-pubescent: stems
1 — 3 ft. high: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate,
rounded or subcordate at base, 2—5 in. long: fl. 1—5; perianth whitish,
almost funnelform, the segments being erect, nearly 1 in. long; style more

LILIACE.E. 3J7

or less woolly above, slightly 3-cleft: fruit oblong-obovate, attenuate above
into a short somewhat villous beak, about % in. long, bright salmon-
color. — Woods of Marin Co. April, May.

2. D. Hookeri (Torr.), Britton. Eoughish-pubescent, 1—2 ft. high:
leaves ovate, deeply cordate, 1^—3 in. long, the uppermost oblique:
perianth green, the segments spreading to the campanulate: berry obovate,
obtuse, scarlet. — Wooded ravines in the Oakland Hills, etc. May, June.

14. CLINTONIA, Raf. Apparently acaulescent, the very short stem
(from fibrous roots) bearing from beneath the ground, large oblong or
oblanceolate leaves, and a scape with a solitary, or many and umbellate
flowers. Perianth campanulate, of 6 distinct oblanceolate deciduous
segments. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or linear,
versatile, attached on the inner side above the base. Ovary ovate-oblong;
style slender. Fruit a smooth ovoid few— many-seeded berry.

1. C. Andrewsiana, Torr. Nearly glabrous, only the inflorescence
notably pubescent: leaves J£— 1 ft. long, 2—4 in. wide, oblong or oblan-
ceolate, acute or abruptly acuminate; scapiform peduncle 1 — 2 ft. high,
often with a foliaceous bract: fl. deep rose-purple, many, in a terminal
umbel and one or more lateral umbellate fascicles; pedicels unequal,
1 in. long or less: perianth gibbous at base, 4 — 7 lines long: filaments
pubescent; anthers a line long: berry 4—5 lines long, the cells 8—10-
seeded. — Deep shades of the Coast Range forests.

15. DICHELOSTEMMA, Kunth. Leaves (about 2) fleshy, linear,
concave above; these and the long tortuous or twining scape from a
depressed fibrous-coated corm. Scape with a solitary umbel, this sub-
tended by 3 or more thin spathaceous bracts. Perianth-tube thin, more
or less inflated and angular or saccate; segments about equalling the
tube. Stamens 6, on the throat of the perianth; filaments disappearing
from the surface of the thin tube below, above the insertion developed
into petaloid appendages, those opposite the sepaline segments with or
without an anther, the others always antheriferous; anthers basifixed.

* Flowers blue or violet.

1. D. coiigestum (8m.), Kunth. Scape 3—5 ft. high, flexuous, but
apparently never twining: fl. blue-purple, in a dense capitate raceme (the
pedicels united into a central axis): perianth 6—8 lines long; tube
slightly constricted above, about as long as the rotate-spreading seg-
ments: fertile stamens 3; staminodia bifid, spreading and deeply colored
like the perianth.— In fields and along borders of thickets. May, June.

2. D. capitatum (Benth.), Wood. Scape %— 1% ft. high, very tor-
tuous, not rarely twining: bracts of the umbel of a dark and lustrous
purple, much darker than the flowers; pedicels of the umbel very

318 LILIACE3).

unequal: perianth-tube fuunelform, not constricted, shorter than the
segments: stamens all antheriferous, their appendages forming a corona
that is connivent. — Rocky hills, in the open country. March, April.

* * Flowers rose-purple or pinkish.

3. D. Californicum (Torr.), Wood. Scape 4—10 ft. high, in smaller
plants tortuous, in taller firmly twining by several abrupt turns, perianth
pink to rose-red, 6—8 lines long; lube 3—4 lines long and broad, hexag-
onal, the angles somewhat saccalely produced above the middle; segments
rotate, the very tips recurved: fertile stamens 3; anthers linear-sagittate;
appendages of these and the staminodia emarginate and ciliolate-
scabrous. — Foothills of the coast ranges. May, June.

* * * Flowers scarlet, but green-tipped.

4. D. Ida-Maia (Wood). Scape not twining, but distinctly tortuous;
perianth-tube 1 in. long, scarlet, broadly tubular, somewhat 6-saccate at
the truncate base; segments short, spreading, chrome-green: fertile
stamens 3; staminodia and appendages of perfect stamens yellow. —
Coast Range woods from Marin Co. northward. May, June.

16. HOOKERA, Salisb. Scapes straight, firmly erect. Umbel few-
flowered, the pedicels firm and perianth erect. Perianth-tube thick,
opaque, turbinate; segments equalling the tube, spreading, or recurved
at tip. Filaments 6, stout, angular, inserted at the throat but prominent
down to the base of the tube; 3 antheriferous, the alternate 3 bearing
white-petaloid lamellae. Anthers basifixed.

1. H. coronaria, Salisb. Scape stout, 1 ft. high: pedicels 3 — 10,
1—3 in. long: perianth 1 in. long or more, purple: anthers 4—5 lines
long, exceeding the oblong-lanceolate staminodia. — Very common and gen-
erally distributed. May, June.

2. H. minor (Wats.), Britten. Scape slender, 3—6 in. high: pedicels
2—6, mostly 1 — 3 in. long: perianth usually less than 1 in. long; limb
rotate: anthers 2 lines long, shorter than the retuse or emarginate stamin-
odia.— Plains of the interior, if at all within our limits.

3. H. terrestris (Kell.), Britten. Scape usually altogether subter-
ranean, only the umbel above ground: pedicels 2 — 30, slender, 3—4 in.
long: perianth less than 1 in.; limb rotate: anthers \%. lines long,
shorter than the yellowish emarginate staminodia, the margins of which
are revolute. — Near the coast from San Francisco northward. June.

17. CALLIPRORA, Lindl Slender scape and few broad-linear thin-
nish leaves from a depressed fibrous-coated corm. Flowers yellow, with
dark brown lines. Perianth-tube short; segments rotate-spreading.
Filaments, below their insertion (at throat of perianth) coalescent with
the tube and not obvious, free and broadly appendaged above it, all (6)
antheriferous; anthers versatile.

LILIACE.E. 319

1. C. ixioides (Ait. f.). Scape a foot high: leaves 2: filaments alter-
nately long and short, all bifurcate at the winged summit, the oblong
anther on a cusp in the middle between the forks. — From below San
Francisco northward, in the Coast Range. May.

2. C. lugens (Greene). Like the preceding in size and general
appearance, but the broad appendages of the filaments rounded, not forked,
at summit: perianth deep saffron-color within; exteriorly the entire tube,
'and midvein of the, segments, dark brown approaching black.— Yaca
Mountains; collected only by the author. May.

18. TRITELEIA, Douglas. Vegetative organs as in Calliprora.
Flowers blue, or bluish. Perianth-tube funnelform or turbinate, not
inflated or angular or saccate though thin. Stamens 8, all antherif erous ;
filaments coalescent with the upper portion of the perianth-tube, reap-
pearing near the base in the form of thin but prominent crests; anthers
small, versatile. Ovary on a slender stipe.

1. T. laxa, Benth. Scape 1—2 ft. high: umbel 10— 30- flowered:
perianth \% in. long, funnelform, pale to deep violet, cleft nearly to the
middle: filaments free for a line's length above the insertion; anthers
ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed at base, erect, though fixed near the middle:
stipe of ovary ^ in. long. — Very common in fields and on open hillsides.
May, June.

2. T. peduncular is, Lindl. Scape 1—3 ft. high: umbel 15— 30-flow-
ered; pedicels very long, often 6—10 in.: perianth broad-funnelform, pale
rose-purple to nearly white, 1 in. long, cleft below the middle; segments
widely spreading; anthers oblong-linear, retuse at summit. — Wet banks
of streams and in springy places. June, July.

19. HESPEROSCORDUM, Lindl. Sufficiently differentiated, as a
genus, from the preceding, by its rotate-campanulate perianth cleft to
the middle, the segments taking no angle of divergence of their own (not
spreading), and filaments deltoid-dilated and monadelphous below; the
anthers basifixed and erect.

1. H. lactenm, Lindl. Scape slender, 1—2 ft. high; perianth 5 — 8
lines long and as broad, white, with green veins, or sometimes with a
tinge of lilac: stamens all alike: capsule short-stipitate. — Plentiful in
rather low rich soils. May, June.

20. MUILLA, S. Wats. Somewhat succulent scape and semiterete
leaves from a coated corm. Umbel with several narrow scarious bracts.
Perianth-segments and stamens 6 each and distinct or nearly so, white
or greenish. Genus differing from all the foregoing umbellate-flowered
genera in that the pedicels are not jointed under the perianth, and from
Alliurn in that the plants are destitute of alliaceous properties.

320 • LILIACE.E.

1. M. MI a i Mima (Benth.), Wats. Corm depressed, ^ — % ID. thick,
fibrous-coated: leaves many, 4 — 8 in. long, scabrous-margined: scape
hardly longer than the leaves, erect, straight: pedicels 5—15: perianth-
segments 2—23^ lines long, the sepaline oblong, slightly revolute, the
petaline oval, plane: capsule % in. long, abruptly beaked by the stout
style: seeds black, oblong, compressed and angular. — Borders of salt
marshes about the Bay, and in subsaline soils of the interior; but also
on the highest parts of the Mission Hills, in dry stony soil. March, April.

21. ALLIUM, Pliny. Scapes and leaves from a tunicated bulb, or
rarely from a coated corm: the whole plant always with alliaceous odor
and flower. Umbel with a 2-valved (rarely 3— 5-valved) spathe; pedicels
not jointed. Perianth of 6 distinct or nearly distinct, usually equal
segments, often gibbous at base. Stamens 6, on the base of the seg-
ments; filaments often dilated below; anthers versatile. Ovary sessile,
deeply 3-lobed, with very short axis. Capsule obtusely 3-lobed, obovate-
globose, often crested. Seeds obovoid, wrinkled, black.

* Scape flattened, %-edged, and leaves 2, from a coated bulb.

1. A. falcifolium, Hook. & Arn. Leaves 2, broadly linear, flat, fal-
cate, 3—4 lines wide: bulb-coats with no reticulation: scape 2 — 3 in.
high, 1—2 lines wide : fl. rose-colored, the segments lanceolate, attenuate
and spreading at the tips, glandular-serrulate, 4—6 lines long; stamens
and style little more than half as long. — Inner coast hills, from Solano
and Sonoma counties northward. April.

2. A. Breweri, Wats. Rather smaller, but bulbs larger (^ — % in.
thick): scape 1—2 in. above ground: 2 leaves rather broader: segments
of deep rose-colored perianth nearly erect, 5—6 lines long, only a third
longer than the stamens: ovary and capsule with a thick crest on each
cell.— Summit of Mt. Diablo.

* * Scape terete, leaves several, from a coated bulb.

3. A. lacunosum, Wats. Bulb-coats pale, pilled by a transversely
oblong or somewhat quadrate reticulation, the outline of the cells very
minutely sinuous: scape 3—6 in. high: fl. 5— 20 on pedicels 3-5 lines
long, the oblong-lanceolate acuminate segments 3—4 lines long, little
exceeding the stamens: filaments narrowly deltoid at base: ovary-cells
with an obtuse ridge toward the summit on each side.— Summits of the
higher mountains from Mt. Diablo southward. June.

4. A. serratum, Wats. Bulb-coats with a close horizontally serrate
reticulation: perianth deep rose-purple, 5 lines long; sepaline segments
oblong, abruptly acute, somewhat spreading; petaline lanceolate- oblong,
erect, with merely the tips spreading, their margins entire: filaments
with narrow-deltoid base: crests of ovary central.— Grassy hills toward
the sea. June.

LILIACE.E. 321

5. A. atteuuifolium, Kell. Bulb-coats white, with a delicate trans-
versely sinuate or serrate reticulation, the vertical lines especially also
minutely sinuous: leaves several, very long and slender; scape 10 — 18 in.
leafy below: bracts of the spathe 2, short, abruptly pointed: pedicel 6— S
lines long: fl. white, the oblong-lanceolate acuminate segments 3 — 4
lines long, exceeding the stamens. — Mountains of Marin and Sonoma
counties. June.

6. A. monospermnm, Jepson, MSS. Size and habit of the last,
nearly; but scapes 3 or 4 from the bulb, and this red: bracts of the umbel,
3, broad, acuminate; pedicels 50—80: perianth pale-purplish: filaments
with broadly deltoid and connate bases: capsule (by abortion) 1-celled,
1-seeded. — Summits of Vaca Mountains, Solano Co., Jepson. June.

* * * Scapes terete, lateral, from a coated corm.

7. Bolamleri, Wats. Corms small clustered, oblique, the coats with a
delicate undulate-serrate reticulation: scape from one end of the corm,
only a few inches high, slender; pedicels 5—15: perianth rose-colored;
segments acuminate, 4—5 lines long; stamens only half as long. — Mt.
Hamilton, and again to the northward of our limits, in Humboldt Co.

8. A. nnifolinm, Kell. Corm large (8 — 12 lines long), the chartaceous
coat with a close contorted reticulation: scape stout, 1—2 ft. high, with 2 or
more long leaves at its base and sheathing it: bracts 2, acuminate:
pedicels 10 — 30: rotate-campanulate perianth rose-red or rose purplish,
nearly 1 in. in diameter; segments acute or acuminate, a third longer
than the stamens. — Common in rich rather moist lands. April, May.

COKKIGENDA.

Page 9. For P. enissi folium read P. crassifolinm.
Heading of page 81. For POLYGONEJS read POLYGALE^E.
Page 93. For L. Crassifolius write L. crassifolins.
Page 101. For Var. august at urn read Var. angustatnin,
Page 213. For S. curycephalns read S. eurycephalus.

INDEX.

Abronia

Abutilon

Acaena

Acanthomintha

Acer

Achillea

Achyrachaena

Actsea

Adenocaulon

Adenostegia

Adenostoma

Agoseris

Agrimonia

Agrostemma

Alchemilla

Allium

Allocarya

Alnus

Alsinanthemum

Alsinastrum

Alsine

Alsinella

Alyssum

AMABANTOIDE^E

Amarantus

Ambrosia

Amelanchier

Ammannia

Amorpha

Amsinckia

ANACABDIACEJE

Anagallis

Ancistrocarphus

Androsace

Anemone

PAGE.

PAGE.

50

Angelica

154

67

ANTHEMIDE2E

169, 207

114

Anthemis

208

290

Antirrhinum

270

72

Apetalse Amentiferae

296

208

Aphyllon

285

198

Apiastrum

152

6

Apium

152

186

APOGYNACE^E

240

283

Apocynum

240

113

Aquilegia

6

225

Arabis

14

114

A r alia

145

31

ABALIACE.E

145

114

Arbutus

231

320

Arctostaphylos

232

258

Arenaria

34

297

Aristolochia

142

238

AEISTOLOCHIACE2E

142

62

Arnica

212

33

Artemisia

210

35

Asarum

142

13

ASCLEPIADACE^E

241

51

Asclepias

241

51

ASPEBIFOLIjE

257

187

Aster

179

169, 187

ASTEBACK^J

169, 170

110

Athysanus

14

140

Atriplex

55

88

Baccharis

182

262

Balsamorrhiza

189

73

Barbarea

20

238

Bellardia

284

183

Bellis

177

238

BEBBEBIDE.E

7

2

Berberis

7

INDEX.

323

Bergia

62

Centromadia

196

Bermudiana

308

Centrophyllum

215

Beta

54

Centunculus

238

BETULACE.E

297

Cephalanthus

165

Bidens

191

Cerastinm

32

Blennosperma

202

Cerasus

109

Blepharipappus

199

CERATOPHYLL^E

139

Blepharizonia

198

Ceratophyllum

139

Boisduvalia

137

Cercocarpns

113

Bolelia

228

Chsenactis

203

Bowlesia

147

Chserophyllum

157

Brassica

21

Chenopodium

53

Brosssea

233

Cliimaphila

234

Brunella

293

Chlorogalum

313

Bursa

23

Choripetalae Hypogynse

1

Butneria

119

Ohoripetalse Perigynse

83

Cacaliopsis

211

Chorizanthe

48

Cakile

26

Chrysanthemum

209

Calandrinia

59

Chrysopsis

173

Callitriche

139

CICHORIACE^:

219

Calochortus

312

Cichorium

219

Calycadenia

197

Cicuta

151

CALYCANTHE^E

119

CISTOIDE.E

28

Calyceae Hypogynse

308

Clarkia

135

Calyceae Perigynse

305

Claytonia

59

Calyptridium

61

Clematis

2

Camassia

313

Clintonia

317

Campanula

229

Cnicus

215

CAMPANULACE.E

229

Coleosanthus

170

Camelina

14

Collinsia

271

Capnorchis

12

Collomia

245

CAPRIFOLIACE./E

162

COMPOSITE

168

Caprifolium

164

Conium

150

Cardamindnm

71

CoNVOLVULACE^:

264

Cardamine

19

Convolvulus

264

Carduus

216

Corallorhiza

306

Carum

153

Corethrogyne

178

CARYOPHTLLE^E

30

CORNER

159

Castanea

304

Cornus

159

Castilleia

280

Coronopus

26

Caucalis

158

CORYLACE.E

304

Ceanothus

75

Cory 1 us

304

CELASTRTNEjE

74

Cotula

209

Centaurea

214

Cotyledon

127

324

INDEX.

CKASSULACE.33

126

Eryngium

147

Crepis

225

Erysimum

21

Cressa

266

Erythrsea

243

Croton

79

Erytkronium

311

CRUCIFERjE

13

Eschscholtzia

10

Cryptanthe

261

Eucrypta

253

Cucurbita

143

Eunanus

275

CUOURBITACE^E

143

Euonymus

74

CUPULIFER-E

301

EUPATORIACE.&:

169

Cynara

216

Euphorbia

79

Cuscuta

266

Euthamia

175

CUSCUTILE

266

Evax

184

CYNAROCEPHAL^E

109, 214

FlCOIDE^E

128

Cynoglossum

257

Filago

185

Cytisus

102

Floerkea

71

DAPHNOIDE.E

161

Fceniculum

153

Datisca

28

Fragaria

117

DATISCE.E

28

Franca

38

Datura

268

FRANKENIACE^E

38

Daucus

158

Fraxinus

239

Delphinium

5

Fritillaria

310

Dendromecon

10

FUMARIACE^

12

Dichelostemma

317

Gale

298

Dichondra

265

Galium

165

Diplacus

274

Garrya

160

DIPS ACE JE

167

GARRYACE^E

160

Dipsacus

168

Gentian a

244

Dirca

161

GENTIANACE^

242

Disporum

316

GERANIACE^E

69

Distegia

164

Geranium

69

DRUPACE^E

108

Gilia

248

Ecliptica

188

Githopsis

230

ELATINE^:

62

Glaux

239

Emmenanthe

256

Glycyrrhiza

88

Endogenous Plants

305

GN APH ALI ACE^E

169, 182

EPILOBIACE^E

129

Gnaphalium

185

Epilobium

129

Gnaphalodes

183

ERICACE.3E

231

Godetia

133

Erioameria

174

Gratiola

278

Erigeron

180

Grindelia

171

Eriodictyon

256

Habenaria

306

Eriogonum

45

HALORAGE^E

138

Eriophyllum

206

Hedera

145

Erodium

70

Heleniastrum

202

INDEX.

325

HELENIOIDE^

169, 202

Lasthenia

203

HELIANTHACEJE

169, 188

LAUBINE^E

8

Helianthella

190

Lavatera

64

Helianthemnm

28

LEGUMINOS^E

83

Helianthus

189

Lepidium

23

Heliotropium

264

Leytosyne

191

Hemizouia

194

Leptotsenia

154

Herniaria

39

Lessingia

177

Herpestis

278

Lewisia

58

Hesperocnide

297

LILIACE.E

308

Hesperoscordum

319

Lilium

309

Heterocodon

230

Limnopeuce

138

Heterodraba

14

Limodorum

305

Heteromeles

111

Limonium

235

Heterotheca

173

Linanthus

249

Heuchera

122

Linaria

270

Hibiscus

67

LINENS

67

Hieracium

225

Linum

67

Hippocastanum

73

Lippia

296

Holodiscus

113

Lithospermum

263

Holozonia

199

LOASE^

141

Hookera

318

LOBELIACEJE

228

Howellia

228

Loefiingia

38

Hydrocotyle

146

LOBANTHE^E

161

HYDBOPHYLLACE^

251

Lotus

90

HYPEBICE^

62

Lupinus

103

Hypericum

62

Lycopus

287

Hypochseris

220

Lythrum

140

ILLECEBBE^E

39

Madia

192

Ilysanthes

279

MADIACE^E

169, 191

IBIDACE^E

307

Malacothrix

224

Iris

307

Malus

111

Isnardia

137

Malva

64

Isocoma

175

MALVACEAE

63

Iva

187

Malveopsis

66

Jaumea

207

Marrubium

293

JUGLANDE.E

301

Matricaria

208

Juglans

301

Meadia

237

Jussisea

138

Medica

101

KcEllia

288

Melilotus

101

LABIATE

285

Melissa

289

Lactuca

227

Mentha

286

Lamium

293

Mentzelia

141

Lagophylla

199

Menyanthes

244

326

INDEX.

Mesembryanthemnm

128

Pentsteraon

273

Micrampelis

143

Pervinca

240

Microcala

243

Petasites

211

Micromeria

289

Petunia

269

Microseris

222

Peucedanum

155

Mimetanthe

278

Phacelia

253

Mimulus

276

Phlox

251

Monardella

288

Phoradendron

161

Monocotyledons

305

Picris

224

Monolopia

206

Pimpinella

153

Montia

61

Plagiobothrys

260

Muilla

319

Platystemon

9

Myosurus

2

PLANTAGINACE^E

235

MYRICACE^E

298

Plantaginella

279

Myrrhis

157

Plantago

235

Myriophyllum

138

PLATANACE^:

297

Nasturtium

20

Platanus

297

Navarretia

245

Pluchea

183

Nemopbila

251

PLUMBAGINACILE

235

Nemoseris

220

Pogogyne

289

Nepeta

292

POLEMONIACE^E

244

Nicotiana

268

Polemonium

245

NYCTAGINEJE

50

Polycarpon

38

Nymphaea

8

Polygala

81,

NYMPH^E/E

8

POLYGALE^C

81

(En an the

152-

POLYGONE2E

40

(Enothera

131

Polygonum

40

OLEACE.E:

239

POMACES

110

Opulaster

112

Populus

300

Orchiastrum

305

Portulaca

58

ORCHID ACEACE^E

305

PORTULACE^

58

OROBANCHACEJE

284

Potentilla

115

Orthocarpus

281

PRIM UL ACE M

237

Osmaronia

110

Prunus

109

Oxys

71

Pseudacacia

88

Oxytheca

48

Psilocarphus

184

Papaver

9

Psoralea

89

PAPAVERACE.E

8

Ptelea

72

Parnassia

123

Pterostegia

50

Paronychia

39

Ptiloria

220

Pectocarya

257

Pyrola

234

Pedicularis

284

Pyrrocoma

173

Pentacsena

39

Quercus

301

Pentachseta

177

Bamona

291

I N D E'X .

RANUNCULACES

2

Sesuvium

128

Ranunculus

3

Sherardia

165

Raphanus

26

Sida

66

Razoumofskya

162

Sidalcea

64

Reseda

27

Silene

31

RESEDACES

27

Siliquastrum

84

RHAMNES

74

Silybum

216

Rhamnus

75

Sisymbrium

22

Rhododendron

233

Sium

151

Rhus

73

SOL AN ACES

267

Ribes

123

Solanoa

242

Rigiopappus

203

' Solanum

267

Rouianzoffia

256

Solidago

176

Roripa

20

Soliva

209

Rosa

118

Sonchus

227

ROSACES

111

Spartium

103

RUBIACES

165

Spergula

35

Rubus

117

Sphacele

290

Rumex

42

Sphondylium

156

ROTACES

72

Stachys

293

SALICACES

299

Statice

235

SALICARIS

140

Stenotus

174

Salicornia

57

Streptanthus

15

Salix

299

Suaeda

58

SALSOLACES

52

Sympetalse Hypogynse

235

Salvia

290

Sympetalse Perigynse

161

Sambucus

162

Symphoricarpos

163

Samolus

239

Tanacetum

210

Sanicula

148

Taraxacum

227

SAPINDACES

72

Tellima

121

SARMENTOSS

78

Tetragonia

128

Saxifraga

120

Thalictrum

6

SAXIFRAGES

119

Thelypodium

18

Scabiosa

168

Thermopsis

108

Scandix

157

Therofon

120

Scoliopus

314

Thyeanocarpus

25

Scorzonella

223

Tiarella

122

Scrophularia

273

Tillaaa

126

SCROPHULARINES

269

Tissa

35

Scutellaria

292

TlTHYMALOIDE.E

78

Sedum

127

Tragopogon

220

Selinum

154

Trichocoronis

169

Senecio

212

Trichostema

286

SENECIONIDES

169, 211

Trifolium

94

328

INDEX.

Trillium

314

Verbascum

270

Triodanis

230

Verbena

295

Triteleia

319

VERBENACE.K

295

Tropidocarpum

27

Veronica

279

Ulex

102

Vibo

44

UMBELLIFER.E

145

Vicia

84

Umbellularia

8

Viola

28

Unifolium

316

VlOLARIE^E

28

Uropappus

221

Vitis

78

Urtica

296

Whipplea

123

Urticacese

296

Wulfenia

280

Vaccaria

31

Wyethia

189

Vaccinium

231

Xanthium

188

Vagnera

316

Xanthocephalum

171

VALERIANE.K

167

Xerophyllum

315

Valerianella

167

Xylothermia

108

Vancouveria

7

Zauschneria

130

Velsea

150

Zygadenus

315

GLOSSARY.

Abnormal.— Deviating from the normal

or usual.
Abort ion.— The suppression or imperfect

development of any part.
Abortive.— Imperfectly developed.
Acaulescent. — Stemless or apparently so.
Acerose.— Needle-shaped, as a pine leaf.
Acicular.— Needle- or bristle - shaped ;

more slender than acerose.
Aculeate.— Having sharp points or

prickles.

Acuminate.— Tapering to a point.
Acute.— Sharp at the end, or at the edge

or margin.
Adnate.— United ; used properly of the

surfaces of different organs, as of

calyx and ovary.
^Estivation.— Arrangement of the parts

of the perianth in the bud.
Achene. — A dry, hard, indehiscent 1-

celled and 1-seeded seed-like fruit.
Albumen.— The nutritive material of the

seed, within its coats and exterior to

the embryo.
Albuminous. — Having albumen.

Alliaceous.— With the odor of onions or

garlic.
Alternate.— Following one another at

intervals; not opposite, intermediate.
Alveolate. — Deeply and closely pitted.
Ament.—A. unisexual, usually pendulous,

spike with scaly bracts.
Amplexicaul. — Clasping the stem.
Andrcecium.— The aggregate of the pistils

in a flower.
Androgynous. — Having both male and

female flowers.
Annual,— Of not more than one year's

duration.
Annular.— Having the form of a ring.

.— Equivalent to inferior or
lower, in the sense of away from the
axis and toward the bract .

Anther. — That part of the stamen which

contains the pollen.
Antheriferous.— Bearing anthers.
Apetalous.— Having no corolla,
Apex, —The top or summit of a thing.
Apical.— At the apex.
A piculate.— Abruptly ending in a short

point or tip.

Appressed.— Lying close to the surface.
Aquatic.— Growing in water.
Arachnoid.— Resembling cobweb.

A rborescent.— Becoming a tree, or tree-
like.

Arcuate. — Curved like a bow.
Areola.—A. pit-like scar, as that left by
the corolla in Compositse.

Areolce.— The spaces in any reticulated
surface.

Areolation.— Any system of reticulated
markings.

Aril.— An expanded appendage to the
hilum, enveloping the seed.

Arillate. — Having an aril.
AriHiform. — Resembling an aril.
Aristate. — Having an awn.
Aristulate.— -Having a very small awn.
Articulated.— Jointed.

Ascending.— Rising somewhat obliquely,
not erect.

Attenuate.— Narrowing gradually; taper-
ing.

Auricle.— A small ear-like lobe at the
base of a leaf.

Auriculdte.— Furnished with auriclee.
Awn.— A bristle-like appendage.

330

GLOSSARY.

Axil.— The angle formed by a leaf or

branch with the stem.
Axile or Axial. — Situated in the axis or

relating to it.

Axillary . — Situated in an axil.
Axis.— The central line of a body in the

direction of its length.
Baccate.— Berry-like ; pulpy.
Banner. — A name often applied to the

uppermost petal of a papilionaceous

flower.

Barb. — A sharply reflexed point upon an

awn, etc., like the barb of a fish-hook.
Barbellate.— Beset with very short stiff

hairs.
Barbellulate.— Sparsely beset with short

very fine hairs.
Bark . — The outer covering or rind of a

stem.

Basal.— At, from, or relating to the base.
Basifixed. —Attached by the lower end.
Beak.— A. prolonged tip.

Berry.— A simple fruit of which the

whole substance, excepting the seeds,

is pulpy.

Bifid-— Two-cleft.
Bipinnate.— Twice pinnate.
Bladdery.— Thin and inflated.
Blade.— The expanded portion of a leaf

or petal.
Bract. — A leaf or modification of a leaf

subtending a flower or flower-cluster.

Bracteate. — Having bracts.
Bracteolate.— Having bractlets,
Bractlet.—A. secondary bract upon the

pedicel of a flower.
Branch, — A division of a stem.
Brandhlet. — A secondary or ultimate

division of a stem.
Bristle.— A stiff hair or bristle-like

appendage.
Budscales.— The scales which form the

outer coats of a leaf -bud.
Bulb —A. subterranean roundish body,

formed of fleshy scales or coatings ;

essentially a rudimentary stem or

leaf-bud, and at length developing a

flowering stem and often leaves.
Bulbiferous.— Bulb-bearing.

Bulbilliferous. — Bearing1 many small
bulblets.

Bulblet.—A. small bulb formed in the
axil of a leaf or bract.

Bulbous.— Producing bulbs ; bulb-like.

Caducous.— Falling very early ; not at all
persistent.

Calcarate. — Spurred.

Ca ly cu late.— Having an involucre re-
sembling a second external calyx.

Calyptra.—ln. mosses, the hood which at
first covers the capsule. Otherwise,
the lid-like deciduous calyx of some
flowers.

Calyx. — The outer envelope of a flower.

Campanulate. — Bell - shaped or cup-
shaped, with broad base.

Canescent.— Hoary with a grayish pubes-
cence or puberulence.

Capillary.— Very slender and hair-like.

Capitate — Snbglobose and terminal, like
a head ; collected in a head.

Capitellate. — Diminutive of capitate.

Capsular. — Relating to or like a capsule.

Capsule.— A. dry dehiscent fruit formed
from a compound pistil.

Car inate.— Keeled.

Carpel. — A simple pistil or one of the
several parts of a compound one.

Cartilaginous.— Firm and tough like
cartilage.

Caruncle. — An outgrowth at the base of a
seed ; sometimes applied to an en-
largement of the rhaphe.

Catkin. — The scaly unisexual soft-silky
ament of willows.

Caudate. — Having a tail or slender tail-
like appendage .

Caudex. — The trunk of a palm or other
arborescent endogen ; or the persist-
ent base of any herbaceous perennial.

Caulescent.— Having a manifest stem.

Cauline.— Belonging to the stem.

Centrifugal.— Developing from the cen-
tre outward, as in the cyme.

Centripetal. — Developing from the mar-
gin toward the center, or from below
upward, as in the corymb, raceme,
etc.

GLOSSARY.

331

Cespitose. — Growing in tufts or turf-like ;
forming mats.

Chaff. —Small dry scales, usually mem-
braneous or scarious.

Chartaceous. — Having the texture of
parchment or writing-paper.

Ciliate. — Having the margin, or some-
times the nerves, fringed with hairs
like eye-lashes.

Cinereous.— Ash-gray, the color of wood
ashes.

Circinate.— Rolled up from the tip into
a coil.

Circumscissile. — Dehiscing by a trans-
verse circular line of division.

Clavate.— Club-shaped ; enlarged gradu-
ally toward the summit.

Claw. — The elongated narrow base of a
petal or sepal.

Cleft.— Cut somewhat deeply, usually
about half way to the center or mid-
rib.

Climbing. — Rising by the aid of some
support.

Coalescent.— United ; used properly in
respect to similar parts, as the sta-
mens in Malvaceae.

Cohesion. — The sticking together of
parts, or their more intimate coales-
cence or adnation.

Colored. — Of other color than green.

Column.— A. body formed by the union of
filaments (stamineal) or, in orchids,
of the stamens and pistil.

Coma. — A tuft of hairs, especially upon

Commissure. — The surface by which two

carpels cohere, as in Umbelliferae.
Comose. — Having a coma.
Complicate.— Folded together.

Compound.— The opposite of simple ;
consisting of more than one ; divided.

Comp resse d . — Flattened 1 aterally .

Conduplicate.— Doubled together length-
wise, of leaves.

Confluent. — Blended or running together.

Conical. — Shaped like a cone ; narrowing
to a point from a circular base.

Connate.— United in one ; growing
together.

Connective.— The portion of the filament
which connects (or separates) the
cells of the anther.

Connivent.— Coming in contact; con-
verging together.

Constricted. — Contracted or drawn to-
gether, as a bag by its string.

Continuous.— Not interrupted by joints
or otherwise.

Contorted.— Twisted ; in aestivation, an
equal and uniform somewhat oblique
overlapping and rolling up of the
parts of the circle.

Contracted. — Reduced in width or length.

Convolute. — Rolled together from one
edge. See contorted.

Cordate. — Heart-shaped, i. e., ovate with
rounded lateral lobes projecting be-
yond the base and forming a sinus.

Coriaceous.— Of the stiffness and con-
sistence of leather.

Corm.—A. solid fleshy rounded or de-
pressed subterranean body, at the
base of a stem, and bulb-like in
appearance.

Corneous. — Of the consistence of horn ;
horny.

Corona.— The inner perianth, within the
calyx, consisting of the petals.

Corymb.— A. flat-topped or convex open
inflorescence, with short axis, flow-
ering from the margin inward ; a de-
pressed raceme.

Corymbose.— In corymbs, or resembling a
corymb.

Costa. — A rib, mid-rib, or mid-nerve.

Costate.— Having one or more longitudi-
nal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. — The seed-lobes or leaves of
the embryo.

Creeping.— Running upon or under the
ground and rooting.

Crenate. — Scalloped ; having rounded
teeth with shallow acute sinuses.

Crenulate.— Finely crenate.

Crested.— Having an elevated ridge or
appendage like the crest of a helmet.

Cruciferous. — Belonging to the Crucif-
erse, with cruciform or cross-shaped
corolla.

GLOSSARY.

Crustaceous. — Hard and brittle.

Cucullate.— Shaped like a hood or cowl,
concave and somewhat arched, or
like an ovate leaf with edges at base
inrolled.

Culm. — The hollow jointed stem peculiar
to grasses.

Cuneate or Cuneiform. — Wedge-shaped ;
triangular with the angle downward .

Cupule. — A cup-shaped involucre, en-
closing a nut, as of an acorn.

Cusp.— A sharp rigid point.
Cuspidate.— -Terminating in a cusp.
Cyathiform. — Cup-shaped with a some-
what flaring mouth.

Cylindrical. — In the form of a cylinder.

Cyme.— A. broad and flattish inflores-
cence, flowering from the center
outward.

Cymose. — In cymes or cyme-like.

Deciduous. — Falling off after a time ; not
persistent.

Declinate or Declined.— Bent or curved
downward.

Decompound. — Repeatedly compound or
divided.

Decumbent.— Reclining at base, the sum-
mit ascending.

Decurrent. — Running down the stem,
applied to a leaf with blade pro-
longed below its insertion.

Decussate. — In pairs alternating at right
angles, or similarly in threes.

Definite. — Of a constant number, not ex-
ceeding twenty; limited or determi-
nate, as definite inflorescence, in
which a flower terminates the axis.

Deflexed.— Bent or turned down abruptly.

Dehiscence.— The regular opening of a

capsule or anther-cell at maturity.

Dehiscent. — Opening by valves, slits, etc.

Devoid.— Having the shape of the Greek
letter delta; broadly triangular.

Dendroid — Tree- shaped ; branching in
the form of a tree.

Dentate. — Toothed ; having symmetrical

teeth projecting straight outward.
Denticulate. — Minutely toothed.

Depauperate.— Impoverished ; reduced
in size by unfavorable surroundings.

Depressed. — Somewhat flattened from
above.

Dextrorse.— Toward the right hand ; ap-
plied to spirals as seen from without.
It is frequently used as if the spiral
were seen from within, in which case
it indicates just the opposite direc-
tion.

Diadelphous. — In two sets or clusters.
Diandrous.— Having two stamens only.

Dichotomous. — Forking regularly by

pairs.
Dicotyledonous. — Having an embryo with

two cotyledons.

Didymous.— In pairs ; twin.

Didynamous.— Having four stamens dis-
posed in two unequal pairs.

Diff use.— Widely spreading; widely and
loosely branched.

Digitate.— Fingered ; applied to a com-
pound leaf having the leaflets all
diverging from the top of the petiole.

Dimorphous.— Occurring in two forms.

Dioecious.— Unisexual, the flowers of dif-
ferent sexes borne by separate plants.

Dicecio - polygamous. — Dioecious with
some perfect flowers intermingled.

Disciform.— In the shape of a disk, de-
pressed and circular.

Discoid.— In Composite, having disk-
flowers only, without ray* .

Disk.— A. dilation or development of the
receptacle around the base of the
pistil. In Compositse the inner spries
of tubular flowers as distinct from
the rays.

Dissected.— Deeply cut or divided into
numerous segments.

Divaricate.— Widely divergent, nearly at

right angles.
Divergent. — Receding from each other.

Divided.— Cleft to the base or to the mid-
nerve.

Dorsal. — Upon or relating to the dorsum
or back.

Drupaceous. — Resembling or of the nat-
ure of a drupe.

GLOSSARY.

333

Drupe.— A. stone-fruit; a fleshy or pulpy
fruit with the seed or kernel inclosed
in a hard or strong casing (putamen).

Drupelet.— A diminutive drupe, as each
of the sereral parts of a blackberry.

Echinate.— Beset with prickles.

Elliptical.— In the form of an ellipse,
oblong with both ends uniformly and
somewhat gradually rounded.

Emarginate.— Notched at the extremity.

Embracing.— Clasping at base.

Endocarp.— The inner layer of the peri-
carp lying next to the seed.

Endogenous. — Growing from within, in-
stead of by superficial increments,
the growth ordinarily being general
throughout the substance of the stem.

Endogens.— Plants with an endogenous
structure.

Ensiform.— Sword-shaped, as the leaf of
an Iris.

Entire.— With the margin uninterrupted,
without teeth or division of any sort.

Ephemeral. — Lasting but a day, or for a
very short time.

Epigynous.-A.toT upon the top of the
ovary.

Equitant. — Astride; of conduplicate
leaves which fold over each other in
two ranks, as in Iris.

Erect.— Upright ; perpendicular to the
surface of attachment.

Evergreen. — Bearing its foliage through
all the seasons.

Exalbuminous.— Destitute of albumen.

Explanate.— Opened out flat.
^Exserted.— Projecting beyond an en-
velope, as stamens standing out of
the corolla.

Exstipulate.— Without stipules.

Extrorse.— Directed outward.

Falcate or Falciform.— Sickle-shaped ;
manifestly curved and more or less
flattened or folded.

Farinaceous. — Mealy; containing or
yielding flour or starch.

Farinose.— Covered with a white mealy
powder.

Fascicle.— A. close bundle or cluster.

Fastigiate.— With branches erect, paral-
lel and near together, as in the Lom-
bardy poplar.

Faveolate, Favose. — Pitted or honey-
combed.

Ferruginous.— Of the color of iron-rust.

Fertile.— Capable of producing fruit, as
a pistillate flower ; applied also to a
pollen-bearing stamen.

Filament. — That part of the stamen
which supports the anther; any
thread-like body.

Filiform. — Thread-shaped ; long, slender
and terete.

Fimbriate.— Fringed with narrow pro-
cesses ; having the margin finely dis-
sected.

Fistular, Fistulous. — Hollow and cylin-
drical.

Flabelliform.— Fan-shaped; dilated and

rounded above, from a cuneate base.
Flexuous.— Bent or curving alternately in

opposite directions.
Fcliaceous.— Leaf -like in structure and

appearance ; leafy.
Follicle.— A. pod formed from a single

pistil, dehiscing along the ventral

suture only.

Follicular.— Pertaining to a follicle or
like it in structure.

Foveate.— Pitted ; marked by deep de-
pressions.

Foveolate.— Diminutive of the last.

Free. — Not adnate to other organs.

Fructification.— The bearing of fruit, or
the organs concerned in the produc-
tion of fruit.

Fruit.— The matured seed- or spore-
vessel, of whatever kind, with its
appendages and contents.

Frutescent.— Shrubby or somewhat so.

Fugacious.— 'Very soon falling ; of ex-
tremely short continuance.

Ful vous.— Dull brownish or grayish yel-
low.

Funiculus.— The stalklet of an ovule or
eeed.

Funnelform.— Tubular, but expanding
gradually from the narrow base to
the spreading border or limb.

334

GLOSSARY.

Fusiform.— Spindle-shaped, i. e., taper-
ing toward each end from a thick-
ened middle.

Galea.—A. helmet ; applied to the helmet-
shaped upper lip of the corolla in
Labiates, Aconitom, etc. ; also to the
upper lip of some Scrophularinese.
though not so shaped.

Galeate. — Having a galea.

Geminate.— In pairs ; binate ; twin.

Geniculate.— Bent abruptly at an angle,
like the knee.

Gibbous. — Protuberant ; swelling out at
one side.

Glabrate.— Becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. — Without any kind of hairiness.

Gland. — Any secreting structure, depres-
sion or prominence on any part of a
plant, or any structure having such
an appearance.

Glandular.— Bearing glands, or gland-
like.

Glaucescent.— Somewhat glaucous ; be-
coming glaucous.

Glaucous.— Covered with a fine whitish
bloom that is easily rubbed off ; hav-
ing a bluish-hoary appearance.

Globose, Globular.— Round ; spherical, or
nearly so.

Glochidiate.— Barbed, like a fish-hook.

Glomerate.— Closely clustered.

Glomerule. — A compact somewhat capi-
tate cyme.

Glutinous.— Viscid ; sticky; covered with
gummy secretion.

Granular. — Composed of small grains or
grain-like bodies ; rough with grain-
like prominences.

Gymnosperms. — Plants having naked
seeds, or in which the typically naked
ovule is fertilized directly by the
pollen without the intervention of a
stigma.

Gynnndrous— Having the stamens ad-
nate to the pistils and style, so as to
be apparently borne at or upon its
summit, as in Orchids.

Gynobase. — A short thick prolongation of
the axis or receptacle upon which
the pistil rests.

Gynazcium.— The aggregate of the pistils

of a flower.
Habit. — The general form or mode of

growth of a plant
Habitat.— The locality or geographical

range of a plant.

Hamate. — Curved at the end into a hook.
Hastate. — Triangular or arrow-shaped

with basal angles or lobes directed

outward.
Head.— A. cluster of flowers, which are

sessile or nearly so upon a very short

axis or receptacle ; a shortened spike .
Herb.— A. plant that has no persistent

woody growth above the ground.
Herbaceous.— Having the character of an

herb ; not woody or shrubby.
Hilum.— The scar or place of attachment

of the seed.
Hirsute.— Pubescent with rather coarse

or stiff hairs.
Hirsutulous. — Diminutive of hirsute,

i. e., sparingly and shortly hirsute
Hispid. — Beset with rigid or bristly hairs.
Hispidulous .— Minutely hispid.
Hoary. — Grayish-white with a fine close

pubescence.

Hyaline. — Transparent ; translucent.
Hybrid.— A. cross between two species,

produced by the fertilization of the

flower of one species by the pollen of

another
Imbricate.— Overlapping, like shingles

on a building.
Incised.— Irregularly, sharply and deeply

cut.
Included.— Enclosed by the surrounding

organs ; not exserted.
Incurved.— Carved inward.
Indigenous.— Native to the country.
Indument.— The hairy, silky, woolly

scurfy or other such clothing of leaf

or stem.

Induplicate.— With margins folded in-
ward.
Inferior.— Lower; that part of a flower,

etc., which is toward the bract; ap-
plied also to a calyx that is free from

the ovary, and to an ovary that is

adnate to the calyx.

GLOSSARY.

Inflated. -Bladdery.

Inflorescence.— The flowering portion of
a plant, and especially the mode of
its arrangement.

Inserted.— Attached to or growing upon.

Insertion.— The place or mode of attach-
ment of an organ.

Internode. — The part of a stem between
two joints.

Introrse.— Turned inward toward the
axis.

Involucel. — An inner or secondary invo-
lucre; that which surrounds an um-
bellet.

[nvolucrate. — Having an involucre.

Involucre —A circle or circles of scales,
bracts or leaves, distinct or united,
surrounding a flower or flower-clus-
ter; in Umbelliferae, the bracts sub-
tending the umbel.

Involute. — Boiled inward.

Irregular.— With parts unlike in size or
form, or both.

Keel. — A central dorsal ridge, resembling
the keel of a boat. Also the lower
pair of petals, in a papilionaceous
flower.

Labiate.— Lipped ; applied to an irregu-
lar corolla or calyx which is une-
qually divided into two parts or lips.

Lacerate.— Torn ; irregularly and deeply
cleft.

Laciniate. — Cut into narrow slender
teeth or lobes.

Lamella. — A thin plate or scale.

Lamellar.— In form of a plate or scale.

Lamina. — The blade or dilated portion
of a leaf.

Lanate. — Covered with long curled hairs

like wool.
Lanceolate.— Shaped like a lance-head ;

tapering upward from a narrowly

ovate or subovate base.
Lanuginous. — Provided with wool ;

woolly.

Lateral. — At the side ; attached to the

side.

Lavender-color. — A pale grayish blue.
Leaf-blade.— The dilated portion of a

leaf.

Leaflet. — A separate division of a com-
pound leaf.

Legume. — A normally 1-celled capsule,
formed from a single carpel, but
dehiscing by two valves, as in the
Pea, Bean, etc.

Lenticular. — Lens- or lentil-shaped; of
the form of a double-convex lens.

Ligneous. — Woody.

Lignescent. — Becoming woody.

Ligule.—A. small tongue-like or strap-
shaped body. Applied to the corolla
of ray flowers in Composite.

Ligulate. — Furnished with a ligule ;
strap-shaped.

Liliaceous. -Lily-like.

Limb.- -The dilated and usually spreading
portion of a perianth or petal, as dis-
tinct from the tubular part or claw.

Line.— The twelfth part of an inch,
nearly equivalent to two millimeters.

Linear. — Narrow and elongated, with
parallel margins.

Lineate. — Marked with lines.

Lip. — Either of the two divisions of a
bilabiate corolla or calyx ; in Orchids,
the upper petal, usually very differ-
ent from the others.

Lobate, Lobed.— Divided into or bearing
lobes.

Lobe. — Any division of a leaf, corolla,
etc., especially if rounded.

Loculicidal.— Used when the cells of a
capsule open by dehiscence through
the dorsal suture.

Lunate.— Crescent-shaped.

Lurid. — Of a dull dirty-brown color.

Lyrate.— Pinnatifid with the terminal
lobe largest and rounded, the lower
lobes small.

Marcesent.— Withering and persistent.

Marginate, Margined. Furnished with

a border peculiar in structure or ap-
pearance.

Maritime.— Belonging to the sea-coast.

Mealy.— Covered with a whitish mealy
powder.

Membranous, Membranaceous. — Thin
and rather soft and translucent, like
membrane.

336

GLOSSARY.

Mid-rib, or M id-nerve.— The central and
principal nerve of a leaf.

Monadelphous.— Having the stamens all
united by their filaments into a col-
umn or tube.

Monandrous .— Having a single stamen.

Moniliform. — Resembling a chaplet or
string of beads .

Monocephalous .— Bearing a single head
of flowers.

Monocotyledon. — A plant whose embryo
has a single cotyledon .

Monoecious. — With stamens and pistils
in separate flowers upon the same
plant.

Mucro, Mucronation.—A short and small
abrupt rigid tip.

Multicipital .— Many -headed, applied to
a much-branched rootstock.

Multifid.— Cleft into many lobes or seg-
ments .

Muricate — Bough, with short hard
points .

Muriculate .-- Finely muricate.

Nectariferous. — Secreting nectar.

Nectary.— The manifest gland of a petal
within.

Nerve.— A simple vein ; a rib.

Noddinq. — Curving downward; some-
what inclined from the perpendicu-
lar.

Node. — A knot or swelling ; a place upon
a stem where a leaf, or a pair, or a
whorl of leaves, is borne.

Nodose.— Having knots or swelling
joints.

Nut.— A. hard indehiscent one-seeded
fruit, usually resulting from a com-
pound ovary .

Nutlet.— A. small nut ; also applied to the
hard seed-like divisions of the fruit
of the Labiatae, Verbena, etc.

Obcompressed . — Flattened contrary to
the direction of the sides, dorsally
instead of laterally.

Obconical. — Resembling an inverted
cone.

Obcordate.— Inverted cordate, the lobes
at the upper end.

Oblanceolate .— Inverted lanceolate, with
the broadest part toward the apex.

Oblate . —Flattened at top and bottom .

Oblique. — Turned to one side; unequally
sided.

Oblono. — Considerably longer than broad
and with nearly parallel sides.

Obovate.— Inverted ovate, the broader
part toward the apex.

Obovoid. — Inverted egg - shaped, the
broader part above.

Obtuse . — Blunt or rounded at the end .

Obversely .— In a reverse manner.

Ochroleucous.— Yellowish- white.

Opaque. — Dull, not shining.

Operculum.—A lid, separating by a
transverse line of dehiscence.

Opposite. — Standing against or facing
each other, as a stamen against a
petal, or two leaves at the same node.

Orbicular. — Circular or nearly so.

Order.— A. principal group next above
the genus in rank, and including re-
lated genera more or less distin-
guished from others by certain com-
mon characters .

Ordinal.— Relating to orders.

Osseous. — Bony.

Oval.— Broadly elliptical.

Ovary.— The dilated portion of the pistil,
bearing and containing the ovules.

Ovate.— Shaped like the longitudinal out-
line of an egg, the broader portion
toward the base ; also egg-shaped as
applied to fruits, etc.

Ovoid.— Nearly egg-shaped.

Ovule. — A rudimentary organ which
after impregnation becomes a seed.

Palate. — A protrusion at or near the
throat of a bilabiate corolla.

Palea.—A chaff or chaffy bract; in
grasses, the two inner bracts of the
flower.

Paleaceous— Chaffy or furnished with
chaff.

Palmate. — Of leaves, compound with the
leaflets radiating from the summit of
the petiole.

Palmately.— In a palmate manner.

GLOSSARY.

337

Palmatifid.— Palmately cleft or divided.

Panicle.— A loose irregularly branched
inflorescence.

Panicled, Paniculate.— After the man-
ner of a panicle ; bearing a panicle.

Papilionaceous.-- Butterfly-like ; applied
to the peculiar irregular flower com-
mon in the Leguminosae.

Papillose, Papillate.— Bearing minute
thick nipple-shaped or somewhat
elongated projections.

Pappus. — In Compositae, the hairs,
bristles or scales crowning the achene
and taking the place of a calyx.

Papyraceous.— Having the textnre of
paper.

Parasitic. — Growing upon and deriving
nourishment from another plant.

Par ie ta I— Relating to or situate upon the
walls of a cavity.

Parted.— Cleft nearly to the base.

Partition.— An inner wall or dissepi-
ment.

Pectinate.— Comb-like: cleft into nar-
row closely-set segments.

Pedate.— Palmately divided or parted
with the lateral divisions again 2-
cleft.

Pedicel.— Th« footstalk or support of a
flower.

Pedicellate.— Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. — A general or primary flower-
stalk.

Pedunculate.— Furnished with a pe-
duncle .

Peltate.— Shield- shaped; flat and attached
to its support by its lower surface.

Pendulous. — Hanging nearly inverted
from its support ; of ovules, more or
less drooping, as distinct from sus-
pended.

Penicillate. — Resembling a brush of fine
hairs.

Perennial.— Persistent a series of years.

Perfect.— Of a flower, having both sta-
mens and pistil.

Perfoliate.—Ot leaves, connate about the
stem.

Perianth. — The calyx and corolla, when

much alike and seeming like one

floral circle.
Pericarp. — The seed-vessel or ripened

ovary. •

Persistent.— Not falling off; of leaves,

continuing through the winter.
Personate.— Used of a labiate corolla

with prominent palates closing the

throat.
Petal. —One of the parts of a choripetalous

corolla.
Petaline.— Relating to the inner segments

of a perianth.

Petaloid. —Colored and resembling a
petal.

Petiole.— The footstalk of a leaf.

Petioled, Petiolate.— Having a petiole.

Petiolule.— The footstalk of a leaflet.

Pilose. — Hairy, usually with soft rather
remote hairs.

Pinnate.— Having its parts arranged in
pairs along a common rachis.

P 'innately. —In a pinnate manner.

Pinnat ifid.— Pinnately cleft into opposite
nearly equal segments.

Pinnatisect.— Pinnately divided down to
the midrib.

Pistil.— The female organ of a phaner-
ogam, consisting of the ovary with its
styles and stigmas.

Pistillate.— Having a pistil and no sta-
mens, as distinct from perfect or
staminate.

Pitted.— Marked with small depressions

or pits.
Placenta.— That part of the ovary or

fruit which bears the ovules and seeds.
Plane.— Having a flat surface.
Plicate. — Folded into plaits, like a fan.
Plumose.— Plume-like ; having fine hairs

on each side like a feather.

Pollen.— The powdery or sometimes waxy
contents of the anther.

Polliniferous. — Bearing pollen. Used of
deformed or reduced anthers which
nevertheless yield pollen.

Polymorphous.— Of many forms ; variable
in form. r

338

GLOSSABY.

Pome.— A. fleshy fruit, like the apple,

enclosing several parchment- like or

bony carpels.
Posterior.— In an axillary flower, the side

toward the axis and away from the

bract.
Prickle.— A. small spine, an outgrowth of

the bark or cuticle.
Prismatic.— Elongated, truncate at both

ends, with angular circumscription.
Process. — Any projecting appendage ; in

mosses, the inner teeth or cilia of the

peristome.

Procumbent. — Lying upon the ground.
Prod uced.— Extended or prolonged,
Proliferous. — Producing offshoots.
Prostrate, — Lying flat on the ground.
Prui nose.— Covered with a minute bloom

or powder.

Puberulent.—Very minutely pubescent.
Pubescence. — A short soft hairiness, or,

more generally, any kind of hairy or

woolly indument.
Pubescent.— Covered with hairs, usually

short and soft.
Pulverulent. — Dusty, as if covered with a

minute powder.

Punctate.- -Dotted with minute depres-
sions, or with translucent internal

glands or colored dots.
Puncticulate.—Very minutely punctate.
Pungent. — Terminating in a rigid and

stout sharp point or prickle.
Putamen.— The bony or crustaceous shell

inclosing the seed of a drupe.
Pyramidal.— Shaped like a pyramid;

narrowing to an apex from an angular
base.

Pyriform. — Pear-shaped.
Raceme. — A form of inflorescence with
pedicellate flowers upon a simple
prolonged axis, the flowers developing
from below upward.
Racemose. — Tn racemes, or resembling a

raceme.
Radiate. — Diverging from a common

center ; bearing ray flowers.
Radical.— Belonging to or proceeding
from the root, or from the base of the
stem.

Radicle.— That part of the embryo below
the cotyledons, its stem-portion and
the primal internode, developing the
root from its lower extremity.

Ray. — One of the radiating branches of
an umbel ; the marginal flowers, as
distinct from those of the disk, in
Compositse, Umbelliferse, etc .

Receptacle. — A more or less expanded or
produced surface forming a common
support for a cluster of organs (in a
flower) or a cluster of flowers (in a
head), etc.

Reclinate.— Reclining. With an erect or
ascending base, the upper part
recurved and trailing.

Rectangular. — Of an oblong right-angled
figure.

Recurved.— Curved backward or down-
ward.

Regular.— Symmetrical in form ; uniform
in shape or structure.

Reniform. — Kidney-shaped: deeply cor-
date with the breadth exceeding the
length.

Repand.— With the margin slightly sin-
uate or wavy.

Reticulated.— With markings or veinings
resembling network.

Retrorse.— Turned backward or down-
ward.

Refuse.— With a shallow or obscure notch
at the rounded apex.

Revolute. — With the margins or apex
rolled backward.

Rhachis.— The axis of a spike or of a
compound leaf or frond.

Rhizomatous. — Producing rhizomes or of
the character of a rhizome.

Rhizome, or Rootstock. — A somewhat hor-
izontal underground rooting stem,
producing a stem, leaves or flower-
stalk at its apex or nodes.

Rhombic. — Obliquely four-sided.

Rhomboidal — Somewhat rhombic in out-
line.

| Rib.— A. principal and prominent nerve

of a leaf.
! Ribbed. —Furnished with prominent

GLOSSARY.

Rinqent.— Gaping ; applied to a labiate
corolla with widely separated lips and
open throat. .

Rootstock. — See Rhizome.

RosMlate. — Diminutive o £ rostrate;
having a small beak.

Rostrate.— Beaked ; bearing a slender ter-
minal process.

Rosulate. — Collected in a rosette.

Rotate.— Wheel-shaped ; of a corolla,
spreading abruptly from near the base
and nearly flat.

Rufous. — Reddish or brownish red.

Rugose.— Wrinkled ; ridged.

Rugulose. — Finely or minutely wrinkled.

Runcinate.— Deeply toothed or incisely
lobed, with the segments directed
backward.

Runner.— A very slender prostrate branch
(stolon), rooting arid developing a
new plant at the nodes or tip, as in
the strawberry.

Saccate.— Sac-shaped : furnished with a
sac or pouch-like cavity.

Sagittate.— Shaped like an arrow-head ;

triangular with basal lobes prolonged

downward.
Salverform.— Narrowly tubular, with limb

abruptly or flatly expanded.
Samara. — An indehiscent membranously

winged one-seeded fruit, as in the Ash

and Maple.

Sarcocarp.— The succulent part of a fleshy
fruit,

Sarmentose — Producing long runners.

Scabrous.— Rough to the touch with
minute rigid points.

Scales. — Usually variously modified bracts
or leaves, thin and scarious, or cori-
aceous, fleshy, foliaceous, or woody,
often imbricated.

Scape.— A. naked peduncle rising from
the ground.

Scarious.— Thin, dry and membranaceous,
not green.

Scorpioid. — Incurved like the tail of a
scorpion, applied to a unilateral cir-
cinately coiled inflorescence, unroll-
ing as the flowers expand.

Scrobiculate. — Marked by minute depres-
sions.

Scurf.— Small bran-like scales on the
epidermis.

Secund. — Turned in one direction, as the
leaves or flowers upon a stem.

Seed.— The ripened ovule, consisting of
the embryo with its proper envelopes.

Segment. — One of the parts of a leaf or
other organ that is cut or divided ;
more general than lobe.

Sepal. — A leaf or division of a calyx.

Sepaline.— Relating to the outer segments
of a perianth .

Septicidal.— Dehiscing through the dis-
sepiments and between the cells, or
through the lines of junction of the
carpels.

Septifragal.— Breaking away from the
partitions on dehiscence; this and the
last are terms applied to the valves of
a loculicidal capsule.

Sericeous.— Silky ; covered with soft
straight appressed hairs.

Serotinous.— Produced late in the season.

Serrate.— Having teeth directed forward,
like the teeth of a saw.

Serratures.— Teeth like those of a saw.

Serrulate.— Finely serrate.

Sessile.— Attached immediately to the
point of support without footstalk.

Setaceous.— Bristle-like.

Setose. — Beset with bristles.

Sheathing.— Enfolding like a sheath.

Shrub. — A plant woody throughout, of
less size than a tree.

Shrubby. —Having the character of a
shrub.

Silicle. — A short cruciferous pod, not
many times longer than wide.

Silique.— The usually elongated pod in
Cruciferae, having two valves sepa-
rating from two parietal placentae.

Silky.— See Sericeous.

Simple.— Of one piece ; not compound.

Sinistrorse.— Turned to the left, as seen
from the outside ; but often used in
the opposite sense.

Sinuate.— With a strongly wavy margin.

340

GLOSSARY.

Sinuous. — Curving back and forth.

Sinus.— The open interval between lobes
or segments.

Smooth.— Not rough ; the surface even.

Spadix.— A spike with usually a thickened
fleshy rhachis and subtended by a
spathe.

Span.— The distance between the extrem-
ities of the thumb and little finger
when extended ; about nine inches.

Spathaceous.— Bearing or resembling a
spathe.

Spathe.— One or more clasping and often
sheathing bracts enclosing a flower
cluster or inflorescence and mostly
colored.

Spatulate. — Narrowed downward from an
abruptly rounded summit.

Species. — A group of things of the same
kind, having essentially the same
characters.

Specific.— That which relates to a species.

Spicate. — In spikes or resembling a spike.

Spike. — A simple elongated inflorescence,
with the flowers sessile or very nearly
so.

Spine. — A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth
from the stem, a modification of a
branch, leaf or stipule.

Spinescent. — Ending in a spine or rigid
point.

Spinose, Spiny. — Furnished with or
resembling spines.

Spinulose. — Having diminutive spines.

Spur. — A usually slender tubular process
from some part of a flower, often
nectariferous.

Squarrose. — Roughened and jagged with
projections spreading every way, as
by the divaricately spreading ends of
crowded leaves or bracts.

'St amen.— The pollen-bearing organ of
the flower, consisting of an anther
usually supported upon a stalk or
filament.

Stamineal.— Relating to or consisting of
the stamens.

Staminodium.—A. sterile stamen or some-
thing taking the place of a stamen.

Stellate.— Star-shaped; radiating in fine
lines from a centre, like the rays of an
asterisk.

Stem.— The main axis of a plant.

Stemless. — Without manifest stem above
ground.

Sterile. — Barren; not capable of produc-
ing seed; a sterile stamen is one not
producing pollen.

Stigma.— That portion of the pistil with-
out epidermis through which the
pollen-tubes effect entrance to the
ovules, very variable in shape and
position.

Stiqmatic. — Belonging or relating to the
stigma.

Stipe.— The footstalk of a pistil raising it
above the receptacle: in ferns, the
naked stalk of the frond.

Stipitate.— Borne upon a stipe.

Stipular. — Belonging to the stipules.

Stipulate.— Possessing stipules.

Stipule.— An appendage to the base of a
petiole, very various in form and
character.

Stolon. — A horizontal prostrate offshoot
from the base of a plant.

Stoloniferous. — Bearing or propagating
by stolons.

Stone. — The hard endoearp or putamen of
a drupe.

Sir iate.— Marked with fine longitudinal
lines.

Strict. — Upright and very straight.

Strigillose.— Minutely strigose.

Strifjose.— Beset with short straight stiff
and appressed sharp-pointed hairs.

Strophiole.-A.Ji appendage at the point
of attachment of some seeds.

Style. — That portion of the pistil between
the ovary proper and the stigma,
usually attenuated, often wanting.

Stylopodium.—A. cushion-like expansion
at the base of the style in Umbellif erae.

Subtended. — Supported or surrounded,
as a pedicel by a bract, or a flower
cluster by an involucre ; fulcrate.

Subulate.— Awl-shaped.
Succulent.— Fleshy and juicy.

GLOSSAKY.

341

Sucker.— A. shoot from the underground
base of a stem, or from underground
roots or rhizomes.
Suffrutescent. — Somewhat or slightly

shrubby ; woody at base.
Suffruticose.—Ijovf and shrubby.
Sulcate.— Grooved or furrowed.
Superior.— Growing above ; a superior
ovary is one wholly above and free
from the calyx ; in a lateral flower,
nearest to the axis.
Surculose.— Producing suckers.
Suture. — A line of union or of dehiscence.
Symmetrical.— Regular in shape if of a
plant or tree as a whole ; in the num-
ber of its parts, if spoken of a flower.
Sympetalous.— Having the petals united.
Synsepalous. ^Having the sepals united.
Teeth. — Small marginal or terminal

lobes of any kind.

Tendril.— A. thread-like production from

an axil, the extremity of a leaf or

elsewhere, capable of coiling and

used for climbing.

Terete.— Cylindrical or nearly so; not

angled nor channelled.
Ternate.—In threes; in three divisions.
Tessellated. —Chequered; like mosaic or

chequerwork.

Testa.— The outer seed-coat.
Tetradynamous— With four long and
two shorter stamens; applied to the
Cruciferae.

Tetragonal.— Four-angled.
Tetramerous.—Of a flower having its

parts in fours.

Tetrandrous.— With four stamens.
Thorn.— See Spine.

Throat.— -The orifice of a sympetalous
corolla or calyx; the portion of the
corolla immediately below the limb
or between the limb and the tube.
Thyrse. -A contracted or close panicle.
Tomentose. — Pubescent with matted

wool.

Tomentum.— Dense matted woolly pubes-
cence.

Toothed.— Provided with teeth.
Top-shaped. — Inverted broad-conical.
Torose.— Swollen at intervals.

Tortuous,— Bending about irregularly.

Torulose.— Slightly torose.

Torus. — The receptacle of a flower; the
apex of the flower-stalk, more or less
modified to support the parts of the
flower.

Transverse.— Across, from side to side.

Tree. — A woody branching plant, with
erect trunk, ten feet high or more.

Triandrous.— With three stamens.

Triangu lar. —Three-angled.

Trichotomous. —Branching by threes.

Trifid— Three-cleft.

Trifo I iate .—Three-leaved.

Trifoliolate.— Having three leaflets.

Trimerous.— Having its parts in threes.

Tripinnate.— Three times pinnate.

Triquetrous .—Of a stem, etc., triangu-
lar with the sides somewhat concave
or channelled.

Triternate.— Three times ternate.

Truncate. — Ending abruptly as if cut off
transversely.

Trunk. — A main stem.

Tube.— Any elongated hollow body or
part of an organ.

Tuber.— A. thickened rhizome, with scat-
tered buds or eyes.

Tubercle. — A small projection or pimple :
a small tuber or a tuberous root,

Tuberculate. — Covered with small
rounded prominences or knobs.

Tunicated.— Denoting bulbs made up of
concentric seamless tunic-like coats,
as in the onion.

Turbinate. — Top-shaped.

Turgid.— Puffed out ; distended.

Twining.— Ascending by winding about a
support.

Type.— The ideal pattern or form.

Typical.— That which corresponds to or
represents the type. A typical species
is one upon which the generic char-
acter was founded, or one which con-
forms most closely to the general
characters of the genus, deviations
from which form the basis for sub-
genera, etc. So the typical form of a
species is that upon which the specific

342

GLOSSARY.

character is based, as distinguished
from all varieties, sports, etc.

Umbel. — An umbrella-shaped inflores-
cence, the pedicels radiating from the
summit of the common peduncle.

Umbellate. — Bearing or growing in
umbels.

Umbelliferous.— Bearing umbels.

Umbellulate.— Bearing umbellets.

Unarmed. — Without prickles, spines, or
the like.

Vncinate.— Hooked at the extremity.

Undulate. — Wavy, alternately raised
above and depressed below the gen-
eral plane.

Undershrub.—k very low shrub.

Unguiculate.—Of a petal, narrowed below
into a claw or petiole-like base.

Unifoliolate. — A compound leaf-type
reduced to a single leaflet.

Unilateral. — One-sided.

Unilocular . — One-celled .

Uniovulate.— Having a single ovule

Uniserial. — In one row or series.

Unisexual.— Of one sex ; of flowers hav-
ing stamens only or pistils only.

Urceolate. — Cylindrical or ovoid, but
contracted at or below the open ori-
fice, like an urn or pitcher.

Utricle. — A small bladdery usually one-
seeded pericarp indehiscent or burst-
ing irregularly or circumscissile ; any
small bladder-like organ, or some
times applied to forms of tissue-cell

Utricular. — Consisting of or belongin
to utricles.

Valvate. — Opening by valves, as a cap-
sule; meeting by the edges, without
overlapping, as sepals, etc., in aesti-
vation .

Valve.— The several parts of a dehiscent
pericarp; the door-like lid by which
some authors open.

Variegated . —Irregularly colored.

Variety.— The principal subdivisions of
a species, differing from the type in
certain constant characters of subor-
dinate value.

Veined.— Furnished with veins.

Venation.— The mode of veining.

Ventral.— Belonging to the anterior or
inner face of a carpel, etc., the oppo-
site of dorsal.

Ventricose. — Swelling unequally or in-
flated on one side.

Venulose.— Abounding with veinlets.

Vermicular.— Worm-shaped.

Vernal.— Appearing in spring.

Vernation.— The folding of leaves in the
leaf-bud.

Vernicose.— Appearing as if varnished.

Verrucose.— Covered with wart-like ele-
vations

Versatile.— Swinging; turning freely on
its support.

Vertical.— Upright; perpendicular to the
plane of the horizon; longitudinal.

Verticil.— A whorl.

Verticillaster.— The pair of dense cymes
at each node of some Labiatae, simu-
lating a verticil or whorl.

Verticillat e . — Arranged in whorls.

Vesicle.— A small bladdery body.

Vesicular. — Composed of vesicles.

Villous. — Bearing long and soft straight
or straightish hairs .

Virgate.— Like a wand or rod, slender
straight and erect.

Viscid. — Glutinous, sticky.

Whorl. — An arrangement of leaves,
flowers, etc., in a circle about the
stem or axie

Wing. — Any membranous or thin expan-
sion or appendage ; each lateral petal
of a papilionaceous flower.

Woolly.— Clothed with long and twisted
or matted hairs .

UL 23 1964

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED

This book is due on the last date stamped below, or

on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.

APR 4 !965

28Mr'65RX

MAY 61368

APR 22 196819

3 0 19T3

MAY 3 0 1973 1 7

DUE

Subject to Recall

Immediately

RECEIVED BY

SANTA CRUZ

1NTERLIBRARY LOAN

llfvi •

LD 21--50m-6,'60
(B1321slO)476

General Library

University of California

Berkeley

U,C, BERKELEY LIBRARIES