/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/manualofbotanyph1885coul MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY (PHiilNOGAMIA AND PTERIDOPHYTA) OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION, FROM NEW MEXICO TO THE BRITISH BOUNDARY. Br JOHN M. COULTER, Ph.D., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, AND EDITOR OF THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE, IVISON, BLAKEMAN-, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY: NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. Copyright, 1885, By JoiJN M. Coulter. PREFACE This manual is intended to do for its own range what lias been for a long time so admirably done for the Northeastern States by Dr. Gray's Manual. About ten years ago it was the writer's privilege to assist Professor Porter in the preparation of the Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, a first attempt to bring together in convenient shape, for a restricted region, the scat- tered material of our Western collectors. The demand even then for a book by no means complete or conveniently arranged was unexpected, and in the wonderful development of the decade since then lies the confidence that a more convenient book covering a greater range will be welcome to many. The difficulties attending the naming of Western plants, owing to the fact that descriptions are scattered through, numerous and often inaccessible publications, can only be appreciated by those who have attempted it. From this fact, a great stimulus to the study of systematic botany has been lacking, collectors have been almost entirely professional, and a thousand possible streams of information have been reduced to a score. West of the Mississippi Valley prairie region, which is but the continuation of more eastern conditions, there are three well-defined floras. One is that of the Pacific slope ; another is Mexican in character, extending from the Great Basin to Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas, and southward into Mexico ; the third is the Eocky Mountain region, extending eastward across the plains to the prairies. The first region is well provided for in the two volumes of the Botany of California. The second, in the Great Basin, has vi PREFACE. Sereno Watson's Botany of the 4:0th Parallel^ and in its Ari- zona and Kew Mexican section, Dr. Eothrock's Botany of the Wheeler Survey. The third region is that which this manual attempts to in-ovide fpr, its only predecessor being the Synop- sis of the Flora of Colorado, ah'eady referred to. Essentially, therefore, the range includes Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas, the hundredth meridian representing very nearly the eastern boundary. While this is true, the larger part of contiguous floras also Avill be found described, so that the western part of the Indian Territory, Northwestern Texas, Northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Eastern Utah and Idaho, may be included for all except their own peculiar plants. In Utah, our range is naturally carried westward by the Uinta and Wah- satch Mountains, whose plants are intended to be included. This edition only claims to be a compilation, an orderly arrangement and sifting of scattered material. The chief reason is, that first editions are necessarily incomplete, and that materials for the satisfactory presentation of a flora most quickly come from the provocation of an incomplete edition. The author will therefore esteem it the surest evidence of the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of correc- tions called forth a more complete edition may be attempted at an early day. It is unnecessary to give all the sources of descriptions and information, as it would simply be a catalogue of the very numerous contributions to western botany. The professional botanist will notice that descriptions have been chiefly obtained from the Botany of California, Botany of King's Eccpedition, and Eaton's Ferns of North America, all constantly influenced by Gray's Manual ; and that the presentation of Gamopetalse is little more than a culling from Dr. Gray's recent volumes of the Synoptical Flora of North America. As in most cases de- scriptions and synoptical arrangement could be obtained from the writings of Dr. Gray, Mr. Watson, and Professor Eaton, little more is attempted in this edition than to adapt these descriptions to the spirit of the work with as little change as PREFACE. vii possible. To Dr. Gray is due, not only the thought which grew into this book, but also a constant encouragement and patient criticism which have developed anything of merit it possesses. Mr. Watson has also responded generously to ev- ery demand made upon him : while to Messrs. M. S. Bebb and L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, the former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus Salix, and the latter an ardent and most successful student of the perplexing genus Carex. At the time of his death. Dr. George Engelmann had in preparation the groups with which his name is so closely connected, and their presentation shows the lack of his master hand. In general, the ordinal sequence adopted by Bentliam and Hooker's Genera Plantarum has been followed, but Gymno- sperms have been transferred to the end of Phaenogams, and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angio- sperms. This change has been made simply because it better expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The term "Cryptogam" has been discarded as the correlative of Phsenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used as the name of the second great series of plants. The orders and ordinal sequence of the Pteridophyta are thought best to express their relationships. Introduced plants are placed in foot-notes, that they may be separated as far as possible from our native plants, and their relation to the flora thus emphasized. To save space, there is no attempt to give any but the most important references and synonymy, while geographical range is reduced to its lowest terms, and collectors' names almost entirely omitted. For the most part no characters have been repeated, and the student is warned that generic characters especially must be sought for through analytical keys. The professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this respect, the genera of some families being grouped by means of a few very salient characters, while those of others are presented with almost full descriptions, only certain supple- mentary statements being left to head the descriptions of viii PREFACE. species. It is sufficient to say that the two methods hold the relation to each other of former and latter in the preparation of this book. In groups of species certain contrasting characters have been italicized, according to the method of Gray's Manual. This is done to facilitate the work of the student, but with the mental reservation that its abuse may more than offset its advantage. Ten years' experience as a teacher has shown that the ordinary student will fix his attention upon the itali- cized characters to the neglect of the description as a whole. The student is here warned that the specific descriptions in this book have been so much reduced that no unimportant characters are intended to be given. JOHN M. COULTER. Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, , January 1, 1885. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. Series I. PH^NOGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS. Those with flowers and seeds. Class I. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil a closed ovary containing the ovules. Subclass I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with two cotyledons. Leaves netted- veined. Flowers usually 4 or 5-merous. Division I. POLYPETALvE. Calyx and corolla both present : the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the petals. 1, Stamens on the receptacle, free from the ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels Ranunculace^, 1 Pistil compound : cells, placentje, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than sepals, Very numerous, small and persistent : aquatic. . . Nymph^ace^, 3 Twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. Papaverace^, 4 Five to sixteen : sepals persistent. . . . Portulacace^., 12 Petals same number as sepals, Four, and both deciduous. Capparidace.^:, 7 Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous. Malvaceae, 15 Sepals imbricated in the bud : leaves entire and pellucid-punctate. Hypericace^, 14 2. Stamens on the [free or adnate) calyx. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1 -celled. . . Cactace^, 34 Leafy fleshy plants : ovary 3 or more-celled. . . . Ficoide^, 35 Leafy fleshy herbs: ovary 1-celled Portulacace^, 12 Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. . Saxifragaceje, 27 Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosacea, 26 - Leaves alternate, without stipules, rough. . . . Loasace^, 32 X ANALYTICAL KEY. B. Stamens 1 0 or less, or at most not more than twice the petals. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so. * Pistils more than one, and distinct. Pistils same number as petals and as sepals : leaves fleshy. CRASSULACEiE, 98 Pistils not same number as petals or sepals. Stamens on the receptacle Ranunculace^, 1 Stamens on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate Rosacea, 26 Stipules none or indistinct Saxifragace.e, 27 * * Pistil onlij one. Pistil simple, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. . Bekberidace.^:, 2 Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. Leguminos.e, 25 ^Flowers irregular : leaves' simple Polygalace/E, 9 Flowers regular : leaves mostly stipulate : fruit a drupe or akene Rosacea, 26 -I- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placentce, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with (2 to 4, rarely more) parietal placentas. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or .5. Fkankeniace^, 10 Petals and se])als or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular : lower petal spurred. . . . Violace.e, 8 Corolla regular or nearly so : styles or stigmas entire. Saxifragaceje, 27 Petals 4 : bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. . . Fumariace.e, 5 Petals and sepals each 4 : stameps 6. ... Capparidace.e, 7 (^Tny and pod 2-celled : 2 parietal placentrs : stamens tetra- dynamous Crucifkrje, 6 Ovary and capsule 1-cclled, several to many-seeded on a central placenta, Truly so; the partitions Avanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. . . Portulacace.e, 12 Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or 4 : leaves all opposite. Carvophyllace^, 11 Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules between the opposite leaves. . . . Elatinaceje, 13 No stipules. Lytiirace/E, 30 Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. Anacardiace^, 24 Herbs : style at most 2-cIeft : fruit a utricle. Illecebrace^, 63 Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular: ovary 2-celled: cells 1-seeded. Polygalace^, 9 Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage Monotropeae, etc., in Ericaceae, 45 Foliage [)ellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubs. . Rutace^, 19 Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal chinks or pores. . . Ericace.*:, 45 ANALYTICAL KEY. xi Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them. Calyx-lobes valvatc in tlie bud. . . . Rhamnace^, 21 Calyx-lobes small or obsolete : petals valvate. . Vitaceje, 22 Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-folio- late. Zygophyllace^, 17 Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. Geraniace^, 18 Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. . . . LiNACEiE, 16 Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. Zygophyllace^, 17 Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. . Geraniace^, 18 Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. Saxifragace^, 27 Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as lAany as the sepals, 2 or .5 Elatinace^, 13 Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo, in Ficoide^, 35 Shrubs or trees with opposite simple leaves. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. . . CELASTKACEiE, 20 Leaves palmately veined, lobed. . . . Sapindace^, 23 Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. Sapindace.e, 23 Stamens 2 or rarely 3 Oleace.e, 47 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainhj so. Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. Cucurbitace^, 33 Aquatic herbs : flowers dioecious or monandrous. Halorage.e, 29 Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferous. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite them. Rhamnace^e, 21 Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them. Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome Rosacea, 26 Fruit a many-seeded capsule Saxifragace^, 27 Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry. . Ribes, in Saxifragace^, 27 Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. . Cornace^, 38 Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1-celled : herbage scabrous. . , . Loasace^, 32 Ovary 2 to 5-, mostly 4-celled. . . . Onagrace-iE, 31 Herbs : flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. . . Umbellifer^, 36 Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berry-like Araliace^, 37 Xll ANALYTICAL KEY. Division II. GAMOPETAL^. Petals more or less united into one piece. A. Ovary inferior, or mostbj so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, dis- tinct Ericace^, 45 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesious. Flowers in an involucrate head. Compositje, 42 Elowers separate, racemose or spicate Lobeliace^, 43 Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4), distinct, Nearly or quite free from the corolla : leaves alternate : no stipules. Campanulace^, 44 Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. . . Rubiace^, 40 Without stipules, opposite Caprifoliace^, 39 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. . . . Valerianace^, 41 Leaves alternate : stamens often united. . . . Cucdrbitace^, 33 B. Ovary superior (free), or mostly so. 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. . . . Leguminos^, 25 Pistil compound, with one undivided style Ericace^, 45 2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1 : ovary and capsule several to many-seeded. . . Primulace^, 46 3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, or fewer. * No green herbage. Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and minute. Monotropeae, in Ericace^, 45 Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta, in Convolvulace^, 54 Corolla irregular: stamens didynamous : capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded Orobanchaceje, 57 * * With ordinary green herbage. , •I- Corolla regular or nearly so: stamens not didynamous. Corolla scarious and veinless : stemless herbs. . . Plantaginace^, 61 Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3 : parts of the corolla 4 or 5. . . . Oleace^, 47 Stamens 5 (or 4), as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of folli- cles Asclepiadace^, 49 Pollen powdery. Ovaries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. . . . Apocynace^, 48 ANALYTICAL KEY. Xlll r Ovary 4-lobed, forming 4 separate or separable seed- like UUtletS. BORRAGINACE^, 53 ^ Ovary single and entire. , Style 3-clef t at apex : capsule 3icelled : corolla convolute Polemoniace2e, 51 Styles or stigmas 2 or 1 . Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. Convolvulace^, 54 Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all opposite or whorled and entire : capsule 1-celled : corolla convolute. . . Gentianace^, 50 ~ Leaves various, mainly altercate. Styles 2 (or 1 and 2-cleft) ; capsule 1 to 2- celled Hydrophyllace^, 52 '^Style 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry 2-celled, rarely more Solanace^, 55 See also Limosella, in . . . Scrophulariace^, 56 •4- Corolla irregular: stamens {with anthers) 4 and didi/namous, or 2: style 1. Ovary and capsule 2-celled : seeds small, mostly indefi- nite x Scrophulariace^, 56^ ""7^ Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis Lentibulariace^, 58 Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. . . Labiate, 60 Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets. Verbenace^, 59 Division III. APETAL^E. Corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. Flowers not in aments. 1, Ovary and fruit superior^ l-celled and l-ovuled, or carpels distinct if more than one. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . PoLYGONACEiE, 66 Stipules not sheathing the stem or none. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : flowers perfect : fruit a tailed akene. Cercocarpus, in Rosacea, 26 Leaves alternate : flowers unisexual : fruit a utricle. Chenopodiace^, 65 Leaves opposite. Fruit an akene : leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne, in RosACEiE, 26 Fruit a simple samara : leaves pinnate. Fraxinus, in Oleace^, 47 Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base. Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular : embryo annular or spiral. Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts : no stipules Amarantace^e, 64 xiv ANALYTICAL KEY. Bracts herbaceous or none : no stipules. . Chenopobiace^, 65 Stipules scarious Illecebrace^, 63 Fruit a more or less triangular akene : embryo curved. Flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels, involucrate. Poltgonace^, 66 Akene not triangular: embryo straight. Flowers unisexual : filaments incurved in bud : leaves simple. IjRTiCACEiE, 73 Submerged : flowers axillary, naked : leaves sessile, filiformly dissected Ceratophtllace^, 72 Carpels several and distinct, 1 to several-ovuled : calyx usually corolla-like. .... Ranunculace^, 1 2, As in (1), but ovary and fruit enclosed bt/ the calyx and apparently inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy opposite entire leaves : flowers dioecious : fruit baccate. El^agnace^, 67 Herbs : calyx corolla-like : fruit an akene. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipules : flowers involucrate Nyctaginace^, 62 Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate Rosace.^, 26 3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels. Fruit 2 to 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 to 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky : mostly herbaceous. Euphorbiace^, 70 Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent : styles 2 : small aquatic, with opposite entire leaves. Callitrichace^, 71 Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed : shrubs with alternate simple leaves . Rhasinace^, 21 Fruit a double samara : trees with opposite pinnate leaves. Sapindace^, 23 Cruciferous herb : pod small, obcompressed. Lepidium, in Crucifer^, 6 Fruit capsular, 1 -celled or more, several-ovuled: low herbs with opposite leaves. Capsule 3 to 5-celled : succulent Ficoide^, 35 Capsule 1 -celled : placentae central. Style and stigma 1 : stamens alternate with the sepals. Glaux, in PRiMULACEiE, 46 Styles or stigmas 3 or more: stamens opposite the sepals CARYOPHTLLACEiE, 11 4. Ovary and fruit inferior. Fruit many-seeded: capsule (^ inferior) 1-celled: leaves cordate Saxifragace^, 27 Fruit mostly 1-seeded. Flowers perfect : fruit nut-like : herbs with alternate entire leaves Santalace^, 69 Dioecious parasites on trees, with opposite leaves and jointed stems : berry with glutinous pulp. . . . Loranthace^, 68 Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. . Halorageje, 29 ANALYTICAL KEY. XV B. Flowers unisexual^ at least the staminate in aments. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Monoecious •. male flowers in aments ; female solitary or few : ovary inferior : leaves simple, with caducous stipules. Anthers 2-celled : nut in a cup-like or spiny involucre. Cupulifer^, 74 Anther cells separate : nut in a foliaceous or tubular invo- lucre Corylus in Cupulifer^, 74 MoncEcious or dioecious, flowers all in aments : ovary superior. Fruit a 1 -seeded nutlet: bracts thickened and rigid in fruit: nut winged or angled. . . . Betuleae, in Cupulifer^, 74 Fruit a many-seeded capsule : dioecious : bracts herbaceous : seeds comose. Salic ace^, 75 Subclass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Flowers usually 3-merous, never in fives. Mostly herbaceous. A, Ovary inferior: perianth conspicuous, colored : terrestrial : flowers perfect. Flowers irregular : stamens and style coherent ; anthers 1 or 2 : leaves alternate, sheathing Orciiidace^, 76 Flowers regular : stamens 3, perigynous : leaves equitant. . Iridace^, 77 Flowers regular : stamens 6, perigynous : leaves not equitant. AMARYLLIDACE.a:, 78 B. Ovarij superior or nearli/ so : perianth regular or none. ^Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth corolla-like, rarely partly herbaceous: terrestrial plants. Woody climber, with tendrils : anthers 1-celled. . . Smilace^e, 80 Herbs: anthers 2-celled. Perianth mostly of similarly colored lobes or divisions : stems from a bulb, corm, or rhizome. . . . Liliace^, 1%^' Perianth of 3 green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals : stems from fibrous roots. . . Commelin.iCEJE, 81 Carpels distinct or solitary : aquatic or marsh herbs. Perianth none : seed albuminous : fruit utricular or nut-like. Flowers monoecious in heads or on a crowded spadix : leaves linear. Typhace^, 83 Small floating disk-like plants. .... Lemnace^, 84 Perianth herbaceous, petaloid, or none : albumen none. Carpels few : perianth none or in fertile flowers herbaceous. Naiadace^, 86 Carpels numerous in a whorl or head : 3 sepals herbaceous, 3 petaloid. Alismace^, 85 Perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments : capsule 3-valved. Rushes or sedge-like Juncaceje, 82 Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, spicate, without evi- dent perianth. Stems solid : sheaths closed : scales single : anthers basifixed. Cyperace^, 87 Culms hollow, terete : sheaths split : glumes in pairs : anthers versatile. . GRAMiNEiE, 88 xvi ANALYTICAL KEY. Class 11. GYMNOSPERMiE. Ovules naked upon a scale or bract, or within open integuments. Monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Male flowers in ameuts : female subsolitary, the ovule within a double iutegument with small terminal orifice : nearly naked dioecious shrubs. Gnetacejs, 89 Female flowers in aments, becoming dry cones or berry-like : ovules naked at the base of a scale : from shrubs to trees of the largest size ; with needle or scale-like leaves. . . Conifers, 90 Series II. PTERIDOPHYTA, or the FERN GROUP. Plants without true flowers or seeds, but reproducing by spores ; and wdth a distinct axis containing fibro- vascular bundles. Stems solid, leafy : sporangia in the axils of simple leaves or bracts. Leaves long and grass-like from a corm-like trunk: spores of two kinds Isoet^, 91 Small leaves imbricated upon a moss-like stem : sporangia in terminal spikes. Spores of two kinds : leaves with ligules. . . Selaginell-e, 92 Spores of one kind : leaves without ligules. . Lycopodiace^, 93 Stems solid, subterranean, bearing long-petioled often com- pounded leaves (fronds). Aquatics : leaves circiuately developed : sporangia in fruits borne on the stem or petioles Rhizocarpe^, 94 Terrestrial : leaves erect in vernation : sporangia in special spikes or panicles Ophioglossace^, 95 Terrestrial : leaves circinate in vernation : sporangia on the under surface or margins of the leaves. . . . Filices, 96 Stems hollow, jointed, and striate : leaves reduced to a toothed sheath at the joints: sporangia in a terminal spike or cone Eqdisetace-e, 97 BOTANY • OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. SERIES 1. PH^NOGAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants bearing true flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class I. ANGIOSPEEM^. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Subclass L DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted- veined. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. Division L POLYPETAL^. Perianth consisting usually of both, calyx and corolla ; the petals not united with each other, sometimes wanting. 2 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Order 1. RANUNCULACE^. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants with very diverse characters ; generally distinguished Tby the few or numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils being distinct and free. The liowcrs are regular or irregular. The sepals are very commonly petal-like, and the petals are often want- ing. The fruits are akenes, dry pods, or berries. The leaves vary from simple to much compounded, usually on the palmately veined type, with petioles dilated at base, and without stipules. Tribe I. Sepals valvate, petal-like. Petals none oi- very STiiall. The fruit a head of akenes, tailed with featliery or hairy or rarely naked styles. Leaves opposite. 1. Clematis. Half- woody, climbing by the petioles, or erect and herbaceous. Tribe II. Sepals imbricate, often petal-like. The fruit a head or spike of akenes. * Petals none. Akenes in a head. 2. Anemone. Sepals indefinite in number. Leaves on the stem opposite or whorled on or below one-flowered peduncles. 3. Thalictrum. Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled. Leaves alternate. * * Petals slender. Akenes numerous in a long slender spike. 4. Myosurus. Flowers solitary on a scape. Sepals spurred at base. * * * Petals generally broad and conspicuous. Akenes numerous in a head. 5. Ranunculus. Petals with a little pit or scale at the base inside. The akene differs from all otliers of the order in having the ovule erect. Tribe III. Sepals imbricate. Petals none, small, or irregular. Fruit a pod or berry. Leaves alternate. * Fruit consisting of pods (follicles), 1 to 15 in number. Flowers regular. Pods 5 to 15. 6. Caltha. Sepals petal-like. Petals none. Pods 5 to 12. Leaves simple. 7. Trollius. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8 to 15. Leaves palmately divided. Aquilegia. Sepals deciduous. Petals 5, all spurred backward. Pods 5. Leaves ternately compound. •(- Flowers irregular. Pods 1 to 5. 0. Delphinium. Upper sepal i)roduced backward into a spur. 10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hood. * * Fruit a berry of one carpel. 11. Actsea. Sepals caducous. Petals small. Leaves ternately compound. The flowers are in a single raceme. 1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower. Sepals 4 or rarely more. A geous which is readily recognized by its few petal-like valvate sepals, and long-tailed akenes. * Petals none. +- Stem erect. 1. C. Fremontii, AVatson. Stems stont, clustered, 6 to 12 inches high, leafy and usually branched, more or less villous-tomentose, especially at the nodes : leaves simple, 3 to 4 pairs, thicJcisk and with the veinlets conspicuously EANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT T^AMTLY.) 3 reticulated, broadly ovate, entire or few-toothed: flowers terminal, nodding; the thick purple sepals an inch long, toinentose upon the margin, recurved at the tip : akenes silky ; the tails less than an inch long, naked above, silky at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. This species was discovered by Fremont, but with locality unknown. It has been rediscovered in Kansas by Dr. Louis Watson and others, and is the western representative of C. ochroleuca. 2. C. Douglasii, Hook. Stem simple or brandling, more or less villous, woolly at the joints : leaves ivora. pinnate to 2 or S-pinnatifid ; the leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate: sepals thick, deep purple within, paler externally, woolly at the apex, and spreading : akenes silky ; the tails an inch or more in length. — From Colorado to Washington Territory. Var. Scottii. A form with leaflets ovate oe lanceolate, and tips of sepals more reflexed and probably less woolly. — C. Scottii,Voite.v,^\. Col. 1. Col- orado and northward. -J- -H- Stem climhing, more or less woody. 3. C. ligUStieifolia, Nutt. Kearly glabrous : stems sometimes very long : leaves pinnate and ternate, mostly 5-foliolate ; the leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and trifid : flowers white, in paniculate corymbs, dicecious : sepals thin, equalling the stamens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Oregon, and also in California. Climbing over bushes and producing a great abundance of white flowers. * * Some of the outer filaments enlarging to small petals : stems woody. 4. C. alpina, Mill., var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Trailing, nearly glabrous : leaves biteriiately divided; segments ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, frequently 3-lobed, irregularly tootlied : sepals purplish-blue, thin : anther- bearing petals linear: akenes glabrous. — Powell's Geol. Black Hills, p. 531. The C. alpina, var. Ochotensis, of the various Western reports. From New Mexico to the Wahsatch and Teton Mountains. 5. C. vertiClllaris, DC. Climbing: leaves trifoliolate, with leaflets about as in the last, but oftener entire : the flowers 2 to 3 inches across, with the thin bluish-purple sepals widely spreading. — From California to Maine, and from the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains to British America. 2. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. Sepals colored and petal-like. Style short and stigma lateral. Akenes compressed, pointed or ending in long feathery awns. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves. * AJcenes with long bearded tails. 1 . A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Villous with long silky hairs : flower erect, developed before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes : sepals 5 to 7, purplish or whitish. — From the mountains eastward into Illinois and Wisconsin. 4 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * * Akenes without tails. Akenes very numerous in a close head, densely villous. •w- Low (3 to 12 inches high) or slender plants, with simple stems. 2. A. decapetala, L. Stem 3 to 6 inches high from a round tuber : root- leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft : involucre (mostly sessile and far below the flower) 3-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft : sepals 10 to 20, oblong- linear, purple or whitish: head of fruit oblong. — A. Caroiiniana, Walt. From Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico, and across the continent to the Carolinas. 3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3 to 12 inches high from a slender roof- stock : root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions creuate-iuci.«ed or lobed : involucre 2 to 3-leaved, distant from the flower : sepals 5 or 6, oval, white : head of fruit globular. — Mountains of Colorado, and northward to the Arctic Sea. ++ -M- Taller (6 inches to 2 feet), commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles : sepals 5 to 8, silky or downy beneath, oval or oblong. 4. A. multifida, Poir. Silky-hairy (6 to 12 inches high) : principal involucre 2 to 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ; leaves of the secondary involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear : sepals red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish: head of fruit spherical or oval. — Across the continent in northern latitudes, and southward in the mountains through Colorado. 5. A. cylindrica, Gray. Taller, and clothed with silky hairs : flowers 2 to 6, on very long and upright naked peduncles : leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-stalks, 3-divided, their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft, lobes cut and toothed at the apex : sepals greenish-white : head of fruit cylindrical. From Colorado to Bitter Root valley and thence eastward across the continent. +- Akenes fewer, pubescent only. 6. A. dichotoma, L. Hairy, rather low : involucres sessile ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut ,and toothed : radical leaves 5 to 7-parted or cleft : sepals 5, obovate, white : carpels orbicular. — A. Pennsylvanica, L. Common on the foothills of Colorado, northward and eastward. " 7. A. nemorosa, L. /Sw oo<^ or somewhat villous : stem perfectly simple from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the involucre of 3 long- petioled trifoliolate leaves ; their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed or cut, or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants soli- tary from the rootstock : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : carpels oblong, with a hooked beak. — Northern United States and British America. -1- -f- Akenes glabrous. 8. A. narcissiflora, L. Villous : leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted ; seg- ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft, lobes linear : involucre somewhat similar, sessile, leaflets 3 to 5-cleft : pedicels several, umbelled, leafless, RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 1-flowered: flowers white: carpels roundish-oval. — Alpine. In Colorado at 13,000 feet altitude, and thence through British America. 3. THALICTRUM, L. Meadow-Rue. Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like. Pistils 4 to 15. — Perennial herbs with leaves 2 or 3 times ternately compound, the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles. The dioecious species are easily recognized by combining that character with the much compounded leaves, and all of our species can be distinguished from Anemorie by their alternate leaves and inconspicuous flowers. * Flowers perfect. 1. T. alpinum, L. Stem simple, 2 to 8 inches high, slightly pubescent : leaves mostly radical ; leaflets roundish, about J inch long, somewhat lobed, crenately toothed : flowers noddlnj in a simple raceme : stigmas thick and pubescent : carpels ovate, sessile. — Colorado and northward throughout British America. 2. T. sparsiflorum, Turcz. Stem l to 3 feet high : upper leaves sessile : flowers on long pedicels in a loose panicle : filaments clavate : carpels strongly compressed, semi-obovate, short-stipitate, thrice shorter than the persistent style. — Subalpine. Colorado and far northward ; also in California. * * Flowers dioecious. 3. T. Cornuti, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so ; leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, pale and usually minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly revolute and the veining conspicuous: panicles compound: flowers white, greenish, and purplish : fllaments thickened upwards. — Possibly includes T. purpurascens, L. Colorado, and in the Atlantic States. 4. T. Fendleri, Engelm. Rather low and slender, occasionally somewhat pubescent : leaves petioled or tlje uppermost sessile ; leaflets usually small : flowers in an open panicle : anthers setosely acuminate : akenes slightly glandu- lar-puberulent, oblong to ovate, acuminate, 2 or 3 lines long. — PI. Fendl. 5. Colorado and New Mexico, and westward to Utah and Nevada. 5. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Like the last, but stouter, the leaflets larger and akenes few in a head (1 to 6), narrowly oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and narrowed at each end. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372. From California to Wash- ington Territory, and extending into Western Montana. 4. MYOSURUS, L. Mousetail. Sepals 5. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw with a pit at its summit. Stamens 5 to 20. — Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. The long slender spike of akenes and linear radical leaves give the plant the appearance of a diminutive plantain. I- M. minimus, L. Scapes 2 to 6 inches high : leaves usually shorter : akenes blunt, on slender spikes 1 or 2 inches long. — From California through Colorado to the Ohio Valley. 6 KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) M. ARISTATUS, Benth., may be found where our boundary touches Utah and Southern Idaho. It is characterized by its akenes being beaked Avith a divergent persistent style nearly equalling the akene. ^ 5. RANUNCUIiUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15. Akenes mostly flattened, pointed. — Mostly perennial herbs. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed, usually yellow and often show3^ The leaves are various, and those of the stem alternate. § 1. Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals white, the claio yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled. 1. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and coarsely filiform : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous soft capillary segments, which usually collapse ivhen witlidrawn from the water: akenes in a close globular head. — Common throughout the continent in stagnant or slow- flowing waters. Var. Stagnatilis, DC. Leaves all under water, the divisions and sub- divisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when withdrawn from the water. — The R. divaricatus of Gray's Manual and the Western reports. Rarer than the former, but with the same range. § 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals green, rarely yellow : petals yellow: akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid. * All the leaves undivided, the margins entire. 2. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints : leaves mostly lanceolate and acute at each end : petals half longer than the sepals : akenes few in a small globu- lar head, plump ; beak very short and curved. — Found in Colorado, but most common northward, where it extends across the continent. 3. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Glabrous throughout : stems nearly or quite erect, 6 to 16 inches high, rather stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, blunt at apex: petals conspicuously nerved, nearly twice as long as the sepals: akene& slightly flattened, pointed with a nearly or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact ovate head. — The form called var. montanus, Watson, is the typical form. Rocky Mountains and westward. The Eastern species bearing this name is R. ambigens, Watson. 4. R. Macauleyi, Gray. Leaves Ungulate, the truncate apex 3-toothed ; radical ones (early ones ohlong) tapering into a petiole; cauline ones sessile: sepals very dark villous outside : petals golden : carpels tapering into a short subulate style : fruit unknown, though head of akenes probably oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45. Mountains in San Juan Co., Colorado. The flowers resemble those of R. nivalis, but the remarkable foliage readily distinguishes it from every other species. . * * Radical leaves undivided: stem leaves, if any, toothed or lobed : glabrous perennials, 3 to 6 inches high. 5. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Flowering stems or scapes leafless, 1 to 7-flowered : leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at RANUNCULACEiE. (CliOWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners: petals longer than the sepals : the akeries striate-veined on the sides, enlarging upwards, with a short oblique beak: head oblong. — Across the continent in marshy ground. 6. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Stems 1 to 3-flowered : radical leaves broadly oval, either entire or with 3 large blunt teeth at the apex ; stem-leaves cuueate at the base, 3-cleJl to the middle : sepals half as long as the petals : akenes plump, tipped with a short curved beak : head globular. — From Colorado to Wyoming and Washington Territory ; also in California. * * * Some or all the leaves cleft or divided. H- Primary root-leaves crenate or toothed. 7. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf (3 to 6 inches high), /la??-^; root- leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3 to 5-lobed ; the upper 3 to 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear : petals large, exceeding the calgx : akenes orbicular with a minute beak. — S. W. Colo- j^do to British America and eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 8. R. abortivus, L. Glabrous, 6 inches to 2 feet high : primary root- leaves round heart-shaped or kidney form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the Stem and branches 3 to 5-parted or divided, their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed : petals shorter than the reflexed sepals : akenes with a minute curved beak. — From the mountains eastward across the coajtinent. Most variable as to foliage. -1- Root-leaves lobed, cleft, or parted. ++ Style straight or wanting. 9. R. hyperboreus, Rottb., var. natans, Kegel. Stem filiform, creep- ing: leaves glabrous, petioled, S-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, divaricate, the lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft : heads of akenes globose, compact : style wanting. — In swamps at middle elevations, Colorado and northward. 10. R. nivalis, L. Stem about \-fiowered : radical leaves on long petioles, dilated, lobed, the lobes somewhat ovate ; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate : calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals : style as long as the glabrous ovaries. — In the mountains of British America. Var. Esehscholtzii, Watson. Radical leaves S-parted, the divisions lobed, ciliate : style shorter than the akenes. — Colorado, Yellowstone Park, and north- ward in the mountains. 11. R. sceleratus, L. Glabrous: stem thick and hollow, a foot high: root-leaves 3-lobed ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed ; the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : akenes barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads. — From Colorado northward, and across the continent. In drying, the numerous akenes are soon deciduous from the receptacle. •w- Style curved. = Stem usually l-fioicered. 12. R. pygmSBUS, Wahl. Stem 1 to 2 inches high : leaves glabrous, 3 to 5-cleft ; radical ones petioled : sepals glabrous, longer than the somewhat refiexed petals: heads oblong: akenes subglobose, pointed with a short hooked style. — Mountains of Colorado and far northward. * 8 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. R. adoneus, Gray. Low, sparsely villous, becoming glabrous : stems brancbing from the base, 1 to 3-leaved above, sometimes sarmentose-decum- bent and 2 to 3-flowered : leaves twice pedateli/ parted, segments narrowly linear : petals golden-yellow, twice exceeding the suhvillous sepals : akenes crowded in an oval head, turgid, ivith the rather long ensiform beak scarious- winged on each edge. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56. High altitudes dose to the snow, Colorado and northward. = = Stems hearing more than one flower. a. Dwarf {2 to Z inches high). 14. R, digitatus, Hook. Very glabrous : leaves few, petioled, digitately lobed, the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse : flowers 2 or 3, terminal, with reflexed sepals and 7 to 11 oblong cuneate pet- als : akenes beaked with a subulate recurved style. — In the Wahsatch, N. Utah, and northward into British America. b. A foot or two high. 15. R. afflnis, R. Br. Radical leaves petioled, usually pedateli/ mxdtifld ; cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes : akenes with re- curved beaks in oblong-ci/lindrical heads, more or less pubescent. — Colorado and northward. Var. leiocarpUS, Trautv. Lower leaves usually/ lobed or crenate : flowers small : carpels smooth or somewhat pubescent. — Colorado. Var. eardiophyllus, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent: radical leaves round- cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft : flowers an inch in diameter. — Same range as the species. 16. R, Nelsoni, Gray. Sparingly pilose : the simple radical leaves often 3 4 inches in diameter, more or less deeply 3-lobed ; the uppermost rarely parted ; the lower usually cordate in outline : petals not more than 3 lines long, exceeding the sepals: akenes pilose (sometimes glabrous), in a small head, rigid, more or less scattered, bearing a very much hooked style of the same length. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. About Yellowstone Lake and far north- ward. -1- -1- -(- Leaves all ter?iately divided. 1 7. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs : stem stout, erect : divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute : petals pale, not exceeding the sepals: ahenes not margined, pointed with a sharp straight beak, in oblong heads. — Colorado and northward, and in the Atlantic States. 18. R. repens, L. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous : stems ascending and some of them fornwig long runners: divisions of the leaves all (or at least the terminal one) stalked, broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut : petals obovate, much larger than the spreading sepals : akenes strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak, in globular heads. — Across the continent. 19. R. macranthus, Scheele. Stem erect, taller, more or less hirsute with spreading hairs : leaves ternately or more frequently bi-ternately divided, segments usually stalked, laciniately lobed and toothed : flowers large, with the sepals strictly reflexed: akenes crowded in subglobose heads, about equalling the RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 broad snbu'a^e beaks. — R. repens, var. macrantlius, Gray. In the Uinta Moun- tains, and from Oregon to Nevada and Texas. The largest of the genus sometimes reaching a height of 5 feet. 20. R. Nuttallii, Gray. Smooth, 6 to 8 inches high : radical leaves bi-ter- nateli] divided, segments 3 to 5-parted, lobes oblong or linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft : petals spatulate, a little longer than the broader sepals which are also yellow : akenes rather few, in a globose head, ci/lindrical-oblong, grooved, manij- nerved, tipped with a long, slender, incurved style. — Colorado and Wyoming, along the eastern foothills. 21. R. multifidus, Pursh, Stems floating or immersed, with the divisions of the leaves long and filiform ; or rooting in the mud and the leaves round- reniform and more or less deeply lobed and toothed : petioles short, broadly sfipnlafe-dilated at base : flowers large, the petals with conspicuous obovate scales: akenes in a small globose head, beaked by a short straight style. — Colorado and northward, and across the continent. H- -1- -1- Leaves pinnately divided. 22. R. orthorhyneus, Hook. More or less villous, the stems often slender, 1 or 2 feet high : divisions of the leaves variously lobed and cut, the segments often narrow : sepals reflexed : petals bright yellow or purple-tinged outside : akenes large, flattened, in a close globose head, with a slender straight beak as long as the ovary. — In the Bitter-root Mountains, northward and westward. 6. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold. Sepals 5 to 12, deciduous. Pods each with several seeds, and when ripen- ing spreading and flattened. — Glabrous perennial herbs, easily recognized by their undivided leaves and showy petal-like sepals. 1. C. leptosepala, DC. Leaves round- to oblong-ovate (longer than broad), with a somewhat narrowed and quadrate base, usually very obscurely crenate above and rather coarsely and often acutely serrate below : flowers solitary, very rarely 2, the second flower subtended by a petioled leaf : sepals Avhite or often tinged with blue. — From New Mexico to Alaska. An excel- lent pot-herb. 7. TROLLIUS, L. Globe flower. Sepals .5 to 15, petal-like. Pods sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth perennials, with large solitary terminal flowers and palmately parted and cut leaves. 1. T. laxus, Salisb. Flowers pale greenish-yellow or nearly white: petals much shorter than the stamens. — Associated with the preceding, but less common. Var. albiflorus, Gray. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, and flowers white. — Near snow-banks. " The pure Avhite and broader sepals, lower stature, and alpine station, distinguish this from the ordinary form," Colorado, Parry. 8. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals all alike, with a short spreading lip. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Perennials, with the leaflets of the 2 to 3 ternately compound leaves lobed. Recognized by its large showy flowers and prominent spurs. 10 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.; * Caulescent : spur longer or shorter than the cali/x. , Spur straight. •n. Flowers red and yellow. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Spurs much longer than the sepcds : flowers 2 inches long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding so that the spurs turn upwards : limb or lip of tlie petals distinct : stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Along subalpine rivulets and eastward across the continent. 2. A. formosa, Fisch. Like the preceding or stouter : spurs shorter, not longer than the elongated sepals. — Colorado and northward, thence westward into Oregon. ++ -M- Flowers never red. 3. A. eOBrulea, James. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, glah7'ous : leaves mostly radical, glaucous beneath, the leaflets deeply cleft : flowers 2 to 2^ inches in diameter, /;a/e blue, sometimes ochroleucous, pinkish, or white: spur very V slender: sepals rhomboid-ovate, longer than the limb of the petals. — On shaded slopes throughout the Rocky Mountains. A very beautiful and showy plant. 4. A. chrysantha, Gray. Usually taller and more slender : peduncles often pubescent: flowers bright ^jcllow throughout: spurs even more slender: sepals lanceolate-oblong, longer but not broader than the limb of the petals. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 62 L Colorado and southward. -1- Spur hooked at the tip. ^ 5. A. flavescens, Watson. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, glabrous except the pubescent peduncles and carpels : flowers ijellow, the sepals frequently tinged with scarlet : spurs shorter than the spreading or reflexed oval or oblong- ovate sepals: limb large and dilated: stamens long exserted. — Bot. King's Rep. 10. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. 6, A. brevistyla, Hook. Stems 6 to 8 inches high, spreading : leaves l)i-ternate; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate: flowers small, blue, ahont 6 lines long, including tlic spur : sepals oblong-ovate : petals a little exceeding the stamens. — A. vulgaris, var. brevistgla, Gray. Colorado and northward into British America. * * Acaulescent : spur shorter than the calgx : flowers blue. 7. A. Jonesii, Parry. Minutely soft-pubescent : scape 1 to 3 inches high, naked, 1-flowered : leaves all crowded and the persistent scale-Hke dilated bases of their petioles imbricated on the stout ascending branches of the rootstock; the partial petioles sliort or wanting, so that the 9 small obovate entire leaflets are in a dense cluster: pods reticulated, smooth. — Am. Nat. viii. 21L Summit of Phlox Mountain, Wyoming, Parri/. " ■ ■') 9. DELPHTINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5f petal-ljke. Petals 2 or 4, irregular ; when 4, the upper 2 developed l)ackwards into a spur which is enclosed in the spur of tlie calyx. Pods many-seeded. — Erect lierbs usually with palmately lobed, cleft, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers, which are blue shading to white. RANUNCULACE.^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.;) 11 * Not glandular j)uhcscent. 1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem slender, branching, often slightli/ pubes- cent: leaves deeply 3 to 5-parted, the divisions 2 to 3 times cleft, the lobes all narrowlij linear: flowers skij-blue or whitish, in a strict not dense raceme: spur ascending, usually curved upwards. — Colorado, Wyoming, and eastward across the plains. 2. D. Menziesii, DC. Glabrous below, at least at the very base, pubes- cent above with spreading hairs, especially the inflorescence : leaves 5-parted, divisions^ to 3-cleft : flowers large, deep-blue, in a loosely few- to many-flowered simple raceme : upper petals veined with purple : spur long and slender : ovaries somewhat tomentose. — Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward. 3. D. bicolor, Nutt. Very similar, but the whole plant glabrous through- out, including the ovaries, or occasionally somewhat tomentose-pubescent ; and the flowers are uniformly smaller. — The D. Menziesii of Fl. Colorado and D. Menziesii, var. Utahense, of Bot King's Rep. 12. Foothills of Colorado and nortliward. Closely resembles the eastern D. tricorne. X 4. D. seopulorum, Gray. Pubescent with a fine hoary tomentum or glabrous : stem leafy : leaves orbicular in outline, 3 to 5-parted, the divisions deeply 2 to 3-cleft, the segments many-lobed or laciniaf.e : flowers sparingly pilose without, in a many-flowered strict raceme : spur longer than the sepals : pods pubescent, on stout pedicels. — PI. Wright, ii. 9. Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British America. * * Glandular pubescent. 5. D. OCCidentale, Watson. Known by the stiff glandular spreading ])ubescence, which extends rarely to the ovaries and fruit : flowers numerous, dull or dark blue, very variable in size, often in compound racemes : seeds light colored and somewhat spongy. — D. elatum, var.(?) occidentale, Watson. Alpine or subalpine, from Colorado to Oregon. 10. A C O N I T U M, L. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals 2 to 5 ; the upper 2 with long claws and irregu- lar spur-like blades concealed within the hood ; the lower 3 very minute or obsolete. Pods many-seeded. — Herbs with palmately lobed leaves. 1 . A. Columbianum, Nutt. Stem stout, 3 to 6 feet high : more or less pubescent above with short spreading yellowish viscid hairs : divisions of the leaves broadly cuneate and laciniately toothed or lobed : flowers purple or white in a loose terminal raceme : the hood varying much in breadth and in length of beak. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 34. A. nasutum, Hook. A. Fisrheri of Bot. Calif, i. 12. Colorado, Wyoming, and westward to the Sierra Nevada. 11. ACT^A, L. Baneberry. Sepals 4 to 6, petal-like. Petals 4 to 10. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Berr} with many seeds, which are packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennial herbs with 2 to 3 ternately compound leaves. 1. A. spicata, L., var. arguta, Torr. Smooth, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets larger and more serrated than in the next : petals oblong, obtuse : berries V 12 BERBERIDACE.^. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) either wliite or red, in a loose, rathw elongated raceme. — From the mouutaiiis westward. Var. rubra, Ait. Raceme ovate: petals rhomhic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens : berries cherry-red. — From the mountains eastward to the Atlantic. Order 2. BERBERIDACE.S:. (Barberry Family.) Our species are shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves and no stipules ; the Hovver parts are distinct and free, and are opposite to each other instead of alternate ; the anthers open by uplifted valves. — Sepals and petals imbricated and deciduous. Pistil one, simple ; style short or none. 1. B E R B E R I S, L. Barberry. Sepals 6, colored like the petals, with 3 or 6 closely appressed hractlets. Petals 6, yellow. Stamens 6. Stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry with 1 to 3 seeds. — Shrubs with yellow wood and the flowers in clustered bracteate racemes. 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low shrub less than a foot high: leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute : racemes few, terminating the stems. — Throughout the Rocky Mountains. This is the D. Aquifolium of Fl. Colorado and tlie various Western Reports. B. Aquifolium ranges farther west, especially in Oregon and Wash- ington Territory, and is a much larger shrub, with clusters of racemes. 2. B. Fendleri, Gray. Much taller (3 to 6 feet), icith branches smooth and shining as if varnished: leaves entire or irregularly spinulose-serrate : racemes pendulous, denselgflowered : calyx with conspicuous red bracts. — PI. Fendl. 5. S. W. Colorado, southward, and westward to S. California. Order 3. NYMPH^ACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes tubers ; the leaves (in ours) deeply cordate ; flowers with all tlie parts distinct and free, solitary and axillary on long peduncles ; stamens numerous. 1, NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter-Dock. Sepals 5 to 12, persistent, usually yellow within and partly green without. Petals and stamens short and nnmerous, densely crowded around the ovary. Ovary 8 to 20-celled, crowned by a radiate stigma, the cells many-seeded. — In shallow water, sending up large leathery leaves which are usually upright, but sometimes floating. 1. N". advena, Ait. Emersed and erect leaves thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the siiius open, or closed, or narrow : sepals 6: petals like the stamens, thick and fleshy, truncate : fruit ovoid. — Abundant in the Yellowstone Park, and extending northward and eastward across the continent. FUMAUIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 13 2. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Larger: leaves 6 to 12 inches long, rounded (d)ove, deeplf/ cordate at base : sepals S to 12 : petals dilated and unlike the stamens, often tinged with red : fruit globular. — Mountain lakes in Colo- rado, westward and northward. Order 4. PAPAVERACEiE. (Poppy Family.) Herl)S, usually with milky or orange -yellow juice ; sepals 2 or 3» caducous; petals twice as many, in two sets; stamens indefinite; ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placentae; seeds numerous. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in tlie bud. 1. Papaver. Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentae. Stigmas united into a radiate crown. Pod opening by cliiuks or pores under the edge of the stigma. 2. Argeinone. Ovary strictly 1-celled. Pod opening by valves, and with the leaves prickly. 1. PAPAVER, L. Poppy. Sepals 2. Stigma 4 to 20-rayed. Pod short and turgid. — Herbs with a white juice, and nodding flower-buds. 1. P. nudicaule, L. Scape l-flowered, 2 to 3 inches high, naked, hispid as well as the calyx with brownish hairs : leaves lance-ovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid : petals lemon-yellow : pod obovate, hispid. — P. alpinum of the Fl. Colorado. Alpine. Colorado and in Arctic America. 2. A R G E M O N E, L. Prickly Poppy. Sepals 2 or S, often prickly. Stigma 3 to 6-rayed. Pod oblong ; seeds crested. — Well marked by the prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, with prickly teeth. Flower-buds erect. 1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Erect, 1 to 2h feet high, hispid throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles : lower leaves attenuate to a winged petiole ; the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white : pod oblong. — A. hispida, Gray. Colorado to Mexico and westAvard. It is doubtful whether A. Mexicana occurs in Colorado, but it ranges farther south. Order 5. FUMABIACE^. (Fumitory Family.) Tender herbs, with watery juice, dissected compound leaves, perfect irregular hypogynous flowers with parts in twos, except the diadelphous stamens which are 6, ovary 1-celled, seeds, etc. as in Papaveracece, to which order Bentham & Hooker have united it. / 1. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped (in ours) at the base. 2. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 14 FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in two sets ; the outer pair larger, saccate at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, the hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, thus forming a cavity which con- tains the anthers and stigma. Middle anther in each set 2-celled, lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod 1-celled. — Glabrous perennials with the fleshy root surmounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. 1. D. uniflora, Kellogg. The 3 to 7 divisions of the leaves pinnatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatulate lobes : scape 2 to 3 bracted, 1 -flowered : flowers flesh-colored, ^ inch long, the divergent or reflexed tips, of the outer petals equalling or exceeding tlie erect gibbous-saccate base ; inner ones not crested, the blade broadly hastate : pod abruptly beaked with the short style. — Alpine. Wahsatch and Teton Mountains, and westward in the Sierra IS^evada. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side. Otherwise as in Dicentra. * Corolla golden-yellow ; spur shorter than the rest of the flower. 1. C. aurea, Willd. Stems low or decumbent: racemes simple: tlie slightly decurved spur not half the length of the rest of the flower : tips of the outer petals blunt, crestless and naked on the back : pods tisualhj ptendent : seeds smooth and even, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril. — From Colorado northward and eastward. Var. OCcidentalis, Gray. Spur longer : pods erect : seeds lenticular with acute margins. — More common in our range than the type. Colorado to Montana, and eastward to Missouri and Texas. Var. micrantha, Engelm. Flowers small, nearly spurless, on short pedi- cels : pods ascending. — From the Western Mississippi States to the Uinta Mountains. 2. C. CUrvisiliqua, Engelm. Differs from the last in having longer A-angular pods ascending on very short pedicels : the acute-margined seeds muri- cate. — C. aurea, var. curvisiliqua, Gray. Common in the mountains of Colorado and southeastward. * * Corolla white or cream-color ; spur longer than the resf of the floioer. 3. C. Brandegei, Watson. Tall and stout (5 feet high): leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided ; the lanceolate leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, acute or acuminate : hood not crested, the margins folded back and not projecting beyond the obtuse summit: pod oblong-obovate, obtuse, reflexed. — Mountains of S. Colorado and in the Wahsatch. Formerly referred to C. Caseana, which has a more westerly range. 4. C. Cusickii, Watson. Leaves bipinnately divided ; the oblong-oval leaf- lets acute at each end, half-inch long : the broad margins of the hood produced beyond its acute apex and folded back over the narrow and somewhat crisped or erose crest : pod acute. — Extending from Oregon into the Bitter Root Mountains. CRUCIFER^. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) 15 Order 6. CRUCIFER.E. (Mustard Family.) Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous •jtamens, and a 2-ceUed pod with 2 parietal placentae. — Sepals 4, decid- uous. Petals 4. (%ary 2-celled by a partition which stretches across from the phicent£B, rarely 1 -celled. Style undivided or none ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, the two valves foiling away from the partition, which persists and is called the replum, in a few genera indehiscent. Ovules few or numerous. Flowers generally iu racemes and without bractlets. Leaves alternate, without stipules. The mature pods are necessary for analysis. I. Pod deUiseenl, 2-valved. # Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition : cotyledons accumhent (i. the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross-section thus oQ). Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1-nerved : flowers white or yellow. 1. Draba* Pod ovate to oblong or linear, few to many-seeded ; valves flat or convex. Seeds wingless. Low, flowers racemose. ••- Pod elongated. +* Valves nerveless ; i-eplum thickened ; seeds wingless : flowers white : leaves all petioled. 2 Carclamlne. Pod moderately beaked or pointed. Stems leafy, with elongated racemes. ■H- ++ Valves 1-nerved ; replum thin ; seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowers white to purple (sometimes yellowish in Streptanthus) : cauline leaves (if any) sessile. 3. Pax'rya. Anthers linear. Petals broadly obovate. Seeds in one or two rows. Scape naked. 4. Arabis. Anthers short, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows. 5. Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and usually colored. Seeds iu one row. * * Pod terete or 4-angled, slightly or not at all compressed ; seeds not margined, •t- Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1-nerved; seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flat- tened, cotyledons incumbent (i. e. the radicle and cotyledons appearing hi cross- section thus oX)). Stout biennials or perennials. ++ Flowers greenish-yellow to purple : anthers sagittate. 6. Caulanthus. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little longer than the broad sepals, greenish-yellow or purple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, somewhat 2-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long or more, 7. Thelypodium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much ex- ceeding the narrow sepals, usually pink to purple. Filaments often exserted. Style short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod sessile or short-stipitate. ++ ++ Flowers yellow. 8. Stanleya. Pod somowhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not sagittate, spirally coiled. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. 9. Erysimum. Pod 4-atigled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, not coiled. Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed, -t- Pod linear, mostly less than 1 inch long ; valves T to 3-nerved ; seeds in 1 or 2 rows, globose to oblong : flowers usually yellow (white or pinkish in Smelowskia) : at leas,t the lower leaves pinnatifid. ^ \ Brassica, an introduced genus, may be looked for in this group, differing from the other genera in its nearly terete pod with a long stout beak, globose seeds with the cotyledotis infolding the radicle, and long sagittate anthers. See foot-note, p. 23 16 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) 10. Barbarea. Pod soniewliat 4-anglc.(i, pointed. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons nearly ac- cuniheut. Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately-pinnatifid. A smooth marsh perennial. 11. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds oblong; cotyle- dons incunilient. Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, with finely dis- se(;t«d or entire leaves. 12. Siueluwskia. Pod short, 4-anglcd, pointed at each end. Alpine perennials with narrowly i>innatilid leaves ; otherwise as Sisymbrium. ••- H- Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; valves strongly convex, nerveless ; seeds in 2 rows, cotyledons accunibent.^ 13. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat hispid. 14. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- canescent. * * * Pod more or less flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves ; seeds not winged. +- Valves l-nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons in- cumbent : flowers white. 15. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly compressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves. 10. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed. Nearly smooth annuals, ■t- Valves acutely carinate or winged; cells few (I to 5)-.seeded ; cotyledons accumbent (mostly incumbent in Lepidium) : flowers white. 17. Thlaspi. Pod cuneale-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2 to 4-seeded. A smooth alpine perennial with entire leaves. 18. r.epidium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-wingeA at the summit; cells 1 to 2-seeded. •I- -f- Valves inflated, nerveless; c(^ls several-seeded; cotyledons accumbent: flowers yellow. 19. Physaria. Pod didymous ; cells nearly globular. Stellate-canescent perennials with entire leaves. II. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis.* 20. Biscutella. Cells flat, nearly orbicular, 1-seeded. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated or conical, nearly sessile. 1. DRABA, L. Wiiitlow-Grass. Sepals equal, rilaments mostly flattened, without teeth : anthers rounded or oval. — Leaves entire or toothed. * Stems scape-like, leajless {or perhaps 1 or 2-leaved). 1. D. Stellata, Jacq. Scape with a single leaf, pubescent: haves oblong- oval, tomentose with a sJiort stellate pubescence : flowers white : pedicels pmberulent : pods oblong. — Uinta and Teton Mountains, and far northward. Var. nivalis, Kegel. Scape naked or sometimes ivith one or two leaves, pubescent : leaves oUanceolate to obovate, canescent with a stellate pubescence : pods narrowli/ oblong, and, with the pedicels, becoming glabrous. — D. nemorosa, var. alpina, of the Fl. Colorado. High peaks about Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, and in Arctic America. Var. JohanniS, Kegel. Scape naked or with a single leaf, glabrous: leaves ovate, with a short ivoolly pubescence: jwds long, linear, and with the pedi- 1 Cnmelina, an introduced genus, is distinguished by its pear-shaped pod, 1-nervcd valves, incumbent <;otyledons, and small yellow flowers. See foot-note, p. 25. 2 Raphanns, an introduced genus, is known by its elongated 1-celled or transversely- jointed pod, which is attenuated above. See foot-note, p. 27. CRUCIFER^E. (mustard FAMILY.) 17 eels glabrous. — D. muricella, Wahl. ? of Bot. King's Exp. 21; D. nivalis of Hayd. Rep. 1870. Uinta Mountains and far northward. 2. D. crassifolia, Grah. Scape naked or with a single leaf, 1 to 3 inches high : leaves lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat serrate, ciliate with simple hairs: flowers small, yellow or white: petals a little exceeding the sepals, retuse: pods ovate-elliptical, glabrous. — Alpine, from Colorado northward, and in California. 3. D. alpina, L. Rather rigid : scape naked, mostly somewhat hirsute : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, more or less pilose with branching hairs : petals yellow, more than twice the length of the sepals : pods somewhat corymbed, oblong- elliptical. — Alpine, Colorado, Uintas, and northward to Arctic America. Var. glacialis, Dickie. Dwarf: leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly ohlanceolafe, more or less strongly carinate, stellate pubescent, not ciliate : pods short-ovate, pubescent. — D. glacialis of Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. Peaks about Yellowstone Lake and far northM'ard. * * Stems leafy. •i- Flowers white. 4. D. incana, L. Hoary pubescent, seldom branching at the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate : pods oblong-lanceolate, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels. Var. eonf USa, Poir. Leaves sparingly toothed : pods pubescent. — Moun- tains of Colorado and in British America. 5. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent throughout with branching hairs, usually branching at base, leafy below or only at base : leaves obovate or spatulate with a narrow or cuneate base, sparingly toothed toward the apex : pods linear-oblong, somewhat pubescent with. short ascending hairs, on spread- ing pedicels. — Southern Colorado, eastward, and probably westward. H- -t- Flowers yellow {white in one variety of JVo. 7). •t-f. Pods glabrous {except in one variety of No. 7). 6. D. stenoloba, Ledeb. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, glabrous above : stems erect, with divergent or decumbent branches near the base : leaves oblanceolate, rather thin, rarely and sparingly toothed ; the cauline few and sessile : petals bright or pale yellow : pods linear, in an elongated raceme on spreading scattered pedicels ; style non'e. — D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of Bot. King's Exp. 22. Colorado mountains, the Uintas and Wahsatch, and west- ward to California. 7. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed : racemes elongated : petals emarginate, small : pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely spreading pedicels. Var. leiocarpa, Lindb. Often with stem nearly or quite leafless, and petals sometimes pinkish-white : sepals sparsely hirsute : pedicels scarcely ex- ceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods. — D. nemorosa, var. luiea, of n. Colorado and Hayd. Rep. 1871. Colorado and throughout Yellowstone Park. Var. hebecarpa, Lindb. Pubescent : stem branched : pods pubescent, one third the length of the pedicels. — D. nemorosa of Bot. King's Exp. 22 and Hayd. Rep. 1871. In the mountains from Colorado to Arctic America. 2 18 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 8. D. ehrysantha, Watson. Stems decumbent or erect from a branch- ing rootstock, which becomes covered ivith the persistent bases of dead leaves, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs : basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly entire; the cauliue oblanceolate to lanceolate : _/?otrers bright yellow: pod oblong, acute at each end and beaked bi/ a slender style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 364. In the high mountains of Colorado and southward into Arizona. -M- -M- Pods not glabrous. 9. D. montana, Watson. Iloary-villous with simple or branching rigid hairs, rather stoat, erect, simple or sparingly branched, becoming a span high or less : leaves rosulate and rather crowded at and above the base of the stem, oblanceolate, sparingly toothed : pods linear-oblong, obtusish, roughly puberulent, nearly erect upon spreading pedicels; style none. — Wheeler's Rep. vi. 63. Colorado. 10. D. aurea, Vahl. More or less canescently stellate pubescent and usually somewhat villous with branching hairs : stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or several from the same root, simple or branched : leaves oblanceolate, petioled ; the upper sessile, oblong to oblong-ovate, entire or sometimes sparingly toothed : petals yellow fading to white : j)ods linear -lanceolate, attenuate upward into a short style, puberulent, often somewhat twisted. — From Colorado to British America. Var. stylosa, Gray. Style as long as in the next. — Southwestern Colorado. 11. D. streptocarpa, Gray. A si)anh\gh, with simple or simply forked, lonq, rigid, shaggy, spreading hairs : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated into a large-margined petiole ; cauline very entire, sessile : racemes often paniculate: petals golden-yellow : pods linear or oblong-orate, minutely or strongly hispid-ciliate, usually much twisted Avith often 3 or 4 turns ; style long. — In the mountains of Colorado to the very summit, the alpine forms being much dwarfed. 12. D. ventosa, Gray. Depressed and cespitose, canescently tomentose throughout, the pubescence stellate: leaves crowded on the mostly tufted branches, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire : peduncle in fruit exserted be- yond the leaves: petals golden-yellow : pod oval or orbicular, tomentulose-hirsute, tipped with a short distinct style. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " On a high rocky peak overlooking Snake and Wind River valleys," Parry. 2. CAR DA MINE, L. Bittek Cress. Sepals equal. Pod linear, seeds in one row. — Growing in wet places, usually with running rootstocks or smaU tubers ; leaves all petioled, simple or pinnate. 1. C. COrdifolia, Gray. Stem I to 3 feet high, erect, simiple, leaf / to the top : leaves cordate, sparingly repand-dentate or angular-toothed, ciliate, 2 to 4 inches across ; lowest orbicular ; upper triangular-cordate : flowers rather large : pods erect.— C. rhomboidea of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. 2. C. Breweri, Watson. Steju & to 18 inches high, flexuous, decumbent at base, usually simple : leafets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, fAe terminal much CKUCIFER.E. (mustard FAMILY.) 19 the largest, eutire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, often cordate at base ; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : pods obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, ascendint/. — Froc. Am. Acad. x. 339. C. pau- cisecia of Hayd. Kep. 1870, 1871, 1872. From Wyoming to California and Oregon. 3. C. hirsuta, L. Slem 3 to 12 inches high, erect or ascending from a spreading cluster of root-leaces : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, rounded ; those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent: flowers small: pods erect or ascending in line with the pedicels ; style very short or almost none. — From Colorado to Alaska and eastward across the continent. 3. PARRYA, R. Br. Style rather short ; lobes of the stigma connate. Seeds flat, orbicular, with a broad membranous border. — Low herbs, with thick perennial roots and numerous scapes with racemed flowers. 1. P. nudicaulis, Regel. Rootstock fusiform: scape 4 to 6 inches high : leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed : petals rose-color or pur])le, retuse : pods broadly linear, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted between the seeds, which are slightly corrugated. Var. aspera, Regel. Pilose with glandular hairs. Var. glabra, Regel. Whole plant glabrous. — Both varieties are included in the P. macrocarpa of Bot. King's Exp. 14 and Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88. Near the summit of one of tlie highest peaks of the Uintas ( Watson). 4. ARAB IS, L. Rock Cress. Anthers short, hardly emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed. Pod linear. Seeds flat and usually winged. — Erect, with perpen- dicular roots and undivided leaves, the cauline usually clasping and auricled at base. * Biennials : pods erect or ascending : flowers small, ivhite or nearly so. 1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous: stern stout, usually simple, 2 to 4 feet high, mostlg glabrous but often hirsute toward the base : lower leaves spatu- late, sinuate-pinnatifld or toothed ; the cauline entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clasping bij the sagittate base : petals little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and usually appressed, narrowly linear; style short: seeds m two rows, narrowly winged or wingless. — Across the continent and far northward. 2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, I to 2 feet high : leaves often rosulate at the base ; the cauline ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate base : petals greenish-Avhite, /onr/er //ia?i the sepals: pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any : seeds in one row, wingless. — Colorado and northward, and east- ward across the continent. 3. A. Spatliulata, Nutt. Hirsute, dwarf and somewhat cespitose, about 4 inches high : root thick, crowned with vestiges of former leaves and stems : leaves spatulate-oblong, entire; radical leaves on rather long petioles: petals about twice the length of the sepals: pedicel about half the length of the pod, which is rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct slender style : seeds wiih ^ 20 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) a narrow margin. — Along the Platte and westward to W. Nevada and Oregon. 4. A. lyrata, L. Low, diffuse or spreading from the base, mostlij glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatijid root-leaves; cauline leaves scattered, spatulate or linear i67f/i a tapering base : petals much longer tlian the yellowish sepals : pods ascending or spreading: seeds marginless. — From Colorado northward and eastward. * * Mostly perennials: pods usually erect or ascending flowers mostly larger and deeper-colored. 5. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 1 to 2 feet high : stem- leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate, or the lowest spatulate : petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the sepals : pedicels and pods loosely erect or ascending or spreading : seeds wing-niargined. — Throughout the whole Rocky Mountain region and eastward across the continent. Very variable. 6. A. Lyalli, Watson. Bright green or glaucous and glabrous, sometimes villous below, rarely more or less cauescent Avith stellate pubescence : stems slender from a branching base, 2 to 15 {7iches high: radical leaves oblanceolate, entire; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping by a sagittate base: petals light pink, twice longer than the sepals : style none : seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Drummondii, var. alpina, of Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. Alpine and subalpine. Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and westward. 7. A. caneseens, Nutt. Densely and finely stellate-pubescent, 2 to ^ inches high, tufted : leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate to broadly spatulate, entire ; cauline oblong and clasping : petals pale-purple : i)ods glabrous, tipped by a thick nearly sessile stigma, more or less spreading or reflexed on short pedicels : seeds in 1 row, broadly icinged. — Wyoming to Nevada and California, * * * Perennial: pods reflexed or recurved : style none. 8. A. Holboellii, Hornem. More or less stellate-pubescent, rarely hirsute or even glabrous : stem | to 2 feet high, simple or branching : lower leaves spatulate, entire or denticulate : petals twice longer than the sepals, white or rose-color or rarely purple, becoming reflexed. — A. retrofracta, Grab. From the Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and Arctic America, and eastward to the Saskatchewan. 5. STREPT ANTHUS, Nutt. Anthers elongated, sagittate ; longer filaments sometimes connate. Stigma simple. Pod linear. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — Ours is a perennial, Avith stem-leaves clasping by a broad auriculate base. 1. S. COrdatUS, Nutt. Glabrous or glaucous: stem simple, 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout : leaves thick, usually repandly toothed toward the apex, the teeth often setosely tipped ; lower leaves spatulate-ovate or obovate ; cauline cordate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate : petals about half longer than the sepals, greenish-yellow to purple : pods nearly straight, loosely spreading. — Mountains of Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to the Sierra Nevada. CRUCIFEK^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 21 6. CAULANTHUS, Watson. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Anthers linear, curved. — Ours are stout perennials, with lyrate and entire leaves and grecnish-yellovr flowers. 1. C. hastatUS, Watson. Glabrous, simple or somewhat branched: leaves petioled, very variable ; radical ones lyrate or entire, the terminal leaflet ovate, hastate, or truncate at base, the lateral leaflets very small ; cauline ovate-oblong, entire, hastate, rounded or cuneate at base : flowers in a loose virgate raceme, reflexed : sepals narrow, distant: petals (sometimes nearly wanting) equalling the sepals, toothed on the sides : pods spreading. — Bot. King's Exp. 28, with plate. On shaded slopes in the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. ^ 7. THELYPODIUM, Endl. Sepals narrow, equal at base. Anthers linear, curved. — Mostly stout and coarse biennials. * Leaves eiitire. 1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, attenuated upward and sending out numerous branches toward the summit: radical leaves petioled, oblong-elliptical ; cauline lanceolate, sessile, uppermost nearly linear : flowers crowded, pale rose-color: pedicels almost horizontal : pod short, abruptly pointed, on a short slipe. — From New Mexico to the Upper Missouri and Oregon ; also in California. ^ 2. T. linearifolium, Watson. Stem 1 foot or more high, often branched from the base, erect, paniculate at the top : leaves linear, or the lower lance- olate, sessile : sepals turning purplish : petals rose-purple : pods erect, on spreading pedicels, very slender, teretish, apiculate with a very short style. — Bot. King's Exp. 25. Streptanthus linear if olius, Gray. Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 3. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 18 inches high: radical leaves long-petioled, lanceolate; cauline sagittate and clasping: sepals purplish : petals pale pink : pods somewhat torulose, acuminate with the rather long style, spreading. — W. Wyoming, S. W. Montana, to Utah and Nevada. 4. T. Nuttallii, Watson. Resembling the last but stouter and more erect, 3 to 5 feet high: radical leaves ovate: sepals and petals bright purple, TSiTely whitish. — Bot. King's Exp. 26. Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California. * * At least the radical leaves toothed. 5. T. Wrightii, Gray. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, repand- dentate or denticulate, all narrowed into a short petiole : flowering racemes short and dense ; pedicels divaricate : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : pods widely spreading, on a very short stipe. — Colorado and southward. 22 CRUcrFER^. (mustard family.) 8. STANLEYA, Nutt. Sepals narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals with long connivent claws. Fila- ments much elongated. — Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated racemes. 1. S. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, decumbent at base: lower leaves I j rate-pi nnatijid ; upper leaves entire, lanceolate, narrowed at base to a slender petiole : pods somewhat torulose, twice longer than the stipe. — S. integri/olia, James. From Arizona and New Mexico to the head-waters of the Missouri, eastward to Western Iowa, and westward to California. 2. S, tomentosa, Parry. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, vert/ stout, white-villous or hirsute throufjhout: radical and lower leaves as in the last; upper ones entire and ftastate, passing into lanceolate and finally subulate bracts : raceme very dense and thick, cylindrical, becoming 1 to H feet long, with pale cream- colored flowers. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " Owl Creek, Wyoming, on dry slopes," Parri/. 3. S. Viridiflora, Nutt. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, simple, erect, glabrous : radical leaves obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a fewruncinate teeth towards the base; cauline lanceolate, clasping: sepals and petals greenish-yellow: pods torulose. — N. Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and northward. 9. ERYSIMUM, L. Sepals erect, the alternate ones strongly gibbous at base. Petals long- clawed, with a flat blade. Leaves not clasping ; the flowers often large, yeUow or orange, or occasionally purple. * Flowers small : pods small and short. 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. Minutely roughish, slender, branching: leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed: pods very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — From Colorado to Arctic America and westward. * * Flowers showij : pods elongated. 2. E. asperum, DC. Canescent with short appressed hairs: stems soll- tarv and simple, rarely branched above : leaves oblanceolale or narrowly spatu- late ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly repand : petals light yellow to deep orange or purple : pods ascending on stout spreading pedicels. — From Mexico to British America, and from California to Texas and Ohio. Var. Arkansanum, Gray. Minutely roughish-hoary : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed : pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, exactly 4-sided. — On the plains and in the mountains of Colorado and eastward. . 3. E. pumilum, Nutt. Somewhat scabrous: stems 2 to 4 inches high: leaves linear, all entire : flowers pale yellow : pods flatly 4-sided, very long, erect, on very short pedicels. — E. asperum, var. pumilum, and Hesperis Pallasii of Fl. Colorado. Alpine in Colorado, also in the foothills of Nevada. 4. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Canescent and scabrous : stem low and simple : leaves all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire, densely clustered at the base of the stem : flowers small, sulphur-yellow : pods erect. — E. asperum, var. inconspicuum, of Bot. King's Exp. 24 and Bot. Calif, i. 39. Nevada to the Saskatchewan. CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 23 10. BARB ARE A, R. Br. Winter Cress. Valves somewhat carinate. Seeds in one row, turgid, marginless. — Erect and branching, with angled stems. 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Stem 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves lyrate- pinuatifid, with a larger rounded terminal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral ones ; upper leaves obovate, more or less piuuatifid at base : pods erect, often appressed. — From OregoH eastward. 11. SISYMBRIU M,i L. Hedge Mustard. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Seeds not margined. — Erectjierbs, with small flowers, the leaves not clasping or auriculate, rarely entire. * Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 1. S. canescens, Nutt. Canescent with short branching hairs: stems ^ to 2^ feet high : leaves 1 to 2-pinnate, with the segments more or less deeply pinnatifid or toothed : pods acute at each end and pointed with the very short style, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels : seeds in two rows. — Very common on the plains and in the mountains. From Colorado to Arctic America, westward to California, and eastward to Kew York and Pennsyl- vania. 2. S. ineisum, Engelm. Pubescence short, more or less glandular : stems 1 to 4 feet high : leaves pinnate, with the segments linear to ovate-oblong, more or less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes entire : pods pointed at both ends, mostly exceeding the spreading pedicels: seeds in one row. — S. Californicum, Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 23. Oregon and Wasliington Territory, east- ward to Winnipeg Valley and southward to New Mexico, * * Leaves entire or toothed. 3. S. glaucum, Nutt. Glaucous, about 1 foot high : radical leaves small, spatulate ; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute : flowers very small, pale purple : pods erect : seeds in one or two rows. — South Park, Colorado, and northwestward to Oregon. 4. S. Virgatum, Nutt. Canescently hirsute with simple and stellate hairs : stem about a span high, virgately branched from the base : leaves lanceolate- linear, clasping; lower ones denticulate or entire: floAvers larger, /?a7e /Jwr/Ve ; pods erect : seeds in two rows. — On the Platte and its tributaries. :^.5. S. linifolium, Nutt. Glab rous and glaucous, 1 to feet high : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear : flowers light yellow: pods ascending on short spreading pedicels, with short thick styles : seeds in one row. — S. juncenm of Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. W. Wyoming and northwestward through Montana and Idaho. 1 Brassica is an allied genus, represented in our range by the following introduced species : — B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Known by its rough spreading hairs, lower leaves usually with a large coarsely toothed terminal lobe, upper leaves often undivided, and the pods more than a third occupied by the stout 2-edged beak. — Around settlements in S. Montana and Idaho, and undoubtedly elsewhere. 24 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 12. SMELOWSKIA, C. A. Meyer. Dwarf alpine perennials, distinguished from Sisijmbrium by the short 4-angled pods. I. S. calyeina, C. A. Meyer. Densely white-tomentose to nearly gla- brous, cespitose, the much-branched rootstock thickly covered with the sheath- ing bases of dead leaves : leaves mostly radical and with long slender petioles, pinnate or pinnatifid ; segments linear to oblong : pod beaked with a short style and broad stigma, ascending on spreading pedicels : seeds in one row. — From Colorado to California and Oregon, and northward. 13» N ASTURTIUM, R. Br. Watee-Cress. Growing in water or in moist places, smooth or nearly so, with the leaves pinnatifid or lyrate. * Flowers small, yellow or yellowish. 1. N. obtusum, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so: stems much branched: leaves pinnately parted or divided, often lyrate, decurrent ; segments oblong- roundish, obtusely toothed or repand : racemes elongated in fruit : pods ovate to linear-oblong, twice the length of the pedicels ; style shoi't. — From Colorado to the headwaters of tlie Yellowstone and eastward. Growing in the spray of the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. Var. (?) alpinum, Watson. Dwarf: leaves oblong, entire or with a few teeth or coarsely lyrate-pinnatifid : pods mostly shorter than the pedicels. — Bot. King's Exp. L5. Uinta Mountains. 2. N. palustre, DC. Stout, glabrous, erect, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, lyrately-pinnatifd, petioled : pods oblong, equalling the spreading pedicels, tipped by the prominent style. — E. California to Colorado, thence northward and eastward. Var. hispidum, Fisch. & Meyer. Somewhat hispid : pods shorter, globose- oblong. — The more common form. 3. N. curvisiliqua, Nutt. Smooth, usually erect, ^ to 1 foot high : leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinnatifid with oblong usually toothed lobes, rarely only sinuate-toothed : pods rather slender on pedicels of about the same length, both often strongly curved; style prominent or none. — W. Wyo- ming and Idaho to Washington Terr, and California. 4. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems diffuse, slender, decumbent, smooth or slightly roughened, from perennial creeping or subterranean shoots: leaves lanceolate, usually narrow, regularly sinuate-pinnatifid with numerous linear- oblong nearly entire lobes : pods linear, tipped with the long style, becoming curved, as also the slender pedicel. — From New Mexico to the Upper Missis- sippi and westward to the Sierra Nevada. * * Flowers white.^ 5. N. trachycarpum, Gray. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching: leaves lyrate-subpinnatifid : pods oblong-linear, papillose-roughened, curved- 1 N. officinale, R. Br., is a smooth procumbent aquatio rooting at the joints, with pinnate leaves and sinuate leaflets, and with spreading pedicels and a short thick style. —Intro- duced in the streams about Denver and Salt Lake City, and doubtless elsewhere. CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 25 ascending on stout pedicels, soon recurved, shorter than the long subulate style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54. S. W. Colorado on the San Juan, etc., Brandegee. 14. VESICARIA,! Tourn. Bladder-pod. Low densely stellate-canescent herbs, with large yellow flowers, entire or sinuately toothed leaves, and long slender styles. * Pod smooth. 1. V. Fendleri, Gray. Low, spreading from a thick woody caudex: leaves linear or liuear-spatulate, crowded, mostly entire : raceme densely many-flowered : pod membranaceous. — PI. Feudl. 9. V. stenophylla, Gray, of Fl. Colorado, 6. Southern Colorado and southward. * * Pod hairy. 2. V. Ludoviciana, DC. Stem simple or somewhat branched above : radical leaves spatulale, entire; cauline linear : pod ohorate, globose, a little longer than the style. — Colorado and Wyoming. 3. V. montana, Gray. Stems spreading, leafy : radical leaves suhovate, petioled, sometimes 1 or 2-toothed ; cauline spatulate: fruiting raceme elongated: pod oval or ellipsoidal, a little longer than the style and a little shorter than the upwardly curving spreading pedicel. — Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, also in California and Oregon. V. alpina, Nutt. Dwarf and cespitose : leaves linear-spatulate, entire : flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant : ])od inflated beloiv, compressed at the summit, shorter than the style, densely clothed with stellate hairs. — W. Wyoming and S. W. Montana. , 15. SUBU LABIA, L. Awlwort. A d^varf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves, few minute white flowers, and no style. 1. S. aquatica, L. Scapes l to 3 inches high: leaves usually shorter than the scapes : flowers scattered : petals not exserted : pods obtuse, about equalling the pedicels. — In gi-eat abundance at the head of Yellowstone Lake, Parry. The next stations to the east are in New Hampshire and Maine. — 16. CAP SELLA, Moench. Shepherd's Purse. Slender and mostly smooth annuals, Avith small white flowers and simple or pinnate leaves.-^ 1. C. divaricata, Walp. Glabrous, very slender and diffusely branched : radical leaves pinnate or pinnatifid with few lobes ; the upper oblanceolate to linear, entire : pods elliptic-oblong, on very slender spreading pedicels. — Colorado, W. Wyoming, and westward. J Camelina sativa, Crantz., is an nnnual, with lanceolate arrow-shaped leaves, and large margined poorthward and westward. * * Petals yellow : sepals glandular-margined. 2. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stems angled, much branched : leaves linear, /ingently-acute, rigid, with scabrous margins : pedicels thickened at the end and GERANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 43 forming an exterior cup-shaped calyculus: petals sulphur-yellow: styles unittd almost to the top: capsule shorter than the sepals. — From S. Colorado to the Missouri River. 3. L. Eiingii, Watson. Stems panicled above, shrubby at base: leaves linear or narrowly oblong, obtuse: styles distinct: capsule somewhat exceeding the sepals. — Bot, King's Exp. 49, Mountains of Utah. Order 17. ZlfGOPHYL.L4CEiE. Distinguished from allied orders by the opposite compound leaves, with interposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. — Sepals 5, distinct. Petals hypogynous, iin])ricated in the bud. Stamens (in ours) twice as many as the petals and inserted with tliem. Ovary 5 to J2-celled, with a single terminal style. Fruit dry. — Ours are herbs or shrubs, with solitary flowers on lateral or terminal naked peduncles, and ovary sur- rounded at the base by a disk. 1. Tribulus. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 6 to le-foliolate. Fruit tuberculate. Herbs. 2. Larrea. Leaves 2-foliolate. Fruit densely hairy. Heavy-scented shrubs. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals mostly persistent. Petals fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, the alternate filaments a little shorter and with a gland at base on the outer side. Ovary 5 to 12-celled. Fruit lobed, separating into roughly tuberculate carpels. — Loosely branched and hairy prostrate herbs, with ap- parently axillary white or yellow flowers. 1. T. maximus, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, more or less oblique: sepals very hairy, linear, acuminate : fruit beaked by a stout style. — Kallslramia maxima, Torr. & Gray. Fremont County, Colorado [Brandegee), to S. Cali- fornia and Texas. 2. Xj A R R E A, Cav. Creosote-bush. Sepals deciduous. Petals unguiculate. Disk 10-lobed, Filaments winged below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit globose, shortly stipitate, separating into 5 hairy one-seeded carpels. — Evergreen heavy-scented shrubs, with nodose branches, and yellow powers. 1. L. Mexieana, Moric. Diffusely branched, 4 to 10 feet high, densely leafy, of a yellowish hue : leaves nearly sessile ; the thick resinous leaflets inequilateral, with a broad attachment to the rachis : sepals silky : scales a little shorter than the filament, somewhat lacerate : fruit beaked by a slender style. — S. Colorado to California and Texas. Order 18. OERAWIACE^E. (Geranium Family.) Leaves generally with stipules, either lobed or compound. Flowers on axillary peduncles, regular (in ours) and the parts in fives. Stamens mostly 10, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 5-celled, with a cen- tral axis. 44 GERANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Tribe I. Five glands of the receptacle alternate with the jietals. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, the carpels separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indurated central axis Ironi below upward : tlie styles forming long tails which become revolute ui)wards or spirally twisted. —Geranik^. 1. Geranium* Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carpels not bearded. 2. £rodium. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels bearded inside. Tribe II. No glands alternate with the petals. Ovary not lobed, becoming in fruit a 5-celled loculicidal capsule. Leaves compound, with entire leaflets.. Juice sour. — OXALlDEiE. 3. Oxalis. Leaves in ours 3-foliolate. 1. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill. Anuual or perennial herbs, with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 to 3-flowered peduncles. * Annual or biennial : Jiowers small, 1. G. Carolinianum, L. Decumbent or ascending, diffusely branched, pubescent : leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblong- linear lobes : petals rose-color, equalling the aAvued sepals : carpels hairy. — Across the continent. Var. longipes, Watson. Peduncles usually solitary, and, with the pedi- cels, much elongated. — Bot. King's Exp. 50. Colorado and southward. * * Perennial: flowers large. 2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Rather stout, more or less pubescent through- out, with a short, close, glandular pubescence, sparseli/ inter mixed with longer, pilose hairs: upper leaves deeply 3 to b-cleft ; radical ones 1 -cleft, segments 3-lobed or incised : petals light or deep purple. — From Colorado to Wyoming and Idaho. Much that is called by this name is G. ccespitosian, James. Var. Parryi, Engelm. Stems and peduncles plainly glaudular-villose : leai^es It^ss deeply cut, idtimate lobes or teeth orate, somewhat obtuse. — Gray's Peak, Colorado. 3. G. Richardsoni, Pisch. & Mey. Taller but not so stout nor so hairy, with the pubescence usually fine and appressed, or somewhat glandular and spreading upon the pedicels : leaves 5 to 7-clefl nearly to the base, the broad lobes more or less incisely toothed: petals purple or sometimes white. — In the mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward. 4. G. incisumf Nutt, Closely resembling the last, but more villous and glandnhtr-pnbescent : leaves rather wore narrowly and laciniately cut : petals usually deep purple. — From California through Montana to the Saskatcbewan. 5. G. CSespitOSUm, James. More slender and more diffusely branched : radical leaves smaller, reniform, deeply 5 to 7-clefl, pubescent : flowers, purple. — New Mexico and northward. Includes many of the forms which have been called G. Fremontii. 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Storksbill. Sterile stamens scale-like. Tails of the carpels becoming spirally twisted. — Leaves pinnate, peduncles umbellately 4 to 8-flowered, with a 4-bracted invo- lucre ; petals small. ■ RUTACE^. (EUE family.) 45 1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. Hairy, much brauched from the base : leaf- lets laciniately pinuatifid with narrow acute lobes : peduncles exceeding the leaves : petals bright rose-color : pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still erect. — E. Utah and throughout the whole region west of the Rocky Moun- tains. Known as " Alfilaria," " Piu-cjover," and " Pin-grass." 3. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel. Low, often acaulescent, with obcordate leaflets and peduncles umbellatelr or cymosely few to many-flowered. 1 . O. violacea, L. Acaulescent, nearly smooth, leaves and scapes from a scaly hull) : scapes longer than the leaves, umbellately flowered : petals violet : capsule few-seeded. — Colorado, and common eastward. 2. O. COrniculata, L. Caulescent, more or less villous, from running root- stocks : stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high: petals yellow : capsule many-seeded. Var. Stricta, Sav. Without stipules. — 0. stricta, L. Colorado and east- ward across the continent. Order 19. RUTACEJE. (Rue Family.) Shrubs or small trees, with pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic lea<-es, definite hypogynous stamens, and few seeds. — Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Stipules none. 1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit orbicular, indeliiscent, broadly winged. Stamens 4 or 5. 2. Thamnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lobed coriaceous capsule. Sta- mens 8. 1. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Flowers polygamous. Ovary with a short thick stipe, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule abortive : style short. — Shrubs or small trees ; flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. 1. P. angUStifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut- colored punctate bark : leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, becoming smooth and shining with age: fruit emarginate at base and often above; the stipe narrow. — S. Colorado to California and Texas. 2. THAMNOSMA, Torr. Disk cup-shaped, crenate or lobed. Ovary stipitate, 2-celled; cells 5 or 6-ovuled: style elongated. — Low glandular desert shrubs, strongly scented ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary. 1. T. Texana, Torr. Woody only at base, the slender stems 3 to 15 inches high : flowers on short naked pedicels : petals yellow tinged with purple. — Rutosma Texanum, Gray. S. W. Colorado and southward. 46 RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Order 20. CELASTRACE^. (Staff-tree Family.) Shrubs, with simple leaves, no stipules, and small dull- colored perfect regular flowers, the stamens as many as the petals and inserted on the margin of a broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. — Sepals and petals imbricated. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds arillate. 1. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Calyx with a short tube and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Ovary free, 2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, coriaceous, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a white many-cleft membranaceous aril. — Loav evergreen shrubs ; leaves smooth, opposite, very shortly petioled, serrate or serrulate ; flowers green, in one to few-flowered axillary cymes. 1. P. Myrsinites, Raf. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblanceolate, cuneate at base: fruit smooth. — In the mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward to California. In dense clumps on wooded slopes. The only other species known (P. Canbiji) grows at a single station in the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia. Order 21. RHAlWIVACEiE. (Buckthorn Family.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers. — Sepals valvate in the bud ; a conspicuous disk lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals clawed, mostly involute, each around a stamen in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens perigynous and alternate with the sepals. In ours the fruit is berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nut- lets, and the leaves are alternate. 1. Khamnus. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; calyx-lobes erect or spreading. Petals small, short-clawed, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 mostly indehiscent nutlets. 2. Ceanothus. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calj'x-lobes connivent. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Filaments exserted. Fruit dry, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. 1. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Petals on the margin of the disk. — Leaves pinnately veined, with small deciduous stipules, and greenish flowers axillary cymose or racemose. § \. Seeds and nutlets deeply snlcate or concave on the hack : flowers mostly dioecious, solitary or fascicled in the axils. — Rhamnus proper. 1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high: leaves deciduous, ovate-oblong, crenately serrate : petals wanting : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed. — W. Wyoming, westward, and eastward across the continent. RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 47 § 2. Seeds and nutlets convex on the back : Jiowers mostly perftct, in pedunculate cijmes. — Frangula. 2. R. Caroliniana, Walter. Thornless shrub or small tree : leaves oblong, obscurely serrulate, deciduous : Jiowers in one form nmbelled, in another solitary in the axils: fruit globose, 3-seeded. — Franrjula Caroliniana, Gray. From the mountains eastward across the continent. 3. B,. Californiea, Esch. A spreading shrub, with the young branches somewhat tomentose : leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical, denticulate or nearly entire, evergreen : peduncles with numerous mostly abortive Jiowers in snbumbellate fascicles : fruit blackish purple with thin pulp, 2 to 3-lobed and 2 to 3-seeded. — Frangula Californiea, Gray. S. W. Colorado to California. 4. R. Purshiana, DC. Sometimes 20 feet high ; young branches tomeu- tos€ : leaves elliptic, denticidate, deciduous, somewhat pubescent beneath : flowers rather large, in a somewhat umbellate cyme : fruit black, broadly obovoid, 3-lobed and 3-seeded. — N. Idaho and westward in the racific States. 2. C E A N O T H U S, L. New Jersey Tea. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. — Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spines- cent, with petioled leaves and showy thyrsoid or cymose white (in ours) flowers. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. Ours all belong to the first sec- tion of the genus, in which the leaves are all alternate and 3-nerved, glandular- toothed or entire, au the pedicels elongated and closely approximated. — Includes C. ovalis, Bigel. Colorado and Wyoming. 3. C, sanguineus, Pursh. A shrub 4 to 12 feet high: stem and branches reddish: leaves broadly ovate or obovate, subcordate, serrate: thyrsoid corymbs in lateral panicles, on very short peduncles. — Includes C. Oreganus, Nutt. Along the Missouri and its tributaries. * ^ Branches mostly spinose, grayish : Jiowers in simple clusters : leaves small, entire. 4. C. Pendleri, Gray. A shrub one or two feet high, widely and intri- cately branched : leaves oval or elliptic, silky-canescent beneath, smoothish and green above : flowers in clusters, dense, sessile, glabrous. — Colorado and southward. 48 SAPINDACE^. (SOAPBEKRY FAMILY.) Order 22. VITACEJS. (Vine Family.) Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, branchlets articulated and often thickened at the nodes, usually palmately veined or lobed or com- pound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small greenish or whitish flowers, and fruit a berry. — Flowers very commonly p<»lygamous or dioecious. Calyx minute, truncate, or 4 to 5-toothed, caducous or early deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens the same number and opposite. Ovules in pairs or solitary in the cells of the ovary. 1. Vitis. Calyx filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. Leaves simple. 2. Ampelopsis. Disk none. Leaves palmately compound. 1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape. Petals thick and caducous. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. — Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves, the , former almost always at least once forked. 1. V. riparia, Michx. Leaves usually incisely 3-lobed, the lobes long- pointed : panicles small, rather simple : berries mostly with bloom : seeds obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspicuous rhaphe. — V. cordi- folia, var. riparia, Gray. Colorado ; common in the Atlantic States. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginia Creeper. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before the fall. — Leaves with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A woody vine in low rich grounds, climb- ing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils : berries small and blackish. — Colorado (Meehan), and throughout the At- lantic and Mississippi Valley States. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Order 23. SAPINDACEiE. (Soapberry Family.) Ours are all trees of the Maple Family, which has compound or lobed opposite leaves without stipules, polygamous or dioecious regular flowers, sometimes without petals, each cell of the 2-celled fruit producing a wing and becoming a samara. 1. Acer. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely divided. Flowers polygamous. 2. Negundo* Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. AKACARDIACEiE. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 49 1. ACER, Tourn. Maple. Calyx colored, usually 5-lobed. Petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 12, usually 8, inserted with the petals upon a lobed disk. Fruit divaricately 2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 1-seeded. — Flowers in umbel- like corymbs or fascicles. 1. A. grandidentatum, Nutt. Leaves cordate or truncate at base, rather deeply 3-lobed, with broad round sinuses; lobes rather acute, coarsely sinuate- dentate : the umbel-like corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long and nodding. — Utah and northward along the western slopes of the moun- tains. Earely attains a foot in diameter and 30 to 40 feet in height. 2. A. glabrum, Torr. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high: leaves subreniform, orbicu- lar in outline, 3-lobed or more usually 3-parted ; segments short and broad, acutely incised and toothed, somewhat 3-lobed, middle one cuneate: the umbel- like corymb pedunculate: sepals about 8. — Includes A. tripartitum, Nutt. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward. Along water-courses among the mountains. 2. NEGUNDO, Mcench. Box-Elder. Petals and disk none. Fruit as in Acer. — Sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 1. N. aceroides, Mcench. Leaflets very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed : fruit smooth, Avith large rather incurved wings. — In the valleys from New Mexico northward. A tree with light green twigs and delicate drooping clusters of greenish flowers a little earlier than the leaves. Order 24. ANACARDIACEiE. (Cashew Famii^y.) Shrubs or trees with a resinods juice, alteniate leaves without stipules, aud small regular flowers commonly polygamous or dioecious. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. The fi'ee ovary 1 -celled and 1-ovuled, but the styles often 3. Fruit a dry drupe. 1. RHUS, L. Sumach. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. — Leaves simple or pinnate. * Leaflets 11 31 : flowers in a terminal thyrsoid panicle. 1. R glabra, L. Shrub 2 to 12 feet high: leaflets whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate : fruit globular, clothed Avith acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth. — Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and eastward across the continent. Not poisonous. * * Leaflets 3. 2. R. Toxicodendron, L. Climbing by rootlets over rocks or ascending trees : leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinu" ate, or cut-lobed : flowers in loose and slender axillary panicles : fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate. — Colorado, Utah, Wyo- ming, and eastward. Poisonous to the touch. 4 50 LEGUMINOSJE. (PDLSE FAMILY.) 3. R. aromatica. Ait., var. trilobata. Gray. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high, diffusely branched, strongly scented : leaflets cuneate-obovate or rhoinboidal, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed : flowers in clustered scaly hracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves, yellowish : fruit flatfish, somewhat viscid. — B. trilobata, Nutt. Common throughout the Rocky Mountains to the Upper Missouri, and westward. Order 25. L.i:OUJ?IINOSiE, (Pulse Family.) Plants with irregular or sometimes regular flowers, mostly 10 mon- adelphous or diadelphous stamens, and a single simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit. — Leaves alternate, with stipule-s, (jsually compound. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE.E. Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 petals (rarely fewer) ; one (standard) superior, larger and always external, covering in the bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these covering the inferior pair, which together form the keel, this in turn enclosing the stamens and pistil. Style generally inflexed or incurved. * stamens distinct. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. 1. Thermopsis. Stipules conspicuous, and yellow flowers in racemes. •I- -t- Leaves unequally pinnate. 2 Sophora. Pod thick, large, several-seeded, often transversely constricted. Leaves coriaceous. 9. Amorpha. Pod small, 1 to 2-seeded. Petal one. Stamens monadelphous at the very base. « * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1). ■t- Anthers of two forms : filaments strictly monadelphous : leaves digitate, of more than 3 entire leaflets. 3. liupinns. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard with recurved sides : keel falcate. Pod large, straight. t- Anthers reniform. ++ Leaflets 3 (rarely 5 to 7), denticulate or serrulate : stamens diadelphous or nearly so : pods small and enclosed in the calyx.i 4. Trlfolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, united with the filaments. ■H- ++ Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitate or simple) ; leaflets entire : no tendril. = Flowers in axillary umbels or solitary : stamens diadelphous. 5. Hosackia. Corolla yellow or partly white or turning reddish : claw of the standard usually remote from the others Pod linear, several-seeded. — = Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads, never umbellate. a. Herbage glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadelphous : pod usually indehiscent 6. Psoralea. Herbs, with 3 to 7-foliolate leaves and axillary spikes or racemes. Pod oue- ovuled, one-seeded. * Medicago is an introduced genus, with small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, petals free and deciduous, and the pod spirally coiled or curved. See foot-note, p. 54. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 51 •7. Dalea. Shrubby or herbaceous, with pinnate or pahnate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the stamen tube. Pod 2 to 6-ovaled, mostly one-seeded. 8. Petalostemon. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Stamens 5 ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Pod 1 to 2-seeded. * 9. Ainorplia. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal racemes or spikes. Wings and keel of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct. Pod 1 to 2-ovuled, 1 to 2-seeded. b. Shrubs or shrubby : herbage not glandular : leaves pinnate : pod flat, 2-valved : stamens diadelphous. 10. Peteria. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves. Pod narrow, many-seeded. Leaflets not stipellate. 11. Robinia. Pod thin, margined on one edge. Leaflets stipellate. c. Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less punctate : leaves unequally pinnate : stamens diadelphous ; anthers confluently one-celled. 12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc. of Astragalus. Pod prickly or muricate, short, one- celleil. d. Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadelphous ; anthers 2-celled ; leaves pinnate. 13. Astragalus. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or-less 2-celled by intrusion of the dorsal suture. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. 14. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with a point ; otherwise as in Astragalus. ++++++ Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and no tendril : pod transversely 2 to several-jointed, the reticulated one-seeded joints indehiscent. 15. Hedysarum. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 1). ++++++ H-+ Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril or bristle : stamens diadelphous : peduncles axillary : pod 2-valved. 16. Vicia. Stamen-tube oblique at the summit. Style filiform, hairy around and below the apex. ^^7. L.athyrus. Stamen-tube nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round. Suborder II. Flower more or less irregular. Perigynous disk lining the tube or base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the one corresponding to the standard within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. — In ours the corolla is yellow and not at all papilionaceous. 18. Cassia* Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. Anthers either 10 and unequal, or some of the upper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting. 19. Ho£rmanseg:gia. Leaves abruptly or unequally bipinnate, and dotted with black glands. Stamens 10, with anthers all perfect and filaments hairy. Racemes opposite the leaves. Suborder III. WIIJTIOSEiE. Flowers regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads. No disk. Calyx and corolla valvate in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, hypogynous. Leaves usually twice pinnate. 20. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections, 52 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1. THERMOPSIS, E.Br. Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle. Standard shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed : keel nearly straight, equalling the wings. Pod linear to oblong-linear, much compressed, shortly stipitate or nearly sessile, straight or incurved. — Stout perennial herbs with erect clustered stems; stipules free, leaflets entire. 1. T. rhombifolia, Richardson. Stems angular, nearly smooth : stipules as long os the petioles; leaflets oho cate-cunei form, silky-puherulent, at length nearly glabrous : bracts oval: pod alcate, recurved or pendulous, glabrous, 10 to 14-seeded. — From Colorado northward, at the head-waters of the Platte, Missouri, and Saskatchewan. 2. T. montana, Nutt. Somewhat silky-pubescent, at length glabrous : stipules exceeding the petioles; leaflets ohlong-ohovate to oblong, sparingly villous beneath, smooth almre : bracts mostly lanceolate : pod straight, erect, pubescent, 10 to 12-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, PI. i.-388. T. fabacea of Hayd. Rep. 1872. T. fubacea, var. montana, of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1870 and 1871, and Fl. Colorado. From New Mexico to Washington Territory and east- ward to the borders of Nebraska and Dakota. 2. SOPHORA, L. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth short. Petals nearly equal ; standard broad. Pod stipitate, terete or somewhat compressed. — Ours are herbs ; leaves with numerous entire leaflets ; stipules small or obsolete ; flowers white, in terminal racemes. 1. S. sericea, Nutt. Low, 6 to 12 inches high, more or less silky-canes- cent : leaflets about 21, elliptic or cuneate-oval : racemes short, at first scarce exserted beyond the leaves : calyx gibbous at base. — High plains of Colorado and northward along the plains of the Platte and the Missouri. 1^' 3. LUPINUS, L. Lupine. Wings united above, enclosing the keel. Stigma bearded. Pod 2-valved, compressed, coriaceous. — Generally herbaceous ; stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate, or scattered, bracteate. § 1. Ovules several: cotyledons petioled in germ,ination. — Lupinus proper; Ours are all herbaceous perennials, with oblong pods. * Dwarf and cespitose : racemes usnallg short and dense : pods 3 to 4-seeded, 1 . L. CSBSpitOSUS, Nutt. Nearly stemless, silky-hirsute : raceme sessile, shorter than the leaves ; bracts setaceous, deciduous : petals pale blue. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 379. From the mountains of W. Colorado and Utah north- ward to the head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers. 2 L. aridus, Dougl. Pubescence villous, both loose and appressed : leaflets oblanceolate : prduncles shorter than the leaves : bracts nearly equalling the calyx: petals purple; the standard elliptical. — Sources of the Missouri, to Washington, Oregon, and California. In low valleys. 3. L. minimus, Dougl. Appressed silky-villous : leaflets obovate or oblanceolate : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves ; bracts linear : petals LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 53 purple; the standard orbicular. — From N. W. Wyoming to Washington Ter- ritory and California. 4. L. XjyElllii, Gray. St'^7ns from a spreading u-oodij caudex : pubescence dense, villous, appressed : leaflets obovate : racemes very short, the peduncles much exceeding the leaves ; bracts short : petals purple ; the standard elliptical. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334. Bitter Root Mountains, and in the Cascades of Washington Territory. * * Stems taller, erect or ascending, and racemes elongated. ■t- Flowers large : leaflets 7 to 10, glabrous above or nearly so : ovules 5 to 8. ^^5. Ii. Burkei, Watson. Stout, erect, the short and silky pubescence closely appressed: lower leaves long-petioled ; leaflets about equalling the petioles: raceme usually short and dense ; bracts villous : flowers purple or sometimes white : calyx with spreading pubescence : keel nearly semicircular : pod 8-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. poli/phyllus, of Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd. Rep. 1871 and 1872. Head-waters of Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, to N. Nevada. 6. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson. Pubemlent and somewhat silky villous with spreading hairs: raceme open, shortly pedunded : calyx appressed-silky : stan- dard rounded, naked : oi-ules 5. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 527. In the mountains from the S. Sierra Nevada to S. Colorado and New Mexico. 7. L. Plattensis, Watson. Appressed silky-villous throughout, ivith a some- what glaucous hue : leaflets spatulate : raceme loose, shortly peduncled : petals pale blue, with a conspicuous darker spot upon the standard. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 369. L. ornatus, Dougl., var, glabratus, Watson. The L. ornatus of the Hayden Reports. Common on the Upper Platte and northward. Flowers smaller (3 to 5 lines long) : ovules 2 to 6. ++ Lower petioles elongated: haflets not glabrous above : racemes mostly dense. 8. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Leafy, densely silky-tomentose throughout and somewhat villous : leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong ; the upper petioles about equalling the leaves: racemes sessile or nearly so, densely flowered : pedicels stout : petals blue or pink ; the standard densely villous. — Head-waters of the Platte and Missouri Rivers, to Washington Territory and N. California. ++ -M- Stems slender: pubescence short, silky, appressed: petioles and peduncles mostly short : flowers subverticillate or scattered, on short slender pedicels. 9. L. parviflorus, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 feet high : pubescence scanty, the calyx and pedicels silky: leaflets 5 to II, oblanceolate to obovate, glabrous above, the lower leaves shorter than the petioles: standard naked. — Mountains of Central Colorado, to the sources of Snake River, and westward to Central California and the Columbia River. 10. L. laxiflorus, Dougl. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 6 to 8, nar- rowly oblanceolate, silky on both sides, at least half as long as the petioles : calyx iuirrowed and saccate at base: statidard somewhat pubescent. — Wahsatch Moun- tains, westward to N. California and Vancouver Island. 11. L. argenteus, Pursh. Hoary with thick pubescence: stem 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5 to 8, linear-lanceolate, smooth above or nearly so, about equal- ling the petioles : calyx gibbous but not spurred at base : petals blue or cream- 54 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) colored; standard very broad. — From Central Colorado to Montana, and westward along the plains of Snake and Columbia Kivers. Var. decumbens, Watson. Stem stouter and more leafy : raceme dense. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. L. decimhfus, Torr. L. laxiflorus, of Hayd. Rep. 1872. L. laxiflorus, var. teneUus, of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From Montana and Wyoming southward into N€w Mexico and Arizona. Var. argophyllus, Watson. More silky-pubescent ; the leaflets nearly equally so on both sides, longer than the prti'oles : flowers larger : ca/yx decidedly spurred. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. S. Colorado and New Mexico. § 2. Ovules 2 {rarely 3 or 4) : cotyledons hrond and clasping after germination^ usually long persistent. Erect annuals : leaflets cuneate-oblong or -ohocate : bracts persistent: pod ovate. — Platycarpos, Watson. 12. L. pugillus, Pursh. Rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, /ILY.) 63 Pod long-stipitate, not sulcate, cross-section oval : flowers white or hlaish, keel violet. 20. A. aboriginum, Rich. Hoarij-puhescent or subvilhus : stems numer- ous, rigid : leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, linear or oblong-lanceolate : pod semi-elliptic. — Mountains of Colorado, northward throughout W. British America. 21. A. glabriusculus, Gray. Like the last: glabrous or with short scattered hairs: leaflets thiuner, green, linear-lanceolate: pod lanceolate-subfal- cate, the stipe 2 to 3 times longer than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 204. Mountains of Colorado and British America. -t- Pod short-stipitate, cross-section obovate, pubescent with more or less nigres- cent hairs : flowers white. 22. A. Robbinsii, Gray, var. oecidentalis, Watson. Pod much com- pressed, tapering at base to a very short stipe, with no indication of a dorsal sulcus. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. S. W. Colorado and Nevada. * * Pod more coriaceous, black- or rarehj cinereous-pubescent, more or less triangu- lar and semi 2-celled, the dorsal suture sulcate-impressed. +- Pod lens-shaped, the cross-section obcordate, tlie ventral suture a little the more gibbous. 23. A. oroboides, Homem., var. Americanus, Gray. Subcinereous- puberulent : stems 1 to I j feet high : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong and oval or often Hnear-oblong : flowers in a long secund raceme, the wings exceeding the keel: pod with gray pubescence ; stipe very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 205. In the llocky Mountains from Colorado northward into British America, thence eastward to Labrador. H- ■*- Pod triangular, more impressed, the cross-section deeply obcordate, rather straight or incurved, gibbous on the back. 24. A. alpinus, L. Hairy-pubescent or glabrous: leaflets 6 to 12 paim, oval or oblong : racemes short or subcapitate, many-flowered: icings little if at all exceeding the rather large keel: pod straight or recurved, black-villous or -pubescent ; stipe usually exceeding the calyx. — Colorado, Wyoming, and north- ward to Arctic America ; also in Maine and Vermont. 25. A. sparsiflorus. Gray. Slightly appressed-pilose, glabrate : leaflets i to 6 pairs, obovate or subrounded: peduncles 3 to 10-flowered: the emargi- nate or bifid banner and the winys much exceeding the incurved keel : pod in- curved, mottled; stipe very short. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. Colorado. §11. Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and with yellow- ish flowers: pod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangular, with the back gibbous and more or less impressed, the ventral suture prominent. 26. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Heads few-flowered : corolla little exceeding Uie calyx : the cross-section of the pod obovate, retuse, or usually broadly ob- cordate toward the base. — From Colorado and Wyoming to Texas, Nebraska, and Hudson's Bay. §12. Pod sessile, mostly thick coriaceous and obcompressed, the impressed dorsal suture more or less approcu:hing the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent. — Loie, white-silky or hoary : flowers spicate or subcapitate, usually violet or purplish. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) * Annual or biennial, manij -stemmed : flowers rather small: pod inflated, mem- branous, incurved. 27. A. pubentissimus, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent : leaf- lets oblong or obovate : flowers few : pod villous, ovate-lunate, strongly in- curved. — Colorado and W. Wyoming. * * Perennial, short-stemmed or scarcebj caulescent, usually prostrate or matted : flowers rather large : pod thick-coriaceous, obcompressed-irianr/ular, trans- versely rufjulose. 28. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Subcaulescent, hoary-silky ivith a short very closely appressed pubescence : peduncles scape-like, capitately or spicately few-flowered: pod nearly straight, blackish, elliptic. — From New Mexico to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 29. A. ShortianuS, Nutt. Usually subacaulescent, silky-canescent with a very closely appressed pubescence : leaflets obovate or ovate : pod strongly arcuate, thick, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. — Includes A. cyaneus of most of the western reports. From Colorado to Nebraska and westward ; also southward into New Mexico. 30. A. Parryi, Gray. Stems short, villous, with loose spreading hairs: flowers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple : pod arched or at length circinate, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, strongly obcompressed and rugulose, both sutures sulcately impressed, contiguous. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 410. From Colorado to N. W. Texas. 31. A. iodanthus, Watson. Canesceut with an appressed hairy pubes- cence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and margins of the leaves: stems decumbent: leaflets obovate or orbicular: spikes shoH, dense: pod strongly arcuate or hamate, nearly glabrous, mottled, linear-oblong, irregularly fltlded. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. Colorado ( Coulter) and Nevada. 32. A. glareosus, Dougl. Depressed, villous-silky with white incumbent hairs : flowers 3 to 6 : pod incurved, silky-pubescent becoming subglabrous, oblong- ovate, attenuate above. — Wyoming and S. Idaho. Series II. Pod one-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. — Phaca, L. A. Leaves pinnate with many or rarely with few or abortive leaflets, or simple. Artificial Key. Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent No. 61 Leaflets not prickly pointed. Pod inflated, Stipitate, Mottled 36 Not mottled. Stipe very short 37 Stipe eqxialling or exceeding the calyx 38, 39 Sessile. Annual; pod 7 to 12 lines long 34, 35 Perennial ; pod 2 to 4 lines long 40, 41, 42, 43 Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, not bladdery inflated, Exsert-stipitate, Deeply sulcate 44, 45 Not deeply sulcate 63 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 65 Short-stipitate, Glabrous 60, 52 Puberulent 49, 51 Sessile, Glabrous 46, 47, 60 Puberulent or pubescent. « Stems a span or more high 56, 57, 58 Cespitose 54, 55, 59 Woolly or villous • 33, 48 Systematic Synopsis. §13. Pod very woolly, short, turgid, coriaceous, incurved, sessile. — Very soft- woollij: stems short, prostrate, Jrom a stout perennial root: flowers usually one inch long, loosely subcapitate. 33. A. Purshii, Dougl. Nearly acaulescent, rarely 6 inches high, canes- cent with a long and dense woolly pubescence : leaflets lanceolate or oblong : flowers ochroleucous, with the keel sometimes purplish. — W. Wyoming to California and Oregon. § 1 4. Pod membranous, inflated, globose, egg-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large, finely reticulated, glabrous or glabrate. * Annual: pod sessile, not mottled : flowers small, ochroleucous or purplish. Low, leaflets linear or linear-oblong, gray with strigulose hairs. 34. A. triflorus, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, very much branched from the base, branches ascending, 6 to 12 inches high: flowers 3 to 15: pod oval, obtuse or acutish. — PI. Wright, ii. 45. S. Colorado and southward into Mexico. 35. A. Geyeri, Gray. Somewhat simple, 3 to 6 inches high, subcanescent, with an appressed hairy pubescence : leaflets glabrous above : flowers 3 to 5: pod ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. Wyo- ming, Idaho, and W. Nevada. * * Annual or perennial : pod stipitate. Pod mottled: stipe equalling the calyx: flowers few, rather small. 36. A. pictus, Gray. Hoary with a loose silky pubescence : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, narrowly linear or filiform, most of them usually abortive : pod ovoid, scarcely pointed, pendent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. From Nebraska to Idaho and New Mexico. In sandy places. Var. filifolius, Gray. Leaves usually imperfect ; leaflets very few, mo«tiy attenuated, the terminal one or the filiform rachis produced, persistent. — Loc. cit. 215. On the plains of Colorado and southward. -1- Pod not mottled. •w. Nearly stemless, fewflowei'ed: leaflets 4 to 6-paired : pod with a very short stipe. 37. A. megacarpuS', Gray. Glabrous: leaflets broadly oval or ovate: scape much shorter than the leaves: flowers ochroleucous or whitish: pod ovate-oblong, acuminate, very obtuse at base. — Loc. cit. 215. "Plains of the Rocky Mountains" (Nuttall). 5 66 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) -tf Caulescent, rather tall, lea///: leaflets 7 to 9-paired: racemes or spikes mostly mnnii-flowered : pod with a stipe equalling or exceeding the cah/x. 38. A. frigidus, Gray, var. Americanus, Watson. Subglabrous : leaflets ovate- or elliptic-oblong: peduncles equalling the leaves: flowers Avhiie: pod oblong, acute at each end, black-hairy or glabrous. — Bibl. Index, i. 193. A. frigidus of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1871, and Fl. Colorado. In the mountains from Colorado to the Arctic regions. § 15. Pod membranous, lanceolate-ci/lindric, straight, exserthj-stipitate, glabrous: flowers rather large: leaflets few or almost none. 39. A. lonchocarpus, Torr. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : stem fistulous, branched : leaflets filiform-linear, remote, the leaf sometimes reduced to the flattened-filiform rachis : racemes loosely many-flowered : flowers white, pen- dent : pod very sharply acuminate at each end. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 80. S. Colo- rado to New Mexico and Utah. § 16. Pod memlranous or chartaceous, small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile. — Diffuse or procumbent, mostly small and slender: flowers small and usually few. 40. A. microcystis, Gray. Ashy-pubescent, from a woody root : leaflets 4 ediccfs ivideli/ spreading. — The common form iu tlie mountains and extending eastward to the Atlantic States. Var. glauca, Watson, Differs from the type in the perfecthj smooth and gla'trons surface of the leaf. — Bot. King's Exp. 85. In the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. ^2. F. vesea, L. Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) : calyx remaining spreading or reflexed : hairs on the scape niostli/ widelij spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin, even the upper surface strongly marked by the veins. — Throughout the United States and Arctic America. 16. POTENTILLA, L. Five-finger. Petals 5, obcordate or broaiUy obovate. Styles lateral or nearly terminal, short, deciduous. Akenes small, turgid, crustaceous. — Herbaceous or rarely woody : flowers cymose, or axillary and solitary. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 549. * Stjjles thickened and glandular toward the base : carpels glabrous, sessile : in- florescence ci/mose. +- St ijle attached below the middle of the ovary: dish thickened: stamens 25 to 30 : perennial herbs with glandular -villous pubescence and pinnate leaves. 1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout, 1 to 4 feet higli, simple below : radical leaves 1 to W foliolate ; leaflets rounded, ovate, or subrhom- boidal, incised or doubly serrate : cijme strict and rather close : cal yx densely pubescent: stamens mostly 30. — New Mexico and northward to N. Idaho, thence eastward to the New England States and Canada. 2. P. glandulosa, Liudl. Resembling the last, but usually more slender and branched, 1 to 2 feet high, and for the most part less pubescent : leaflets more frequently 5 9 ; cyme panicled, ivith elongated branches and more slender p"-dicels : calyx much less tomentose: stamens usually 25. — P. flssa, Nutt. In the mountains, from New Mexico and Colorado northward, and thence west- ward to California and Washington Territory. •t- ^- Style terminal : disk not thickened : flowers small : leaves pinnate or ternate. ++ Annual or biennial: leaflets incisely serrate, not ivhite-tomentose : stamens 5 to 20. 3. P. Norvegica, L. Erect, stout, ^ to 2 feet high, at length dichofo- mous above, hirsute : leaves ternate ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : cyme leafy and rather loose: calyx large: stamens 15, rarely 20 : akenes rugose, or nearly smooth : receptacle large, oblong. — Throughout N. America, espe- cially northward. 4. P. rivalis, Nutt. More slender, usually diffusely branched : pubescence sofdy-villous, sometimes nearly wanting : leaves pinnate, with 2 pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaf 3-parted ; upper leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate-ovate to -lanceolate, coarsely serrate : cymes loose, less leafy : calyx small: petals minute: stamens 10 to 20 : akenes usually 84 EOSACE^. (rose family.) smooth : receptacle short. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 437. From the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. Var. millegrana, Watsou. Leaves all ternate: stems erect or weak and ascending: akenes often small and light-colored. — Rev. Pot. 553. P. mille- grana, Engelm. Eastern slope of the Sierras and eastward to New Mexico and the Missouri. 5. P. SUpina, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect : pubescence scanti/, villous, spreading: leaflets pinnateli/ 5 to II, obovate or oblong: ci/mes loosr, leafy: petals equalling the sepals: stamens 20: akenes strongli/ gibbous by the thickening of the very short pedicel. — P. paradoxa, Nutt. From the Missouri to New Mexico, and eastward to the Mississippi, Ohio, and the Great Lakes, ■w- ++ Herbaceous perennials, more or less ichite-tomentose : leaflets incisely-pinnati- fld: bractlets and sepals nearly equal: stamens usually 25. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Silky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 9, ivhite tomen- tose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, the segments linear, slightly or not at all revolute: cyme fastigiate but rather open, the pedicels erect. — From Colorado and New Mexico northward, thence eastward to the New England coast and Canada. Var. strigOSa, Pursh. Smaller : leaflets mostly tomentose on both surfaces, deeply pectinate-divided or pinnatifid, ivith revolute margins: cyme short and close. — From Colorado northward, and along the Missouri. Var. glabrata, Watson. Leaves subglabrous on both sides, the lobes of the leaflets silky-tufted at the apex. — Rev. Pot. 554. Mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and northward into British America. * * Styles flliform, not glandular at base: inflorescence cymose. H- Style terminal: carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens 20: herbaceous perennials, with conspicuous flowers. ++ Leaves pinnate [sometimes digitate in Nos. 7 and 11): bractlets shorter than the sepals. 7. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker: stems brandling above into a diffuse cyme : leaves occasionally digitate in reduced alpine specimens ; leaflets 5 to 11, diminishing uniformly down the petiole, incisely toothed at least towards the apex: carpels 10 to 30. — From New Mexico and Arizona to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. Var. pulcherrima, Watson. Leaflets 5 to 9, approximate, crowded, or digitate, the upper surface green and pubescent or subglabrous. — Rev. Pot. 555. P. pulcherrima, Lehm. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America. 8. P. efifusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout with scattered villous hairs: stems diflrusely branched above : leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones often smaller, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate : carpels 10. — From Colo- rado northward into British America. 9. P. crinita, Gray. Appressed silky villous, not at all tomentose: sfenis decumbent : leaflets 9 to 15, mostly folded and f alcatel y recurved, coarsely ser- rate, villous beneath, scarcely so or glabrous above: carpels 25 to 30. — PI. Fendl. 41. S. W. Colorado and New Mexico. R0SACEJ5. (rose family.) 85 10. P. PlattensiS, Nutt. Subalpiue: pubescence oppressed sUhj-villo\is t/n'ow/lioiit, scant 1/ or nearli] icant'nvj: stems decumbent: leaflets 7 to 13, usua/ltj crowded and often alternate^ dee pi ij incised-pinnatljid into 3 to 7 linear segments: flowers few, in an open cyme: carpels 25 to 40. — Torr. Gray, Fl i. 439. P. diversifolia, var. pinnatisecta of Bot. King's Exp. 87. Mountains of Colo- rado and Nevada, and in the Uintas. 11. P. dissecta, Pursh. Low, alpine, more or less si Ik //-villous, ivith some- what spreading hairs, or nearli/ glabrous: stems decumbent or ascending: leaflets 5 to 7, or rarely but 3, often glaucous, closeli/ pinnate, or as frequently digitate, the upper one inciseli/ pinnatijid or serrate, the lowest often but trifid : flowers few, in an open cyme: carpels 10 to 20 or more. — P. diversifolia, Lehm. From Colorado to California and British America. The folloAving varieties occur with the type. Var. glaucophylla, Lehm. Glaucous-green: leaves digitate, nearli/ gla- brous on both sides. Var. multiseeta, Watson. Canescent ivith a not very dense silk)/ pubes- cence: leaves digitate or nearly so, the leaflets digitately or pinnatelt/ divided and the segments linear. — Bot. King's Exp. 86. Var. (?) decurrens, Watson. Leaflets but 3 or with 1 to 2 additional distant pairs of smaller ones, the terminal leaflet truncateli/ 3-toof.hed, the upper pair 2 to 3-toothed, conspicuously decurrent : stem 1-floicered, 3 inches high, gla- brous throughout, excepting the villous calyx and tufted apices of the leaves. — Rev. Pot. 5')!. From peaks of the Uintas. ++ -i-e Leaves digitately 5 to 7-foliolate {rarely pinnate in No. 12): tomentose or villous. 12. P. gracilis, Dougl. Villous and more or less tomentose: stems 2 to Z feet high: leaflets mostly 7, incisely serrate or pinnat/fld, tomentose beneath, green above and subvillous or appressed silky: carpels 40 or more. — From New Mexico to Utah and California, and thence northward to the Saskatche- wan and Alaska. Var. flabelliformis, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets very deeply pinnatifld. — Fl. i. 440. Var. fastigiata, Watson. Cyyne shorter and more compact, more densely pubescent : often low. — Rev. Pot. 557. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Var, rigida, Watson. Villous, but ivithout tomentum : usually tall and stout. — Loc. cit. P. Nuttallii, Lehm. 13. P. humifusa, Nutt. Densely ichite-tomentose and silky-villous : stems decumbent, 2 4 inches long, slender : leaflets 5, green and appressed silky above, only the rounded or truncate apex serrate ivith 3 to 5 teeth : carpels 15 to 20. — From the mountains of Colorado to the Saskatchewan. •*-(.++ ++ Leaves ternate : low, arctic or alpine, few-flowered. 14. P. nivea, L. Pubescence silky-villous, densely white-tomentose on the under side of the leaves : leaflets coarsely incised-serrate or pinnatifld, the terminal one sessile or petiolulate : carpels few or many. — From Colorado northward. Var. dissecta, Watson. Leaves digitately or pinnately 5-foliolate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifld : stems 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered. — Rev. Pot. 559. In the Uintas and mountains of Montana and British America. 86 ROSACEiE. (ROSE FAMILY.) H— Stijle attached below the middle of the ovary : carpels on short pedicels, and, with the receptacle, densely villous : dish not thickened: more or less icoody perennials, 15, P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby, much branched, 1 to 4 feet high : pubes- cence silky-villous : leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually white beneath and the margins revolute. — From Colorado westward to N. California, northward to the Arctic Circle, and eastward to New Jersey and Labrador. * # # Styles filiform, attached to the middle of the ovary : peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-fiowered : carpels glabrous : stems creeping or decumbent : hzrbaceous perennials. 16. P. Anserina, L. Spreading by slender many-jointed runners, white- tomentose and silky-villous : leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones interposed, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at least beneath. — From California, New Mexico, Illinois, and Pennsylvania northward to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. 17. SIBBALDIA, L. Petals linear-oblong. Styles lateral. — Dwarf and cespitose arctic or al- pine perennials : leaves thick ; the leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit : flowers cymose. 1. S. procumbGnS, L. Somewhat villous : stems creeping, leafy at the extremities : leaflets cuneate : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : akenes on very short hairy stipes. — Mountains of Colorado and California, and the White Mountains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 18. IVESIA, Torr. &Gray. Calyx campanulate. Akenes fixed by the middle. — Herbaceous peren- nials : floAvers in cymes or open panicles. 1. I. Gordoni, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent or often somewhat hir- sute, or glabrate: stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex : leaflets obovate, with oblong or spatulate segments ; cauline leaves one or two, pinnatifid.— Pac. R. Rep. vi. 72. Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and west- ward to California. 19. CH AMJERHODOS, Bunge. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft ; the base lined with a membranous disk, which is very densely bearded at the margin. Stamens opposite the petals, inserted with them into the sinuses of the calyx above the disk. Styles arising near the base of the ovaries. — Small, erect and branching glandular- pubescent herbs : inflorescence dichotomously cymose. 1. C. erecta, Bunge. Stem slender, two inches to a foot high, panicu- lately branched above : radical leaves rosulate, ternately or biternately many- deft; the upper cauline ones 3 to 5-cleft. — Colorado and northward into British America. ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 87 20. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. Tall perennial herbs : leaves interruptedly pinnate : flowers in slender spi- cate racemes, with 3-cleft bracts : fruit pendulous. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Leaflets 5 to 7, with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed : petals twice the length of the calyx. — Colorado; common throughout the Eastern States. 2L POTERIUM, L. Burnet. Stamens 2 to 4 or more : filaments often elongated. — Ours is an annual: leaflets deeply pinnatifid, petiolulate : flowers small, perfect in ours. 1. P. annuum, Nutt. Glabrous, slender, 6 to 15 inches high: leafliets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate to oblong, with linear segments : flowers greenish, ts^e heads ovoid or oblong : fruit shorter than the bracts. — From the Upper Missouri southward into the Indian Territory ; also iu California and. Wash- ington Territory. 22. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx without bractlets. Stamens on the thick margin of the silky disk, which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, hairy. — Usually prickly : leaves with mostly serrate leaflets : flowers corymbose or solitary, showy. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 324. * Sepals connivent and persistent after flowering. ■t- No infrastipular spines ; acicidar prickles often present : fruit globose. 1. R. blanda, Ait. Stems l to 3 feet high, with usually few prickles or none : stipules dilated^ naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed ; leaflets 5 or 7 (rarely 9), cuneate at base and shorthj petiolulate, simply and coarsely toothed, glabrous above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, not resinous : flowers corymbose or solitary: sepals entire, hispid. — R. fraxini- folia, Gmelin. Within our range at its northeastern boundary, and extending from thence to Newfoundland. 2. R. Sayi, Schwein. Stems 1 or 2 feet high, thickly covered with prickles: stipules (fi'/aferf, glandular-ciliate and resinous; leaflets 3 to 7,usnally sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, more or less doubly toothed, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, resinous beneath: floivers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) : outer sepals with lateral lobes, not hispid. — Abundant in the mountains from Colorado to British America, thence eastward to Lake Superior. 3. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems ^ to 6 feet high, more or less densely prickly : stipules narrow, more or less glandular-toothed ; leaflets 7 to 11, nearly sessile or often petiolulate, somewhat cuneate at base, simply and coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, usually 7wt resinous: flowers corym- bose : outer sepals with one or more lateral lobes, usually not hispid. — Fl. Colo- rado, 3,8. R. blanda^ var. setigera, Crepin. Abundant in the mountains from New Mexico and W. Texas to British America, and eastward to the Upper Mississippi. 88 EOSACE^. (rose family.) -»- In frasti pillar spines present, often with, scattered prickles : leaflets 5 or 7. ++ Sepals entire. 4. jR. Nutkana, Presl. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with stout straiglit or recurved spiues : stipules diluted, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets rounded at base, usually resinous beneath, the teeth more or less glandular-serrulate: flowers solitari/ (rarely 2 or 3), 2 or 3 inches broad: fruit globose, 6 lines broad. — From N. Utah (in the Wahsatch) and Idaho to Oregon and northward. Unarmed forms and others with slender spines are reported from W, ^Ion- tana ( Watson). 5. R. Fendleri, Crepin. Stems often tall (6 or 8 feet high, or less), with rather slender straight or recurved spines: stipules mostly narrow and usually naked ; leaflets cuneate at base and often petiolulate, usually glaucous, finely pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, the teeth usually simple : flowers smaller, corymbose or often solitary : fruit globose, 4 lines broad. — From W. Texas and New Mexico to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into British America. ++ Outer sepals laterally lobed. 6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems 4 to 3 feet high, with slender straight or recurved spines : stipules narroAV or dilated, entire ; leaflets obtuse or usually cuneate at base, glabrous or pubescent above, villous or pubescent or glabrous beneath, simply toothed or resinous and serrulate-toothed : flowers corymbose or solitary. If to 2 inches broad, on very short naked pedicels: fruit globose, 4 or 5 lines broad. — From Missouri and Colorado to W. Montana and the Saskatchewan. On the plains and in the valleys. * * Sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous: infra stipular spines present. 7. R. gymnoearpa, Nutt. Stem slender and weak, 2 to 10 feet high, with straight slender spines : stipules narroAV, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets 5 to 9, glabrous, doubly glandular-toothed, sessile or nearly so : flowers solitary or few : sepals 3 or 4 (rarely 6) lines long, entire, deciduous (with the few distinct styles) from the very contracted top of the naked oblong-obovate to globose fruit. — In the Pacific States, but extending eastward into N. W. Montana and N. Idaho. 23. CRAT^GUS, L. Thorn. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped ; the limb .5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Sta- mens 5 to 20. — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, toothed, or lobed : flowers corymbose, mostly white. 1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Spines few, short and stout: leaves rather rigid, lanceolate-ovate, simply serrate, only the upper ones of the shoots broader, doubly serrate or rarely slightly incised ; Avith narrow, glandiUar-incised stip- ules : calyx-lobes usually glandular : fruit l)lack : nutlets 3 lines long or over, usually strongly ridged on the back. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 4G4. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and westward to the Pacific. *^-C. DouGLASii, Lindl., Avith broader, tliiimcr, doubly serrate leaves^ broad stipules, and smaller black-purple fruit, is reported from Montana, but proba- bly occurs only west of our range. SAXIFKAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 89 C. cocciNEA, L., with bri<^ht coral-red fruit, and glabrous throughout, has been reported from S. W. Colorado. C. TOMENTOSA, L., var. PUNCTATA, Gray, with fruit dull red and yellowish with whitish dots, and leaves villous-pubesceut when young, has been reported from Weber River Valley," Utah. The last two species, belonging to the section Erytiirocarpa, are very common east, but their occurrence within our range is so doubtful that for the present they are excluded. 24. PYRUS, L. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbinate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, ses- sile or unguiculatc. Stamens 20. Styles distinct, woolly at base — Ours is a shrub, with pinnate, serrate, deciduous leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. , 1. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, nearly glabrous : the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually sparingly villous : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong, acute : fruit berry-like, red. — From Colorado to California, northward into British America and thence eastward to the Atlantic. 25. AMELANCHIER, Medicus. June-berry. Service- berry. Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, ascending. Stamens 20, short. — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, serrate : flowers white, racemose : fruit purplish, edible. 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or often more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occa- sionally oblong-ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only •towards the summit : petals narrowly oblong. — A. Canadensis, var. alnifoUa, Torr. & Gray. From the Rocky Mountains to California, and eastward into the Mississippi Valley. 26. PERAPHYLLUM, Nutt. Flowers solitary or in sessile 2 to 3-flowered corymbs; petals orbicular, spreading. 1. P. ramosissimum, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very much branched, with grayish bark and short rigid branchlets : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate into a very short petiole, somewhat silky-pubescent, sparingly denticulate : flowers appearing with the leaves, pale rose-color : styles elongated, tomentose : fruit globose, fleshy and edible. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 474. S. W. Colorado to Utah, California, and Oregon. Order 27. SAXIFRAGACEiE. (Saxifrage Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes small trees, distinguished from most MosacecB by albuminous seeds and small embryo ; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes ; commonly 90 SAXIFIIAGACEJ5. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) by the want of stipules ; sometimes by the leaves being opposite ; and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary, with either axile or parietal placentfe. Seeds usually indefinitely numerous. Petals and stamens perigynous. Styles inclined to be distinct. Tribe I. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tipa of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. — Saxifrages * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placentae in the axis, or of as many distinct carpels. 1. Saxif raga. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Petals 5. Calyx-tuly mostly free. 2. Boykinia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. « * Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae alternate with the styles or stigmas : no sterile filaments. •= — 3. Tellima. Stamens 10, included. Petals 3 to 7-parted into narrow divisions, conspicu- ous. Styles 2 or 3, very short. 4. Tiarella. Stamens 10, and styles 2, both long, filiform and exserted. Petals entire, inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule very unequally 2-valved to the base. 5. Mitella. Stamens 5 (in ours), very short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary di visions. Styles very sliort. Capsule depressed. 6. Chrjsosplenium. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Petals none. Styles 2. Capsule obcordate, flattened. 7. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small, sometimes minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior. * * * Ovary 1-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae directly under as many obtuse sessile stigmas : a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens. 8. Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, large. Stamens 5. Flower solitary. Tribe II. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple : no stipules. Fruit capsular. — Hydran- GIES * Stamens 20 or more : ovary inferior. 9. Pbiladelphus. Ovary 4 to 5-celled. Petals convolute in the bud. * * Stamens 8 or 10 : ovary superior or nearly so. 10. Jamesia. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary and incompletely 3 to ' 5-celled capsule. Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. 11. Fendlera. Calyx-tube half adherent to the 4-celled ovary and capsule. Petals 4. Filaments 2-lobed. Styles 4. Tribe III. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. ■^12. Kibes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary : placentae 2, parietal.^ 1. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Calyx .5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals entire. Stigmas mostly depressed-capitate or reniform. — Either stemless or short-stemmed : petioles commonly sheath- ing at base : the small flowers in cymes, cymose panicles, or clusters, some- times solitary. * Stem more or less leafy. H- Calyx free from the ovary : leaves opposite. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches : flowers solitary, large : petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft calyx. — From the Teton Mountains northward and throughout Arctic America ; also found in Vermont. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 91 •t- •*- Calyx adherent to the ovary below : stem leaves alternate. ++ Sepals distinct or coherent at base. = Petals yellow. 2. S. Hirculus, L. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, not ciliate: pedicels and upper part of the 1 to 6-flowered stem more or less hairy, not glandular : sejxds usually ciliate, much shorter than the very large petals. — From Colorado to the Arctic Sea. 3. S. flagellaris, Willd. Glandular-pubescent, 1 to 5-flowered : stolons from the axils of the radical leaves long and filiform, naked and rootiug at tlie ends: leaves obovate-spatulate, ciliate ; the -lower much crowded; the upper oblong or linear : flowers large : sepals very glandular. — From the high mountains of Colorado to the Arctic regions. 4. S. aizoides, L. Low, 3 to 5 inches high, in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, distantly spinulose- ciliate : petals spotted with orange. — " Alpine rivulets on the Rocky Moun- tains" (Drummond), throughout Arctic America, and found in some of the Atlantic States. 5. S. chrysantha, Gray. Dwarf, cespitose, sAoo/s crec/?/n7 ; leaves rosu- late, imbricated, oblong-ovate, thick, very smooth : stem filiform, few-leaved, slightly glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered : calyx segments reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. The S. serpyllifolia of Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Rep. 1871. High alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. = = Petals white or cream-color. 6. S. CSespitOSa, L. ^Dwarf (l to 2 inches high), cespitose: leaves glandu- lar-pubescent, 3 to b-cleft, segments broadly linear and obtuse ; the upper leaves linear and entire : flowering stems with a few scattered leaves, glandular, 1 to 4-flowered. — Mountains of Colorado and extending northward to lat. 56°. 7. S. cernua, L. Glabrate or glandular-pubescent: stems granulate at base, weak, 2 to 5 inches high : lower leaves reniform, broadly toothed or lobed ; the upper ones bearing little bulbs in their axils : flowers often solitary, terminal, pendulous: petals retuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward through- out the Arctic regions. 8. S. bronchialis, L. Stems slender, producing short branchlets : leaves linear, rather coriaceous, finely ciliate, mucronate-pointed, crowded below: flowers corymbose on a long, slender, bracted peduncle : petals marked with numerous purplish spots. — From Colorado northward to the N. W. Coast, ■w. -w. Sepals coherent at least to the middle: petals not yellow. 9. S. rivularis, L. Small: stems weak, 3 to 5-fiowered : lower leaves rounded, 3 to 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate : petals white, ovate. — Mountains of Colorado and northward ; also in the White Moun- tains. 10. S. adscendens, L. Glandular-pubescent : stems 1 to 3 inches high, erect : leaves cuneate-ovate, 3 to ^-toothed at the apex, the earlier spatulate and entire, radical ones crowded : branchlets 3-fiowered : petals pinkish or yellowish white. — Mountains of Colorado. 11. S. Jamesii, Torr. Glandular-puberulent : stems 2 to 6 inches high from a thick caudex, 5 to 10-flowered : radical leaves reni form-cordate, smooth- ish, crenately-toothed or -lobed ; cauline few, the uppermost bract-like, cuneiform: 92 SAXIFRAGACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) raceme compound : petals purple, orbicular. — Mountains of Colorado and northward in the Teton Range and the National Park. -I- -t- -H- Cahjx wholly adherent. 12. S. debilis, Engelm. Glabrous or very sparingly glandular-pubes- cent : stems weak, ascending, 2 to 4-flowered, 2 to 4 inches high : radical leaves small, crenately lobed ; cauline 3-lobed or entire : petals white or pink- ish, ovate, obtuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward into Wyoming. * * Stemless : petals white. H- Calyx free from the ovary, or nearly so : sepals almost distinct, rejlexed. 13. S. punctata, L. Villous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves long- petioled, rcnlform or orbicular, equally and deeply dentate: scape slender, naked, 1 to l^feet high, the peduncles and pedicels of the usually open panicle glandu- lar : petals oval or orbicular. — Colorado, Utah, and northward into British America. 14. S. Stellaris, L., var. comosa, Poir. Leaves wedye-shaped, more or less toothed: scape 4 to 5 inches liiyh, bearing a small contracted panicle: many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves : petals un- equal, lanceolate and tapering into the claw. — Mt. Evans, Colorado [Greene) ', also in Maine and far northward. -1- •\- Calyx adherent to the ovary at base. Sepals erect. 15. S. nivalis, L. Leaves ovate or obovafce, attenuate into a broad petiole, unequally crenate-dentate : scape 2 to 5 inches high, capitately or sub- corymbosely several to many-Jlowered : petals oblong: capsules purple. — Colo- rado and northward to Arctic America. 16. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Like the preceding, but larger and more open : scape a span to a foot high, at length loosely many-flowered in a paniculate cyme : petals obovate. — In the Rocky Mountains and Coast Ranges ; also com- mon in the Atlantic States. -M- Sepals spreading, or at length reflexed. 17. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovate or obovate to lanceolate- spatulate, 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a very short and margined petiole : scape 1 to 3 feet high, viscid : flowers in small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform panicle : petals obovate or broadly spatulate. — S. hieracifoUa of Hayd. Rep. for 1871 and 1872. From Colorado northward to the Yellowstone and westward to the Sierras. 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals entire, the base contracted into a short claw.— Perennial, with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers : the leaves all alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilatations or appendages at base. 1. B. major, Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 4 to 8 inches in diam- eter, 5 to 9-cleft : petioles abruptly appendaged at base, the lower with scari- SAXIFKAGACEiE. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 93 ous, the upper Avith foliaceous and rounded stipules. — In the Sierras from California to Oregon and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains. 3. TELLIMA, R.Br. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed ; the base of the tube coherent with the base or lower half of the ovary. — Perennials : with palmately- divided leaves, few on the simple stems ; their petioles with stipule-like dila- tations at base : flowers in a simple terminal raceme ; petals white or pink. In ours the slender or filiform rootstock and sometimes even the few-flowered raceme bear clusters of small grain-like bulblets. 1. T. parviflora, Hook. Rougkish-hirsute or scahrous-puhescejit, a span to afoot hif/h : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice 3-cleft : calijx obconlcal or at length almost clavate : petals deeplij 3-cleft into linear or oblong divisions : ovary and capsule fuU/j half inferior. — Colorado, Utah, and northward through the Yellowstone region to British America. V-. 2. T. tenella, Watson. Small and slender, 2 to 9 inches high, roughish with a minute glandular pubescence: leaves smaller than the preceding inch in diameter) : cahjx campanulate : petals 3 to 5-parted or even irregularly 1 -parted into mostly linear divisions : ovary and capsxde free except the base. — Bot. King's Exp. 95. Colorado and the Teton Mountains, thence west to the Sierras. 4. TIARELLA, L. Calyx 5-parted ; the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less colored. — Perennial, low or slender : with palmately lobed or divided alter- nate leaves, and a terminal raceme or panicle of small white flowers. 1. T. unifoliata. Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy : flowering stems a span to a foot or more long : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or some- what triangular, 3 to 5-lobed and the lobes crenate-toothed ; the radical ones slender- petioled ; the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or some- times 2 or 3 similar to the radical. — From California to British Columbia and extending into N. W. Montana. 5. MI.TELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Calyx 5-cleft, short, coherent Avith the base of the ovary. — Low and slender perennials : with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or run- ners ; those on the scape opposite, if any : flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. 1. M. pentandra, Hook. Leaves all radical, cordate, slightly lobed, crenately serrate: calyx adherent nearly to the summit of the ovary: petals pectinate-pinnatifd : stamens opposite the petals : stigmas 2-lobed. — From Colorado to the Yellowstone and the Bitter-Root Mountains. 2. M. triflda, Graham. Leaves as in the last, but dentate : calyx adhe- rent to the middle of the ovary : petals 3 to 5-parted : stamens opposite the cah/x- lobes: stigmas entire. — By mistake in Fl. Colorado this species Avas described under the name M. pentandra. From Colorado to British America, and also in California. 94 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4 or 5, yellow within. Stamens inserted on a conspicuous disk. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small corymbose flowers. 1. C. alternifolium, L. Flowering stems erect : leaves alternate, reni- form-cordate, doubly creuate or somewhat lobed. — Colorado and northward. 7. HE U CHER A, L. Alum-root. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. — Perennials : with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate : petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base : flowers iu small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. * Stamens and sti/les exserted. 1. H. rubeseens, Torr. Scape usually naked, glabrous or somewhat scabrous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves nearly glabrous, suborbicular, cordate at base, slightly lobed, crenate-dentate, the teeth ciliate : panicle loosely many- flowered, often somewhat reddish : petals linear, more or less rose-colored or white. — From New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to the mountains of Nevada and the Wahsatch. * # Stamens and styles included {at least at Jirst). -1- Generally hirsute : flowers rather large. 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Scapes 2 to 4 feet high, hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs, scarcely glandular: leaves rounded, slightly 5 to 9-lobed : panicle very narrow : stamens at first included, hut soon exserted, longer than the spatul ate petals. — Along the Missouri to the mountains, and northward and eastward. 3. H. cylindrica, Dougl. Commonly hirsute and above glandular-pubes- cent : leaves round-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and com- monly lobed : scape 10 to 24 inches high : the greenish flowers in a cylindrical spike or thyrsus : petals inconspicuous or none. — National Park, Montana, and westward into Nevada, Oregon, etc. -1- Puherxdent or glabrous : flowers small. •M- Panicle glomerate, spicale. 4. H. bracteata, Seringe. Small, 3 to 6 inches high : scapes numerous from a thick woody caudex : radical leaves roundish-subcordate, incisely lobed, lobes crenately toothed : petals attenuate, scarcely broader than the filaments : styles and stamens at length exserted. — Mountains of Colorado. •n- -M- Panicle loose, racemose. 5. H. Hallii, Gray. Minutely glandular-puberulent : scapes 4 to S inches high, naked or with 1 to 3 minute subulate bracts ; petals narrowly spatulate, obtuse, exsert. — Colorado. 6. H. parvifolia, Nutt. Scabrous-puberulent : scape naked, 6 inches to 2 feet high : leaves roundish-cordate, crenately 5 to 7-lobed : petals minute, cadu- cous : seeds muricate or hispid under a lens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 58L From New Mexico northward through Montana. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 95 8. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. Perennial smooth herbs, with the leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the large solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. * Petals sessile, entire. 1. P. parviflora, DC. Leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base : petals little longer than the calyx : sterile filaments about 5 in each set. — Alon^-" streams in the mountains and eastward to Lake Michigan. 2. P. palustris, L. Leaves heart-shaped : flower nearly an inch broad : petals rather longer than the calyx, few-veined : sterile filaments 9 15 in each set. — Montana and Wyoming, eastward to Lake Superior, and throughout British America. * * Petals contracted into a short claw, fringed. 3. P. fimbriata, Banks. Leaves from reniform to cordate-ovate : the margin of the petals fringed below the middle or towards the base : sterile filaments 5 to 9 in each set and united below into a fleshy carinate scale, or sometimes a dilated scale destitute of bristle-like filaments. — From Colorado to California and northward to British America. 9. PHILADELPHUS, L. Syringa. Mock Orange. Calyx-limb 4 to 5-parted. Petals rounded or obovate, large. Styles 3 to 5, united below or nearly to the top. Seeds with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — In ours the leaves are entire, and the showy white flowers 1 to 3, terminal. 1. P. microphyllus, Gray. Branches slender, erect: leaves small, 6 to 9 lines long, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, shining above, pale and minutely pilose beneath, narrowed at base into a very short petiole : calyx 4-cleft, gla- brous without, tomeutulose within : styles united to the apex. — PI. Fendl. 54. S. Colorado and southward. 10. JAMESIA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx-lobfes sometimes bifid. Petals 5, obovate. Alternate stamens shorter ; filaments linear, flattened acuminate. Capsule included. Seeds striate-reticu- late. — Low, diffusely branching, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate, mucronately serrate, canescent beneath, as well as the petioles, calyx, and branchlets, with a soft hairy pubescence : flowers cymose, in terminal panicles. 1. J. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Cymes often longer than the leaves, 5 to 10-flowered : petals white, glabrous or softly hairy within : calyx-lobes shorter than the petals, enlarged and f oliaceous in fruit. — Fl. i. 593. Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. 11. PENDLERA, Eng. & Gray. Calyx-tube 8-ribbed. Petals ovate-deltoid, unguiculate, emarginate. Sta- mens 8 : filaments 2-forked at the apex, the lobes divaricate and extended beyond the cuspidate anther. Capsule crustaceous. Seeds reticulate, winged below. — Erect shrub. M SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1. F. rupicola. Eng. & Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, branches terete, striate : leaves deciduous, subsessile, oblong, very entire, 3-nerved at base : flowers 1 to 3, terminal on the short brauchlets, peduncled, white. — PI. Wright, i. 77. S. W. Colorado and southward. 12. BIBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry. Calyx 5-lobed, often colored. Petals 5, small. Styles 2, distinct ot united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. —Low, sometimes ])rickly, with palmately-lobed leaves, often clustered in the axils ; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. § 1. Mostljj thorn 1/ under the fascicles, and sometimes scattered-prickly or bristly along the branches: leaves plaited in the bud: calyx mostly recurved or rejlexed at flowering-time. — Gooseberry. * Calyx-tube campanidate to cylindraceous : peduncle 1 to 4-flowered. -i- Flowers yellow or yellowish: leaves seldom \ inch in diameter : anthers oval- oblong. 1. B. leptanthum, Gray. Much branched and rigid, 1 to 4 feet high, with comparatively large single or triple thorns : leaves roundish, 3 to 5-cleft, and the lobes crenately-incised or toothed : peduncles very short, 1 to 2-flowered : berry glabrous. — PI. Fendl. 53. New Mexico, Colorado, and in the Sierras. -»- H- Flowers greenish, white, or dull purplish : leaves mostly an inch or two in diameter : anthers shorter, mostly didymous. ■t-i- Ovary and berry unarmed and glabrous : berry pleasant. 2. B. divaricatum, Dougl., var. irriguum, Gray. Nearly glabrous or soft-pubescent : stems b to \2 feet high, with widely spreading branches ; the thorns single or triple : leaves nervose-veiny at base, 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes in- cisely toothed : the 2 to A-fiowered peduncle and pedicels slender, drooping : calyx livid purplish or greenish white : petals fan-shaped, white : berry dark purple. — R. irriguum, Dougl. From Colorado and Idaho to Nevada and Oregon. 3. B. OXyacanthoideS, L. Mostly glabrous, 2 4 feet high ; thorns single or triple, small : leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, the lobes incised and coarsely toothed : the 2 to 3-flowered peduncles very short : calyx greenish-white or flesh-colored : stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped cal>/x : berry small, purple. — R. hirtellum, Michx. From Colorado north- ward throughout British America ; also in California and the N. Atlantic ■ tates. 4. B. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy : peduncles slen- der, 1 to 3-flowered: stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx: fruit smooth. — The Upper Missouri, and extending east- ward to the Atlantic States.. ++ Berry armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 5. B, Cynosbati, L. Spines small or obsolete : leaves pubescent : sta- mens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx : berry large. — Near the sources of the Platte, and thence through the N. Atlantic States to Canada. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 97 * * Calyx-tube saucer-shaped, expandinf] immediatebj above the ovarij : peduncles racemoselij b to l5-/lowered : anthers verii short, pointless: ben-i/ small and currant-like, beset with some scattered (jland-tipped bristles. 6. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clotlied with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns : leaves heart-shaped, 3 to 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut. — From California and the Rocky Mountains to the N. Atlantic States and Labrador. Var. parvulum, Gray. Smaller and nearly glabrous. — The commoner western form. § 2. Thornless and pricHess : leaves plaited in the bud : berry unarmed {except in No. 7). — Currant. + * Ca^ijx dilated immediately above the ovary, rotate or saucer-shaped, 5-parted. 7. R. prostratum, L'Her. Stems reclined : leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate : racemes erect, slender, flowers greenish : pedicels and the pale red fruit f/landular bristly. — From Colorado uorthward throughout British America, and in the Atlantic States. 8. R. Hudsonianum, Richards. Resembles the last, but the flowers are irhiteand crowded in the erect raceme, and the berry is darker and smooth. — The R. bracfeosum of King's and Hayden's Reports, not of Douglas. Montana, - Wyoming, and thence through British America to Hudson's Bay. -\9. R. cereum, Dougl. Minutely pubescent, i. tana and Washington Territory. ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PIUMROSE FAMILY.) 103 3. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals white 'or rose colored. — Very slender branch- ing iiunuals, with linear entire leaves, and very small axillary flowers. 1. G. ramosissimum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence puberulent, diffaselij much branched : flowers ^ line long, mostly near the ends of the branches: capsule oblontj, 2 or Z lines long, on pedicels of about the same length or shorter, often deflexed, 3 to 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 513. Colorado and northward, and westward to Oregon and California. 2. G. racemosum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or more or less canescent with short appressed pubescence, the elongated brunches mostly simple: flowers ^ line long, axillary the ivhole length of the branches : capsules linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usually many-seeded. — Fl. i. 514. Colorado and northward, thence westward to Washington Territory and California. 4. CE NOT HER A, L. Evening PinMROSb. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals obcordate or obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody to membranaceous. — Herbs, or sometimes woody at base : flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 573. § 1. Stigma lobes linear, elongated: calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat: anthers linear. * Caulescent: Jlowers in a leafy spike, erect in the bud, yellow : capsules sessile, coriaceous : seeds in two rows, •i- Capsules oblong, slightly attenuate above : seeds with more or less margined angles, nearly smooth. 1. CE. biennis, L. Erect, rather stout, 1 to 5 feet higli, usually simple: calyx-tube 1 to 2^ inches long : capsule f to 1 inch long. — Common every- where and very variable. Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals equalling the calyx-tube. — Same range, but less common eastward. Capsules linear: seeds not margined,' minutely tuberculate. 2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Spike elongated, dense : calyx silky- canescent : petals rhombic-ovate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. Probal)iy within the eastern limits of our range, and thence to the Indian Territory and northward to Minnesota. * * Caulescent : Jlowers nodding in the bud, white t^irning to rose-color: capsules sessile, mostly linear: seeds in a single row. 3. CE. pinnatifida, Nutt. Annual or biennial : calyx-tips not free, throat naked : seeds oval, not angled, finely pitted. — Along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Dakota to the Indian Territory and Ne\r Mexico. 4. CE. trichocalyx, Nutt. Annual : calyx very villous ; the tips not free, throat naked : seeds lance-linear, smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 494. Q^. del- toidea, Torr. From W. AVyoiniug to California, and thence to Arizona and New Mexico. ♦ 104 ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 5. CE. albicaulis, Nutt. rerennial: stems white and shreddy : calyx-tips free, throat naked : seeds smooth, lance-linear. — A A ory variable species. From New Mexico aud Colorado to Washington Territory and British America. 6. CE. eoronopifolia, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : calyx-tips short, free, throat very villous : capsule oblong : seeds ovate, angled, tuberculate. — Fl. i. 495. From Nebraska to the Uiutas, and southward to New Mexico. * * * Acaulescent, or nearly so : Jiowers erect in the bud, white or rose-color: capsules mostly sessile, ovq,te or ovate-oblong, obtusely or sharply angled, large £ and rigid. V7. CE. CSespitOSa, Nutt. Capsule oblong, ribbed, often doubly crested on the angles : calyx-tube 2 to 7 inches long : petals f to If inches long. — (E. marginata, Nutt. From the Upper Missouri to Nebraska and southward to Nevada, New Mexico, etc. 8. CE. triloba, Nutt. Capsule ovate, persistent, strongly winged, net-veined : calyx-tips free, the tube 2 to 4 inches long : petals ^ to \ inch long. — From British Columbia to Mexico, and westward to California. Var. ( '.) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small, about an inch or two long, fertilized in tlie bud and rarely fully opening : fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cyliiulrical mass, nearly 2 inche.s in diameter and often 2 or 3 inches high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 251. Plains of Kansas and Nebraska. 9. CE. brachycarpa, Gray. Capsule ovate, winged, more or less corky, smooth: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: petals H long, purplish: seed-testa thickened. — PI. Wright, i. 70. ? (E. marginata, var. purpurea, of the various reports. From Montana to Nevada, New Mexico, aud W. Texas. * * « * Caulescent : fowers axillary: capsule ovate to orbicular, stroiigly angled and broadly winged. 10. CE. canescens, Torr. Low: capsule ovate, 3 to 4 lines long : petals ivhitc and rose-color, 6 lines long : calyx-tube d to ^ lines long. — From the head- waters of the riatte to New Mexico. 11. CE. Missouriensis, Sims. Capsule 1 to 3 inches long, ivith wings nearly as broad : calyx-tube 2 to 5 inches long : petals 1 to 2^ inches long, yellow : seeds strongly crested. — From Missouri to Colorado aud Texas. § 2. Stigma capitate : calyx-tube linear, persistent : flowers erect in the bud, yellow: anthers oblong: capsules sessile, linear to ovate: seeds in two rows: mostly acaulescent. 12. CE. breviflora, Torr. & Gray. Subpubescent : leaves deeply pinna- tifid : calyx-tube 3 to G lines long : petals 3 lines long. — Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and westward. § 3. Stigma discoid: calyx-tube more broadly dilated above: flowers erect in the hud, yellow, axillary : anthers oblong-linear : capsule mosdy sessile, linear- cylindric. 13. CE. Hartwegi, Benth. Low, 3 to 15 inches high : leaves numerous, linear to lanceolate, mosdy entire : calyx-tube 1 to 2 inches long, the tips free and linear: petals 4 to 12 lines long: capsule 8 to 10 lines long. ONAGRACEiE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 105 Var. lavandulsefolia, Watson. Taller, pubescent throughout : leaves mostly linear and shorter : calyx-segments less attenuated above. — ffi". la- vandula'folia, Torr, & Gray. From Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. 14. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Leaves linear to lanceolate, denticulate : the free cali/x-tips short : capsules 9 to 1 5 lines long. — From New Mexico and Texas northward to British America. § 4. St'Kjma capitate: cal/jx-tube obconic or short funnelform: flowers in crowded bracteate or leaftj spikes: anthers oblong: capsule linear, sessile, attenuated above, curved and contorted. 15. GS. strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, var. pubens, Watson. Pubescence hirsute and spreading/, sometimes nearly smooth : petals I to 2 lines long, yel- low, usually turning red : capsule verj narrowli/ linear, often short-pedicelled. — Includes (7s. dentata, Torr. & Gray. From the Wahsatch westward through the Pacific States. 16. CE. andina, Nutt. Dwarf, 1 to 3 inches high, canescentli/ puberulent: flowers a line long, yellow : capsule fusifljrm, 3 to 6 lines long. — From E. Oregon to Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah. § 5. As in § 4, but capsules linear to clavate, ped icelled and obtuse: caulescent: flowers in loose, naked racemes: seeds oblong-lanceolate. 17. CE. SCapoidea, Nutt. Puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves low on the stem, usually lyrately-pinnatifid : calijx-tips not free: capsule 4 to 12 lines long. — From W. Wyoming and S. Idaho to S. Utah and Colorado. 18. CE. brevipes, Gr. Like the last, but stouter: villous, not puberu- lent: calijx-tips free, thick: capsule I to 3 inches long. Var. parvifiora, Watson. Of a much more branching habit: the leaves more distinctly pinnate : inflorescence more slender : floAvers pale yellow, the petals 2 to 3 lines long. — Am. Nat. ix. 271. S. W. Colorado and S. Utah. 5. CLARKIA, Pursh. Petals purple or violet. Anthers oblong or linear. Stigma with 4 broad lobes. Capsule linear, attenuate above, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds angled or margined. — Annuals, with erect brittle stems: leaves on short slender petioles, the uppermost sessile : flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal racemes. 1. C. pulehella, Pursh. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear: petals 3-lobed, attenuate to a long claw which has a spreading tooth on each side: perfect sta- mens with a linear scale on each side at base ; alternate stamens rudimentary and flliform : capsule 8-angled. — Bitter-Root Valley, W. Montana, to Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Terr. 2. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate : pet- als entire, rliomholdal , icith a short broad claio which is often broadly toothed : anthers all perfect ; filaments with hairy scales at the base : capsule Ar-angled. — From the Wahsatch to California and Washington Terr. 6. STENOSIPHOW, Spach. Tube of the calyx filiform or almost capillary, much prolonged beyond the ovary, recurved or declined after flowering. Petals unguiculate, unequal. 1G6 LOASACE^. Trnit (very small) coriaceous, ovate, convex externally, flattish within, about 8-ribbed, — A tall perennial herb, with virgate branches: linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire leaves, gradually reduced to bracts : flowers white, sessile, crowded in long and strict virgate spikes. 1. S. virgatUS, Spach. Spikes in fruit sometimes nearly one foot long: bracts subulate, longer than the ovary: calyx pubescent, 4; to 5 lines long: petals rather large in proportion : ovary tomentose-pubescent. — From Colo- rado to Arkansas and Texas. 7. GAURA, L. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary. Petals with claws. Style hairy below. Fruit obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the sides. — Leaves sessile: flowers in spikes or racemes, white or rose-colored, turning to red. 1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hair i/ or dou-nij, 3 to S feet high: haves oUong- lanceolate, denticulate : fruit oval or oblong, ribbed, downy. — Idaho and east- ward to the Atlantic. 2. G. parviflora, Uougl. Clothed, besides the long soft-villous hairs, with a minute slightly glandular pubescence, 2 to b feet high: leaves ovate-lanceo- late^ repand-denticulate, clothed on both sides with a soft velvet g pubescence : spikes virgate, dense : fruit oUong-clavate, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above. — From 'Washington Terr, to Texas. 3. G. COCeinea, ?^utt. Canescent, puberulent or glabraie, 6 /o 12 incites h'g't, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or*- eut.re: flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet : //7 Globose or oval plants, stouter than the last, u.sually ribbed : bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers from the youngest part of the ribs close above the nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals. 3. Cereus. Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed or angled : bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers close above the bundles of full grown (older) spines. Ovary covered with sepals. § 2. Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same areolae as the always barbed spines. Tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. — Opuntie^. 4. Opuntia. Branching or jointed jilants : joints flattened or cylindrical. 1. MAMILLARIA, Haw. Flowers about as long as wide : the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, the succulent berry exsert. Seeds yellowi.sh -brown to black. 1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose: the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of h (o S reddish-brorvn spines, surrounded by 15 1o 20 fjrai/ish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid : flowers purple, with lance- subulate petals and fringed sepals : berrij oval, green: seed pitted, light brown. — A variable species, ranging across the plains and along the eastern slopes of the mountains. 2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, simple, with fewer (10 to 20) weaker ash-col ored spines: flowers j/ellow : berries scarlet, subr/lobose : seeds globose, pitted. — M. Nuttallii, Eng. Common along the eastern slopes of tlie mountains and upon the plains. Var. CSespitOSa, Watson. Cespitose, with 12 to 1.5 straight white spines : berry shorter than the tubercles, red. — Bibliog. Index, i. 403. M. Nuttailii, var. ccespitosa, Eng. Eastern slopes of the mountains of Colorado and southward. 110 CACTACE^. (cactus FAMILY.) 2. ECHINOC ACTUS, Link & Otto. Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with few (iu ours) sepaloid scales, which are naked or woolly in their axils. Fruit succulent or dr\% covered with tlie persistent scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and usually crowned with the remnants of the flower. Seed obliquely obovate, black. 1. E. Simpsoni, Eng. Simple, globose or depressed, with ovate tubercles hearing about 20 outer ash-colored spines and 5 /o 10 stouter darker inner ones, all straight and rigid : flowers yellowish green to purplish : berry dry, with few black tuberculated seeds. — From the eastern slopes of the Colorado moun- tains westward to Utah and Xevada. 2. E. Whipplei, Eng. & Big. Simple, globose or ovate, icith 13 to 15 compressed and interrupted ribs : 7 11 outer spijies and 4 inner ones ; the ivory- white upper ones longest, broadest, recurved or twisted ; the lower shorter, darker and terete ; the lowest middle one hooked : flowers yellow : seeds large, minutely tuberculated. — From S. Colorado westward to S. California. 3. CEREUS, Haw. Flowers about as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with spines or scales or almost naked. Seeds black, — Fruit often edible. Our species all belong to § Echinocereus, which in- cludes low and usually cespitose plants, with numerous oval or cylindric heads, short flowers, green stigmas and spiny fruit, the seeds covered with confluent tubercles, 1. C. viridiflorus, Eng. Ovate or at length cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, 1 to 2 inches high : ribs about 1.3 : areolae ovate-lanceolate : spines strictly radiating, 12 to 18, ivith 2 to 6 superior setaceous ones, the rest lateral and longer, the loicer frequently purplish brown, the others white, central one often wanting, Avhen present stouter, solitary, an^ variegated : flowers lateral towards the apex, i/eHow, becominq green : berries elliptical, small. — PI. Fendl 50. Common in Colorado and southward. 2. C. Fendleri, Eng. Ovate-cylindrical, .3 to 8 inches high : ribs 9 to 12 : areol* rather crowded : spines very variable, aiwaijs bulbous at base, radial ones 7 to 10, straight or curved, white and brown, lower ones stronger, central one stout, curved above, dark brown, often elongated : flowers lateral below the top, large, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, of a deep purple color: berry 1 to IJ inches long, edible. — PI. Fendl. 50. S. Colorado and southward. 3. C. gonacanthus, Eng. & Big. Ovate, simple or sparingly branched from the base, 7-ribbed : areolai large, orbicular, distant: spines robust, angled, straight or variously curx'ed ; radial ones 8, yelloivish, often blackish at base and apex, the upper one much larger than the others, nearly equalling the central one, which is remarkabli/ stout, angular, and channelled : flowers scarlet, open day and night. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 33, t. 5. S. Colorado and southward. 4. C. phCBniceUS, Eng. Heads 2 to 3 inches high, generally forming dense hemispherical masses a foot or more in diameter: ribs 9 to II : areolce ovate- orbiculate, somewhat crowded: spines setaceous, straight, radial ones 3 to 12, CACTACE^. (cactus FAMILY.) Ill upper ones a little shorter, central ones 1 to 3, bulbous at base, terete, a little stronger, lowest one longest. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34, t. 4. S. Colorado and southward. 5. C. COnoideus, Big. Heads 3 to 4 inches high, few* from one base, of unequal height, ovate, acutish towards the apex, conoid : ribs 9 to 11: radial spines 10 /o 12, slender, rigid, upper ones 2 to 5 lines long, lateral ones 6 to 15 lines, upper central spines hardli/ longer than the lateral ones, lower one 1 to 3 inches long, angular and often compressed. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 36. S. Colorado and southward. 6. C. paucispinUS, Eng. Stem 5 to 9 inches high, 2 to 3 itiches in diameter, ovate-cylindrical, sparingly branching or simple : ribs 5 to 7 : arcolte remote: spines strong, 9 to 16 lines long, dark-colored, radial ones 3 to 6, central wanting or rare, stout, subangled. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34. S. Colorado and southward. 4. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Petals spreading or rarely erect. Berry succulent or sometimes dry, marked with bristly or spiny areolae, truncate. — Articulated much-branched plants, of various sliapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-like. § 1. Joints compressed : rhaphe forming a prominent bong margin around the seed. * Fruit pulpy. 1. O. Camanchica, Eng. & Big. Large, prostrate, extensively spread- ing : joints ascending, 6 to 7 inches long, suborbiculate : areolae remote, nura^^ ous, armed : bristles straw-colored or brownish, few : spines 1 to 3, compressed^ brownish, paler at the apex, I to 3 inches long, upper ones elongated, suberect, the others defexed : berry large, ovate, ividely umbilicate : seeds angled, deeply notched at the hilum. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 40. S. Colorado and southward. 2. O. Kafinesquii, Eng. Joints deep green, prostrate, broadly obovate or orbicular : leaves spreading : bristles bright red-brown : spines few and small with a single strong one: flowers sulphur-yellow, mostly with a red centre: berry narrowed at the base, with a funnel-shaped umbilicus. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43. From Colorado eastward across the plains to Wisconsin and Kentuck3\ Var. (?) fusiformis. Eng. & Big. Roots forming fusiform tubers: bristles stout and yellowish brown : flowers smaller and with fewer sepals : seed larger and thicker. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43. From the Missouri southwarcj across the plains. * * Fruit dry and prickly. 3. O. MisSOUriensis, DC. Prostrate : joints broadly obovate and tuber^ culate, 2 to 4 inches long : leaves minute ; their axils armed with a tuft of straw- colored bristles and 5 fo 10 slender radiating spines I to 2 inches long : flowers light yellow. — Frequent on the plains and in the mountains, and extending eastward to Wisconsin. 4. O. rutila, Nutt, Prostrate, icith thick obovate or elongated joints, 2 to 4 inches long, sometimes thick and almost terete: areola close, armed with numer- ous slender reddish or gray flexible spines : floicers purple : berry deeply umbili- cate: seeds large, flat, broadly margined, ivory-white. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 155. S. Wyoming to Utah and westward. 112 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 5. O. fragilis, Haw. Joints small, ovate, compressed or tumid or even terete, ] to \^ indies long, fragile : larger spines 4, a ttciate, mostly yellowish brown, with 4 to Q smaller white radiating ones below ; bristles few: flowers yel- low : fruit with 20 to 28 clusters of bristles, only the uyjper ones with a few short spines. — From the Upper Missouri and Yellovtrstone to New Mexico. § 2. Joints cylindrical, more or less iuberculated : seed not margined. 6. O. arborescens, Eng. Arborescent, .5 to 6 feet high (much higher farther south): branches numerous, verticillate, horizontal or pendulous: joints verticillate : tubercles cristate, prominent : spines 8 to 30, divaricately stellate : berry sub-hemispherical, tuberculate-cristate, yellow, unarmed. — Wisliz. Kep. 6. Abundant from Central Colorado southward. Order 35. FICOIDEiE. A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules; difiering from Caryophyllacece and Fortulacacece by having distinct partitions to the ovary and capsule ; the stamens sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceco ; petals M'anting in ours. 1. Sesuvium. CaljTC-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 to 60. Capsule circumscissile. Suc- culeiiL 2. Mollugro. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Calyx-tube turbinate ; the lobes apiculate on the back near the top, mem- branously margined. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong. — Smooth branch- ing mostly prostrate herbs : leaves opposite, linear to spatulate, entire : flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or clustered. 1. S. Portulaeastrum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- late : floAvers sessile or pedicellate : calyx-lobes more or less purple : stamens many. — From California through Nevada and Colorado to New Mexico. 2. MOIjIjUGO, L. Carpet-weed. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3. Seeds longitudinally sulcate on the back. — Low and much branched, glabrous : leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, entire, opposite and apparently verticillate: flowers mostly on long pedicels and axillary. 1. M. verticillata, L. Prostrate: pedicels nmbellately fascicled at the nodes: capsule oblong-ovoid: seeds reniform, shining. — From Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico ; also in California and the Atlantic States. Order 36. Ur«BELI.lFEKiE. (Parsley Family.) Herbs, with small flowers in umbels, five epigynous stamens and petals, and two styles ; the calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, which UMBELLLFERvE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 113 contains one ovule in each cell; and the fruit splitting into a pair of (h-y seed-like indehiscent carpels. Stem commonly hollow. Leaves mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound, the petiole expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually compound, forming umbellets. The bracts under the general umbel form an involucre, under an umbellet an involucel. The enlarged base of the styles is the sti/lopodium, which is often surrounded by an epigynous disk. Each carpel has usually 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals are usually one or more longitudinal oil-tubes, or vitta. The face by M'hich the two carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongation of the axis between them is the carpophore ; this is apt to split into two branches, a carpel suspended from the tip of each. I. Umbels irregularly compound, the flowers capitate in the umbellets. Oil-tubes obscure. 1. Sanicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, mo.stly yellow. Fruit covered with hooked prickles or tubercles. II. Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not fur- nished with hooked or barbed prickles. * Oil-tubes rarely wanting. » Fruit more or less compressed laterally, broadly ovate or subglobose to elliptic-oblong, not broadly winged. t- Seed with sides moderately incurved : carpophore 2-cleft : flowers yellow or white. 2. Musenium. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong : ribs 5, filiform, slightly i)rominent : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. 3. Orogenia. Fruit ovoid : ribs 5, the 3 dorsal ones filiform, the lateral thickened, corky and involute : oil-tubes obscure, 3 in each interval. •4- -t- Seed nearly terete or but slightly rado to the Saskatchewan and the Atlantic ; also along the Pacific slope. 9. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels .5-angled, Seed terete, sulcate on the face or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. — Perennials, with thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute : leaves large, 2 to 3-ternately com- pound : involucre small or none. 1. O. nuda, Torr. Rather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubes- cent with spreading hairs : umbel long-peduncled, 3 to 5-rayed, usually naked : stfle and sti/lopodium veri/ short. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 93. From Colorado westward and along the coast from California to Alaska. Closely allied to the Eastern 0. hrevistylis. 2. O. longistylis, DC. Branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth with age, short-pointed : style slender, nearly as long as the ovary. — From Dakota eastward across the continent. UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 117 10. GLYCOSMA, Nutt. Stylopodium depressed : seed semiteretc or aygled, with rather a hroad sulcus. — Invohxcre aud involucels wanting. 1. G. OCCidentale, Nutt. Rather stout, 2 feet high or more, finely puberuleut througliout, excepting the inflorescence : leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, serrate. — Torr. &, Gray, Fl. i. 639. Myrrhis occidentalis, Benth. & Hook. Head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers to Oregon and California. 11. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium usually conical ; margin of the disk vmdulate. Fruit with a broad commissure. — Smooth perennials, usually tall : leaves pinnately or ternate and pinnately decompound : umbels many- rayed, naked or involucrate. * Flowers lohite. 1. L. apiifolium, Benth. «Sb Hook. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, leafy or naked, with 2 to 4 umbels on long peduncles : leaves pinnate! y decompound, the segments incisely lobed ; cauline leaves ternate, upon a short dilated sheath : fruit 2| lines long, with a conical sti/lophore : seed with a central longi- tudinal ridge on the concave face. — Probably the Conioselinum Canadense of Hayd. Rep. 1872. Colorado and northward into Montana, but more abundant westward. 2. L. seopulorum, Gray. Very similar, but the fruit larger, 4 lines long, more broadly winged and ovate, and the seed more depressed, almost reni- form in section. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Colorado, alpine and subalpine. 3. L. filicinum, Watson, Rather slender, li feet high: leaves hroadlg triangular in outline, ternate, the divisions hipinnate, and the segments deeply pin- natifid ivith linear acute lobes: stylophore obscure: seed obscurely ridged on the back. — Loc. cit. xi. 140. L. apiifolium, of Bot. King's Exp. In the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains aud Wyoming. * * Flowers yellow. 4. L. montanum, Benth. & Hook. Very smooth : stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves 2-ternately divided ; leaflets cuneiform, trifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, sometimes linear, entire, or the larger ones incised. — Colorado and Arizona. 12. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. — Perennial herbs, with 1 to 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple) ; umbels with no involucre and minute few-leaved involucels. 1. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Glabrous, stems somewhat branched : root- leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ovate-lanceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed : flowers deep yellow. — Manual, 195. Colorado and northward into Montana, and east ward to the Atlantic States. 118 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 13. ANGELICA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodinm depressed Fruit ovate, with a very broad commissure. — Usually tall and stout perennials (ours are glabrous or nearly so) : leaves pinnate or compound, the toothed segments usually broad . umbels many-rayed. * Involucre and involucels none. 1. A. pinnata, Watson. Stem rather slender, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves simpbj pinnate, with a tendency to be bipinnate in the lower pair of leaflets ; leaflets 1 to 6 inches long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sharpli/ and somewhat unequally serrate, occasionally entire. — Bot. King's Exp. 126. Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. 2. A. Lyallii, Watson. Stout, 4 or p feet high: leaves ternate-qiiinate ; the leaflets lanceolate, mostly cuneate at base, unequally dejitate. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 374. From Montana to Oregon and the British boundary. * * Involucre and involucels conspicuous. 3. A, Dawsoni, Watson. Rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high : radical leaves biternate, the lanceolate leaflets 1 or 2 inches long, sharply and finely serrate, the terminal one sometimes deeply 3-cleft: cauline leaves (1 or 2 or none) similar : umbel solitary, the conspicuous involucre of numerous foliaceous lacerately toothed bracts nearly equalling the rays ; involucels similar. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 369. Rocky Mountains near the British boundary, and proba- bly in N. Montana. 14. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp. — Much like Angelica. 1. A. Gmelini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 2 to 3-ternately divided; leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, gla- brous : fruit oblong. — Colorado to Oregon and Behring's Straits ; also along the New England coast. 15. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse or retuse. — Low and often cespitose, with a thickened root : leaves pinnately and finely decompound, with small narrow segments : umbels usually with both involucre and involucels. * Flowers yellow. 1 . C. alpinus, Gray. Caudex cespitose : leaves pinnatisect ; pinnae 3 to 5, approximate, 3 to 7-parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, very entire, or the lower 2 to 3-cleft : scape 2 fo 4 inches high, bearing a subcapitate umbel a little longer than the leaves: involucels 5 to 7-parted; segments equalling the golden flowers : wings of the fruit somewhat erose ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Am. Jour. Sci., ii. xxxiii. 408. High alpine, from Colorado to Mentana. 2. C. terebiuthinus, Torr. & Gray. Shortly caulescent, 6 to 18 inches high, leafy at base : leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate : leaflets a line long or UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 119 less, linear -oblong, entire, or 1 to 2-toothed : involucre a single linear leaflet or Avanting ; involucels of several short bracts : oil-tabes 2 to A in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissure. — FI. i. 624. C. foeniculacens, Torr. & Gray. Colo- rado and northward, thence westward to California and Washington. * * Flowers white. Peduncles shorter (sometimes longer in No. 3) than the leaves. 3. C. montanus, Torr. & Gray. Boot long and Jleshij : stem 2 to % inches high: leaves glaucous, oxoXe in ontXme, bipinnatelg divided; segments rather few and distant : involucre and involncel somewhat companuJate, scarious, about 5-parted : flowers polygamous : fruit loith membranous wings ; oel-tubes 4 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. Colorado, northward and westward. 4. C. glomeratus, Raf. Root thick and fusiform: stem 3 8 inches high ; caudex bearing the leaves and peduncles at the summit : leaves on long petioles, ternateli/ divided and bipinnatifid : leaflets of the palmatehj .5 to 1-parted involucre coherent at base and partly adnate to the rays of the umbellets : fruit with thickened and somewhat spongy wings; oil-tubes 3 to 4 in the intervals, about 8 on the commissure. — Colorado and northward, also eastward along the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers. 5. C. campestris, Torr. & Gray. Root tuberous : plant about 2 inches high: leaves 3-parted, the divisions remote, bipinnatijid : involucels minute : fruit with somewhat thickened and spongy icings, the alternate ones obsolete ; oil- tubes 6 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. "Plains of the Platte near the Kocky Mountains" {Nutlall). •»- H- Peduncles equalling the leaves or longer. 6. C. (?) anisatus, Gray. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much-branched caudex, glabrous: leaves narrow, on long petioles, somewhat rigid, pinnate ; leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, pinnately parted; segments entire or laciniately lobed, linear, pungently acute: involucre usually none; involucels of 6 to 8 linear leaflets: fruit irregularly winged; calyx-teeth conspicuous; oil-tubes one in each narrow interval, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 63. Colorado, Nevada, and the Wahsatch. 7. C. bipinnatUS, Watson. Cespitose, the short branches of the root- stock covered with the crowded remains of dead leaves, glaucous, rough-puberu- lent: leaves pinnate; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, subequal, 3 to 5 lines long or less, pinnately divided ; segments linear, entire or cleft into short linear lobes : scape 4 to 6 inches high, much exceeding the leaves : involucels of several linear- lanceolate leaflets : fruit nearly sessile, li or 2 lines long ; wings thin, but some- what corky, narrow ; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the rather broad intervals. — Proc. Am. Acad. XX. 368. C. foeniculacens of Hayd. Rep. 1871. Resembling C. alpinus. Mountains of Montana, Hay den, Watson, Canby. 16. PEUCEDANUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small and depressed. — Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent or acaulescent : umbels mostly involucellate : leaves pinnate to decompoundly dissected. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. 120 UM BELLI FER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) * Leaves not finebf dissected (rarely hipinnate), ttie segments large or broad or elongated : flowers yellow: fruit glabrous. -4- Acaulescent, glabrous : fruit oblong: leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; leaflets narrowly linear. 1. P. graveolens, Watson. Scape 6 to 18 inches high, a little exceed- ing the leaves : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, narrowly margined : oil-tubes about 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Bot. King's Exp. 128. Mountains of Utah and Colorado, subalpine. *- Caulescent: oil-tubes solitary: leaflets linear, entire. 2. P, simplex, Nutt. Finely puberulent, often tall : leaves ternate or biternate : fruit orbicular, 3 to 6 lines long, emarginate at each end ; wings broader than the body; ribs prominent. — From S. W. Montana to N. Arizona. 3. P. ambigUUm, Nutt. Glabrous, often low : leaves 1 to 2-pinnate with long leaflets, the upper often more dissected : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, narroicly ivinged ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 626. W. Montana to Oregon and Washington. Root much used by the Indians. * * Leaves ample, very finely dissected with short filiform segments: fiowers yellow : fruit glabrous. Acaulescent, usually tomentose: fruit orbicular or broadly elliptical. 4. P. foeniculaceum, Nutt. Sometimes even glabrous : involucels gamophyllous, .5 to 7-cleft : fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter; ribs prominent; oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. 627. From the Saskatchewan to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. -f- H- Caulescent, glabrous: fruit oblong. 5. P. bicolor, Watson. Stem short : peduncle elongated : rays feAv, very unequal : involucel of a few linear bractlets : fruit narrowing from near the base, narrowly winged ; ribs filiform ; oil-tubes obscure. — Bot. King's Exp. 129. Wahsatch Mountains. * * * Leaves smaller, much or finely dissected with small segments: flowers yellow : fruit pubescent : low, acaulescent. 6. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less densely pubescent : leaves of very numerous crowded narrow segments : umbels dense in flower : fruit oval, 3 or 4 lines long; oil-tubes several in the intervals. — From Nebraska to W. Nevada and S. Utah. * * * * Leaves much dissected ivith small segments : flowers white : fruit glabrous: usually low, somewhat caulescent or scarcely so. 7. P. macrocarpum, Nutt. More or less pubescent : involucels conspicu- ous: fruit A to \0 lines long, 2 or 3 wide; calyx-teeth evident ; ribs flliform ; oil- tubes rarely 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 627. From the Saskatchewan to Washington Territory and N. California. 8. P. nudicaule, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : involucels small : fruit ellip- tical, 2 or 3 lines long; calyx-teeth obsolete; ribs prominent; oil-tubes always solitary, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Loc. cit. Nebraska and N. Colorado, ARALIACE^. (ginseng FAMILY.) I2l 17. HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate ; stylopodium conical. Fruit orbicular or elliptical ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure : seed flat and thin. — Leaves ample, compound : umbels many-rayed : iuvolucels many-leaved. I. H. lanatum, Michx. A very large strong-scented plant, 4 to 8 feet high, woolly ; stem grooved : leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped. — From Colorado to British America and eastward to the Atlantic ; also in California. 18. ARC HE MORA, DC. Cowbane. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, flattish ; ribs approximated and equidistant on the convex back; oil-tubes 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Leaves pinnate, with 3 to 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets : involucels of numerous small leaflets. 1. A. Fendleri, Gray. Boot fasciculate-tuberose; tubers 3 to 4, about an inch long : stem simple, I to 2 feet high : leaflets of the radical and lower cauline leaves ovate or oblong, all incisely serrate throughout : fruit hardly 2 lines long. — VI. Fendl. 56. Colorado and New Mexico. 19. FERULA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong-elliptical or nearly orbicular. — Smooth, nearly acaulescent peren- nials, with thick fusiform roots : leaves piunately decompound : flowers yellow, in many-rayed umbels. 1. F. multifida, Gray. Stems 1^ to 2 feet high, stout, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves : segments of the 3 to 4-pinnate leaves incisely pinnatifid, with narrow or linear lobes : flowers dull yellow or brownish. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 348. Li the Wahsatch, W. Montana, Idaho, and Oregon. , 20. POLYT^NIA,! DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat ; many oil-tubes in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, with 2-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft: involucels bristly : flowers bright yellow. 1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2 or 3 feet high, with rather a stout sulcata stem which is usually scabrous and leafy : leaves mostly on long petioles, the segments pinnately incised or toothed : fruit 3 lines long, entire at each end. — Plains of the Platte and eastward to Indiana and Louisiana. Order 37. ARAUACEiC:. (Ginseng Family.) Like UmbeUifercB, but the iirnbels not regularly compound, stems apt to be woody, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit fleshy (berry-like or drupaceous). 1. Aralia. Petals imbricated. Ovary 2 to 5-celled. Pedicels jointed. Ours not prickly. 2. Fatsia. Petals valvate. Ovary 2 to 3-<'elled. Pedicels not jointed. Very prickly throughout. 1 The introduced Daucvs Carofa, L., may he known by its bristly stem, pinnatifid invo- lucre.which equals tl)e*dense and concave umbel, white or cream-colored flowers, the central one of each iimbellet being abortive and dark purple. 122 CORNACE^. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 1. ARALIA, L. Spikenard. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2 to 5-celled : styles free or connate at base, at length divaricate. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3 to 5-angled. — Perennial herbs or shrubs : leaves alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets : umbels mostly simple, solitary, racemed or pauicled. 1 . A. racemosa, L. Herbaceous : stem widely branched : leaves very large, quinately or pinnately decompound ; lea/lets cordate-ovate, doubly serrate: umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle. — Base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James, and from Canada to Georgia. 2. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem somewhat icoodi/, short, scarcely rising out of the ground, bearinf] a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 2 to 7 umbels : leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, serrate, 5 on each of tlie 3 divisions. — In the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to the Southern States. 2. PAT SI A, Dene. & Planch. Woody plant, with very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate um- bels in a long raceme. 1. F. Jiorrida, Renth. & Hook. Stem stout and woody, 6 to 12 feet long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and xery prickly throughout, making the forests in places almost impassable. — Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the Columbia northward, and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains. Order 38. CORNACEiE. (Dogwood Family.) Tree^ or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes or involucrate heads ; petals and stamens 4 and epigynous ; calyx adherent to the 1 to 2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 to 2-seeded drupe or berry. 1, CORN US, L. Dogwood. Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong or ovate, val- vate. Style slender : stigma capitate or truncate. — Shrubs or perennial herbs : flowers wliite or greenish. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Stems loio and simple, 5 to 7 inches high, from a slender creeping trunk: leaves scarcely petioled, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval: flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showy, A-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. — Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 2. C. Stolonifera, Michx. Shmb 3 to 6 feet high ; branches, especially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth : leaves ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish icith a minute close straight ptibes- cence on both sides, ivhit 'ish underneath : flowers white, in open and flat spreading cymes: involucre none: fruit white or lead-color. — C. pubescens of Fl. Colorado and King's and Hayden's Reports. Same range as the last. CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 123 Division II. GAMOPETAL^E. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or less gamopetalous, that is, with petals united. Order 39. CAPBIFOLIACEiE. (Honeysuckle Family.) Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx- tube adnate to the 2 to 5-celled ovary, the stainens mostly as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base. Flowers commonly 5-merous. * Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate : style short or hardly any ; stigmas 3 to 5 : fruit baccate-drupaceous : inflorescence terminal and cymose. ••- llei"b, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. 1. Adoxa. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of i,he ovary: limb • about 3-tot)thed. Corolla rotate, 4 to 6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther. Ovary 3 to 5-celled. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nutlets. Shrubby to tree-like : stamens as many as corolla-lobes : inflorescence compound* cymose : anthers 2-celled : calyx 5-toothed. 2. Sambucus. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3 to 5- celled, forming small baccate drupes. 3. Viburnum. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe. ♦ ♦ Corolla commonly more or less irregular, elongated or at least campanulate: style elongated ; stigma mostly capitate. 1- Herbaceous, creeping, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 4. liinnsea. Calyx with a 5-parted limb, constricted above the globular tube. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style exserted. H- -h- Shrubs, with scaly winter buds, erect or climbing : fruit two to many-seeded. 5. Symplioricarpos. Calyx with a globular tube and 4 to 5-toothed limb. Corolla regxi- lar, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4 to 5-lobed. Ovary 4-celle.d. Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, containing two small and seed-like bony nutlets. 6. liOnicera. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb. Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular and commonly bilabiate, sometimes almost regular. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Fruit a few to several-seeded berry. 1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL. An anomalous genus in this order. Cauhne leaves a single pair: a very small herb, a span or less high, with musky odor. 1. A. Moschatellina, L. Glabrous and smooth : radical leaves once to thrice ternately compound ; cauline pair of leaves S-parted or of 3 ohovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets : flowers small, greenish-white or yellowish, 4 or 124 CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule : corolla of the terminal one 4 to 5-cleft, of the others 5 to 6-cleft. — Subalpine, Arctic America to Colorado and east- ward in the Northern States. 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Elder. Plants with large pith to the vigorous shoots, serrate leaflets, small flowers in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. * Compound cymes tkyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off several pairs of branches : pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown. 1. S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high; branches spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate : thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong : flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet. — S. pubens, Michx. In cool districts, across the continent. 2. S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubes- cent : leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9.: cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white : fruit black, without bloom : otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 76. Eavines of the Kocky Mountains of Montana to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and California. * * Compound cymes depressed, 5 -rayed ; external rays once to thrice 5-rayed : pith of year-old shoots bright ivhite. 3. S. Canadensis, L. Plants 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and vei)is of leaves beneatli : leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe ; stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped with a callous gland : fruit dark purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. — From the S. Rocky Mountains eastward to Canada and Florida. 3. VIBURNUM, L. Shrubs or small trees, with tough and flexible branches, simple leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of white flowers. — In our species the drupes are light red, globose, acid and edible, with the stone very flat, orbicular, and even, and the leaves palmately veined. 1. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Glabrous or pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling : leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either obsoletely or distinctly 3-lobed, about 5-nerved at base: cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers. — Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward in cold or mountainous regions. 4. LINN^A, Gronov. Twin-flower. A trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, purplish rose- colored sweet-scented flowers which are sometimes almost white. 1 . Ij. borealis, Gronov. Somewhat pubescent : leaves obovate and rotund, ^ to 1 inch long, crenately few-tootlied, somewhat rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole : peduncles filiform, terminating ascending short leafy branches, CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 125 bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a filiform one -flowered pedicel : pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary : flowers nodding, — From the mountains of California, Colorado, and Maryland, northward to the Arctic Circle. 5. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowberry. Indian pURRANT. Low and branching shrubs, erect or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire short-petioled leaves, and 2-bracteolate small white or pinkish flowers. — Fruit in ours white, and the style glabrous. * Short-Jlotvered : corolla urceolate- or open-cavipanulate, only 2 or 3 lines long : flowers in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils. 1. S. OCCidentalis, Hook. Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long) : axillary flower-clusters not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate and an inch long : corolla 3 lines high, 5-cIeft to beyond the middle, ivithin de^isely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs : stamens and style more or less exserted. — Mountains of Colo- rado and Montana, northward and eastward. " Wolf-berry." 2. S. raoemosus, Michx. More slender and glabrous : leaves round-oval to oblong, smaller: axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flow- ered : corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded li^iV/i/n, narrowed at base : stamens and style not exserted. — Across the conti- nent. " Snowberry." Var. pauciflorus, Robbins. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only an inch long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal cluster. — Mountains of Colorado to those of Oregorn, Vermont, and northward. * * Longer-flowered : corolla from oblong-campamdate to salverform, 5-lobed only at summit, 4 to 6 lines long : flowers mostly axillary. 3. S. oreophilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence : leaves oblong to broadly oval, i to f inch long : corolla tubular or funnelform, its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes : nutlets of the drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. — Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. montanus, Gray. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to California and Oregon. ^ 6. Ij ONI CERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. Erect or climbing shrubs ; with leaves mostly entire, and the inflorescence various. * Flowers in pairs (or threes) from the axils of the leaves, the ovaries of the two either distinct or connate : stems erect and branching: corolla rather short. •»- Bracts at the summit of the peduncle very small, subulate: bractlets minute, rounded : berries red. L L. TJtaliensis, Watson. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short-petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon 126 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) glabrate, reticulate-venulose at maturity, 1 or 2 inches loug : peduncles seldom over a half-inch long: corolla houey-yellow or ochroleucous, occasionally tinged with purple, i to f inch long ; the tube gibbous at base, pilose-pubes- cent within. — 13ot. King's Exp. 133. Mountains of Utah, Montana, Oregon, and northward. -t- -t- Bracts oblong to ovate or cordate and fuliaceous ; in fruit enlarging and enclosing or surrounding the two globose dark purple or black berries: bractlets conspicuous and accrescent. * 2. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long, sometimes 3-flowered : corolla yellowish, viscid- pubescent, a half-inch or more long : bractlets 4 or united into 2, viscid- pubescent. — Mountains of Colorado and California to Alaska, and extending eastward into Canada. * * Flowers in variously disposed terminal or axillary clusters, commonly verticil- late: stems twining: uppermost pair or two of leaves connate into an oi:al or / orbicular disk: corolla with more or less elongated tube: berries orange or red. j 5. L. ciliosa, Poir. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous : whorls of flowers single and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled : corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubes- cent, yellow to crimson-scarlet ; limb slightly bilabiate ; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. — From the mountains of Arizona and California to those of Montana and British Columbia. Order 40. RUBIACEiE. (Madder Family.) Shrubs or (ours) herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by in- terposed stipules, or verticillate vrithout apparent stipules, the calyx adnate to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. * Leaves opposite, with entire interpetiolar stipules. 1. Kelloggia* Flowers generally 4-merous. Calyx with obovate tube and minute teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salverform. ytaiiiens and style more or less exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with hooked bristles, separat- ing at maturity into 2 closed carpels. * « Leaves verticillate, without stipules. 2. Galium. Flowers 4-merous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx with globular tube and obso- lete limb. Corolla rotate ; lobes commonly with inflexed acuminate or mucronate tip. Stamens with short filaments. Style 2-cleft or styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed. Fruit didymous, dry (in ours), jointed on the pedicel, separating into two closed car- pels, or only one maturing. 1. KELLOGGIA, Torr. A single Californian species, most nearly allied in our flora to Mitchella. 1. K. galioides, Torr. Slender and glabrous or puberulent perennial, a span to a foot high : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and en- RUBIACEJE. (madder FAMILY.) 127 tire or 2-dentate interposed stipules : fruit and paniculate inflorescence as in Galium: corolla white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. — Mountain woods, mostly under coniferous trees, California and Arizona to Washington Territory and N. W. Wyoming. 2. GALIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. Herbs (occasionally with suffrutescent base) with sessile leaves and small flowers variously arranged. # Woody at base: leaves 4 in the whorls; their margins, midrib, and angles of stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness : fruit hirsute with long and straight (not at all hooked) bristles: flowers dioecious: stems low and diffuse. 1. G. Matthewsii, Gray. Glabrous and smooth, paniculately much branched, woody at base : leaves rigid, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, vein- less, with stout midrib, 2 or 3 lines long or more, some of the upper cuspi- date-acute: flowers (of fertile plant) naked-paniculate: corolla barely a line in diameter : bristles of immature fruit rigid, not longer than the body. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and E. Califorr.ia. * * Wholly herbaceous : margins and midribs of the leaves and angles of the stem often retrorse hispid or rough : bristles on the fruit more or less hooked or none: flowers not dioecious. -1- Fruit beset ivith hooked bristles : leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl. 2. G. Aparine, L. Stems l to 4 feet long, retrorselg hispid on the angles, as also on the margins and midrib of the oblanceolate or almost linear cuspidate- acuminate leaves : peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal, bearing either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate while flowers : fruit not pendulous, granulate-tuberculate and the tubercles tipped with bristles. — From Texas to California and northward ; eastward mainly as an introduced plant. Var. Vaillantii, Koch. Smaller, more slender : leaves seldom an inch long : flowers usually more numerous : fruit smaller, hirsute or hispidulous. — Texas to California, Montana, and British Columbia. 3. G. triflorum, Michx. Diffusely procumbent, sinoothish : herbage sweet- scented in drying: stems a foot to a yard long: leaves in sixes, elliptical-lan- ceolate to narrowly oblong (inch or two long), scabrous or not on the margins and midrib beneath: cymes once or twice 3-rayed : pedicels soon divaricate: corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of the ovary. — Across the continent. •t- -t- Fruit without hooked bristles: leaves 4 to 6 in a whorl. Flowers very numerous and collected in a terminal and ample thyrsiform panicle : leaves in fours, 3-nerved, blunt. 4. G. boreale, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and gla- brous, very leafy : leaves from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fasci- cles of smaller ones in the axils : flowers in a terminal panicle ; the uppermost leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts : fruit small, his- pidulous, or at first canescent and soon glabrous and smooth. — From New Mexico aad California north to Arctic regions and east to Canada. 128 VALERIANA (VALERIAN FAMILY.) ++ ++ Flowers few in number and scattered. 5. G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high, sparingly branched, slender : leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 4 in the whorls, the alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair : Jiowers on solitari/ naked peduncles : fructiferous peduncles about the length of the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispididous fruit decurved on the naked tip. — Bot. King Exp. 134. Mountains of W. Colorado and S. Montana to California. 6. G. trifidum, L. Weakly erect, branching, 5 to 20 inches high, smooth and glabrous, except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and usually more hispidulous and sparse roughness of the midrib beneath and margins of the leaves : these in sixes. Jives, or not rarely fours, linear or oblan- ceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles slender, scat- tered, one to several-flowered ; flowers often 3-merous, as commonly 4-merous : fruit smooth and ylabrous. — From Texas to California, northward and east- ward. Var. pusillum, Gray, is the smallest form, a span or two high : leaves only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reflexed : peduncles 1-flowered. — In the mountains of Colorado and California, and northward. Var. latifolium, Torr. The larger and broadest-leaved form : leaves 6 or 7 lines long, often 2 lines wide : eymules few to several-flowered. — Canada to Texas and California. Order 41. VALERIAWACEiE. (Valerian Famly.) Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, which has one fertile one-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones, stamens 1 to 3, distinct, fewer than the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. — Corolla tubular or fuunelform, mostly 5- lobed : Howers iu terminal cymes. 1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Calyx-limb of 5 to 15 setiform lobes, which are inrolled and inconspicu- ous until fruiting. Stamens 3. Roots of peculiar scent. Leaves various. Flowers white or rose-colored. * Erect from a large fusiform perpendicular stock hroncliing beloiv into deep and thickened roots: leaves thickish, ncrvoseli/ veined, not serrate. 1. V. edulis, Nutt. Glabrous or glabrate, a foot or at length 3 feet or more high : radical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, entire or some sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid ; cauline rarely none, commonly 1 to 3 pairs, sessile, and pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or lan- ceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulate: flowers polygamo-dioccious, yel- lowish white, sessile in the eymules. which form an elongated thyrsiform naked panicle. — Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward and eastward. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 129 * * Erect from creeping or ascending rootstorls, which emit slender roots : leaves thinnish, looselj veinij, often with some simple and some divided and margins either entire or dentate on same plant ; the radical ones on slender naked peti- oles : corolla white to light rose-color. 2. V. sylvatica. Banks. Stems from 8 to 30 inches high : radical leaves mostly simple aud ovate to oblong, occasionally some 3 to 5-foliolate ; cauline more or less petioled, 3 to 11 foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-toothed : fruiting cjjmes open, at length thyrsoid-pauiculate : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. — V. dioica, va,r. sglvatica, Gray. Mountains of New Mexico and* A^rizona, northward and eastward. 3. V. Sitchensis, Bong. Mo7-e robust, from thiciver and branching as- cending rootstocks : leaves larger ; cauline short-petioled, onlij 3 to b foliolate ; the divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate, or in the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, not rarely dentate or repand: c/mes contracted: corolla fuunelform, 4 lines long. — Northern liocky Mountains aud northward. Order 42. COITIPOSITiE. (Composite Family.) Flowers ill a close head on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with (5 or 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube. — Calyx-tube adnate to the 1 -celled ovary, the limb (pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, etc., or even absent. Corolla strap-shaped (ligulate) or tubular. Style 2- cleft. Fruit an akene. — The flowers are perfect, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. Strap-shaped marginal flowers are the rays; heads with prominent rays aud tubular flowers are radiate ; and a head com- posed entirely of strap-shaped corollas is ligulate. The tubular flowers compose the disk, and a head with no rays is discoid. A head with all its flowers alike as to sex is Jiomogamoiis, when unlike heterogamous. The leaves of the involucre are scales ; and the bracts or scales which are often found upon the receptacle among the flowers are chaff, and when this is wanting the receptacle is naked. Key to the Tribes. Ser. I. TuBULiFLOR^. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermapli- rodite flowers. Heads homogamous and discoid : flowers all hermaphrodite and never yellow : anthers not caudate at base. Style-branches elongated, filiform-subulate, hispidulous throughout; stig- matic lines only near the base : leaves alternate. I. Verxoxiace^. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thickened upward and ob- tuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle. II. E UFA tori ACEJE. 9 100 COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) Heads homogamons or heterogamous, discoid or radiate : flowers not rarely yellow: style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage. Anthers not caudate at base : style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flat- tened and with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage : disk-corollas generally yellow : rays of same or different color, III. ASTEROIDE^. Anthers caudate : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute of any terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending quite to (or vanishing near) the naked obtuse or truncate summit : leaves alternate: heads iu our genera discoid IV. Is uloide^. Anthers not caudate : style-branches with truncate or variously appendicu- late pubescent or hispid tips : involucre not scarious : receptacle chiiffy : pappus various or none, never of fine capillary bristles. V. Helianthoide^. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : pappus from chaffy to setiform or none : herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands : otherwise nearly as preceding VI. Helen ioide^. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked or sometimes chaffy : involucre of dry and scarious bracts : style-branches mostly truncate : pappus coroui- form, or of short scales, or none VII. Anthem ide^. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : involucre little or not at all im- bricated, not scarious. Pappus of numerous soft-capillary bristles. VIII. Senecionide.*:. Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated appendages at tip : style-branches short or united, destitute of appendage, stigmatic quite to the obtuse summit, mostly smooth and naked : involucre much imbri- cated : receptacle densely setose or fimbrillate, or favose : akenes thick and hard •. pappus usually plurisetose. Heads never truly radiate. IX. Cynaroide^. Ser. II. LiGULiFLOR^. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle naked or chaffy : anthers not caudate : style-branches filiform, naked, stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice. X. CiCHORiACE-a:. Tribe I. VERNONIACE^. Corollas tubular, 5-lobed. 1- Vernonia. Heads several to many-flowered. Involucre of dry or partly herbaceous much imbricated bracts. Receptacle plane, naked. Corolla regularly 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Akenes mostly 10-costate, with truncate apex. Pappus double ; the inner of rigid capillary bristles, outer a series of small scales. Tribe II. EUPATORIACE^. Receptacle in most cases naked. Leaves either oi)posite or alternate. « Akenes 5-angled : scales of the involucre mostly lax, from thin-membranaceous to herba- ceous, nerveless or few-nerved, eitlier imbricated or equal and about in one row. 2. Eupatorium. Heads few to many-flowered. Recieptacle flat. Pappus wholly of scabrous capillary bribes which are mostly in one row, and indefinitely numerous. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 131 « * Akenes lO-costate or striate : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated ; the outer ones successively shorter. Scales of the involucre not herbaceous, conspicuously striate-nerved : corolla slender, 5-toothed at summit ; the teeth mostly glandular : pappus a single series of bristles : leaves mostly not entire. 3. Kulinia. Pappus conspicuously plumose. Scales of the involucre narrow, in few- series. Leaves nearly all alternate. 4. Brickellia. Pappus from barbellate or subplumose to merely scabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate. H- Scales of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, not conspicuously striate : corollas narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated lanceolate or linear spreading (rose-colored) lobes : pappus about a single series of capillary or stouter bristles: leaves punctate, entire. 5. Liatris. Heads few to many-flowered. Involucre spirally imbricate. Akenes slender or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus of firm and mostly equal bristles, from plumose to barbellate. Leaves alternate. Herbs, with heads in a terminal spike or raceme, sometimes becoming paniculate. « Tribe III. ASTEROIDE^. Heads with ligulate ray-flowers pistillate or rarely neu- tral, or with the flowers all hermaphrodite and tubular, or even dicecious. Receptacle seldom chaff"y. Pappus various, sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate. * Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color as the ray (if present), jnostly yellow ; their corollas tubular with more or less ampliate throat and 4 or 5-lobed limb : receptacle not chafl'y, flat or merely convex: involucre closely imbricated, mostly in several series. *~ Pappus chafl'y : heads radiate, small, paniculate or cymose-clustered : scales of the invo- lucre mostly coriaceous, the outer successively shorter. 6. Gutierrezia. Involucre oblong-clavate or turbinate to campanulate. Receptacle from flat to conical, commonly alveolate o timbrillate. Style-appendages mostly slender. Rays 1 to 8. Akenes short, obovate or oblong, terete or 5-angled. •t- -t- Pappus of a few (2 to 8) elongated awns or rigid caducous bristles : heads radiate or rayless, solitary at the end of the branches. 7. Grindelia. Heads many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose : the scales nu- merous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or less herbaceous tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, or the outer triangular, truncate, glabrous. +- ^- Pappus double : the inner of numerous capillary scabrous bristles : the outer com- posed of minute short bristles or scales, which are sometimes even obsolete: heads mostly radiate, middle-sized, terminating the stem and branches. 8. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered, with rays numerous or wanting. Involucre cam- panulate or heniispherical, of narrow regularly imbricated scales. Style-appendages from linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Akenes from obovate to linear-fusiform, compressed or turgid. •*-+-+-•»- Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles, simple, in one or more series : receptacle more or less alveolate and the alveoli often dentate : style-appendages from ovate-lanceolate to filiform : flowers yellow. 8. Chrysopsis. Species with outer pappus obscure or wanting would be sought here. 9. Aplopappus. Heads usually many-flowered, radiate, rarely di.scoid. Disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Involucre usually (but not always) broad : the bracts with or without herbaceous tips. Akenes from turbinate to linear. 10. Bigelovia. Heads 3 to 30-flowered, destitute of rays, small. Involucre narrow : the bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, mostly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Akenes narrow, terete or angled, hardly compressed, mostly at least 5-nerved. Pappus of somewhat equal bristles. Inflorescence not racemiform. 132 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 11. Solidago. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered ; mostly radiate, small, com- monly in raceniiform or spiciforin clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cyiiiose or in a thyrsus. Involucre narrow : its bracts mostly not herbaceous-tipped. Akenes terete or angu- late, 5 to 12-nerved or costate. Pappus of equal elongated bristles. * ♦ Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers ; their corollas mostly yellow : the ray not yellow, occasionally wanting : receptacle naked, flat or barely convex. ••- Pappus a single series of long awns or of coarse and rigid bristles, or in the conspicuous ray chaff'y. 12. Townsendia. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated : the bracts lanceolate, with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous. Receptacle broad. Style-ai)pendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong, much compressed, and with thickish margins, those of the ray sometimes triangular. Awns or bristles of the pappus scabrous. ■t- -t- Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short outer series. 13. Aster. Involucre from heniisiiherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or turbinate, imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous. Rays numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate- acute, commonly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 2 to 10-nerved, and the pappus mostly simple and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stemmed herbs, the greater part perennials. 14. Erigeron. Differs from Aster in the more naked-pedunculate heads, simi)ler involucre of narrow antacular bracts, but these readily separating. Pappus none, and corolla deciduous. * * Fertile flowers apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube or ring around the base of the 2-parted style ; disk-flowers staminate, anthers slightly united and their short ter- minal appendage inttexed, the abortive style hairy only at the somewhat enlarged and depressed summit, the ovary a mere rudiment : pappus none (or a vestige in Nos. 26 and '27) : heads small ; the flowers whitish or greenish. Head androgynous (rarely all male in No. 27), having few female flowers at the margin ; the more numerous male flowers all or most of them subtended by slender and com- monly spatulate chafty bracts: involucre open. •H- Akenes turgid, mostly obovate or pyriforni, marginless. 25. Iva. Female flowers 1 to 5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla. Akenes more or less obcompressed, glabrous, puberulent, or glandular: the terminal areola small. 26. Oxytenia. Female flowers about 5, wholly destitute of corolla. Involucre of about 5 dilated-ovate and rather rigidly acuminate bracts. Receptacle convex, small : the 10 to 20 sterile flowers subtended by slender chaffy bracts with cuneate-dilated tips. Akenes (immature) very villous, nearly pyriforni, with large terminal areola bearing aroimd the base of the style a fleshy annular disk. Lower part of the disk-flowers and their chaff beset with some villous hairs. ++ ++ Akenes flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined. 27. Dicoria. Female flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla : male flowers 6 to 12. with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous bracts ; and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the fertile flowers, or these wanting in male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few narrow and hyaline chafty bracts. Filaments monadelphous up to the lightly con- nected anthers. Akenes much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat, convex or somewhat angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarious pectinate- dentate wing or edge. Pappus rudimentary, of several small and setiform bracts. •t- +- Heads unisexual, monoecious ; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly apetalous female flowers in a closed nutlet-like or bur-like involucre, only the style- branches ever exserted ; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open involucre, the heads in a raceme or spike : akenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid, wholly destitute of pappus : flowers greenish or yellowish. ++ Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous : the receptacle low, and abortive style with dilated apex radiately fimbriate. 28. Ambrosia. Involucre of the male floAvers from depressed-hemispherical to turbinate, 5 to 12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually with some filiform chalT among the outer flowers. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower nut- like, apiculate or beaked at the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines in a single series below the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose above the fewer fertile ones. 29. Franseria. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with the female. Fertile involucre 1 to 4-flowere(l, 1 to 4-celled, a single i>istil to each cell, 1 to 4-rostrate, more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numer- ous prickles or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one series. Leaves mostly alternate. ++ ++ Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous : the receptacle cylindraceous. 30. Xanthium. Involucre of the globular sterile heads one or two series of small narrow bracts : receptacle distinctly chaffy, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly enclosing each niale flower : filaments monadelphous. Fertile heads a closed and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1 to 2-beaked at the apex, the surface COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 135 clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles: each flower a single pistil, inaturing a thick ovoid akeiie, the two i)eriuanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves alternate. ♦ ♦ * Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile ; the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent on tlie akene and becoming papery in texture : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, numerous, subtended or embraced by cha9"y bracts ; the corolla cylindraceous : leaves opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches. Leaves all or mostly entire, sessile : akenes of tlie disk compressed, all or some of them toothed or awned from the summit of the angles or edges. 31. Zinnia. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous: its closely appressed-imbricated bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming conical or cylindraceous : the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes of the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Pappus when present of erect awns or chafly teeth. Rays showy. -t- Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akenes not compressed. 32. Heliopsis. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts. Receptacle from high-convex to conical: the pointless chaffy bracts partly embracing the disk- flowers. Ligules large : disk-corollas glabrous. Akenes obtusely ^-angular, with broad truncate summit, wholly destitute of pappus. * • * * Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or even wanting, the ligiVle not persistent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, subtended and sometimes enwrapped by the chaff": pappus a cup or crown, of teeth or awns from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or of a few stout bristles, or none. t- Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. 33. Echinacea. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series : its bracts lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical : chaffy bracts of the latter persistent, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent cusp. Ligules rose-colored or rose-purple. Disk-corollas cyliTidraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube. Akenes acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpy- ramidal, with a thick coroniform pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth at the angles. 34. Rudbeckia. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. DLsk from hemispheri- cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical : its chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tul>e. Akenes 4-angled, prismatic. Pappus a coriaceous and often 4-toothed crown, some- times none. 35. liCpacliys. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes winged at one or both edges, on a slender-subulate receptacle. Pappus a chaffy tooth over one or both edges, or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate, with thickened and truncate summit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube. Ligule-s, involucre, &c. of Rudbeclcia. •t- Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : jikenes not winged nor very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. ** Rays fertile : receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or ob- compressed : pappus persistent or none. 36. Balsamon'liiza. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong: of the disk quadrangular and often with intermediate nerves. Involucre broad: the outer bracts foliaceous, sonieliines enlarged. Chaff linear-lanceolate. Tuberous-rooted low herbs. 37. Wyetliia. Akenes prismatic, largo, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves. Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown, or cut into nearly distinct scales, commonly produced at one or more of the angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less im- bricated : outer bracts often foliaceous. Chaff lanceolate or linear, partly embracing the akenes. Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves. 136 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) •H- 4+ Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangnlar-comjiressed or more turgid : chaffy bracts of the convex or conical receptacle embracing the akenes. 38. Gymnoloiiiia. Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring: the truncate apex of the short akenes coiiinionly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which is usually pubescent. 39. Heliaiitlius. Pappus deciduous, of two scarious and pointed scales, mostly no in- termediate ones. Akenes usually glabi-ous or glabrate. Tube of the disk-corollas short, and the throat elongated. ' ■t- -i- *- Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical : akenes of the disk either fiat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, or if turgid some of them winged : ]iappus not caducous. 40. Heliaiitbella. Rays neutral, rarely wanting. Pappus of delicate scales betweeii the two chaffy teeth or awn:j which surmount the two acute margins of the akene, or these obsolete in age. Ovary often wing-margined, but mature akene not so. 41. Verbesina. Involucre campanulate or lieniispherical, imbricated. Rays fertile, sometimes neutral or none. Akenes usually winged and flat, 2-awned, or in the ray 1 to 3-awned, with no intermediate scales, and even the awns sometimes wanting. Leaves apt to be decurrent as wings on the stem. ***** Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the subtending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave; otherwise as in the last section: heads many-flowered: leaves mostly opposite : style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone : invo- lucre double : receptacle flat or merely convex : rays in ours neutral -t- Akenes never with retrorsely barbed awns. 42. Coreopsis. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the very base ; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading ; inner erect or incurved after blooniing, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8. Akenes flat, or- bicular to linear-oblong, winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at silmmit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or 4 naked awns, scales, or teeth, or sometimes destitute of pappus. *- t- Awns of the pappus when present retrorsely barbed or hispid. 43. Biclens. Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. Akenes neither winged nor beaked, 2 to 5-awned : the awns retrorsely hispid. Rays neutral, yellow or white, sometimes wanting. 44. Thelesperma. Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup ; outer of shorter and narrow bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaff of the flat receptacle white- scarious. Rays about 8, cuneate-obovate. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube, and abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat. Anthers wholly exserted. Akenes .slightly obcompressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, marginless, beakless : the abrui)t summit crowned with a pair of persistent and stout awns or scales, or some- times pappus wanting. Leaves opposite. ****** Ray-flowers ligulate .and fertile, each subtended by a bract of the mostly one- seried involucre which more or less encloses its akene ; disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile, their style-branches subulate and hispid : chaff" always present between my and disk flowers : [»appus none to the ray-akenes, chatTy or else none to the disk-flowers : commonly glandular-viscid and heavy-scented herbs. 45. Madia* Heads many to several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few to many- angled by the salient narrow backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacte flat or con- vex, bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre, either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate or oblong 3-lobed ligules : their akenes laterally compressed, and enclosed in condu- plicate-infolded involucral bracts. 46. LBrerved, from extremely long-villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long bristles, white or whitish. ♦ * ♦ * Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, many- flowered : herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. 69. Arnica. Heads conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Involucre cam- panulate, of several thin-lierbaceous oblong-lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single .1 The Old- World genus Anthemis has a naturalized species within our range and may be characterized as follows : — Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter. Chaffy bracts of recejitacle sometimes hyaline, some- times aristiform. Akenes terete or 4 to 10-angled or ribbed, not flattened, glab)-ous ; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate pappus. Heads comparatively large — See p. 198. 2 The following Old- World genus has a naturalized species within our borders : — Chrysanthemum. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least of the disk) 5 to le-ribbed or nerved all round. — See p. 199. 140 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) or somewhat double series. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube. Akenes linear, more or less 5 to 10-costate or angled. Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate. Leaves chiefly opposite. 70. Senecio. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous and discoid. Corollas yellow. Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numer- ous bristles. Leaves alternate. Tribe IX. CYNAKOIDE.^. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all liormaphrodite, the corolla lobes long and narrow. Leaves alternate, the teeth or mar- gins often prickly. 71. Cnicus."^ Involucre of numerous much imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts. Receptacle densely villous-setose. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection. Leaves more or less prickly. Tribe X. CICHORIACE^. Ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Receptacle almost always plane. Herbs, mostly with milky and bitter juice, and alternate leaves. In ours the pappus is always present and the receptacle naked. * Pappus chaff'y or partly so, or bristle-like, or plumose. 72. Krigia. Heads several to many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous, equal. Akenes short-columnar, many-ribbed, terete or somewhat angular, with broad truncate summit. Pappus double ; outer of iioinlless thin scales ; inner of delicate naked bristles. Flowers yellow. 73. Stepbanomeria. Heads 5 to 12-flowercd, rarely 3 to 20-flowered. Involucre cylin- draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus be- coming imbricate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of plumose bristles, or rarely chaff'y awns. Flowers pink or rose coloi'. 74. Microseris. Heads several to many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles. Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes 8 to 10-costate, with a basal callosity which is hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple white ; its bristles or awns naked, with chaff'y base, or plumose. Flowers yellow. * * Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, never plumose nor chaff'y. •4- Akenes not flattened : pappus deciduous, mainly all together, soft and white. 75. Malacotbrix. Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. Re- ceptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed among the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or colunmar, glabrous, terete and striately 5 to 15-costate, or 4 to 5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, with broad trun- cate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of soft and scabrous bristles, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are more persistent and smoother. — Akenes not flattened : pappus ])ersistent, or bristles falling never in connection. ++ Beak to the akenes none. = Flowers yellow. 7G. Hieracium. Involucre several to many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and same short calyculate ones. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10- ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 to 5-angular, commonly of same thickness to the truncate top, but in several species tapering to a narrower summit. Pappus of rather ' The following 01d-Wo7-ld genus has a naturalized species within our range : — Arctium. Involucre globular ; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above the broader api)ressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numer- ous short and rigid or chaff'y bristles, separately deciduous. Leaves never prickl}'. — See p. 212. COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 141 rigid scabrous fragile bristles, dirty or tawny, rarely white and soft. Perennials, coniinonly with hispid or hirsute, or often glandular i>ubescence. 77. Crepis. Involucre few to many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones. Akenes from columnar to fusiform, 10 to '20-costate. Pappus of copious white and usually soft capillary bristles. Annuals or perennials, = = Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red. 78. Prenanthes. Heads 5 to 30-flowered, mostly nodding. Akenes terete or 4 to 5-angled, commonly striate, with tnmcate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles, in one section from whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or thyrsoidly disposed heads ; leaves dilated. 79. Liygodesmia. Heads 3 to 12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely few-striate or uiigled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform. Pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or rigidtilous, from sordid-whitish to white. Stems mostly rush-like and striate; leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Flowers rose-colored. ++ ++ Beak to the akenes distinct and slender : heads erect. 80. Troximon. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Invo lui-re campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10- nerved, smooth, not muricate nor sculptured. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yellow, orange, or rarely purple. 81. Taraxacum. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple and fistulous naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base. Akenes oblong-obovate to fusiform, 4 to 5-costate or angled, muricate or spinulose, the suTnmit abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus soft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow. 82. Pyrrhopappus. Heads and involucre nearly of the last, terminating scapose or leafy stems or branches. Akenes oblong or linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or sulcate, muriculate-rugulose, tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copious, soft and capillary, fulvous or rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous ring. Flowers yellow. -t- -"-Akenes flattened : pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles : leafy-stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads. 83. L.actuca.^ Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several to many- flowered. Akenes obcompressed, and with a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately. 1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Irox-weed. Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers, sometimes varying to white. 1. V. fasciculata, Michx. Glabrous, or nearly so, 2 to 5 feet high: leaA'es thickish, from linear to oblong-lanceolate, conspicnousb/ spinulose-denticu- late: heads numerous and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme: invo- lucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20 to 30-flowered; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. — From Dakota to Texas within the eastern limits of our range, and eastward to the Mississippi States. 1 The following Old-World genus has several species naturalized within our range : — Sonchus. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy-thick- ened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately. 142 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high : leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of the last, but smaller and less or obsoletely denticulate: heads few or numerous in a loose and open cor ymhi form cyme, all pedunculate: involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15 to 25-flowered ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse. — Fl. ii. 94. Plains of Ne- braska and Arkansas to W. Texas and E. New Mexico. 2. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort. Herbs or shrubby, commonly with opposite leaves, mostly resinous- atom- iferous and bitter ; the small heads corymbosely cymose or paniculate. * Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts successively shorter: herbs. Heads b to \0-flowered : leaves verticil late. 1. E. purpureum, L. From pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem simple, 3 to 9 feet high : leaves commonly 3 to 6 in a whorl, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate-veiny, the base narrowed into a short petiole : cymes polycephalous, compound-corymbose and numerous : involucre whitish and flesh-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or purple, rarely almost white. — From the Sierra Nevada, eastward across the continent. Known as " Joe-Pye Weed" and "Trumpet Weed." Varies exceedingly; the commonest form being Var. maculatum, Darl. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, often roughish-pubescent, commonly purple, striate or sulcate : leaves somewhat rugose : inflorescence more compact. ■t- -t- Heads 10 to 20-flowered : leaves opposite. 2. E. Bruneri, Gray. Minutely puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves acutely serrate, ovate-oblonc/, 2 or 3 inches long, very short-petioled : paniculate rather slender peduncles bearing 3 or more sessile or short-pediincled heads : in- volucre campanulate, at least 20flowered, of comparatively few obscurely striate obtuse bracts ; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and glabrous, flesh-color : akenes glabrous. — Synopt. Fl. i. 96. Damp ground, in the Rocky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Bruner. 3. E. perfoliatum, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, villous-pubescent, fasti- giately branched above, stout : leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering gradually to an acuminate apex, finely and closely crenate-serrate , rugose, soft- pubescent, or almost tomentose beneath, 4 to 8 inches long : heads small but very numerous, in dense compound-corymbose cymes, mostly 1 0 flowered : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with slightly scarious acutish tips, — From Dakota, within the N. E. limit of our range, to Louisiana and eastward across the continent. Known as " Thoroughwort " and " Boneset." * * Involucre of bracts all of the same length or nearly so, in one or two series : leaves opposite and petioled : shrubs. 4. E. ageratifolium, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and spreading mostly herbaceous branches, green and nearly glabrous : leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long, slender- petioled : heads pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10 to 30-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear. — E. Berlandieri, DC. From S. Colorado to Texas. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 143 3. KUHNIA, L. Perennials, with mostly alternate leaves, more or less sprinkled with resin- ous atoms, usually with scattered or cymose-clustered heads of 10 to 30 whitish or at length purple flowers; pappus mostly tawny. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire, the loAver narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute or soft and cinereous, or hardly any : heads more or less cymose-clustered. — From Montana to Texas and eastward to Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Very variable. Var. corymbulosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, stouter, some- what cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves rather rigid and sessile, from oblong to lanceolate, coarsely veiny : heads rather crowded. — From Dakota and Nebraska to Texas and eastward to the Mississippi States. 4. BEICKELLIA, Ell. Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite or alternate veiny leaves and heads of white, ochroleucous, or even flesh-colored flowers. * Heads 30 to 40-Jlowered, ^ to ^ inch long: leaves slender-petloled, at least the lower ones opposite: perennial herbs. 1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branched : the numerous heads paniculate-cymose and drooping : leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, coarsely dentate- serrate and with an entire gradually acuminate apex, the larger 4 inches long : bracts papery and scarious-margiued when dried : pappus white, inclined to be deciduous. — In the mountains from New Mexico and Arizona to Montana and Oregon. Var. minor, Gray, is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre fewer-flowered. — Clear Creek, Colo- rado, to California in the Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. « * Heads 9 to 2^-Jiowered, not over ^ inch long: leaves distinctly petioled, mostlij cilternate : stems shrubbi/ at base. 2. B. Wrightii, Gray. Usually much branched from a woody base, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent : leaves broadli/ deltoid-ovate or rounded-cordate and obtuse, more or less crenate-dentate, | to 1^ inches long: heads glomerate-panicu- late, the clusters shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : in- volucre often purple. — PI. Wright, ii. 72. From Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas. 3. B. microphylla, Gray. Glandular-pubemlent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched ; the short leafy branchlets terminated by I to 3 heads : leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger ^ inch long, those of flowering branchlets a line or two long: heads nearly \ inch long, about 15-flowered. — Pi. Wright, i. 85. From S. W. Colorado to California and Oregon. 144 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 5. LI AT BIS, Schreb. Blazing Star. Herbs, with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly glo- bose and corm-like stock, bearing spicate heads of rose-purple flowers ; the leaves all alternate, narrow, entire, rigid, mostly glabrous. * Pappus very plumose: heads 16 &0-Jiowered. 1 . L. squarrosa, VVilld. Pubescent or partly glabrous : stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high : leaves all linear and rigid ; the lower grass-like : heads few, or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, the larger an inch or more long: bracts of the involucre much imbricated, all herbaceous and acuminate, or with f oliaceous or herbaceous lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips ; these usually squarrose-spreading and prolonged. — Within the eastern limit of our range and extending eastward across the continent. Var. intermedia, DC. Heads narrow : bracts of the involucre erect or little spreading, less prolonged. — Same range as the type, perhaps extending a little farther west. * * Pappus plainhj plumose to the naked eye: heads 4 to ^-flowered. 2. L. punctata, Hook. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick and branching or sometimes globular stock, stout : leaves all narrowly linear, as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid : head oblong or cylindraceous, thickish, from ^ to f inch long, mostly numerous and crowded in a dense spike : bracts of the involucre oblong, abruptly or sometimes more gradually cuspidate-acuminate, often lanuginous-ciliate. — On the plains from the Sas- katchewan to Montana and southward to Texas and New Mexico. * * * Pappus minutely harhellate, not plumose: heads 25 to AO-Jlowered. 3. L, scariosa, Willd. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves spatulate- or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a, petiole, 4 to 6 inches long; upper narrowly lanceolate; uppermost small, linear, sessile: heads racemose or spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), about an inch high and wide or much smaller : involucral bracts broadest and rounded at sum- mit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged and tinged with purple (rarely white-scarious). — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. Extremely variable. 6. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. Ours is a sufPruticose plant, with narrow entire and alternate leaves, small heads of yellow flowers, and pappus of ray and disk similar, consisting of chaffy scales which vary from narrowly oblong to linear-subulate. 1. G. Euthamiae, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to puberulent, 6 to 18 inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches: leaves narrowly linear, verging to filiform : heads mostly clavate-oblong, few to several-flowered, not over 2 lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5 in a glomerule : flowers of disk and ray not numerous : akenes sericeous- pubescent. — From the Saskatchewan and Montana to New Mexico and California. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 145 7. GRIN DELI A, Willd. Gum Plant. Herbs of coarse habit ; with sessile or partly clasping and usually ser- rate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating tlie branches ; the narrow rays numerous, occasionally wanting. Heads more or less viscid, especially before blooming, but the lierbage glabrous (in ours). * Akenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not toothed: pappus-awns 2 or 3. 1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Commonly only a foot or two high and branched from the base : leaves rigid ; cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong and with half-clasping base, acutely and often spinulosely serrate or denticu- late ; sometimes radical and even cauline laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre strongly squarrose with the spreading and recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts : outer akenes commonly corky-thickened and Avith broad truncate summit, those toward the centre narrower and thinner-walled. — On the plains, from the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward to the Sierra Nevada. Var. nuda, Gray. Rays wanting. — With the radiate, form in Colorado and New Mexico. * * Akenes narrow, excisely truncate or bidentate at summit : pappus aums mostly 2. 2. G. nana, Nutt. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely and freely branched above : leaves thinnish, lanceo- late and linear, or the lower spatulate, entire or spiuulose serrate : heads small : bracts of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips, as in the last : rays 16 to 30. — From N. W. Wyoming to Oregon and Wash- ington Territory ; replacing G. squarrosa in the Northwest. 8. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Golden Aster. Herbs, with pubescence from hispid to silky, leaves entire or few-toothed, yellow flowers in middle-sized heads terminating the stem and branches. Our single species includes a multitude of forms, the more marked of which are given as varieties. 1. C. villosa, Nutt. A foot or two high : leaves from oblong to lanceo- late, rarely few-toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the margins and midrib, an inch or two long : heads mostly terminating leafy branches, sometimes rather clustered, naked at base or leafy- bracteate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high ; its bracts com- monly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute : akenes oblong- obovate, villous : outer pappus of chaffy bristles — On open ground from the Saskatchewan to Alabama and westward across the continent. Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canescent : heads particularly small : involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1 863, 65. Saskatchewan to W. Texas and Arizona. Var. discoidea, Gray. Heads destitute of rnys : involucre somewhat canescent : otherwise nearly as the last. — Synopt. Fl. i. 123. Canons, W. Mon- tana, Watson. 10 146 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. foliosa, Eaton. Canesceiit with appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft and destitute of hispid bristles; but stem often hirsute or villous: leaves short, oblong or elliptical : heads small, rather numerous and clustered. — Bot. King Exp. 164. Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Arizona. Var Rutteri, Rothrock. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous- canescent with usually longer soft hairs : heads of double the size, fully ^ inch high and wide, solitary or few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30 to 40, ^ inch long. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. S. Arizona ; also Colorado, where the leaves are slightly canescent. 9. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. A large and polymorphous genus ; mostly herbaceous, .some suffruticose : the flowers all yellow, and occasionally rayless, thus making them undistin- guishable from the following genus. * Involucre of firm wcll-imhricated or rigid bracts: rays mnnerotis, several, or IV anting : pappus comvionlij fuscous or rufous, and more or less rigid. •I- Heads rai/Iess : akenes sericcous-canescent : leaves coriaceous, dentate. 1. A. Nutt^lUii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous from a woody stock, a span to a foot high : leaves from spatulate-oblong to almost lanceolate : heads few terminating the branches, one third inch high : involucre hemispherical ; the bracts with slightly spreading greenish tips. — From New Mexico and Arizona to Idaho and the Saskatchewan. -I- s- Heads conspicuous! j/ radiate, large and showi/: rays very numerous, \ to 1 inch long: akenes wholly glabrous: leaves coriaceous, entire. ++ Sfons equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads. 2. A. Fremonti, Gray. A foot or less high, simple or fastigiately branched above : leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, obscurely 3 to 5-nerved ; lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base: involucre (inch or less high) broadly campanulate ; its bracts broadly lanceolate, couspicuou.sly and often cuspidately acuminate : rays ^ inch long : akenes obovate, striate-nerved, almost as long as the rigid pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Colorado. Var. Wardi, Gray. Dwarf: fascicled stems only a span high: leaves proportionally small, linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves : heads one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal glomerule : akenes double the length of the scanty pappus. — Synopt. Fl. i. 128. Wyoming, L. F. Ward. ++ Stems simple, above ivith decreasing or sparse leaves and solitary or few naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tuft of ample lanceolate- or spatulate-oblong radical leaves. 3. A. croceus, Gray. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two high, and with radical leaves a foot or less long (including the petiole) : cauline leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping : head mostly solitary : invo- lucre a full inch in diameter; its bracts ovate to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax, inner with scarious erose-denticulate margins : rays saffron-yellow, sometimes inch long: akenes narrowly oblong, nearly tlie length of the pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 186.3,6.'). Mountains of Colorado. 4. A. integrifollUS, T. C. Porter. Stems several from the caudex, ascending, a foot or less high: radical leaves 3 8 inches (including short COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 147 petiole or tapering base); cauline lanceolate, or small uppermost linear: heads solitanj or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing : involucral bracts narrowli/ oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling the disk and more foliaceous : raijs bright ijellow, half-inch long : immature akenes oblong. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Mountain meadows, Wyoming, and Montana. -I- -t- Heads conspicuousli/ radiate, smaller: raj/s ^ to barely { inch long: akenes silktj pubescent or villous. Mostlij simple stems with a tuft of radical leaves : leaves coriaceous, entire or spinulose-serrate, the cauline diminished upwards: rai/s 20 to 50: pappus pale, rather soft and fine. 5. A, uniflorus, Torr. & Gray. Stems a span to barely a foot high, ascending or erect, sometimes 5 to 6-leaved, sometimes rather scapiform or upper leaves reduced and bract-like, bearing a solitari/ head, rarely one or two from lower axils : leaves lanceolate or sometimes broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches long and usually petioled : involucre commonly 4 inch high and the linear or oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous. — A. uni- florus & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. From the Saskatchewan to Montana, Utah, and Colorado. 6. A. lanceolatUS, Torr. & Gray. Habit of the preceding: stems gen- eralli/ more leafi/ and bearing 3 to 15 heads; these wlien few subcorymbose, when more numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed : involucre in the type fully ^ inch high ; its bracts rather closel'/ imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish coriaceous base ; outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more herba- ceous.— Eaton, Bot. King P2xp. 160. From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia and N. Nevada. Var. Vaseyi, Parry. Heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed to be racemose and involucre closer. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. •*-*■ ++ Veri/ dwarf from a multicipital caudex, leafy up to the small heads : leaves all narrow and entire : rays 1 to \0: pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous. 7. A. multicaulis, Gray. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but earrly glabrate and smooth : stems 1 to 3 inches high from a ligneous caudex, simple or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the lowest obscurely spatulate, an inch long : bracts of the involucre large and rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a larger foliaceous tip. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. On rocks, mountains of N. W. Wyoming. 4-*. ++ Branching and leafy : leaves not rigid, dentate or pinnatifid, the teeth and tips bristle-tipped : rays conspicuous, \5 to 30: pappus rather rigid, its bristles very unequal in size and strength. 8. A. rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray. One to three feet high, viscid-glan- dular and pubescent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or dentate with salient narrow teeth: heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6 lines high, usually naked pedunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate. 148 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) with slender spreading green tips: rays deep golden-yellow. — Fl. ii. 240. From S. Texas to the plains of Colorado as far as the mountains. 9. A. SpinulOSUS, DC. Canescently piiberulent or glabrate : stems a span to a foot high, cymosely branching at summit : leaves pinnately and the lower often hipinnatehj parted into rather numerous lobes; lobes and teeth, as well as appressed involucral bracts setaceous-tipped. — Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. * * Bracts of the involucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all of equal or about equal length: rays several or numerous: pappus soft and white or whitish: leaves all entire. -I- Heads cymose or glomerate at the summit of a leafy stem: involucre campanu- late: rays -12 to 20, small and narrow: akenes short and glabrous or nearly so. 10. A. Parryi, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent, and some- what viscid above: stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves oblong-obovate and spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, thiunish, 2 to 4 inches long : heads nearly | inch high, rather numerous : involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, pale, and in about three moderately unequal ranks: flowers pale yellow. — Am. Jour. Sci. II. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado to the Wahsatch. H- Dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple stems or branches : rays conspicuous. •M. Wholly herbaceous, chiefly alpine, disposed to be cespitose, a span or less in height: leaves soft, not persistent : involucre hemispherical: rays 15 20. = Green, not woolly, mostly equably leafj up to the head. 11. A. pygmseus, Gray. Less than a span high, soft-pubescent or gla- brate, not viscid nor glandular : leaves from liuear-spatulate to spatulate- oblong : involucral bracts oblong, outer ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse, equalling the thinner innermost : akenes pubescent. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 239. Alpine region of Colorado mountains, 12. A. Lyalli, Gray. Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent : leaves obovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : involucre glandidar ; its bracts lanceo- late, acute, sometimes 2 or 3 outermost oblong and more foliaceous : akenes and ovaries glabrous or nearly so. — Proc. Acad. Philad, 1863, 64. Alpine region of Colorado mountains ; also in Montana, Oregon, and northward. = = Woolly or tomentose, at least the involucre, above less leafy, or head pedunculate. 13. A. lanuginosus, Gray. Fully a span high from creeping root- stocks, floccose-tomentose : leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or upper linear, an inch or two long ; the sparse uppermost almost filiform : bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, nearly equal, in two series, outer barely greenish : akenes sericeous-canescent. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. From Montana, Watson, to the mountains of Washington Territory. Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital woody caudex, glabrous or puberu- lent : leaves rigid and persistent, crowded on the crowns of the caudex or on short shoots, a few on the scapiform flowering stems: rays 6 to 15: akenes canescently villous. 14. A. acaulis, Gray. Leaves from spatulate to oblanceolate or linear, mucronate, more or less 3-nerved and the broader ones veiny, commonly sea- COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 149 brous ; scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocepha- lous : brads of the involucre from, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronateh/ acute or acuinhiate, destitute of greenish tips; the outer a little shorter than the inner. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. In the mountains from the Saskatchewan to California and Oregon. Var. glabratus, Eaton. Glabrous and smooth or nearly so : flowering stems disposed to be leafy above and to branch, so bearing 2 or 3 heads. — Bot. King Exp. 161. Wyoming to Nevada and Arizona. 15. A. armerioides, Gray. Smooth and glabrous : flowering stems naked abgve for 1 to 3 inches, sometimes nearly scapiform: bracts of the campanulate involucre broadly oval, rounded-obtuse or retuse, muticous, of about three lengths ; the outermost much shorter, most of them greenish at apex. — Rocks on mountains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. Utah. * * * Heads mostlij solitari/, terminating leafi/ branches: involucre of lanceolate or linear bracts m few ranks and of somewhat equal length ; outer with con- spicuous leaf If tips, or loose and foliaceous, passing into leaves: raijs few and conspicuous, or wanting: pappus soft and slender: low and many-stemmed from a suffrutescent base : leaves soft, spatulate-oblong to broadly linear, ses- sile, entire. 16. A. SUffruticosuS, Gray. Destitute of iomentum: stems glandular- pubescent or puberulent: heads ^ to ^ inch high: rays 2 to 5 and somewhat exserted, or none : disk-flowers 10 to 30. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 542. Alpine or subalpine, from California to Oregon and N. Wyoming. 17. A. Macronema, Gray. Stems stouter, whitened by a dense and close tomentum : head commonly larger, one inch long : rays always wanting. — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, and westward. 10. B I G E L O V I A, DC. Rayless Golden-rod. Mostly suffrutescent or more shrubby plants, generally few-flowered, but grading easily into both Solidago and Aplopappus. Includes Linosyris. * Heads comparatively large, at least ^ inch long, but narrow, 5 to 20-flowered : bracts of the involucre chartaceous and acuminate, some of the outer prolonged into a slender herbaceous tip ; when numerous the vertical ranlcs are more or less apparent: low and suffrutescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate nor viscid. •»- Style-appendages conspicuously exserted: ahenes pttbescent: stems and branches whitened (at least when young) by a close tomentum. 1. B. Parryi, Gray. Stems rather strict, leafy to the summit: leaves linear, 2 or 3 iiiches long, 2 lines or less wide, obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous ; upper ones hardly diminished in size and overtopping all the heads of the strict and narrow thyrsiform-virgate panicle: heads 10 to \h-flowered : bracts of the involucre about 12. — Parks of the Colorado mountains. 2. B. Howardi, Gray. Low, rather tufted, canescently tomentulose when young : leaves narrowly linear, rigid, an inch or two long, barely a line wide, obscurely \-nerved ; upper mostly overtopping the glomerate nanow heads: involucre bfowered ; its bracts 15 to 18. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641. Parks of the Colorado mountains to New Mexico and Utah. 150 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) H- Sti/le-appendo(j€s hardly exserted : akenes glabrous: involucre 15 to 20- - flowered: herbage fjlahrous throughout . 3. B. Engelmanni, Gray. A span or two high, in tufts from a sub- terranean branching caudex : stems simple, very leafy up to the cymose- glomerate heads : leaves all narrowly linear, an inch or two long, only a line wide, rigid : bracts of the involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, outer similar but short, all abruptly mucronate or short-cuspidate, slightly greenish below the tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. Plains of Colorado at Hugo Station. * * Heads narrow or small, 5 flowered, mosth/ numerous and crowded : involucre of dry chartaceous more or less keeled bracts imbricated so as to form 5 con- spicuous vertical ranks : shrubby and branching, ivith narrow entire leaves. .-1- Akenes and ovaries glabrous, 4 to ^-angled: pappus rigidulous : bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, numerous and strictly 5-ranled, 5 or 6 in each vertical rank: herbage not punctate, slightly or not at all resinous. 4. B. depressa, Gray. Obscurely pubcrulent and pale, a span or two high from a decumbent woody base : branches leafy up to the glomerule or fas- ciculate cyme of few heads : leaves short, about inch or less long, lanceolate or lowest rather spatulate, rigid, mucronate-acute, with carinate midrib and no veins : heads ^ inch long : involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate into an almost setaceous tip. — Plains of S. Colorado to New Mexico and S. Utah. 5. B. pulehella, Gray. Glabrous and green, shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, fastigiately much branched, very leafy up to fastigiate-cymose heads : leaves narrowly linear, plane, an inch or less long, rather obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous margins and midrib not prominent : heads i to f inch long : involucral bracts rigid-charlaceous, much carinate, acute and cuspidate-mucronate. — W. Texas to New Mexico and Colorado. 6. B. Bigelovii, Gray. Canescent with flne close tomentum when young, glabrate, shrubby, a foot to a yard hgh, fastigiately much branched, rigid : branches less leafy, bearing a few fastigiate-clustered heads, ^ to | incli high : leaves nearly flhform: involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, thinnish, all pale. — N. New Mexico and adjacent Colorado. -t- Akenes mnescently pubescent or villous : herbage commonly graveolent and mostly becoming more or less resinous or viscid. Leaves numerous, flli form : involucral bracts 3 in each vertical rank, mostly ivith small subulate spreading or recurving tips. 7. B. Greenei, Gray. Suffruticose, about a foot high, green and gla- brous, more or less balsamic-viscid : leaves very numerous on the branches, filiform-acerose, but flat, and margins minutely scabrous: heads numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. Colo- rado, on the Huerfano Plains and near Twin Lakes ; also in Utah. ++ -w. Leaves numerous, from flli form-linear to broadly linear or lanceolate : bracts of the involucre obtuse or somewhat acute. 8. B. graveolens, Gray. A foot to a yard or more high, bearing nu- merous crowded heads: these h or § inch high : leaves mostl y flocculent-tomen- tose when young, often glabrate in age, not rigid ; the larger spatulate-linear, or COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 151 linear-lanceolate, 2 inches long and 2 lines Avide, ohscitreJi/ if at all 3-nerved ; the narrowest almost filiform, at least Avhen dry, and margins involute : invo- lucre thin-chartaceous when dry : corolla-lobes or teeth short, from lanceolate to nearly ovate: akenes linear: pappus sq/l. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644. From New Mexico and S. California to Dakota and British Columbia. An exceedingly polymorphous species, the following varieties representing the j)rincipal forms within our range. Var. glabrata, Gray. Includes forms with the usually narrow leaves early glabrate or perhaps glabrous from the first, sometimes balsamic, some- times not. — Not rare in Colorado, where even the branches sometimes early lose their light tomentum. Var. albicaulis, Gray. Branches for the most part permanently and very densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose : involucre either toraentulose or glabrate ; its bracts commonly acutish : corolla-lobes more or less lanceolate and the tube villous-jmbesceut. — Mountains of Wyoming to British Columbia ; also in California. Var. latisquamea, Gray. Rather stout, white-tomentose ©r partly gla- brate : heads numerous in the corymbiform cymes : bracts of the glabrous involucre mostly elliptical-oblong, very obtuse : lobes or teeth of the corolla sliort, somewhat lanceolate, the tube glabrous. — S. E. Colorado to New Mexico and S. Utah. 9. B. Douglasii, Gray. Green, no tomentum: from 6 inches to 6 feet high, /'(istif/iateli/ branched, sometimes resinous-viscid , often slightly or not at all so; leaves from very narrowly linear or almost filiform (hat plane) to lanceo- late-oblong, mosi/^ S-nerrecZ ; heads few or numerous and fastigiate-cymose : bracts of the involucre comparatively few, only 2 to 4 in each vertical rank, from broadly to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, Jirm-chai-taceons : pappus riijiduJojis. — From Dakota to Washington Territory and southward into California and New Mexico. Very variable, with the following principal forms. Var. pumila, Gray. A dwarf northern and mountain state, a span or two high, glabrous or minutely puberulent and disposed to be viscidulous ; the simple branches bearing very few heads in a close cluster: outer involucral bracts either somewhat greenish-tipped or passing into bract-like leaves. — N. Montana to Washington Territory and mountains of Utah. Var. serrulata, Gray. Taller : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, ser- rulate-ciliolate, sometimes scabrous and rigid. — Common through the whole dry interior region. Var. tortifolia, Gray. Leaves twisted : otherwise like the preceding. — Plains of Colorado to California. Var. lanceolata, Gray. Low, but bearing compact cymes of numerous (5 to 7-flowered) heads: leaves short, lanceolate or broadly linear, puberu- lent. — Synopt. Fl. i. 140. ■»-•»--»- Akenes and ovaries glabrous, nearly terete : bracts of the involucre rounded-obtuse : suffrutescent, green and glabrous. 10. B. Vaseyi, Gray. A span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid, leafy up to the fastigiate-cymose cluster of heads: leaves linear or spatulate- linear, obtuse, plane : involucre 3 or 4 lines long ; its bracts narrowly oblong, 162 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) firm-chartaceous, and all but innermost with a thickened greenish spot at the very obtuse apex : pappus fine and soft, rather short. — Proc. Am. Acad, xii. 58. Colorado mountains, in Middle Park and Gunnison Valley ; also in Utah. * * * Heads several to manj-Jloivered : bracts of the involucre coriaceous, and xisuallij someichat herbticeoas or thickened at the obtuse apex, all strictly ubescence : inflorescence less open or the branches ascend- ing in less developed or cultivated plants: heads sometimes larger. — From Idaho to Texas and the Saskatchewan. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 155 = = Leaves obtuse or ahrupfb/ apjcnJate, firm or coriaceous : pubescence aU dose: panicle mostl'j naked and compact : bracts of the involucre broad ish and obtuse, of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow. 9. S- nemoralis, Ait. Mostly low, with fine close soft or (in age) sca- brous pubescence : leaves from spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate or linear ; radical and lower cauline sparingly serrate: thyrsus and its compact racemiform clusters secund, commonly recurved-spreading : bracts of the involucre oblong- linear or narrower, obtuse: rays 5 to 9. — From Arizona to Nevada and cast- ward across the continent. Var. incana, Gray. Dwarf, span to a foot high: leaves oval or oblong, rigid, cancscent, sometimes strongly serrate and sometimes mostly entire : racemiform clusters erect or the lower spreading, collected in a dense oblong or conical thyrsus. — From the mountains of Colorado and Montana to Dakota and Minnesota. 10. S. nana, Nutt. A span to a foot high, canescent with minute dense puberulence, not scabrous in age: leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire, small : heads broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform pani- cle, not at all secund : bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse: other- wise nearly as S. ne^iioralis. — S. pumila, of Fl. Colorado. From Wyoming to N. Arizona and Nevada. * * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme : radical leaves mostly long-petioled and ivith prominent midrib. Leaves not 3-nerved or smooth: heads over 30-Jlowered: rays 7 to 10, rather large. 11. S. rigida, L. Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft or scabrous pubescence: stem stout, 2 to .5 feet high: leaves rigid, obscurely serrate or entire ; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both ends or acute at base, 3 to 7 inches long; upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradu- ally smaller upward, with slightly clasping or decurrent base: clusters dense : heads campanulate : involucral bracts broad : akencs turgid, 12 to 15-nervcd. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward. •t- H- Leaves rigid, 3-nerved, smooth and glabrous : heads 5 to 9,- flowered : rays 1 to 3, short. 12. S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many- stemmed from a woody cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous : radical leaves 2 or 3 inches long : cyme glomerate-fas- tigiate : heads narrowly oblong : involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate, and with small green tips : mature akenes flattish and 5-nerved. — From Texas through S. Colorado to Nevada and Idaho. § 2. Receptacle Jimbrillate or pilose: rays very small, almost always more numer- ous than the dish flowers and never surpassing them in h fight: heads glomer- ately and fasciculately cymose, small : leaves very numerous, all linear, entire, 1 to 5-nerved, sessile : akenes villous-pubescent. 13. S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches termi- nated by small clusters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth even on the midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous : bracts 156 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) of the involucre rather narrow: rays 16 to 20: disk-floAvers 8 to 14. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226. From New Mexico to Montana and westward. 14. S. lanceolata, L. Compamtiveh) low, ci/moseli/ much branched above and flat-top{)cd, heads mosilij (jJoinera^e-sessile : leaves lanceolate-linear, dis- tinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an additional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves beneath: outer hracts of the involucre ovate or oblong: rays 15 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 12. — From Mon- tana to Canada and Georgia. 12. TOWISrSENDIA, Hook. I^epressed or low many-stemmed herbs of the Kocky Mountains : entire leaves from linear to spatulate : heads comparatively large, the numerous rays from violet or rose-purple to white: akene commonly beset with hairs which are forked or glochidiate-capitellate (i. e. bidentate at apex and the two lobes recurved or revolute, thus appearing minutely capitate). * Bracts of the involucre conspicuousl i/ attenuate-acuminate : head large: involu- cre ^ inch or more high, and rays J inch long. ■4- Caulescent, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate : invo- lucre naked ; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate : rays showy, bright blue or violet. 1. T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14 inches high : leaves spatulate or the upper lanceolate : head sparingly leafy- bracted or naked at base : involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidli/ cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with green centre : akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate, sprinkled with a few short and obscure glochidiate-tipped hairs : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length cor- neous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene, and a circle of rigid scales. — PI. Fendl. 70. Mountain sides. New Mexico and Colorado. 2. T. grandiflora, Nutt. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched above, a span or two high : upper leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subtending the head : involucre nearly of the preceding : akenes narrowly obovate, sp-inkled with glochidiate-capitellate hairs : pappus in the rav reduced to a crown of short scales, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akene. — Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to New Mexico. 3. T. Parryi, Eaton. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to 6 inches high: leaves mostly spatulate: bracts of the very broad involucre lanceolate, thinner, with safer and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate : akenes narrowly obovate, canescently pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them 1 to 2-dentate at tip : pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk, or somewhat more scanty. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho. Var. alpina. Gray. A dwarf and alpine form, more pubescent and cine- rous: leaves very small, at most ^ inch long: flowering stem about the same length or hardly any: involucral bracts less pointed: "rays pink." — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 83. Wyoming on the high divide between the Stinking Water and the Yellowstone, Parry. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSME FAMILY.) 157 •f- +- Depressed-sfemfess and monocepha^oiis. 4. T. COndensata, Parry. Very lanuginous with long and soft arach- noid hairs, the spatulate-obovate leaves rosulate-crowded around the largo and broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or hemispherical woolly tuft, an inch and a half high and surmountiu'^ a slender stoloniform caudex : bracts of the involucre linear and soft, Avith a weak attenuate apex, all nearly equal in length : rays 100 or more, narrow: pappus of ray and disk plurisetose and long. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl Creek range, J. D. Putnam. * * Bracts of the involucre not prominenthi if at all acuminate: heads mostly smaller or narrower : pappus of the disk and often of the ray plurisetose. Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, simple or hijid, the lobes ascend- ing or merely spreading : heads middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate : the pink or rarely white rays and the involucre each from ^ to ^ inch long. 5. T. florifer, Gray. A span or more high, cinereous-hirsute : stems rather slender, leafy : leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate-acuminate : involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, little unequal. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 84. Montana to Washington Territory and Oregon. -t- -)- Hairs on the akene mostly glochidiate-capitellate. Head large, ^ to 1 inch long without the rays: plants green and glabrous, depresscd-acaidescent : leaves large, much surpassing the head. 6. T. Wilcoxiana, Wood. Leaves linear-spatulate, elongated, 1 to 3 inches long including the petiole-like base : head mostly solitary, short-pediin- cled or subsessile : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or linear, barely acutish : ray and disk pappus of similar slender and elongated bristles. — Bull. Torr Club, vi. 163; Bot. Gazette, iii. 50. Colorado to Arizona ^d Indian Territory. 7. T. Rothrockii, Gray. Leaves more broadly spatulate and shorter, an inch long or less, rosulate around the solitary head which is closely sessile at the surface of the ground, or at length with one or two additional heads : invo- lucre shorter and broader ; its bracts oblong, mostly obtuse : ray-pappus of chaffy bristles not longer than the breadth of the akene. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 148. In the alpine regions of the mountains of South Park, Colorado. •w- -M. Heads from ^ fo ^ inch long, sessile or rarely on a very short naked pedu7icle: plants sericeous-pubescent, depressed-acaulescent or -caulescent : ray-pappus mostly plurisetose. 8. T Serieea, Hook. Depressed-acaulescent, with closely sessile solitary or few heads on the crown next the ground, surrounded and more or less sur- passed by the linear or linear-spatulate leaves, an inch or two high : heads an inch or less long: involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, acute: rays white or purplish : ray and disk of pappus mostly similar. — From New Mexico and Arizona northward in the mountains to British America. Exceedingly variable. Var. leptotes, Gray, has heads less than | inch long, all but the primary ones distinctly pedunculate, and the leaves narrowly linear with attenuate base. — Middle Park, Colorado, Parry. 9. T. incana, Nutt. Depressed-caulescent or sulx'aulescent, an inch to a span high, branching: leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear; 158 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) uppermost around the sessile inch) heads and seldom surpassing them: invo- luoral bracts more obtuse : pappus of the ray from ^ to -J the length of that of the disk. — Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Nevada. Heads about J inch lonrj : sessile among the rosulate leaves: herbage soff-lanate : pappus deciduous in a ring. 10. T. spathulata, Nutt. Depressed and multicipital, forming a tuft an inch or so high : leaves crowded, spatulate, densely villous-lanate ; the upper about equalling the heads : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute : rays rather short, pinkish : pappus of ray and disk similar, of slender bristles. — Mountains of Wyoming. ++++++++ Heads small, J inch high {exclusive of the rays), mostli/ short-pedun- culate : involucre of broadly lanceolate and barely acute bracts : caidescent and branching: pappus of the ray shorter, commonly of chaffy bristles. = Green and glabrate. 11. T. glabella, Gray. An inch or two high, nearly simple, sparsely pilose-pubescent when young : leaves thickish, soon glabrous, spatulate, an inch or less long, including the usually slender petiole ; the uppermost usually surpassed by the slender and naked peduncle : involucre glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 86. 8. W. Colorado, Newberry. = — Cinereous ivith fine and close pubescence, flowering from near the ground at first, but becoming taller (4 to 10 inches high) and looseli/ branching. 12. T. Fendleri, Gray. Leaves linear: bracts of the involucre unequal, in about 3 ranks, acute. — PI. Fendl. 70. New Mexico and S. Colorado. 13. T. Strigosa, Nutt. Flowering when only i inch high, often attain- ing a span in height : early leaves spatulate ; later ones linear : heads rather smaller : bracts of the involucre broader, acutish, in about 2 ranks, the outer shorter. — Wyoming to ITew Mexico and Arizona. 13. ASTER, Tourn. Starwort. Aster. The largest and by far the most difficult of our genera, not naturally sepa- rated from Erigeron. All are herbs, mostly perennial, and especially charac- teristic of North America. Includes Machceranthera and Diplopappus. § 1. Involucral bracts [at least the outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or appendages, or wholly or partly foliaceous, imbricated or many-ranked, their margins not scarious : akenes from obovate-oblong to linear, 3 to several- nerved: pappus rather fine and soft (in one or two species more coarse and rigid), simple {with no exterior series). — Aster proper. * Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous, with more or less spreading herbaceous tips: akenes narrow, 5 to 10-nerved : pappus more rigid than in the following groups : rays showy, blue or violet : leaves firm, acutely sen-ate, more or less scabrous, none of them, cordate or clasping ; the radical tapering at base into margined petioles. 1. A. SibiriCUS, L. A span to a foot high, somewhat cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or the foliage scabrous : heads solitary, teriminating the stem or corymbiform branches : leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long : involucre 3 lines high, shorter than the disk ; its bracts narrowly COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 159 lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose lierbaceous tips: rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet : akenes pilose-pubescent. — Mountains of Wyoming and Montana, and far northward. 2. A. COnspiCUUS, Lindl, Scabrous : stem 2 Jcet high, stout, rigid, bear- ing several or minierous cort/mboseli/ ci/mose heads: leaves rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, ample, 4 to 6 inches long : involuci'c about equalling the disk, 5 to a lines high ; its bracts in several series, viinviehj glandular-puherulent, lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips little spreading : rays ^ inch long, violet akenes minuteli/ pubescent. — lu the mountains, from the Yellowstone north- ward. * * Involucre and usualli/ brancldets viscidlg-glandular, ratlier well imbricated : rags 15 to 40, shoivg, violet to purple: akenes narrow, several-nerved : leaves all entire or the lower with few teeth; cauline all sessile or parti g clasping. Stem simple: leaves and Iieads proportional I g large: alpitie or subalpine. 3. A. integrifolius, Nutt. Stein a foot or more high, stout, sparselg leafg^ villous-pubescent but glabrate, bearing few or several racemed or thijrsoid heads : leaves fnn, oblong to spatulate, 4 to 7 inches long ; the smaller upper ones lanceolate, half-clasping ; lowest tapering into a long winged petiole : heads ^ inch high : involucre and branchlets viscid-glanduhir ; its bracts lijiear, not squarrose : rays bluish purple. — From Colorado to Montana and westward. 4. A. Kingii, Eaton. A span or less high, cespitose: leaves mainly radical spatulate, entire, or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinnish, glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 3 inches long: flowering stems pubescent and above glandular, bearing solitary or 3 to 5 middle-sized heads : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, merely puberulent-glandular, hardly at all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with at- tenuate and squarrose-spreading green tips: rays white. — Bot. King Exp. 141. In the Wahsatch Mountains. Stems branching : leaves comparatively small : neither alpine nor subalpine. •w- Involucre of the small and scattered heads not squarrose ; the green tips of the bracts more or less erect: slender and low species, a span to a foot or less high. 5. A. Campestris, Nutt. Pruinose-puberulent and viscidulous, somewhat heavy-scented : leaves linear, about an inch long, a line or two wide, or lower narrowly spatulate, mostly glabrate, some obscurely 3-nerved : involucre 3 or 4 lines high, hemispherical, of rather few-ranked and little unequal linear acute bracts: rays 3 or 4 lines long, light violet or purple. — From Montana and Idaho to Wasliingtou Territory and California. 6. A. Fendleri, Gray.^ Rigid, a span to a foot high, sparsely hispidu- lous : the linear one-nerved firm leaves hispid-ciliate, otherwise usually smooth and glabrous : involucre somewhat campanulate, 3 lines high ; outer bracts shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, pruinose-glandular : rays violet, 4 lines long. — PL Fendl. 66. A. Nuttallii, var. Fendleri, Gray. Plains and sand-hills, from W, Kansas to S. Colorado and N. New Mexico. ++ -M- Involucre of middle-sized heads well imbricated ; the unequal bracts with loose squarrose-spreading tips: leaves not rigid, spreading. 7. A. Novae- Anglise, L. Stem stout and strict, 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy to the top, coarsely hirsute or hispid with many-jointed hairs^ also with glandular 160 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) pubescence: leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, pwftcscen/, 2 to 5 inches long, entire, .slightly if at all narrowed below, half-clasping by a stron^^ly auritn- lato-cordate base: heads a'owded: ratjs 50 to GO or more, fully half-inch long, purple. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward. Var. roseus, DC. Eays rose-colored. — Occasionally with the ordinary form. 8. A. Oblongifolius, Nutt. About 2 feet hi/cephalous : in low grounds and to the south. 21. A. hesperius, Gray, From nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous- pubescent : leaves lanceolate, entire or the larger with a few denticulations, 2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide : heads rather crowded, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated, or with some loose and slender exterior ones whicli equal the inner: rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines long — Synopt. Fl. i. 192. S. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona and S. California. Has been taken for A. longifoUus, Novi-Belgii, (estivus, etc. c. Involucre loose and icith conspicuous foliaceous outer bracts, ickich equal the inner, either ascending or squarrose. 22. A. foliaceus, Lindl. Smooth and glabrous, or upper part of stem pubescent : leaves from broadly lanceolate to oblong and the lower spatulate ; upper cauline very commonly with partly clasping and sometimes even sub- cordate -auriculate base : heads ^ inch high : involucre with lanceolate or broadly linear outer bracts : rays violet or purple, in the larger heads nearly ^ inch long. — In the Pacific States from California to Alaska, extending eastward intf) our range under the following forms. Var. frondeus, Gray. Stem simple or with sparing erect flowering branches, sparsely leaved : leaves comparatively ample, 4 or 5 inches long ; lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often with clasping base : heads solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad : involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the outermost broader and leaf -life. — Synopt. Fl. i. 193. A. adscendens, var. Pamji, Eaton. Subalpine, from the borders of British Columbia to those of Colorado. Var. apriCUS, Gray. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, growing in exposed places, somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved : stems ascending from tufted rootstocks, a span or two high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads : involucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or acutish : rays " deep blue-violet and reddish-purple intermixed." — Loc. cit. High moun- tains of Colorado, and in Wasliington Territory. Var. Parryi, Gray. Includes some ambiguous forms, seeniingly between the preceding variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with smooth and thickish rather large leaves, mostly naked heads ; the involucre sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the manner of the present species, some- times wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of A. Fremonti. — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado, subalpine, and S. Wyoming. Var. Burkei, Gray. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to the top : leaves thickish, very smooth, ample ; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with broadly half-clasping usually auriculate insertion : heads solitary or several, very broad : involucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse loosely imbricated bracts, the outer commonly shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and equalling the disk. — Loc. cit. Rocky Moun- tains, Burke ; also in Washington Territory, the Wahsatch, New Mexico, and Arizona. Var. Canbyi, Gray. Like the preceding form in foliage, {Apparently tall and stout (base of stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the 164 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) thyrsoid panicle of numerous subsessile heads : upper leaves rather broadly oblong and with broad lialf-clasping base obscurely auriculate : bracts of the involucre imbricated, with small and erect lanceolate green tips, only in some heads a few of the outermost loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the disk. — Loc. cit. A. Canbi/i, Vasey. On White River in Western Colorado, Vasei/. Var. Eatoni, Gray. Eather tall, 2 or 3 feet high, branching, bearing numerous and smaller paniculate or glomerate heads, and comparatively nar- row lanceolate leaves : involucre loosely imbricated ; outer and sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, either erect or squarrose-spreading. — Loc. cit. 194. British Columbia to California and northeastward to Montana. ++ -M- Base of most of the cauline leaves auriculate- or cordate-clasping. 23. A. punieeUS, L. Stem commonly 3 to 7 feet high, loosely branch- ing above, ratlier stout, often red or purple, hispid with spreading bristles : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and irregularly serrate to sparingly denticulate or sometimes entire, commonly scabrous above and often hispid along the midrib beneath : heads (4 to 6 lines high) subsessile, either sparsely paniculate or thyrsoid-crowded : invo- lucre of loose and thin soft and narrowly linear merely herbaceous bracts : rays ^ inch long, violet, varying to purple or occasionally white. — Through- out the Eastern States and extending into our jange through Dakota. § 2. Pappus double: involucral bracts narrow and appressed, well imbricated: raijs 10 to 18, violet: ahenes narrow, villous: low and tufted plants, with rigid stems thickly beset with small linear or lanceolate entire and rigid leaves. — Ianthe. * Head ^ inch high, broad, solitary: ahenes flat, with strong nerves. 24. A. SCOpulorum, Gray. Puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stems tufted, rigid, only a span high, terminated by a solitary pedunculate head ; leaves short, 3 to Q lines long, rigid, from oblong to linear or the lowest spatulate, the broader obtuse with an abrupt mucro, callous-margined : involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, scabro-puberulent, lanceo- late : rays | inch long, light violet : outer pappus sometimes distinctly chaffy. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt. Mountains of Mon- tana and Wyoming to Nevada and California, 25. A. Stenomeres, Gray. More slender, 6 to 10 inches high, green, minutely scabrous : solitary naked pedunculate head larger : leaves all linear, ' ^ to I inch long, a line wide, acutely mucronate, hardly margined : involucre broad ; its bracts barely in two moderately unequal series, linear, thinnish, often pubescent : rays pale violet, over ^ inch long : outer pappus setulose. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 209, — Mountains of Montana and Idaho. * * Heads ^ to ^ inch high, narrow: akenes less compressed, lightly few^erved: outer pappus of few or indistinct unequal short bristles. 2G. A. ericsefolius, Rothrock, About a span high, canescent and glandular-scabrous, much branched : branches erect or diffuse, terminated by somewhat pedunculate lieads : leaves commonly hispid-ciliate, erect or little spreading, 3 to 6 lines long ; lowest spatulate and tapering into a petiole ; COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 165 upper from linear to nearly filiform : bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate, acute or apiculate, thinnish, scarious-margined : rays purple or violet, sometimes white. — Bot. Gazette, ii. 70. DIplopappus ericoides, Torr. & Gray. From Kansas and Texas to Utah, Arizona, and California. § 3. Pappus simple : bracts of the involucre imbricated and appressed, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or more or less dry: rays fertile: leaves mostli/ entire. — Orthomeris. * Involucre well imbricated , of small and narrow bracts, greener than in others of this section : low and slender herbs, leaf //-stemmed, branching above ; with lin- ear erect leaves, and several small white-rayed heads : akenes not compressed, very glabrous. 27. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Rather rigid, 6 to 20 inches high in a tuft, from smooth to puberulent, bearing a corymbiform cyme of several or numerous heads : leaves firm, linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, thickish, rather rigid : rays 2 to 4 lines long, broadish : pappus Avhite, of rather rigid bristles, longer ones manifestly clavellate at tip. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and New England. * * Involucre appressed-imhricated in several series of ovate or ovate-lanceolate dry chartaceous bracts: akenes compressed, more or less pubescent: stems leafy, bearing several or solitary pedunculate heads, •i- Involucral bracts thin, acute, commonly lomentose {at least when young) : akenes hirsute, becoming glabrate : heads showy, A to ^ lines high. 28. A. Engelmanni, Gray. Rather tall and robust, green, puberulent to glabrous: leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 fo 4 inches long, the larger sometimes with a few small teeth, upper acuminate : heads ^ inch high : involucral bracts acute or acuminate ; some outer ones partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips ; inner purplish : rays ^ inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 238. A. elegans, var. Engelmanni, Eaton. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, to the Cascades. 29. A. elegans, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, mostly scahro- puberulent : leaves thickish, pale, lanceolate, inch or two long, erect, the upper apiculate-mucronate : heads several at summit of simple stem or branches, comparatively small and few-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high : involucral bracts all close and conspicuously woolly-ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none ivith pointed tips : rays rather few, about 4 lines long. — FI. ii. 159. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana to Nevada and Oregon. -»- -1- Involucral bracts firmer, glabrous, all the outer obtuse : akenes merely pubescent: heads smaller, 3 lines high. 30. A. glauCUS, Torr. & Gray. Throughout smooth and glabrous, glaucescent or pale : stems a foot high from extensively creeping filiform rootstocks, branching, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads : leaves thickish, lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, i to ^ inch broad, rather obtuse : invo- lucre imbricated in about 3 ranks : rays bright violet, 4 to 6 lines long. — 'Fl. ii. 150. Mountains of Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 166 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) * * * Involucre less imbricated, hemispherical; the bracts partly greenish, in few ranks, ivith or without scarious margins : low-stemmed or acaulescent, from a thick rootstock, with solitary or few pedunculate heads, ^ inch or more high : leaves thickish and narrow. -^r- Heads terminating short leafy stems which arise from creeping and woody rootstocks : involucral bracts acuminate and mucronate-tipped : akenes oblong, very villous. 31. A. Parryi, Gray. Tomentose-pubescent and cinereous, a span high: leaves mostly spatulate aud obtuse with a inucrouate point, an inch or more long : heads usually solitary on peduncle surpassing the leaves, very broad : brads of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, densely cinereous-pubescent : rays white, over ^ inch long. — Am. Nat. viii. 212. Mountains of Wyoming. 32. A. Xylorrhiza, Torr. & Gray. Less pubescent and glabrate, 4 to 8 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate -lanceolate to linear, 1 or 2 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide ; the upper commonly equalling the \ to 3 peduncles : heads smaller: involucral bracts more attenuate: rays "pale red " or " pale rose- color," 4 lines long. — Mountains of Wyoming. •t- -t- Heads {large for the plant) solitary on simple and scapiform stems, which with the cluster of narrow radical leaves rise from a thickened caudex: invo- lucral bracts acutish : akenes linear, glabrate: pappus strongly denticulate. 33. A. pulehellus, Eaton. Stems 2 to 4 inches long : radical leaves from spatulate to narrowly linear, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, in our form only a line wide : akenes striate. — Bot. King. Exp. 143. Alpine from Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and Washington Territory. * * * * Involucre little imbricated, with peduncles and upper part of stein viscid- glandular : heads ^ inch high, with conspicuous violet or purple rays. 34. A. paueiflorus, Nutt. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple and bearing few heads, or brandling above : leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated-lanceolate, uppermost reduced to bracts : bracts of short hemispherical involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks : akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed-pubescent. — In saline soil from New Mexico and Arizona to Utah, and eastward to Dakota and the Saskatchewan. § 4. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of linear nearly equal bracts ; the outer foliaceous, resembling the upper leaves: ray-flowers ivith the ligule generally wanting: akenes narrow, not compressed, appressed-pubescent: pappus simple, very soft. — Con Yzopsis. 35. A. angUStUS, Torr. & Gray, A span to a foot high, branching, leafy-stemmed, nearly glabrous, except that the linear chiefly entire leaves are somewhat ciliate : numerous rather small heads disposed to be racemose- paniculate : bracts of the involucre acute : corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the elongated style. — El. ii. 1G2. Wet saline soil from Colorado and Utah to the Saskatchewan and Minnesota. § 5. Involucre imbricated in many rows ; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, with foliaceous spreading tips: rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple: akenes narrowed downward, compressed: receptacle honeycombed: COMPOSITJE. (composite FAMILY.) 167 pappus copious and simple, of rather rigid and unequal bristles : leafy- stemmed and branching, the showy heads terminating the branches, the invo- lucre canescent or even viscid, and the leaves from dentate to hip innately -parted. — Mach^ranthera. * Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very sqnarrose: akenes gla- brous or glahrate : leaves from incisely dentate to entire, the teeth hardly at all bnstle-tippcd : rays bright violet. 36. A. Pattersoni, Gray. A span or two high, brariched from the summit of the tap-root :^ stems or branches with soft or cottony pubescence or glabrate : leaves thickish, spntulate or lingulale, entire or coarsely feiv-toothed, none widened at base: heads solitary or few: involucral bracts lanceolate: rays about 30, fully ^ inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 272. MaclueranlJiera canescens, var. cdpina, Porter, Fl. Colorad. 59. Moist ground along streams, Gray's Peak, Colorado. 37. A. Bigelovii, Gray. A foot or two higii, robust : stem leafy, branch- ing above, rough ish-hirsute to glabrate; the flowering branches or peduncles glandu- lar-hirsute, terminated by showy large heads ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, irregularly and sometimes incisely dentate, sometimes entire; radical lanceolate- spatulate ; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually with broadish partly clasping base : involucral bracts very numerous, linear-attenuate or tlie prolonged and much recurved tips almost filiform : rays very many, an inch or less long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97. Colorado and New Mexico. * * Involucre from nearly glabrous to gland ular-puberulent , but not hispidulous : akenes densely pubescent or villous: leaves generally with bristle-tipped teeth. -i- Leaves at most incisely dentate. 38. A. Coloradoensis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems on a strong tap-root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandula^: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about an inch long, coarsely den- tate, the teetli tipped with conspicuous bristles : heads solitary, broadly hemi- splierical, ^ inch high : involucral bracts small and numerous, well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate : rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, barely | incli long : akenes densely canescent-villous, | the length of the comparatively rigid pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Common in South Park, Colorado, and at the San Juan Pass. 39. A. canescens, Pursh. Commonly a foot or two high and loosely much branched, bearing numerous panicidate heads, sometimes dwarf and with simple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely canescent, or greener and glabrate : leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower spatulate, f-om entire to irregularly dentate, or occasionally laciniate, the rigid teeth mostly with mucronate tip : involucre of rigid usually well-imbricated bracts : rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long : akenes narrow, canescent. — Fl. ii. 547. Machoir anther a canescens and M. pulverulenta of tlie Western Reports. A polymorphous species. From Arizona to Texas and northward to British Columbia and the SaskatclieMjan. Var. latifolius, Gray. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more high : leaves thinnish, nearly membranaceous, comparatively large, some- times spatulate-oblong, and over ^ inch wide : heads large and few : involucre hemispherical ; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate-subulate and squarrose- 168 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. — Synopt. Fl. i. 20G. Machce- rant/iera canesrens, \a,T. latifolid, Gray. New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. Var. viscOSUS, Gray. Canescent or cinereous : leaves narrow, rather rigid ; the upper mostly entire, tlie lower coarsely dentate : involucre cam- panulate or turbinate, squarrose ; the prominent foliaceous tips of the bracts viscid-glandular, either spreading or recurved. — Loc. cit. Wyoming to California. -I- •»- Leaves 1 to Z-pinnatelij cleft or parted : involucre hemispherical , its hracts mostly looser: stem dijfusel// branched. 40. A. tanacetifolius, IIBK. Pubescent or vi.scid, very leafy, a foot or two high : lowest leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted ; uppermost simply pin- natifid or on the flowering brauchlets entire : heads ^ inch high : bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading foliaceous tips, or the outermost almost wholly foliaceous : rays numerous, ^ inch long or more, bright violet: akenes rather broad, villous. — ^^aclue- rantkera tanaceti folia, Nees. From Kebraska to Texas and westward to Arizona aud California. 14. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. Heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ; rays variously colored ; disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple : akenes generally 2-nerved. § 1, Rays elongated and conspicuous, wanting in a few species, occasionally abortive in one or two: no rayless female flowers between the proper ray and disk. — EUERIGERON. « Commonly dwarf from a multicipital candex, alpine or subalpine, with rather large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose and spreading, anct copiously lanate: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire. 1. E. Uniflorus, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, few-leaved, often naked and pedunculiform at summit : radical leaves spatulate or oblan- ceolate, inch or two long ; cauline lanceolate to linear : involucre usually hirsute as icell as lanate, occasionally becoming naked ; the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. — Alpine, from Colorado and California north- ward and across the continent in high latitudes. 2. E. lanatUS, Hook. Stems about a span high, scapiform or few-leaved : radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about ^ inch long, tapering into a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal- mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any : head not larger than that of the last, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate: rays rather broader, 3 lines long, white. — Alpine in Montana and British Columbia. 3. E. grandiflorus, Hook. Stems a span' or two high, rather stout, usually several -leaved : radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually ^ inch or less long: heads larger: invo- lucre \ inch high, very woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squar- rose-spreading or the tips recurved : rays violet or purple, i to ^ inch long. — COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 169 Rocky Mountains, in or near the alpine region, from British Columbia to Colorado. Var. elatior, Gray. A foot or two high, leafu up to the \ to A pedunculate heads, pubescent, but hardly hirsute : leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long; cauliue closely sessile by a broad base: involucre fully ^ inch high : rays ^ inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 237. Subalpine and lower, in the mountains of Colorado. ♦ * Perennials from a rootstocTc or caudex, neither stoloniferous nor Jlagelliferous : involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, hut not lanaie. ••- Comparativehf tall and large (a foot or more high), leaft/ stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute: leaves rather large, entire or occasionalhj toothed: heads rather large, with numerous rays: mountain forins. Rai/s 50 to 70, comparativel // broad : involucre rather loose: heads solitary or on larger plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple. 4. E. salsuginOSUS, Gra^. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, the summit or peduncles more or less pubescent : no bristly or hirsute hairs : leaves very smooth and glabrous, bright green, thckish ; radical and lower cauline spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole ; upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mncronate ; uppermost small and bract-like: bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading, linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous, at most puberulous : disk over ^ inch in diameter : rays purple or violet, ^ inch or more long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Alpine, from New Mexico and California to the far north. Var. glaeialis, Gray. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous : leaves smaller. — Synopt. Fl. i. Pt 2. 209. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains. 5. E. Coulteri, Porter. Stem 6 to 20 inches high, equally leafy, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 slender-pedunculate heads : leaves membranaceous, obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubes- cent to glabrous, cauline hardly mucronaie: disk about ^ inch wide: involucre less attenuate and spreading, obscurely viscidulous bat hirsute icith spreading hatrs: rays rather narrowly linear, ^ inch or more long, ichite, varying to pur- plish.— Fl. Colorado, 61. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. Rays 100 or more and narrow : involucre closer: pappus more or less dou- ble, but the exterior minute: stems erect, tufted, generally leafy to the summit and bearing few to several heads: leaves entire: mountain forms but not alpine. 6. E. macranthus, Nutt. From hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous, more leafy than the next : stem 10 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; upper often reduced in size : involucre glabrous or nearly so, but com- monly minutely glandular: rays ^ inch long: short outer pappus sometimes nearly chaffy. — Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 7. E. glabellus, Nutt. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed to be naked above : stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate ; upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subu- late bracts : heads considerahly smaller : involucre strigosely hirsute or pubescent : rays violet, purple, and rarely white, \ to ^ inch'long : outer pappus setulose.—' From Colorado and Utah northward and eastward. 170 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) V.ar. mollis, Gray, Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading pubescence, a foot or two high, leafy to the top: leaves oblong-lanceolate: cinereous pubescence of the involucre soft and spreading. — Proc. Acad. Philad 1863, 64. Mountains of Colorado. -t- -{-Low, rarebf a foot high, conspicuoushj hispid or hirsute with spreadinrj bristly hairs: leaves entire, narrow: involucre close: raijs numerous, occasionally icantin(j : pappus conspicuonsl i/ double. ++ Sparingl ij branched stems from the crown of a tap-root, more or less leaf/ : heads middle-sized: disk ^ to ^ inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50 to 80, occasionalli/ icantinj in the second species. 8. E. pumilus, Nutt. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate- linear to lanceolate, a line or two wide; upper linear: raijs white, 4 lines long : outer pappus of short bristles little or not at all thicker than the inner ones and more or less intermixed with them. — Dry plains, Dakota to Colo- rado, and in the mountains to Utah. 9. E. COncinnuS, Torr. &, Gray. Like the preceding, but usually with more dense and sha(j(ji/ hirsutencss and less rigid leaves : stems not rarely some- what copiously branched : rays violet or blue, rarely white : outer pappus con- spicuous and chaffy. — Fl. ii. 174. In arid regions from New Mexico and Arizona to Wyoming and British Columbia. Var. aphanactis, Gray. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule or wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. — Colorado to Nevada and California. tH- ■»-*. More branched and leafy, over a span high ; icith smaller heads, fewer raysy and somewhat naked involucre more imbricated. 10. E. Brand egei. Gray. A very imperfectly known plant, green, sparsely hispidulous-liir.sute : radical leaves spatulate-linear ; cauline linear and small, or upper minute : bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked : rays 30 or more, white : outer pappus of coriaceous chaffy scales, which are commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of the inner. — Synopt. Fl. i. Pt. 2. 210. Adobe plains, S. \V. Colorado, on the borders of New Mexico, Brandeyee. ^_ +_ H_ Dwarf, cespitose from a mnlticipital caudex, with monocephalous flower- ing stems: radical leaves dissected: pappus simple. 11. E. COmposituS, Pursh. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender margined petiole setose-ciliate : radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually 1 to 3-ternately parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 3-lobed or entire and linear : involucre 3 or 4 lines high, sparsely hir.sute : raj'S from 40 to 60, not verv narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. — Alpine re- gions, from S. Colorado and California to British Columbia and northward. Var. discoideus, Gray. Rays wanting or abortive: head commonly smaller. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 237. — Same range as the type. Var. trifidus, Gray. Small blade of leaves simply 3 to .5-fid: the lobes from oblong to obovate. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvi. 90. E. trijidus. Hook. Mountains, N. Colorado to British Columbia. Var. pinnatisectus, Gray. Usually a large form : numerous violet- purple rays 5 lines long : leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 11 linear and entire or rarely 2 to 3-cleft divisions, — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 171 •t- •»-••- ■«- Divarf or low species, alpine, entire-leaved, cespilose from a multi' cipital caudex, no Jine pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple stems, at least the radical broader than linear: rajs numerous and not very narrow: pappus simple or nearlij so. Involucre glabrous but pruinose-(jlandular, brownish purple : smooth and green. 12. E. leiomerus, Gray. A span liigli, smooth and very glabrous: leaves hriglit green, mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse, from 2 to 6 lines wide ; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller • involucre 3 lines high, close ; the bracts lanceolate and not attenuate : rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4 lines long. — Synopt. Fl. i. 211. Aster glacial'is in Bot, King Exp. Moun- tains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. •M- Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish. 13. E. Tirsinus, Eaton. A span or two high, looseli/ cespitose: leaves duller green, mostl// smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hir- sute-ciliate, spatulate to narroioly oblaticeolate ; cauline ones lanceolate or linear and acute: involucre (3 lines higii) and naked summit of /lowering stem hirsute- pubescent: rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 148. Alpine and subalpine, mountains of Wyoming to S. Colorado, Utah, and California. 14. E. radicatUS, Hook. A span high or less, densely tufted : leaves all spatulate-linear or somewhat wider, broadest a line or two wide, hirsute or lursutelij ciliate, or sometimes almost naked, then glabrous ; no glandular rough- ness: involucre more or less villou.s-pubesceut, barel/j 3 lines high: ra/js white or purple, 2 or 3 lines long. — Alpine or subalpine, from British America to Wyoming, S. Colorado, and Utah. 15. E. glandulosus, Porter. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a span to a foot high, rigid, granulose-glandular or glandular-scabrous, and with sparse or hispid hairs, especiall}- on the margins of the leaves : leaves thickish, spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long : liead 4 or 5 lines high : involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent: rays 40 or 50, violet or purple, 4 6 lines long. — Fl. Colorado, 60. Mountains of Colorado. s_ ^_ H_ H_ ^_ None trulij alpine; with entire leaves, not hispidhj hirsute: invo- lucre close, disposed to be imbricated and rigid: raijs not verg numerous or ivanting. A span or two high : leaves onbj few and narrow on the simple or sparingly branched stems ; but radical ones with obovate or spatulate blade ^ inch long: rags IS to 30, pale violet or purple: akenes compressed, 2 to 3-nerved: pappus nearly simple. 16. E. tener, Gray. Canescent with very fine pubescence : stems several from a caudex, weak and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads : involucre minutely canescent ; its narrow and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 25 to 30. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. High mountains of Utah and California to those of Wind River, Montana. •w. ++ J. span to near a foot high, cespitose, silver y-canescent, with simple and monocephalous stems: leaves from narrowly spatulate to linear: rays 40 or 172 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 50, white or purple changimj to white: akenes slender and nearly terete, 8 to lO-nerved or striate: pappus double; the outer subulate and conspicuous. 17. E. canus, Gray, Silvery appressed pubescence obviously strigulose uuder a leus, that of the iuvolucre loose and spreading : stems 4 to 9 inches high, leafy : linear cauline leaves gradually diminishing upward ; radical spatulate-lanceolate or narrower : head 4 lines high : rays narrow, 3 lines long: akenes glabrous. — PI. Fendl. 67. N. New Mexico and Colorado; also <)n the Platte in Wyoming. 4-v ++ Either low or comparativel >) tall, leafii-stevimed or somewhat scape-like: akenes compressed, 2 or 3-nerved. = Leaves all narrowlij linear to Jlliforrn, the broadest not over a line ivide: involucre 3 or A lines high, of equal bracts. 18. E, oehroleucus, Nutt. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespi- tose, from pubescent to glabrate : stems usually simple, naked above and mostly mouocephalous : leaves rather rigid, the radical 2 or 3 inches long : involucre hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 to 60, " ochroleucous," white or purplish : outer pappus setulose. — Gravelly soil, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho. = = Leaves from narrowl ij linear to oblong. ■ a. Stems naked above, mostlij simple and mouocephalous, a span or two high: pappus simple. 19. E. Eatoni, Gray. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap root, slender and weak, diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3 mouocephalous branches: leaves all linear, thickish, minuteh pubescent; radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines wide : heads only 3 lines high : bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal : rays seldom over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. E. oehroleucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152. Mountains of Colorado, Wyo- ming, and Utah. b. Stems more leafj and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous : pubescence cinereous : outer pappus setulose, sometimes obscure or none. 20. E. CSespitOSUS, Nutt. Low, a span to rarelij a foot high, many- stemmed and ascending or spreading from a stout caudex, from cinereous to canescent with dense and fine short pubescence : stems of smaller plants monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauline lanceolate- oblong to linear, ^ to 2 inches long : heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre rather unequal : rays 40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long, white, sometimes tinged with rose-color. — From the Saskatchewan to New Mexico and westward. 21. E. COrymbOSUS, Nutt. Taller, often a foot or two high, erect from creeping rootstocks, soft-cinereous with mostly spreading short pubescence : radical leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, largest 3 or 4 inches long and 3 or 4 lines wide, 3-nerved ; cauline linear and narrow : heads some- times solitary, usuallij several and cori/mhoseli/ disposed on short slender pedun- cles : involucre 3 lines higli, canescently pubescent : rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently sometimes white. — Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Territory and California. COMPOSTT^. (composite FAMILY.) 178 c. Stems leaf I/, mostli/ branched above and bearing few or several heads: -pubes- cence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus simple. 22. E. decumbens, Nutt. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to 18 inches high, strigulose-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate : leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only a line or two wide) : involucre minutely hirsute or pubescent : rays 15 to 40, white, purplish, or violet-tinged. — Mountains, from Montana and Utah to Oregon and California. * * * Perennial b>/ slolo7iiform creeping rootstocks, or creeping leafy stems or stolons: rai/s veri/ numerous (100 or more) and narrow: low ground forms. 23. E. Philadelphieus, L. Soft hirsute, a foot or two high, spreading by rosulale offsets home on apex of stoloniform creeping rootstocks: stem striate- angled, erect, corymbosely branching above and bearing several small heads: leaves oblong, or lowest s])atulate ; upper cauline half clasping, obtuse, spar- ingli/ and coarseL/ serrate or entire: peduncles thickened under the head: raijs pink, almost filiform : pappus simple. — Across the continent. 24. E. flagellaris, Gray. More or less cinereous ivith a ppressed pubescence: stems slender, diffusely decumbent and fagelliform but leafy, some prostrate, many at length rooting at the apex and proliferous : leaves small, entire ; radical spaiulate and petioled ; those of the branches becoming linear: solitary peduncles 2 to 5 inches long : rays white or purplish : pappus double. — PI. Fendl. 69. From the Upper Platte to Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas. * * * * Mostly cinereous-pubescent or strigose annuals, lecfy-stemined and very branching, often diffusely : heads conspicuously radiate and mostly paniculate: low grounds and plains. Akenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and ivhitish truncate apex and a simple capillary pappus: rays 40 to 70 : leaves always entire. 25. E. Bellidiastrum, Nutt. Diffusely or loosely branched, a span or two high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves spatulate-linear or the lowest broader, an inch or less long : heads paniculate, short-peduncled : rays light purple. — Nebraska to New Mexico. -t- Akenes compressed, 2-nerved : pappus double: inner of en fragile or decidu- ous : rays mostly more numerous : leaves sometimes toothed or lobed. 26. E. divergens, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched and spreading, a foot or less high, cinereous-pubescent or hirsute: leaves linear-spatidate or the upper linear and lowest broader and sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed: heads 2 or 3 lines high : rays white or purplish, very numerous: involucre hir- sute : inner pappus of rather scanty bristles ; outer of short subulate scales. — n. ii. 175. From Nebraska to W. Texas and westward to the coast. 27. E. StrigOSTlS, Muhl. Pubescence oppressed, often strigose: stem erect, seldom over 2 feet high, leafy, branched above, bearing cymose or paniculate heads : leaves lanceolate and the upper entire ; lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often serrate: rays mostly white, not excessively numerous nor very narrow : involucre with few or no bristly hairs : outer pappus a short crown of dis- tinct or partly united slender scales, persistent after the fragile inner pappus has fallen. — From Canada to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward to Oregon and California. 174 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) Var. Beyrichii, Gray. A slender form, -with minute or even cinereous pubescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color. — Synopt. Fl. i. 219. AYithiu the eastern limits of our range. § 2. Rai/ft inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the disk: within them a series of raijless Jiliform female floirers {common! ij none in No. 29) : leaves entire or nearl;) so: paj)pus simple. — TiiiMORPHiEA. 28. E. acris, L. More or less hirsute pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular) : atuline leaves inostlij lanceolate, the lower and radical spatu- lafe: involucre hirsute: rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, ;^»77>/e : Jiliform fenutle flowers numerous. — In the mountains of Colorado and northward to British Columbia, thence across the continent. Var. Droebaehensis, Blytt. Somewliat glabrous, or even quite so : involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous : slender rays someAvhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. — Same range as the type. Var. debilis, Gray. Sparsely pilose : stems a span to a foot high, slender, 1 to 3-cephalous : leaves bright green ; radical obovate or oblong ; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short : involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenuate tips of the bracts spreading : rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. — Synopt. Fl. i. 220. Mountains of N. Montana, northward and eastward. 29. E. armerisefolius, Turcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves gla- brous and most of the narroicli/ linear and elongated cauline bristli/-ciliate: inflorescence more racemose and strict : im-olucre sparsehj hirsute : rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, whitish, no f I iform raijless Jlowers seen. — From the mountains of California and Colorado to the Sas- katchewan. § 3. Bai/s of the small (2 lines high) and narrow seeminghj discoid {and mostly ihijraoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or pappus : leaves more or less hispid-ciliate. — C^xotus, in part. 30. E. Canadensis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem strict, Wo 4 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauper^ ate plants only a few inches high and with few scattered heads : leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or few-toothed : rays ichite, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. — Waste grounds, throughout the continent. 31. E. divaricatUS, Michx. Low, a span to a foot high, diffusely much branched, somewhat fastigiate : leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire : rays purplish, rarely surpassi7ig the style-branches of the pappus. — Fl. ii 123. Open grounds from Colorado to the Mississippi Valley. 15. CONYZA, Less. 1. C, Coulterif Gray. A foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing numerous sjnall hefvds in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or partly hirsute : cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-piimatifid, an COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 175 inch or two long : involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spread- ing hairs, considerably shorter tlmn the soft pappus : flowers whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3.55. W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and California. 16. BACCHARIS, L. More or less shrubby : with alternate simple leaves, and the branches striate, bearing small heads of white or yellowisli flowers. 1. B. Wrightii, Gray. Herbaceous from a woodj base, verij smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved : slender branches terminated b'j solitarij heads : leaves linear, small ; uppermost linear- subulate: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; its bracts lanceolate, gradu- allij acuminate, conspicuously sfarious-margined, with a green back : pappus very copious and plurlserial, soft, elongating in fruit, fulvous or purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8 to 10-nerved akene. — PI. Wright, i. 101. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. 2. B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Branching shrubs, 3 to 12 feet high, gla- brous or nearly so, usually viscous, ivith a I'esinoiis exudation: leaves mostly subsessile, o/« oldong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, rarely entire ; heads or qlomerules pedunculate : involucre campanulate, about 3 lines high ; its bracts ovate and acutisli : pappus more or less copious, but mosth/ uniserial, conspicu- ousl'/ elongating in fruit, white, soft and flaccid: akenes 10-nerved. — Fl. ii. 258. Colorado to Texas. 3. B. glutinosa, Pers. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the base, 3 to \Ofeet high: branches somewhat striate-angled : leaves elongated-lan- ceolate, serrate with few or several scattered teeth on each side, more or less distinctly 3-nerved from near the base, 3 or 4 and the larger 5 or 6 inches long : heads mostly 3 lines long, numerous and corgmboselg cgmose at the summit of comparatively simple stems or branches : involucre stramineous : pappus not very copious, nor flaccid, and elongated hardly at all in fruit: akene b-nerved. — From S. California to S. Colorado and Texas. 17. EVAX, Gffirtn. Dwarf and depressed annuals, floccose-woolly. In ours the heads are small and aggregated in terminal foliose-involucrate glomerules. 1. E. prolifera, Nutt. Rather stout: stem often a span high, simple and erect, or with a.scending branches from the base, bearing numerous small spatulate leaves and a capituliform glomerule, half an inch in diameter ; whence proceed 1 to 3 nearly leafless branches similarly terminated, sometimes again proliferous : fructiferous bracts scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked ; those embracing staminate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer or more herbaceous texture : staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe repre- senting an abortive ovary. — Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Dry ground, Colorado to Dakota and Texas. 18. ANTE NN ARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting. Mostly low, canescently and often floccosely woolly herbs, with Avhitish or purplish flowers: bracts of the involucre pearly white, rose-color,' or browjiish, never yellow. 176 COMPOSITJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) § 1. Bristles of the male pappus hardlj at all thickened but minuteli/ harhellate near the apex: akenes puherulent: bracts of the ini-olucre brownish. 1. A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gray. Depressed, cespitose from a stout mul- ticipital caudex, bearing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves : heads solitary and subsessile at the crown, or raised on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or }^ss in height : male head 4 lines high, with broad and oJjtuse involucral bracts ; female becoming ^ to f inch long, the inner l)racts narrow and long- attenuate into a hyalijie acuminate tip : pappus of the fertile flowers of long and fine smooth bristles. — Fl. ii. 431. Dry hills, from Wyoming to California and British Columbia. § 2. Bristles of the male pappus stouter, with thickish and clavate or scarious- dilated tips. * Not surculose-stoloniferous : stems simple from the subterranean branching cau- dex, leaf 11, naked at summit, and bearing a cluster of broad luads : inner bracts of the male involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white papenj obtuse tips ; those of the female \cith hardly ant] tips and more scarious : herbage silver y- lanate. 2 A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gra}". Closely silky-woolly : stems slender, a span to a foot high . leaves all narrowly linear, or some of the lowest narrowly lanceolate-spatulate, small uppermost linear-subulate : heads small (2 lines, or the female barely 3 lines long), several or numerous: involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base ; the inner bracts in the female heads obtuse : akenes gland- ular: the sjjatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the male pappus obtuse. — Fl. ii. 430. From Wyoming to Oregon and British Columbia. 3. A. Carpathica, R- Br. Floccoseh/ white-ivoolly, rather stout : lower leaves spatulate-lanceolate and the upper linear : heads broad, 3 or 4 lines long: involucre conspicuousl y woolly at base, more or less livid, except the white tipi to the bracts of the male ; the inner bracts of the female commonly acutish and thin-scarious : akenes smooth and glabrous. — In the Northern Kocky Mountains, and extending south to Oregon ; represented in the lower Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico, by the Var. puleherrima, Hook. Stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves mostly larger, the radical often lialf an inch or even almost an inch wide : heads more numerous, often in a compound cyme : bristles of the male pappus with more strongly and abruptly or even scariously dilated tips. * * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or leafy shoots or stolons. H- Heads in a c /mose cluster, sometimes solitary : involucre icoolly at base. 4. A. alpina, Gaertn. Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots feiv and short : flowering stems 1 to 4 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads, sometimes a single head: radical leaves spatulate, | inch long: involucre 3 lines high, livid-brown- ish; the inner of the male heads with tchitish oblong tips, of the female ivholh/ livid and scarious and from acutish to acuminate : akenes glandular. — High mountains of Colorado and California, and far northward. a. A. dioica, Giertn. Freely surculose and forming broad mats: flowering Stems 2 to 8 or even 12 inches A /^A, bearing few or numerous heads: radical leaves from obovate to spatulate,hQM-\nch to nearly an inch long, rarely glalirate above: bracts of the involucre in both sexes with colored {white or rose-colored) COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 177 and obtuse papery tips : akenes smooth and glabrous or sometimes nnnutely glandular. — Tlirougiiout the mountain region at all elevaiions and north- ward, thence eastward across the continetit. Var. COngeSta, DC, has heads sessile in a rosulate tuft of leaves termi- nating depressed stems, like the sterile creeping ones. — Alpine on Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado, and similar but taller forms from the mountains of Wyoming, etc. 6. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Freely surculose by long and slender, sparseli/ leof i/ stolons : flowering stems more scapiform, 6 18 inches h/(/h, bear- ing small linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads • radical leaves from roundish orate to obovate and spatulate, the larger an inch or two long, soon glabrate and green above, si 1 very-can escent beneath with a com- pletely pannose coating, 3 to 5-nerved : involucre t'eri/ wooUij at base; inner bracts of the male heads witli oval or oblong obtuse ivorij-white tips, of the larger (4 to 6 lines long) female heads with white or whitish narrow and acute tips: akenes minutely glandular. — From New Mexico to Washington Terri- tory and eastward across the continent. ■*- Heads loosebj paniculate : involucre almost glabrous. 7. A. racemosa, Hook, Stoloniferous as in the last, lightly woolly, becoming glabrate : flowering stems 6 to 20 inches higli, slender, sparsely leafy, bearing few or numerous racemosely or pauiculately disposed heads ; loaves thin ; the radical broadly oval, an inch or two long ; lower cauline ob- long ; upper small and lanceolate : involucre scarious, brownisli ; the male 2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner white-tipped ; female 3 or 4 lines long, of narrow and mostly acute bracts : akenes glabrous. — From the moun- tains of Wyomiiig to the Cascades and the British border. 19. ANAPHALIS, DC. Everlasting. 1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Commonly afoot or two high, in tufts, very leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny : leaves 2 to 5 inches long, from rather broadly to linear-lanceolate, soon glabrate and green above, the broader ones indistinctly 3-nerved : heads numerous, corym- bosely cymose: bracts of the involucre very numerous, almost wholly pearly white, radiating in age, — Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br. Higher moun- tains of Colorado and California and far northward ; across the continent in its cooler portions, 20. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed, Everlasting. Floccose woolly herbs : with sessile and sometimes decurrent entire leaves, and cymosely clustered or glomerate heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. Ours belong to the section in which the bristles of the pappus are not united, but fall separately. * Involucre woo!!/ onlij at base, the scarious bracts from ivhite to brownish straw- color : more or less fragrant herbs, erect, a foot or two high : akenes smooth and glabrous. 1. G. Sprengelii, Hook. & Am. Stems usually stout, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest spatulate, denselj white-woolly ^ 12 178 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) or sometimes tliinly floccose, the s/tort decwTent bases or adnata auricles rather broad, slightli/ if at all fffandular or h€ai\}/-scented : heads in single or few close (fomerules terminating tlie stem or branches : involucre hemispherical, white or yellowish, becoming rusty-tinged. — G. luteo-nlbum, var. Sprengelii, Eaton. Trom Texas and Colorado to S. California and N. Oregon. 2. G. deeurrens, Ives. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet h^h, corymbosely branclied above and bearing Ci/mosel/j crowded glomerules of broad heads : leaves very numerous, lanceolate or the upper linear, obvioushj adnate-decurrent, the vjiper face becoming naked and green in age and with the stem glandular-puhes- c( !:t or viscid, white-woolly beneath, stronglg balsamic-scented : involucre cam- panulate, white, becoming rusty -tinged. — Am. Jour. Sci. i. 380. Prom Texas and New Mexico to Washington Territory and British Columbia, and eastward to New England. * * Involucre less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of die nearl y equal bracts inconspicuous and dull-colored : heads glomerate and leafg-hracte- ate, only a line or so in length: low and branching annuals, a few inches or rarely a foot high : akenes cither smooth or scabrous. 3. G. palustre, Nntt. Loosely floccose with long icool, erect, at length diffuse or weak : leaves 3 to 5 lines wide, spatiilate or the uppermost oblong or lanceolate: tips of the linear involucral bracts wldte, obtuse. — In moist groimds from New Mexico to Wyoming and Avestward. 4. G. S trie turn, Gray. Appressed-icoolly : stem strict and simple, a span to a foot liigh, sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base : leaves all linear, seldom a line wide : heads in spicately disposed glomerules in the axils or on short lateral branches : involucral bracts with brownish or some- what whitish tips, obtuse. — Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 110. Eocky Mountain region, from Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 21. MELAMPODIUM, L. Branching herbs, with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedunculate heads terminating the branches or in the forks. In our species the rays are con- spicuously exserted and white, and the fructiferous bracts hooded. 1. M. cinereum, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high, cinereous or even sih ery-canescent with a close pubescence, or greener : leaves linear or tlie lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or even sinuate- ])innatifid : ligules 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 3-lobed at apex, 3 to G lines long: bracts of the involucre ovate, appressed, slightly united at base: fruc- tiferous bracts nearly terete, somewhat incurved, muricate with sharp tubercles ; its hood about the length of the body and very much wider, nearly smooth, its truncate and usually even margin commonly incurved. — From 8. and E. Colorado to Arizona, Texas, and W. Arkansas. 22. SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed. Tall and coarse perennials : with resinous juice, large leaves, and ample pedunculate heads of yellow flowers Our species is the " Compass-Plant," Avith alternate deeply pinnatifid or bijjinnatifid leaves, and large heads (sessile or nearly so) racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and very rough herbage. OOMPOSITJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179 1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and eveu 12 feet higli : radical leaves a foot or two long, long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, tlie divisions and lobes lanceolate to linear; cauliue with ])eti(7le sim- ply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and sometimes i)alniatifid ai)pendages ; upper sessile and reduced to bracts: involucre incli or more high and broad ; rays numerous, incli or two long, bright yellow. — Prairies, from Dakota to Texas and eastward to Wisconsin and Alabama. 23. PARTHENIUM, L. Ours is an acaulescent cespitose perennial, with the ligule wanting. 1. P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray. Densely tufted on a thick branching cau- dex, depressed, rising only 1 or 2 inches : leaves crowded, silvery-canescent with a fine appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely an inch long, entire : heads solitary and nearly sessile among the leaves : pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous scales. — Mountains of Wyoming. 24. PARTHENICE, Gray. Allied to both Parthenium and Ica. 1. P. mollis, Gray. Annual, with odor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, paniculately branched, minutely cinereous tliroughout, wholly destitute of any coarser pubescence: leaves all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (10 or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-peti- oled : heads small, 2 lines broad, numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles : flowers greenish-white. — S. Colorado to Arizona. 25. IV A, L. Herbs or shrubs . with entire or serrate leaves, at least the lower ones oppo- site, and small splcatel^ or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads. * Heads crowded in narrow bpike-iike clusters which are arj'jrei/aled in a naked panicle : leaves long-petioled. 1. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Tall and coarse, 3 to 5 feet high, pubescent, at least when young : leaves mainly opposite, broadly ovate, amj)le, coarsely or incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above: panicles axillary and terminal : outer involucral bracts 5, broadly ovate and herbaceous ; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or truncate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace tlie obovate- pyriform and glabrate akenes. — From New Mexico to Idaho and the Sas- katchewan. * * Heads spicately or racemosehj disposed in the axils of leaves or foliaceous bracts, and nodding. 2. I. ciliata, Willd. Eather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose and hispid : leaves nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparselij serrate, the base abruptly contracted into a hispid petiole : spikes sti'ict, 3 io 8 inches long; their bracts lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, surpassing the at length deflexed heads, hispid-ciliate, as are the 3 or 4 herbaceous and unequal distinct or partly united bracts of the involucre — From New Mexico to Nebraska and eastward. 180 COiMPOSTT^. (composite FAMILY.) 3. I. axillaris, Pursli. Stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, a foot or tiro hiijh : leaves from ohovate or oblong to nearli/ linear, obtuse, entire, ses- sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing the mosti If sol i tar ij heads in their axils : bracts of the involucre connate into a 4 or 5-lobe(l or sometimes parted, or merely crenate cup. — From New Mexico to Dakota and the Saskatchewan, and westward. 26. OXY TENIA, Nutt. Shrubby species, with Artemisia-like habit. 1. O. acerdsa, Nutt. Shrubby, but soft-woody, 3 to 5 feet high, canes- cent, with erect branches sometimes leafless and rush-like : leaves when present alternate, pinnately 3 to 5-parted into long filiform divisions, or uppermost entire: heads numerous, 2 lines long, in dense panicles. — Dry plains, S. W. Colorado to S. E. California. 27. DICORIA, Torr. &Gray. 1. D. Brandegei, Gray. Strigulose-canescent, diffusely and alternately branched leaves of the branches oblong-lanceolate or partly spatulate, ob- tuse, mostly entire, an inch or less long and with slender petiole • heads sparse, racemose-])aniculate ; fertile flower solitary ; its dilated-cuneate hyaline subtending bract hardly sur])assing the outer involucre: akene naked and exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct sca- rious margin. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Sandy bottoms of the San Juan, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah. ' 28. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Ragweed. Coarse herbs . Aviih mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves, and dull inconspicuous flowers : sterile heads racemose or spicate and with no bracts : fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below. * Involucre o f sterile heads 3-ribbed : no chaff on the receptacle : leaves palmate! y cleft, ample, petioled. 1. A. trifida, L. Tall and stout, 3 to 12 feet high or more, roughish hispid or almost glabrous : leaves all opposite, very deeply 3-lobed or the lower 5-lol)ed; the lobes acuminate, serrate : sterile racemes long and dense: fertile heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts : fruit very thick, with .5 to 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spinous tubercles around the base of the conical beak. — From the plains of Colorado eastward across the continent. * * Involucre of sterile heads not ribJ^d : receptacle icith some chaff: leaves most 1 1/ 1 to 3-pinnatifd or dissected. 2. A. artemisisefolia, L. Variously pubescent or hirsute, paniculately branched, a foot or tico hirjh, or taller : leaves thinnish, bipinnatifd or pinnateli/ parted irith the dirisions irrer/ularli/ pinnatifd or sometimes nearly entire, on the flowering branches often undivided : sterile heads pedicelled : fruit short- beaked, armed with 4 to G short acut^ teeth or spines. — A weed in waste and coMPOsmE. (composite family.) 181 cultivated grounds across the continent, known variously as " Roman Worm- wood," " Ragweed," and " Bitter-weed." 3. A. psilostachya, DC. From slender running rootstocks, stouter, 2 to 6 feet hi(jh, with strigo.se and some loose hirsute pubescence : leaves thickish ; upper simp! ij and lower twice pinnat{fid ; the lobes rnostlij lanceolate and acute: sterile heads commonly short-pedicelled : fruit mostly solitary in the axils below, rugose-reticulated, obtusely short-pointed, either wholli/ unarmed or with four short either blunt or acute tubercles. — From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward across the continent. 29. FRANSERIA, Cav. Ours are herbaceous, with chiefly alternate leaves, and the spines of the fruiting and 1 to 2-flowered involucre comparatively few. * Fruiting involucre seldom over a line long, in the same plant bearing either I or 2 flowers. 1 . F. tenuifolia, Gray. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid, variously pubescent, or glabrate : leaves mostly 2 to 3-pinnately parted or dis- sected into narrowly oblong or linear lobes, the terminal elongated : sterile racemes commonly elongated and paniculate : fertile heads in numerous glom- erules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-flowered, armed with 6 to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost always hook«d, and an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola above each. — PI. Fendl. 80. From Colorado to California, Texas, and southward. * * Fruiting involucre 3 or 4 lines long at maturity, and longer stout or broad spines : stems low. 2. F. Hookeriana, Nutt. Diffusely spreading from an annual root, freely branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid: leaves of ovate or roundish outline, 1 to 3 inches broad, and biplnnatifld, or the upper oblong and pinnatifid : sterile racemes solitary or paniculate : fruiting involucre armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long and straight spines, \-flowered. — From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward across the continent. 3. F. discolor, Nutt. A foot or less high, erect from perennial slender creeping root-stocks : leaves canescentlij tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above, interrupfedhi-pinnatifld, oblong in outline, comparatively large, the loAvest often 6 inches long; the lobes usually short and broad: sterile racemes commonly solitary : fruiting involucre 2-flowered, canescent, armed with rather short conical- subulate verg acute and straight spines. — Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, Colo- rado, and New Mexico. 4. F. tomentosa, Gray. A foot high, rather stout, erect, from an appar- ently perennial base, canescent with a dense sericeous tomentum: leaves verg white beneath, cinereous above, pinnatelg 3 to b-cleft or parted; the terminal division large, oblong or broadly lanceolate, serrate ; upper lateral similar but smaller : lowest commonly very small and entire : fruiting involucre 3 lines long, 2- flowered, nearlg glabrous ; the short spines conical-subulate, very acute, and the very tip usually uncinate-incurved. — PL Fendl. 80. Along streams or river- beds, Kansas and E. Colorado. 182 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 30. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cockle-bur. Clot-bur. Coarse annuals : Avith branching stems, alternate and usually lobecl or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads, botli sexes in terminal and larger axillary clusters, the male uppermost ; the lower axillary clusters of few or solitaiy female heads. 1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stem often punctate with brown spots: leaA'es cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins and often in- cised,or lobed, on long petioles : fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely beset with rather long prickles, the two stout beaks at maturity usually hooked or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid. — X, strumarium, var. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. From Texas to the Saskatche- wan and westward. 31. ZINNIA, L. "With opposite and mostly entire sessile leaves, single heads terminating the branches, and showy flowers. In ours the leaves are narrow and rigid, connate- sessile and crowded, and the akenes 2 to 4-aristate.. 1. Z. grandiflora, Nutt. Scabrous: stems or branches a span or more high from a stout woody base : leaves linear, 3-nerved at base : involucre nar- row, 4 lines long : ligules 4 or 5, at maturity 5 to 8 lines long, dilated-obovate or roundish, light yellow or sulphur-color, becoming white. — Plains and bluffs, E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 32. HELIOPSIS, Pers. With loosely branching stems, veiny and mostly serrate 3-ribbed leaves on naked petioles, and pedunculate showy heads with numerous yellow rays. 1. H. Isevis, Pers. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so throughout, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves bright green, thinnish, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a truncate or slightly cuneate-decurrent base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate with numerous teeth, 3 to 5 inches long : heads somewhat corymbose : rays broadly linear, an inch long: akenes wholly glabrous and smooth. — Near Canou City, Colorado, Brandegee ; chiefly a form of the Atlantic States, 33. ECHINACEA, Moench. Perennial herbs, with rather stout erect stems, undivided leaves, the lower long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles terminating the stem and few branches. Rays from flesh-color to rose-purple, much elongating with age. 1. E. angUStifolia, DC. Hispid, a foot or two high, mostly simple: leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire. 3-nerved, all attenuate at base, the lower into slender petioles : bracts of the involucre in only about 2 series. — Within the eastern limit of our range and extending eastward. 34. RUDBECKIA, L. Conefloaver. With alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and showy pedunculate heads terminating stem and branches : rays yellow, even sometimes wanting, the iisk from fuscous to purplish black. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 183 ♦ Disk from hemispherical to ovoid, black or dull brown: akenes small, quadran- gular, wholli) destitute of pappus: leaves undivided : involucre soon rejlexed. 1. R. hirta, L. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, rough-hispid and hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly entire, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles : rays wlien well devel- oped an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored toward the base: disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in fruit. — Dry and open ground, from Colorado to the Saskatchewan and east- ward across the continent. * * Disk from globular to cjlmdrical, yellowish or brownish: akenes comparativelj large, somewhat compressed, with a crown-like pappus: involucre loose and foliaceous but not usualli/ rejlexed. •*-Raijs Jew or several, inch or two long, drooping, pure t/ellow: disk dull yellowish ; the tip oj the chaffy bracts canescent : pappus a short A-toothed or nearly entire crown: nearly all the leaves cleft or divided: stems branching. 2. E,. laciniata, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely scabrous, at least on the margins and upper face of the leaves : stem 2 to 7 feet high, branching above : leaves veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical commonly pinnately 5 to 7-foliolate or nearly so, and divisions often lacini- ately 2 to 3-cleft ; lower cauline 3 to 5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those of the branches few-toothed or entire — Moist ground, from Montana to Arizona and New Mexico, and eastward across the continent. H- 4- Rays wanting: disk brownish; the tip of the chaffy bracts puberulent : re- ceptacle bodkin-shaped: scarious cup-shaped pappus very conspicuous: stems stout, simple. 3. R. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or irregularly and sparingly dentate, 4 to 8 inches long ; upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base; lower abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes: disk in age becoming 1^ inch long, and akenes 2 lines long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355. Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon. 4. R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stout : leaves 8 to 12 inches long, pinnatel y parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate uppermost cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes : disk cylindraceous or cylindrical, at length often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter ; akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Mountains of Colorado. 35. LEPACHYS, Raf. Herbs, with pinnately parted leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy heads, the drooping rays yellow or partly brown-purple : truncate inflexed tips of the chaff pubescent ; disk yellowish, becoming darker. 1 . L. eolumnaris, Torr. & Gray. Scabrous, 1 or 2 feet high, branching from the base : divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft : rays commonly an inch or more long, normally 184 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) all yellow : disk at length columnar, an inch or more long. — Plains, from the Eocky Mountains to tlie Saskatchewan and Texas. Var. pulcherrima, Torr. & Gray. A part or even tlie Avhole upper face of the ray browu-purple. — Eroui Arizona to Texas and JMebraska. 36. BALSAMORRHIZA, Hook. Low ; with thick, deep and balsamic roots ; a tuft of radical leaves mostly on long petioles ; and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked scapes, bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers. « Leaves entire or nearli/ so ; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long-petioled. 1. B. sagittata, Tsutt. Silvery-canescent, and the involucre white-woolly : radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, the base 2 to 6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length ; the few and inconspicuous cauline from linear to spatulate : scape at length a foot or more high : rays 1 to 2 inches long. — Mountains of Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Used for food by the Indians. * * Leaves neither entire nor cordate, var i/ing from laciniatehj dentate to hipin- nateh) divided: heads solitari/ on a naked scape or one bearing a pair of small opposite leaves towards the base. 2. B. macropliylla, Nutt. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous : leaves ample, ovate or oblong in outline, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnately parted into broadbj lanceo- late and commonly entire lobes : scapes a foot or tAVO high : bracts of the invo- lucre from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of the rays. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350. Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah. 3. B. Hookeri, Nutt. Canescent with jine sericeous or more tomentose pu- bescence, biit not at all hirsute : scapes and leaves a span to a foot high ; the latter lanceolate or elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnotely parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised : involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate; its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outer- most foliaceous and enlarged. — Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 301. West of our range, hut represented by Var. incana, Gray. Densely white-tomentose : leaves often of broader out- line. — Synopt. Fl. i. 266. B, incana, Nutt. Wyoming and Montana to N. California. 37. WYETHIA, Nutt. Stout and mostly low; with ample undivided pinnately veined alternate leaves (mostly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers. * Bajjs from pale yellow or dull straw-color to white. 1. W. helianthoides, Nutt. A span to a foot and a half high, simple and with a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute : leaves from oval to COMPOS ITzE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 broadly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole : heads an inch high : bracts of the invo- lucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous : rays nearly 2 inches long : akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus some- times minute, chaffy coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth. — Northern Rocky Mountains, in moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon. * * Rai/s bright yelloio. -)- Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid : leaves lanceolate to oblong. 2. W. amplexicaulis, Nutt. A foot or two high, robust : leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate ; radical often a foot or more long ; upper cauline partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base : heads solitary or several, short peduncled : involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, one or two outer ones occasionally foliaceous and larger : rays 1^ inches long : akenes with a conspicuous crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn. — From Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Called " Pe-ik " by the Indians. -(- -I- Hirsuteh) pubescent or scabrous: leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear. 3. W. Arizonica, Gray. Hirsutehj pubescent, a foot high, bearing a sin- gle or few heads : leaves oblong -lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper and sessile cauline broader: involucre of rather foliaceous and erect bracts: Ta,ys 8 to 12: pappus a very narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subuhite teeth, or into 1 or 2 short awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. S. Colorado to S. Utah and Arizona. 4. W. SCabra, Hook. Verij scabrous, a foot or two high, rigid : cauline leaves linear, thick, 4 to 6 inches long, ^ inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute : involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, all the outer with an appressed base, which is acuminate into a longer subulate filiform spreading very hispid- scabrous appendage : rays several, ^ inch long : akenes acutely angled, the 3 or 4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short blunt teeth, which are barely confluent at base. — New Mexico and S. Colorado to Utah and Wyoming. 38. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. With erect branching stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow flowers ; resembling small-flowered species of Helianthus. 1. G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook. A foot to a yard high, pubescent or scabrous, sometimes also hispid, often much branched : leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely denticulate: rays 10 to 15, golden yellow: disk hemispherical, in age little more elevated and receptacle obtusely conical ; its bracts linear, obtuse or the inner acute : akenes smooth. — Heliomeris multiflora, Nutt. Very polymor- phous. From Arizona to Wyoming and W. Texas. 39. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. Usually tall or coarse ; with a part or all the leaves opposite and simple ; heads peduncled and terminating the stems or branches, with yellow rays, and either yellow or purple disk-flowers. 186 COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) § 1. Annuals: receptacle Jiat or nearly so: all but the lower leaves usiiaUi/ alter- nate, petioled, 3-ribbed: involucre spreading ; its bracts attenuate: disk brown- ish or dark purple. 1. H. annuus, L. Robust, when well developed tall, hispid, hispidulous, or scabrous: stem often spotted or mottled : leaves ovate and the lower cordate, serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauline ones longer than their petiole : bracts of the involucre from broadly oVate to oblong, aristiform- acuminate, below hispidlij ciliate : disk in the wild plant commonly an inch or more in diameter. — Includes H. lenticularis, Dougl., and many other forms. From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward. The " Common Sunflower," > extensively cultivated everywhere and thus becoming very tall and with enor- mous heads. Fruit used by the Indians for food and oil. 2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, more slender, loosely branching, strigose-hi spidulous, rarely hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, \ to 3 inches long, cuneately attenuate or the lower abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with acute and mucronate or some- times more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate: disk ^ inch or more in diame- ter. — About the same range as the last. § 2. Perennials: receptacle convex, or at length low-conical: lower leaves almost always opposite. * Involucre loose, becoming more or less squarrose; its bracts almost equal, Jiliform- attenuate: disk usually dark purple or turning brownish : all but the lower leaves long-linear or filiform. 3. H. orgyalis, T)C. Stem smooth and glabrous, often 10 feet high, very leafy to the top: leaves mostly alternate, from long-linear, 8 to 16 inches long, commonly 2 to 4 lines wide, or the lowest lanceolate, to almost filiform, slightly papillose-scabrous, the lower narrowed into a petiole and sometimes serrulate : bracts of the involucre filiform-attenuate, those of the receptacle entire : akenes oblong-obovate with a rounded summit, 3 lines long. — Dry plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to S. E. Colorado. * * Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal ovate or oblong but not folia- ceous bracts : leaves from lanceolate to ovate : herbage not tomentose nor con- spicuously cinereous. 4. H. rigidus, Desf. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, spar- ingly branched : leaves very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispidulous- scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or serrate ; lower oblong and ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads comparatively large, showy ; disk f inch high, dark purple or brownish : invo- lucre pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate. — Plains and prairies from Michigan to Texas and west to E. Colorado. 5. H. pumilus, Nutt. Hispid and scabrous throughout : stems simple, a foot or two high, bearing 5 to 7 pairs of leaves and a few rather short-peduncled heads : leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so, 1 ^ to 4 inches long, rigid, abruptly contracted at base into a short margined petiole : invo- lucre less than half inch high, white hirsute or scabro-hispidulous ; its bracts COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-lanceolate, acutish : disk yellow. — Eastern Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, from Wyoming to Colorado. * * * Involucre looser and the bracts disposed to be more taper-pointed, or folia- ceous: disk t/ellow or yellowish, •h- Stems smooth or somewhat scabrous: leaves mostly lanceolate or narrower: involucral bracts linear-subulate, loose or soon squarrose-sprcadinrj. 6. H. grOSSe-SerratuS, Martens. Stem very smooth and glabrous, com- monly rjlaucons, 6 to 10 feet high, bearing numerous rather cymosely disposed and short-peduncled heads : leaves slender-petioled, thinuish, oblong lanceolate or narrower, or some of tlie cauline almost deltoid-lanceolate, gradually acu- minate, sharply serrate, or upper merely denticulate, slightly scabrous above, ichit'sh and soji-puberulent beneath ; larger cauline commonly 8 to 10 inches and the petiole an inch or two long : deep yellow oblong rays over an inch long. — Dry plains, from Texas to Dakota and as far east as Ohio. 7. H. Maximiliani, Schrader. IJispidtdous-scabrous : stem stout, 2 or 3 (and even 10 to 12) feet high, below mostly rough-hispid : leaves almost all alter- nate, thickish, becoming rigid, very scabrous above, lanceolate, acute or acuminate . at both ends, jnostly subsessile, all entire or sparingly denticulate: involucre of more rigid bracts : rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yel- low. - — Prairies and plains west of the Mississippi, and from the Saskatchewan to Texas. 8. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly simple, smooth arid glabrous : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, 3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, short-petioled or subsessile, serrulate or entire : bracts of the involucre naked or somewhat hirsute at base : paleae of the pappus long and narrow. — Fl. ii. 324. In wet soil, W. Wyoming and Utah to Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia. • -*- -t- Stems pubescent or hirsute : leaves ovate or subcordate : involucral bracts lanceolate, loose, hirsute-ciliate. 9. H. tuberOSUS, L. Stem 5 to lO feet high, branching at summit : leaves mostly alternate on the branches, acuminate, dull green, minutely pu- bescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon scabrous above : bracts of the involucre attenuate-acuminate : rays often inch and a half long, 12 to 2,0 : bracts of the receptacle hirsute-pubescent on the back : akenes more or less pubescent at summit and margins, mostly long and slender. — The "Jerusa- lem Artichoke," widely cultivated for its fleshy tubers, and found under various forms, especially in the E. United States. An indigenous form coming within our range is Var. subcanescens, Gray. Mostly dwarf, about 2 feet high, compara- tively small-leaved, rough-hispidulous or scabrous, but the lower face of the leaves whitish with soft and fine pubescence. — Synopt. Fl. i. 280. Plains of Minnesota, Dakota, etc. 40. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Leafy-stemmed : leaves lanceolate to ovate, with tapering base, opposite or alternate : rays broad, yellow : disk yellow or purplish-brown : akenes flat, from cuneate-obov-ftte and emarginate to slightly obcordate. 188 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) * ^^^ffy tracts of the receptacle soft and scarious : akenes with some long villous haij-s on the margins and sometimes on the faces. -t- Heads show//, large or middle-sized, solitarg, or some later ones axillary: bracts of the invohicre loose and lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less foliaceous, conspicuoushf hirsute-ciliate : disk yellowish. 1. H. quinquenervis, Gray. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent or almost glabrous : stems solitary or scattered, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves mostly opposite, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, A to 9 inches long, uppermost sessile, lower ones tapering into margined petioles, and the lowest [afoot or more long) into longer petioles : head mostly long-peduncled, ample, the disk a full inch in diameter: rays 15 to 20, pale yellow, commonly inch and a half long: pappus of 2 slender awns, of half the length of the ahene, and nearly thrice the length of the squamellfp, which form a conspicuous finely dissected fringe. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. //. uniflora of the Fl. Colorado aud Bot. King's Exp. Moun- tains from Dakota and Montana to S. Colorado. 2. H. Parryi, Gray. Hispidulous-hirsute : stems numerous from a thick- ened root, a foot high, rather slender : leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceo- late and an inch or two long, or the lowest and radical oblong- spatnlate and of double the size : heads and rays barely half the size of the preceding : pappus of fmbriately dissected squamellcc only, or with a pair of slender awns not surpass- ing these. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 08. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. -I- -t- Heads small: imwlucre more imbricated: rays few and hardly surpassing the dark purple disk. 3. H. microcephala, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous : stems numerous from a greatly thickened root, a foot or less high, slender, somewhat panicu- lately or corymbosely branched at summit and bearing several heads : leaves rigid, all but the lower alternate ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; upper cauline nearly linear and sessile, an inch long : involucral bracts linear-oblong, mostly obtuse : rays not over 3 lines long : pappus of several slender squamella; inter- mixed with the long hairs, two marginal ones often extended and awn-like. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. Borders of Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and Utah. * * Chaffy bracts of the receptacle frm-chartaceous : stems a foot or tico high. 4. H. uniflora, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : leaves inore commonly opposite, sometimes all alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long; lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent or slightly hirsute: rays a full inch long : akenes more or less ciliate : pappus a pair of long awns and rather conspicuous squamellne. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. //. multi- caulis of Bot. King's Exp. Mountains of Montana and E. Idaho to S. Utah. 41. VERBESINA, L. Flowers yellow or rarely white. Ours belongs to § Ximenesia, in which the heads are broad, the involucre of spreading linear and foliaceous equal bracts, and the disk and receptacle merely convex : the rays are numerous and con- spicuous. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 1. V. encelioidGS, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, freely branch- ing, pale and cinereous or sometimes canescent : leaves mostly alternate, and the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously serrate or laciniatenlentate, most with winged petioles, and commonly with auriculate-dilated appendage at base: disk three fourths inch in diameter: ravs 12 to 15, an inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit : akenes obovate, mostly broadly winged and with short awns. — Ximenesia encelioides, Cav. From S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas. 42. COREOPSIS, L. TicKSEED. Pedunculate heads terminating the branches : rays mostly showy, yellow, party-colored, or rose-colored. In ours the akene is wingless. 1. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves opposite and all 1 to 2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear divisions: outer involucre short and close : rays ^ to f inch long, either yellow with crimson-brown base or nearhf all crimson brown : disk-Jlowers dark purple or brown : akenes moderatdif incurved : pappus none or an obscure border. — From Colorado and Arizona to the Saskatchewan and Texas. 2. C. involucrata, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves opposite and all pinnately 3 to 7-divided or parted ; the divisiojis serrate, incised, or again cleft: bracts of the outer involucre 12 to 20, mostly surpassing the inner, slender, hispid on the back and margins : rays sometimes an inch long, golden yellow: disk-Jlowers dull yellow: akenes straight, with 2 short acute ieeiA. — Plains of E. Colorado to Texas and W. Illinois. 43. BIDENS, Tourn. Bur-Marigold. Leaves opposite, simple or compound : heads of mostly yellow flowers soli- tary or paniculate. § 1. Akenes flat, from obovate to cuneiform, not at all contracted at summit, 2 to 4- awned: outer involucre foliaceous and spreading, * Heads erect, ray less, or rarely with 1 to 5 small rays : disk greenish yellow : leaves mostly petioled and divided. 1. B. frondosa, L. Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves except the uppermost pinnately 3 to 5-divided into lanceolate or broader sharply serrate petiolulate leaflets : outer involucre often very leafy : akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy, 2-awned. — Shady or moist rich ground, common everywhere. The common " Stick-tight." * * Heads coijimonly with conspicuous rays: leaves all sessile and undivided; upper pairs somewhat connate round the stem : margins of the cuneate akenes and the rigid awns retrorsely hispid. 2. B. cernua, L. Stem glabrous or setulose-hispid, from a span to a yard high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply serrate : heads conspicuously nodding after antliesis, commonly surpassed by the foliaceous outer involucre : rays ovate or oval, little surpassing the disk or wanting : akenes usually 4-awned. — Across the continent, especially in the more northern lati- tudes. In wet grounds. 190 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 3. B. Chrysanthemoides, Michx. Glabrous, often decumbent at base, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, rather mimiteltj and evenhj serrate : heads rather large, little or not at all nodding: outer involucre seldom surpassing the inner, conspicuousl/j surpassed b// the oval or broadly oblong rat/s: akeues 2 to 4-awned. — Wet grounds, across the continent ; on the plains around Denver. § 2. Akenes narrow, linear-tetragonal ; the outer shorter and more truncate than the inner, which gener all j taper upward: outer involucre seldom foliaceous or enlarged : leaves {in ours) all once to thrice 3 to 5-natelij parted or divided, and the raijs inconspicuous or none. 4. B. bipinuata, L. Primary and secondary divisions of the leaves rather ovate or deltoid-lanceolate in circumscription, and the lobes mostly acute : akenes all slender, the inner ones 5 C. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to a foot high, very leafy : leaves 2 to S pinnately dissected into short and narrow linear lobes : heads all short-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly oval, white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly half the length of the well-devel- oped greenish-yellow ovoid disk: akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at summit, this occasionally produced into one or two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. — From W. California to Montana and far northward ; becoming naturalized in the Atlantic States. 64. TANACETUM, Tourn. Tansy. Strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered perennials. Ours are low, with stems rather slender and naked above, bearing rather small (2 lines broad) globular heads, and leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-cleft. 1. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, loosely cespitose, a span high : leaves short, mostly broad-cuneate with tajjering base, obtusely 3 to 5- lobed at the broad summit ; those of the flowering stems usually oblong or linear and entire : heads few, somewhat paniculate or loosely clustered, some of them slender-pedunculate: involucre very scarious. — Fl. ii. 415. Mountains of N. Wyoming. 2. T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a span high : leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or some of them only 3-cleft at summit : flowering ste7ns scapiform or 2 to 4-leaved : heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glomerule. — Loc. cit. Mountains of N. Wyoming. 65. ARTEMISIA, Tourn., L. Wormwood. Sage-brush. Herbs and low shrubs, bitter-aromatic ; with alternate leaves and small paniculate heads, commonly nodding ; the flowers yellow or whitish, usually sprinkled with resinous globules. § 1. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-Jlowers hermaphrodite but sterile, their ovary abortive, and style mostly entire: receptacle not hairy. — Dracunculus. •* Akenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs : spinescent undershrub. 1. A. spinescens, Eaton. Stont and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18 inches high, villous-tomentose : leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divis- 1 The following species of the Old-World genus Chrysanthemum has become extensively naturalized, its broad heads and conspicuous white rays malcing it very prominent. It may be characterized as follows : — C. Leucanthemuvi, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched : cau- line leaves spatulate, and the upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised, partly clasping at base ; radical broader, petioled : head broad and flat : rays inch long : pappus none. — Known as " Ox-eye Daisy " or " Whiteweed." Leucanthe- mum vulvar e, Lani. 200 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) ions 3-lobed ; lobes spatulate : heads globose, raceraosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines : bracts of tlie involucre 5 or 6, broadly obovate : female flowers 1 to 4 ; herniaplirodite-sterile flowers 4 to 8. — Bot. King Exp. 180. Whole desert region of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho. * * Alcenes nearly glabrous : no spines. Leaves dissected. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. A foot or two high: glabrous or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky-pubescent : leaves mostlij 2-pinnately divided into narrow linear or almost filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture : heads 1 or 2 lines long, very nu- merous in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle: involucre greenish, glabrous or rarely pubescent. — Across the continent to the north, and extend- ing southward in the Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico and Arizona. 3. A. borealis, Pall. A span or two high from a stout caudex : stems simple : leaves silky-pubescent or silky-villous ; radical and lower 1 to 2-ternateli/ or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted : heads 2 lines broad, comparatively few, crowded in a narrow {rarely compound) spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed : involucre pilose or glabrate, pale- fuscous to brownish. — In the alpine region of Colorado, and far northward across the continent. 4. A. pedatifida, Nntt. Cespitose, Avith a stout lignescent caudex, very dwarf, canescent throughout with a fine and close pubescence : leaves chief y crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked flowering stems, once or twice ^-parted into narrowly spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines hrosid) few, loosely spicately or racemoseiy disposed, canescently pubescent. — Dry ground, in the mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. -t- Leaves entire or 3-clefl or -parted : the whole plant or at least the base some- what woody. 5. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Glabrous : stems 2 to 4 feet high, either virgately or paniculately branched : leaves mostly entire, narrowly or sometimes more broadly linear, some 3-cleft : heads very numerous in a compound and crowded or open and diffuse T^2imc\Q, many flowered. — On plains, from Sas- katchewan to Texas, and westward across the continent. 6. A. filifolia, Torr. Minutely canescent, even to the 3 to ^flowered invo- lucre, 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender fll/form, commonly 3-parled ; the upper and those in axillary fascicles entire : heads very small, crowded in an elongated leafy panicle. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211. Plains, from Nebraska to New Mexico and W. Texas. § 2. Heads heterogamous ; the diskflowers hermaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style. — EuARTEMisiA. Ours have the akenes obovoid or oblong and wholly destitute of pappus. * Receptacle beset with long woolly hairs. 7. A. SCOpulorum, Gray. Herbaceous, a span or two high /row a stout multicipital caudex, silky-canescent : stems simple, bearing 3 to 12 spicately or racemoseiy disposed hemispherical (rarely solitary) heads : radical and few lower COMPOSITE (composite FAMILY.) 201 cauline leaves pinnately 5 to 7-divided, and divisions ^ parted inio s put niate-li near lobes; uppermost simply 3 to 5-parted or entire : involucre 2 Hues broad3 vil- lous; its bracts browu-margined : corolias hirsute at summit. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66. Alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 8. A. frigida, VVilld. Herbaceous from a sajf'rutcscent base, silky-canes- cent aud silverif, about a foot high : stems simple or branching, bearing numerous racemoselif disposed heads in an open panic.'e : leaves maiidi/ twice ternatel// or quinalelji divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of sim- ple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the petiole : heads globular, barely 2 lines iu diameter : involucre pale, canesrent, its outer bracts narrow and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. — From Minnesota to Texas aud west- ward to New Mexico, Nevada, and laaho. #* Receptacle nor v 'lluus. -f- Annnnl and biennial. 9. A. biennis, Willd. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid : stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from toward the base of the stem to tlie somewhat naked and spiciform summit : leaves 1 to 2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or incisely toothed lobes; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and less toothed. — Open grounds from California and Oregon to Hudson's Bay; also uow spreading to the e;isteru seaboard farther south. -t- •\- Perennials. ++ Heads manij-Jloicered, broad (2 to 5 lines), several or numerous and loosehf racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems : alpine and subalpine, with dis- sected leaves and no cottony tomentum. 10. A. Norvegica, Fries. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches high, from villous or pubescent to fjlabrate : leaves twice 3 to 7-parted into linear or lanceolate or more dilated segments: heads 4 or 5 lines broad, loosely racemose or racemose- paniculate, most of them long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brown- marginea : corollas loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. — Mostly A. urctica of the Western Reports. From the high mountains of S. Colorado and S. California far lun-thward. 11. A. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, afoot or less high, wholly glabrous, leafy up to the loosely paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-ped uncled heads : leaves 2 to 3-pinnate/i/ parted into mostly linear thickish lobes : involucre 2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish margins and with t"ie corollas glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Mountains of Colorado, at Sangre de Cristo Pass. •«-+ Heads c iniparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), 12 to many- flowered, va •fously paniculate : flowers glabrous : herbs, mostly whitened {at least when young and on the lower surface of the leaves) with cottony tomentum. = Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict ste7ns, and undivided elon- gated-lanceolate or linear leaves, 3 to 7 inches long. 12. A. serrata, Nutt. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy : leaves green and glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or a])j)ermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pin- 202 COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) nately incised : heads rather few-flowered, less than 2 lines long, greenish, hardlij pubescent. — Prairies, Dakota to Illinois. 13. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first to- mentulose, hut usually glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines wide) : heads usuallij canescent, 2 or 3 lines long. — Minnesota and Nebraska to Montana. = = ]\^ot 80 tall: leaves more or less cleft or divided, or when entire compara- tively shoii, not Jiliform nor narrowly linear. a. Involucre from canescent to iroolly, 12 to 20-Jloivered. 14. A. Ludovieiana, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virtjate branches, sometimes paniculate, completel// and somewhat jloccidently ivhite-tomen- tose, or upper face of leaves sometimes early glabrate and green : leaves from liuear-lanceolate to oblong, sometimes nearly all undivided and entire ; com- monly the lower ivith a few coarse teeth or incisions, or 2 to 3-cleft, or irregularly 3 to 5-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes : heads glomerafely paniculate, not over 2 lines long: invohicre woolly-tomentose. — Including also var. gnapha- lodes, Torr. & Gray. Across the continent from the west to INiichigau and Illinois. 15. A. Mexicana, Wilkl. Panicnlately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose : leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly attenuate, some 3 to 5-cleft or parted ; radical cnneate, incisely pinnatljid or trifid : heads very nu- merous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long : involucre araclinoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious. — A. Ludovieiana, var. Mexi- cana, Gray. Dry plains, from S. Nevada, S. Colorado, and Arizona to Texas and Arkansas. b. Involucre glabrous, 20 to AOflowered. 16. A. franserioides, Greene. Glabrous throughout, or minutely and obscurely puberulent : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves compara- tively ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath; lower bipinnately and upper simply pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2 to 3- clejl divisions and lobes : heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the h'dfy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 42. Moun- tains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 17. A. discolor, Dougl. A foot high, mostly slender, glabrous or gla- brate except the lower face of the leaves : these white with close cottony tomen- tum, 1 to 2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes : heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or virgate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high. — Mountains of British Columbia and Montana to Utah, Nevada, and California. Var. incompta, Gray. Stouter, with coarser or less dissected leaves, having mostly broader lobes, or the upper entire. — Synopt. Fl. i. 373, A. in- compta, Nutt. Mountains from Wyoming and Montana to California and Washington Territory. = ==== Rather low: leaf-divisions narrowly linear or filiform : heads \b to 20- fiowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle. 18. A. Wrightii, Gray. Cinereous or canescent, or radical shoots some- times white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the panicle: COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203 leaves pinnately 5 to 7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution fili- form entire divisions : involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, becoming glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. Plains of Soutbern Colorado and New Mexico. ++++++ Heads small and narrow, very feic-Jiowered : .flowers glabrous: stems woody at base. 19. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent tbrougbout, a foot high : leaves from oblong- to linear-cnneate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about i inch long : heads very numerous and crowded in the obh)ng or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, containing only one or two hermaph- rodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. — Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 110. Kocky banks, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas. § 3. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile : receptacle not hairy. — Seriphidil'M. Ours are the true "Sage-brushes," being rather shrubby, canescent or silvery with a fine or close tomentum, and heads not nodd ing. 20. A. arbuSCTlla, Nutt. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a stout base and slender flowering branches : leaves short, cuueate or flabelliform, 3-lobed or parted, with the lobes ohovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-'obed ; those subtending the heads usualh^ entire and narrow : panicle strict and com- paratively simple and naked, often spiciform and reduced to few rather scat- tered sessile heads : involucre 5 to 9-flowered. — Higli mountains and elevated plains, from Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and California. 21. A. tridentata, Nutt. Larger, I to 6 (or even \2) feet high, much branclied : leaves cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4 to 1 -toothed, at the truncate summit, uppermost cuneate-linear : heads densely paniculate: involucre 5 to Sflowered, its outer or accessory tomentose-canescent bracts short and ovate. — Prom Montana to Colorado and westward. Immensely abundant ; the characteristic " Sage-brush," or " Sage-wood." 22. A. trifida, Nutt. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much branched : leaves 3-cleft and 3 parted ; the lobes and the entire upper leaves nar- rowly linear or slightly spatulate-dilated : heads numerous in the contracted leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its branches : involucre 3 to 5 flowered, rarely 6 to 9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear or lanceolate. — Wyoming and Utah to Washington Territory and California. 23. A. cana, Pursh. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery canes- cent: leaves lanceolate-linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch or two long, entire, rarely ivith 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes, margins not revolute : heads glomerate in a leafy contracted panicle, 6 to ^-flowered, rarely 5-flowered, usually with one or two linear subulate accessory bracts. — Plains, Saskatche- wan to Montana, Dakota, and Colorado, G6. PETA SITES, Tourn. Butter-bur. Sweet Coltsfoot. Perennial herbs, Avith thickish and creeping rootstocks, sending up scapiform simple flowering stems . and am])le radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony- tomentose or glabrate ; the flowers whitish or purplish. 204 COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. P. Sagittata, Gray. Leaves from dcltoid-oliloiig to reniform-hastate, from acute to rounded-obtuse, repaud-dentmc, very Avliite-tomcntose bcneatli, when full grown 7 to 10 inches long: lieads sliort-racemosc becoming corym- bose.— Bot. Calif, i. 407. Wet ground, in the mountains of Colorado and northward ; across the continent in northern latitudes. 67. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. The name refers to the few (4 or 5) bracts of the involucre. 1. H. Greggii, Gray. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutcsccnt, a foot or two high, fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the louse cynics of a few slender-pedunculate naked heads : leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire ; th« lower connate at base : heads 2 or 3 lines higli : flowers yellow : ligules 1 or 2 lines long. — PI. Feudl. 109. Saline soil, S. E. Colorado to W. Texas. 68. TETRADYMIA, DC. Low and rigid shrubs, sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose ; with alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, cymose or clus- tered heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. * Involucre 4-Jfoivered, of 4 or 5 bracts: ]}appHs extremely copious: akenes either verij villous or (jlabrous : under shrubs, a foot or two high. 1. T. CanesCGnS, DC. Pennanentli/ canescent icith a dense close tomentum, unarr)ied, fastigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lunceo- late, an inch or less long : heads ^ to f inch long, most of them short-pedun- culate. — Hills and plains, N. Wyoming aud British Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Var. inermis, Gray. A form with shorter and crowded branches, shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. — Bot. Calif, i. 408. The commonest form. 2. T. glabrata, Gray. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed: branches more slender, spreading: leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender-subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half- inch long ; those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless : heads mostly short-pedunculate : involucre often glabrate. — Pacif . R. Rep. ii. 122. From Colorado and Utah to California and Oregon. 3. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves: leaves of the axillary fascicles mostly spatulate: heads more glomerate. — PI. ii. 447. Utah and Wyoming. * * Involucre 5 to ^-flowered, of b or ^ broader bracts : proper pappus less copi- ous, reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles, which are covered by a false pappus of extremely long i^ery soft and ichite icoolly hairs which densely clothe the aJcene : shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely white- tomentose. 4. T. spinosa, Hook. & Am. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or recurved spines in place of primary leaves : secondary leaves COMPOSITJE. (composite FAMILY.) 205 fascicled in the axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate : heads scattered, pedunculate, fully i inch long : pappus of comparatively rigid capil- lary bristles, a little surpassing the wool of the akeue. — From S. Wyoming to Arizona, S. E. California, and E. Oregon. 69. ARNICA, L. Perennial herbs; with erect stems, simple or branching, opposite leaves, and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. * Radical leaves cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winrjed petioles ; caidine all opposite, in \ to S pairs, dentate or denticulate. 1. A. COrdifolia, Hook. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two high, pubescent, or the stems hirsute and peduncles villous : lower caidine as well as radical leaves lonf/-petioled, deeplij cordate, yet sometiuies only ovate ; upper cauline small, sessile : heads fe\\^ in smaller plants solitary: involucre I inch long, pubescent or villous : rays commonly an inch long : akenes more or less hirsute. — From the mountains of Colorado to those of California and British Columbia. Var. eradiata, Gray. An ambiguous form ; with smaller and ray less heads, and oblong-ovate at most subcordate leaves. — Synopt. Fl. i. 381. Montana and E. Oregon. 2. A. latifolia, Bong. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with smaller heads than the preceding : onli/ radical leaves cordate or subcordate and petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, usnalljj sharplij dentate, closely sessile hij a broad base, or lowest with contracted base : akenes commonhj gla- brate or glabrous. — Pine woods, mountains of Colorado aud Utah to Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska. * * No cordate leaves ; radical leaves petioled, tapering or abrupt at base. Leaf 11 to the top: cauline leaves seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not conspicuousl J) dim in ished. 3. A. Chantissonis, Less. From tomentose or villous -pubescent to nearl'/ glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or ob- tuse ; lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at base and somewhat clasping: akenes hirsute-pubescent. — Including A. mollis, Hook.; also^. lati- folia in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to tho.se of California and far northward. 4. A. longifolia, Eaton. Many-stemmed in a tuft, minutelg ptiberulent: cauline leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose, 3 to 6 inches long, lower ivifh narrowed bases connate-vagi- note: heads corymbosely disposed, short-peduncled : akenes minutely glandu- lar, not hairy. — Bot. King Exp. 186. Wahsatch Mountains and westward. 5. A. foliosa, Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent, strict : leaves lanceolate, denticu- late, nervose ; upper parthj clasping bj narroivish base, lower with tapering bases connate^- heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary : akenes hirsute-pubescent or glabrate. — A. Chamissonis of the Western Keports, in part. From the Sas- katchewan to Oregon and southward along the mountains to N. California and Colorado. 206 COMPOSIT^E. (composite FAMILY.) Less leafy: cauline leaves 1 or 2 (rarely 3) pairs, and the upper mostly small. 6. A. Parryi, Gray. A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hir- sutely pubescent and aboA'e glandular : leaves membranaceous, commonly den- ticulate ; radical oval to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, abruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined petiole ; cauline remote : involucre hir- sute and glandular. ^ inch or less high : heads rayless, occasionally some outermost corollas ampliate : aJcenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. eradiata. Gray. Mountains from Colorado to Wyoming and westward. 7. A. alpina, Olin. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at summit villous, strict, simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous: leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the radical oblong -spatulate and small uppermost linear, entire or denticulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cau- line hardly at all connate : heads conspicuously radiate : akenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. — A. angustifolia, Vahl. In the mountains of Colorado and California; across the continent in high latitudes. 70. SENECIO, Tourn. Groundsel. A very large genus ; with alternate leaves aud heads of yellow flowers. Ours all belong to the section of perennials having the pubescence (if any) of a tomentose or floccose kind and never viscid nor hirsute. * Heads an inch or distinctly over ^ inch high, very many-flowered. •t- Heads radiate. -M- Alpine species. 1. S. Soldanella, Gray. Apparently glabrous from thefrst, a span high, somewhat succulent : leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reni- form to spatulate-obovate, denticulate or entire; cauline one or two or none: head solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly a full inch high : involucral bracts lan- ceolate and a very few calyculate ones: rays 6 to 10, oblontf, a quarter-inch long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado. 2. S. amplectens, Gray. Lightly floccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so h'\g\\,few to several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedun- culate nodding heads : leaves thinner than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate ; radical obovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole ; cauline as large or larger, oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base : involucre over half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones : rays linear, inch long or more, acute or acutely 2 to 3-toothed at tip. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 240. Alpine and subalpine region, mountains of Colorado. Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only a span or two high, Avith fewer and smaller cauline leaves ; these and the radical commonly spatulate aud with tapering base, not rarely laciniately subpinnatifid : head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 ++ ++ Not alpine, ivlth Jeafij stems a foot or so high. 3. S. megacephalus, Nutt. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glahrate, loafy : leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lan- ceolate and tapering into a petiole, and u]iperniost cauline attenuate, thickish : heads 1 to 3, short-ped uncled, 8 lines to an inch high : involucre calyculate hy some very loose and subulate elongated accessory bracts: rays over ^ inch long. — From the mountains of Idaho to the Kocky Mountains near the Brit- ish boundary. -)- -t- Heads rai/less, nodding: some sparse crisped hairs in place of tomentum. 4. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply paniculate inflorescence, at length glabrate : leaves from elongated-oblong to lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline 3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-peti- oled, or tapering into a winged petiole or partly clasping base ; upper lanceo- late Avith partly clasping base : heads in small plants few or solitary. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111. Includes also var. Hallii, Gray. Mountains of Colorado, liTew Mexico, and. Arizona. * * Heads middle-sized or small, half inch or less, H- Nodding, rayless : leafi/stemmcd. 5. S. Cernuus, Gray. Quite glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth, all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not clasping base : heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them decidedly nodding: flowers pale j^ellow. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado, wholly below the alpine region. Heads erect, rnostlf/ radiate. Stems numeroushj and nearbj equahli/ leafj to the top: leaves from entire to faciniate-dentafe, never divided or dissected, nor narrowlij linear : (jlahrous or verij earlji glabrate. = Loio, alpine: heads subsobtari/, radiate. 6. S. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; upper- most sessile by broadish base : heads J inch high : rays 3 to 5 inches long. — - Fl. ii. 445. Alpi^ regions, from the British boundary to S. Colorado, Utah, and California. Var. oecidentalis, Gray. More slender, witli rounder leaves and heads longer-peduncled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the ground. — Bot. Calif, i. 618. Mountains of N. Wyoming, Montana, and California. = = Bather low, with numerous cijmosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless. 7. S. rapifolius, Xutt. About a foot high : leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering 208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping by a broad subcordate base : heads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered: involucral bracts 8 to 10, narrowly oblong. — liocky Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte. = = = Tall, ivifh cori/mboseli/ cipnosc and radiate heads: leaves nearhj mem- branaceous. 8. S. triangularis, Hook. Eatlicr stont : stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme: leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate with more or less salient teeth, deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triamjul ar-hastate or deitoid-cffrdate, and njtpermost lanceolate with cuneate base: rays 6 to 12. — From the Saskatchc- Avan to Wjishington Territory and southward in the mountains to Colorado and California. 9. S. serra, Hook. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather few heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads : leaves 4 to 6 inclies long, all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile bij a riarroio base, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nsnalhj with the whole margin thickli/ serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : rays 5 to 8. — In tlie Western Reports principally under the name of S. Andinus. Mountains of Colorado to Idaho and AVyoming. Var. integriusculus, Gray. Heads smaller, 3 or 4 lines high, and nar- rower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or broader and not acuminate. — Synopt. Fl, i. 387. S. Andinus, Nutt. From Wyoming to Oregon and California. •M- -w- Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the injlorescenre : leaves all entire or denticulate: involucre ^fleshy-thickened. 10. S. crassulus. Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous: stem 5 to 7- leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large and thick heads : leaves ob- long-lanceolate, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long; radical .and loAvest cauline spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole ; upper sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base : involucre 40 to 50-flowcred, of 12 fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base also thickened, tlie whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit : rays about 8. — Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 54. S. integerrimus. Gray, in part; S. lugens, var. Ilookcri, Eaton, in part Subalpine, mountains of Colorado to Utah and AVyoming. ++++++ Stems either few-leaved oru-ith the upper leaves reduced in size; the inflo- rescence therefore naked : none with narrow linear leaves. = Tall and simple-stemmed, with a fibrous cluster of roots : leaves fleshy coria- ceous, all entire or barely denticulate. 11. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous or smooth : stem robust, 2 to 4 feet high, strict : leaves lanceolate ; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long ; upper cauline sessile or partly clasping : heads numer- ous in a branching cyme: bracts 8 to 12: disk-flowers 1.5 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and small, or none. — In water or very wet ground, from Colorado and Cali- fornia to Montana and British Columbia. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 209 = = Plants mostlij in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks. a. . Stems mostly robust, generallij a foot to 3 or 5 feet high, bearing numerous heads in a ci/me : rays 8 to 12, conspicuous : leaves from entire to dentate, none really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. None truly alpine. 12. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elon- gated-oblong, quite entire or denticulate; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated base: heads seyeval, umbellately cymose, com- monly ^ inch high: involucral bracts narrow, acute or acuminate. — Dakota to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan, 13. S. lugens, Richards. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical form early glabrate and bright green : stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads : radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-denticulate ; upper cauline lan- ceolate or reduced and bract-like : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish tips: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. — In- cludes var. Hookeri and var. Parryi. Through the whole Kocky Mountains to New Mexico and westward to California. Var. foliosus, Gray. Floccose wool usually persistent up to flowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity : stem seldom over a foot high, stouter, more leafy to near the inflorescence: leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly lanceolate : heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower: tips of involucral bracts conspicuously blackish. — Bot. Calif, i. 413. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. ^ Var. exaltatus, Gray. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with looser and more persistent scattered hairs: stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high : leaves thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader ones abrupt and sometimes even subcor- date at base ; cauline occasionally laciniate-dentate : heads mostly numer- ous in the cyme. — Loc. cit. S. exaltatus, Nutt. Wet ground, British Columbia and Idaho to California, extending within the western limits of our range. b. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform : leaves clustered on the rootstock or caudex, entire or crenate ; those of the scape reduced to mere bracts. Chiefly alpine or subalpine. 1. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex. 14. S. werneriaefolius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate : leaves quite entire, erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base) to elongated-oblong and short-petioled, the mar- gins sometimes revolute : scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 8 heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or want- ing.— Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, \a,r. iverneriafolius. Gray. Moun- tains of Colorado, alpine. 14 210 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 15. S, petraeUS, Klatt. Glabrous or early glabmte: leaves from orbicular- obovate or oval to ^ inch long) to cuneate-oblong, entire or 3 to 1 -crenate-toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled : scapes I to 3 inches high, bearing solitary or several clustered heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 6 10, golden yellow, 3 lines long. — S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray. Alpine region of the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. 2. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled , more or less clustered at the base of the scape : plants very glabrous. 16. S. renifolius, Porter. Two inches high from filiform creeping root- stocks : leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rounded- subcordate or reniform, only about ^ inch wide, coarsely 5 to 7-crenate : scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary comparatively large inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long. — Fl. Colorad. 83. High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Central Colorado, at 13,000 feet, J. M. Coulter. c. Stems a foot or two high or less, bearing some leaves and corymbosely cymose heads. Mostly not alpine: usually some foccose tomentum. 1 . Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided: rays sometimes ivanting. 17. S. canus, Hook. Permanentl y tomentose-canescent, or at length floccu- lent, but rarely at all glabrate : stems from a span to 2 feet high : leaves some- times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong, ^ to 1^ inches in length, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed or pin- natifid: akenes very glabrous. — From Dakota to Colorado and west to Cali- fornia and British Columbia. 18. S. aureus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering and a foot or two high from small rootstocks : radical leaves mostly rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciniate: most polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves thin ; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, crenate-dentate, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, on long slender petioles; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobes on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed ; others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often incised ; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base : akenes quite glabrous. — Yery abundant, across the continent. The following are the principal forms within our range. Var. Balsamitse, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or less wool until fruiting: depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high : principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, com- monly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted into slender petioles; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid: heads usually rather small and numerous : akenes almost always hispudulous-pubescent on the angles. — From Texas to Colorado and British Columbia and eastward to Canada. Var. compaetUS, Gray. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age : radical leaves oblanceolate or attenuate-spatulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnalifid-den- tate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or COMPOSITvE. (composite FAMILY.) 211 linear, entire or pinnatifid: heads rather numerous and crowded in the cyme, rather small : ovaries papillose-hispid ic/ous on the angles — Synopt. Fl. i. 391. From Colorado to N. W. Texas ; mostly in saline soil. Var. borealis, Torr & Gray. A foot down to a span high, at summit hearing either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless : leaves thick- ish ; radical from roundish icith abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, ^ to 1 inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much pinnatifid : akenes glabrous. — Mountains of Colorado, California, and north- ward, where it extends across the continent. Var. croceus. Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate : leaves somewhat succulent ; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes lyrate ; cauline very various : heads usually numerous in the cyme : flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the rays, or these sometimes wanting. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado to Montana, Nevada, and California. Var. subnudus, Gray. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or two high, hearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a pair: radical le&ves few, spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate ; cauline incised or sparingly pinnatifid : rays conspicuous. — Synopt. Fl. i. 391. Wyoming to British Colnmbia and Cali- fornia. 19. S. Tendleri, Gray. Fery canescent with floccose icool, in age tardily glabrate: stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching : leaves ohlong-lancaolate or narrower ; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline sinuatebj pectiymte-pinnatijid or even piunately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 2 to 4-lobed : akenes glabrous. — PI. Fendl. 108. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. 2. Leaves mostly once pinnatelg divided or parted and again lobed or incised. 20. S. eremophilus, Richards. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves mostly oblong in outline, laciniately-pinnatifid or pin- nately parted, the lobes usually incised or dentate : heads in corymbiform cymes, short-peduncled : bracts commonly purple-tipped : rays 7 to 9 : akenes minutely papillose or glabrous. — In the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Mackenzie River. ++++++++ Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top: leaves all pinnately lobed or parted or entire, their divisions {or the ivhole leaf) linear to filiform. 21. S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed, a foot or two or even 5 or 6 feet high, either Avhite- tomentose or glabrate and green : leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear, more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from ^ to i inch high : rays 8 to 1 8 : akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. — S. longilobns, Benth. ; S. filifolius, Nutt. Plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas and westward to California. 212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 71. C N I C U S,i Touru., L., partly. Plumed Thistle. Stout herl)s; Avith sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized heads : the flowers red or purple, rarely white or yellowish. — Cirsium, DC. * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre oppressed-imbricated and the outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white- scari'ous tips. 1. C. AmericanuS, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above: branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads : leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately pinnatifid, or some merely dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly: heads erect, an inch high : principal bracts of tlie involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with a barely exserted cusp ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips : flow- ers ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Lower mountains of Colorado and ^ew Mexico to California, * * Bracts of the involucre mostli/ loose, not oppressed-imbricated nor rigid, taper- ing gradually from a narroivhase to a slender-prickly or muticous apex; outer not very much shorter than the inner, icholl y destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot : pappus-bristles not clavellate-tipped. 2. C. Parryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high : leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, not decurrent, moderatelij prickly: heads several and spicately glomerate or more racemosely panicu- late, more or less bracteose-leafy at base : accessory and outer proper bracts or some of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or less dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips: corollas pale yellow; the lobes longer than the throat : pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them obviously clavellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 47. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 3. C. eriocephalus, Gray. Loosely arachnoid-woolly and partly gla« brate, very leafy : leaves pinnatifid into very numerous and crowded and numer- ously prickly short lobes, the base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings : heads several, sessile, and crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule; the subtending leaves and the involucrol bracts densely Iqng-ivoolly, all very slender' prickly: corollas light yellow or yellowish. — Alpine region of the Rocky mountains of Colorado. * * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about equalling the upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with ^ The naturalized genus Arctium, " Burdock," may he known hy the hooked tips of its involucral bracts forming a bur, otherwise unarmed; large mostly cordate leaves; and rather small heads of pink or purplish flowers. The species is A. iMppa, L., and is 3 to 5 feet high, with cymose heads, leaves green and glabrous above but whitish with cottony down beneath, and in the larger forms with the bur an inch or more in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous. COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 213 more or less herbaceous spinescent-tipped spreading upper portion, and no glandular dorsal ridge. 4. C. iEatOni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, looselg arachnoid- ti'oolli/ or glahrate : leaves pinuatifid or piniiately parted iuto short lobes, mostly verij pricklg, either green and glabrate, or remaining whitish-woolly beneath: lieads an inch high, few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster : involucre from arachnoid-ciliate to glahrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed base, abruptly attenuate into the subu- late-acerose slightly herbaceous spinescent portion, outermost little shorter than the inner : corolla whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56, Cirsium folio- sum and C. Drummondii in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colo- rado, Utah, and Nevada. 5. C. NeO-MexicanUS, Gray. aSVow^, 2 to 4 feet high; herbage and commonlg squarrose involucre copiously ivhite-woollg : leaves from sinuate- dentate to pinuatifid, not very prickly : heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches, often 2 inches high and broad: principal bracts of the involucre with spinescent rigid tips ^ to 1 inch long: corolla from white to pale-pur- ple. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45. Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. * * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in numerous ranks ; the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged. •)- Flowers from rose-purple to ichite : involucre glabrous or early glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or cusp, innermost wholly unarmed. 6. C. Drummondii, Gray. Green and somewhat villom-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid-woolly, either stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 3 feet high, ivith solitary or several loosely disposed heads: leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately prickly : larger heads fully 2 inches high : involucral bracts weak-prickly pointed, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips : corollas either white or sometimes rose- purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. From the mountains of Colorado and California to the far north. Var. acaulescens, Gray. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown, encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow : outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle. — Mountains of Colorado to California. 7. C. SCariOSTlS, Gray. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower face of the leaves: stem about a foot high : leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long-prickly lobes ; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate : heads 2 or Z in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches : innermost bracts of involucre commonly Avith more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips : corollas pale or white. — Synopt. Fl, i. 402. ^Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah. 214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ■*- Flowers usually rose or Jlesh-colored : invohicral bracts closelt/ oppressed, coriaceous, commonli/ laith a glandular or viscid ridge, short line or a broader spot on the back near the summit : heads naked, solitary or scattered. = Leaves pinnatehj parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions. 8. C. Piteheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose throughout : lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions either entire or some again piunately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly- tipped ; the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or soli- tary, 2 inches high : involucre glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle : corollas ochroleucous. — Extending into Dakota and the northeastern limit of our range from the shores of the Great Lakes. = = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be white-lomentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of invo- lucral bracts more or less rigid. 9. C. OChrocentrus, Gray. Resembles the next, usually taller, even to 6 or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent : leaves commonly but not always deeply pinnati fid and armed lolth long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or 2 inches high : principal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped ivith a prominent spreading yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 10. C. undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently Avhite-tomen- tose : leaves rarely jtlnnately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly 1^ inch high : principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped ivith an evident spreading short prickle : corollas rose-color, pale purple, or rarely white. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Plains, from Oregon to the Great Lakes and southward to New Mexico. Var. canescens, Gray, is a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid. — New Mexico and S. Utah to Minnesota. ==== = Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes from ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green : invohicral bracts tipped ivith iveak prickles or sometimes hardly any. 11. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem branching, 3 to lO feet high: leaves in the typical form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose- ciliate slightly toothed margins, sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : heads 1^ to 2 inches high: invo- lucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading setlform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong : roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous- thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia — East of our range, but represented by Var. filipendulus, Gray. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high : roots tuberiferous : leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid: heads few, only \k inch high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. .56. Prairies and thickets, Texas and Colorado. COMPOSlTiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 12. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching: leaves narrow, varying as in the last: heads more naked-peduncu- late, onbf an inch long: involucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle-like prickle, sometimes hardly any: flowers rose-purple. — From Colorado to Texas and Virginia. 72. KRIGIA, Schreb. Low herbs ; with rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating slender naked peduncles or scapes. Ours belongs to the § Cynthia, in which the involucral bracts are 9 to 18 and thin, and pappus of 10 to 15 oblong scales and 15 or 20 slender capillary bristles. 1. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous: stem a foot or two high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed ; these contracted into winged petioles; cauline partly clasping by a broad base. — Cynthia Virginica, Don. From Colorado to New York and Georgia. 73. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with branching or rarely virgate and often rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering branches, and usually paniculate heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers. In ours the heads are ^ to inch high, mostly 5-flowered and with about the same number of involucral bracts. * Perennials, paniculately branched from thick and tortuous roots, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above : pappus bristles not at all dilated at base, but plumose below the middle. 1. S. runcinata, Nutt. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along the branches : lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifld , commonly lanceolate ; upper linear or reduced to scales : pappus dull white, plumose only to near the base. — Plains, from Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Arizona, and California. 2. S. minor, Nutt. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usu- ally terminal and smaller heads: cauline leaves all slender, often filiform: pappus white, very plumose down to base. — Plains and mountains, from the borders of British America to those of Mexico. ♦ * Annuals or biennials : bristles of the ichite or whitish pappus plumose above but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated. 3. S. exigua, Nutt. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets : radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales : bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated or chaffy bases commonly a little connate. — From Wyoming to Texas and westward to Nevada and E. California. 216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 74. MICROSERIS, Don. Glabrous or merely puberulent, acaulescent or subcaulescent ; with heads of yellow flowers terminating naked scapes or elongated simple peduncles. * Pappus of \b to 20 white and soft plumose bristles loith chaff if base: akenes linear-columnar, of same diameter from base to suinmit : stems more or less branching and leaf-bear inr/. 1. M. nutans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so high : fusiform roots either fascicled or solitary : leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads 8 to 20 flowered, slender-peduncled : involucre of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gradually acuminate principal bracts: bristles of pappus several times longer than the oblong scale at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. From British Columbia and Montana to S. W. Colorado and California. * * Pappus of 20 to 24 narroivlij linear-lanceolate silvery-white scales, occupying tico or more series, very gradually attenuate into a slender awn: akenes attenu- ate-fusiform. 2. M. troximoides. Gray. Acaulescent or nearly so : leaves tufted on the caudex, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to 6 inches long : scapes a span to a foot high : involucre f inch high : pappus ^ inch or more long, its almost setiform scales ^ Hue wide below. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211. Hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho to Washington Ter- ritory and California. 75. MALACOTHRIX, DC. Leafy -stemmed or scapose ; with pedunculate heads of yellow or white flowers, sometimes becoming purplish-tinged. In ours the involucre is of narrow bracts and sUort-ped uncled on the leafy spreading branches. 1. M. sonchoides, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high : lower leaves oblong, pinnatifid, with short and dentate lobes, rhachis of the principal leaves also dentate: akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-ribbed, somewhat angled by 5 moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 15-denticulate white border. — Fl. ii. 486. Plains of W. Nebraska to New Mexico and Avestward. 76. HIERACIXJM, Tourn. Hawkweed. Perennial herbs : often with toothed but never deeply lobed leaves: heads paniculate, rarely solitary : flowers yellow, or white in one species. § 1. Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbri- cated: pappus of copious and unequal bristles: akenes columnar, truncate, hi ours the stems are leafy to the top, the cauline leai:es all closely sessile. 1. H. umbellatum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few some- what umbellately disposed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceo- late, neai-ly entire, sparsely denticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base: involucre usually livid, glabrous or nearly so; outermost bracts loose or spreading. — From Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, and northward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 2. H. Canadense, Michx. Taller, robust, with corymboselij or panicu- latelji cjmose heads: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad or hroadish at base : involucre usually pubescent when young, glabrate, 0(tca- sionally glandular ; the narrow outermost bracts loose : pappus sordid. — Across the continent near the British boundary and northward. § 2. Involucre a series of equal bracts and a few short ones : pappus of more or less scanty equal bristles: akenes in some species slender or tapering to the summit. * Hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs commonly from a small papilla^ commonly but not always on the involucre also : fowers yellow. 3. EE. longipilum, Torr. Stout, leafy to near the middle of the stem, and with linear-lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle : pubes- cence mainly glandular-setose and viost abundant, the bristles upright, com- monly ^ to 1 inch long, fulvous or rufous : leaves spatulate-oblong or upper lanceolate, thickish, the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time : involucre 20 to 30-flowered, and with short peduncles more or less tomentu- lose as well as glandular, in a narrow almost virgate panicle: akenes fusiform: pappus at maturity fuscous. — Woods and prairies, from Nebraska to Texas, within the eastern limit of our range, and eastward to Michigan. 4. H. Scouleri, Hook. Robust, a foot or two high: hairs long and soft setose, whitish or yellowish: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long : panicle irregular or branching : involucre somewhat furfuraceous and glandular, also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs : akenes columnar and short: pappus whitish. — From Montana to Oregon and south to the Wahsatch. * * Dark-hirsute and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short tomentum) on the involucre: leaves and loiver part of scapiform stems not even pilose : flowers yellow : pappus sordid. 5. BE gracile. Hook. Pale green, in tufts : leaves nearly all in radical clusters, obovate- to oblong-spatulate and attenuate into petioles, entire or repand-denticulate : stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous above, bearing few or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower linear-bracteate : involucre usually blackish-hairy at base : akenes short co- lumnar. — Includes //. trisfe, mostly, of the Western Keports. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and northward. Var. detonsum. Gray. A span to nearly a foot high, with rather smaller heads : dark hirsute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the involucre. — Synopt. Fl. i. 427. II. triste, var. detonsum. Gray. Mountains of Colorado and California to those of British Columbia. * * * Not bristly (occasionally scattei'ed bristles on the involucre and panicle), but at least the radical leaves and base of stem sparsely or thickly setose-hirsute with long spreading hairs. Flowers white : stems leafy : akenes linear-columnar, not at all narroived upward: pappus sordid : leaves entire or denticulate. 6. H. albiflorum, Hook. A foot to a yard high, smaller plants with 218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) simple and larger with compound open cyme : leaves oblong, thin, upper with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole : involucre of linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly glabrous or nearly so, not rarely a few bristly hairs. — From Colorado and Utah to California and British Columbia. -I- -1- Flowers yellow: stems rather scapose (2 to several-leaved) : leaves entire or slightly denticulate. 7. H. cynoglossoides, Arvet. Stem a foot or less high (either from naked base or more commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2 to severul- leaved, bearing few or several cymosely divsposed heads, sebose-hirsute or hispid at base : leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower con- spicuously setose-hirsute ; upper sometimes glabrous: involucre glandular^ some- times as also peduncles glandular-hispidulous : akenes rather short-columnar : pappus whitish. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. //. Scouleri, Hooker, partly. N. W. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California. 8. H. Fendleri, Schultz Bip. Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves toward base of the simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose- hirsute : radical leaves spatulate or broader ; cauline verging to lanceolate, reduced above to linear bracts : heads few and racemiform-paniculate, or more numerous and corymbosely disposed : involucre puherulent or glabrate, with or without scattered setose hairs : akenes tapering from near the base to summit, sometimes reddish, at length commonly blackish : pappus copious, soft, sordid- whitish. — Colorado and New Mexico. 77. CREPIS, L. Annuals or (ours) perennials, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked or beaked akenes (some truncate or merely tapering upwards) : leaves entire or inclined to be pinnatifid : flowers all yellow. * Low or depressed, branched from tlte base, ivholly glabrous, bearing numerous clustered heads: involucre of narrowly linear obtuse equal bracts: akenes nar- row, lO-striate, having at summit a disk bearing the pappus. 1 . C. nana, llichards. Forming depressed tufts on creeping rootstocks : leaves chiefly radical, obovate to spatulate, entire, repond-dentate, or It/rate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems : heads in fruit nearly ^ inch high : akenes linear, unequally ribbed, obscurely contracted under the moderately dilated pappiferous disk. — Alpine mountain summits in Colorado and California, thence far northward. 2. C. elegans, Hook. Many-stemmed from a tap-root, diffusely branched : leaves entire or nearly so; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to linear: heads smaller : akenes linear-fusiforin, minutely scabrous on the equal narrow ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid-dilated at summit. — From Montana and Dakota to the Saskatchewan. * * More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads: akenes thicker, not dilated-discoid at the insertion of the pappus. No canescent pubescence: foliage mostly glabrous: involucre many-flowered; COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 219 its bracts narrow, acute, little thickened below ajler /lowering: pappus not reviarkahli) copious: leaves mostlt/ radical. 3. C glauca, Torr. & Gray. Usually scapose, 1 to 2 feet high, glances- cent or glaucous : radical leaves from obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, from entire to laciniate-pinnatijid : involucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearhj so, as also the peduncles : akenes oblong, with slightly narrowed summit, strongly and evenly 10-ribbed. — Fl. ii. 438. Moist ground, from the Saskatchewan and Nebraska to Utah and Nevada. 4. C. runcinata, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucous or slightly so, 1 to 2 feet high: radical leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, //om re/?anf/ cinate-pinnatijid with short lobes or teeth ; cauliue none, or small and narrow at the forks : iuvolucre ^ inch high or smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, some- times {with peduncles and upper part of scape) glandular-hispidulous : akenes narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-ribbed. — Loc. cit. In subalpine swamps, from Colorado and Utah to Montana and the Saskatchewan. -t- -t- Cinereous-pubescent, at least the foliage: bracts of the involucre at length with more or less thickened or keeled midrib, at least at base : leaves usually laciniate-pinnatifd. -M. Principal bracts of the involucre and flowers 5 8 : no hirsute pubescence : pappus moderately copious and soft. 5. C. acuminata, Nutt. Minutely cinereous below, but green : stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous small heads : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong- lanceolate in outline, laciuiate-pinnatifiJ, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear tail-like prolongation : involucre ^ to inch long, rarely over 6-flowered, smooth and glabrous : akenes at maturity fusi- form, considerably longer than the pappus, lightli/ striate-costate, moderately attenuate at summit. — Dry ground, Montana and Wyoming to E. Oregon, Utah, and California. 6. C. intermedia, Gray. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less tall, more cinereous-puberulent, usually with fewer heads: involucre ^ inch or more long, canescently puberulent ; its bracts in age more carinate by thick- ened midrib: akenes acutely lO-costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. — Synopt. Fl. i. 432. C. acuminata. Gray, Bot. Calif., partly. Rocky Mountains in Colorado to tlie Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Territory. Var. gracilis. Gray. A very slender form, with rhachis and apical pro- longation as well as lobes of the leaves attenuate-linear. — Loc. cit. C. occi- dentalis, var. gracilis, Eaton. ++ Principal bracts of involucre 9 to 24 and flowers 10 30: pappus exceed- ingly copious and harsher. 7. C. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Often hirsute as well as canescent, rather robust, a span to a foot or so high, commonly leafy-stemmed and branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader in outline, variously laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, apex seldom much prolonged : involucre ^ to § inch high, canescent : akenes longer than the pappus, usually with tapering summit and acute ribs. 220 COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) — Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Washington Territory, and south to the mountains of Colorado and California. 78. PRENANTHES, Vaill. Perennial herbs, Avith loosely paniculate heads, few-nerved akenes, and soft bright wliite pappus. Ours belong to the subgenus Nabalus, with more con- tracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers, more nerved akenes, and stiffer sordid pappus. 1. P. raeemosa, Michx. Stems simple, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the inflorescence, with the leaves glabrous and glaucous: leaves ordinarily onli/ denticulate ; radical and lower leaves spatulate-ohlong to obovate, tapering into winged petioles ; upper cauline lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader ones by a cordate or auriculate base : heads not at all drooping, crowded in an e'ongated thyrsus, a, span to 2 feet long: involucre loosely hirsute : flowers pur- plish : akenes about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by 4 or 5 of the stronger nerves. — Nabalus racemosus, DC. From Colorado to the Saskatchewan, thence eastward across the continent. 2. P. alata, Gray. A foot or two high, the larger plants branching : leai:es hastate-deltoid, sharply and irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted or some of the upper cuneately decurrent into winged petioles, or small uppermost narrower and sessile by a tapering base : heads somewhat pendulous, loosely and somewhat corymbosely paniculate: involucre of 8 to 10 greenish bracts : floAvers purplish : akenes slender, at least sometimes with a tapering summit. — Synopt. Fl. i. 4.35. Nabalus alatus, Hook. From the far north to Oregon, represented in the mountains of N. Montana by Var. sagittata, Gray. Leaves sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes mostly slender and prolonged : heads in a virgate panicle : involucre pale green, very glabrous : immature akenes not tapering to the summit. — Loc. cit. 79. LYGODESMIA, Bon. Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with usually rush like rigid or tough stems, linear or scale-like leaves, and terminal or scattered heads which are always erect : the flowers pink or rose-color. * Erect perennials, with striate-angled j unciform stems and branches, and terminal solitary heads: akenes slender, terete, almost Jiliform, slightly tapering to sum- mit : pappus soft, and copious, whitish or sordid. 1. li. juneea, Don. Fastigiately much branched from the deep-rooted base, about a foot high : leaves persistent, small, somewhat nervose ; lower lanreo- late-linear from a broadish base, inch or two long ; upper reduced to small subu- late scales : involucre at most i inch long, 5-flowered : ligules j or | inch long. — Plains of tlie Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico and Nevada. 2. L. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Stems separate or few from the root, simple below, a span to a foot high ; the larger plants leafy, corymbosely branclied aboA e, and bearing few or numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves all entire, of firm and thickisli texture, linear-attenuate, 2 to A inches long, only COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 221 the very uppermost reduced to scales: involucre fully f inch long, 5 to 10- flowered: Ugules of equal length, shoivij, rose-red. — Fl. ii. 485. Gravelly hills, W. Wyoming and Utah. * * Paniculatelii branched annuals: pappus white and soft. 3. L. rostrata, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corym- bose-paniculate : leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, ob- scurely 3-nerved ; cauline 3 to 7 inches long, barely 2 lines wide; uppermost slender-subulate : heads numerous, on scaly-bracteolate erect peduncles : invo- lucre 8 to 9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear bracts : rays small and narrow, probably purplish : akenes slender-fusiform, distinctly attenuate at summit, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. L.junrea, var. rostrata, Gray. Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Wyo- ming and Colorado. 80. TROXIMON, Nutt. Acaulescent or nearly so ; with a cluster of sessile or subsessile radical leaves, and simple scapes bearing a head of yellow or rarely purple flowers. Includes both Troximon and Macrorhijndias of the Western Reports. § 1. Ahenes beakless, or tapering gradually into a short and thickish beak, on which the nerves or ribs of the bod/ are prolonged to the apex : pappus some- what rigid. — Eutroximon. 1. T. cuspid atum, Pursh. Glaucescent, somewhat tomentose when young, a span to a foot high : leaves entire, elongated linear-lanceolate and up- wardlji linear-attenuate, mostly ciliate : involucre about an inch high ; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, all tapering to a slender acumination, glabrous : akenes becoming 3 or 4 lines long, rather shorter than the unequal pappus, beakless. — Prairies, from Dakota to Wisconsin and W. Illinois. . 2. T. glaueum, Nutt. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate, from entire to sparinghj dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long: invo- lucre commonly an inch high and many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent or even villous: akenes with the stout nerved beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus. — Macrorhi/nchus glaucus, Eaton. Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to British Columbia, and mountains of Utah and Colorado. Var. parviflorum, Gray. A small and slender form : leaves only 2 to G inches long : scape a span to a foot high : head smaller and narrower. — Synopt. Fl. i. 437. T. parviflorum, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to the mountains of New Mexico. Var. laoiniatum, Gray. Dwarf (a span or two high), with the small heads of the preceding variety, varying to larger, glabrous or glabrate, when young often cinereous-pubescent throughout : rays sometimes purplish exter- nally or in fading : leaves mostly of lanceolate outline and laciniate-pinnatifid. — Bofc. Calif, i. 437. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to California. Var. dasycephalum, Torr. & Gray. Commonly robust, with large and broad heads : the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to cinereous-pubescent, sometimes early glabrate : receptacle not rarely bearing 222 COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) a few chaffy bracts among the flowers : leaves from elongated-lanceolate to oblong- spatulate, from entire to laciniate or rarely pinnatifid : scape from a span to 2 feet high. — Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada and AVash- ington Territory, northeastward to Dakota and the Arctic regions. § 2. Akenes with a slender and mostli/ fliform nerveless beak and soft pap- pus. — Mac ror h v n c h u s. 3. T. aurantiacum, Hook. Loosely soft-pubescent and glabrate : leaves from linear-lanceolate to spatulate, thinnish, entire, or spariuf/li/ laciniate-den- tate, occasionall I) pinnatijid : scape from a span to a foot or more high : invo- lucre 7 to 9 lines high ; its bracts from broadly to naiTowly lanceolate and acute, or outer and looser ones oblong and obtuse : flowers orange, commonly changing to brownish red or purple : akenes thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and the firm beak onlij 2 or 3 lines long : pappus somev)h.at rigidulous. — Macro- rhi/nchus troximoides, Torr. & Gray. Northern Rocky Mountains to British Columbia and Oregon, and mountains of Colorado. Var. purpureum, Gray. Leaves apparently thickish, laciniate, and with the purple-tinged involucre very glabrous or glabrate: "flowers purple." — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72. New Mexico, and in the mountains of Colorado. 4. T. gracilens, Gray. Resembles slender forms of preceding : leaves mostlij entire, flaccid, from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatu- late: scape 10 to 18 inches high: head and involucral bracts narrow: flowers deep orange : akenes fusiform-linear , 3 or 4 lines long ; the verij slender beak 4 or 5 lines long : pappus soft, but not flaccid. — Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 71. Moun- tains in N. "Wyoming to Oregon and Washington Territory. X 81. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandeliox. Perennials, sending up in the spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinate- pinnatifid or lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, Avhich elongate with and after the blooming of the showy head of yellow flowers : involucre re- flexed at maturity : fruit, with the expanded pappus raised on the elongated beak, displayed in a globose body. T. officinale, Weber. Root vertical: leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate, from irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid : akenes oblong- obovate or narrower, abruptly contracted into a conical or pyramidal apex, wliich is prolonged into a filiform beak of twice or thrice the length of the akene. In the ordinary form of the fields the involucral bracts are obscurely or not at all corniculate, and the calyculate bracts are linear, elongated, and recurved ; leaves usually lobed. — T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common everywhere in fields and yards. Var. alpinum, Koch. Outer involncrnl bracts ovate to broadly lanceo- late, spreading, none conspicuously corniculate. — Labrador to British Colum- bia, and southward along higher mountains to Colorado and California. Var. lividum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all apt to be dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all corniculate : leaves from denticulate to runcinate-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid. — T. palustre, DC. llocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Arctic coast. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 Var. SCOpulorum, Gray. Minute : leaves and scape an inch or less long : head 3 or in fruit even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered : outer involucral bracts lanceolate, rather loose ; inner somewhat corniculate. — T. Icevigatum, Gray. Highest alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 82. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. With leafy or (in ours) scapiform stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and rather large slender pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers. Our species is mouoceplialous. 1. P. SCapoSUS, DC. Hirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple: globular tuber sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground a cluster of pinnatifid loaves and scapes of a span or two high: the latter sim- ple and naked, sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base : head seldom an inch high in fruit : calyculate bracts of involucre short and small, subulate ; principal ojres obscurely corniculate at tip : flowers citrou-j'ellow : pappus fulvous. — P. grandijlorus, Nutt. Prairies of Arkansas to E. Colorado. 83. IjACTUCA,! Tourn. Lettuce. Mostly tall herbs, with milky juice, leafy stems, and paniculate heads of yellow, blue, or whitish flowers : involucre glabrous and smooth. Includes Mulgediurn. * Akenes flat, orbicular to oblong, abrupthj produced into a filiform beak of softer texture. 1. Jj. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy to the open panicle, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves all oblong and auriculate-clasping, 3 or 4 inches long, sinnate-pin- natifid, somewhat spinuloseli/ dentate, more oi less bristltf-ciliate, more or less hispidulous-setose on the n)idrib beneath : flowers yellow : akenes oblong-oval, about equalled bj the fil form beak. — From Dakota and Wyoming to Iowa and Texas 2. L. pulchella, DC. A foot or two high, veri/ glabrous, glaucescent, leafy up to the open panicle : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire or runcinate-dentate, or some lower ones pinnatifid ; cauline sessile, with 1 The Old World genus Sonchus, Tourn., (" Sow-Thistle.") with leafy stems, yellow flowers, and white pappus, has become extensively naturalized in the east, and the follow- ing species have appeared within our range : — ♦ Coarse annuals ; with runcinately or lyrately pinnatifid leaves, beset with soft spinulose serratures ; upper cauline auriculate-clasping : heads corymbose-paniculate : akenes flat, thin-edged, oblong-obovate S. oleraceiis, L., has leaves with soft and hardly spinulose teeth ; auricles of the cauline ones acute ; akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous. S. asper, Vill. , has teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the clasp- ing base rounded ; and akenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side. * * Strong-rooted perennial, with deep yellow flowers, and thickish akenes. S. arvensis, L., has stems 2 feet high and naked at the summit; leaves as before, den- ticulate-si)inulose, cauline partly clasping : peduncles and involucre more or less glandular- bristly ; heads almost twice as long (1 inch high) ; akene.s oblong, about 10-ribbed and rugulose on the ribs. 224 LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) base not auriculate-clasping : flowers bright blue or in'olet-pnrple : akenes lanceolate- oblong, barely 2 lines lon<^, striate-nervose ; the tip of short (no longer than the breadth of the bodi/) beak soft and usualli/ whitish. — Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt. From New Mexico to California, British Columbia, and eastward. * * Akenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerces, contracted at the summit into a short but manifest neck. 3. L. leucophsea, Gray. Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the pyramidal rather crowded panicle : leaves ample, sinuately or runcinately pinnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly dentate ; upper cauline sessile by a mostly narrowed but auriculate or partly clasping base : involucre oblong, 5 lines high : flowers bluish to yellowish or whitish : pappus sordid or fus- cous. — Mulgedium leucopha^nm, DC. Across the continent from Oregon to the mountains of Carolina and northward. Order 43. LOBELIACE^. (Lobelia Family.) Herbs with iriilky juice, alternate leaves, scattered flowers, irregular 5-lobed corolla, and the 5 stamens free from the corolla and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and ahrays by their an- thers. Calyx-tube adherent to the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule : style ane. 1. Xobelia. Corolla oxien down to the base on one side. 2. Lauren tia. Corolla with a closed tube. Capsule wholly inferior. 1. LOBELIA, L. Calyx-tube 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube and somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 ratlier erect lobes, the lower lip spread- ing and 3-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes. 1. L. eardinalis, L. Stem tall, simple, 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish : leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed: raceme elongated, rather one-sided: flowers large, deep red ; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Colorado, and throughout the States eastward. The intense red of the flower varies to rose-color and even white. Known as "Cardinal Flower." 2. L. syphilitica, L. Stems simple, 2 to 3 feet liigh, leafy to the top, somewhat hairy : leaves thin, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate: flowers in a long spike-like raceme, light blue, rareli/ white: sinuses of the cali/x ivith deflexed auricles. — From Colorado to Dakota and throughout the States eastward. 2. LAURENTIA, Micheli. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the limb, which is like that of Lobelia. Capsule short, 2-valved at the summit. — Low herbs, resembling small species of Lol>eUa, excepting the closed tube of the corolla. Flowers blue. CAMPANULACE^. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 225 1. L. earnosula, Bentli. Annual, rooting- in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, i to ^ inch long : flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Porterella carnulosa, Torr., of Hayd. Kep. 1872, 488. Muddy borders of ponds and streams from the Californian Sierras to Utah and Wyoming. Order 44. CAlWPAI^UrACEii:. (Campanula Family.) Like the Loheliacecs, but the corolla regular bell-shaped, the stamens usually distinct and the capsule (in ours) 3-celled. — Flowers generally blue and showy. 1. Specularfa. Calyx-tube more, or less elongated and narrow. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded. Capsule prismatic or elonj^ated. 2. Campanula. Calyx-tul)e short and broad. Corolla generally bell-shaped. Capsule mostly short. 1. SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus's Looking-glass. Flowers dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with undeveloped corolla, and a 3 or 4-lobed calyx. The calyx-lobes of the later corolliferous flowers 5. Capsule with valvular openings either near the summit or near the middle. — Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile flowers. Corolla blue or purplish. 1. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous: stems a span or two high, virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base : leaves lunceolate: capsule nearlji cylindrical, ^ to f inch long, inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; the low- est also often splitting longitudinalli/ from the summit: seeds oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado. 2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stems 8 to 20 inches high, very leafy through- out, hirsute or hispid on the angles : leaves round-cordate and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers single or clustered in the axils : capsule oblong or somewhat obconical ; the 2 or 3 valvular openings at or below the middle ; the capsule not disposed to split: seeds lenticular. — From Colorado to Utah and Oregon, also throughout the States eastward. 2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bell-flow^er, Harebell. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or per- forations. — Flowers blue or white. Ours have naked sinuses to the calyx. * Capsule opening near oral the summit, erect: low and usual!:/ \-flowered alpine or suhtdpine plants. 1. C. Uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches from a stout several-headed roof stock : leaves small, an inch or less long, thickish, entire or nearly so ; the lowest spatulate or obloiig, obtuse ; uppermost linear : flowers 4 ate to the ovary, which forms a berry crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous and cpigynous. — Shrubby or suffrutescent, with scaly buds and alternate leaves. 1. Taccinium. Ovary 4 to 5-oelled, or by false partitions from the back of these cells 8 to 10-celled, wholly inferior: ovules numerous. Anther-cells tapering upward into & tube. Suborder II. ERICIi^EiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous or rarely polypeta- lous, liypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees. ♦ * Fruit fleshy, either a berry or drupe. 2. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shapod. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes, included. Drupe berrj'-like, 5 to 10-seeded. ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) • ♦ Fruit a loculicidal cnpsule, 5-celled and many-seeded. (In ours the calyx becomes fleshy in fruit, eJiclosing the small capsules, and hence the fruit resembles a Ijerry.) 3. Gaiiltlieria. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate, urn -shaped to cam- jiaaulate. Stamens 10- filaments dilated towards the base ; anthers usually awned. Capsule deeply umbiLcate. * # * Fruit a septicidal capsule : anthers destitute of awns or appendages. Corolla ganiopetalous : flowers not from scaly buds, the bracts being leaf-like or coria- ceous : capsule globular. 4. Bryanthus. Corolla from canipanulate to ovoid, 4 to C-lobed. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves hea Ji-lil\e, alternate but crowded. 5. Kalmia. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb. Stamens 10: the short anthers lodged in the coiolla pouches in bud, so that in blooming the fllaments are strongly recurved. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat. •t- Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so : flowers from large scaly buds, the scales of bracts caducous : capsule oval or oblong. 6. Ledum. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading. Stamens 5 to 10. Leaves evergreen. Suborder III. PVROLIIVEiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous, hypogynous. Anthers erect and extrorse in bud, with an eniarainate or 2-horned l>ase, where each cell opens hy a pore; but inverted in anthesis so that the real base with its pores becomes apical. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. — Ours are herbs or nearly so, with broad evergreen leaves and a scape naked or nearly so. 7. Moneses. Flowers solitary, 4 or 5-merous. Petals widely spreading, orbicular. Sta- mens 8 or 10 : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight. Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges. 8. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or less converging. Stamens 10, often declined. Style often declined or turned downward. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges. Suborder IV. MOMOTROPEiE. Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. and III., but the plants herba- ceous, root-parasitic, scaly, entirely destitute of green foliage. 9. Pterospora. Corolla garaopetalous, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-celled, 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 10. Monotropa. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate narrow petals. Anthers kidney-shaped, the cells more or less confluent, opening across the top. 1. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Ours all belong to § Euvaccinium, which has a corolla from ovate to globular and more or less urn-shaped, 4 to 5-tootlied, rose-color or nearly white : anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4 to 5-celled, with no false partitions : leaves deciduous : flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or 2 to 4 together, developing with or soon after the leaves. 228 ERICACEiE. (heath FAMILY.) * Flowers solitary or 2 to 4 in a fascicle, from a distinct scaly hud, more com- monly A-merous and ^-androus : leaves entire, sessile or nearly so: limb of the calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted : berries blackish-blue icith a bloom. 1. V. OCCidentale, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous: leaves glau- cescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud : berry small, barely 3 lines iu diameter. — Bot. Calif, i. 451. In the Uinta Mountains and west- ward in the Sierra Nevada. * * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and lO-androus : calyx less or very slightly lobed. •>■- Dwarf and cespitose : branches not angled. 2. V. esespitOSUm, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves from obovate to cuneate-oblong, thickly serrulate, bright green both sides, reticulate-veiny (f to 1 inch long) : berry proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. — From the Colorado mountains to Alaska, and east- ward iu Labrador and the White Mountains. Var. CUneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate-cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form to spatulate- lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mountains of Colorado to California, British Columbia, and Lake Superior. Low: branches sharply angled and green: leaves small. 3. V. Myrtillus, L. A foot or less high, glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a promi- nent narrow midrib to 1^ inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire: corolla globular-ovate : berries black, nodding. — From Colorado and Utah north- Avard to Alaska. Known as Whortleberry " or " Bilberry." Var. microphyllum, Hook. A diminutive form, 3 to G inches high : leaves 2 to 4 lines long : corolla proportionally small, a line long : berries at first "light red." — Colorado, Utah, and in the Sierras and northward. 2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry. Manzanita. Shrubs with alternate leaves, and small mostly wliite or rose-colored flowers variously clustered. \. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Depressed-trailing or creeping, green : leaves coriaceous and evergreen, oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less long, taper- ing into a petiole : flowers rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long : ovary and reddish fruit glabrous : nutlets 1-nerved on the back. — From New Mexico to Pennsylvania, California, and northward. Often called " Kiuui- kinnick," as Avell as " Bearberry." 3. GAULTHEBIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen. Shrubs or almost herbaceous ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy-aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer. 1. G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few inches high : leaves orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 229 teeth (4 to 1^ inches long) : pedicels solitary iu the axils, very short: corolla depressed-campanulate, little exceeding the calyx : apex of anthers obscurely 4- pointed : fruit scarlet, with pine-apple flavor. — Iu the mountains from Colorado aud Utah to British America and westward. 4. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. Heath-like alpine evergreens ; with much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (I inch or less long). In ours the flowers are racemose-clustered at the sum- mit of the branches, the pedicels glandular and subtended by foliaccous and rigid bracts, and the almost smooth leaves have strongly revolute thickened margins. 1. B. empetriformis, Gray. A span or more high: pedicels some- what umbellate : corolla rose-color, 2 or 3 lines long, campanulate, barely 5- lobed ; the lobes much shorter than the tube : stamens included : style either included or exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Mountains of W. Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward. 5. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. Leaves evergreen and entire : the showy flowers umbellate-clustered, rose- colored, purple or white : limb of the corolla in bud strongly 10-keeled from the pouches upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses. 1. K. glauca, Ait. Shrub 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous, mostly glaucous, branchlets 2-edged : leaves all opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, ob- long or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath : flowers in spring in a simple terminal umbel or corymb, lilac-purple, ^ to ^ inch in diameter. — Bogs, Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. The forms extending soutliAvard into the Colorado mountains are depauperate alpine forms a span high and with leaves barely ^ inch long (var. microphjjlla, Hook.). 6. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves, which are entire and more or less resinous-dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised : flowers white, devel- oped in early summer from terminal or sometimes lateral buds ; pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout: leaves oblong or oval, or approaching lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), glabrous both sides, pale or whitish and minutely resinous-atomiferous beneath : inflorescence often compound and crowded: capsules oval, retuse. — From California northward and eastward iuto British America, occurring in the northwestern border of our range. 7. MONESES, Salisb. Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted under the orifice iuto a conspicuous short-tubular neck. 230 ERIC AC E^. (heath FAMILY.) 1. M. uniflora, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of rouudish and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform rootstock : corolla white or tinged -with rose- color, about § inch in diameter. — Deep moist woods, Colorado and Utah to Oregon, Pennsylvania, and northward. 8. PYROLA, Tourn. Wixtergreen. Shin-leaf. Acaulescent evergreens ; with a cluster of round or roundish leaves, and some scarious scales on the ascending summit of slender subterranean root- stocks : scape more or less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding flowers, in summer. * Stijle straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed 5-ra)/ed stigma: anthers not narrowed below the openings. 1. P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thiunish, obscurely serrulate or crenu- late, an inch or less long : scape a span high, 7 to 15-floAvered : petals ichite or flesh-colored, orbicular, naked at the base, globosc-connivent : stigma peltate, large, obscurely 5-lobed : hi/pogi/nous disk none. — Mountains from New Mexico to Oregon and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 2. P. secunda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base : leaves thin, ovate, serrulate or crenate, 1 or 2 inches long : scape a span long, bearing numerous Jlowers in a secund spike-like raceme : petals greenish ichite, oblong, each icith a pair of tubercles on the base, equally connivent : stigma pel- tate, large, 5-lobed: hi/pogijnous disk 10-lobed. — Mountains of Colorado, Cali- fornia, and far northward and eastward. * * Stijle strongly declined or decurved and toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer than the concave somewhat campamdate-connivent or partly spreading petals : stigma much narrower than the truncate and usually exca- vated apex of the style, which forms a ring or collar : anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices. 3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (| to 1 inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole : scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3 to 10-flowered: calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla: anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. — Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward. 4. P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, H to 2^ inches long, membranaceous, acute or merely roundish at base, longer than their petioles, pli- cately serrulate: scape a span or more high, loosely several to many-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short : corolla greenish white : anther-tips hardly at all beaked. — Mountains of New Mexico to British Columbia, the N. Atlantic States, and Canada. 5. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, 1^ to 2 inches long, obscurely crenulate or entire, coriaceous, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles: scape a span to a foot high, several to many- flowered, scaly-bracteate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually \ or J the length of the ivhite or fiesh-colored petals. — Dry woods, from California, New Mexico, and Georgia, northward to the arctic regions. ERICACE^. (HEATH FAMILY.) 231 Var. uliginosa, Gray. Cahjx-lohes shorter, usualli/ broadli/ ovate, some- times obtuse- leaves from suhcordaie to ohovate, general! 1/ dull: flowers rose- colored or purple. — Cold bogs, nearly across the continent to the north. 6. P. picta, Smith. Leaves Jirm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched wim white above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath, 1 to 2^ inches long, froin broadly ovate to spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole, the -margins quite entire or rarely remotely denticulate : scapes a span or more high, 7 to 15-flo\vered: bracts few and short: calyx-lobes ovate, not half the length of the greenish-white petals. — Wyoming and S. Utah to California and northward. 9. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular urn-shaped. Stamens 10, in- cluded. Disk none. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds innumerable, broadly winged from the apex. 1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandu- lar and clammy-pubescent : simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and scattered lanceolate scales : raceme long and many-flowered : corolla white, i inch long, somewhat viscid. — Under pines and oaks from Colorado to Cali- fornia northward, and eastward across the continent. 10. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Petals scale-like and fleshy,* gibbous or saccate at base. Stamens 8 to 12. Disk 8 to 12-toothed, the teeth deflexed. Stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Cap- sule ovoid. — White, tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, the clustered stems rising from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one to several- flowered. * Plant inodorous, one-flowered : scales passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4: loose sepals or perhaps bracts : anthers opening at flrst by 2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved ; the valves almost equal and equally spreading: edge of the stigma naked. X^l. M. Uniflora, L. Smooth, a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely flesh color: flower nodding, | inch long: petals 5, rarely 6. — Damp woods, nearly throughout the continent. " Indian Pipe." * » Plant often scented, commonly pubescent, at least above, racemosely 3 to several -flowered : terminal flower earliest and usually 5-merous and the lateral 3 to A-merous: sepals less bract-like, as man>/ as the petals ; the latter saccate at base: anthers more rem form; the cells completely confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and spreading, the other remain' ing ereH and contracted : stigma glandular or hairy on the margin. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh- colored : scales and bracts entire or slightly erose : flowers less than ^ inch long; the lateral 4-petalous and 8-androus. — Under coniferous trees from Oregon to Canada and Florida. ' Pine-sap." 232 PEIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) OitDER 4a. FRUTIULACE.^. (PmMnosE Family.) Herbs with simple leaves and regular perfect Howers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla and inserted opposite ^hem, a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. Style and stigma one. * Oxaxy wholly free. 1- With scapes or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehiscent by valves : lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 4+ Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous. 1. Dodecatlieon. Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat, the long and narrow divisions reflexed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : anthers lanceolate or linear. ♦+ +* Staniens included, distinct, Avith short filaments and short blunt anthers : corolla salverforui or fannelform, 2. Primula. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading ^ mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all radical. 3. Douglasia. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated above ; lobes entire. Ovary o-ovuled. Capsule 1 or 2-seeded. Leaves imbricated or crowded on tufted stems. 4. Androsace. Corolla Avith tube shorter than the calyx ; the throat constricted. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small. -t- Leafy-stemmed : corolla (wanting in Glaitx) rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or sometimes inA'olute in the bud : leaves entire. 4+ Cajisule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose : flowers 5-merous. 6. Sieironema. Corolla rotate, with no jiroper tube, deeply parted the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute or convolute around its stamen. Filaments ilistinct or nearly so on the ring at the base of the corolla : anthers linear and arcuate in age : sterile filaments 5, inteqiosed between the fertile ones. Capsule 10 to 20-seeded. Flowers nodding on slender peduncles. Leaves ojiposite, without dots. 6. Glaux. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes. Stamens on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes : filaments slender : anthers cordate-ovate. Capsule 5-valved at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout: leaves mainly opposite. Flowers solitary, axillarj', nearly sessile. ■w- ++ Capsule circumscissile, globose : seeds numerous. 7. Ceiitunculus. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4 to 5-lobed limb, shorter than the calyx ; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : 'filaments .short and subu- late : anthers ovate or cordate. * * Ovary conjiate at base with the calyx. 8. Samolns. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate. Fertile sta- mens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short filaments and cordate anthers. Sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the corolla. Capsule ovate or globular, 6-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate-leaved, with racemose flowers. 1. DODECATHEON, L. Shooting-Stah. American Cowslip. Flowers few or numerous in an umbel terminating a naked scape: corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect iu fruit, enclosing the lower part of the capsule. PKIMULACE^. (PRIMKOSE FAMILY.) 233 1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves crowded on a thickish crown, generally spatu- late-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand, obtuse, below tapering into a more or less margined petiole : scape from a span to 2 feet high : flowers few to many in an umbel; bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small; pedicels slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. — Throughout the continent and exceedingly variable, especially west- ward. Var. alpinum, Gray. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, ^ to inch long, entire, mucronate : scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1 to 4-flowered. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 57. From the Rocky Mountains to the Sierras. Var. frigidum, Gray. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, 1 to 2 inches long, with a slender petiole : scape a span or two high, few to several-flowered : lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to almost ovate, shorter than the capsule. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 57. Rocky Mountains, Sierras, and far northward. Var. latilobum, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate- toothed, long-petioled : scape a span to a foot high, one to several-flowered : calyx-lobes not longer than the tube, ovate or triangular-ovate, about half the length of the capsule. — Synopt. FL ii. 58. Wahsatch Mountains to Wash- ington and British Columbia. 2. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Flowers sometimes dimorphous. Perennial plants, mostly with fibrous roots from a short crown, glabrous or nearly so. * Flowers small ; tube of the Salverform corolla not over 2 or S lines long and little surpassing the cali/x ; throat ivith more or less of a callous ring or processes. 1. P. farinosa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, etc., at least when young: leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less long, tapering into a short margined petiole : scape 3 to 9 inches high : umbel few to several-flowered, close : corolla from flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye ; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base. — From Colorado northward, thence eastward to Maine and Labrador. * * Flowers larger ; tube of the corolla from. 3 /o 6 lines long ; throat open and unappendaged : leaves clustered on the short erect subterranean crown. 2. P. angUStifolia, Torr. Small: scape \-Jlowered, 1 or 2 inches high, equalling the lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves: involucre of 1 or 2 minute bracts : lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 34. Alpine in Colorado and New Mexico. 3. P. Parryi, Gray. Large: leaves rather succulent, spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate : scape a span to a foot high, 5 to \2-Jlowered: bracts of the involucre subulate : calgx ovoid-campannlate, ^Zant/- ular, commonlij reddish; the lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the tube: corolla crimson-purple ivith yellow ege ; the round obovate lobes (5 lines long) emarginate or obcordate. — Amer. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiv. 257. Along alpino brooks from Colorado to Arizona and Nevada. 23i PRIMULACE^. (PllIMROSE FAMILY.) 3. DOUGLASIA, Lindl. Depressed and tufted herbs: the stems branching, persistent: the leaves small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scat- tered and alternate. In ours the flowers are solitary, terminating the leafy shoots, and the tube of the corolla barely equals the calyx. 1. D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, 1 or 2 inches high, nearly glabrous : leaves subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clustered : pedicel 1 to 2-bracteolate near the calyx : corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Moun- tains about Helena, Montana, and Owl Creek Mountains, Wyoming. 4. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Small annuals or perennials of various habit : flowers umbellate, white. * Perennials, proliferous! y branched at base and cespitose: leaves rosulate-imbri- cated at the base of the many-flov^ered scapes: capsule usually feiv-seeded. 1. A. ChamSBjasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts, from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinate 1 -nerved, their margins (at least), the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and the somewhat capitate umbel villous with many-jointed hairs: corolla white with yellowish eye. — Alpine from Colorado and northward to the Arctic coast. « * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves, and naked scapes, bearing an involucrate umbel : capsule many-seeded. -(- Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, ivhitish with conspicuous green teeth, which mostly surpass the capsule. 2. A, OCCidentaliS, Pursh. Minutely pulyescent, not over 3 inches high: radical leaves and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile : scapes diffuse: bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong: lobes of the calyx Tis long as the tube : lobes of the corolla oblong, shorter than the calyx. — From New Mexico to the head-waters of the Missouri and eastward to the Mississippi. 3. A. septentrionalis, L. Almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblmg- lanceolate, narroiced at base, from irregidarly denticulate to laciniate-toothed : scapes erect, 2 to \0 inches high : bracts of the small involucre subulate : lobes of the calyx mostly shorter than the tube : lobes of the corolla obovate, rather longer than the calyx. — High alpine to much lower, from New Mexico and Nevada to the Arctic coast. Var. subulifera, Gray. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpassing the corolla. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 60. Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, and San Bernardino, California. -t- Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than the capsule. 4. A. filiformis, Retz. Glabrous : leaves and scapes (1 to 4 inches high) nearly as in the preceding or more capillary : flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a line long : calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small corolla. — Mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming. PKIMULACE^. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 285 5. STEIKONEMA, Raf. PereuniaLs, glabrous except the ciliate petioles : leaves all opposite, but mostly iu seeming whorls on the flowering branches : flowers yellow. 1. S. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong -ovate, gradually acuminate, 2 to .5 inches long, and mostlij with a rounded or snbcordate base, minutely ciliate ; the long petioles hir- sutely ciliate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 62. Lysimachia ciliata, L. New Mexico to Britisli Columbia and eastward across the continent. 2. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or panicu- lately branched, somewhat angled : leaves lanceolate or linear, I to 2 inches long, tapering into a short and margined ciliate petiole or attenxuited base ; the radical and sometimes lowest cauline from oblong to orbicular, small : divisions of the corolla conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 62. L;jsimachia lanceolata, Walt. Dakota and Nebraska to Louisiana and eastward. Var. hybridum, Gray. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 62. The commoner form westward. 6. GLAUX, Tourn. Sea-Milkwort. Flowers dimorphous. A low and leafy fleshy perennial. 1. G. maritima, L. Glabrous and glaucous or pale, perennial by slender running rootstocks : stems a span or less high, erect or spreading : leaves from oval to oblong-linear, \ io ^ inch long, entire, sessile : calyx-lobes oval, purplish or white. — Salt marshes along both sea-coasts ; also in subsaline soil in the interior west of the Mississippi. 7. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. Chaffweed. Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary in- conspicuous flowers iu their axils. 1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long: leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base, all but the lowest sessile : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. — From Illinois to Texas and west- ward to Oregon. 8. SAMOLUS, Tourn, Brookweed. Water Pimpernel. Low and glabrous herbs; with entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes. 1. S. Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem erect, slender, leafy, becoming diffusely branched : leaves obovate : racemes often panicled ; bracts none; bractlets on the middle of the slender, spreading pedicels. — Wet places, across the continent. 236 OLEACEiE. (olive FAMILY.) Order 47. OLEACEiE. (Olive Family.) Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with inostly opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, usually a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apeta- lous ; the stamens generally 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; the ovary 2-celled, with one or two pairs of ovules in each cell. * Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged (u samara) : seed suspended : leaves pinnate. 1. Fraxinus. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and either separate or united iu pairs at the very base. Fruit by abortion mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. * * Fruit fleshy and indehiscent (a drupe), not lobed : seed suspended or pendulous: leaves simjile. 2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-parted or toothed, sometimes wanting. Drupe 1-seeded. * * * Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumsoissile at or near the middle : seeds asi^ending or erect : leaves mostly alternate and entire. 3. Menodora. Calyx 5 to 15-cleft, pei-sistent; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from rotate to salverform ; limb 5 to 6-parted. Ovary emarginate, with 4 ovules in each celL Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer coat. 1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Trees, with rather liglit tough wood, petioled odd-pinnate leaves of 3 to 15 toothed or entire leaflets, and small flowers iu crowded panicles, which in ours are from the axils of last year's leaves. The oblong seed fills tlie cell of the samara or key-fruit. Ours are apetalous and dioecious, witli a minute calyx or none, and tlie fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete body, which tapers gradually from summit to base and is more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing. 1. F. pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Tree of middle or large size- inner face of the outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh : young parts velvet n-puhescent, commonly permanently so : leaflets 7 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate or denticulate, the lower face pale or irhitish, and ivith the petioles more or less pubes- cent: fruit 1| 2 inches long; its body more than half the length of the linear or spatulate wing. — From Dakota to Canada and soutlnvar l ; quite rare within our range. 2. F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green- Ash.) Small or middle-sized tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, like the last, but smaller, sometimes more sharply serrate and bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath : fruit nearly ns in the last or with a rather more decurrent wing. — From Dakota and Canada to Florida and Texas. 2. FORESTIERA, Poir. Shrubs, with inconsi)icuous flowers, in early spring, from imbricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored drupes. Fascicles or panicles very APOCYNACE^. (dogbane FAMILY.) 237 short, few-flowered ; the staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glom- crule. Brandies minutely warty. 1. F. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 6 to lO feet high, glabrous : leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-jjetioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch long • fertile flowers in sessile fascicles : drupe ob- tuse, short-oblong or ovoid. — Proc. Am Acad. xii. 63. S. Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 3. MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl. Low shrubby or nearly herbaceous plants, with conspicuous yellow flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral. In ours the corolla is nearly rotate, with a bearded throat. I. M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high, flax-like, whole herbage or at least the loAver part puberulent- scabrous: leaves linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers rather numerous : calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate : lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, much longer than the tube. — Am. Jour, ci. II. xiv. 43. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. Order 48. APOCYNACE^. CDogbane Family.) Plants with milky or acrid juice, entire (mostly opposite) leaves, reg- ular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the Lud, and the filaments distinct and inserted on the corolla. In ours the anther-cells are produced into a sterile appendage at base, connivent around the stigma and adlierent to it by a point at the base of the polliniferoiis portion ; the ovaries are 2 and united only by the common style or stigma, in fruit becoming follicles containing comose seeds. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, the tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the b;ise bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the sta- mens. Filaments very short and broad : anthers sagittate. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex. — Pale perennial herbs, with very tough-fibrous bark and opposite mucronate-tipped leaves": flowers small, in terminal cymes, white or rose-color : follicles 2 to 7 inches long. 1. A. androsaemifolium, L. One to three feet high, glabrous, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above ; branches widely spreading : leaves ovate or roundish, distinctl // pelioled : cymes loose, spreading : co?"oZ/a flesh-color, open- campanulate with revolute lobes; the tube exceeding the ovate acute caltjx-lobes. — Across the continent. 2. A. cannabinum, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes soft-pubescent ; branches ascending, leafy to the top : leaves from oval to oblong 238 ASCLEPIADACEiE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) and even lanceolate, from short-pet ioled to sessile, ivith a rounded or obsciireb/ cor- date base : cymes erect, deusely flowered : corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the former, icith almost erect lobes and tube not lonrjer than the lanceolate cali/z-lobes. — Same range as last. Exceedingly variable. Order 49. ASCL.EPIADACE^. (Milkweed Family.) Plants with milky juieo, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves ; general structure of flowers and fruit as in Apocynacece ; but differing in the connection of the anthers with the stigma, the co- hesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, etc. A corona {crown), of 5 parts or lobes, between the corolla and filaments, is adnate either to the one or the other. The tube of monadelphous filaments is called the column. Ours all belong to the Cynanchea, which have anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane j the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma ; and the pol- liuia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of difierent anthers) to the corpuscle or gland. ♦ Hoods (the cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages of the crown) cristate- or corniculate-appendaged within. 1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assnrgent, little surpassing the anthers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy back, traversed by a salient crest which near the apex divides the cavity. Anther-wings narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at all. Leaves com- monly alternate. 2. Asclepias. Corolla almost always reflexed in anMesis. Hoods involute or compli- cate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like process from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a column which is shorter than the anthers. Anther-wings widening down to the base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semi-hastate, or broadly rounded. Leaves opposite or varying to alternate or verticillate. ♦ * Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within. 3. Acerates. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base. Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves alternate or scattered. 1. ASCLEPIODOKA, Gray. Low and stout perennial herbs, often decumbent : flowers large : corolla lobes ovate, greenish : follicles usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose projections, on recurved or sigmoid pedicels. Distinguished from Asclepias by the hood bearing a crest instead of a horn. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. 1. A. deeumbens, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves from lanceolate to linear, tapering to the apex : umbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in bud, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which overtop th© somewhat depressed anther-column : anther-wings salient, espe- ASCLEPIADACEiE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 239 cially at the broader aud strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pear- shaped, short-caudicled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Acerates decumbens, Decaisue. From Utah through S. Colorado aud New Mexico to Texas and Arkansas. 2. A SOLE FI AS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed. Herbs, from deep aud thickish perennial roots : flowers umbellate ; the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles: follicles soft- echinate, warty or naked. § 1. Hoods sessile, not attenuate at base; the horn or crest conspicuous: anther- wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base. * Corolla and hoods orange-color : follicles naked, erect on a dejlexed pedicel: leaves mostly irregularlij alternate, seldom opposite: juice of stem not milky. 1. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, 1 or 2 feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, .ses- sile or slightly petioled : umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the stem : hoods narrowly oblong, erect, deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate horn : follicles cinereous- pubescent. • From S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas, thence eastward to Florida and Canada. Known commonly as " Butterfly-weed " or " Pleurisy- root." * * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged : leaves opposite or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. H- Follicles echinate loith soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long) and ventricos'' ".rect on defexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short -petioled, transversely veined : stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high. 2. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose : leaves from sub- cordate-oval to oblong, thickish : pedicels of the many-floAvered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes ovate-oblong : hoods spreading, the dilated body aud its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination : column hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 218. From Nebraska and Arkansas westward across the continent. -t- Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent. I-*. Erect or ascending on defexed or decurved pedicels. = Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle : leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined. 3. A. Obtusifolia, Michx. Glabrous and pale or glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base: peduncle 2 to 12 inches long: 240 ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) umbel loosely many-flowered : corolla dull greeuish-purple : column as high as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the falcate-subulate incurved horn : anther-wings bicorniculate at base. — rFrom Dakota to Texas and eastward across the continent. = = Umbels moslly more than one: peduncle not overtopping the leaves, some- times none. a. Leaves broad {from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), large: hoods broad, little if at all overtopping the anthers : steins stout, a foot or more in height. 4. A. Jamesii, Torr. YxxhexnlQ-at yf\\en yoxmg, soon green and glabroiis : leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, verg thick and large, orbicular or broadlg oval, often emarginate and with a mucro, subcordate at base, nearly sessile, copi- -3usly transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many- floAvered : flowers greenish : column very short but distinct : hoods barelg equalling the anthers, broad, with a truncate entire summit, which is equalled by che upper margin of the falcforra triangular crest, the apex of winch extends into a short subulate horn partlg over the to/i of the stigmatic disk. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. Plains of Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 5. A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomeutose, in age glabrate : stems thickly leaved : leaves smaller, coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, dis- tinctly petioled : umbels all lateral, rather densely many-flowered : corolla ^i-eeuisii white : column nearly half the length of the anthers : hoods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and summit, the latter ohliqm and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadlg semilunate as high as the hood: the abruptlg incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontallg exserted, or tiie slender termination ascending. — BoL. Mex. Bound. 162. On sandbanks, S. E. Colorado to New Mexico. b. Leaves narrow {lanceclate or linear), green, and nearly glabrous, the veins oblique : stems branching, a, span or two high : hoods obtuse : column hardly any: follicles when young tomentose-canescent. 6. A. braehystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 l O inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puberulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose- tomentose : leaves from lanceolate Avith a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled, very much surpassing the (.3 to 8) few-flowered umbels : flowers lurid-purplish : hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongh) angulate- toothed at the front ; the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. — Torr. Bot. Mev. Bound. 163. Dry sandy soil, from Wyoming and Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 7. A. uncialis, E. L. Greene. Stems an inch or two high: flowers like the last, but the hoods only a little shorter than the anthers, the back rounder, and the triangular anterior lobes or auricles not projecting, while a short fleshy process takes the place of the subulate horn. — Bot. Gazette, v. 64. Wyoming, Colo- rado, and New Mexico. c. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mottiy pubescent or puherulent : stems a fool or more high : hoods obtuse, 2 or 3 times the length of the cntJ^ers, not tapering to ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.^) 241 6a.se, entire at summit, involuie-concave ; the falcate or subulate horn free at or below the middle of the horn, and incurved or injiexed over the stigmatic disk. 8. A. OValifolia, Decaisne. Tomentulosc-pubescent : stem ratlier slender : leaves thinnish, from ovate or oval to ovate lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly petioled, the midrib and veins slender, the veinlets reticulated : umbels few, loosely 10 to 18-flowercd, on peduncles which seldom equal the pedi- cels: corolla greenish-white with purplish outside: hoods oval or hroadbj oblong in outline^ not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded and mostly entire. — From Dakota to the Saskatchewan and N. Illinois. 9. A, Hallii, Gray. Puberulent-glabraie: stem stout: leaves thickish, ova,te- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex, short-petioled, the stout midrib and straight veins prominent underneath : umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the pedi- cels : corolla greenish-white and purplish : hoods elongated-oblong in outline, entire, hastatelg 2-gibbous above the narrower base, a little surpassing the sickle- shaped horn : anther-wings unappendaged at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69. A. ovalifolia of Fl. Colorado, 114. Colorado. -M. ++ Follicles erect on erect pedicels : leaves nsuaUij verticillate, filiform, glabrous. 10. A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy : leaves mostly in whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear, with revo- late margins : umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla greenish- white : hoods white, broadly ovate and entire, Avith somewhat auriculate involute basG> barely equalling the anthers, much shorter than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — In dry soil, from New Mexico and Colorado to Nebi-aska, and eastward across the continent. Var. pumila, Gray. A span or more high, many stemmed from a fasci- cled root : leaves much crowded, filiform : peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. From New Mexico to Nebraska and Kansas. § 2. Anther-wings widening to the broadlg rounded base and conspicuousli/ au- riculate-notched just above it : hoods sessile, ivith a narrow ivhollg adnate inter- nal crest terminating in a minute horn : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate. 11. A. Stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous: stems slender, 1 or 2 feet high, simple : leaves long and narrowly linear, with sca- brous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib; the upper alternate and the lower opposite: umbels several, 10 to 15 flowered: flowers greenish : hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave, the base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex 2-lol)ed and the narrow internal crest exscrted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate tooth : interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed pro- cesses between the bases of the anthers: follicles long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. Acerates angusti folia, Decaisne. From Colorado and N. Texas to Nebraska and W. Arkansas. 16 242 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 3. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed. Perennial herbs, resembling Asclepias, but distinguished by the total absence of horn or crest to the hoods. Flowers small, greenish or barely tinged with purple. * Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled bij the hoods : column below the hoods evident : leaves mainli/ alternate-scattered, veri/ numerous. 1. A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence : stem 2 or 3 feet high, slender: leaves linear-filiform, with scabrous margins: umbels several, lateral : column below the hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-creuately truncate, the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad auricles : antlier-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. From Colorado to New Mexico and S. Texas. * * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods^ the short insertion of which covers the veri/ short column : leaves often opposite^ mostly broader. 2. A. viridiflora, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent : stem 1 or 2 feet high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse, or sometimes narrower and acute : umbels 2 to .5 or sometimes solitary, dense, mostly lateral and subsessile: pedicels little over twice the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, witli small auricles at base much involute and concealed, alternated by as mauy short and roundish or gland-like small internal teeth : anther-icings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering base. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent. 3. A. lanuginosa, Decai^ne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span or two high, terminated by a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alter- nate or scattered, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, with roundish base: pedi- cels 3 or 4 times the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla: hoods purplish, obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any : the alter- nating internal teeth or lobes small and emarginate: anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the middle. — From the head- waters of the Missouri to Wisconsin and N. Illinois. Order 50. GENTIAIVACEiE. (Gentian Family.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves without stipules, regular flowers with the stairiens as many as the lobes of the corolla, a one-celled ovary with two parietal placentfe, or nearly the whole ovary wall ovuliferous ; the fi'uit a many- seeded capsule. Flowers cymose or simply terminal. In all ours the lobes of tlie corolla are convolute in the bud. ♦ style distinct and slender, deciduous : anthers twisting in age. 1. Erytlirsea. Parts of the flower 5 or 4. Corolla salverforni. Anthers oblong or linear, coninionly exserted, twisting spirally iu one or two turns after anthesis. Capsule from oblong-ovate to fusiform. GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 243 * * Style short and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight, •t- Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands. 2. Gentiana. Calyx commonly with a membranous tube. Corolla funnelform, campanu- late, or salverform ; the sinuses with or without plaits or a])pendages. Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or none. Seeds very numerous, not rarely covering the inner wall of the ovary. 3. Pleiirogyne. Calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 to 5-parted ; the divisions acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla. Style none : stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Seeds extremely numer- ous, near the two sutures. •»- Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to each lobe : calyx 4 to 5-parted. 4. Swertia. Corolla rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Style none or very short. Capsule ovate. Leaves sometimes alternate. 5. Frasera. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lobes bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Stamens on the very base of the corolla: filaments often monadelphous at base. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened. Leaves verticillate or opi>osite. 1. ERYTHRiEA, Renealm. Centaury. Low herbs : the flowers usually small and with broad stigmas. 1. E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched, usually sparsely flowered : leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute : flowers all on strict and slender peduncles or pedicels : lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 480. Wyoming to Utah and westward to Cali- fornia and Oregon. 9.. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. Herbs, with conspicuous flowers of various colors, in summer or autumn. Herbage and roots very bitter. § 1 . Corolla destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses. — Gen- TIANELLA. * Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostli/ 4-merous : corolla companulate- funnelform, its lobes usuallij fimbriate or erose, not crowned: a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. (Fringed Gentians.) •t- Flower on a nahed and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate at base : filaments naked : calyx with acutely carinate lobes, the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels. 1. G. Crinita, Froel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolale from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base : corolla 2 inches long, sky-blue, rarel}' white ; its lobes cuneafe- obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less so down the narrowing sides: capsule conspicuously stipitate. — Head-waters of the Missouri to Canada, thence southward to Georgia. 2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem .3 to 18 inches high : leaves linear or lance- olate-linear: corolla 1 to 1^ inches long, sky-blue or rarely white; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, erosely fimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare : capsule sliort-stipitate. — G. detonsa, 244 GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Fries. From Nevada to Colorado, the Saskatchewan, and northward, thence eastward to New York and Canada. -»- H- Flower 2-bracteate wider or near the cahjx: filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle: cahjx hardly at all anr/led or carinate. 3. G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fles^hy, obtuse, with roughish callous margins ; the radical spatulate or slender-pcti- oled ; the 2 or 3 cauline pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base : corolla bright blue, 1 to 1^ inches long, twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicuously fringed along the middle : capsule not stipitate. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 216. Alpine region of the Colorado mountains. * * Flowers smaller, 4 to 5-merons : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverfiarm when expanded ; the lobes entire, their base vwstlij crowned with setaceous fila- ments: capsule seldom stipitate. -I- Peduncles elongated and naled from a verij short stem, one-fiowered. 4. G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves oblong or the lowest spatulate : calyx deeply 5- Cor 4-) parted : corolla 2^ to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx, blue ; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the tube : fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. — High alpine regions in Colorado and nortliward to the arctic regions. t- Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparativehj elongated stem. 5. G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, racemosely few- flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong: calyx very unequally 5-parted ; two of the lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6 lines long) ; the other three linear-subulate and shorter : setce of the crown copious, united below into a membrane on the base of each corolla lobe. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 215. In the mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. 6. G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate : calyx 5-cleft below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer, all shorter than the mostly bhie corolla, which is ^ inch or more long. Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setJ> 1. PHL05C, L. Phlox. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the upper alternate : flowers cymose, showy, and variously colored. Our Kocky Mountain forms are some- what suffrutescent, chiefly with narrow or minute and thickish-margined leaves, and brandies or peduncles mostly one flowered. * Denselij cespitose and depressed, mosdy forming cushion-like evergreen mats or iuj}s : the short leaves crowded up to the solitari/ and usualli/ sessile flowers, and also fascicled. Leaves more or les-i beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woofh/ hairs, ■w. Veri/ short, broadish or scale-like, soft, bareli/ mucronate, oppressed-imbricated : plants verji depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes, of the corolla entire. 1. P. bryoides, Nutt. Copiousli/ lanate: leaves veri/ denseli/ apvressed- imbricated in 4 strict ranks, on the loosely tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute {l^ lines long), with rather inflexea mar- gins: tube of the corolla considerabl t) longer than the cal>/x; its cuneate lobes barely 1^ lines long. — PI. Gamb. 153. Alpine summits in Wyoming and northward. 2 P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canes- cent 7noss: the branches much tufted, very short: leaves less strictl// A-ranked and less lanate, ovate-lanceolate : tube of the corolla not surpassing the calijx. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 42. Mountains at the sources of the Missouri. •w. ++ Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less oppressed: plants forming broad mats 2 to 4 inches high. 3. P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glahrate : leaves rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated : tube of the (white?) corolla not exceeding the cali/x ; its lobes obovate, entire. — From the mountains of S W. Wyoming northward. 248 POLEMONIACEiE. (POLEMONTUM FAMILY.) 4. P. canescens, Toit. & Gray. More lanate and canescent : leaves im- bricated, soon recurced-spreading above the appressed base : tube of the u-hite corolla at length exceeding the calyx ; the obovate lobes entire or emarginate. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8. From Wyoming and Colorado to the mountains of New Mexico and California. ••- Leaves rigid, destitute of wooUg or cobivebbg hairs, the margins naked or ciliate ivith rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densehj or loosely tufted : the leaves mostlij less crowded. 5. P. caespitosa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded, hispid-cdiate, otherwise glabrous or witlj some short glandular- tipped hairs: corolla with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. Mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward. Occurs under several dwarfed forms. 6. P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves acerose or narrowly linear subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, ojlen spreading, their margins hirsutely ciliate next the base or naked : /lowers subsessile or short-ped uncle d : corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube exceeding the calyx. — From Montana to Utah, Colorado, and westward. Var. longifolia, Gray. A rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow less fascicled leaves. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 254. W. Nebraska to Oregon and California. * * Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely ivoody-per si stent base, vnth linear or lanceolate spreading leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the axils: flowers slender-peduncled. 7. P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed, .3 to 8 inches high : leaves mostly narrowly linear, 1 to 2|- inches long: cahjx more or less angled bi/ the vhite-membranaccous replicate sinuses: lobes of the rose-colored or white corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse : style long and slender. — Jour. Philad, Acad. vii. 41. From Colorado to INIontana and westward. Var. brevifolia, Gray. A depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 3 to 4 lines long, rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 2.54. 8. P. narija, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copi- ously branching a span or more high : leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, tho.se of the branches often alternate : flowers scattered or somewliat corymbose : calyx not at all angled: lobes of the rose-red or white corolla ample and broadly cuneate-oliovate or roundish, entire or nearly so : style very short. — -PI. Gamb. 1.53. From S. Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. A large and variable genus, broken up into many ill-defined sections, which are sometimes considered genera. Includes Collomia, Nutt., formerly separated by its une(]ually inserted stamens and solitary ovules, but both characters have failed. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261; Ibid. xvii. 223, foot-note. 2. G I L I A, Ruiz & Pav. POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 249 A. Stamens usually unequally inserted: leaves mostly alternate, and pinnalely incised or divided: seed-coat usually developing spiral threads when wetted. * Leaves sessile and entire : ovules solitary : more or less viscid-pubescent or glandular plants. 1. G. linearis, Gray. Braucliing aud in age spreading, a span or two high: Jlowers capitate-crou:ded and leafy -hracted : calyx obconical ; its lobes tri- angular-lanceolate: corolla from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. CoUomia linearis, Nutt. From Colorado and California northward throughout British America. 2. G. gracilis. Hook. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest oval or obovate : flowers rather loosely cymose or scattered : calyx rounded at base ; its lobes subulate-linear : corolla purple or violet ; its narrow tube yellowish : the mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiracles ! — CoUomia gra- cilis, Dougl. From Arizona and New Mexico northward through Colorado to British Columbia. « * CauUne leaves very numerous, simply pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions : inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled ; ovules numerous in each cell : slightly if at all viscid plants. 3. G. longiflora, Don. (Uahro)is, loosely paniculate-branched : divisions of the leaves long and slender : fou-ers somewhat corymbose o?i slender pedun- cles: corolla ivhite, strictly salverforni, showy; the tube often inches long, with narrow orifice ; lobes orbicular or ovate. — CoUomia longiflora, Gray. W. Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 4. G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent: stems 2 to ^ feet high, leafy, sometimes loosely branching : leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions : thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted ; the flowers sessile in small mostly short-})edimculate clusters : calyx commonly glandular : corolla from scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved. — CoUomia aggregata, Porter. From W. Nel)raska to Oregon, and southward to Cali- fornia, New Mexico, aud W. Texas. Var. attenuata, Gray. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes e(j[ually slender. — Syno])t. Fl. ii. 145. Middle Park, Colorado. B» Stamens equally inserted : seed-coat sometimes developing spiral threads. * Leaves either opposite or palmately divided, or both.; their divisions from nar- rowly linear to flliform. Leaves opposite : flowers small, in a head or dense cluster. 5. G. nudicanlis. Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span higli, at length branching from the base: stem leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence, which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several entire ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla salver- form, white, pink, or yellow; the tube 3 or 4 lines long and thrice the length of the calyx: ovules \0 to IG in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 266. Sandy plains, from Colorado to Nevada and Oregon. In spring. 250 POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 6. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Cinereous-pithenthnt or the leaA^es glahrate, more or less woody at base : steins or branches a span to a foot high, terminated by a dense leafy cluster of flowers : leaoes 3 t§ 7 parted : the divisions narrowly linear, mucrouate : corolla white with' a yellow more funnelform throat; ihe tube not longer than the cali/x: ovules a pair in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 267. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona and the Sierras of California. -»- -t- Leaves all alternate and much fascicled in the axils : flowers showy, solitari/ or few in a cluster at the summit of the branches. 7. G. pungens, Benth. Stems woody, tufted, very leafy : branches and mostly erectish or little spreading leaves viscid-pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate : leaves 3 to 7-parted, acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent : corolla rose or white : ovules 8 or 1 0 in each cell. — From the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and California. Var. caespitosa, Gray. A low and dense form, imitating Phlox Doug- lasii in growth. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267. Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming. * * Leaves alternate and pinnately incised^ cleft, or divided [rarely entire), occasionally some of the lowermost opposite, •i- Flowers capitate-clustered, leaf y br acted ; bracts and calyx-lobes acerose-punrjent or cuspidate. •w- Calyx lobes and the mostly multifld bracts rigid and acerose-pungent : leaves, at least some of them, more than once pinnately-parted . 8. G. intertexta, Steud. Ei-ect or widely branched, low and ratlier stout, neither viscid nor glandular : stem retrorsely pubescent: leaves mainly glabrous, tvith divaricate acerose-spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple: flowers densely glomerate: tube of the calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous' with white spreading hairs; its lobes equalling the 7vhite corolla (3 or 4 lines long) : oindes and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — From the Rocky Mountains west- ward to California and Oregon. 9. G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tiffs, ^ to 2 inches high, glabrate : leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than tlie preceding : tube of the calyx ichite-hany in the broad sinuses, as long as the un- equal lobes, which equal or exceed the white corolla (1.^ lines long) ; ovxdes 1 to 3 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. In very dry regions from Dakota to Colorado and Oregon. 10. G. Breweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over : flowers less glomerate : leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions : calyx- lobes similar to these, narrowly subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla (3 or 4 lines long), 3 or 4 times the length of the tube : ovules I or 2 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. From Wyoming to Utah, Nevada, and California. •»-<■ ++ Calyx-lobes and bracts cuspidate but not pungent: leaves simply pinnatifld or entire. 11. G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a span or two high : capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like thyrsus: leaves thickish, almost flliform, some POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 251 about S-deJl, occasionally all entire, barely mucronate : corolla-lobes shorter than the tube : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules 4 to G in each cell, — Mountains of Colorado, to Utah and Wyoming. Var. capitata, Gray. A dwarf form: leaves nearli/ all entire: thyrsus short and capihi'iform : filaments as long as the anther. — Alpine region, from the Black Hills of Dakota to Colorado. 12. G. COngSSta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, from a tufted base, bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capitnliform ci/mes : leaves ivith 3 to 1 mucronate divisions, or some of them entire : lobes of the corolla nearly as long as the tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipjied calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at length as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — From Wyoming and Colorado to Oregon and California. Var. crebrifolia, Gray. Depressed; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long, crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 13. G. iberidifolia, Benth. Leaves more rigid and the lobes cuspidate- tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules solitary in each cell. — North Platte, Wyoming, and Nebraska. 14. G. pumila, Nutt. About a span high: stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, entire or most of them 2 to A-parted into diverging linear /oies, mucronate : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy- bracted : tube of the corolla slender, about twice the length of the aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes: filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the lobes of the corolla : ovules about 6 in each cell. — From W. Nebraska to W. Texas and west to the Sierra Nevada. 1 5 G. polycladon, Torr. About a span high : stems puberuJent or sparsely pubescent, diKnse, very few-leaved: leaves pinnatifid or incised ; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy-bracted : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes : anthers in the throat, on very short filaments: ovules 2 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. W. Texas to Utah and Nevada. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculale, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate, never yel- low, ovules 6 in each cell. -M- Corolla rose-red : anthers subsessile in the throat. 16. G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, slightly glandular above, a spau or more high, effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical leaves pinnatifid ; those of the branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter than the tube : corolla-tube ^ inch long, several times longer than the obovate lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. On the San Juan in S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, Brandegee. ++ ++ Corolla bluish or ichite: filaments slender and much exserted. 17. G. Stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgaie, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow thyrsus: leaves pinnately cleft, into short oblong lobes : bracts small and entire . stamens moderately exserted : corolla somewhat funnelform, white, nearly ^ inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. Uinta Mountains, Fremont. 252 POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 18. G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high : inflorescence open-paniculate, often compound : leaves pinnatehj parted into linear or narroidij oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1 or 2-lobed : stamens conspicuously exserted : corolla strictly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, pale blue or violet, or the narrow tube white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. In the mountains from S. Wyoming through Colorado to New Mexico. H- -t- Flowers scattered or somewhat croivded, occasionallt/ yellow : ovules one to manij in each cell. •M. Corolla very small (2 lines or less), salverform, white: leaves filiform, entire, or sometimes S-parted : ovules solitary in the cells: not viscid-c/landular. 19. G. minutiflora, Benth. 67a6/ OMs, or minutely gland ular-puberulent above: stem erect, a foot or two high, with many virgaie and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all reduced to minute subulate appressed bracts ; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long. — Wyoming (on the Upper Platte) and Idaho. 20. G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched; branches filiform: leaves entire : floivers loosely panicled, on slender divergent pedicels, minute. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 277. Bear River Valley, Utah. •w- ++ Corolla larger (3 12 lines) ,funnelform, purplish or yellow: leaves once or twice pinnately divided: ovules few or numerous in the cells: viscid-glandular. 21. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot or more high, usually with slight woolly pubescence when young, and viscid-glandular, branching from the base: leaves mostly pi nnat /fid or pinnately -parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mucronate-cuspidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate and entire : flowers either somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicelled : corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform. — From Wyoming to Texas and Avestward. 22. G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleas- antly odoriferous, cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in outline, the radical crowded, the cauline scat- tered; leaflets very small and numerous, from oval to oblong-linear, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers several in a short and racemiform leafy thyrsus: corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an inch or less long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. On the face of cliffs in S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. Var. Lambornii, Gray. Corolla lurid-yellowisli or greenish. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 149. Alpine region of Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado. 3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian. Jacob's Ladder. Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate : flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy. » Corolla narrowly funnelform ; its tube exceeding the calyx and longer than the limb : filaments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base: leaflets very small POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUINI FAMILY.) 253 and crowded, so as seemirtgbj to he verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested or spici/'orm. 1. P. COnfertum, Gray. A span or more high, glandular-pubescent and viscid, musky fragrant: leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2 to 3 divided; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey- scented : corolla deep blue, ^ to 1 inch long : ovules about 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73. Alpine regions from Colorado to California and northward. Var mellitum, Gray. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax and leafy, becoming spiciform or racemose : corolla pale or sometimes white, an inch long, more narrowly funnelform. — With the type in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. * * Corolla campamdate-funnelform ; its tube not exceeding the cati/x and shorter than the ample limb: filaments usually dilated and pilose-appendaged at base: leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: inflorescence open. ■t- Low, about a span high from cespitose-branchmg and mostly thickened root- stocks : flowering stems only 1 to 3-leaved : leaflets seldom ^ inch long. 2. P. viseosum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid -puherut ent : leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, ovate or roundish, at most \ \ lines long : flowers in a rather close cymulose duster : corolla blue or whitish, its lobes about the length of the included tube : fllaments not appendaged at base. — High summits towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall. 3. P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping root- stocks, more or less viscid-pubescent: leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to Q lines long: flowers rather few in the clusters: corolla blue or pur- plish, its ampler lobes much longer than the short included tube : fllaments pilose at the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Var. pulchellum, Gray. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly glabrous and naked: flowers smaller: the lobes of the corolla only 2 or 3 lines long, violet or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 150. P. pulchellum, Bunge. Mountains of Colorado and the Sierra Nevada, northward to the Arctic coast. -w- 4- Taller, a foot or more high, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaf- lets larger. 4. P. eseruleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent: s^e/n mostly strict and virgate, 1 to 3 feet high, 5 to lO-leaved : leaflets from linear lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 9 to 20 lines long : flowers numerous m a naked and narrow thyr- sus or panicle: corolla blue, an inch or less in diameter: style and stamens usually protruding. — From the Colorado mountains to California, and far northward ; very much less abundant in the N. Atlantic States. 5. P. foliosissimum, Gray. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong- scented: stem very leafy tliroiighout : leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late: flowers corymbose-c'/mose, smaller : corolla commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx : style and stamens not protrud- iii'i — Synopt. Fl. ii. 151. P. cairuteum, var. foliosissimum, Gray. Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and westward. 254 HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Order 52. HYDROPHYLI^ACE^. (Waterleaf Family.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers: the ovary entire and 1 -celled with 2 parietal (4 to many-ovuled) placentae, or rarely 2- celled : style 2-cleft or 2 sepa- rate styles : fruit a 2-valved, 4 to many-seeded pod. Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes. * style more oi" less 2-cleft: ovary 1-celled. and mostly hispid, at least at the apex, -t- Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae. 1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted. Leaves alter- nate. Calyx with or without a small appendage at each sinus. Corolla campanulate ; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage opposite each lobe, with in- folded edges, forming a nectariferous groove Filaments bearded at the middle. 2. !EIlisia. Stamens shorter than tlie corolla. Lower and sometimes all the leaves oppo- site. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged under the fruit. Corolla campanulate , the internal appendages minute or obsolete, 1- -1- Ovary with narrow parietal placentse, in fruit projecting inward more or less. 3. Phacelia. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-i)arted. Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. Leaves all, or all but the lowest, alternate. « * Styles 2. distinct to the base : ovary more or less completely 2-celled, and in ours nearly glabrous. 4. Nama. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles more or less included ; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted. Ovules and seeds numerous, on transverse lamelllform placentae, which approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate lu the loculicidal dehiscence. Low herbs, with (in ours) entire leaves. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf. Herbs with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose clusters of violet-blue or white flowers. Our species have fleshy hori- zontal rootstocks, the calyx naked at the sinuses, leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, and the peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole. 1. H. OCCidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparinghj hispid, a foot or two high : leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnateli/ parted or divided into 7 to 15 divisions; divisions oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, mostly iucised or few- cleft, obtuse : cymes mostly dense or capitate : calyx deeply parted, its divis- ions lanceolate : corolla violet-purple, varying to white, ^ inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. .314. Var. Fendleri, Gray. Pubescence mainh) hirsute or hispid: divisions of the leaves inclined to ovale-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, inciseli/ serrate: cyme rather open : corolla white or nearly so. — Shady ravines, from New Mexico to Colorado. 2. H. Virginicum, L. Stem (1 or 2 feet high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous, or with short scattered hairs : leaves ovate in general outline, 3 to 5-parted or divided; divisions (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate or HYDUOPHYL/rsoid-pan>culate, at length elongated and erect : corolla bright violet or sometimes white : stamens about the length of the corolla : capsule shorter than the calijx. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 252. Montana to Utah and westward. 4. NAMA. L. Low herbs : the corolla purple, bluish, or white. In ours the corolla is short-fnunelform and hardly exceeding the calyx, the flowers are in the forks of the stem, and the leaves are entire. 1. N. diehotomum, Ruiz & Pav., var. angustifolium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular: stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear or nearly so : sepals narrowly linear : seeds marked with about 5 longitudinal rows of large i)its, from 4 to G in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 284. Colorado and New Mexico. BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 257 Order 53. BORRAGIIV.ICEiE. (Borage Family.) Chiefly rough-hairy horbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetri- cal flowers with a 5-partod calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a shigle style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (occa- sionally undivided), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. — Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a re- duced cyme, imitating a scorpioid spike or raceme. A. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-Iobed) and surmounted by the style, 1. Coldenia. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow. Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform; the lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted : ovary (in ours) laterally 4-lobed. Fruit separating at ma- turity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer. 2 Heliotropium. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnelform, pliiLud and mostly imbricated in tlie bud. Anthers connivent, sometimes cohering uy pointed tii)s. Style entire or none: stigma {leltate-annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed tip or ai)pendage : ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2 or 4-lobed, separating into two 2-cellcd and 2-seeded carpels or more com- monly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. B. Ovary 4-parted from above into 1-celled 1-ovuled divisions surrounding the base of the undivided style ; stigma terminal, not annular. * Nutlets obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or prolongation of it, to •t- The more or less elevated gynobase which supports the style, not stipitate. 3. Ecliinospermiim. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less over the whole back) with glochidiate iirickles, forming burs. Calyx reflexcd or open in fruit. Corolla white or blue ; the throat closed with prominent fornicate appen- dages. 4. Omphalodes. Nutlets ascending or subhorizontal, with depressed back surrounded by a wing or margin which at maturity is reflexed, and its pectinate or spinulose teeth when present not glochidiate (disk sometimes so), somewhat supra-basal or ventral iu attachment. Corolla rotate or very short funnelform, bright blue. 5. Krynitzkia. Nutlets erect, convex on the back and naked, wholly nnappendaged (rarely with a narrow plane border), attached by the inner side above the middle or more or less towards the base. Corolla rotate or funnelform, white, and mostly small. H- Nutlets sessile or obscurely stii)itate on a flat or merely convex receptacle. G. Mertensia. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost campanulate, witli open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. Stigma entire. Nutlets attached by a small or short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless. * * Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane gynobase. 7. Myosotis. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate ; its throat contracted by trans- verse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Nutlets small, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous. Racemes mainly ebracteate. 8. ILithospermum. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching cam; anu- late, either naked or with i)ubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low ti'ansverse crests at the throat. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts. 17 258 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 9 Onosmodium. Ccrolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly unap- jiendaged tliroat; the lobes erect or hardly spreading ; the sinuses more or less in- flexed. Style filiform or capillary, very long : stigma exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts. 1. COLDENIA, L. Low herbaceous plants, canescent or hispid : with small and mostly white flowers sessile and usually in clusters: leaves entire, petioled, veined. 1. C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 lines long and on longer petioles, with 2 or 3 pairs of strong and somewhat curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and at the ends of the naked branches: filaments inserted nearly in the throat of the pink or whitish corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base : nutlets marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar. — Dry plains, from Wyoming to Washington Territory, and southward to Arizona and California. 2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heliotrope. Low herbs or undershrubs : the flowers almost always small. In ours the corolla is large, white, and not appendaged * Fruit didijinous, solid: anttiers sUqhthf cohering by their minutehj bearded tips: sti/le Jong and filiform : rone of the stigma truncate and bearded ivith a pencd- late tuft of strung bristles : flowers scattered. 1. H. COnvolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched : leaves lanceolate or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-petioled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the tube strigose-hirsute, about twice the length of the sepals. — Sandy plains, Nebraska to W. Texas and westward. * * Fruit 4-lobed : anthers fee : stijle none; stifjma umbrella-shaped, not sur- mounted bji a cone: Jlowers in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes 2. H. Curassavicum, L. Wholly glabrous and glaucous, diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent, oblanceolate, varying from nearly linear to obovate : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered : corolla white, with a yellow eye : stigma as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat. — Along the sea-coasts, also in the interior in saline soils. 3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. Stickseed. Either pubescent or hispid : with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small, bluish or whitish. The nutlets are troublesome burs. * Racemes panicled, leaf ij-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above: pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes shorter than the fruit, and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular: plants pubescent or hirsute, but not hispid. In ours the corolla is rotate. . 1- E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or some- times smaller : leaves from oblong- to Unear-lanceohte ; the lowest tapering into BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 259 margined petioles : racemes numerous, commonlij geminate and in fruit rather strict: nutlets with elongated triangular back naked, merely scabrous; and the margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent. — E. dejiexum, var. floribundum, Watson. From New Mexico and California northward to British America. 2. E. Ciliatum, Gray. A foot or more high, canescentli/ hirsute, the hairs on the lower part of the stem retrorse : leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, sessile, lin- ear; the lower 4 inches long and 2 lines wide ; the upper an inch long : racemes subcori/mbose: fruit unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. Ctjnoglossum ciliatum, Dougl. Tributaries of the Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas. * * Spikes leafij-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading : cahjx-lobes mostli/ exceeding the fruit, becoming foliaceous and often unegwd: scar of the nutlets long and narrow: plants with rough or hispid pubescence: leaves linear, lan- ceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate. 3. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched : nutlets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate ; the mar- gins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. Var. OCCidentale, Watson. Less strict, at length diffuse, and the tuber- cles of the nutlets sharp instead of blunt oi roundish. — Bot. King Exp. 24G. From Arizona and Texas northward. Var, cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup, with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif, i. 530. From Nevada to Texas and Nebraska. With the preceding form. 4. OMPHALODES, Tourn. Ours are dwarf cespitose alpine or mountain perennials with bright blue flowers, forming the section Eritrichium. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 263. 1. O. nana, Gray, var. aretioides, Gray. Densely cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the surface, denselg villous with long soft white hairs which are sometimes papillose-dilated at base : leaves vari/ing from ovate to lanceolate : flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few-leaved vStems : nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinuJose dorsal border. — Loc. cit. Eritrichium nawnn, Schrad., var. areti- oides, Herder. E. villosum, var. aretioides, Gray. Highest alpine, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and northward. 2. O. Howardi, Gray. Densely cespitose, sericeons-canescent with ap- pressed pubescence: leaves spatulate-linear, 5 to 8 lines long, mostly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex ; the flowering stems 3 to 4-leaved : cyme either dichotomous or simple racemiform, few-flowered : nutlets shining, naked, with angulate-margined dorsal border. — Loc. cit. Echinospermum cilia- tum, Gray, var. Howardi, Gray. Cgnoglossum Howardi, Gray. Mountains of Montana and westward to the Cascades, Howard, Canbg, Tweedy. 260 BORRAGINACEyE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 5. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer. Animal herbs or some perenuials, with white and mostly small flowers. Includes Eritn'chium § Kri/nitzkia, and § Eueritrichium Mijosotidea, Gray, Syuopt. Fl. ii. 191. — Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. 264. § 1. Nutlets more or less ovate, rufjose, sometimes keeled dorsnlbj or ventrally, attached at the base bij a very small areola either to a depressed or little ele- vated gynobase: low and mostly diffuse or spreading annuals, sparsely or minutely hirsute: leaves linear: Jlowers very small [a line long). — Myoso- TIDEA. 1. K. Californica, Gray. Slender, more or less hirsute: stems flower- ing from near the base : floAvers almost sessile, most or all the lower accom- panied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : nutlets transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smootli ; the scar almost basal. — Loc. cit. 266. Eritrichium Californicum, DC. Springy or muddy ground, from Wyoming and New Mexico to California and Oregon. Var. subglochidiata, Gray. Slightly succulent: lower leaves inclined to spatulate : nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on the crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glocliidiate under a lens. — Bot. Calif, i. 526. Wyo- ming and Colorado to California. § 2. Nutlets nevzr rugose, angulate or sulcate ventrally, icith convex hack neither keeled nor angulate, attached from next the base to the middle or even to the apex to the elevated gynobase: corolla small, its short tube not exceeding the calyx; throat either naked or ivith appendages not exserted : annuals, with flowers scorpioid-spicate. — Eukrynitzkia. * Calyx early circumscissile ; the b-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous base persistent around the frxdt : nutlets ovate-acuminate, smooth or minutely punctilulate-scabrous, attached by a narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the subulate gyno- base : corolla with naked and open throat. 2. K. eircuinscissa, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout : narrow linear leaves to |- inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the branches. — Loc. cit. 275. Eritrichium circumscissum. Gray. Dry plains, Wyoming and Utah to California and Washington Territory. * * Calyx not circumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid; the ichole calyx (or short pedicel) often inclined to disarticulate at maturity, forming a sort of bur loosely enclosing the nutlets, •i- Sepals never very narrow, with a strong rigid rib: nutlets mostly dull : diffusely branching rough-hispid herbs. 3. K. crassisepala, Gray. A span high, very rough-hispid : leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : persistent calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles ; its lobes greatly thickened below in fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and one larger and smooth or nearly so, fxed to the conical-pyramidal gynobase from base to middle. — Loc. cit. 268. Eritrichium crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. From New Mexico and W. Texas to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 261 4. K. Pattersoni, Gray. About a foot higli, rouf^li-hispid : leaves nar- rowly spatulale or linear: calyx liispid with pungent bristles ; its lobes linear- lanceolate, less thickened: nutlet {usuall// onlij one maturinc/) ovate-acuminate, smooth, attached from base to middle to the subulate-pj/ramidal gijnobase. — Loc. cit, 268. At the base of the Rocky Mountains iu Colorado, Patterson, Hooker tj- Gray. 5. K. Fendleri, Gray. Erect, hardly a foot high, paniculately branched, rather rigid : as in tlie last, but leaves linear, sepals narrowly linear, nutlets more attenuate upwards and attached almost to the apex to the narrowly subulate yyno- base. — Loc. cit. 268. Heretofore confounded with 7v. (Eritrichium) leiocarpa. From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico. -t- H- Sepals narrow, neither thickened nor with prominent rib : nutlets very smooth, shitting: erect slender herbs, somewhat hispid. 6. K. Watsoni, Gray. A foot high : sepals of fruiting calyx scarcely 2 lines long, lanceolate, sparsely setose-hispid : nutlets (a line long) narrow, subtriquetrous, about oblong-lanceolate in outline, attached almost the Avhole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase. — Loc. cit. 271. Wahsatch Moun- tains, Utah, Watson. A part of Eritrichium leiocarpum, Bot. King Exped. § 3. Nutlets triquetrous or three-angled, icith acute lateral angles, attached to a mostly subulate gynobase : generally biennial or perennial herbs: corolla with throat appendages prominent or exserted. — Pseudokrynitzkia. Ours are stout, with rather broad leaves, and flowers thyrsoid-congested. * Fruit depressed-globose. 7. K. Jamesii, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the hard or woody base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, becoming even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear : spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded : fruiting calyx mostly closing over the fruit, which consists of four very smooth and shining broadly triangular (I globe) nutlets. — Loc. cit. 278. Eritrichium Jamesii, Torr. From Texas to S. Cali- fornia and northward to Wyoming. * * Fruit more or less pyramidal. •t- Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes: a ring of 10 small scales or glands above the base ivithin. 8. K. virgata, Gray. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a foot or two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves, and forming a long virgate leafy spike : nutlets broad ovate, sparingly papillose on the back. — Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, var. virgatum. Porter. Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 9. K. glomerata, Gray. Grayish-hirsute and hispid, a foot or more high : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense : calyx very setose-hispid : nutlets ovate, more or less tuberculate-rugose on the back. — Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, DC. From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Washington Territory. 10. K. sericea, Gray. Barely a span high, pubescence less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves, these spatulate : thyrsus spiciform: pubescence and bristles of the calyx either whitish or tawny yellow : nutlets 2o2 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) oblong-ovate, somewhat rugose-tubercu!ate on the back. — Loc. cit. 279. — Eritrickium glomeratiim, var. humilcy Gray. Alpine and subalpine, from Colo- rado and Utah to Montana and Oregon. -!- Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the cahjx and 2 or 3 times the length of the lobes : ne ring inconspicuous, its glands indistinct : silkg-canes- cent, and with contracted tht/rsoid inflorescence. 11. K. fulvocaneseens. Gray. A span or so high, cespitose: leaves linear-spatulate or oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ; the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate in- florescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles: nutlets ovate, more or less papillose or tuberculate rugose on the back. — Loc. cit. 280. Eritrichium fulvocaneseens, Gray. Mountains of Texas and New Mexico to those of Nevada and Wyoming. 6. MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort. * t Either glabrous or with some pubescence : the leaves usually broad, and the lowermost petioled : the flowers usually showy, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose. — In our species the corolla has a con- spicuously 5-lobed limb, with small*crests in the throat. * Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers, always inserted in the throat of the corolla : sti/le long and capillarij, generally somewhat exserted. f- Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx. 1. M. Oblongifolia, Don. A span or so high, smooth or nearly so: leaves mostly oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent : flowers in a somewhat close cluster : lobes of the calyx lanceolate or linear, mostly acute. — From British Columbia southward, through the mountains of Montana to Utah and Arizona. -1- Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb. 2. M. Sibirica, Don. Stems tall, \ to b feet high ; pale and glaucescent, glalrrous and smooth or nearly so, very leafy : leaves ample, veiny ; cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliate ; the upper with very acute or acum'nate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (3 or 4 inches long): short racemes panicled : calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, ^ or ^ the length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla. — From the moun- tains of Colorado westward to the Sierra Nevada, and far northward. 3. M. paniculata, Don. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent: size and leaves about as in the last : racemes loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and mostly acute, hispid-cil.iate or hirsute, equalling or only ^ shorter than the tube of the purple-blue corolla. — From Nevada and Utah to Hudson's Bay and northward. 4. M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, siniple or paniculately branched : stems a span to a foot high : leaves pale or glaucescent, from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse or barely acute : racemes at length loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or obtuse, ciliate or hirsute or glabrous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 263 corolla, whicli is hairy near the base within. — From Dakota and Wyoming to New Mexico. Var. Fendleri, Gray. A commonly hirsute form, with calyx 5-cIeft only to the middle. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52. « * Filaments narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of th". throat or about the middle of the tube: stijle included. 5. M. alpina, Don. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous or pu bescent : leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile (1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose cluster : calyx-lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla : anthers nearly sessile. — High elevations in mountains of Colorado and Utah. 7. MYOSOTIS, L. Forget-me-not. Low and spreading pubescent herbs, with sessile stem leaves and small blue flowei^jn bractless racemes. In ours the calyx is beset with hairs, some of them bristly and having minutely hooked tips. 1. M. sylvatica, Hoffm. Hirsute-pubescent, either green or cinereous : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate ; the radical conspicuously petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx or longer : calyx-lobes erect or slightly closing in fruit : nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. Var. alpestris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high : racemes more dense : pedicels shorter and thicker, seldom longer than the calyx. — In high alpine regions in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, and northward. 8. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Herbs Avith reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or subaxillary or leafy- bracted flowers: stamens with very short filaments, and nutlets (in ours) white, smooth and polished. * Flowers rather small : corolla (jreenish-yellow, short ; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx, nearly naked at the throat. -V^l. L. pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent: stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear and linear-lanceolate, mostly tapering from near the base to apex : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel- form, almost i inch long, silky outside. — From British Columbia and Mon- tana to Utah and California. * * Flowers mostly showy : corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx; pubescent crests in the throat apparent. Plants icith long and deep red roots (Puccoon). *- Corolla light yellow: later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx. 2. L. multifloriim, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : stems virgate, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short- pedicelled, the latter spicate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. — In the mountains from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 264 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) ■»- -t- Corolla hri(]ht and deep nelloic or orange ; the tube from ^ to twice longer than the cabjx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arch- ing: floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. 3. L. canescens, Lehm. More or less canescent when young: stem hir- sute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softUj silky-pahescent, greener with age but not rough: corolla orange-yellow, and glandular ring at the base naked: flowers nearlij sessile. — From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Upper Canada, and Alabama. " Puccoon " of the Indians. 4. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid or hirsute and at length rough, a foot or two higli : leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong : corolla bright orange; the ring at the base icithin bearing 10 verif hirsute lobes or teeth: Jlowers mostlij pedicelled. — From Colorado to Minnesota and Florida. ■»-•»-■»- Corolla bright yellow, salverform ; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length of the calyx ; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching. 5. L. angUStifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous : leaves all linear : flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts ; the earlier and conspicuous kind with corolla tube an inch or less in length ; the later ones, and those of diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous. — From Utah and Arizona to Texas, Wisconsin, and the Saskatchewan. 9. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute, with leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes or racemes; the bracts resembling leaves: corolla greenish-white or yellowish-green; a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base of the tube within. In ours the corolla is seldom twice the length of the calyx, and the leaves are pinnately nervose-ribbed. 1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid : leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 to 9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides : flowers nearly sessile : corolla lobes very hairy outside. — Colorado and eastward. Var. molle, Gray. A foot or two high : the pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed : leaves mostly smaller (2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 206. 0. molle, Michx. From Utah to Texas, Illinois, and the Saskatchewan. Order 54. COIVVOLVULACEJE. (Convolvulus Family.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals; a 5- plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-celled ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition. In ours the ovary is entire. CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 265 Tribe I. Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic. 1. IpomcEa. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or globose stigma. Corolla from salverfonn or funnelform to nearly campanulate. 2. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear-fili- form to subulate or OA^ate. Corolla from funnelform to campanulate. 3. Evolvulus. Stj'les 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-cleft : stigmas linear- tiliforni or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Tribe IT. Leaflets parasitic twining herbs, destitute of foliage and of all green color. 4. Cuscuta* Corolla imbricated in the bud, appeudaged belf)W the stamens. 1. IPOMCEA, L. Morning-Glory. Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger: limb of corolla entire, or barely angulate or lobed. 1. I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous : stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high) from an immense root, with recurving slender branches : leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long), short-petioled, acute : peduncle short, 1 or 2-flow- ered : outer sepals shorter : corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches long : seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95. Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico. 2. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. Twining or prostrate, with small or large floAvers. Includes Calystegia. * Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, very flat : solitary flower involucellate by a pair of persistent broad bracts, which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it. 1. C. sepium, L. Glabrous or pubescent, freely tAvining: leaves slender- petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate; the basal lobes or auricles either entire or angulate 2 to 3 lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or somcAvhat sagittate, com- monly acute : corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches long, Avhite or tinged Avith rose-color. — Calystegia sepium, R. Br. From Utah to Canada and the N. At- lantic States. Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple : bracts obtuse. — From Oregon to Canada and Carolina. Var. repens. Gray. Corolla from almost white to rose-color : bracts from very obtuse to acute : herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile and sometimes floAvering stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 215. Calystegia sepium, \a.T. pubescens. Gray. From Ncav Mexico to Texas, Dakota, and eastAvard. * * Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear: no bracts at or near the base of the calyx. 2. C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves polymorphous; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate, obtuse and mucrouate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes entire or 2 266 CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) to 3-toothed ; some pedate, having narrowly 2 to 3-cleffc lateral lobes or divis- ions ; some more coarsely 3 to 5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate- dentate : peduncles 1 to 2-flowercd, as long as the leaf : corolla white or tinged with rose, ^ inch long, the aiigles salient-acuminate. — Includes C. lobatuSj Eng. & Gray. S. Colorado and Arkansas to Texas and Arizona. 3. EVOLVULUS, L. Low and small rather suffrutescent plants, with erect or diffuse or prostrate (never twining) stems, entire leaves, one to few-flowered peduncles, and small purple or blue almost rotate corolla. Our species has both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx densely silky^villous. \. E. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid, erect or ascending, a span or so high, ver}'^ leafy : dense pubes- cence sometimes silvery-canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear-lanceolate and acute: pedicels very short. — Plains and prairies, from Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 4. C US CUT A, Tourn. Dodder. Flowers 5- (rarely 4-) merous : calyx cleft or parted : corolla globular-urn- shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular: stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate appendages : ovary globular, • 2-celled, 4-ovuled : styles (in ours) distinct and terminated by peltate-capitate stigmas : embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled, destitute of cotyledons- — Leafless thread-like stems yellowish or reddish in color, bearing a few minute scales instead of leaves: flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white. * Capsule indehiscent. •f- Cahjx gamosepalous. Oiiarij and capsule depressed-globose: Jlowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with a short and wide tube, in age remaining at the base of the capsule : sti/les mosfli/ shorter than the ovarg. 1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low : flowers scarcely a line long: calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad: those of the. corolla acu- minate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points : scales large, deeply fringed. — In rather dry .soil, on various low plants, across the continent. The var. pentagona, found in Colorado, has a large and angled calyx. ++ Ovary and capsule pointed; the latter enveloped or capped by the marces- cent corolla : Jlowers in paniculate cymes. = Acute tips of corolla-lobes injlexed or corniculate. 2. C. decora, Choisy. Stems coarse : flowers fleshy and more or less papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute : those of the broadly cam- panulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, miimtely crenulate, spreading : scales large, dcejilif frinqed : capsule enveloped by the remains of the corolla. Var. pulcherrima, Eugelm. A larger form, with coarse stems, and conspicuous Jlowers 1^ to 2^ lines long and ivide: anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple. — On herbs and low shrubs in wet prairies, principally Legumi^ SOLAN ACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 267 nosa^ and Compositce. Across the continent, principally through its southern borders. 3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Like the last: flowers of tlie same structure, but otili/ a line lomj, generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, Ji nail// capping the ca/isrde : scales reduced to a few teeth. — Open woods and dry prai- ries, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, from Arkansas to Dakota and eastward. = = Obtuse lobes of the corolla spread intj. 4. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing higli : corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube : scales copiou.sly fringed : capsule globose, umbonate. — In wet shady places from the Rocky Moun- tains eastward, most abundant in the Atlantic States, and everywhere very variable. -t- Cali/x of 5 distinct and largelij overlapping sepals, surrounded bi/ 2 to 5 or more similar bracts : scales of corolla large and deephj fringed : capsule mostly one-seeded, capped bi/ the marcescent corolla : flowers on bracteolate pedi- cels, in loose panicles. 5. C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender : flowers 1^ to 2| lines long, thin, membranaceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular : oblong lobes of the corolla cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube : styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Prairies, on Ambrosia, Ira, Leguminosce, etc., from Colorado to Texas and Nebraska. * * Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usual.li/ capped by the remains of the corolla : styles capillary and lobes of the corolla acute. 6. C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers 1^ to 2 lines long, few together in umbel-like clusters, usually sliorter than their pedicels : acute calyx-lobes and lanceolate subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and exceeding the tube. — Dry places, on low herbs {Portulaca, etc.), from S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Order 55. SOLANACEiE. (Nightshade Family.) Herbs, with alternate leaves, regular 5-merous an«l 5-androus flowers, on braetless pedicels ; the corolla variously arranged in the bud, and mostly plaited. Stamens mostly equal and all perfect, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. * Fruit a berry. Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder : corolla rotate : calyx mostly unchanged in fruit. 1. Solanum. Anther-cells opening at the apex by a pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally deliiscent. 1- Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent longitudinally. 2. Chamaesaracha. Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate. Berry globose, its summit usually more or lessi naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. 268 SOLANACEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 3. Physalis. Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, completely and loosely enclosing the fruit, reticulate-veiny and 5-angled or 10-costate. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Berry juicy. Pedicels solitary. * * Fruit a capsule.^ 4. Nicotiana. Corolla funnelform or salverforni. Filaments mostly included Ovarii normally •2-celled, with large and thick placentae, bearing very numerous: ovules and seeds. The fruit more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and alst usually loculicidal at summit : the valves or teeth becoming 4. 1. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade, etc. Herbs of various habit : flowers cymose, mostly after the scorpioid manner. * Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the enlarged cali/x : stamens all alike, and anthers blunt. -1- Tuheriferous -perennial, pinnate-leaved. 1. S. Jamesii, Torr. A span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small ones : peduncle cymosely few to several- flowered : corolla Avhite, at length deeply 5-cleft. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 227. Mountains of Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. Very closely allied to 5. tuberosum, var. boreale, Gr., of New Mexico and southward, the aS'. Fendleri of the earlier reports. 1- -1- Annuals, simple-leaved, never prickhj, but the angles of the stem sometimes rough. 2. S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading : leaves oblong, deeply pinnatijid, with wide rounded sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 1 or 2-toothed : ■peduncles lateral, 1 to 3-Jloivered: pedicels nodding: corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx : berries green, as large as a small chern/. — On the plains from New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, chiefly as a v,eed in cultivated ground. 3. S- nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent : leaves mostli/ ovate with a cuneate base, irregularbj sinuate- toothed, repand, or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate : flowers in small pedun- culate umbel-like lateral cymes : calyx much shorter than the corolla, which is Avhite or bluish : berries usualltj black when ripe, only as large as peas — Found everywhere, especially in damp or shady ground, and including many varieties. * * Fruit enclosed bg the close-fltting and horridly prickhj calyx and even adher- ing to it: stamens and especially the style much declined : anthers tapering upwards, dissimilar ; the lowest one much longer and larger, and with an 1 The genus Datura, containing several introduced species M ithin our range, may be recognized by its prismatic 5-toothed calyx, funnelform corolla, and prickly mostly 4-celled 4-valved capsule. — They are rank weeds, with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. Known as " Jamestown Weed " or "Thorn Apple." For species see p. 270, foot-note. SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 269 incurved beak : leaves 1 to 3-pinnatiJid : annuals, armed with straight prickles. 4. S. heterodoxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular -tipped simple hairs, with a very few 5-rayed bristly ones ou the upper face of the irregu- larly or interruptedly bipinuatifid leaves ; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand : corolla violet, \h inches or less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-acuminate : four anthers yellow and the large one tinged with violet. — On the plains from Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 5. S, rostratum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious whollfi stellate pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves nearly as in the last or less divided, some of them only once pinuatifid : corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the short lobes broadly ovate. — Ou the plains from Nebraska to Texas and westward to the mountains. 2. CHAMiESAIlACHA, Gray. Depressed plants ; with narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, fihform naked pedicels, the calyx close-fitting in fruit, almost globose. 1. C. Coronopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish hairs, diffusely very much branched : leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate base, varying from nearly entire to laciniate- piunatifid : peduncles elongated : calyx more or less hirsute, the hairs often 2 forked at tip : corolla yelloM'ish : berry nearly white. — Rot. Calif, i. 540. Withania (?) Coronopus, Torr. From S. Colorado to Texas aud Arizona. 3. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. Herbs, with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, and solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 drooping or nodding pedicels • the flowers white, yellow, or violet-purple : berries greenish, red, or yellow. * Young parts sparsely {or on stalks and calyx densely) scurf y-gramdiferous, otherwise quite glabrous : some leaves sinuate-pmnatijid : corolla Jiot-rotate. 1. P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched: leaves oblong- spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid, the base cuneately tapering into a margined petiole : corolla violet, the centre with a 5 to 6-rayed white-woolly star. — On the plains, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. * * Not granulose-scurf y : leaves never pinnatifid : corolla mostly rota teh/ spread- ing from a somewhat campanulate throat or base, greenish ivhite or yellow. Annuals, glabrous or nearly so, the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor stellate: anthers violet: berry greenish yellow : stem and branches conspicuously angular. 2. P. angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long : leaves mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed : corolla 3 to 6 lines broad, with no distinct eye : fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. — From Colorado eastward to the Atlantic States. ^0 SOLANACE^. (nightshade family.) -t- -t- Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandidar simple hairs : fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinatelij 6-angled at maturity, loosely enveloping the green or at length yellow berry : leaves ovate or cordate. 3. P. pubescens, L. Annual, a foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches : leaves varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins : corolla about -J inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow ivith a purplish brown eye: anthers violet: pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: fruiting calyx mostly pubescent and viscid. — From California to Colorado and Texas, thence eastward to New York and Florida. 4. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, a foot or so high, from slender and deep creeping subterranean shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with many-jointed hairs : leaves either repandly or saliently few-toothed or some nearly entire • corolla from ^ to I inch in diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre : anthers yellow: pedicels ^ to\ inch long. — P. viscosa of Gray's Manual. From Colorado eastward across the continent. •!--»-•)- Perennials, 7iot viscid, the pubescence more or less stellular, mostly low: anthers almost always yellow. 5. P. Pendleri, Gray. Pruinose-puberulent ; the pubescence microscopically minute and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandu- lar : stems a span to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, much branched : leaves small, from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, ivith abrupt base, and from repand-undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed : corolla j inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65. S. Colorado and New ^Mexico. 6. P. laneeolata, Michx. Moi-e or less hirsute-pubescent ivith short and stiff tapering hairs, most of which are simple, a few 2 to 3-forked, varying to nearly glabrous : stems a span to a foot high, angled, somewhat rigid : leaves pale Ijreen, varying from oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acute at base or tapering into a short petiole, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or entire : corolla ochroleucous with more or less dark eye, f to f inch in diame- ter. — P. Pennsylvanica, Gray Man., in part. On the plains from New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, eastward to Florida and Lake Winnipeg. Var. laevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some extremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, etc., or on the margin of the leaves. — From Nebraska to Texas and westward to New Mexico and Arizona. 4. NICOTIANA,! Tourn. Tobacco. HeavA^-scented and usually viscid-pubescent herbs; Avith mostly entire leaves, and paniculate or racemose flowers. 1 The two introduced species of Datura may be distinguished as follows : — D. Stramonium, L., the common Jamestown (vulgarized to " Jimson ") Weed, is green and glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high ; has sinuately and laoiuiately angled and toothed leaves, a white corolla about 3 inches long, and an erect capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles. D. discolor, Bernh., probably from Mexico, is low and more or less cinereous-pubescent ; has leaves like the last, but the white corolla is tinged with jmrple and perhaps smaller, and the nodding globose capsule and its stout large prickles are pubescent- SCROPHULARTACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 271 1. N. attenuata, Torr. A foot or two high: leai'es all on nnled and mosthj slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or oblong ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to linear- lanceolate or linear: corolla dull white or greenish, slender salverform, not en- larged at the throat ; the tube 1 to inches lonarallel or divergent below, not conflu- ent at ajiex. Capsule emarginate. 10. "Veronica. Corolla (in ours) rotate with very short or hardly any tube ; its lobes 4 (sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent. Capsule compressed, from emarginate to obcordate or 2-lobed. * * Corolla little or not at all bilabiate ; the lobes all plane, the anterior one external : stamens 4, conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla ; anther-cells distinct to the very apex : most of them partially root parasitic ; the foliage turning black in drying. 11. Gerardia. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform ; the throat enlarged; limb 5-parted, and with the 2 posterior lobes often rather smaller or more united. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs. * * * Corolla manifestly bilabiate ; the upper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft, external in the bud : stamens 4 and didy- , namous, or rarely 2, ascending under the ni)per lip ; anther-cells distinct : some of -'J~T;hem imrtially loot-parasitic. ■I- Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the outer one afiixed by its middle ; the other pendu- lous from its ujtper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient : leaves alternate ,, or only the lowest opposite. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or pos- teriorly, or both. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally compressed, esi)ecially the elongated and condaplieate or carinate-concave and entire upper lip ; lower lip short and small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the teeth ; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, all with 2-celled anthers. 13. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and posteriorly and the divisions 2-clcft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper lip little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1 to 3-saccate lower one. Sta- mens 4 : the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting. 14. Cordylantliiis. Calyx si)athaceous, diphyllous, or by the absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips connnonly of equal length ; the upper as in Orthocarpus ; the lower 3-crenulate or entire. Stamens 4, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells either ciliate or minutely bearded at base and apex. Style hooked at tip. SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 273 •«- Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens. 15. Pedicularis. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip compressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ; the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate. 16. Illiinanthus. Calyx ventricose-com pressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit. Corolla with cylindraceous tube ; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at apex, but with a minute tooth on each side bolow it ; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading lobes^ Capsule orbicular, compressed. Leaves opposite. 1. LIN ARIA, Touru. Toad-Flax. Herbs : calyx 5- parted : leaves entire and mostly linear : flowers in a naked terminal raceme. 1. L. Canadensis, Duniont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves flat, alternate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorlcd or procumbent shoots or suckers from the base : pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of the small blue corolla. — Across the continent, in sandy soil. 2. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Low ; with simple opposite sessile leaves, or the upper verticillate : flowers solitary or umbel 1 if orm-verticillate : corolla often 2-colorcd. 1. C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spread- ing : leaves oblong or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 : pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl : calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly white) corolla: gland small, capitate, short-stipitate. — From Arizona and Utah to Washington Territory and Michigan. 3. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort. Usually tall and homely herbs ; with opposite leaves and loose cymes of small flowers in a narrow terminal thyrsus. 1 . S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : thyrsus elongated and open : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, with a rounded or subcordate base, sharply and often doubly serrate : rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. Var, Marilandiea, Gray. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high : leaves larger and thinner, acuminate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 258. From Oregon and Utah eastward across the continent. 4. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Bkard-toxgle. Usually with simple stems or branched from the base : the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate : inflorescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose, and the flowers, mostly shoAvy. 18 274 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT I'AMILY.) § 1. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly. * Anthers densely comose with very long wool, peltately explanate in age : low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves. 1. P. Menziesii, Hook. From a few inches to a foot high : leaves com- mouly ovate, obovate, or oblong, | to 1 inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, glabrous or when young pubescent : inflorescence mostly glandular or viscid-pubescent, racemose : pedicels almost all 1 -flowered : corolla violet-blue to pink-purple, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bila- biate : sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly naked. — On rocks and in the mountains, from Wyoming to California and northward. * * Anthers glabrous {rarely villous) ; the cells dehiscent from the base towards but not to the apex: corolla tubular, red : sterile filament mostly glabrous: herbs glabrous and usiialli/ glaucescent : leaves all entire ; the cauline sessile or partly clasping: tJiyrsus elongated, loosely-flowered. 2. P. barbatus, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear-lanceolate ; the lowest oblong or ovate : sepals ovate : corolla strongly bilabiate, an inch long, from light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and loose or sparse yellowish hairs. — Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. Var. Torreyi, Gray. A tall and usually deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 114. From Colorado and New Mexico to W. Texas. Var. triehander. Gray, is like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that the anthers are beset with long woolly hairs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. 3. P. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or two high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; the upper partly clasping : peduncles i^ery short, 1 to 3-flowered : corolla obscurely bilabiate, an inch long, bright carmine-red ; its lobes all nearly alike. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395. From the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to Ne- vada and Arizona. * * * Anthers tvith the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent from base nearly or quite to the apex, but not confluent, not peltately explanate after dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or pilose: herbs ivith simple stems and closely sessile glabrous entire cauline leaves : inflorescence never glandular- pubescent or viscid: flowers showy: corolla blue or violet. 4. P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose-pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest and radi- cal spatulate : thyrsus spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered : sepals oblong- ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins : corolla very obscurely bilabiate, funnelform, f to f inch long, ivith throat but little dilated: anthers hirsute: sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. GO. *' On the Uinta pl^iins," Utah, Fremont. Var. subglaber, Gray. Merely puberulent helow, glabrous above: upper leaves oblong-lanceolate : sepals conspicuously acuminate. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 262. In the mountains near Fort Hall, Idaho, etc. SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 275 5. P. StrictUS, Beuth. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glau- cous : stem slender, 6 to 20 inches high : radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauliue narrowly lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to .small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and loose thijrsus: sepals orate or oval, obtuse: corolla about an inch long; the throat strongly ampliate: anthers either thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs : sterile filament naked or with some similar slender hairs. — Mountains of W. Wyoming to S. W. Utah. 6. P. glaber/Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous : stems a foot or two high : leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceo- late : thyrsus elongated and many-ftoivered : sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate from a broadish base : corolla I to inches long, the throat ampliate: anthers from glabrous to sparsely hirsute. — From Nebraska and Dakota to Colorado, Arizona, and Avest to Oregon and California. Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high : cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate : thyrsus shortened and few-fiowered. — Alpine regions from the Yellowstone to Pike's Peak. Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall : leaves all broad ; the cauliue ovate or subcordiite and ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus dense : sepals much acumi- nate or narrow : anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Wyoming and Coloi-ado to the Wahsatch in Utah. * * * * Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and corifluent, glabrous, explanate after dehiscence : herbs or rarely sujfrutescent at base. Glabrous throughout even to pedicels and calyx : leaves all entire, from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect: thyrsus virgate or con- tracted: corolla less than an inch long. ++ Corolla abruptly campanulate-inflated, rather strongly bdahiate. 7. P. secundiflorus, Benth. A foot or two high, including the elongated and racemiform strict many-flowered thyrsus: cauline leaves narrowly lanceo- late ; radical spatulate : peduncles 1 to 3-flowered : sepals ovate or oblong, with somewhat scarious but entire margins : corolla icith narrow proper tube nearly twice the length of the calyx: sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the dilated tip. — Mountains of Colorado. 8. P. Hallii, Gray. Resembling the last, but lower: leaves thickish, linear and linear-spatulate : thyrsus short and more spiciform, 5 to lb-flowered, obscurely viscid : sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose margins: corolla with thickish an(l inconspicuous proper tube shorter than the calyx: sterilq filament short bearded from apex downward. — Proc. Am, Acad. vi. 71. Mountains of Colorado, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet. -M- Tube of corolla gradually and moderately dilated into the funnelform throat ; lobes obscurely bilabiate. 9. P. acuminatUS, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy : leaves coriaceous ; radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasp- ing, these mostly acute or acuminate : thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above : sepals ovate a7id acute or lanceolate : corolla lilac or changing 270 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) to violet : sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip. — From the Sas- katchewan and Upper Missouri to Oregon, New Mexico, and W. Texas. 10. P. eseruleus, Nutt. Like the last, but low: leaves all from lanceolate to narroidij linear: thyrsus spiciform and usually dense: sepals lanceolate- acuminate: corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or white: sterile filament much bearded above. — Plains of Dakota and Montana to Colorado. H- -I- Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid or glandular : leaves from oblong to lanceolate-linear, entire or the margins undulate: thyrstis racenuform : corolla ample, purplish ; its tube little if any longer than the sepals, abruptly dilated into the campanulate or broadly fannelform throat. n. P, Jamesii, Benth. Pruinose-puberuhnt : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate : corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate throat, a little hairy within : sterile filament moderately bearded. — Prairies, S. Colorado to New Mexico and W, Texas. 12. P. cristatUS, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong: corolla more funnel form, hemg less ab- ruptly dilated ; its lower lip long-villous Avitliiu : sterile filament more exserted, inordinately yellow-bearded. — From Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado. -t- -I- Puberulent or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes glabrous: leaves various: corolla from 4 lines to an inch long, not abruptly campanulate-ventricose above: sepals usually narrow or acuminate. •^Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, undivided : stems erect or ascending : thyrsus mostly many-flowered. = Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with widely spreading lobes, whitish or tinged with purple. 13. P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparingly denticulate : thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few to several -flowered clusters : sepals densely viscid- pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long : corolla with shorter tube, the rather ample limb about as broad. — On the plains from Dakota to Colorado and Texas, 14. P. deuStUS, Dougl. Completely glabrous, or the calyx obscurely glandular, a span to a foot higli in tufts from a woody base, rigid : leaves coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate, irregularly and rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire : thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered : corolla narrowly or broadly funnelform, half-inch or less long. — In the interior from California to British Columbia and eastward into Montana. = = Corolla more plainly bilabiate; lower lip usually, someivhat bearded or pul>escent icithin. 15. P. COnfertUS, Dougl., var. cseruleo-purpureus, Gray. Gla- brous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx viscid-pubescent or puberu- lent, from 2 inches to 2 feet high : leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate to somewhat linear, usually entire : thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2 to 5 dense verticillate flower clusters, or in the low mountain forms with capituli- form inflorescence: pedicels very short: sepals variable, usually broad, cowi- monly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous acumination : corolla narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, blue-purple and violet ; lower lip conspicu- SCROPHULARrACE.^. ( FIG WORT FAMILY.) 277 ousli) bearded within. — Mountains of Colorado and northward, thence west- ward to Oregon and through the Sierra Nevada. 16. P. Watsoni, Gray. Glaucesceut and glabrous throughout, or inflo- rescence and calyx puberuleut, but not viscid, a foot or more high : cauliue leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate : contracted thyrsus rather loose : pedicels longer tlian the calyx : sepals broadly ovate or orbicular, somewhat scarious-margined : corolla narrowly funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ; loicer lip almost glabrous within. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 267. P. Fremonti, var. Parri/i, Gray. Moun- tains of W. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. 17. P. humilis, Nutt. Glabrous or viscid-pubescent above, a span or tAvo high : leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline commonly denticulate : thyrsus stiict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches long : pedicels short : sepals orate or lanceolate and acuminate : corolla narrowly funnelform, half-inch long, deep-blue or partly white ; lower lip somewhat hairy ivithin. — In the mountains from S. Colorado to the British boundary and westward. Var. brevifolius. Gray. A low and diffuse tufted form, Avith weak stems: leaves at most half-inch long; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical oval or rotund: corolla ligiit blue. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 267. In the Wahsatcli Mountains of Utah at 9,000 or 10,000 feet elevation. 18. P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberu- lent up to the more or less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus: stems slender: cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, sometimes denticulate ; the radical spatidate or oblong : cymes of the thyrsus pedunculate : sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless: corolla tubular-funnel form or almost cylindraceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, f to 1 inch long; the throat open. — P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray. From Colorado to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan. 19. P. glaucus, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous : stems dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thichish, oblong -lanceolate or the radical oblong-ovate, entire or denticulate : thyrsus short and compact, either simple or compound, villous-pubcscent and viscid or glandular: corolla dull lilac or violet-purple, less than an inch long, sicollen above the short tube, gibbous ; the throat widely open ; the broad lower lip sparsely villous- bearded within. — Mountains of Wyoming, Utah, and far northward. Var. Stenosepalus, Gray. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus com- pai-atively small and glomerate : sepals attenuate-lanceolate : corolla dull whitish or purplish. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah. •t-c ++ Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, entire : stems low-cespitose spreading, leafy to the summit, few- flowered. = Leaves green and mostly glabrous, ^ to ^ inch wide. 20. P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent : leaves about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the upper- most ovate, these sessile by a broad base : thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers : sepals villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindraceous throat and tube ; lower lip bearded within. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. High alpine region of the Colorado iSIountains. i 278 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) = = Leaves cinereous or canescent, 1 or 2 lines ivide : Jloivering along the short stems in the axils of the leaves: short peduncles 1 to 3-Jloicered. 21. P. pumilus, Nutt. Canescent icith a dense and fine short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or tlie lower spatulate : corolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within: sterile filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. — Mountains of Montana, Wyeth. 22. P. esespitOSUS, Kutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, yb?"m- ing depressed broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear : peduncles mostly secund and horizontal, but with the flower upturned : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow folds sparsely villous within: sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. — Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. ++++++ Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate ivith tapering base or linear- spatulate to filiform, entire : stems or branches racemosly several to many- fioicered. 23. P. laricifolius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous : stems or tufted branches simple from an underground woody base : leaves very slender, when dry fili- form, much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the filiform flower- ing stems : short peduncles alternate : flowers few, loosely racemose : corolla tubular-funnelform, half-inch long; the small limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile filament longitudinalli/ bearded. — Wyoming and Oregon. 24. P. ambigUUS, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched: leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender- subulate : inflorescence loosely paniculate : peduncles slender, opposite, the upper one-flowered : corolla rose-color and flesh-color becoming white ; the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ; throat somewhat hairy : sterile filament glabrous, sometimes imperfectlj' anther- iferous. — Plains of E. Colorado and Kew Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. § 2. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends down both cells only to the middle : the base remaining closed and saccate. In ours the sterile filament is glabrous. * Corolla blue to purple, ventricose-funneJform, short-bilabiate, § fo 1^ inches long : inflorescence, calyx, etc. glabrous. 2.5. P. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous : stems a span or so high from the depressed woody base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceo- late or lanceolate-linear, mostly narrowed to the base : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5 inches long: corolla | inch long, purple. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains and westward. 2G. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems erect or ascending, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : corolla from \ to \^ inches long, azure-blue to violet, the base sometimes reddish ; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. Var. JaffrayanuS, Gray. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the upper ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous : peduncles 1 to 5-flowered : SCROPHULARIACEJS. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 279 flowers large. — Bot. Calif, ii. 567. From the Wahsatch Mountains westward to California. Var. ambigUUS, Gray. A rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceolate and linear leaves all narrowed at base, pale and glau- cescent, and the corolla violet-blue, an inch or less long : sepals remarkably small. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. P. heterophi/llus, Watson. Canons of the Wah- satch Mountains and westward. * * Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuouslij bilabiate, an inch long. 27. P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two liigh from a woody base, gla- brous up to the virgate secund thyrsus, or puberulent : leaves from spatulate- Iiiuceolate to linear ; the floral reduced to small subulate bracts : peduncles, pedicels, and sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully a third the length of the tube ; the upper erect and 2-lobed ; the lower 3-parted and its lobes recurved. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379. S. W. Colorado, Brandejee, and westward into S. California. 5. CHIONOPHILA, Benth A high alpine dwarf perennial, with entire leaves mostly in a radical tuft and a dense spike of cream-colored flowers. 1. C. Jamesii, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarions sheathing base ; those on the scape-like flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally alternate, linear : spike few to many-flowered, mostly secund, bracteate : corolla over a half-inch long, dull cream-color. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 254. Alpine regions of the Colorado mountains. 6. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. Flowers usually showy and axillary, or becoming racemose by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts. * Viscid or glandular-pubescent. 4- Leaves sessile or nearhf so, entire or few-toothed : corolla rose-purple or yellow. 1. M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. From an inch to a span or more high : leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate : cali/x-teeth broadlg lanceolate or triangular ^ a quarter of the length of the tulie : corolla i to f inch long, funnelform, with widely spreading limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the in- cluded or partly exserted tube : stiqma peltate-fitnnelfonn : capsules with taper- ing apex rather exceeding the calyx. — Ranging chiefly west of our limit, but extending eastward into Wyoming. 2. M. rubellus, Gray. From 2 to 10 inches high, branched from the base : leaves from spafulate-oblong to linear, J to f inch long, commonly equalling the pedicels; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate : calijx-teeth short and ob- tuse : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, from a third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow varying or changing to crimson-purple ; the throat broad and open : stigma bilamellar. — From New Mexico and Ari- zona to Colorado and Washington Territory. 280 SCROPHULARIACEiE. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) +- +- Leaves petioled, denticulate or serrate : corolla narrow, light yelloiv. 3. M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span \\\^\\, floicerimj from almost the lowest axils, the lateral branches diffaselii spreadtmj : leaves ovate and tlie lower snbcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the somewhat racemose pedicels: caltjx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate in fruit ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to 6 lines long : cap- sule globose-ovate, oWuse. — From the mountains of Colorado and AVyoming to California and Oregon. 4 M. moschatUS, Dougl. More villous and viscid, mush-scented : stems spreading and creeping, a foot or so long : leaves oblong-ovate, an inch or tico long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : cal/jx short-prismatic, becoming oblong- campanulate in fruit; the teeth broadli/ lanceolate and acuminate: corolla usually 1 inch long : capsule ovate, acute. — From W. Wyoming to California and Brit- ish Columbia. Known as the " Musk Plant." * * Neither viscid nor glandular. +- Corolla rose-red : calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly equal. 5. M. Lewisii, Pnrsh. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with minute or fine pubescence : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate: corolla 1^ to 2 inches long ; the roundish lobes all spreading : stamens included. — Through- out the Sierra Jsevada and extending eastward into Montana and Utah. •4- +- Corolla yellow: calyx campanulate, oblique at the orijice ; the posterior tooth largest. 6. M, Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, glabrate : leaves roundish and oJ}en renifwm, from denticulate to nearly entire, 4 to 12 lines long, all but the uppermost ivith margined petioles : flowers all axillary and slender- pedicelled : corolla light yelloiv, 4 to 6 lines long : fructiferous calyx campanu- late, 3 lines long : seeds shining, almost smooth. — In water or wet places, in the 'mountains from Arizona to Montana and eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 7. M. luteus, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems erect ; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or subcordate ; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; all usually acntely dentate or denticulate; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate : inflores- cence chieflij racemose or terminal: corolla deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted ivithin, and the protuberant base of loAver lip blotched with brown-purple or copper-color, sometimes 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ventricose-campanulate, a half-inch or less long : seeds rather dull, longitudinally striate-reticulate. — Throughout the Rocky Mountains and westward. Immensely variable. Var. alpinus. Gray. A span or so high : stem 1 to 4-flowered : some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above the middle. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71. From the Colorado mountains and California Sierras to Alaska. Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fruiting calyx 2 or 3 lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif, i. 567. Eocky Mountains and westAvard. SCROPHULARrACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 281 7. GR ATI OLA, L. Hedge Hyssop. Soft-herbaceous and diffusely branching plants, from a creeping base, growing in wet soil : pedicels solitary and axillary, with a pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous, divergently branched from the base, a span or less high : leaves commonly glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticu- late-serrate, mostly narrow at base : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the length of the calyx ; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate. — Across the continent. 8. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwort. Small, glabrous plants, with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons, and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white or purplish flower. 1. L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high: clustered leaves longer than the pedicels, when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong blade on a distinct petiole ; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2 to 5 inches. — From Hudson's Bay to S. Colorado, and westward to the Sierras. 9. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and the bracts alternate : flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or raceme. In ours the flowers are in a dense spike terminating a stouter leafy scape or stem. * Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical: corolla cylindraceous, 4-cleft to the middle. 1. S. pinnatifida, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate : leaves slender-petioled, from round-reniforra to oblong in outline, from palmately to pinnately 3 to 7-parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted : scape sparingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : corolla whitish. — Bot. King Exp. 227. In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and probably extending eastward in the mountains. * * Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem leafy-hracteate. H- Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base. 2. S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate exceipt the very lanuginous inflorescence: radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer petiole: base of scape naked: bracts and lanceolate sepals very long -woolly -villous at margins : corolla violet-purple ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2 to 3-parted lower one small and included. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiv. 25L In the alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 282 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 3. S. plantaginea, Benth. A foot or less high, rather stout : tomentulose- pubescent when young : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base, 2 4 inches long : scape vertj lea fij-hracteate : spike 3 to 5 inches long : bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla purplish ; its upper lip little exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2 to 3-lobed lower one. — Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods. •»- -1- Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk. 4. S. rubra, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubescent, and the spike tomentose, 2 to 5 inches long : radical leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals oblong. — From Montana and N. Utah westward into Oregon and Washington Territory. 10. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. Brookline. Leaves opposite or verticillate or the upper alternate, as are the bracts : flowers small, racemose, spicate, or solitary in the axils, never yellow. * Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base : racen.es in the axils of the opposite leaves. -t- Capsules turgid, orbicular: seeds merely compressed: racemes commonly from opposite axils : corolla pale blue, of en purple-striped. 1. V. AnagalliS, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent : leaves sessile by broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate. — Across the continent, mainly to the northward. 2. V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous : leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse : pedicels more slender. — About the same range as the last. H- H- Capsules strongly compressed contrary to the partition: seeds very fat: racemes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils : corolla mostly pale blue. 3. V. SCUtellata, L. Glabrous : stem slender, a s^an or two high : leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate : racemes several, filiform, flexuous : flowers scattered or filiform and widely spreading pedicels : capsule deeply emarginate at apex and slightly at base. — Across the northern part of the continent. * * Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme : cauline leaves above passing into bracts. 4. V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or gla- brate: leaves sessile, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire, ^ to I inch long: raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below : corolla blue or violet : capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. — Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and White Mountains, and also far northward. 5. V. serpyllifolia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping or branching at base, with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves oval or roundish, entire or crenulate, half inch or less long ; the lower short-petioled ; the upper sessile and passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform raceme : corolla SCROPHULARIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 283 usually bluish or pale with blue stripes : capsule ohlaiehj orbicular and obcor- dafe. — Throughout the continent. * * * Low annuals: Jlowers in the axils of ordinary or bract-like commonly alternate leai^es, very short-pedicel led. 6. V. peregrina, L. Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandu- lar : stem ami branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest petioled and oblong or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to liuear-spatulate ; uppermost more bractlike and entire : capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. — Tliroughout the continent. " Neckweed." 11. GERARDIA, L. Erect and branching herbs ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of tlie racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Our species belong to the section with purple or rose-colorcd flowers and linear or filiform cauliue leaves, the herbage blackening in drying. 1. G. aspera, Dougl. Stems and Jyranches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous-scabrous, all Jiliform-linear : pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceeding the calyx, erect : calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular-lanceolate from a broad base, about half the length of the tube: anthers obscurely if at all mucronulate at base. — On the plains within the eastern limit of our range, and extending eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois. 2. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, panicu- lately much branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narroirly linear, equalling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost pedicels: calyx- teeth very short: corolla about a half-inch long : anthers woolly, and cuspidate- mucronate at base. Var. maerophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves l^to2 inches long and almost 2 lines wide, scabrous : pedicels ascending : calyx-teeth usually larger : corolla little over a half-inch long. — From Colorado to W. Iowa and W. Louisiana. 12. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. Herbs with alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike: the floAvers solitary in their axils, red, purple, yelloAvish, or whitish ; but the corolla almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts. * Annuals with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender : leaves and bracts all linear- lanceolate and entire; the latter or at least the tipper ivith red linear tips. 1. C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high, pubescence villous or soft- hirsute : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike : calyx gibbous and broadest at base, wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the middle : corolla narrow and straight, ^ to | inch long, yellow; galea (upper lip) very much longer than the small lip, much shorter than the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. affnis, var. minor, Gray. In wet ground, from Nebraska to W. Nevada and New Mexico. 284 SCKOPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) * * Perennials. •*- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly colored red, as are a part of the bracts : corolla larye, an inch or two lomj ; its galea about equalling the tube. 2. C. linarisefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the spike somewhat pubescent or villous : leaves linear, entire, or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted : calyx over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale ; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior ; tlie long upper lip acutely 4-toothed : corolla H or 2 inches long; its narrow falcate galea much exserted — In the mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and southward and westward. •H- Calyx about equally cleft before and behind : floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and petaloid-colored {red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish). ++ Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose. I ~ Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla; the lip very short. M 3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above : leaves variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or some- times the cauline mainly entire and narrow : calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the vpper part of tlie narrow galea exserted; the small lip not protuberant. — From Dakota and Colorado westward and northward. 4. C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two hi<:h, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, entire : spike dense and short : bracts mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft : corolla over an inch long ; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; very short lip protuberant and callous. — C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray. Extending south- ward from Alaska and British Columbia along the higher mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. Exceedingly variable. = = Galea decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of the lip. 5. C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous: leaves mainly entire; the lower linear; upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equal- ling the corolla : calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base not exserted from the calyx. Var. septentriODalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous : bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip smaller, from half to hardly a third the length of the galea. — Bot. Calif, i. .57.5. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, also in the White and Green Moun- tains, and far northward. Var. occid en talis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high : bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish : lip about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif. SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285 loc. cit. High alpine region of the Colorado mountains, also in the Sierra Nevada. Var. Haydeni, Gray. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves sometimes witli one or tv^^o slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubes- cent, laciniately 3 to 5-cleft into linear lobes, bright crimson : lip not half the length of the galea. — Syuopt. Fl. ii. 297. Alpine region of the Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado. ++ Tomeniulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem onlij lanate-tomentose : bracts, etc. consplcnousb) petaloid: corolla more exserted, an inch long or over ; galea shorter than the tube. G. C. Integra, Gray. A span to a foot liigh : stem rather stout, tonien- tose : leaves cinereous-tomcntulose, linear, 1| to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, entire: bracts of the short spike red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised: corolla inches long; galea ratiier broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 119. In dry ground, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. -!--»--»- Cabjx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small, with galea much shorter than its ttdje and lip comparativelg long : brads and calijx if colored at all yellowisJi: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid. Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and littie ij at all callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish white: clefs oj the calyx moderately unequal: leaves mostly 3 to 5-clef and the divisions sometimes again 2 to Z-cleft : bracts similar, not even their tips colored. 7. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. A span or two higli, very leafy, cinereous- pubescent : leaves 2 or more inches long, with slender lobes, rarely entire : lobes of the tubular calyx slender: corolla exserted, about 2 inches long: lip with linear- lanceolate lobes very much longer than the obscurely saccate base. — On the prairies from Wisconsin and Illinois to Dakota, W. Texas, and New Mexico. 8. C. brevifiora, Gray. Barely a span high, more pubescent: lower leaves often entire and upper only 3 to 5-parted, an inch or so long : bracts of the dense spike more dilated : lobes of the ovoid-oblong calyx lanceolate : corolla little exserted, less than an inch long ; lip with somewhat callous or saccate keels about the length of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 338. H-f t-*. Lip oJ corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes. 9. C. flava, Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinere- ous-puberulent, at least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves entire or the upper with one or two lobes : bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base ; the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube. — Bot. King Exped. 230. Mountains of Wyo- ming and E. Utah. 13. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Low herbs, with mainly alternate entire or 3 to 5-parted and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not rarely colored, as also 286 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) the calyx-lobes : the corolla yellow, or white with purple or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. * Corolla with lip rather obscurehj saccate, and with conspicuous mosthj erect lobes; the galea broadish, obtuse. 1. O, pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or tlie lower entire : bracts similar with dilated base, or the upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2 cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex : corolha yellowish, over a half-inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiv. 339. From the mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon. * * Corolla with simply saccate lip inconspicuously or obsoletehf 3-toothed, and moderateUj smaller ovate-triangular galea ; its small tip or macro ustiallij some- what injlexed or uncinate. Bracts strikingli] different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower 3 to b-lobed, the summit of the middle lobe purple : corolla yellow. 2. O. linearifoliUS, Benth. Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hir- sute or hispid, especially the margins of the 3 to 5-lobed bracts : calyx half the length of the corolla, its lobes with a pair of elongated subulate teeth : corolla 1 inch long, narrow ; galea with small uncinate tip a little surpassing the lip. — 0. temnfoJius of the Synopt. Fl., in part. From the mountains of Mon- tana to Oregon. -t- Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- {rarely 5-) cleft. 3. O. luteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a span to a foot high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers: corolla golden yellow, less than a half-inch long, 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Plains, from N. Minnesota to Colorado and westward. 4 O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Am. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, cliiefly entire : bracts of the small and short spikes little dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers : corolla bright yellow, half-inch long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea injlexed. — In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and northward. 14. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. Branching annuals, with alternate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3 to 5-parted, and mostly dull-colored flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches : the bracts and calyx not colored. * Calyx diphyllous: corolla 2-lipped at summit: flowers short-peduncled or sub- sessile. 1. C. ramosus, Nutt. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cinereous-puberulent: leaves fihform, all but the lower usually 3 to 7-parted : flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils : corolla dull yellow, barely a half-inch long. — Dry regions from Wyoming to W. Nevada and Oregon. SCKOPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 * Cahjx monophyllous ; the anterior division wanthig : Jlowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf. 2. C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid- pubescent or villous : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, mostly 3 to 5-{3arte(l into lin- ear-filiform divisions : flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit of the slender branchlets : corolla less tlian an inch long, purplish. — Bot. King Exped. 233. S. W. Colorado to Utah and Nevada. 15. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort. Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate : flowers iu a terminal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered. * Galea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak ; throat with a tooth on each side; tube of corolla nearlij included in the 5-toothed cali/x: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnatelij parted; the divisions acuteli/ serrate or pinnatifd : spike dense and manij-flowered, naked: corolla dxdl rose-red or cn mson-pnrple. 1. P. GrCBnlandica, Retz. Glabrous: spike 1 to 6 inches long: calyx- teetli short : beak of the galea half-inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, decurved on the accumbent lower lip. — Wet ground, from New Mexico to British Columbia and Hudson's Bay. » * Galea of the short ivhite corolla produced into a slender elongated-subulate circinate-incur^ied beak, nearli/ reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: calijx cleft in front : ichole plant glabrous. 2. P. racemosa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branch- ing, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenu- late, 2 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower iu remote axils and uppermost with bracts hardly surpass- ing the 2-toothed calyx : slender beak of the galea hamate-deflexed. — From Colorado and Utah to California and British Columbia. * * * Galea falcate, and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate: leaves simphj pinnatifd : flowers half-inch long. 3. P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent : stem a span or two high, very leafy at base : leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnately parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, closely callous- serrate ; uppermost reduced to linear bracts : spike dense, 1^ to 4 inches long : corolla ochroleucous or more yellow ; galea strongly falcate, with decurved beak, of about the length of the width of the galea. — Am. ,Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 250. In the mountains from Colorado and Utah to AVyoming and Montana. * * * * Galea falcate, arcuate, or ivith the apex more or less incurved, or ante- riorly curvilinear; the beak very short and thick or commonly none: stems simple, leafy. Not alpine : leaves pinnatifid : spike short and dense : cucullate summit of the galea incurved. 4. P. Canadensis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather deeply pinnatifid ; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger doubly dentate ; spike leafy bracteate : corolla 288 SCROPHULARIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) ochroleucous or tinged or variegated with purple, less than an inch long: tip of galea emarginate-truucate and below conspicuously cuspidate-biden- tate. — From the Colorado mountains to Canada and Florida. t- -1- JVot alpine, tall or slender. Leaves undivided : galea hidenlulate at tip. 5. P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate : stems a foot or less liigli : leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse, l.j to 3 inches long, closely creuate and the broad crenatures minutely crenulate : spike short and dense : corolla whitish or purplish, f inch long, like that of the last, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. — In the Colorado Moun- tains. t-+ ++ Leaves all pinnatelij parted and the lower divided, ample; divisions lacini- ate-serrate or pinnatijid: spike naked: galea almost straight, cucullate at sum mit. 6. P. bracteosa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous and usually pedunculate spike somewhat pilose ; stem I to 3 feet high : bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the ^^0i0K7i> : cali/x-lobes equalling the tube: corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow ; galea much longer and larger than the lip. — From the mountains of Colorado and Utah to British Columbia. 7. P. procera, Gray. Puberulent : stem robust, \^ to 4 feet high : leaves pinnately divided into lanceolate and irregularly pinnatifid segments : bracts lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticu- late, or the upper entire: spike 8 to 15 inches long: calyx-lobes much shorter than the tube : corolla about 1 ^ inches long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate ; galea hardly longer than the ample bp. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiv. 251. Moun- tains of Colorado and New Mexico. -I- f- Alpine: stem few-leaved, a span or so high. 8. P. scopulorum, Gray. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike: calyx-teeth triangular subulate, entire, very much shorter than the tube : galea of the reddish-purple (| inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex obliquely truncate, edeutulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth. — Syuopt. Fl. ii. 308. P. Sudetica, var. Colo- rado liocky Mountains, at 12,000 to 14,000 feet. 16. RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow-Rattle. Herbs, with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secuud in a leafy-bracted spike. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx. 1. R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubes- cent above : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; bracts more incised and the acuminate teeth setaceous-tipped : corolla barely half-inch long, only the tip exserted ; transverse appendages of the galea trans- versely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds conspicuously winged. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains southward to New Mexico and far northward. OKOBANCHACEiE. (BROOM-KAPE FAMILY.) 289 Order 57. OROBANCHACE.i:. (Broom-Kape Family.) RcKjt-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage, with alternate scales in place of leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-inerous as to perianth, with didyuamous stamens, solitary in the axils of bracts or scales, some- times on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike. 1. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Cancer-root. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate : calyx 5-cleft : corolla somewhat bila- biate; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-l()bed ; lower spi-eading: stamens included: style deciduous. — Brownish or whitish, low, commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular plants; with violet-purplish or yellowish flowers. * Peduncles or scapes long and slender from the axils of fleshy loose scales, not Itracieolate : corolla ivith elongated somewhat curved tube, and widel// spreading somewhat equal I g b-'ohed hmh, onlg obscurelg bilabiate. 1. A. uniflorum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes a span high : calgx-lobes niostlg much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate : corolla violet-tinged, the flower an inch long ; the lobes obovate and rather large. — Damp woods; from Newfoundland to Texas, and westward across the continent. 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. More pubescent and glandular : stem often emergent and mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter : calgx-lobes broadlg or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or purplish corolla ; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. — From Lake Michigan to Arizona and Avestward across the continent; on Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. Var. luteum, Gray. A very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sxdphur-yellow corolla, and whole plant light yellow. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 312. Wyoming, Parry. On grasses. * * Caidescent, and the inflorescence thyrsoid or spicate: pedicels or calyx 1 to 2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate. 3. A. multiflorum. Gray. Whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent, a span or two high : flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled : calyx bihracteolate, almost 5-parted into linear-lanceolate lobes, fully half the length of the ample {inch or more long) purplish corolla: anthers very woolly. — Gravelly plains and pine woods, W. Texas to Arizona, extending into S. Colorado. 4. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Kather less pid)escent : spikes more fre- quently compound : calyx less deeply and someivhat une(/ually 5-cleft : corolla about half smaller; upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers {before dehis- cence) (/ZaftroM.s or nearly so. — Phelipa'a Ludoviciana, Wa\^. From the Sas- katchewan to Texas and westward. 19 i i 290 VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Order 58. I.E!VTIBUL 4RIACE.E. (Bladderwort Family.) Herbs, growiug in water or wet soil, with scapes or scapiform pedun- cles simple and f»ue to few-flowered, calcarate corolla always and calyx usually bilabiate, a single pair of stamens, continently one-celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-Iobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal : upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect : filaments thick, strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. — Ours are aquatic, with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with a few bristles at orifice, and yellow flowers. The scapes are leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, wbich are free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water. * Pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. U. vulgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, dense! n leaf if : leaves 2 to 3-pinnatelij divided, very bladdery : scapes a foot or less lone/, 5 to l6-JIouered : corolla half-inch or more broad, with sides of lips reflexed ; palate prominent : spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed lower lip. — From Newfound- land to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward across the continent. 2. U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly/ dichoto- mous, small, setaceous : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2 to ^-flowered: corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent ; palate depressed : spur very short and obtuse. — Across the continent. * * Pedicels erect in fruit. 3. U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaA'es sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary, sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, 1^ to 3 inches high, I to 2-flowered : corolla 3 lines broad; the lips broad and rounded : spur thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. — In a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene. Also in the Atlantic States. Order 59. VERBEWACEiE. (Vervain Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with chiefly opposite or verticillate leaves, no stip- ules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two stigmas, an undivided 2 to 4-celled ovary. — In ours the inflorescence is simple, commonly spicate or capitate with fl(»wers alternate, and the leaves are simple. 1. Verbena. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled. 5-toothcd. Corolla salverform ; tlie limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets. 2. Liippia. Calyx ovoid, oblong-cam panulate or compressed and bicarinate, 2 to 4-cleft or toothed. Limb of corolla oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. VEEBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 291 1. VERBENA, Tourn. Vervain. Some mere weeds, others ornamental, and many spontaneous hybrids. * Flowers small or comparativehj so, in narrow spikes : anthers unappendarjed. -I- Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers. 1. V. hastata, L. Ta\\,3to6 f€ethi;jh: pubescence short, sparse and hir- sute or scabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate gradually acuminate, coarsely or inciselij serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate 3-lobed at base : spikes numerous in a panicle, dense, naked at base or more or less peduncied : corolla blue. — In waste grounds and along roadsides, across the continent. 2. V. Stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high: pidiescence softer and denser : leaves cinereous with dense soft hirsute-villous pubescence, thick- ish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearlij sessile, i^eri/ sharplij and densely mostlij doublf/ serrate, rarely incised : spikes comparatively thick, dense both in flower and fruit, canescent, inostli/ sessile or leafj-bracted at base : corolla blue, 4 or 5 lines long. — From New Mexico to Dakota and eastward to Texas and Ohio. •4- +- Bracts rigid and somewhat foliaceous, exceeding the floicers. 3. V. bracteosa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or de- cumbent, hirsute : leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a short margined petiole, pinnately incised or .3-cleft, and coarsely dentate : spikes terminating the branches: lowest bracts often piiniatifid or incised; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid ; corolla purplish or blue, very small. — Across the continent. * * Flowers more show//, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit: anthers of the larger stamens appendaged bg a gland on the connective: tube of corolla at the dipper part lined with reflexed bristhj hairs. 4. V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. A span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, root- ing from subterranean branches : leaves to 4 inches long, bipinnatelg parted^ or ^-parted into more or less bipinnatifld divisions : bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostlg surpassing the caljx : limb of the bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines broad; lobes obcordate : commissure of the nutlets usualh) retrorselg scabrous or hispidulous. — Plains and prairies, from Arkansas and Texas to the mountains of Colorado. 5. V. Aubletia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or rooting base, so ft -pubescent, hirsute, or g/abrate : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, icith truncate or broadlg cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, inciselg lobcd and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft : bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter than or equalling the calijx: limb of the reddish-purple or lilac (or white) corolla ^ or § inch broad: commissure of the nutlets minutelg white-dotted or nearly smooth. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. 2. LIPPIA, L. In ours the flowers are capitate or in sliort dense spikes, subtended ■ and imbricated by broad bracts ; the peduncles chiefly axillary. 292 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 1. L. CUneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched, procumbent {not creeping), minutely cauesceiit throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, inciseJy 2 to ^-toothed aboce the middle: peduncles mostlii shorter than the leax-es: bracts rigid, broadly cuueate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated summit: calyx-lobes emarginate : corolla white (?). — On the plains from Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona. 2. It. JanceOlata, Michx. Creeping extensiuel'/, some branches ascend- ing, minutely and sparsely strigulose : leaves thimier, varying from obovate and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostlij into a petiole, above sJiarplij serrate: peduncles much exceeding the leaves: bracts mucronate or pointless : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bluish-white. — From E. Colorado and Texas to Pennsylvania and Florida. Order 60. (^Iint Family.) Chiefly herbs, with aromatic foliage, square steins, opposite leaves, more or less bilabiate corolla, didynainous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, wliich forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, surround- ing the base of the single style. — Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or entire : the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Tribe I. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly exserted from tlie upper side of the corolla : calyx 5 to 10-nerved. — Ajugolde^. 1. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip, which are united one on each sido with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip ; middle lobe much larger. Stamens exserted from the cleft : anthers confluently one-celled. Tribe II. Stamens not declined ; the posterior pair shorter or wanting ; anthers 2-celled ; the cells distinct or confluent, short : corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes Hat- ter than in succeeding tribes ; upper lip not galeate or concave. ♦ Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe broader than the others and emarginate : stamens erect, straight and distant : flowers cai)itate-glon)erate, and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked. ■ 2. Mentha. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emarginate. 3. Xycopus. Stamens only 2 with anthers ; the upper pair sterile mdiments, or else wanting. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla entire. * ♦ Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, or 2-cleft in No. 5 ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft. -I- Stamens 4, didynamous, distant and straight, often diveigent, never convergent nor curved : calyx 10 to 15-nerved : flowers capitate-vertioillastrate, or sometimes sparser. 4. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; tlie 5 teeth equal, or the 3 upper more or less united. Corolla with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and 3-clel't lower one. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells parallel. 5. Monardella. Calyx tabular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla with 2-cleft upper lip. and 3-]>artcd lower one. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted : anther-cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate- verticillastrate. LABIAT.>E. (mint FAMILY.) 293 .♦- t- stamens ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging and sometimes ascend- ing parallel under tlie erect ujiper lip of the corolla ; anther-cells oblique or divaricate: calyx 12 to 15-nerved. 6. Calamintlia. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate ; the upper lip 3-toothed or S-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly ex- ceeding the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens 4, ascending parallel under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs. 7. Hedeoma. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate or unequally 5-toothed, mostly 13-striate, hairy or villous-bearded in the throat. Antheriferous stamens 2, ascending parallel under the upper lip; the posterior pair either none or sterile. Tribe III. Antheriferous stamens only 2, straight or commonly parallel-ascending ; the anther with narrow cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and lower ends of a linear or filiform connective, or the lower cell wanting or deformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell : corolla bilabiate. — Monarde.e. 8. Salvia. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla with upper lip erect, straight or falcate, usually concave: the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emarginate. Connective com- monly linear or filiform, transverse and articulated on the short filament. 9. Monarda. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly Lo-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost equally .'i-toothed. Corolla with slender tube or dilated at the throat; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate ; the lower si)reading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger or longer, retuse or emarginate. Anther-cells contiguous and divaricate, more or less connate or confluent at their junction, so as to imitate a single linear cell. Tribe IV. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile; the posterior (inner or upper) pair surpassing the anterior : corolla distinctly bilabiate : calyx usually 15-nerved ; the upper teeth or lip commonly laj'ger or longer. — Nepete^. 10. Liophantbiis. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted ; the upper pair usually de- clined ; the lower or shorter pair ascending : the anther-cells parallel or nearly so. Corolla with tube not exceeding the oblique, 5-toothed calyx ; upi)er lip nearly erect, 2- iobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe cronate. 11. Dracocephalum. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent : filaments not exserted. Calyx equal at throat, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth very much larger than the others. Corolla with dilated throat ; upper lip some- what concave, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower spreading, with middle lobe large. Tribe V. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer and with anthers mostly 1-celled by abortion; those of the posterior pair 2-c.elled: corolla bilabiate ; but with the small lateral lobes more connected with the galeate upper lip; lower lip therefore of a single lobe: calyx bilabiate; its lips entire. — SCUTELLARINRiE. 12. Scutellaria. Calyx gibbous, with a crest-like or hump-shaped projection on the back, closed after the corolla falls, not inflated. Corolla with long exserted tube. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Tribe VI. Stamens 4 ; parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate upper lip of the bilabiate corolla ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer : anthers 2-celled or confluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5 to 10-nerved, veiny. — Stachyde^. 13. Physostegia. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanulate or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately inflated in fruit. Corolla gradually inflated upward ; upper lip erect, rounded, entire ; lower somewhat spreading, 3- parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Filaments villous. Flowers simply opposite in the spikes, one under each bract. 14. Stacliys. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved, equally 5-tootlied, sometimes the upper teeth larger. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not dilated at throat ; upper lip erect, more or less concave, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3- lobed. Stamens more or less deflexed to the sides of the throat or contorted after an'.hesis : filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs. LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 1. TEUCmUM, L. Germander. Herbs: less aromatic than most genera, with leaves variously cut and flowers spicate or solitary and axillary. * Leaves undivided : flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes: calyx moder- ately b-lohed ; two lower teeth trianrjidar-suhuiate ; three upper ovate. 1. T. Oecidentale, Gray. Loosely pubescent, branched, a foot or two high : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, sharply serrate : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, purple, rose or cream-color : calyx villous with viscid hairs. — Synopt. Fl. ii. 349. T. Canadense of the Western Reports. Nebraska to New Mexico and California. * * Leaves multifld or incised: flowers solitary and axillary, the uppermost leaves more or less bract-like: calyx almost 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate equal lobes. 2. T. laciniatum, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched, a span or so high : leaves pinnately 3 to 7-parted into narrow linear entire or 2 to 3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid ; the floral much crowded, 3-parted: corolla 6 to 10 lines long, pale blue or lilac, with spatulate lower lobe much surjiassing the calyx. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 231. Plains of Colo- rado to Arizona and W. Texas. 2. MENTHA,! Tourn. Mint. Odorous herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : flowers small, whitish or purplish, in ours glomerate in tlie axils of leaves. 1. M. Canadensis, L. Villous-hairy : stem often simple : leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally taper- ing into the petiole : inflorescence consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerules in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils flowerless : calyx hairy ; the short teeth triangular-subulate. — Wet places, throughout the con- tinent, chiefly towards the north. Odor of Pennyroyal. Var. glabrata, Benth., has leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of Monarda. — Same range. 3. LYC OPUS, Tourn. Water Horeiiound. Bugle-weed. Gypsy-w'ort. Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers in their axils, in sessile capi- tate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils flowerless. * Stoloniferous ; long filiform runners produced from the base of the stem: calyx- teeth mostly 4. 1. L. VirginiCUS, L. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stcjn obtusely angled, 6 to 24 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate 1 Doubtless some of the commou introduced species have become established within our range. LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 295 in the middle, acMmmote at both ends, tapering into a short petiole : bracts very short : calyx-teeth ovate or lanceolate-ovate, obtuse or barely acutish : sterile stamens minute rudiments. — From British Columbia and Oregon to Florida and Labrador. 2. L. lucidllS, Turcz. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubes- cent or glabrate, acutelt/ angled above : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acute or acuminate, veri/ sharply and coarselij serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth, sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely ])unctate : outer bracts conspicuous, very acute : calyx-teeth attenuate- subulate : sterile stamens clavate-tipped rudiments. Var. Amerioanus, Gray. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides : calyx-teeth less rigid. — Bot. Calif, i. 592. From the Saskatchewan to Arizona and California. * * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping : calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate, rigid. 3. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4 angled, gla- brous, roughisli or minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate, H or 2 inches long, acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or incisely toothed, tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole : rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, with a globular or subclavate tip. — L Europceus, var. sinuatus, Gmy. Across the continent. 4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil. Erect herbs, pleasantly aromatic, branching above; flowers small, whitish or purplish, often purple-dotted. In ours tlie flowers are in small and numer- ous glomerules which are capitate and densely fastigiate cymose, copiously imbricated with short appressed bracts. 1. p. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem somewhat pubescent: inflorescence villous-canescent : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, uervose-veined, obtuse at base, nearly sessile, entire : bracts ovate or lanceolate : calyx-teeth ovate- deltoid, acute. — Within the eastern limit of our range, and extending from thence eastward across the continent. 5. MONARDELLA, Benth. Flowers in terminal and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or in- volucrate by broad often membranaceous and colored bracts : corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose-purple. 1. M. odoratissima, Benth. Cinereous-pnberulent or minutely tomen- tulose, or nearly glabrous, but pale : a span to a foot high : leaves from nar- rowly oblong to broadly lanceolate, entire or nearly so, shon-petioled, or the upper subsessile, both sides alike : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored (whitish or purple) : calyx-teeth hirsute. — Sierra Madre Range in Colorado, and thence westward and northward. Odor of Pennyroyal. 296 LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 6. CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Moench. Calamint. Our species belongs to a sectiou with flowers verticillastrate-capitatc, and involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts. 1. C. Clinopodium, Benth. Herbaceous, hirsute : leaves ovate, obtuse, almost entire, petioled : heads globular, miiny-flowered : teeth of the narrow- tubular calyx and bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple narrow corolla. — Indigenous from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes, but in- troduced eastward. " Basil." 7. HE DEO MA, Pers. American Pennyroyal. Our species belong to the section with pedicellate flowers cymulose in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are often bract-like : throat of tiie calyx in fruit closed with a ring of hair. Pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and whitish or purplish flowers. 1. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leases all similar, linear, entire, thickish, nearly sessile, crowded, almost c/labrous, but the margins somewhat hispid-ciliate : bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid : calijx with teeth about equal, bilabiate; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube ; the teeth of the upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform or hispid, equalling the bluish corolla. — Extending into Dakota and southward from the plains Avest of the Mississippi. 2. H. Drummondi, Benth. Cinereous pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high, copiously branched : leaves from oblong to linear, obtuse, subsessile or narrowed into a very short petiole : subulate bracts not longer than the pedi- cels : calyx hirsute or hispid, in age more or less curved, not plainlij bilabiate; the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all conuivent ; the lower nearhj twice the length of the upper : corolla from little exserted to double the length of the calijx. — From Texas to Arizona and extending northward to Colorado and Nebraska. 8. SALVIA, L. Sage. In ours the throat of the calyx is naked : the anterior portion of the con- nective deflexed, linear or gradually somewhat dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an anther-cell : corolla blue or pur- plish varying to white. 1. S. azurea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent, 1 to 5 feet high: lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate; upper narrower, often linear, entire : inflorescence spiciform, interrupted, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched : cali/x obscurely bilabiate : corolla deep blue, unth promi- nently exserted tube ; upper lip very concave or galeate and pubescent ; the lower longer and much larger, siuuately 3-lobed and emargiuate : style bearded above. Var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent : denser inflorescence and calyx tomentulose-sericeous. — S. Pitcheri, Torr. From Colorado to Texas and Kansas. 2. S. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to 12 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregu- LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 297 larlv serrate with obtuse appressod teeth or uearly entire : inflorescence vir- gate-spiciforni, interrupted, floral bracts very small: c«///x dvoplij bilabiate: corolla small, 4 lines long, hardlij at all exserted; lower lip little prolonged: stijle glabrous or nearlij so. — Plains, Nebraska to Texas and Arizona. 9. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mint. Aromatic erect her])s, usually tall ; with the large verticillastrate-capitate glomerules single, or in npj)er axils, and iuvoiucrate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves. * Heads solitari/ and terminal, or sometimes 2 or 3 as if proliferous : stamens and sti/le conspicuousli/ ezseiied from the linear and mostly acute upper lip of the corolla : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acutelg more or less serrate. 1. M. flstulosa, L. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate : stem mostly with obtuse angles: bracts whitish or rarely pur- plish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate : calyx conspicuously and densely bearded at the throat : corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple or purplish dotted, an inch or more long. — Nearly across the continent. A polymorphous species. Var. media, Gray. Corolla deep purple. — Syuopt. Fl. ii. 374. Alleghany and Rocky Mountains. Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla fron> flesh color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip : leaves paler, soft pubes- cent beneath : throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard. — Extend- ing to tlie Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Arizona. * * Heads commonli/ in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted- spicate, foliose-bracteate : tipper face of the floral leaves often canescent and purple-tinged : corolla with shorter tube, more dilated throat; the upper arch- ing seldom surpassed bt/ the stamens : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparseljj serrate or denticulate. 2. M. punctata, L. Stem commonly 2 feet high : floral leaves and bracts (either whitened or purplish or both) often slejider acuminate, mostly m\iticous : cah/x-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate, rigid, soon stellate- upreading : corolla yellowish irifh copious brown-purple spots. — From Colorado to Florida and New York. 3. M. citriodora, Cerv. Usually rather robust, the larger forms 2 or 3 feet high : bracts narrowly oblong, colored as in the last, with spreading or recurving and slender aristaie tips: cali/x-leeth slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading : corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, hd more or less punc- tate. — M. aristata, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska to Texas, E. Colorado, and Arizona 10. liOPHANTHUS, Benth. Mostly tall and coarse herbs : with serrate petioled leaves, the lower usually subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers m dense and sessile verticil- lastrate glomerules, which are crowded into a terminal spike : floral leaves 298 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts : calyx-teeth more or less colored. 1. L. anisatus, Bentli. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisatc-scentcd zvhen crushed: spike short and narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate: calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet : corolla bhte. — Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Nebraska and westward to the mountains. 2. L. urticifolius, Benth. Like the last, but leaves green both sides, mostly creuate and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceo- late-, subulate-iicuminate : corolla liyld violet or purplish. — Western slopes of the mountains to Oregon and California. 11. DEACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. Dragon-head. Herbs, peculiar for the small and included corolla. 1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Rather stout, 6 to 20 inches high, some- what pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pinnatifid-incised ; the lower floral similar: flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike in- terrupted at base : bracts pectinate-laciniate and the teeth aristate : corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding tlie calyx. — New York to British Columbia, and southward along the mountains to New Mexico. 12. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. Flowers mostly blue, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in spikes or racemes from the reduction of the floral leaves to bracts. * F'l^wers small inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes. 1. S. lateriflora, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, slender petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar : li])S of the corolla short, equal in length, — From Oregon to New Mexico and eastward across the continent. * * Flowers solitary in the axils of the canline leaves, or some occasionally imperfectly racemose, violet-blue. 2. S. resinosa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, mi- nutely pubescent and resinous atomiferous, somewhat viscid : leaves uniform, oral or oblong, obtuse, mostly sessile, 5 fo 10 lines long, nervose-veiued : corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat. — Plains of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. 3. S. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 ^0 3 feet high, simple or paniculately branched above : leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile subcordate base, 2 inches or less long, all but the upper appressed-serrate : corolla puberulent, ^ to ^ inch long ; lower lip nearly erect and surpas.sing the upper. — From British Columbia to Arizona and eastward across the continent. PLANTAGINACE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 299 13. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-hkad. Almost glabrous herbs : with lanceolate and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves; the upper ones sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to bracts of the simple or panicled spikes. Flowers cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned). Corolla showy rose or flesh-color, often variegated. 1. P. parviflora, Nutt. Stems rather slender, leafy, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate: spil^es short, 1 to 4 inches long : calyx short-campanulate, inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth : corolla ^ inch long. — Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Oregon and British Columbia, 14. STACHYS, Tourn. Woundwort. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate inflo- rescence. In ours the corolla is purple or rose-red, not over ^ inch long; tbe tube not exceeding the calyx-teeth. 1. S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy : stem 1 to 3 feet high, hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate-lanceolate, cre- nate-serrate, to 3 inches long, sessile or nearly so by a broad or subcordate base, sometimes almost velvety-tomentose beneath : clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6 to 10-flowered. — Across the continent. Order 61. PLANTAGIIVACE^. (Plantain Family.) Chiefly acaulescent herbs with one to several-ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous flowers, and the corolla scarious and veinless. 1. PL ANT A GO, Tourn. Plantain. Ribwort. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, each subtended by a bract : corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly rotate : stamens 4 or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla : ovary 2-celled, with one or more ovules in each cell : capsule circumscissile toward the base: scape from the axils of the radical leaves, mostly bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers. * Stamens 4 : /lowers all j)erfect : corolla remaining expanded, never closed over the fruit. Leaves 3 to S-nerved or ribbed, varj/ing from glabrous to pubescent, from lanceo- late to almost rotund.^ 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, rarehj subcordate, several-ribbed: spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex : sepals rotund-ovate or obovate ; the 1 The introduced P. lanceolata, L., may be known by its oblong-lanceolate 3 to 5-ribbed leaves, tapering into a slender uetiole, usually much shorter than the slender and angled 800 PLANTAGINACE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) exterior one and the bract more or less carinate : capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circuinscissile near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. — Introduced to the east, but also native from Lake Superior westward and northward. "Common Plantain." 2. P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of t/ellowish icool at the a-oicii : leaves ohlanceolate to oval-obovate, fleshy-coriaceous, 3 to l-ncrved, 3 to 5 inches long, with a short or stout petiole : spike cylindrical, dense or sometimes sparsely-flowered: sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the midrib: cap- sule ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. — From Colorado to California and northward to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan. -t- Leaves 1 to ^-nerved, silk y- pubescent or lanate,from narrowli/ linear to ohlanceolate. 3. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-lanate or glabrate : leaves acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly denticulate : scape terete, 3 to 12 inches high including the dense spike: flowers heterogo- nous, often cleistogamous : sepals very obtuse : corolla with broad cordate or ovate lobes : filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary and much exserted : in the other forms included. — Dry plains, from the Mississippi westward across the continent. Exceedingly variable, including many forms that have been described as species. The following are the principal forms which abound west of the Mississippi : Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, is the commoner form, canescently villous, the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear or spatulate- lanceolate to nearly filiform : spike very dense. 1 to 4 inches long, varying to capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear -lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid-ovate, hardly longer than the calyx. Var. spinulosa, Gray, is a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts. Var. nuda, Gray, has sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts. - Var. aristata, Gray, is loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. * * Stamens 2: flowers suhdicecious or dioecio-cleistogamous : corolla in the fertile plant remaining closed or closing over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak : leaves linear or flliform. 4. P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves about an inch long and half a line Avide : spike filiform or slender, at length sparse- flowered, ^ to 3 inches long : capsule short-ovoid, about a line long, little exceeding the bract and calyx. — From the Atlantic States west to Nebraska ; also in the Great Basin and Oregon. scape -, its spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense ; the bract and sepals broadly ovate, brownish. — Generally in cultivated fields. "Ripple- or Rib-grass," "English Plantain." NYCTAGINACE^. (FOUR-o'cLOCK FAMILY.) 301 Division III. APETAL^. Floral envelope consisting only of a calyx (often petaloid), or wholly wanting. Order 62. WYCTAGIl^ACEyE. (Four-o'clock Family.) Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, steins tumid at the joint, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1 -celled, 1 -seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort ()f nut-like pericarp ; the stems few, slender and hypogynous; the embryo coiled around outside the mealy albumen. * Involucre calyx-like, 3 to 5-cleft or -iiartcd, 1 to 12-flovvereQl : perianth tubular to funnel- form or campanulate. 1. Mirabilis. Involucre 5-lobed, not changed in fruit. Fruit not angled nor winged, and scarcely or not at all ribbed. Stamens usually 5. 2. Oxybaphus. Involucre 5-lobed, 1 to 5-flowered, in fruit becoming enlarged, thin and reticulated. Fruit several-ribbed or angled. Stamens usually 3. 3. Allionia. Involucre deeply 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Fruit with a double line of tubercles on the back, surrounded by a rigid winged margin, toothed and in flexed. Stamens usually 3. * * Involucre of 5 or more distinct bracts, subtending a many-flowered head. 4. Abronia. Perianth salver-form, including the stamens and style. Fruit wing-angled, 1. MIRABILIS, L. Four-o'clock. Stamens as long as the perianth : filaments united at base. Stigma capitate, granulate. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong. — Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves nearly equal in the pairs: peduncles solitary in the axils or paniculate: flowers nearly sessile in the involucres. * Involucre usualhj ^-flowered: flowers lar(je : calijx long-tahular or funnel form : stamens 4 to 5. 1. M. multiflora, Gray. Stout and spreading : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often somewhat cordate at base but decurrent upon the peti- ole : involucre glabrous, campanulate, .'j-cleft : flowers pale rose-color to purple, with the tube somewhat greenish, to 2 inches long, fruit marked towards the base by ten shallow furrows and as many intermediate dark lines. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 173. From Colorndo to the Rio Grande and westward to 5. California. * * Involucre Z-floicered . forcers rather small: cali/x broad funnelform from a short tube : stamens 3. 2. M. OXybaphoides, Gray. Slender, procumbent, diffuse : leaves all deeply cordate, on rather long petioles, lowest reniform, upper ones acumi- nate : involucre deeply 5-cleft, very viscid-glandular as well as the peduncles in the loose panicle. — S. Colorado and southward. 302 NYCTAGINACE^. (FOUK-o'CLOCK FAMILY.) 2. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Style filiform : stigma capitate. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial roots, and mostly clustered small flowers. Ours all have pubescent fruit and involucres 3 to 5-flowered. 1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Neadj smooth: stem repeatedly forked: leaves all petioled, vari/ing from ovate or somewhat heart-shaped to lanceolate: fruit rather hirsute. — From Illinois, Wisconsin, and the Upper Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. Var. Cervantesii, Gray. Branches and involucres viscid-pubescent or vil- lous : leaves much thicker, cordate or subcordate at base. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 174. S. Colorado and southward. Var. Oblongifolius, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obloncj, not cordate. — Loc. cit. Near Denver and southward. 2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. One foot high, veri/ densely pilose, with long, spreading, articulated hairs: leaves lanceolate, the lower short-petioled : involucre pubesceut-tomeutose : fruit hirsute. — From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and W. Texas. 3. O. angUStifoliuS, Sweet. One to six feet high, glabrous except the peduncles and involucres which are pubescent : leaves linear, usually elongated, glaucous : fruit hoarij-pubescent. — From Iowa and Minnesota to S. Idaho and southward to AV. Texas and Mexico. 3. ALLIONIA, L. Perianth with an oblique 4 to 5-lobed limb. Fruit ovate, compressed, smooth and convex on the inner side. — Annual or perennial herbs, with oppo- site very unetjual leaves, and axillary pedunculate flowers. 1. A. incarnata, L. Stems slender, branching, prostrate: pubescence viscid, short or floccose : leaves ovate : lobes of the involucre concave : peri- anth rose-colored or white. — From S. Colorado to Texas, and westward to S. California. 4. ABRONIA, Juss. Tube of the perianth elongated, and the limb of 5 (or 4) obcordate or emar- ginate segments. Stamens unequal, adnate to the tube. Fruit coriaceous or indurated, 1 to 5-winged, mostly reticulately veined, enclosing a smooth cylindrical akene. — Often prostrate, and usually more or less viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite unequal leaves, and elongated axillary and terminal pedun- cles : flowers usually very fragrant and showy. * Wings (if any) coriaceous, lateral and not completely encircling the fruit. 1 . A. fragrans, Nutt. Stems ascending : leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or more or less cuneate at base : peduncles elongated : bracts of the involucre large, broadly ovate, white and scarious : fruit narrowly 1 to 2-winged, not crested. — From Iowa to Salt Lake Valley and southward to Arizona and New Mexico. ILLBCEBRACEiE. 303 « * Wings membranous^ orbicular, wholly encircling the fruity strongli/ net-ceincd. 2. A. micrautha, Torr. Prostrate : peduncles shorter than the petioles : flowers small and inconspicuous, reddish green, the limb scarcely 2 lines broad : fruit orbicular with 3 thin wings, emargiuate above and below, the bodi/ rather broad and with a light s})ongy exterior. — On the plains from the Saskatchewan to the Arkansas and S- W. Colorado. Often confounded with the next, wliich is of more southern range. 3. A. Cycloptera, Gray. Stouter : flowers large and showy, upon elongated peduncles : fruit with firmer and more prominently veined wing, emarginafe at neither end, the firm smooth narrow bodi/ usually 3 nerved between the wings. — S. Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas. Order 63. ILLECEBRACE^. An order related to both CaryophyllaceoR and Amarantacece, but placed by Bentham and Hooker with the latter. Distinguished from the scari- ous-stipulate CaryophgllacecB by the solitary or sometimes geminate ovules, undivided or 2-cleft style, and one-seeded utricular or akene-like fruit : the petals wholly wanting or reduced to mere filaments ; these and the stamens usually more perigyuous. 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort. Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Stamens 5. — Tufted herbs, with dry and silvery stipules. « Flowers terminal, solitary and sessile. 1. P. pulvinata, Gray. Matted-cespitose from a woody root, forming deHse cushion-like tufts : stipules broadly ovate, entire, pointless : leaves thick, oblong, obtuse, equalling the stipules, and with them densely covering the short stems : flowers immersed among the leaves : sepals oval, awned a little below the apex. — Proc. Phil. Acad. 1863, 58. Alpine. Uinta Mountains, Reeky Mountains of Colorado, and southward. 2. P, sessiliflora, Nutt. Very densely cespitose from a woody root, much branched and crowded, branches very dense : stipules 2-cleft: leaves imbricated, linear-subulate, the lowest erect, obtuse, the upper longer, recurved, spreading, acute or mucronate, longer than the stipules: sepals oblong-linear, with divergent awns rather shorter. — Colorado and northward to the headwaters of the Missouri and the Saskatchewan. * * Flowers in crowded dichotomous cymes. 3. P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Very minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespi- tose, much branched from the base : stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or fietose : leaves longer, linear-subulate, obtuse, about the length of the inter- nodes : cymes few-ttowered, with a central subsessile flower in each division : sepals linear-oblong, with very short cusps. — Fl. i. 170. Colorado. 804 AM AK ANT AGILE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.} Order 64. AIWAKARiTACEiE. (Amaranth Family.) Herbs with entire leaves destitute of stipules, small llowers which are usually subtended by scarious bracts and have a persistent perianth of 1 to 5 more or less scarit)us sepals (sometimes wanting in Acnida), hypogynous stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them or fewer, a 1-celled ovary containing a single ovule, utricnhir in fruit. Flowers perfect or unisexual, solitary or clustered; commonly 3-bracteate. * Anthers 2-ceUed: flowers unisexual: leaves alternate. 1. Amarantns. I'lowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calj x of 3 or 5 (sometimes fewer) sepals. 2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calj-x none in the fertile flowers. * * Anthei's 1-celled : flowers perfect : leaves opposite. 3. Cladothios. Flowers minute, solitary or few in the axils. Filaments united at base into a cup. Densely stellat«-tomentose, with petioiate leaves. 4. Frcelicliia. Flowers spicate. Filaments united into a tube. Hairy or woolly, with sessile leaves. 1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. Sepals distinct or united at base. Stigmas 2 or 3, linear and sessile. Utricle ovate, 2 to 3-beaked, circumscissile. — Annual weeds, with leaves tliin and strongly veined, decurrent upon the slender petiole and apiculate with a short setaceous mucro : flowers green or purplish, in axillary or spiked clusters or spikelets. Staminate flowers usually mingled with the more numerous pistil- late ones. * Sepals distinct, oUong-lanceolate, erect : flowers moncecious. Flowers in naked terminal and axillary mostli/ panicled spikes: sepals 5; stems usualhj stout and erect, with long-petioled leaves. 1. A. retrofleXUS, !«• Roughish and more or less pubescent : dull green, leaves large, orate to rhombic-ovate: flowers green, in thick erect or scarcely spreading crowded spikes : bracts lanceolate, attenuate to a rigid awn. — From Mexico to British America. 2. A. "Wrightii, Watson. Glabrous, erect and slender, reddish : leaves small and thin, on slender petioles, oblong to narrowlij lanceolate : spike erect, narrow, and rather leafy : bracts solitary, subulate, awned as in the last. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 275. Colorado, in the Upper Arkansas Valley, and New Mexico. +- 4- Flowers in very small axillari/ spikes or clusters : sepals 3 : stems low or prostrate, with smaller leaves. 3. A. albus, L. Erect or ascending, diffusely branched from the base : leaves oblong-spatulate to obovate, obtuse or retuse : bracts subulate, rigid, pungentli/ awned, the lateral ones verij much smaller or wanting: sepals slightly shorter than the rugose utricle: seed small, a third of a line broad. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 274. Throughout the United States as an introduced weed, but doubtless indigeuous within our range. AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 305 4. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent : spike- lets usually contracted: bracts ovate-oblong, shortli/ acuminate, nearlij equal: utricle not rugose : seed nearlij a line broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 273. From Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa. Known on the plains as " Rolling " or "Tumble Weed." * * Sepals (5) of the fertile flowers more or less dilated above and spreading, distinct or united at base: flowers sometimes dioecious: perianth deciduous with the fruit. 5. A. Torreyi, Benth. Bracts scarcely as long as the flowers: sepals obovate-spatulate, rounded above and entire or retuse or emarginate ; sepals of the male flowers (which are mingled with the pistillate ones or on distinct plants) oblong-lanceolate, acute. — Amblogyne Torre t/i, Gray. Colorado, New Mexico, and southward. 2. ACNIDA, L. Water-Hemp. Flowers 2 to 3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mucronate- tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong an- tliers ; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers with lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the ovary: stigmas 2 to 5, bristle-awl-shaped. Fruit (in ours) a thin and membranaceous utricle, smooth and even. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or oblong- ovate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flowers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. 1. A. tuberculata, Moq. Stigmas very long, divergent, plumose-hispid. — Montelia tamariscina, Gray. Low grounds and moist sandy shores from Colorado to Vermont. 3. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt. Flowers 3-bracted ; bracts concave, hyaline. Perianth of 5 erect equal oblong rigid-scarious sepals, somewhat pilose with verticillately branched hairs. Anthers large, oblong. Utricle ovate-globose, indehiscent. — Low annual, or erect and woody at base, with small rounded entire petiolate leaves. L C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched : leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, more or less attenuate at base, often in threes : flowers mostly in pairs : sepals twice longer than the broader hairy- tipped bracts. — Bot. Calif, ii. 43. Alternanthera (?) lanuginosa, Torr. From S. California eastward through S. Colorado to Arkansas and Texas. 4. PRCELICHIA, Moench. Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5 cleft at the summit, below 2 to 5- crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehis- cent thin utricle. Tube of filaments bearing 5 oblong anthers and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Herbs with spiked, scarious-bracted flowers. 1. F. Floridana, Moq. Root annual: stem leafless above, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath : spikelets crowded into an in- terrupted spike : calyx very woolly. — Colorado and eastward to Illinois. 20 306 CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Order 65. CHENOPODIACEJE. (Goosefoot Family.) Herbs or shrubs, often succulent or scurfy, usually with simple and alternate leaves, without stipules; the small and sessile commonly clus- tered flowers either naked or with herbaceous (not scarious) bracts, a perianth of 5 or fewer usually herbaceous and persistent sepals ; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite, distinct, with 2-celled anthers; ovary 1 -celled, an akene or utricle in fruit. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Bracts often enclosing the fruit. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 82. § 1. Flowers perfect, without bracts ; the perianth persistent : seed free, mostly with crustaceous testa. * Seeds horizontal (sometimes vertical in Chenopodium). 1. Kochia. Perianth 5-cleft, at length transversely winged, enclosing the fruit. Testa membranous. Perennial, with terete leaves and axillary flowers. 2. Cycloloma. Perianth 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous mem- branaceous wing. Annual, much-branched, with sinuate-toothed petioled leaves and small panicled clusters of sessile flowers. 3. Chenopodium. Perianth usually 5-cleft or -parted, nearly covering the fruit. Sta- mens 5, 1, or none. Annuals, mostly mealy or glandular, with clustered or solitary axillary or terminal flowers. Seeds often vertical. * * Seeds vertical. 4. Monolepis. Sepal 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Fruit naked. Low annuals ; flowers densely clustered in the axils. § 2. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate with 3 to 5-cleft perianth ; the pis- tillate without perianth, enclosed in a pair of more or less united bracts : seed free, vertical. ♦ Bracts compressed : testa mostly coriaceous. 5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate. Radi- cle from inferior to superior. * * Bracts obcompressed, completely united, not muricate : testa membranous. 6. Grayia. Pericarp naked, very entire, orbicular, flattened, wing-margined. Radicle inferior. Flowers dinecions. Shrubby, frequently spinescent, nearly glabrous. 7. Suckleya. Pericarp naked, subhastate, with crested margins and 2-toothed apex. Radicle superior. Flowers monoecious. 8. £urotia. Pericarp conical, densely hairy, turgid, not winged, with a bifid apex. Radi- cle inferior. Flowers dioecious. Low and shrubby, white-tomentose. § 3. Flowers perfect, without bracts : sepals 1 to 3, hyaline, marcescent : pericarp adhe- rent to the vertical seed. 9. Corispermum. Fruit compressed-elliptic, acutely margined, not muricate. Flowers spicate. Low annual. § 4. Flowers mostly perfect, immersed by threes in the depressions of a close cylindrical spike : seeds vertical : fleshy saline plants, with jointed stems and scale-like leaves. 10. Salicornia. Flower-clusters decussately opposite. Perianth saccate, becoming spongy. Branches opposite. § 5. Embrj^o spiral (annular in all other sections) : leaves fleshy, terete : stems not articu- lated. 11. Sarcobatus. Flowers unisexual ; the staminate in aments, without perianth ; the pistillate axillary, solitary, with saccate perianth. Fruit transversely winged. Saline shrub, somewhat spinescent. 12. Suaeda. Flowers perfect, axillary. Perianth 5-cleft or -parted. Saline herbs, or woody at base. CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 307 1. KOCHIA, Roth. Perianth subglobose. Stamens 5, usually exserted. Ovary depressed : styles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranous. — Woody at the base, with scattered linear terete leaves, and the flowers solitary or few in the axils of the virgate leafy stems. 1 . K. Americana, Watson. Branching at base : stems villous-tomen- tose or nearly glabrous : flowers 1 to 3 in the axils, mostly with abortive stamens : perianth densely white-tomentose ; lobes of the membranmis wing cuneate-rounded, nerved and somewhat crenulate : ovary tomentose above. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 93. K. prostrata of American authors. W. Wyoming to N. W. Nevada and southward to Arizona. 2. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Winged Pigweed. Calyx with concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 3. 1. C. platyphyllum, Moq. More or less arachnoid-pubescent; whole plant light green or often deep purple. — From Colorado to the head-waters of the Missouri and eastward to the Mississippi. 3. CHENO PODIUM, L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. Lobes of the perianth usually somewhat keeled or crested, becoming dry, or rarely at length fleshy. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 4. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the seed. — Flowers, when in clusters, in interrupted spikes or pani- cled. Many are introduced weeds. Includes Blitum, Tourn., and Teloxys, Moquin. § \. Not pubescent or glandular, nor aromatic, sometimes somewhat mealy : frmt- ing calyx dry : seed lenticular, horizontal. * Pericarp closely persistent: leaves more or less sinuate-dentate {except in No. 1) : seed large (f line broad). ^ 1. C. Olidum, Watson. Farinose, heavy-scented : leaves rather thick, oblong to ovate, often slightly hastate, entire : flowers ratlier large, in close clusters rather loosely panicled. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 96. New Mexico and Arizona to Colorado and N. Utah. 2. C. hybridum, L. Glabrous throughout or only the inflorescence mealy, rather stout and erect : leaves thin, somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled tvith 2 or Z large teeth on each side : racemes dif- fusely and loosely panicJed : seed with acutish margin. — A very common weed everywhere, but apparently indigenous within our range in the mountains from New Mexico and Colorado to Washington Territory. 3. C. glaucum, L. Glaucous-mealy, low and spreading; upper surface of the leaves smooth : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate : flowers clustered in axillary spikes shorter than the leaves : seed sharp-edged. — Proba- 1 C. album, L., a species introduced everywhere, is mealy and pale, sometimes green, with leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, all or only the lower more or less angulate- toothed. It is usually known as "Pigweed " or " Lamb's Quarters." 308 CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) bly indigenous in Colorado, and on the Saskatchewan ; introduced in the Eastern States. * * Pericarp separating read ili/ from the seed: leaves entire or hastately lobed: seed smaller. 4. C. Premontii, Watson. Erect, slender, more or less mealy : leaves broadly triangular-hastate, truncate or cuneate at base : flowers often small, white-mealy, scattered in small clusters upon the slender open-panicled branchlets, or sometimes more contracted. — Bot. King Exped. 287. New Mexico and Colorado, and westward to S. California. Var. incanum, Watson. Densely farinose, low and rather stout : flowers crowded in close contracted panicles. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 94. Colorado and New Mexico. 5. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or often nearly glabrous : leaves linear, entire : flowers in small dense clusters in dense or interrupted spike- lets. — From the Sierras to Dakota and New Mexico; also along the Atlantic sea-coast. Var. SUbglabrum, Watson. Nearly glabrous, loosely branched and panicled, the clusters few-flowered and scattered on the branchlets. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 95. Sandhills of the Platte. Var. oblongifolium, Watson. Rather stout, densely mealy : leaves oblong, often slightly hastate : flowers in dense clusters in short close spikes. — Loc. cit. Colorado and New Mexico. § 2. More or less glandular-puberulent, aromatic, not mealy : seed very small, not exceeding the dry perianth, horizontal. 6. C. COrnutum, Benth. & Hook. Diffusely branched: leaves thin, lanceolate, repand-dentate or coarsely sinuate-piunatifid : flowers minute and solitary, axillary and terminal upon the repeatedly dichotomous nearly naked branches : calyx resinous-dotted. — Teloxys cornuta, Torr. From S. E. Cali- fornia to Arizona, Colorado, and Northern Mexico. § 3. Glabrous : calyx becoming more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored : seed subghbose, mostly vertical: flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes. 7. C. rubrum, L. Stout, erect, branching : leaves triangular-hastate to lanceolate, cuneate at base, sparingly sinuate-dentate, the upper narrowly lanceo- late and entire : flower-clusters densely spicate upon the leafy branchlets : sepals 2 to 5, rather fleshy: stamens 1 or 2, or 5 in the terminal flowers. — Blitum maritimum, Nutt. B. polymorphum, C. A. Meyer. B. rubrum, Reich. From New Mexico northward, Avestward to California, and eastward. Var. humile, Watson. Smaller, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to lanceolate, often hastate, much smaller (an inch long or less), rarely toothed: flowers in axillary or somewhat spicate clusters. — Bot. Calif, ii. 48. Colo- rado to Nevada and Washington Territory. 8. C. capitatum, Watson. Similar, but with leaves more broadly trian- gular, often somewhat hastate, more acutely sinuate-toothed : flower-clusters large, in interrupted terminal naked spikes and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx becoming fleshy in fruit, and the clusters red and berry-like. — Bot. CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 309 Calif, ii. 48. Blitum capitatum, L. From New Mexico to Washington Ter- ritory and the Saskatchewan, also eastward. Sometimes called " Strawberry Elite." 4. MONOLEPIS, Schrad. Flowers polygamous. The single sepal becoming dry in fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical flattened seed. — Low saline annuals, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small alternate petioled fleshy leaves. 1 . M. chenopodioides, Moq. Branched from the base : leaves lanceo- late-hastate or sometimes narrowly spatulate, eiitire or sparingly sinuate-den- tate, cuneate or attenuate at base ; lower petioles elongated : flower-clusters often reddish : pericarp fleshy, becoming dry and minutely pitted. — From Arizona to N. E. California, the Saskatchewan, and Texas. 5. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. Staminate floAvers without bracts. The erect bracts of the pistillate flowers becoming enlarged and enclosing the fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp thin and membranous. — Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scurfy : leaves rarely opposite : flowers usually clustered, axillary or in simple or panicled spikes, the sexes distinct or mingled in the clusters. — Ohione, Moquin. For satisfactory determination of the species well-matured fruiting bracts are necessary. * Annuals, somewhat succulent and mealij : leaves triangular-hastate, large: bracts nearlij distinct, triangular or hastate, foliaceous-margined. 1. A. patula, L. Dark green : leaves lanceolate-hastate, the lower ones opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear : flowers in naked and usually somewhat interrupted spikes, tlie lower clusters axillary : fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, united at base, with a broad herbaceous entire or toothed margin. — Across the con- tinent in salt or brackish localities. Very variable, the following varieties being the best defined within our range. Var. hastata, Gray. The lower leaves at least broadly triangular-hastate, entire or toothed with shallow sinuses. — Ranging southward to Central Colorado. Var. subspicata, Watson. A low form, usually quite scurfy: leaves lanceolate-hastate, ^ to 1 inch long. — Rangipg farther north than the last, from the Missouri to the Saskatchewan. * * Annuals, not succulent, meali/ or scurf ij : leaves smaller: bracts more or less united, not triangular or hastate, nor greatly enlarged. Bracts ovate, entire and not foliaceous nor appendaged. 2. A. Endolepis, Watson. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sessile, entire : male flowers in short terminal and axillary spikes, lobes, of the calyx with a fleshy crest upon the back ; pistillate flowers solitary in the lower axils, ses- sile: bracts pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 110. Upper Missouri and head-waters of the Yellowstone. 310 CHENOPODIACEJG. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) H- Bracts sma ll, ovate-oblong, truncate, usually few-toothed. 3. A. saccaria, Watson. Low (3 to 5 inches high), diffusely branched, densely scurfy : leaves subcordate-ovate, very shortly petioled or sessile : flowers axillary : bracts pedicelled and often deflexed, the truncate summit entire or suberose. — Loc. cit. 112. S. Wyoming (Dr. Graij). 4. A. Wolfii, Watson. Low, branching, scurfy-canescent and reddish : leaves linear, sessile : flowers very small, in androgynous axillary clusters : bracts sessile, 3-toothed. — Loc. cit. Central Colorado ( Wolf). •»- -I- H- Bracts orbicular, tooth-crested, with an acuminate foliaceous apex. 5. A. Powellii, Watson. Erect, slender, grayish : leaves lanceolate, entire or subdenticulate : flowers androgynous, axillary : bracts with a broad terminal entire lobe, the margin below it gash-toothed, the sides doubly or triply tooth-crested. — Loc. cit. S. W. Colorado and Arizona. •4- •»- Bracts rhombic- orbicular, indurated, usually conspicuously appendaged and the foliaceous margin toothed and undulate: leaves triangular and subhas- tate, the lower opposite. 6. A. argentea, Nutt. Diffusely branched and leafy, grayish scurfy or nearly glabrous : leaves petioled : male spikes short and dense : bracts shortly- pedicelled. — Obione argentea. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and N. E. California. 7. A. expansa, Watson. Like the last, but stouter, more divaricately and distantly branched, with thinner leaves, sessile, and the male spikes elongated, slender and leafless toward the apex. — Loc. cit. 116. S. Colorado and New Mexico to S. California. * * * Perennials, shrubby, densely appressed-scurfy. •f- Bracts with a toothed margin and the sides muricate. 8. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Branching from the shrubby base : leaves oblong-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, entire : bracts ovate, strongly con- vex, united, the sides more or less crested. — Loc. cit. 116. A. canescens, Nutt. Obione canescenb, Moq. From Colorado to N. Nevada and the Sas- katchewan. -t- Bracts with free dilated entire margins, thick and scurfy, and the sides not muricate. 9. A. confer tifolia, Watson. Diffusely-branched, somewhat spinescent : leaves ovate to obovate, cuneate at base, entire : flower clusters small, axillary : bracts cuneate-orbicular, united at base. — Loc. cit. 119. Obione confertl folia, Torr. From S. Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico and southward. H- 4- ^- Bracts connate 0nd indurated, not scurfy or muricate, with 4 distinct broadly dilated wings. 10. A. canescens, James. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear, entire : flowers mostly dioecious, in panicled spikes : the bracts form- ing a thick and indurated body, shortly pedicellate and with a narrow bifid apex, the broad wings somewhat decurrent upon the pedicel. — Watson, loc. cit. 120. From N. Nevada to Colorado, New Mexico, and S. California. CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 311 6. GRAYIA, Hook. & Am. Calyx mostly 4-parte(l. Bracts with a small naked orifice at the apex, net- veined. — Slightly scurfy or mealy undershrubs : leaves alternate, entire : flowers small, in axillary clusters or terminal spikes. 1. G. polygaloides, Hook. & Am. Erect, I to 3 feet high, the branches frequentlij spinescent: leaves glabrous or at first with the young branches some- what mealy, oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate : staminate flowers in axillary clusters ; the pistillate mostly spicate : fruiting bracts glabrous, emarginate, white or pinkish, adherent below to the pedicel of the ovary : styles slender, at first exserted. — On alkaline soil eastward of the Sierras from the Columbia to Wyoming, Utah, and S. E. California. 2. G. Brandegei, Gray. Lower and unarmed, more mealy : leaves linear- spatulate : fruiting bracts smaller, slightly mealy, re^ase at base, sometimes 3-winged ; wings somewhat undulate : ovary sessile, style short, included. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. S. W. Colorado. 7. SUCKLEYA, Gray. An annual, with branching prostrate stems, suborbicular leaves on long petioles, and flowers in axillary clusters. 1. S. petiolaris, Gray. Leaves acutely repand-dentate, pale green on both sides, nearly glabrous : bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid : male flowers tetramerous. — Obione Suckleyana, Torr. Near Denver {Meehan). 8. EUROTIA, Adamson. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens with slender exserted filaments. Styles 2, some- what hairy, exserted. — Stellately tomentose undershrubs : leaves entire : flowers in small axillary and somewhat spicate clusters. 1. E. lauata, Moq. White-tomentose throughout: leaves linear to nar- rowly lanceolate, with revolute margins : calyx-lobes hairy : fruiting bracts lanceolate, nearly covered by four dense spreading tufts of long silvery-white hairs, and beaked above with two short horns. — From New Mexico to Oregon and the Saskatchewan. Known as " White Sage " or " Winter Fat." 9. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. Bug-seed. Perianth usually of one sepal, erose or lacerate at the apex. Stamens 1 to 5, unequal. — Low, branching, pale green : leaves sessile, mostly narrow : flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of reduced bracts. 1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat floccose- or villous-pubescent, at least when young : leaves linear, cuspidate : spikes short and close, becoming more or less elongated: central stamen longest, the lateral ones partly de- veloped or wanting. — From New Mexico to the Arctic regions, and from California to the Great Lakes. 312 CHENOPODIACEiE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 10. SALICOHNIA, Tourn. Glasswort. Samphire. Calyx a fleshy rhomboidal gac with an anterior opening, adherent by a nar- row line to the rhachis. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted in flower. Styles 2 or 3, short. — Low flesliy leafless saline plants, mostly herbaceous : spikes cylindrical. I. S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading, green: spike very thick and fleshy : scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the joints of stem or elongated spike. — In salt marshes from Colorado and Utah to the Saskatchewan and along the Atlantic coast. 11. SARGOBATUS, Nees. Greasewood. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without bracts. Stamens 2 to 5, irregu- larly arranged under a stipitate peltate scale ; anthers fleshy. Perianth adhe- rent at the contracted somewhat 2-lipped apex to the base of the stigmas, laterally margined by a narrow erect slightly 2-lobed border, which at length becomes a broad circular horizontal membranous veined wing. Style lateral, terminated by two thick exserted unequal stigmas. — A rigidly and divaricately branched shrub : leaves linear. 1. S. vermiculatUS, Torr. Erect and scraggy, 2 to 8 feet high, leafy; branches with a smooth white bark : staminate spikes terminal, the persistent scales spirally arranged, rhombic ovate. — Common in the Great Basin, and to the Upper Missouri, head-waters of the Platte, and southward. The com- monest of the several shrubs called " Greasewood." 12. SU^DA, Forskal. Sea Elite. Flowers minutely bracteolate. Lobes of the calyx unappendaged or more or less strongly keeled or crested, or at length somewhat winged. Testa shining, black, and crustaceous. — Flowers axillary along the branches, clus- tered or solitary, sessile. * Herbaceous annuals. 1. S. diffusa, Watson. Erect, diffusely branching: leai'es siibterete ; the floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets : clusters 2 to 4-flowered : califx cleft to below the middle, not carinate or appendaged. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 88. S. maritima of Bot. King Exped. From the Upper Missouri to California, Mexico, and Texas. 2. S. depressa, Watson. Low and mostly decumbent, branching from the base : leaves linear, broadest at base; the floral ones oblong- to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, rather crowded on the branchlets : calyx cleft to the middle, one or more of the lobes strongly carinate or crested. — Bot. King Exped. 294. From Colo- rado to Nevada and the Saskatchewan. Var. erecta, Watson. Erect, with very narrow leaves and narrower bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 90. S. maritima of Fl. Colorado. Same range as the type, but extending into S. California. » * Woody-based perennials. 3. S. Torreyana, Watson. Erect, with herbaceous leafy branches : leaves linear, subterete, the floral ones similar : calyx rather large, deeply cleft : seed finely tuberculate. — Loc. cit. 68. S. fruticosa of Bot. King Exped. From N. Colorado to Nevada, S. California, and Mexico. POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 313 Order 66. POLYGONACE^. (Buckwheat Family.) Herbs, with alternate and entire leaves, or sometimes verticillate, and stipules in the form of slieaths above the swollen joints of the stem or none ; flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect seed ; stamens mostly 4 to 9. Flowers rather small, the perianth of 3 to 6 segments, the inner ones or all usually petaloid ; fruit an akene. * Flowers involucrate : stamens 9 : styles 3, with cajntate stigmas : herbs or woody at base, with alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules. 1. £riog:onum« Involucre several-flowered, with 4 to 8 pointless teeth. Flowers ex- serted. Akene mostly 3-angled. Annuals or perennials. 2. Oxytheca. Involucre few-flowered, herbaceous, with 3 to 5 straight acute or usually awiied lobes. Flowers on exserted pedicels. Akene lenticular. Bracts temate. Annuals. « « Flowers without involucre : stamens 4 to 8 : stjles 2 or 3 : herbs with alternate leaves and scarious sheathing stipules ; juice usually acid, acrid or pungent. 3. Oxyria. Sepals 4, the outer smaller and spreading. Stigmas 2, tufted. Akene orbicu- lar-winged. Leaves reniform. 4. Knxnex. Sepals 6, the outer spreading, the inner enlarging and appressed to the trian- gular akene. Stigmas 3, tufted. 6. Polygoniim. Sejials 4 to 6, equal, appressed to the triangular or lenticular akene. Styles 2 or 3 : stigmas capitate. 1. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Involucre campanulate, turbinate or oblong. Perianth 6-parted, colored, enclosing the akene. — Herbaceous or somewhat woody, with radical or alter- nate or verticillate leaves. § 1 . Involucres more or less broadli/ turbinate, not nerved or angled, 4 to 8-toothed or lohed: bracts foliaceous, rarely some\chat temate. * Al:enes membranoush/ winged. 1. E. alatum, Torr. Loosely silky-villous throughout, or the leaves nearly glabrous except on the margin and midrib : leaves alternate, long, ob- lanceolate : involucres pedunculate, solitary, with 5 erect teeth : flowers a line long, yellow, nearly glabrous, abrupt at base : akene winged the whole length. — From Arizona and Texas to Nebraska. * * AJcenes not winged. -I- Flowers glabrous. 2. E. umbellatum, Torr. Tomentose: leaves glabrate above or gla- brous, oblanceolate or spatulate : involucres deeply lobed ; lobes becoming reflexed : umbel simple, of 2 to 10 riaked mys, on naked {ravel >/ 1-bracted) pedun- cles. — From Colorado to Oregon and California. Var. monocephalum, Tom & Gray. A reduced dwarf alpine form, the naked or bracteate peduncle bearing a solitary involucre : leaves small. 3. E. heracleoides, Nutt. Similar, but the peduncle nsualli/ verticillate- bracted : leaves narrower, mostly somewhat revolute or undulate: umbel 6- (1-11-) 314 POLYGON ACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) rayed, usually some or all of the rays once or twice divided. — From Colorado to Nevada and Washington Territory. •«- ■»- Flowers not (jlabrous. ++ Leafy : flowers not attenuate at base. 4. E. salsuginosum, Hook. Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, di- or trichotomously divided : leaves spatulate-oblauceolate, the bracts becoming linear : involucres divided : flowers pubescent, yellow : sepals narrow, closely appressed to the acutely triangular glabrous akene. — From S. W. Colorado to Utah and W. Wyoming. ++ ++ Naked or nearly so : floicers attenuate at base. = Bracts conspicuous : akenes glabrous or nearly so. 5. E. Jamesii, Benth, Rather slender, herbaceous, with branching cau- dex, a foot high or less, white-tomentose : leaves and bracts oblong-oblanceolate, the latter shortly petiolate : involucres solitary, sessile, with 5 erect teeth, on a naked peduncle: flowers tchitish, silky. — Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Var. flavescens, Watson. Stouter : flowers yellow or yellowish. — Dis- tinguished from the next by the strictly solitary sessile involucres. 6. E. flavum, Nutt. Tomentose throughout, a span high or less: leaves oblanceolate : umbel of 3 to 9 rays, simple, on a naked peduncle: flowers yellow, very silky. — Colorado to Washington Territory and the Saskatchewan. 7. E. CSespitOSUm, Nutt. Dwarf densely matted : leaves ovate- to oblong- spatulate, tomentose on both sides : involucres solitary on naked peduncles : flowers yellow, pubescent. — From Wyoming to Nevada. 8. E. sphserocephalum, Dougl. Similar, but larger and much more diffused : leaves linear -spatulate, often revolute : peduncles with a whorl of ob- lanceolate bracts sometimes subtending a 2 to 4-rayed umbtfl, the lateral rays also bracteate : flowers yellow, pubescent. — Nevada and California to Wash- ington Territory, and extending thence eastward into Montana. = = Bracts small: akenes densely villous. 9. E, acaule, Nutt. Very dwarf and densely matted and tomentose : leaves croicded, oblong : peduncles naked, ^ inch high, bearing a head of I to 5 nearly sessile involucres: flowers pubescent. — S. W. Colorado to S. Idaho. 10. E. lachnogynum, Torr. Cespitose and densely tomentose: leaves oblong-lanceolate : the slender naked peduncle a foot high, sparingly dichotomous al)Ove : involucres solitary, sessile or long pedunculate : floicers densely tomen- tose.— S. Colorado and New Mexico. § 2 Involucres campanulate or short-turbinate, not nerved or angled, with 5 rounded erect teeth, pedunculate in diffuse repeatedly di- or trichotomous panicles : bracts not foliaceous, all ternate : flowers not attenuate at base : ovary glabrous. * Leaves tomentose. -t- Stems simple, leafy, naked above. 11. E. annuum, Nutt. Tall and stout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or oblong, attenuate to a short petiole, mostly flat : inflorescence cymose : involu- cres densely white-tomentose : flowers white : sepals very unequal, the outer oblong-obovate. — Colorado to Texas and Mexico. POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 315 H- Branching : leaves radical or at least the peduncles leafless. ++ Densely white-tomentose. 12. E. tenellum, Torr. Tall : braDches of the woody caudex short and crowded or elongated : leaves ovate or rounded, tomentose on both sides : inflorescence rather sparingly branched, glabrous : flowers white or pinkish : outer sepals broadly obovate or orbicular, the inner linear-oblong. — S. Colo- rado to Texas and Mexico. ++ -M- Glabrous: involucres turbinate-campanulate. 13. E. eernuum, Nutt. Leaves hroadb] ovate, acute: pedicels deflexed : outer sepals oblong or broader above, retiise. — New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. 14. E. reniforme, Torr. Low and slender : leaves reniform or cordate- orbicular, densely white-tomentose on both sides : bracts smooth, the margins ciliate : pedicels long and flliform, rareli/ deflexed, all in the forks or termi- nating the branches : flowers rose-colored, glabrous. — S. W. Colorado to S. California. 15. E. Thomasii, Torr. Low and very slender: leaves rounded and ovate, small : bracts minute, glabrous : pedicels as in the last : flowers yellowish, often reddish, slightly hispid or glabrous : outer sepals often much dilated below. — S. W. Colorado to S. California. * * Leaves not tomentose. -I- Leaves all radical or nearly so. 16. E. inilatum, Torr. Glabrous, diffusely branching, the stem and internodes often inflated : leaves rounded, usually cordate and mostly undulate, pubescent : flowers yellowish, pubescent. — S. W. Colorado to Arizona, Nevada, and S. California. 17. E. Gordoni, Benth. A similar species, but glabrous throughout, or the petioles slightly pubescent : flowers glabrous, light rose-color. — Colorado. 18. E. glandulOSUm, Nutt. Beset with short-stipitate glands: leaves small, obovate, somewhat villous : involucres glabrous : flowers slightly hispid. — Collected by Dr. Gambel in Colorado or New Mexico. Leaves developed at the nodes in the axils of ordinary triangular bracts. 19. E. divaricatuin, Nutt. Low, grayish-pubescent, branching from the base, branches terete : leaves thickish, all rounded or the upper oblong, petiolulate : involucres very small and few-flowered : flowers whitish, mi- nutely glandular : sepals nearly equal. — W. Wyoming to S. W. Colorado. § 3. Involucres cylindric-turbinate, more or less strongly 5 to G-nerved, and often becoming costate or angled, with as many short erect teeth, sessile in heads or clusters, or scattered in cymes or along virgate panicled branches : bracts ternate, connate at base, more or less rigid : flowers not attenuate at base. * Outer sepals broad and somewhat cordate, the inner much narrower: ovary scabrous above. 20. E. ovalifolium, Nutt. Low, densely tomentose and cespitose, with a short closely branched caudex : leaves round or rarely oblong : bracts very small : involucres in a single close head : flowers rose-colored, white, or yel- low : outer sepals oblong, becoming orbicular, the inner spatulate, often retuse. — From Colorado to N. California and British America. 316 POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, * * Sepals similar and nearly equal: akenes smooth or nearlij so. Involucres capitate, heads solitary/ : dwarf and cespitose, alpine or subalpine, densel y ivhite-tomentose. 21. E. pauciflorum, Nutt. Caudex short-branched : tomentose through- out, or the linear-ohlanceolate revolute leaves glabrous above : involucres broadly turbinate, nearly glabrous, thin, ivith broad somecchat scarious teeth : Jiowers white, glabrous. — Colorado. 22. E. chrysocephalum. Gray. Caudex more diffusely branched, woody : tomentose throughout, the narrowly oblanceolate leaves sometimes gla- brate above : involucres narrower and rather more Jirm, .shortly toothed, somewhat tomentose : Jiowers yellow, glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. Wahsatch Mountains. 23. E. multiceps, Nees. Rather diffusely branched at base, densely white-tomentose throughout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate : involucres rigid, narrowly turbinate, with very short teeth: Jiowers rose-colored, pubescent. — Ne- braska to Colorado. Involucres mostly solitary, in a repeatedly di- or trichofomous corymb-like cyme. 24. E. mierotheeum, Nutt. Low and rather slender, woody and diffusely much-branched, leafy below, more less white-tomentose : leaves usually narrow, revolute, becoming glabrate above : involucres often peduncu- late: inner sepals emarginate. — Prom Nebraska to New Mexico, the Sierra Nevada, and Oregon. Var. efiFuSUm, Torr. & Gray. With very diffuse and repeatedly divided inflorescence. — More common eastward. 25. E. COrymbOSUm, Benth. Stouter and more rigid, usually densely tomentose : leaves broader and less revolute : umbel stiff and broadly cymose : involucres mostly sessile. — Including mierotheeum, var. Fendlerianum, Benth. Same range as last. 26. E. brevicaule, Nutt. Less woody and more shortly branched at base, glabrous or glabrate above the white-tomentose base: leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a very short petiole, often revolute, sometimes gla- brate above : flowers yellow. — Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico. -(- -t- H- Involucre sessile and solitary upon the Jew strict branches oj the once or twice Jorked panicle. 27. E. racemosum, Nutt. White-tomentose, sparingly or not at all branched at base, stout, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves large, ovate to oblong, on long petioles : lower bracts somewhat foliaceous : involucres approximate, tomentose : flowers white or rose-colored. — S. W. Colorado to Utah and New Mexico. 2. OXYTHECA, ^^"utt. Plowers, bracteoles, etc., as in Eriogonum. — Slender diffusely branched (re- peatedly dichotomous) annuals, the slender internodes more or less covered with small stipitate glands : leaves rosulate at the base : segments of the glandular-pubescent perianth similar and equal. 1. O. dendroidea, Nutt. A foot high or less, the scape-like stem OLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 317 usually 1 or 2 inches high : leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute : bracts un- equal: involucres in the forks on slender pedicels, the I'est more nearly ses- sile: flowers light rose-color. — From Wyoming to Nevada. 3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Sorrel. Flowers perfect. The two inner sepals erect, appressed, and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 6. — Perennial alpine and arctic herbs, erect, with long- petioled round-reniform mostly radical leaves, and small obliquely truncate sheaths : flowers small and greenish, in narrowly panicled racemes. 1. O. digyna, Campdera. Rather stout and fleshy, .3 to 18 inches high, glabrous : flowers in scarious-bracted fascicles, on short capillary pedicels : sepals often reddish, the outer narrower and carinate. — At high altitudes in cold wet places among rocks throughout the northern hemisphere. 4. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. Inner sepals somewhat colored and becoming reticulated {valves) in fruit. Stamens 6. — Coarse perennial herbs : stems leafy, with obliquely truncate cylindrical naked sheaths : flowers small, fascicled or verticillate in paniculate racemes. § 1. Flowers perfect or polygamous : valves enlarged , often hearing a grain-like callositij on the back : leaves never hastate, pinnately many-veined, rarely very acid. — Docks. * Valves ichollii ivifhout grains, mostly very large (3 lines long or more), entire or denticulate : pedicels long, jointed near the base: glabrous. 1. R. venosus, Pursh. Stems erect, a foot high or less, from running rootstocks, stout and leafy, with conspicuous dilated stipules : leaves on short but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 3 6 inches long, only the lowest acute or somewhat cordate at base : panicle nearly sessile, shoH, dense in fruit: valves entire, cordate orbicular with a deep sinus, 9 12 lines in diameter, bright rose-color. — From Colorado and Nevada to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan. 2. R. OCCidentalis, Watson. Tall and rather slender, often 3 to 6 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lowest sometimes ovate, usually narroicing gradually upward from the truncate somewhat cordate base, not decurrent on the slender often elongated petiole, often a foot long or more : panicle narrow, elon- gated, nearly leafless: valves broadly cordate, ivith a very shallow sinus, 3 Hues in diameter, often denticulate near the base. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 253. R. longifolius of authors, not of DC. From New Mexico and Colorado to Labrador and Alaska. * * Valves smaller, one or more of them grain-bearing. 3. R. salicifolius, Weinman. Slender, often low, 1 to 5 feet high, usu- ally branching and decumbent at base, glabrous: leaves narrowly or linear- lanceolate, or the lowest oblung, 3 to 6 inches long, attenuate into a short pcti- o'e, not undulate, glaucous: panicle usually open, the flowers crowded upon the branches : valves ovate-rhomhoidal to broadly deltoid, entire or denticulate, usually with very large callosities. — Across the continent and northward to Alaska. 318 POLYGON ACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.]) 4. R. maritimus, L. Simple or diffusely branched, the low stems erect or procumbent, mimiteh] pubescent : leaves linear lanceolate, usually truncate or cordate at base, 1 to 4 inches long, mostly on short petioles, somewhat wavy- margined: flowers in numerous dense verticils along the slender branches : valves ovate-lanceolate, icith 2 or 3 long-awned teeth on each side, all (jrain-bearing. — From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. § 2. Flowers diaicious or polygamous in naked panicles : valves not grain-bearing : leaves often hastate, sjmringly veined : stems erect and slender, glabrous.^ 5. R. paucifolius, Nutt. Roots thickened : leaves narrowly to linear- lanceolate, or the lowest broader, attenuate to a slender petiole, not very acid : flowers reddish, in loose fascicles ; pedicels filiform, jointed at base : valves enlarged in fruit, cordate-ovate, entire, twice longer than the akene. — From Utah and Montana to the Sierra Nevada and Washington Territory. 5. POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed. Flowers perfect. — Annual or perennial leafy herbs, rarely Avoody at base : sheaths naked, ciliate, or foliaceous-margined : flowers small, in axillary, spi- cate, or racemose fascicles. § \. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate ivith foliaceous bracts : leaves and bracts jointed upon a eery short petiole adnate to the naked 2-lobed or lacerate sheath : perianth 5 to 6-parted, more or less herbaceous, close-appressed to the akene: stamens 3 to 8, the three inner filaments broad at base: styles 3 : akene triangular. — Avicularia. * Flowers in the axils of leaves or in loose virgate spikes : sepals herbaceous or colored only on the margin. +- Branches leafy to the summit: sheaths short and mostly scarious, at length lacerate.^ 1. P. erectum, L. Rather stout, erect or ascending, glabrous, usually tinged with yellow : leaves oblong or oval : flowers often yellowish, on more or less ex- serted pedicels : sepals and stamens 5, rarely 6 : akene very broadly ovate to lanceolate, dull and granular to nearly smooth and shining. — From Colorado to Nevada and Oregon and the Eastern States. 2. P. minimum, Watson. Very low and slender, ascending, rarely 6 inclics high, usually more or less scabrous-puberulent : stems nearly terete, reddish: leaves ovate to oblong, sometimes all narrowly lanceolate : flowers in all the axils, usually small, erect on slender exserted pedicels, often tinged with rose- color: stamens 5 to 8 : akene smooth and shining. — Bot. King Exped. 315. P. Torreyi, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 664. From the Wahsatch and Uiutas to California and Oregon. » R. Acetosella, L., is the common "Sorrel" of fields and gardens, spread everywhere from Europe. It can be distinguished from R. jxmciflorus by its slender running roots, more hastate and very acid leaves with the lobes often toothed at base, pedicels very short and jointed at the top, and the valves not enlarged nor exceeding the small akene. 2 P. avicvlare, L., may be known by its prostrate or spreading habit, sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves, dull broadly ovate akene which is minutely granular under a lens. — Intro- duced from Europe and growing everywhere about yards and roadsides. Variously called " Knot-grass," Goose-grass," or " Door-weed." POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 319 -•- -t- Branches slender and virgate, angled, terminating in more or less open spikes, the narrow leaves diminishing upward and becoming bract-like. 3. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending, usuallij 2 to 4 feet high, often branching only above, glabrous, the whole plant yellowish : sheaths loose, becoming lacerate to the base: leaves lanceolate to linear: flowers and fruit as iu P. erectitm, the sepals more frequently 6, stamens 3 to 6, and akene usually smooth and shining. — From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. 4. P. tenue, Michx. Erect and slender, ^ to \\feet high, glabrous and t someivhat glaucous, sometimes slightli/ scabrous at the nodes: sheaths with a close somewhat herbaceous base, sparinglij scarious and lacerate above: leaves linear to lanceolate, usually much reduced above : flowers often solitary and usually dis- tant, soon reflexed, the sepals margined with white or rose-color : stamens 8 : akenes ovate, black and shining. — From Arizona to British Columbia and eastward across the continent. The following varieties occur in the Kocky Mountains : — Var. latifolium, Engelm. With broader leaves and more numerous flowers. Var. microspermum, Engelm. A low slender form, with minute flowers and fruit. * * Low and slender : fowers in short dense spikes, with imbricated bracts : sepals colored: leaves linear. 5. P. imbrieatum, Nutt. Stem l to 8 inches high, smooth or slightly scabrous at the nodes, often diffusely branched : sheaths rather large, 2-parted or lacerate above the short scarious base : bracts with sometimes a scarious m.irgin : flowers nearly sessile, rose-colored or white : stamens 3 or 5 : akene minutely tuberculate striate or smoothish. — Alpine and subalpine, from Colo- rado to California and Oregon. It has usually been referred to P. coarctatum. § 2. Flowers fascicled, in usually dense spikes, with small scarious bracts : leaves not jointed on the petiole: sheaths cylindrical and truncate, scarious, entire, naked or ciliate-fringed or margined: perianth colored, ^-parted, appressed to the lenticular or triangular akene: stamens 4 to S; f laments filiform. — Persicaria. * Sheaths and bracts not ciliate nor fringed: sepals not punctate: style 2-cleff, and akene flattened or lenticular. G. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem l to 3 feet high, smooth below, the branches above and especially the peduncles beset with bristly-stalked glands: leaves lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins : spikes oblong, obtuse, erect, thick: flowers bright rose-color: stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted. — Colorado and eastward to the Atlantic States. 7. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous, the pedun- cles, etc. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands: leaves rough on the margins and midrib, elongated-lanceolate : spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender: flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color shading to white: stamens 6 and styles 2, both included. — Colorado and eastward to tlie Atlantic States. 8 P, lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch. Lower, with shorter and less pointed leaves, wA/t A are lanceolate, obtuse, and white-downy beneath: 820 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate : spikes skoTter, oblong and blunt. — In the Wahsatch, on the Saskatchewan, and eastward to New York. Rare. 9. P. nodosum, Pers. Offen stout, 1 to 4 feet high, branching, most!// gla- brous, often sparingly and minutely glandular on the peduncles : leaves rather narrowly lanceolate, aineate at base and shortlg petioled, somewhat scabrous with short prickly hairs on the midrib and margins: spikes axillary and termi- nal, oblong and erect or often linear and nodding : flowers white or light rose- color: stamens 6 and stijles 2, included. — Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona, California, and Oregon. 10. P. amphibium, L. Aquatic, stout and glabrous or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base : leaves floating, thick, smooth and shining above, usuallg long-pet ioled, elliptical to lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base : sheaths leaf-bearing at about the middle : spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong, ^ to \ inch long, on a usually short peduncle : flowers bright rose-color : the 5 sfamens and 2-cleft stijle exserted. — Prom the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. In shallow water or on muddy banks the stems become erect, the petioles shorter, and the whole plant more strigose-pubescent. 11. P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. In muddg or dry places, scabrous with short appressed or glandular haij's, especially upon the leaves and upper part of the simple stem : leaves thinner and longer, rather broadly lanceolate, nar- rowly acuminate, usually rounded or cordate at base : spikes more elongated, 3 inches long, often in pairs : flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. — P. am- phibium, var. terrestre, of Gray's Manual. Across the continent. * * Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths sometimes foliaceously margined. 12. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Closely allied to the two preceding species, growing usually in the mud, the ascending stems rooting at the base and very leafy, more or less rough hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts : leaves rather narrow, on very short petioles, not punctate, adnate to the middle of the sheath : floivers bright rose-color : sepals not glandular-dotted : style 2-clcft, and akene somewhat flattened. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 294. Prom California and Utah eastward through the Northern States. 13. P. Hydropiper, L. Smooth, l to 2 feet high, juice very acrid: leaves punctate: spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted: flowers mostly greenish: sepals conspicuoxisly dotted: stamens 6: style 2 to 3-pajted : akene dull, minutely striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. — Ranging across the continent northward, where it is probably indigenous. § 3. Glabrous alpine or subalpine herbs, icith thick creeping rootsfocks and simple stems : flowers in dense spike-like racemes : leaves not jointed on the petiole : sheaths obliquely truncate, naked, as loell as the scarious ovate or lanceolate bracts: perianth colored, deeply 5-cleft, at length appressed to the triangular akene: stamens 8, with flliform fllaments : styles 3, long. — Bistorta. 14. P. Bistorta, L. Stems a foot or two high : leaves few, the radical ones on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, the cau- line much reduced, mostly obtuse at base and sessile upon the sheath, the margin often slightly revolute : flowers rose-colored to white, on slender pedi- cels, in very dense ovate to oblong spikes and usually long-peduncidate : stamens EL^AGNACE^. S21 and styles exserted : akene smooth and shining. — Throughout the northern hemisphere ; frec^uent in meadows and on stream-banks in the mountains. The leaves vary much, from cordate and oblong (var. obi ongi folium, Meisn.) to very narrow and attenuate at base (var. linearifoliumy Watson). 15. P. viviparum, L. A similar species, but mostly dtvarf and more exclusively alpine : flowers smaller, nearlj sessile in linear spikes 1 to 3 inches long, at least the lower ones replaced bi/ sessile bulblets a line long. — Same range as the last. § 4. Herbs with fibrous roots, ^nostly twining or climbing, and with cordate or sagittate leaves : flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters : perianth green with colored margins, 5-parted, erdarging or keeled in fruit: stamens mostly 8: stiles or stigmas 3.1 — Tinaria. 16. P. dumetorum, L., var. seandens, Grav. Smooth, twining high over bushes, with cordate or slightly halberd-shaped acute leaves, and flowers in slender axillary sparingly leafy racemes : perianth long-attenuate to the slender reflexed pedicel ; the outer sepals strongly winged upon the keel : akene acutely triangular. — From the Atlantic States to the Upper Missouri, Colorado, and Washington Territory. Oeder 67. EL.J3AG1VACE7E. Shrubs, the foliage scurfy throughout with scarious silvery or brown scales, with regular flowers perfect or dioecious, the perianth herbaceous or colored within, its tube lined with a prominent disk bearing the stamens, enclosing the 1 -celled ovary, and becoming pulpy or spongy without and bony within ; fruit a membranous akene, closely covered by tlie drupe-like calyx-tube. Flowers solitary or variously clustered in the axils of the branchlets. 1. Elseagrnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate. 2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite. 1. EL.ffiAGNUS, L. Calyx-limb cylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into 4 deciduous lobes, colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens adnate to the calyx and alternate with its lobes. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate stone. — Leaves entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedi- cellate. 1. E. argentea, Pursh. A stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12 feet high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales : leaves broad or narrowly elliptic, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous : flowers numer- ^ P. Convolvulus, L., is low twining or i)rocumbent and minntely scaln-ou.s, leaves hal- berd-cordate acuminate, flowers few in axillary fascicles or small interrupted racemes on very short pedicels, outer sepals sharply keeled. — Introduced from Europe, very common in the Eastern States, and found in Colorado and Montana. 21 322 LOKANTHACE^. ons, deflexed, silvery withont, pale yellow within, fragrant, the tnbe broadly oval, the limb funnelform : frnit globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible. — From Utah to the Upper Missouri and eastward to Minnesota and Canada. 2. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Buffalo-Berry. Staminate perianth 4-parted, the lobes spreading. Stamens alternate with as many lobes of a thick disk ; filaments free. Pistillate flowers with oblong- tubular perianth; limb 4-cleft, erect, the throat. closed by the lobes of the disk. Fruit berry-like, with a smooth shining compressed seed. — Flowers small {the staminate larger), shortly pedicellate. 1 . S. argentea, Nutt. Somewhat spiny shrub, 5 to 1 8 feet high : leaves siherij on both sides, mosthj oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base : fruit a smooth ovoid scarlet berrij, acid and edible, nearly sessile. — East of the Sierra Nevada to the Saskatchewan, and southward in the mountains to New Mexico. 2. S. Canadensis, Nutt. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, the branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales : leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green aboi-e, silvery downy as well as scurfy with rusty scales beneath : fruit yellowish-red, insipid. — From the Columbia River eastward across the continent, and in the mountains southward to New Mexico. Order 68. I^ORANTHACE^. Evergreens, parasitic on shrubs or trees, dull yellowish -green or "brownish, with dichotomous branches and swollen joints, the opposite thick and coriaceous ex.stipulate and entire leaves reduced to mostly con- nate scales : flowers dioecious, of 2 to 5 sepals coherent at base : anthers as many as the sepals and inserted upon them : ovary inferior, 1 -celled : fruit a berry with glutinous endocarp. — Flowers small and inconspicu- ous, greenish. 1. Phoradendron. Flowers globose, mostly 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 ])orcs or slits : pollen-grains smooth. Berry globose, jmlpy and semi-transparent. 2. Arceuthobium. Flowers mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the jtistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit ; pollen spinulose. Berry compressed, fleshy. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. Flowers immersed in the rhachis of jointed spikes. — Parasitic on branches of various kinds of trees : spikes single or in pairs in the axils of opposite leaves, the lowest joint sterile, the others bearing solitary or several flowers on each side. Flowering in February or March, and maturing its fruit the next winter. 1. P. juniperinum, Engelm. Glabrous, stout, densely branched, 6 to 9 inches high : branches terete, the ultimate branchlets quadrangular : scales broadly triangular connate or distinct, ciliate : staminate spikes of a single SANTALACE^. 323 6 to 8-flowered joint : pistillate spikes 2-flowered : berry whitish or light red. — Pi. Fendl. 58. On different species of Juniperus. S. W. Colorado to New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California. 2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. — Para- sitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves : flowers often crowded into apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing their fruit in the second autumn, when the berries suddenly and forcibly eject the glutinous seed to the distance of sev- eral yards. * Staminate flowers all {or nearly all) terminal on distinct peduncle-like joints, paniculate. 1. A. Amerieanum, Nutt. Slender, dichotomously or verticil lately much branched, greenish yellow : staminate plants sometimes 3 or 4 inches long, fertile plants much smaller. — On Pinus contorta. From Wyoming to Oregon and southward to Colorado and California. * * Staminate flowers axilhri/ {with a terminal one) , forming simple or compound spikes. Ours are greenish-brown, loith the accessory branchlets of fruiting speci- mens mostly leaf-bearing. 2. A. divaricatum, Engelm. Eather stout, 2 to 4 inches high, and a line in diameter at base, olive-green or pale brownish : branches spreading, often flexuous or recurved : staminate flowers few and scattered or in 3 to 7 -flow- ered spikes, with ovate acute lobes. — PI. Wheeler, 1874, 16. On Pinus edulis and P. monophylla, from New Mexico and S. Colorado to Arizona and S. Utah. 3. A. robustum, Engelm Stouter and not so spreading : spikes much denser, the buds of the staminate flowers flat and appressed, and the 3-parted flowers with shorter and broader lobes. — On Pinus ponderosa. Arizona and northward in the Rocky Mountains. Order 69. SAlVTALACEiE. Herbs or shrubs, usually root-parasitic, with angled or striate branches, entire alternate and mostly sessile leaves without stipules, and mostly perfect flowers with 3 to 5-cleft perianth adherent to the 1 -celled 2 to 4- ovuled ovary, which becomes an indehiscent 1 -seeded usually nut-like fruit ; stamens 8 to 5, opposite the perianth lobes, at the edge of an epigynous often lobed disk ; style 2 to 5-lobed. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-Flax. The campanulate or urn-shaped perianth with a 5-lobed persistent limb. Disk with a free lobed margin. Stamens included : anthers attached by tufts of hairs to the base of the calyx-lobes. — Low herbaceous smooth perennials, with subterranean rootstocks : leaves glaucous, the lowest scale-like : flowers greenish white, in small terminal or axillary umbellate clusters. 324 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stems leafy, 6 to 15 inches high : leaves ohlonrj : umbels few-flowered, corymbosely clustered at the summit of the stem : flowers ou slender pedicels, the white oblong erect or slightly spreading lobes about equalling the green tube, which is continued conspicuously above the ovary : fruit globular, 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — In tlie Sierra Nevada of California northward to Washington Territory and eastward across the continent. 2. C. pallida, A. DC. Differing from the last in its narrower more glau- cous and aciiter leaves, which are linear to narrowlij lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate : fruit ovoid, larger (3 to 4 lines long), sessile or on short stout pedicels. — New Mexico and Colorado to . Oregon. Order 70. EUPHORBIACEiE. (Spurge Family.) Herbs (ours), with milky acrid juice, monoecious or dioecioas com- monly apetalous and often naked flowers, a free and usually 3-celled ovary with (in ours) one pendulous ovule in each cell, and maturing into a 3-celled elastically dehiscent capsule with crustaceous seeds. Stamens one to many. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as the cells of the ovary. Leaves mostly alternate and simple, often stipulate. « Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a perianth, without an involucre. ■I- Stamens ei-ect in the bud. 1. Tragia. Petals none. Calyx 3 to 8-parted. Flowers in racemes, terminal or opposite the leaves, i»istillate at the base. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 3-parted. 2. Argytbamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Flowers in axillary spicate clusters, pistillate below. Stamens 5 to 15 in 1 to 3 whorls. Styles bifid. •I- H- Stamens incurved in the bud. 3. Croton. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Erect and gray-scurfy. * * Flowers all without perianth, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre. 4. !EupIiorbia. Pistillate flower solitary, soon exserted : the staminate numerous, each of a single stamen. 1. TRAGIA, Plumicr. Staminate calyx 3 to 5-parted. Filaments short : anther-cells united. Pis- tillate calyx 3 to 8-parted, persistent. Pod 3-lobed, bristly, separating into tliree 2-valved carpels. — Erect or climbing plants, pubescent or hispid, some- times stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves : the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. 1. T. nepetaefolia, MUller, var. ramosa, Muller. Hirsute, erect, much branched, 6 to 8 inches high : stem slender, at length fiagelliform-elongated, weak and somewhat turning : leaves triangular-ovate from a cordate base or oftener lanceolate, gradually acuminate. — Colorado and southward. 2. ARGYTHAMNI A, P. Browne. Calyx valvate in the staminate flowers, imbricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the glandular disk. EUPHORIUACE^E. (SPUIiGE FAMILY.) 325 Filaments united into a central column. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate. — Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish juice: leaves alternate, usually stipulate, entire (in ours). 1. A. humilis, Miill. Stem about one foot high, much branched, silky or strigose-pubescent, branches spreading : leaves narrowed at the base, spatu- late or obovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, sparingly pubescent : raceme much shorter than the leaves, on very short peduncles. — S. Colorado and southward. 3. CROTON, L. Staminate calyx 4 to 6-parted. Petals often present, but small or rudi- mentary, alternating with the glands of a central disk. Stamens 5 to many, on a hairy receptacle. Pistillate calyx usually 5-parted, but the petals mostly obsolete. Seeds smooth and shining, carunculate. — Herbs or shrubs, scurfy or stellately hairy or sometimes glandular : leaves alternate, entire or repand. 1. C. Texensis, Midi. Covered with a close canescent stellate pubes- cence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves lance- ovate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate : dioecious ; racemes of staminate flowers short : ovary stellate-tomentose ; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted. — S. Colorado and southward. 4. EUPHORBIA, L. Flowers monoecious, included in 4 to 5-lobed involucres, the lobes usually alternating with as many fleshy glands which are rounded or often petaloid- margined or crescent-shaped. — Mostly herbs : leaves opposite or alternate or the upper ones verticillate : involucres terminal or in the forks, the sterile flowers lining the base and each from the axil of a little bract, the fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel. A. Glands of the involucre ivith petal-like, usualli/ ichite or rose-colored, entire or toothed margins or appendages. § 1. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small, oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or seal// and often fringed stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usualli/ procumbent : involucres solitary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or lateral clusters, small, ivith 4 glands. * Seeds smooth and even: leaves entire, glabrous. 1. E. petaloidea, Engelm. Glabrous: stems procumbent or ascending : leaves attenuate to the scarcely oblique base, oblong-linear or linear, retuse or emarginate : involucres solitary, campanulate, lobes hairy beneath the glands within, the broadly campanulate appendages conspicuous ; peduncles longer than petioles : seeds reddish, with rounded angles. — From Colorado to Ne- braska and eastward to the Mississippi. 2. E- flagelliformis, Engelm. Distinguished from the last by the smaller involucre bearing very small and almost naked glands, often less than 326 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) four in number; the more numerous stamens (often 25) with much smaller anthers ; and by the smaller, more angular and more pointed, grayish seeds. — Brandegee, Fl. S. W. Colorado, 243. S. W. Colorado to the Rio Grande. * * Seeds mimiteli/ roughened or iransversehj wrinkled, or pitted. -t- Leaves entire. 3. E. lata>, Engelm. Cnnesccnt icith oppressed pubescence : stems from a woody rootstock, spreading, short, rigid ; lower internodes longer than the leaves, uppermost very sliort : leaves triangular-ovate, abruptly attenuate at base, or oblong with revolute margins ; stipules triangular-lanceolate : involucre axillary, solitary, campanulate, hairy, lobes elongated ; glands ovate with a very narrow lobulate appendage : capsule hirsute : seed oblong, transversely wrinkled. — S. E. Colorado and southward. 4. E. Fendleri, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, from a slender rootstock : stems delicately filiform, erect or decumbent : leaiies ovate from a rounded base ; stipules subulate, often laciniate at base : involucres terminal, solitary, turbinate, slightly bearded in the throat, lobes short; glands transversely oblong with a very narrow obsolete appendage : seed ovate, 4-angled, irregu- larly punctate. — S. Colorado and southward. 5. E. revoluta, Engelm. Glabrous: stem erect, filiform, naked below, much branched above the middle : leaves narrowly linear, revolute on the margins, attenuated below ; stipules subulate, entire : involucres very small, uppermost in the forks of the branches and terminal, short-campanulate ; glands purple, with a whitish or reddish oblong appendage : capsule glabrous : seed oblong, sharply 4-angled, sparingly and irregularly rugose. — Colorado and southward. -t- Leaves serrate or serrulate : flowers in lateral leafy clusters. 6. E. Stictospora, Engelm. Prostrate and pubescent: leaves rounded, subcordate, sharply serrate: racemes crowded, with very small and slender long-peduncled involucres : capsule sharp angled, pubescent : seeds slender, sharply 4-angled, rugose-dotted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 187. Abundant in New Mexico and extending into S. Colorado. 7. E. Serpyllifolia, Pers. Prostrate-spreading and glabrous: leaves obovate-ohlong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serridate toward the apex: glands of the involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages: seeds acutely 4-angled, slightly cross-wrinkled and often pitted. — Erom Cali- fornia and the Columbia River to the Saskatchewan, Iowa, and Texas. 8. E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Erect-spreading and glabrous: leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base (semicordate), sharply serru- late : glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages: seeds sharply 4-angled and ivith .5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles. — From Illinois and Wisconsin to Colorado and the Columbia River. 9. E. maeulata, L. Prostrate and puberulent or hairy: leaves oblong- linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, usually with a brown-red spot in the centre: glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages: seeds ovate, sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shal- low grooves across the concave sides. — Colorado, and common eastward. EtTPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 327 § 2. Leaves opposite, on short petioles^ equal at base, with stipular glands : stems dichotomoiislj branched, erect : cj/tnes terminal, involucres with 5 glands : seeds tubercukite. 10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy: stem a foot or more high; branches striate-angled : leaves linear-lanceohite, eutire : iuvolucre hairy with- out and within : glands with a green ovate-triangular appendage twice their length: capsule smooth: seeds ovate. — From Texas and Colorado to the Upper Missouri. § 3, Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like rnargins, whorled or opposite, tlie others scattered, equal at base, entire and sessile : involucres 5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence. 11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2 to .3 feet high), erect, hairy : leaves ovate or oblong : umbel with 3 dichotomous rays : glands of the involucre with broad white appendages. — From Colorado to Kansas and Nebraska. Cultivated and run wild in the Eastern States. B. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. § 4. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 to 5-lobed, with few cup-shaped glands : seed without a caruncle : leaves dentate, all but the lowest opposite, and stipules glandular. 12. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy : leaves ovate, lanceo- late, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, upper ones often paler at the base : involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or more short- stalked glands : seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — S. Colorado {Bran- degee) and eastward to Illinois and Pennsylvania. § 5. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly unAelliferous inflorescence, 4 or 5-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands : seeds mostly carunculate : glabrous, with entire or serrulate scattered (except the uppermost) leax^es and no stipules. 13. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Erect: feaues oblong-spatulate, m^nufe/y serru- late, smooth, obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones ovate, dilated : umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 : involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands: styles distinct and longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle: pod beset with long warts: seeds smooth and even. — S. Colorado, and from Illinois to Virginia. 14. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Erect : leaves oblong- or ovate- spatulate, smooth, obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper ones cordate at base: umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked : involucre with nearly naked lobes and S7nall almost sessile glands : styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved: pod warty: seeds delicately reticulated. — From California and Ore- gon to Texas, Kentucky, and Nebraska. 15. E. montana, Engelm. Very glabrous and glaucous: stems leafy and ascending: leaves rather thick, entire, ovate, obtuse ; floral ones orbiculate, triangular : umbels repeatedly dichotomous : involucre roughish within, with oblong-linear velvety lobes, and truncate, very shortly 2-horned glands : styles very short, bifid: pod smooth: seeds superficially pitted. — From the Upper Platte to New Mexico, Arizona, and southward. 328 CERATOPHYLLACE^. (HORN WORT FAMILY.) Order 71. CAL-LITRICHACCiE. (Water-Starworts.) Small slender aquatic herbs, with opposite entire leaves, no stipules and inonoBcious axillary flowers without perianth, but sometimes with 2 bracts; stamen 1, with slender filament and heart-shaped 4-celled anther; ovary 4-celled, with 2 styles; fruit 4-lobed, flattened and eniarginate. Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes a male and female in the same axil 1. CALLITRICHE, L. Characters given under the order. 1. C. verna, L. Amphibious, with elongated stems and floating rosulate ohovate often emarcjinate leaves, the submerged ones from sputulnte to linear: bracts often exceeding the fruit, rarely wanting : styles erect or spreading, deciduous : fruit orbicular or obcordate or elliptical, of connate carpels. — From California and Oregon to Montana and Wyoming, and eastward across the continent. 2. C. auturQIialis, L. Submersed, icith numerous uniform linear one-nerved leaves, truncate or retuse at the apex: flowers without brads: styles reflexed, caducous : fruit round, deeplij notched, the margins thin or at length winged- — From California northward, and thence eastward across the continent. Order 72. i:RATOPHYL.L.ACEi5E. (Hornwort Family.) Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axil- lary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8 to 12-cleft involucre in place of a caly the fertile a simple 1 -celled ovary. 1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Sterile flowers of 12 to 24 stamens, with sessile anthers. Fruit an ache- nium, beaked with a slender persistent style. — Submersed plants, in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked threadlike divisions. 1. C. demersum, L. Stems very slender, a foot or two long: leaves in numerous whorls of 6 to 8 : akene elliptical, shortly stipitate, with a short spine or tubercle on each side near the base. — California and north^i-ard, thence eastward across the continent. Order 73. URTICACEiE. Plants generally with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious, or rarely perfect flowers, furnished Avith a regular calyx, free from the 1-celled ovary Avhich forms a 1-seeded fruit; stamens as many as the lobes of tbe calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. URTIOACE^. Suborder I. UCIWACE^. (Elm Family.) Flowers perfect or numceciously polygamous. Filaments straight or moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara or drupe. — Trees, with alternate leaves. 1. Ulmus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit a samara. Anthers extrorse. 2. Celtis* Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse. Suborder 11. URTICE.E. (Nettle Family.) Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments wrinkled and inflexed in tlie bud. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always l-celled and 1-seeded, becoming an akene. — Herbs with a tough fibrous bark and opposite or alternate leaves. * Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2 to 5 separate or nearly separate sepals : plant beset with stinging bristles. 3. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Akene straight and erect, enclosed by the 2 iinier and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite. 4. Lapurtea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two exterior being minute. Akene very oblique and bent down, nearly naked. Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate. ♦ * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cap-shaped, enclosing the akene. Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. 5. Parietaria. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alternate. Suborder III. CANNABII^EiE. (Hemp Family.) Flowers dioecious; the sterile racemed or panicled; the fertile in clus- ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary l-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a glandular akene. — Herbs with opposite lobed leaves and a fibrous inner bark. 6. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in finiit. Anthers erect. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed. 1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 to 9-cleft. Stamens 4 to 9, with long slender filaments. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged all around. — Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight- veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at base. 1. U. Americana, (L.) Willd. Buds and branchlets glabrous : branches not corky : leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate, soft pubescent beneath or soon glabrous, smooth above or nearly so : flowers on slender drooping peduncles Avhich are jointed above the middle, in close fascicles : fruit glabrous except the margins, its sharp points 830 URTICACE^. incurved and closing the notch. — In the Atlantic States, and extending within our boundary through Minnesota. Known as " American " or " White Elm." Calyx 5 to 6-parted. Stamens 5 to 6. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit' globular. — Leaves pointed, petioled : flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves ; the lower usually staminate only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Leaves reticulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft- pubescent beneath, at least w^hen young : fruit reddish or yellowish, becoming dark purple. — From Colorado to Wisconsin and eastward. A small or mid- dle-sized tree with the aspect of an elm. Flowers clustered, the clusters mostly in racemes, spikes, or loose heads. Stamens in the fertile flowers inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. — Flowers greenish. Ours are perennials with flower clusters in pani- cles or pauicled spikes.^ 1. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender: leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 5-uerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly : spikes slender and loosely panicled. — Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 2. U. Breweri, Watson. Tall and stout, grayish with a short somewhat hispid pubescence, or nearly glabrous, and with scattered bristles : leaves thin, finely pubescent, soon glabrate or roughish above, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly cordate at base, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles : flowers in short open panicles scarcely exceeding the petioles. — Proc. Amer. Acad. x. 348. Hanging from S. California to S. Colorado and Texas. 3. U. holosericea, Nutt. Tall and stout, more or less bristly, ^ne/_y and densely tomentose especially on the lower side of the leaves: leaves thick, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, on short stout petioles: staminate flowers in loose slender diffuse panicles nearly e/ siibattenuate into a lonrj and slender petiole, quite entire, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, strongly reticulated, stipules none : aments ^ to 1 inch long on slender peduncles at the ends of the short branches, opposite to the last leaf : scales obovate, purplish or yellow : capsule ovate, tomeutose, sessile, nectary " a laciniate cup surrounding the base of the capsule " : style very short or none ; stigmas 2-cleft, brown, spreading. — A dwarf shrub of high alpine regions, with tortuous, buried stems, the leafy tips and flowers rising a few inches above the surface. Rocky Mountains and northward to the Arctic coast. Our plant is smaller than the European type, with narrower and thinner leaves, less wrinkled above and fewer-flowered aments. Extreme forms, in which the leaves are scarcely more than 2 to 3 lines in length and the aments reduced to 5 to 7 flowers, are designated var. nivalis, Hook. sp. 2. POPXJLTJS, Tourn. Poplar. Cottonwood. Aspen. Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches : buds scaly, covered with a resinous varnish : catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. 1. P. tremuloides, Michx. Tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth green- ish-white bark; branches not angled : leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a, short sharp point, and small somewhat regular .eeth, smooth on both sides, ivith downy margins : scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. — From California eastward across the continent, and northAvard to the Arctic Ocean ; in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico. The " Quak- ing Asp." The petiole is long, slender, and laterally compressed. 2. P. angulata, Ait. A large tree, 80 feet high or upward ; branches acutely angular or winged: leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate- serrate, or with obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Extending from the Atlantic States into our northeastern border, and abundant along the Platte. " Cot- tonwood." 3. P. balsamifera, L., var. candieans. Gray. A tall tree ; branches round : leaves more or less heart-shaped, pointed, se'^rate, whitish and reticulate- veined beneath ; petioles commonly hairy : scales dilated, slightly hairy : the large buds varnished with copious fragrant resinous matter. — From Colo- rado northward and eastward to Lake Superior and New England. Com- monly called " Cottonwood." 4. P. angUStifoIia, James. Branches terete, glabrous: leaves ovate- lanceolate, attenuate at base, acute, glabrous, crenate-serrate. — P. balsamifera, var. angustifolia, Watson. From New Mexico and Colorado to California arid Washington Territory. 340 ORCHIDACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) Subclass IL MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGE- NOUS PLANTS. Embryo with one cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallel-veined, alternate, entire, and sheathing at base. Flowers usually in threes. Order 76. ORCHIDACE^. (Orchis Family.) Herbs, distinguished by tbeir perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous perianth adnate to a 1 -celled ovary, with very numerous minute ovules on 3 parietal placentae, and with one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the 3 outer, or sepals, mostly petal-like and resembling the 3 inner : one of the inner set is variously modified into what is called a labeUum or lij:), the other two alone being called petals. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen (more in Cjtpripedium) variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma; the anther 2-celled, each cell containing one or more masses of pollen, pollinia. Stigma a broad glutinous surface (except in Cypripedium) . — Perennials, often tuberous, sometimes parasitic, with leaves mostly alternate. Flowers showy and singular in shape, arranged for cross-fertilization by means of insects. Tribe I. Anther ono, terminal and resting like a lid upon the column, deciduous ; pollen-masses '4, smooth and waxy : leafless, except perhaps a single radical leaf : flowers pedicellate. 1. Calypso. Scape 1-flowered, from a solid bulb. Lip saccate. Column broadly-winged. Pollen-masses sessile on a large square membranaceous gland. 2. Corallorhiza. Flowers racemose, si)urred or gibbous at base. Roots branched, coral- line. Lip expanded or concave, crested. Column semiterete. Pollen-masses sessile on a short oblong gland. 3. A plectrum. Flowers racemose, not spurred nor gibbous. Lip exi)anded, deeply 3-lobed. Column nearly terete. Pollen-masses in distinct pairs, without glands. Rootstocks bearing a solid bulb and a single large green leaf. Tribe II. Anther one, connate with the column and persistent upon its face just above the stigma; pollen-masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland : stems mostly leafy and flowers spicate or racemose. 4. Habenaria. Flowers numerous, white or greenish. Lip flat, spurred. Glands exposed. Tribe III. Anther one, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top of the column and more or less covering and declinate upon the back of the stigma, persistent; pollen- masses 2 or 4, of loosely cohering granules, V)econiing attached by their upper ends to a viscid gland on the beak of the stigma : without spurs. 6. Spiranthes. Perianth oblique upon the ovary, the sepals and petals connivent : lip oblong, embracing the coluinn, with 2 callosities at base. Flowera 1 to 3-ranked in a twisted spike. Stems leafy below. OKCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 341 G. Goodyera. Like the last, but lip saixate, entire, without callosities and free from the column. Leaves all radical, white-reticulated. 7. Liistera. Perianth spreading. Lip flat, 2-lobed. Stem low, with a pair of broad ses- sile leaves in the middle. 8. £pipactis. Perianth spreading and ovary recurved. Lip somewhat jointed in the middle, concave and auriculate at base, dilated above. Stem leafy, stoat. Tribe IV. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma ; pollen pulpy-granular. 9. Cypripedium. Perianth spreading. Lip an inflated sac. Stems leafy, bearing one or a few showy flowers. — 1. CALYPSO, Salisb. Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal ; lip with two shcrt spurs below the apex. Column petaloid, oval and concave. Lower pair of pollen-masses smaller, compressed. — A low herb, in bogs, with showy flowers, a scaly-sheathed stem, and a single radical broad thin leaf. — I' C. borealis, Salisb. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, with 2 or 3 membrana- ceous brownish green sheaths, and a linear acuminate bract at the summit: the radical leaf broadly ovate or slightly cordate : flower drooping : sepals and petals light rose-color; lip usually longer, brownish-pink mottled Avith pur- ple, the edge margined at the apex and bifid or entire, about equalling the tooth-like spurs and with a tuft of yellow hairs at base. — From Colorado to Oregon and British America ; thence eastward to the North Atlantic States. 2. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-eoot. Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal, but the lateral sepals oblique at base and either decurreut in a short spur adnate to the side of the ovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity above it. Column narrowly mar- gined, broader at base, somewhat incurved. — Without green herbage, the solitary scape with 2 to 4 membranaceous sheaths, and bearing a simple raceme of brownish, yellowish, or purple flowers : pedicels reflexed in fruit. * Spur present: lip 3-lobed : flowers small, yellowish-green or whitish, often tinged or mottled with purple. L C. multiflora, Nutt. Scape a foot or two high, many-flowered : sepals and petals 3-nerved ; spur manifest, hut wholly adnate to the ovary ; lij) nearly sessile, 3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side, the middle one rounded or emargiuate, with undulate or denticulate margin: capsule 6 to 9 lines long, narrowed to a short rather stout pedicel. — Across the continent in north tem- perate latitudes, and in the Rocky Mountains southward to the Wahsatch and Colorado. 2. C. innata, R. Br. Scape slender, 4 to 10 inches high, 3 to 15-flowered : sepals and petals l-nerved ; spur very short; lip somewhat 3-lobed by a lateral cleft, abruptly attenuate to the base ; column stout, constricted in the middle : cap- sule 2 to 4 lines long, abruptly narrowed to a short very slender pedicel. — From Colorado to Washington Territory, and thence eastward to Canada and the Atlantic States, and northward to the Arctic regions. 342 ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) * * Spur none, the lateral sepals and base of the column strongly gibbous over the top of the ovary : lip entire : flowers larger, purple and veined, not spotted. 3. C. striata, Lindl. Scape stout, a foot or two high, many-flowered : flowers often 6 or 7 lines long ; lip fleshy, somewhat narrowed below, reflexed above the base and bearing the prominent laminae upon the arch. — C. Macrcei, Gray, Manual, 510. From Washington Territory and Oregon eastward to the Great Lakes. 3. APIiECTRUM, Torr. Putty-root. Lip 3-ridged. Column nearly straight, not broader at base. Scape lateral from a thick globose solid bulb upon a slender horizontal rootstock, the bulb bearing at summit a large petioled plaited leaf. Flowers rather large, soon deflexed. L A. hiemale, Torr. Scape with 3 or 4 greenish sheaths: the radical leaf ovate-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, 4 to 8 inches long, many-nerved, continuing through the winter: sepals and petals greenish-brown, 5-nerved; lip whitish or somewhat spotted, attenuate into a distinct claw : ovary attenu- ate into a slender pedicel. — Along our eastern border and eastward to the Atlantic ; found also in Oregon. 4. HABENARIA, WiUd. Sepals and petals nearly alike, convergent or the lower sepals spreading. Lip without ridges or callosities. Column very short. Anther-cells parallel or divergent at base. — Stems from fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots : flowers greenish or white, not showy in our species. * Stems slender, bracteate, icith 2 or S leaves at base: sepals l-nerved: spur longer than the lip. 1. H. Unalaschensis, Watson. Spike of flowers elongated and rather open : leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear : bracts ovate, not exceeding the ovary : sepals, petals, and lip about a line long, the narrow or somewhat cla- vate spur scarcely or sometimes nearly twice longer. — //. fcetida, Watson, Bot. King Exped. 341. In the Wahsatch, Uinta, and Teton Mountains, and along the Pacific coast to Unalaska. * * Sepals 3-nerved : spur not longer than the entire lip. -f- Stem leafy. 2. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Leaves lanceolate, erect : spike dense : flowers greenish ; Up and petals lanceolate, someichat equal, the latter spreading from the base: glands orbicular: stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. — Colorado and northward, thence across the continent. 3. H. dilatata, Gray. Like the last, but more slender and with narrower commonly linear leaves : flowers white ; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base, its base with the bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent : glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen- mass and its short flat stalk together. — From Colorado northward and eastward. ORCHID ACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) S43 •«- H- Scape or stem naked above, one-leaved at the base. 4. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong : upper sepal very broad and rounded : lip deflexed, about the length of the tapering and curving spur : anther-cells arcuate and widely separated. — Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses Dilated summit of the lip spreading and undulate. Column very short, oblique, terminating in a stout terete stipe. — Flowers small, white. 1. S. Homaazof&ana, Cham. Glabrous, rather stout, 4 to 18 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear : spike dense, 3-ranked, conspicuously bracteate, 1 to 4 inches long : perianth curved ; lip recurved, contracted below tlie rounded wavy-crenulate summit ; callosities smooth, often obscure. — From Colorado northward and ranging across the continent. 6. GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain, Scapes few-bracteate : leaves thickish, rosulate at the base, petioled : root s'ock creeping, with fibrous fleshy rootlets. 1. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Scape and inflorescence pubescent: leaves smooth, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, reticulated with light greenish markings : spike many-flowered, rather dense, secund : perianth white, puberu- leut ; column short and straight : gland and bifid beak very narrow and elon- gated.— From Colorado northward, thence eastward along the northern border to W. New York ; also in the Pacific States. 7. LISTER A, R. Br. Twayblade. Sepals and petals similar : lip free, longer than the sepals. Column free and naked. — Stems from fibrous and creeping roots : flowers small, in a loose raceme. 1. L. eonvallarioides, Nutt. Stem slender, 3 inches to a foot high, naked excepting one or two sheaths at base and the pair of orbicular or ovate Laves just below the raceme : inflorescence pubescent : sepals and petals linear ; lip oblonrj-ovate and cuneate, with a small tooth on each side near the base. — From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. 2. Ij. COrdata, R. Br. Leaves smaller, triangular-ovate and somewhat cor- date: flowers minute, on short pedicels in a smooth raceme: sepals ovate ; lip linear. — Same range as last. 8. EPIPACTIS, Haller. Sepals and petals nearly equal: lip narrowly constricted in the middle. Column short, erect. — Stem from creeping rootstocks : flowers few and pedi- celled, with conspicuous bracts divergent, and the ovaries at right angles to the stem. 1. E. gigantea, Dougl. One to four feet high, nearly smooth : leaves from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate above, somewhat scabrous on the 344 IRIDACE^. (iris family.) veins beneath : raceme pubescent : flowers greenish, strongly veined with purple : saccate base of the lip with erect wing-like margins, strongly nerved, and the nerves callous-tuberculate near the base. — W. Texas and S. W. Colo- rado to California and Washington Territory. 9, CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. Lateral sepals often united into one under the lip : sac-like lip with the in- curved margin auric-led near the base. — Leaves large and many-nerved, plaited, sheathing at the base. In ours the stem is 1 to 3-flowered, the lip is slipper-shaped and mucli inflated, and the sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals are brownish, pointed, and longer than the lip. 1. C. parvifloruifl, Salisb. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate: Up flattish from above, bright yellow, fragrant : sterile stamen triangular : leaves oval, pointed. — Colorado and eastward. 2. C. pubesceus, Willd. Stem pubescent: sepals elongated-lanceolate: lip flattened lateral! ij, xery convex and gibbous above, pale yellow, scentless: leaves broadly oval, acute. — Colorado and eastward. Order 77. IKIDACEiE. (Iris Family.) Perennial herbs, with equitant sheathing 2-ranked linear leaves, and perfect triandrous regular flowers, the six divisions of the superior perianth petal-like; stamens on the base of the sepals, with extrorse anthers; ovary 3-celled, beconnng a 3-lobed or triangular pod with few or many seeds. — Flowers showy, few or solitary. Style 3-cleft at the apex. 1. Iris. Outer segments of the flo\<'er recurved, the inner erect. Branches of the style petaloid, opposite the anthers. Filaments distinct. Rootstocks creeping. Seeds flattened. 2. Sisyrinchium. Segments similar, spreading. Stigmas filiform, alternate with the anthers Filaments connate. Roots fibrous. Seeds globular. 1. IRIS, Tourn. Flower-de-Luce. Flag. Perianth tube prolonged above the ovary. Stamens beneath the arching, petal-like branches of the style. Base of the style" connate witli the periantli tube ; the divisions stigmatic at the thin apex, above which is a broad 2-partcd crest, which is decurrent on the inner side to tiie base of the style. — Stems from usually thickened rootstocks : flowers large and showy, solitary or few in a forked corymb. 1. I. Missouriensis, Nutt Stems rather slender, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves, ^ to 2 feet high, usually 2-flowered : leaves mostly shorter than the stem : bracts dilated and scarious : flowers pale blue ; sepals and petals 2 or 3 inches long, with narrow claws : seeds oboVate, acute at base. — /. Tol- mieana, Herbert. /. tenax ? of Fl. Colorado. From Montana and Colorado westward to the Sierra Nevada, being probably the only species of the Great Basin. LILIACE^. (lily family.) 345 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule membranaceous, subglobose. — Stems simple or branched, usually geniculate and winged, with linear-lanceolate ^r grass-like radical leaves, and fugacious flowers on slender pedicels, clustered within 2 sheathing herbaceous bracts, with a scarious bractlet subtending each pedicel. 1. S. anceps, L. Scape broadly winged, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. — S. Bennudiana, var. anceps, of Gray's Manual. In the Atlantic States, but extending westward to the Wahsatcli and Uintas {Watson). 2. S. mucronatum, Michx. Scape slender and narrowlj/ vnnged: leaves very narrow, those of the spathe sharp-pointed and unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. — S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, of Gray's Manual. Same range as last, but extending farther westward. Order 78. AM iBYLLIDACE.E. Like Liliacece, but ovary inferior. Differs from Iridacece in having six stamens and leaves not equitant. 1. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. Perianth persistent, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herbaceous outside. Pod crowned with the withered or closed perianth. Seeds globular, — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few- flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. 1. H. juneea, Smith. Sparingly hairy: scapes I to 3, filiform, 1 or 2-flowered, 4 to 9 inches long : bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels : the three exterior divisions of the perianth greenish and hairy with- out : seeds black, minutely fitted. — Colorado {Brandegee). Order 79. LILIACEiE. (Lily Family.) Terrestrial plants, mostly herbaceous, with perfect flowers, a regular corolla-like 6-cleft or divided perianth, stamens opposite the segments, ovary 3-celled and superior becoming a few or many-seeded 3-celled capsule or berry. — Stems chiefly from tunicated or scaly bulbs, or corms, or rhizomes. — Watson's Revision, Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 213. I. Flowers with scarious bracts, a persistent perianth with segments one to several-nerved, perigynous stamens with introrse anthers," and an undivided and mostly persistent style. * Inflorescence umbellate upon a naked scape from a bulb or corm ; sessile upon a short rootstock in Lcucocrinum. Bracts (usually 2) broad and spathaceous : capsule more or less deeply lobed : perianth cleft nearly to the base : bulb mostly tunicated. 846 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 1. Allium. Flowers deep rose-color to white. Base of the style enclosed between the lobes of the capsule and jointed upon the short axis. Filaments usually dilated at base. Leaves one to several Taste and odor strongly alliaceous. 2. Notlioscordum. Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Cajisule somewhat lobed, witli t]^e style obscurely jointed on the summit, i^aments filiform. Leaves several. Bulb not alliaceous. ■♦- Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct : capsule not lobed : i)eiianth funnel-form : scape from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm. 3. Brodiaea. Flowers blue. Stamens 6, in two rows, with naked filaments. Capsule ovate to oblong. 4. Androstepliium. Flowers pale lilac. Stamens 6, in one row ; the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the anthers. Capsule subglobose-triquetrous. Acaulescent : bracts elongated linear : capsule triangular-obovate : perianth salver- form, with linear tube : flowers on subterranean i)edicels, from a short rootstock. 6. LiCucocrinum. Flowers white, very fragrant. Style slender and elongated, dilated at the sumniit. Leaves narrowly linear, surrounded at base by scarious bracts. * « Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, •t- Flowers racemose on a naked scape from a tuuicated bulb: fruit an ovate or oblong capsule. C. Camassia* Flowers blue (or white), slightly gibbous ; segments 3 to 7-nerved, spread- ing. Base of the style jiersistent. Raceme open. Leaves linear, flat. H- Flowers racemose, racemose-iianicled, or in axillary fascicles, on leafy simple stems from creeping rootstocks : fruit a globose berry. 7. Polygonatum. Flowers white or greenish, ganiophyllous, 6-lobed at the summit, in axillary pedunculate fascicles (or solitary). Stamens on the tube. Style slender, deciduous. ^8. Smilacina. Flowers white, with distinct pei-ianth-segments, in a racemose panicle or simple raceme. Stamens at the base. Style short, thick, persistent. Flowers racemose-paniculate upon a stout leafy or leafy bracteate stem from a stout caudex or thick rootstock ; anthers sagittate : fruit a berry or cajisule : leaves nu- merous and crowded, linear, thick and more or less rigid, si)inescent at aj^ex. 9. Yucca. Perianth campanulate, white or whitish, segments distinct. Filaments cla- vate. Style stout and persistent. Usually with stout woody caudex. IL Flower bracts none or foliaceous, a deciduous j)erianth with net-veined segments, hypogynous stamens with extrorse anthers, deciduous styles united at least at base, and the fruit a loculicidal (except Calochortus) capsule or a berry. * Stems from a bulb or coated corm : fruit a many-seeded capsule : seeds horizontal or ascending. — Periantli-segments similar, naked : stj'le long. •H- Bulb scaly : stem simjde, strict, leafy : anthers versatile. 10 Liilium. Pe^ianth-segments oblanceolate, Avith a linear nectariferous groove, usually spotted. Style undivided. 11. Fritillaria. Perianth-segments broader and concave, often mottled ; nectary a shal- low pit. Styles united to the middle or throughout. ++ ++ Stem simple, low or dwarf, from a corm or tunicated bulb : anthers basifixed. 12. £rythronium. Perianth-segments oblanceolate, strongly revolute, callous-toothed each side of the gi-ooved nectary. Styles usually distinct above. Stem lax, 2-leaved. 13. I^loydia. Perianth small, spreading, white with purplish veins and base. Style un- divided. Stem leafy, usually 1-flowered. Alpine. •I- ■»- Outer perianth-segments smaller, somewhat sepal-like ; the inner broad and usually bearded : stigmas sessile. 14. Calochortus. Stem usually branched, from a coated corm. Anthers basifixed. Capsule usually septicidal. LILIACE^. (lily family.) 347 « ♦ stems from a short or creeping rootstock : fruit a reddish lobed berry : seeds pendulous. 15. Streptopus. Flowers apparently axillary, greenish-white or purplish. Antliers sagittate, cuspidate, on short deltoid on subulate filaments. Leaves clasping. 16. Prosartes. Flowers in fascicles (1 to 6-flowered) terminating the branches, white or greenish. Anthers oblong, obtuse, on slender filaments. Leaves with reticulated veinlets. in. Like the last, but perianth persistent with nerved segments, styles distinct, and cap- sule septicidal (loculicidal in Xerophyllum). ♦ Flowers usually polygamous: anthers 1-celled, peltate on opening: stems leafy: leaves not rigid nor equitant. 17. Veratrum. Stem tall and stout, from a thick rootstock. Inflorescence paniculate, pubescent. Leaves broad, strongly nerved and plicate. 18. Zygadenus. Stem from a coated bulb. Inflorescence a raceme or subpaniculate, glabrous ; perianth-segments glandular at base. Leaves linear. « * Flowers dioecious, on naked pedicels, in- a simple elongated raceme: stem very leafy: leaves thin, oblanceolate. 13. Chamselirium. Flowers white : segments narrowly linear-spatulate, equalling the stamens, which are shorter and abortive in the pistillate flowers. Seeds margined, and winged at each end. ♦ * * Flowers perfect, on bracteolate pedicels, in a simple raceme : anthers 2-celled, in- trorse: seeds numerous : stem leafy: leaves equitant. 20. Tofieldia. Flowers involucrate with 3 scarious united bractlets. Styles short. Seeds appendaged. ♦ * ♦ * Flowers perfect, on naked pedicels, in a simple dense raceme: styles reflexed: seeds few : stem very leafy : leaves very narrow, rigid and rough-edged. 21. Xerophyllum. Flowers white, on long pedicels ; segments 5 to 7-nerved. Seeds not appendaged. 1. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Perianth-segments 1-nerved, usually somewhat spreading. Ovules 2 at the base of each cell. Capsule often crested. Seeds obovoid and wrinkled. § I. Bulbs cespitose, narrowlif ohlon(j and crowning a more or less persistent rhi- zon.e: spathe mostli/ 2-valved : leaves several, linear: scape terete. * Leaves terete, hollow. 1. A. Schcenoprasum, L Scape stout: umbel subcapitate : flowers rose-color ; segments 4 or 5 lines long, acuminate : stamens included : capsule not crested. — From Canada and the Great Lakes to the Wind lliver Moun- tains of Wyoming, Oregon, and Alaska. * * Leaves flat or channelled. 2. A. Cernuum, Roth. Scape slender, ^ to 2 feet high, /row a bulb: leaves 1 to 4 lines wide : umbel open, nodding : flowers numerous, on very slender pedicels, rose-colored or white ; segments 2 or 3 lines long, broad and acutish : stamens and style exserted : capsule crested. — From New Mexico to Oregon British Columbia, and the Alleghany Mountains. 3. A. brevistylum, Watson. Scape 1 to 1| feet high, from a stout rhi^ zome : leaves 2 to 4 lines wide: spathe I-valved : umbel erect, few flower ed , pedicels 6 to 12 lines long : flowers deep rose-color; segments 4 to 5 lines long, narrow, long-acuminate, nearly twice longer than the stamens and sti/le: capsule not crested. — Bot. King Exped. v. 350. N. W. Wyoming to S. Utah. 348 LILTACE^. (lily FAMILY.) § 2. Bulbs mostly solitary, globose to ovate, not rhizomatous : leaves narrowli) linear, fiat or channelled : scape terete or nearly so. * Bulb-coats more or less fibrous : leaves several. •t- Capsule not crested : spathe usually 3-valved. 4. A. Canadense, Kalm. Bulb-coats somewhat fibrous: scape a foot or more high : umbel mostly bulbiferous : flowers on sleuder pedicels (6 to 10 lines long), white or pinkish; segments narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or some- what exceeding the stamens. — Along our eastern border and eastward to the -Atlantic States. 5. A. mutabile, Michx. Like the last : bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous- coated : scape a foot or two high : umbel rarely or never bulbiferous : flowers white to rose-color ; segments thin and lax in fruit, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, obtusish or acute, a third longer than the stamens. — A. reticulatum, var. y, Watson, Bot. King Exped. v. 486. From New Mexico and S. Colorado eastward to the Atlantic States. 6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Bulb usually smaller, very fibrous: scape low (4 to 6 inches high) : pedicels shorter (4 to 6 lines long) and usually stouter: perianth-segments usually broader, acute or acuminate, rose-colored or white, rather rigid in fruit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 227. A. mutabile, var. fi, Watson. From Kansas and Colorado southward. •H- -i- Capsule crested: spathe usually 2-valved. 7. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3 to 8 inches high : pedicels usually short (2 to 6 lines long) ; otherwise closely resembling^, mutabile. — From New Mexico and Colorado to the Saskatchewan. * * Bulb-coats not fibrous : some of the outer membranous coats in most .species marked by a peculiar reticulate venation: leaves several (2 to 4); spathe 2-valved. •t- Ovary not crested or obscurely so: scapes low. 8. A, Sraudegei, Watson. Bulbs small, the reticulation of the coats hori- zontally oblong : leaves 2, exceeding the angular scape : pedicels slender, equal, about 4 li7ies long : flowers rose-colored ; the segments broadly lanceolate, acute, nearly twice longer than the stamens, not serrulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 380. Elk Mountains, Colorado (Brandegee). 9. A. acuminatum, Hook. Outer bulb-coats with a distinct coarse quad- rate to hexagonal reticulation: pedicels 6 to 12 lines long: flowers deep rose- color ; segments lanceolate, with acuminate recurved tips, rigid in fruit, a third longer than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate. — From S. W. Colo- rado to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, N. California and Washington Territory. •t- -1- Ovary conspicuously %-crested : perianth-segments not serrulate, mostly rose- colored. 10. A. Stellatum, Fraser. Outer bulb-coats reddish, with a very close linear longitudinal reticulation : scape 6 1 8 inches high : pedicel 4 to 9 lines long : perianth-segments broad, acute : stamens and style exserted. — From Wyo- ming to the Saskatchewan. 11. A. bisceptrum, Watson. Bulbs light-colored ; reticulation indistinct : scapes lower, frequently in pairs: perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, LILIACE^. (lily family.) 349 slightly exceeding the stamens : the alternate fila ments with a broad deltoid adnate base. — Bot. King Exped. v. 351, pi. 37. In the Wahsatch Mountains and westward to the Sierra Nevada. ♦ ♦ * Bulb-coats not fibrous: leaf solitari/, narrowli/ linear or filiform, equalling or somewhat exceeding the low scape (1 to 3 inches): capsule prominentli/ 6-crested : stamens and style included. 12. A. Nevadense, Watson. Bulb-coats light-colored, with evident close very much distorted reticulation : spathe-valves acuminate : leaf flat : pedicels half-inch long : perianth white or pinkish ; segments lanceolate, little exceeding the stamens and style. — Bot. King Exped. v. 351, pi. 38. From the Wahsatch Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. § 3. Bulbs ovate, not rhizomatous, the membranous coats mostly without reticxda- tion: leaves 2, broadly linear, fiat and falcate, thick: scape stout, much coin- pressed and 2-winged, low and mostly shorter than the leaves. 13. A. Tolmiei, Baker. Scape 2 to 4 inches high : spathe 2-valved : flowers light rose-color with a darker midvein ; segments lanceolate, acute, gibbous at base, a half longer than the stamens : ovary very obscurely crested. — A. tribracteatum, Watson in Bot. King Exped. v. 353, in part. From the Wahsatch Mountains to S. Idaho. 2. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth. Like Allium. Capsule oblong-obovate ; cells several-ovuled. Bracts 2. Bulb tunicated. 1. N. striatum, Kunth. Bulb small, often bulbiferous at base : leaves a line or two broad : scape a foot high or often much less : flowers few, on slen- der pedicels : capsule 2 lines long. — Allium striatum, Jacq. From New Mexico to Nebraska and eastward to Virginia and Florida. 3. BRODIiEA, Smith. Scape erect, with linear leaves : flowers on jointed pedicels : brown-coated corms small, |- to f inch in diameter or less. In ours the perianth is broadly tubular and the flowers subcapitate. 1. B. Douglasii, Watson. Scape smooth, a foot or two high, erect and usually stout : leaves carinate : perianth-tube subsaccate, about equalling the lobes : anthers oblong ; the lower on the throat opposite the outer segments, the upper on the inner segments, on a short free filament which forms below a prominent wing within the tube. — Bot. Calif, ii. 154. Milla grandifiora, Baker. " Blue Cammas." From W. Wyoming and the Wahsatch to Oregon and Washington Territory. 4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr. Perianth 6-cleft, the cylindric tube nearly equalling or shorter than the lobes. — Scape bearing a few-flowered umbel with unjointed pedicels : leaves narrowly linear, channelled. 350 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 1. A. Violaeeum, Torr. Scape 2 to 6 inches high: flowers 8 to 12 lines long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels ; tube nearly as long as the limb ; crown scarcely shorter than the limb, the lobes exceeding the anthers. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 218. AV. Kansas to Texas. 5. LSUCOCKINUM, Nutt. Stamens 6 : filaments inserted below the throat. — Blooming in early spring, the pure white and very fragrant flowers appearing just above the ground. 1. L. montanum, Nutt. Leaves several, rather thick: flowers 4 to 8, the very slender tube an inch or two long : capsule truncate, with 4 to 6 seeds in each cell. — From Colorado to N. California. 6. CAMAS SI A, Lindl. Camass. Stamens 6, on the base of the perianth, shorter than the segments. Style Biightly trifid at the apex. — Flowers in a simple raceme, with narrow scarious oracts ; pedicels jointed at the summit. 1. C, esculenta, Lindl. Scape stout, a foot or tAvo high : pedicels rather 'Stout, mostly shorter than the usually dark-blue flowers: perianth -segments scarcely exceeding the style, a little longer than the stamens. — From the Wahsatch Mountains, northward and westward. The bulb largely collected for food by the Indians, and called " Green Cammas." 7. POLYGONATUM, Toum. Solomon's Seal. Ovules 1 to 3 pairs in each cell. Berry blue or black ; cells 1 to 2-seeded. — Stem somewhat curved : leaves sessile : bracts caducous, minute. 1. P. giganteum, Dietr. Glabrous throughout: stem 2 to 7 feet high; leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, usually clasping by a broad base : pedicels jointed below the base of the flower. — From the Upper Missouri and New Mexico to New England and Virginia. f^. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. Stamens 6 : filaments subulate. Stigma 3-lobed at the summit : ovules 2 in each cell. — Stems simple, leafy, from running rootstocks : leaves mostly sessile, oblong or lanceolate : pedicels jointed at the summit. * FJoivers in a terminal racemose panicle : stamens exserted : berry reddish. 1. S. amplexicaulis, Nutt. More or less pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, mostly sessile and clasping at base : style nearly equalling the ovary. — S. racemosa, var. amplexicauUs, Watson, Bot. King Exped. v. 34.5. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward to Cali- fornia and British Columbia. * * Flowers in a simple few-flowered open raceme: stamens included: berry blue-black. 2. S. Stellata, Desf. Glabrous or pubescent : stem a foot high or less : . leaves lanceolate, acutish, sessile and closely clasping, usually ascending and LILIACE^. (lily family.) 351 folded: raceme about an inch long. — From New Mexico to Oregon and Labrador. 3. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Rootstock slender : stem a foot or two high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, usualli/ flat and spreading, somewhat Vnberulent : raceme larger and pedicels longer (2 to 7 lines). — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 245. From the Wahsatch to California and British Columbia. Usually referred to S. stellata. 9. YUCCA, L. Spanish Bayonet. Segments of perianth ovate-lanceolate, many -nerved. Stigmas emarginate and more or less connate into a stigmatic tube. Fruit incompletely 6-celIed. Flowers usually solitary and nodding. — In ours the caudex is short or none. * Fruit Ixiccate, pendulous : seeds thick, rugose, not margined, with lobed or ruminated albumen. 1. Y, baccata, Torr. Leaves coarsely filamentose on the margin, very thick and rigid, to 3 feet long by an inch or two wide, clianuelled or con- cave, rough especially on the back, tipped by a very stout brown spine : panicle pedunculate: perianth-segments narrow, 2^ to 3 inches long: fruit oval or cylindric, dark purple, often long-beaked. — S. Colorado and W. Texas to S. California and Northern Mexico. * * Fruit capsular, erect: seeds thin, smooth, broadli/ margined, with entire albumen. 2. Y. angUStifolia, Pursh. Leaves filamentose on the margin, very stiff and pointed, usually 1 to 3 feet long by 3 to 6 lines wide, smooth : ra- ceme usually simple, nearly sessile, 1 to 4 feet long : flowers greenish-white or tinged with brown ; segments broadly ovate, an inch or two long : fruit 6-sided. — From New Mexico to Dakota. 10. LILIUM, L. Lily. Stems leafy, simple : leaves narrow, sessile, whorled or scattered, net- veined : flowers large and showy, in ours usually solitary and erect. 1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Bulb small, of thick fleshy jointed scales: leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered : perianth-segments reddish- orange, coarsely spotted on the lower half, acute, spreading, abruptly nar- rowed to the claw. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward to N. Carolina and Canada. 11. PRITILLARIA, L. Stems erect, simple, leafy : flowers often nodding and much smaller than in Li limn. 1 . F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Bulb of numerous thick scales : stem 8 to 15 inches high or more, 1 to 6-flowered : leaves 6 to 20, scattered or somewhat verticillate : flowers dull purple with more or less of yellowish green : sti/les dis- tinct above ; stigmas linear : capsule acutelg angled, broadly obovate. — From Wyoming to the Sierra Nevada. 352 LILIACE^. (lily FAinLY.) 2, "F. pudica, Spreng. Bulb of numerous very small rounded scales : stem 3 to 8 mches high, 1 to G-flowered : leaves 3 to 8, scattered or somewhat verticillate : flowers usually solitary, noddhvj, yellow or orange and tinged with purple: styles connate and stigma shortly 3-lobed: capsule oblong to suhr/lobose.-— Prom Utah and Montana to the Sierra Nevada and British Columbia. 12. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Dog's-tooth Violet. Stem bearing near the base a pair of closely approximate flat dilated net- veined leaves : flowers showy, solitary or few in a n«aked raceme. 1. E. grandiflorum, Pursh. Leaves not mottled, opposite: flowers 1 to 6, yellow or cream-colored, with a more or less orange base, 1 or 2 inches long: capsule narrowly oblong. Var. minor, Morren. Flowers smaller, an inch long, bright yellow. — Colorado and Utah. 13. LLOYD I A, Salisb. The bulb upon an oblique rhizome, covered by the persistent scarious bases of the nearly filiform leaves. L L. Serotina, Reichenb. Stem 2 to 6 inches high, equalling the leaves : flowers erect ; perianth-segments oblanceolate, obtuse, obscurely pitted at base . capsule obovate, obtusely angled : seeds chestnut-colored. — Mountains of Colorado and northward throughout the alpine and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. 14. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. Stems usuallv flexuous and branching : leaves few, linear-lanceolate, radical and cauline, the latter altenmte and clasping, all with many nerves and trans- verse veinlets : flowers few, showy. In ours the flowers are open-campanu- late, white or lilac, with densely hairy glands, and the capsule narrowly oblong with thick obtusely angled lobes. 1 . C- Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, bulbiferous at base, with a single nnrroAV cauline leaf (sometimes 2 or 3), umbellately 1 to 5-flowered : sepals often with a dark or hairy spot : petals an inch or two long, u-hite tinged with greenish yellow or lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow base, and hairv around the circular or oblong gland: anthers obtuse. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 124. From New Mexico and Colorado to Dakota and California. 2. C. Gunnisoni, Watson. Like the last, but witli acuminate anthers and a broad transverse gland: petals light lilac, yellowish green below the middle, handed and lined with purple. —Bot. King Exped. v. 348. Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico. 15. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Stems rather stout, with forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper- pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small flowers on slender peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle. LILIACE^. (LILY FAMILY.) 353 1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath : anthers tapering to a slender point : stigma entire, truncate. — Across the continent in northern latitudes and ranging south to New Mexico. 16. PROS ARTE S, D.Don. Low and pubescent, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and membranaceous leaves, and drooping flowers. In ours the stigma is 3-cleft. 1. P. trachycarpa, Watson, Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely acuminate : perianth-segments whitish, slightly spreading, acute : fruit broadly obovate, obtuse and rather deeply lobed, papillose. — Bot. King Exped. V. 344. Colorado to Utah and the Saskatchewan. 17. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. The pubescent panicle mostly staminate below, with green or greenish bracts. In ours the leaves are broad-elliptical and sheathing, the ovary gla- brous, and the capsule many-seeded. 1. V. Californicum, Durand. Stem 2 to 7 feet high : upper leaves lanceolate, but rarely acuminate : branches of the sometimes compound panicle ascending : perianth-segments obtuse, whitish with greener base, often denticulate above. — V. album, Watson. From Colorado and Wyoming to N. California and Oregon. , 18. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Stem from a coated bulb crowning a short rhizome, with narrowly linear obscurely nerved leaves mostly near the base : otherwise as Veratrum. In ours the gland covers more or less of the base of the perianth-segments. * Flowers rather large, rnostl ij perfect. \. Z. elegans, Pursh. Stem ^ to 3 feet high : leaves glaucous, 2 to 6 lines broad : raceme often feio-floioered : bracts ovate-lanceolate, usually pur- plish: perianth adnate at base; segments broad, greenish, the inner abruptly contracted to a broad claiv ; gland obcordate. — Z. glaucus, Nutt. From New Mexico to Oregon and Canada. 2. Z. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem stout, 2 feet high: leaves 3 to 8 lines broad : raceme rather densely flowered, with narrow membranous bracts : perianth free from the ovary; segments not clawed, with an ill-defined gland at base. — Manual, 525. From Colorado to Texas. * * Flowers smaller, polygamous. Z. venenoSUS, Watson. Stem slender, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing : raceme simple, short : perianth-segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, all ab- ruptly contracted to a short glandular claw ; gland extending slightly above the claw with a Avell-defined irregular margin: seeds 1| to 2^ lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. From the Wahsatch to California and British Columbia. Known as " Death-Camass " or " Hogs' Potato." 23 354 SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 4. Z. paniculatuS) Watson, Very similar : usually stout : leaves 3 to 8 lines broad, usually all sheathing : raceme compound: perianth-segments del- toid, acute or acuminate ; gland less definitely margined, often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade: seeds 3 to 5 lines long. — Bot. King Exped. v. 344. From the Wahsatch Mountains to California and the Saskatchewan. 19. CHAMJELIRIUM, WiUd. DevilVBit. Stem wand-like, from a thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long spiked raceme of small bractless flowers : fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. 1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. Stem l to 4 feet high: lower leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, the cauline narrower. — C. luteum. Gray, Manual, 527. Coming into our eastern limit in W. Nebraska and extending eastward. 20. TO FIELD I A, Huds. False Asphodel. Mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at base, bear- ing small flowers in a close raceme : leaves linear, grass-like. Ours has stem and infloiescence pubescent, and pedicels fascicled. 1. T. glutinosa, Willd. Glutinous-pubescent: stem slender, to 1^ feet high : raceme short : pedicels bearing the scarcely lobed involucre near the flower : capsule shortly beaked : seeds mjnute, with brownish testa, and a contorted tail at each end. — From Wyoming to Oregon and northward, also eastward to Canada and N. Carolina. 21. XEROPHYLLXTM, Michx. Stem from a bulbous base, bearing a compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft. 1. X. Douglasii, Watson. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves often 2 or 3 feet long: pedicels ^ to 1^ inches long: flower-segments 2^ lines long, exceed- ing the stamens: capsule cordate-ovate, 6-valved, the abruptly acute cells separating and then dehiscing. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 284. X. tenax of the Hayden Reports. Headwaters of the Yellowstone and westward to Oregon. Order 80. SJWILACEvE. (Smilax Family.) Shrubby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and ne'tted-veined simple leaves; with dioecious small flowers; regular perianth of 6 similar deciduous sepals, free from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals ; with introrse 1 -celled anthers; ovary with 3 cells and as many elongated spreading sessile stigmas. COMMELYNACE^. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 355 1. S M I L A X, Tourn. Green Brier. Characters of the order : flowers in umbels. 1. S. rotundifolia, L, Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches : branchlets more or less 4-angular : leaves ovate or rouud- ovate, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-poiuted : berries blue-blacky with a bloom. — Colorado aiid eastward. Order 81. COIW]?IEL,YiVACE^. (Spiderwort Family.) Herbs, with fibrous or soinetiines thickened roots, jointed and often branching leafy steins, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla, of 3 persistent sepals and as many ephe- meral or deciduous (in ours blue) petals. Style one, stigma undivided. Pod 3 to several-seeded. — Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel- veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often forming a kind of spathe. 1. Commelyna. Flowers irregular. Three stamens fertile and three sterile and smaller : filaments naked. 2. Tradescantia. Flowers regular. Stamens all fertile : filaments bearded. m 1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-Flower. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Sterile stamens with imperfect cross-shaped anthers. — Stems branching, often procumbent and rooting at the joints : floral leaf heart- sliaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved on their pedicels before and afterwards. 1. C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards the base : leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate : spathes peduncled, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when expanded, in fruit somewhat hood-like. — E. Colo-^ rado and eastward to New York. 2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovat», sessile. — Stems mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy : leaves keeled : flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, terminal (in ours) : floral leaves nearly like the others. 1. T, Virginica, L. Leaves lance-linear, elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate : umbels sessile, clustered, usually involu- crate by 2 leaves, many-flowered. — From New Mexico northward and eaat- ward across the continent. 856 JUNCACE^. (rush family.) Order 82. JUNCACEiE. (Rush Family.) Grass-like or sedge-lilce lierbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary 1 or 3-celled. — Plants with liliaceous flowers and sedge-hke appearance and texture. 1. liuzula. Pod l-<:elled, 3-seeded. Plant often hairy. 2. Juncus. Pod 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentas not reaching the axis, many-seeded. Plant never hairj". 1. LUZULA, DC. WooD-EcsH. Pod with one seed to each parietal placenta. Generally in dry ground, with usually flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-crowded or umbelled flowers. * Pedicels \-flowered, in a loose compound cyme. 1. L. spadicea, DC. Glabrous or slightly villous: steins 6 to 18 inches high or more : inflorescence lax and noddijig, much exceeding the usually small involucral bracts : perianth straw-color or more or less tinged with brown ; segments slightly shorter than the acute apiculate capsule : anthers much exceeding the filaments: seed oblong, brownish, not appendaged, — Ranging from the Arctic Ocean southward into California, Colorado, and the N. Atlantic States; chiefly the following varieties: Var. parviflora, Meyer. Inflorescence often 3 to 6 inches long, with elongated unequal drooping branches and slender pedicels : flowers smaller : anthers about equalling the filaments. Var. melanoearpa, Meyer. Similar, but capsule dark brown. — L. par- viflora, var. melaiiocorpa, Gray, ISIanual. Var. subcongesta, Watson. Like the others, but the pedicels short and more or less fascicled at the ends of the branches of the cyme. — Bot. Calif, ii. 202. * * Flowers spicate : spikes erect, mosthj pedunculate in a cijmose umbel. 2. L. comosa, Meyer. Villous : stem 6 to 15 inches high, leafy: the folia- ceous bract usual 1 1/ exceeding the inflorescence: peduncles 2 to 12, unequal, the longer 1 to 3 inches long: spikes simple, usually oblong, loosely flowered: peri- anth pale or somewhat tinged with brown, equalling the capsule : anthers small, equalling the filaments : seed dark, ivith a white conical appendage some- times half as long as the seed. — The type, together with the following varie- ties, ranges from the Rocky Mountains westward and northward. Var. macrantha, Watson. Perianth longer, 7nuch exceeding the capsule: anthers equalling or twice longer than the filaments : seed larger, the appendage always short. — Bot. Calif, ii. 203. Var. subsessilis, Watson. Spikes solitary or few, nearly sessile, loose; perianth-segments lax and scarious. — Bot. Calif, loc. cit. 3. L. campestris, DC. Similar to the preceding type, but usually less villous: bracts short: spikes dense, short, and ovate: perianth-segments often JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 357 dark-brown. — Ratlier rare in California, Colorado, etc., but common in the Atlantic States. 4. L. spicata, Desv. Leaves carinate and folded: floivers in a solitary and compound dense nodding spike : seed not appendaged. — An alpine species in the mountains of Colorado, and in similar situations northward and east- ward. 2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-Rush. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Generally in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow simple stems, and panicled or clustered small greenish or brownish flowers. * Scape naked, the basal sheath also leafless, or rarehj bearing terete leai^es simi- lar to the scape : floicers in sessile apparently lateral panicles : stamens 6 in ours. — True Junci. ■•- Flmrers many ; panicle more or less compound : sheaths leafless. 1. J. Balticus, Deth. Rather stout: sepals nearly equal and similar, or the inner more obtuse: capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked : seeds smaller, narrower, and longer apiculate than in the eastern form. — Ranging across the continent. Known as " Wire grass." 2. J. filiformis, L. Very slender : panicle almost simple: sepals exceed- ing the broadly ovate obtuse short-pointed greenish capsule. — From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent. Flowers few ; panicle scarcely ever compound : sheaths often leaf-bearing: seeds caudate : low and alpine. 3. J. Drummondii, E. Meyer. Stems 1 to 1.^ feet high, terete and fili- form : sheaths bristle-pointed: spathe more or less exceeding the simple 1 to 3-flowered panicle : capsule ovate-oblong, triangular, retuse : seeds ovate. — Mountains of Colorado to California and northward. 4. J. Hallii,.Engelm. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, terete and filiform, much longer than the terete bristleform leaves : spathe scarcely exceeding the close subsimple 2 to 5-flowered panicle : sepals ivhite-margined : capsule ovate, angled, retuse : seeds oblong-linear. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 446. Colorado. 5. J. Parryi, Engelm. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, setaceous, longer than the sulcate subterete leaves : spathe exceeding the 1 to 3-flowered panicle : outer sepals bristle-pointed: capsule prismatic, pointed: seeds oblong. — Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado to California and northward. * * Stems naked or leafy : leaves flat, or semi-terete and channelled, never knotted : panicle or head evidently terminal: stamens 6 in ours. — Grassy- leaved Junci. Alpine : seeds caudate : leaves flstnlous : flowers in small heads. 6. J, triglumis, L. Leaves roundish, channelled and 2 to 3-tubular below, flattened upward : sheaths auricled at top : head equalling the membra- nous spathe : capsule elliptical, acute. — Mountains of Colorado and northward to the Arctic coast. 7. J, castaneus, Sm. Stem leafy : leaves terete, deeply channelled at base : heads somewhat in pairs sessile or peduncled, shorter than the rather large spathe : capsule oval-triangular and rather long mucronate. — Mountains of Colo- rado northward to British America and thence across the continent. 358 JUNCACE^. (RUSH FAMILY.) H- Flowers solitary, panicled. Stems slender, simple, tujled, leaf)/ below. 8. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Leaves slightlij channelled at base: panicle light- colored, loose, few-flowered : capsule ovate, retuse : seeds conspicuousli/ caudate at both ends. — Loc. cit. From Colorado to Michigan and the Saskatchewan. 9. J. tenuis, Willd. Leaves flat : perianth-segments pale : sepals ex- ceeding the ovoid retuse green capsule: seeds white-pointed at both ends. — Everywhere throughout the United States. Var. COngestUS, Engelm. Panicle contracted and somewhat capitate: perianth and capsule darker. — Loc. cit. 450. Colorado and California. •<-+ Stems branched, diffused, leafi}. 10. J, bufonius, L. Low and slender : panicle spreading, mostly with one-sided dichotomous branches : the 3 outer sepals much longer than the inner and than the oblong obtuse pod : seeds elliptical, obtuse. — Common everywhere. +- H— +- Flowers capitate : seeds not caudate. 11. J. longistylis, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, leafy: leaves flat, grass-like : heads few in a contracted panicle, or rarely single : flowers greenish with brown lines : sepals equal, a little shorter or equalling the ovate, obtuse, mucronate or rostrate, chestnut colored capsule : seeds oblan- ceolate or obovate, pointed. — From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Washington Territory. * * * Stem leaf 11 : leaves knotted by internal cross-partitions : panicle terininal, with the flowers in heads. — Knotty-leaved Junci. -I- Leaves terete or slightly compressed. ++ Seeds barely pointed : stamens 6. 12. J. alpinus, Vill., var. insignis, Fries. Stem 9 to 18 inches high: panicle erect, elongated, greenish or light-brown; heads few-flowered : sepals obtuse: capsules light-brown, obtuse, mucronate, 3-celled : seeds spindle-shaped. — From Colorado northward, also eastward to New York. 13. J. nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr. Stem stout, 1 to 3 feet high, with thick leaves: panicle pale green; heads many-flowered : sepals awl. pointed: capsules slender, triangular, taper-pointed, one-celled: seeds obovate, abruptly mucronate. — From New Mexico to California and New York. ++ -w- Seeds caudate : stamens 3. 14. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, bearing 2 or 3 leaves : heads few to many-flowered : outer sepals the shorter : capsule triangular- prismatic, one-celled, mostly exsert and short-pointed. Var. coarctatus, Engelm. Stem slender, bearing fewer deep-brown 3 to 5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle : sepals much shorter than the pod. — Gray's Manual, 544. Yellowstone Park ; also eastward from Wisconsin to New England. 1- •»- Leaves compressed and equitant, ensiform: stem compressed and usually acutely edged. 15. J. Mertensianus, Meyer. Stems weak, from slender matted root- stocks, 6 to 18 inches high, not 2-edged : leaves very narrow, the sheaths with ligules : heads solitary, densely many-flowered, dark brown : capsule obovate, obtuse. — From Colorado to California and Alaska. TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FAMILY.) 350 16. J. xiphioides, Meyer. Stems from a thick creeping rootstock, 2 to 4 feet high, 2-edged : leaves usually broad, the sheaths without I i gules : heads numerous, browuish, few to many-flowered, in a compound panicle : capsule oblong, acute. Var. montanus, Engelm. Lower and leaves narrower: heads few, usually many-flowered. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 481. From New Mexico to Washington Territory and the Saskatchewan. Order 83. TYPHACE.*:. (Cat-tail Family.) Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious floM^ers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary tapering into a style. Fruit nut-like, 1 or 2-seeded. 1. Typha. Flowers in a long very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem. 2. Sparganium. Flowers in separate dense spherical leafy-bracted heads, which are scattered along the summit of the stem. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag. Upper part of the spike consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded by club- shaped bristles. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems. 1. T. latifolia, L. Leaves flat: staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate. — Across the continent. 2. SPARGANIXJM, Tourn. Bur-reed. The upper heads consisting of stamens only, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur- rounded by 3 to 6 scales. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Stems simple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. * Erect, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as long as the truncate scales: nuts sessile, wedge-shaped, angular: leaves mostly flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides. 1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, 2 to 4 feet high : fruit many- angled when ripe, with a broad and depressed summit abruptly tipped in the centre. — From Nevada northward and eastward across the continent. * * Erect or rarely floating, with simple or branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil with conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate scales : nuts attenuated at both ends, with a stalked base, nearly terete : leaves floating or triangular with flat sides in the loiver half 2. S. simplex, Hudson. Erect, 9 to 15 inches high, slender: inflores- cence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or peduncled : fruit more or less contracted in the middle. — Across the continent. Exceedingly vari- able, the following varieties coming within our range : 360 LEMNACE^. (duckweed FAMILY.) Var. androcladum, Engelm. Stouter and taller : inflorescence branched below ; branches bearing numerous sterile heads : fruit larger, not contracted, long-tapering at both ends. — Gray's Manual, 481. Var. angustifolium, Engelm. Leaves floating : inflorescence simple : fruit smaller, short-stiped, contracted in the middle. — Loc. cit. * * * Usually Jloating, ivith very slender stems and delicate always Jlat and narrow leaves: inflorescence simple, of few small heads : scales oval or obovate, denticulate : nuts oval, with a very short stipe and short point. 3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Fries. Fertile heads solitary or two, axillary, sessile, or the lower one jipduncled : nuts som^vhat triangular, contracted below : stems when out of the water only 5 to 6 inches high. — Uinta Moun- tains, and northward, thence eastward to New England. Order 84. L-EMNACE^E. (Duckweed Family.) Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, being merely a disk -like frond producing one or few monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surftice, and commonly hang- ing roots from underneath ; fruit a utricle, and seed large. 1. L.emna. Frond 1 to 5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 2. Speirodela. Frond 7 to 11-nerved, with several rootlets, 1» XiEM^A, Linn. Duckweed. Dlck's-meat. Flowers marginal, bracteate, diandrous. Anther-cells bilocellate by a trans- verse partition, dehiscing transversely. Seeds 1 to 6. — Rootlet destitute of vascular tissue. 1. L. trisulca, U. Fronds thin, oblong or oblong -lanceolate, attenuate at base into a slender stalk, very obscurely 3-nerved, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected: seeds ovate. — From New Mexico to Oregon, the Sas- katchewan, and eastward tlirough most of North America. 2. L. minor, L. Fronds rather thick, round- to elliptic-obovate, sessile, very obscurely 3-nerved, the offshoots soon separating : seeds oblong-obovate. — Abundant everywhere, closely covering the surface of stagnant pools. 2. SPEIRODELA, Schleiden. Like Lemna, but anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and dehiscent longitudinally, and ovary 2-celled. — Rootlets with axile vascular tissues. 1. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate, purple beneath: roots clustered, usually 3 to 5. — Lemna polyrrhiza, L. Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, and eastward throughout the continent. Very rarely seen in flower or fruit. NAIADACE^. (pond WEED FAMILY.) 861 Order 85. AMSI?IACEiE. (Water-Plantain Family.) Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct; ovaries numerous, distinct, becoming akenes in fruit. — Roots fibrous ; leaves radical, petiolate, strongly nei-ved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without blade; flowers in a loose raceme or panicle. 1. Alisina. Flowers perfect. Carpels verticillate, obovate-oblong, flattened. 2. Sagittaria. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Carpels capitate, flattened and mem- branously winged. 1. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. Petals small. Stamens 6, rarely more. Ovaries on a disk-like receptacle. Akenes in a crowded whorl, somewhat channelled on the back, obtuse. — Herbs in sliallow water or mud, with small flowers in a verticil lately branched panicle. 1. A. PlantagO, L., var. Amerieanum, Gray. Leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 3 to 9-nerved : carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit. — From the base of the mountains eastward across the conti- nent ; also from California to Washington Territory. 2. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-head. Staminate flowers above. Petals usually conspicuous. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Ovaries crowded in globose heads. Akenes abruptly beaked by the very short style. — Stoloniferous herbs with milky juice, broadly sheathing leaves often without a blade, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few whorls of flowers usually in threes. 1. S. variabilis, Engelm. Kootstock tuberif erous : scape | to 2 feet high or more, angled : leaves very variable, ovate-sagittate, or more or less narrowed, or even linear, acute, the similar lobes more or less divergent, acu- minate : petals white, rounded, exceeding the sepals : fruiting heads nearly half an inch in diameter : akenes obovate, with a conspicuous acute horizontal beak at the upper angle. — From the mountains eastAvard across the conti- nent ; also from Nevada and California to British Columbia. Order 86. NAIADACEiE. (Pondweed Family.) Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy (naked and scape-like in TrigJocJiin), leaves sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spathaceous, with or without perianth ; ovaries 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. 362 NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) * Immersed aquatics with flat leaves : ovaries 4, distinct. — Naiade>e. 1. Zanichellia. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Stamen 1, with slender filament. Fertile flowers solitary, witli a cup-shaped membranous spathe or perianth. Ovaries nearly sessile, becoming more or less stipitate : stigmas peltate. Leaves opposite. 2. Potamogeton. Flowers perfect, with herbaceous 4-sepaled perianth, in a peduncled spike. Anthers 4, sessile. Ovaries sessile : stigma sessile, unilateral. Leaves mostly alternate. * * Marsh plants with terete bladeless leaves : flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous 6-lobed perianth : carpels more or less united, separating at maturity. — JUNCAGINE.E. 3. Tris:lochin. Ovaries 3 to 6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bract- less, in a spilie-like raceme terminating a jointless scape. 4. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate ia a loose laceme upon a leafy stem. 1. ZANICHELLIA, Micheli. Horned Pondweed. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Male flowers of a single naked stamen. Fertile flowers usually in the same axils. Fruit an obliquely oblong beaked nutlet. — Very slender and branching, with very narrow and filiform leaves, not sheathing and with small stipules. 1. Z. palustris, L. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long or more, leafy : leaves ^ to 3 inches long : fruit somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the back. — From New Mexico and S. Colorado northward, and in both the Pacific and Atlantic States. In fresh-water ponds and slow streams. 2. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. The four stamens opposite the perianth segments. Fruit somewhat com- pressed, ovate, drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within. — Slender, jointed and branching, in fresh or brackish water, with linear or dilated leaves, and scarious stipules : spikes enclosed in the bud, at length long-exserted.^ « Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, tvith a dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submerged ones; stipules free: spikes cylindrical, mosthj dense, not interrupted. Submerged leaves reduced to narrowly grass-like or filiform sessile phyllodia. 1. P. natans, L. Stem rather stout, simple or sparingly branched: floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acutish, slightly cordate at base, 21 to 29-nerved, mostly shorter than the petiole ; stipules long and con- spicuous; upper submerged leaves with a small lanceolate blade, the lower (formed early or late in the season) reduced to phyllodia: peduncle stout, bearing an emersed spike : fruit turgid, obliquely obovate, acute : nutlet with a small deep pit on each side. — Across the continent, in ponds and ditches. In deeper or flowing water, the plant becomes more slender and often sub- merged. •\- Submerged leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear. 2. P. rufescens, Schrad. Floating leaves (often Avantiug) rather thin, 11 ll-nerved, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, acutish, attenuate into 1 Mature fruit is necessary for positive determination. NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 363 a very broad short petiole; submerged leaves as large as the floating ones, sessile or nearly so, narroioly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute : spikes rather slender, on stout often elongated peduncles . fruit round-obovate, acutely margined, beaked by the rather long style: nutlet pitted on each side. — In Colorado and Montana, and common in the Atlantic States ; also collected sparingly in California. In streams or ponds. 3. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem rather sender, branching: floating leaves thickish, 1 1 to 23-nerved, long elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole usually longer than the blade; submerged leaves thinner and longer, mostly linear-lanceolate, more attenuate at base, the lower sessile : spikes on stout peduncles : fruit obliquely obovate, cari- nate, acute: nutlet somewhat 3-keeled, the sides scarcely impressed. — Am. Jour. Sci. II. vi. 226. From Mexico to the Atlantic States; also in the Pacific States. Usually in streams. 4. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Stems often stout, simple : floating leaves (sometimes wanting) 30 to 50-nerved, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly rounded or slightly cordate at base, on stout petioles about equalling the b'ade; submerged leaves often very large, mostly falcate and somewhat undulate, acute, attenuate to a usually short petiole : spike thick, on a very stout peduncle : fruit large, 3-fceeled, with a broad stout beak: sides of the nutlet not pitted.— Am. Jour. Sci. loc. cit. 225. — From New Mexico to the Atlantic States ; also in California and Oregon. In ponds and streams. 5. P. gramineUS, L. Stems very slender, branching : floating leaves rather thin, 9 to l5-nerved, small, oblong-elliptic, acutish, rounded or cuneate at base, on slender petioles mostly equalling or exceeding the blade ; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, variable in length, more commonly short, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base : spikes rather loose, on stout often elongated peduncles : fruit round-obovate, acute, scarcely keeled. — From the Yellowstone eastward; also in Nevada and California. In still or flowing water. * * Leaves all submerged and uniform, thin and dilated {lanceolate to oval), nu- merous, mostly sessile : spikes dense, on stout peduncles. 6. P. lueens, L. Stem stout, branching : leaves usually large (2 to 6 inches long), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, often undu- late-serrate, narroived at base to a short petiole or subsessile; stipules large: peduncles often elongated : fruit acute, slightly keeled. — From New Mexico to California ; also eastward to Florida and New England. 7. P. perfoliatUS, L, Stem more slender, flexuous, branching : leaves broadly cordate to cordate-lanceolate, |- to inches long, obtuse or acute, clasp- ing at base; stipules small : spikes somewhat compound, on mostly short pe- duncles : fruit obtusely keeled, beaked by the short slender style. Var. (?) lanceolatus, Robbins. Leaves longer (2 to 4 inches or more), and more lanceolate, acuminate, undulate : peduncles thickened upward ; fruit nearly orbicular. — Gray's Manual, 488. * * * Leaves all submerged and uniform, narrowly linear or setaceous, sessile. Stipules free from the narrow base of the leaf. 8. P. pusillus, L. Stem filiform : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, rarely a line wide, often nearly setaceous, 1 to 5-nerved, biglandular at base : spikes capi- tate, or elongated, or interrupted, on slender flattened peduncles. 364 NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) Var. vulgaris, Fries. Leaves 3-nerved, often obtuse, revolute and hence subulate. — From the Uintas to the N. Atlantic States and Canada. •»- -t- Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf: spikes interrupted. 9. P. peetinatUS, L. Stem filiform, repeatedly branched: leaves very narrowhj linear, 2 to 6 inches long, rarely over | line broad, often setaceous, \-nerved, acute : peduncles elongated, slender : fruit in often dense verticils, large (2 lines long), obliqueljj obovate, obtusely keeled. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent ; also in the Pacific States. 10. P. marinus, L. Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last, low and very leafy : peduncles much elongated : fruit much smaller (a line long) and tliinner, round obovate, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad sessile stigma. Var. (?) OCCidentalis, Robbins. Often taller and less leafy: peduncles usually rather shoi't : spikes interrupted. — Bot. King Exped. 339. Colorado, Utah, Montana, and westward. 11. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem rather stout, often branched and flexuous : leaves numerous, distichous, the close sheaths nearly covering the stem, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long by 2 lines broad, many-nerved, acuminate, ciliate-sei~rulate : spikes usually several, on rather stout pedicels^: fruit oblong- obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked. — Gray's Manual, 490. From Oregon to the Yellowstone, and common in the N. Atlantic States. 3. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-grass. Stamens 3 or 6 ; anthers nearly sessile. Ovary with sessile stigmas and solitary ovules, separating at maturity from the central axis into as many dis- tinct pods. — Herb with fibrous roots. 1. T. maritimum, L. Rather stout, a span to 2 or 3 feet high : leaves shorter than the scape, a line or two broad : raceme usually crowded, 4 to 12 inches long : flowers a line broad : fruit obtuse at base, 6-carpelled, \^ to 2^ lines long, and about equalling the pedicels. — In saline places across the continent. 2. T. palustre, L. Slender, ^ to feet high: leaves less than a line broad : flowers smaller : fruit attenuate at base, 3-carpelled, 2^ to 4 lines long, exceeding the pedicels, separating from below upward. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. 4. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Stamens 6 : anthers on slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly dis- tinct carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous sub-globose pods : stigmas flat and sessile. — Herb with a creeping jointed scariously sheathed rootstock. 1. S. palustris, L. Stems a span high or less: leaves exceeding them, pitted at the tip : raceme 4 to 6-flowered, with sheathing bracts, the upper ones small. — From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent; also in California and Washington Territory. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 365 Order 87. CYPEBACEiE. (Sedge Family.) Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems, closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each of the glume-like imbricated bracts, destitute of any perianth, or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place, the 1 -celled ovary in fruit forming an akene. Style 2 or 3-cloft. Stem leaves when present 3-ranked. * Flowers all perfect : spikelets few to many-flowered, solitary or spicate, the spikes capi- tate or umbellate : only 1 or 2 of the lower scales usually empty. — Scirpine^e. ■t- Spikelets more or less flattened, the scales being in 2 ranks : inflorescence involu- crate. — Cypere^ 1. Cyperus. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. Style slender, deciduous. Spikelets spicate or clustered. Stamens 1 to 3. -t- Spikelets many-flowered, not flattened, the scales imbricated all around. — Scirpe^. ++ Style not dilated at base. 2. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered or in a compound umbel, the stem often leafy at base and inflorescence involucrate. Style deciduous or only the base per- sistent. Barbed bristles present at the base of the akene or wanting. Stamens mostly 3. 3. Sriophorum. Like the last, but the numerous naked bristles long-exserted and silky in fruit. Spikelets few. Stamens 1 to 3, 4. Hemicarpha* Like Scirpus, but without bristles and with a minute hyaline bractlet between each flower and the rhachis. Spikelets solitary or few in a sessile apparently lateral cluster. Stamen 1. ++ ++ Style enlarged at base. 5. Eleocliaris. Spikelet solitary, terminal upon a leafless bractless stem. Base of the style persistent. Bristles usually present. Stamens 3. 6. Fimbristylis. Spikelets iu an involucrate umbel. Stem leafy at base. Style usually wholly deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. * * Flowers monoecious ; the staminate and pistillate in the same spike, which is terminal (in ours) : akene naked, without bristles. — Sci-erine/e. 7. Kobresia. Spikelets sessile in a terminal spike, with a glume-like bract under each spikelet. Stem leafy at base. Base of the style persistent. Stamens 3. * * * Flowers monoecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or dioecious : akene enclosed in an inflated sac-like persistent perigynium. — Caricine^. 8. Carex. Spikelets solitary, spicate or paniculate. Hypogynous bristles or scales wholly wanting or a single short bristle at the base of the ovary. 1. CYPERUS, L. Galingale. Scales concave or keeled, often decurrent upon the rhachis. Akene lenticu- lar or triangular, not beaked, usually smooth. — With mostly triangular and nearly naked simple stems, sheathed at base by the nearly radical leaves : inflorescence subtended by a mostly conspicuous leafy involucre, usually irregu- larly umbellate with unequal rays, the spikelets in spikes solitary or clustered upon the rays, the central spike or cluster always sessile, aud the whole often contracted into a single more or less dense head. Ours all belong to Eucy- PERUS, in which the style is 3-cleft and akene triangular, the spikelets many- flowered, with carinatc scales, and with the rhachis naked or nearly so. 366 CVPERACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) * Stamen 1 : spikes short and small, collected in globular heads, ovate or linear' oblong, compactlt/ mang -flowered : low annuals, tvith a 2 to 3-leaved involucre. 1. C. aristatUS, Kottb. Spikes oblong becoming linear, 7 to 13-flowered, in 1 to 5 ovate lieads : scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point : akene obovate, obtuse. — C. inflexus, Muhl. Said to be sweet-scented in drying. Across the continent. * * Stamens 3 : spikes looselg or somewhat remotely 6 to \2-flowered,flattish and greenish, several crowded together in one sessile or in a few peduncled heads or dense clusters : scales convex on the back, viang-nerved, a little longer than the I sharply triangular akene : perennials, with hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the base of the stems. 2. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Stem rough on the angles, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves linear : tnnbel simple, 4 to 8-rayed : spikes crowded along the upper part of the mostly elongated rays, erect: scales awl-pointed : joints of the axis narrowly-winged. — In dry sandy places in Colorado ; also from Lake Ontario northwestward. 3. C. filiculmis, Vahl. Stem slender, wiry, often reclined: leaves linear: spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile dense head, or in 1 to 7 additional looser heads on spreading rays of an irregular umbel : joints of the axis naked: scales blunt, greenish. — In dry soil, and coming into our range from W. Kansas. 2. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush or Club-Kusii. Hypogynous bristles 3 to 6, barbed or ciliate, or wanting. Style 2 to 3-cleft. Akene lenticular or more or less triangular, obovoid. — Tufted plants, with creeping rootstocks, the stem sheathed or leafy at base, and the spikelets in an apparently lateral cluster, or compound umbel-like panicle, or solitary. * Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserted after flower- ing, barbed downwards or smooth. •»- Spike solitari/, few-flowered, small, often flattish : akene triangular, smooth. \. S. CSespitOSUS, L. Stems terete, filiform, in compact turfy tufts, densely sheathed at the base, the upper sheath bearing a very short awl- shaped leaf : scales of the ovoid spike rust-colored : involucral bract a rigid- pointed scale, resembling the lowest proper scale of the spike : bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed akene. — Mountains of Colo- rado (Hall and Harbour); also from the mountains of New England and N. Carolina northwestward. H_ ^_ Spikes clustered [rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre, which resembles the naked stem, seeming to he a continuation of it. •w- Stem sharply triangular, stout : sheaths at base more or less leaf bearing : spikes rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster. 2. S. pungens, Vahl. Stem sharply 3-angled throughout, 1 to 4 feet high, with concave sides: leaves I to 3 elongated: spikes 1 to 6, capitate, usually long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf : scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes : anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage. — Borders of ponds and streams from California into Mexico, and northward ; common in the Atlantic States. CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 36T 3. S. Olneyi, Gray. Stem B-wing-angJed, with deepli/ excavated sides, 2 to 7 feet higli, tlie upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or none: spikes 6 to 12, closely capitate, overtopped by the short iuvolucral leaf : scales orbicu- lar, smooth, mucronate-pointed : anthers with a verij short and blunt minutelj/ bearded tip. — PI. Liudh. 30. Across the southern part of the continent and northward along the Atlantic seaboard. HH- ++ Stem terete, veri/ tall and stout, naked: sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or 7ione: spikes rustg or chestnut-brown, numerous and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of which mostly surpass the involucral leaf: scales wih a salient midrib extending into a mucronate point. 4. S. lacUStris, L. Stem 3 to 9 feet high, scales ciliate : akene pale and dull, obovate with a narrowed base, usually overtopped by the 4 to 6 slender downwardly barbed bristles. — S. validus, Vahl. Common in fresh-water ponds throughout the Atlantic States, and extending westward to the moun- tains. Var. OCCidentalis, Watson. Scales often pubescent, especially on the midvein, usually pale with fine brown lines: bristles not exserted : akene broadly obovate, terminating abruptly in a rather short beak. — Bot. Calif, ii. 218. From Texas and Colorado to British Columbia and the Pacific coast. Known as " Tule." -»- H- H- Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cijmose- panicled clusters, man (/-flowered, terete: involucre of mostly several obvious and fat leaves : .'items tall, triangular, leafy. Spikes large : midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate or 2-cleft apex into a distinct awn. 5. S. maritimus, L. Leaves flat, linear, as long as the stout stem (1 to 3 feet high), those of the involucre 1 to 4, very unequal : spikes few to several in a sessile cluster, often also with 1 to 4 unequal rays : awns of the scale soon recurved : akene obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse- angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, longer than the bristles. — In salt marshes everywhere across the continent. 6. S. fluviatilis, Gray. Stem stouter and taller: leaves flat, broadly linear, the upper and those of the very lorg involucre much exceeding the compound umbel: rays 5 to 9, elongated, recur ved-spread ing : scales less lacerate and their awns less recurved: akene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, dull, scarcely equalling the bristles. — Borders of lakes and streams from W. Vermont to Illinois and Wisconsin, and extending into our range at its northeastern border. ■w- -M- Spikes very numerous, small: scales mucronate-pointed or blunt: umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : stein tall and very leafy : bristles very slender and of en more or less tortuous and naked below. 7. S. Sylvaticus, L. Spikes lead-colored, 3 to \0 in a cluster at the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle : scales bluntish : bristles 6 and dowmcardly barbed throughout : akene angled on the back, short-pointed : style 3-cleft. 368 CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Var. digynus, Boeck. Sttjle 2-cleft, alene not at all angled on the back, stamens 2, and bristles 4. — S. microcarpus, Presl, of Gray's Manual. From California to Colorado and across the continent northward. The type is rarely collected in New England. 8. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Very similar to the last : panicle more con- tracted, the smaller spikelets crowded in denser and larger clusters: scales narrower and narrowli/ acuminate: bristles scarcelij barbed below the middle: style 3-cle/l : akene obloug-obovate, moi'e acuminate, slightli/ angled on the bad.: — In wet meadows and bogs from Colorado to California and Oregon, and eastward to New England, * * Bristles capillary, naked, not barbed, elongating, becoming tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular akene. 9. S. lineatUS, Michx. Stem triangular, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves linear, flat : umbels terminal and sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1 to 3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long slender rays : spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on filiform drooping pedicels : bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the green-keeled and pointed scales : akene sharp-pointed. — From New England to Wisconsin and southward, coming into our range from W. Kansas. 3. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-Grass. Distinguished from Scirpus chiefly by very numerous naked silky bristles which become loug-exserted in fruit. Style very slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Akene acutely triangular. — Perennials with creeping rootstocks. 1. E. gracile, Koch. Stem very slender, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves slender, channelled-triangular : involucre of I to 3 brownish scales : spikelets 2 to 5 on short tomentose-scabrous slightly nodding rays : akene linear-oblong, broadest above. — Cold bogs across the continent in the northern tier of States. 2. E. polystachyum, L. Stouter : leaves linear, Jlat or barely chan- nelled below: involucre more conspicuous, 2 or 3-leaved: spikelets more numerous and larger, upon longer nodding usually smooth rays : akene broader, obovate. — From Colorado northward, and thence eastward across the continent ; also in Oregon. 4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. Distinguished from Scirpus chiefly by the minute hyaline bractlet between the flower and the axis. Style 2-cleft. — Low setaceous annuals, with flattened stems, somewhat leafy at base. 1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Stems numerous, tufted, 1 to 6 inches high, brown-sheathed at base, with 1 or 2 very short filiform leaves: principal invo- lucral bract continuous with the stem, the others much smaller or none : scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point. — From California to New Mexico and Colorado and eastward through the Atlantic States. 6. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-Rush. Scales closely imbricated all around the rhachis. Perianth of 3 to 9 short retrorsely barbed bristles, rarely none. Style usually 3-cleft, the conical or CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 869 flattened tuberciilate base persistent and mostly jointed upon the summit of tlie turgid-triangular or lenticular akeue. — Stems tufted, from matted or creeping rootstocks, terete or angular, the base covered with closely appressed sheaths : lower scale of the spikelet sometimes enlarged and bract-like. * Spike small and few flowered, the scales somewhat distichous or onlj 3-i-anked : sti/le 3-cleft and akene triamjalar. -(- Tubercle contracted at its junction with the akene. \. E. acicularis, R. Br. Stems with fibrous roots and very slender run ning rootstocks, usually setaceous, 1 to 8 inches high : spike 3 to 9-flowered : scales acutish, more or less deeply tinged with brown : bristles 3 or 4, often wanting: akene oblong-obovate, obscurely triangular and faintly ribbed on the sides ; tubercle broad, short and blunt. — On sandy or muddy stream- banks across the continent. -I- -1- Tubercle continuous with the akene and not contracted at base. 2. E. pauciflora, Watson. Stems from slender running rootstocks, 3 to 8 inches high, striate: spike ovate-oblong: scales acute, dark brown: bristles 3 to 6, usually equalling the akene : akene oblong-obovate, obtusely triangular ; tubercle rather stout, pyramidal, nearly a third as long as the akeue. — Bot. Calif, ii. 221. Scirpus paucijlorus, Lightfoot, Gray's Manual, 560. From Colorado and Wyoming to the N. Atlantic States ; also in California. * * Spike terete, manjj-flowered : tubercle somewhat contracted at its junction with the akene : st i/le 2-cleJl and akene lenticular. 3. E. palustris, R. Br. Stems usually slender, terete, striate, | to 4 feet high : spike oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute, 3 to 12 lines long : scales obtuse or the upper acutish, thin, brown with white marcjin and greenish keel : bristles 4, about' equalling the akene: akene obovate, turgid, smooth ; tubercle broad-deltoid, acutisli or acute, rarely acuminate. — Throughout the continent, and in most parts of the Old World. 4. E. Olivacea, Torr. Stems very slender and spreading, 1 to 6 inches hi<<:h: spike ovate or oblong-ovate, 1 to 3 lines long: scales obtuse, rather looseli/ imbricated, purple with a green midrib : bristles 6 or 8, longer than the akene : akene and tubercle as in the last. — Colorado, Montana, and Oregon ; also on the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast. 5. E. COmpressa, Sulliv. Stem fat, striate, 1 to 2 feet high : spike ovate oblong, at length lanceolate, 4 to 7 lines long : scales acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins: bristles I to 4 (or none), very slender and fragile, shorter than or equalling the akene ^ akene obovate-pear-shaped, compressed ; tuber- cle small, conical, pointed. — Gray's Manual, 558. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. Scales closely imbricated around the rhachis. Styles 2 to 3-cleft, often flat- tened and ciliate, somewhat dilated at base. Akene lenticular or triangular, usually attenuate at base or substipitate. — In ours the style is 2-clef t and the akene lenticular. L P. spadicea, Vahl. Stems 1 to 2| feet high, from a perennial root, rigid, as are the fit form convolute-channelled leaves: spikes ovate-obiong, becom- 24 870 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) ing cylindrical : stamens 2 or 3: akem very minutely striate and obscurely reticu- lated.— Colorado to Indian Territory and Texas; also along the Atlantic coast. 7. KOBRESIA, AVilld. Lowest glume enclosing an ovary with a long trifid style ; the next one, or rarely the next two, enclosing 3 stamens; often a rudimentary glume or awn terminating the rhachis ; occasionally but one glume to a spikelet. — Peren- nial herbs with filiform leaves, radical or sheathing the stems at base. 1. K. SCirpina, Willd. Stems cespitose, 5 to 12 inches high, striate- angled : leaves shorter than the stem : spikelets few, small, and brown, in a somewhat clavate spike one inch long. — Elyna spicata, Schrad. South Park, Colorado (Hall ^- Harbour). 8. CAREX, L. Sedge. (By L. H. Bailey, Jr.) Plowers in spikes, imperfect, the staminate and pistillate in different parts of the same spike (spike andjogynous), or in separate spikes on the same culm (plant monoecious), or rarely on entirely distinct plants (plants dioEcions). Staminate flower composed of 3 stamens borne beneath a bract or scale. l^istillate flower composed of a single pistil bearing 2 or 3 exserted styles, forming in fruit a lenticular or triangular achenium which is enclosed in a more or less inflated sac (perigynium) borne in the axil of a scale. — Perennial grass-like herbs with 3-ranked leaves, mostly triangular culms, and spikes in the axils or exserted from tlie sheaths of leaf -like or scale-like bracts. Theoreti- cally each flower is entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and borne on a branch which springs from the axil of a scarious bract (the scale of the following descriptions), the enclosing perigynium of the fertile flowers answering to one (or two) connate bractlet. The term fruit as applied to the perigynium and its contents is a misnomer. In the subgenus Vignea of the j)resent elabora- tion the spikelets or spiculae of authors are called spikes, which they truly are, and they are conglomerated into heads. The genus is an exceedingly critical one and its study should not be attempted Avith unripe or imperfect specimens. Artificial Key. I. Spike one, terminal, strictly simple, staminate at the top, or in dioecious plants (5 & 46) all staminate or all pistillate. Stigmas three. Perigynium spindle-shaped or lanceolate, Green 1 Dark brown or purple 2, 3 Perigynium short, mostly ovate or elliptic, Perfectly smooth. Perigyuia 1 to 3, conspicuously spreading, or remote from the staminate portion, Obovate, obtiise 10 Elliptic, sharply beaked 16 Perigj'nia several, continuous with the staminate portion. Scales leaf-like . . 11 Scales short, ciliate 46 Scales short, entire. CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 371 Very broad, covering the perigynium. Leaves short, stiff, involute 15 Leaves ordinary 14 Narrower, shorter than perigynium 17 Scabrous or hairy. Pcrigynia 1 to 4, scabrous above 4 Perigynia several to many, hairy 5 Stigmas two 52, 53 IL Spikes all aggregated into a round or ovoid uninterrupted head, stigmas two. Spikes densely packed, the individual ones scarcely discernible. Head black 50 var. nigra. Head tawny or brown, Subtended by 1 or 2 long leafy bracts 80 Naked or nearly so. Perigynium nearly orbicular, dark 70 Perigynium ovate or lanceolate. Spikes staminate at base 78, 79 Spikes staminate at top. Perigynium rougli-angled " 58, 59 Perigynium smooth 60,61,62 Head green 58 Spikes simply aggregated, the individual ones readily recognized. Spikes nearly linear, light colored 71 Si)ikes oval or ovoid. Perigynium wing-margined. Broadly ovate or oval 84, 87 Lanceolate 82, 83, 85 Perigynium wingless. Nerved, beak longer than the body 64 Nerved, beak short 57 Nerveless. Heads small globular 62 Heads oblong 76 III. Some or all the spikes distinct Tenninal spike staminate above (staminate flowers inconspicuous), spikes often all approxi- mated into an interrupted head or panicle, stigmas always two. Spikes conspicuously panicled 65, 64 (sometimes). Spikes not panicled. Perigynium strongly nerved. Culm flat 63 Culm broadly 3-angled 64 Culm nearly terete 57 Perigynium nerveless or nearly so. Spikes 1 to 3-flowered, scattered ; perigynium erect ; plants delicate . , 64 Spikes 5 to many-flowered ; perigynium divaricate or reflexed. Spikes all distinct 55 Upper spikes aggregated 66 Spikes 5 to 12-flowered ; perigynium nearly upright .... .69 Terminal spike staminate below. Stigmas two. Spikes very dark. Scales long and sharp . . 49 Scales ordinary 50, 51 Spikes tawny or whitish, Perigynium lanceolate. Thin and scale-like 81,82,83 372 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) More or less thick and rounded. Heads fulvous 85 Heads silvery or silvery-tawny 72,73,74 Perigynium ovate, wing-margined 86, 87 Perigynium ovate, not margined 75, 76, 77 Perigynium broadly obovate, nearly pointless 22 Stigmas three. Pistillate spikes nodding 25 Pistillate spikes erect 23, 24 Intermediate spikes of the silvery or tawny interrupted head staminate, stigmas two. Perigynium short and broad, dark-colored 68 Perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, straw-colored 67, 69 Perigynium long-lanceolate, silvery-green 72 Terminal spike or spikes entirely staminate. Stigmas two. Perigynium strongly nerved. Plant stout 40 Plant very slender , 45 var. juncella. Perigynium nerveless or nearly so. Bracts all leaf-like, Scales ciliate at top 41 Scales not ciliate 42 Bracts not conspicuously leafy. Spikes rounded or oval. Staminate spike short-stalked . . 35, 45 var. 2 Staminate spike sessile 47, 50 Spikes oblong or long-cylindrical. Perigynium ovate, green or brown-purple 43, 44, 45 Perigynium obovate, yellow or whitish 20 Stigmas three. Perigynium hairy. Pistillate spikes few-flowered, almost globular, mostly sessile. Scales ciliate 5 Scales not ciliate. Spikes greenish ; culms slender 7, 8 Spikes greenish or whitish ; culms very short 8, 9 Spikes colored 6 Pistillate spikes few-flowered, linear ; plant delicate 12 Pistillate spikes several to many-flowered, oblong or cylindrical Perigynium conspicuously nerved 32 Perigynium nerveless or nearly so. Plant hairy throughout 13 Plant smooth 30 Perigynium smooth. Pistillate spikes x>endulous or nodding. -Beak slender, longer than body of perigynium ; spikes greenish-white . 29 Body of perigynium as long or longer than beak. Sj)ikes small, 6 or less-flowered ; plant delicate 27 Spikes nearly globular, pendulous, very dark 48 Spikes very loosely-flowered, long-linear . 26 Spikes thick and long ; perigynium inflated, Greenish straw-colored, slender-beaked, conspicuously more than 10-nerved 34 Straw-colored or often purplish, More or less ascending 36, 37 Conspicuously squarrose 38, 39 Spikes all erect, Shoi-t-oblong or round, densely-flowered, approximate. Beak short, bifid 31 CVPEBACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 373 Beak short, stout, truncate IS Beak longer than body 29 Spikes cylindrical. Perigyniuin beakless 19 Perigyniuin nearly beakless, the point bent 21 Perigynium conspicuously beaked, Lanceolate, flattened 28 Greenish, very turgid below, large 33 Brown and hard, with spreading setaceous teeth .... 32 var. Thin, inflated, straw-colored or purple, More or less ascending 36, 37 Conspicuously squarrose 38, 39 Subgenus I. Eucarex. Staminate flowers forming one or more ter- minal linear or club-shaped spikes which are often pistillate at base or apex, or occasionally having a few pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers usually in distinct and normally simple mostly peduncled spikes which are seldom aggregated into heads. Cross-section of the perigynium circular or obtusely angular in outline. Style commonly 3-parted and the acheuium trigonous or triquetrous. — Passing into the following subgenus through the members of the last section. § 1. Spike single (in our species), androrji/nous, male at the top, the rhachis con- spicuouslij jointed: perigi/nium lanceolate or spindle-shaped, longer than the scale, dejlexed at maturiti/ : stigmas very rarehj two. — Deflexocarp^. Low and mostly slender species. * Perigijniicni green, linear-lanceolate, sessile, several times longer than the scale. — Pauciflor^, Tuckm. 1. C. microglochin, Wahl. Culms rigid from a creeping base, 2 to 8 inches high : leaves few and narrow, shorter than the culm : staminate flowers very few : perigynia 4 to 6, the orifice closed by a conspicuous pro- jecting racheola which springs from the inside beneath the achenium : scales deciduous. — Uncinia microglochin, Ledeb. Colorado, probably from high mountains {Hall ^ Harbour, 607) ; also in subarctic America. (Eu.) C. PAUCiFLORA, Lightf., distinguished by the orifice of the perigynium being closed with the stiff persistent style, occurs in British America and may be expected northward. * * Perigynium brown, spindle-shaped or narrowly ovate, stipitate, little longer than the scale. — Public ares, Tuckm. 2. C. Pyrenaica, Wahl. Culm 2 to 8 inches high, slender : spike dense, oblong, brown or purple, the fertile flowers erect until full maturity : leaves narrow, mostly involute- filiform, shorter than the culms : staminate flowers few, occupying \ or less the length of the spike : perigynium few-nerved or nerveless, usually shining at maturity. — High mountains of Colorado, Utah, and north- ward. (Eu.) 3. C. nigricans, C. A. Meyer. Stouter: leaves nearly flat, a line or more broad : staminate flowers usually conspicuous and occupying about half the spike: perigynium somewhat ventricose, dull : otherwise as in the last, with which it grows. — Evidently the more common species. (Asia.) 374 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) § 2. Spikes one or more: staminate spike aliva)/s single, usually distinct, sessile or nearly so, sometimes androgynous with all the pistillate flowers home at its base: pistillate spikes, if any, small and globular, mostly sessile, more or less approximate : bracts short or none, sheathless : perigynium ovate or globular, hirsute (thin and scabrous in No. 4), tightly surrounding the achenium, usually bearing a beak half its length : pistillate scales acute (except in Nos. 4 and 5) : stigmas rarely 2. — Sph.t:ridiophor^, Drejer. Low species in dry places, the leaves all radical. No. 5 is dioecious. * Spike one, androgynous. — Filifoli^, Tuckm. 4. C. filifolia, Nutt. Cespitose : culms slender, obtusely angled and smooth, 3 to 12 inches high, when full grown longer than the filiform rigid leaves, their bases surrounded by dry brown leafless sheaths which at length break up into fibres: spike | to 1 inch long, ferruginous or whitish, bractless, the staminate portion sometimes nearly free from the pistillate portion : pei'i- gynium broadly triangular-obovoid, thin, few-nerved or nerveless, scabrous or slightly hairy above, abruptly contracted into a short, stout, white-hyaline entire beak, about the length or shorter than the very broad hyaline-margined clasping scale: perigynium containing a short serrate racheola, whence the name Uncinia breviseta, Torr. — Dry plains and mountains from Colorado westward and northward. Var. valida, Olney. Cidm very stout, a foot high, rigid, sharply angled, much longer than the long-pointed broader leaves : spike longer, often subtended by a hispid bract: perigynium more glabrous. — C. filifolia, var., Boott in Gray's Rocky Mountain Plants, 77. Colorado. 5. C. SCirpoidea, Michx. Creeping: culms in flower short, elongating (6 to 16 inches high) in fruit and exceeding the broad and flat leaves, more or less scabrous on the angles at least above, the basal sheaths not splitting into fibres : spike ferruginous, linear or club-shaped, |^ to 2 inches long, occasion- ally with 1 or 2 accessory spikes at base : perigynium ovate or obovate, hairy^ lightly nerved, about the length (or a little longer) of the ciliate more or less obtuse scale: scales on the staminate plant hyaline-margined, not ciliate. — C. Worm- skioldiana, Hornem. High mountains, Colorado and Utah, northward and westward. (Asia, Norway.) * * Spikes tico to several, the lower occasionally peduncled or sometimes radical: perigi/nium contracted below, usually bearing two prominent ribs, the very short or often prolonged beak slightly 2-toothed. — Montana, Fries (in part). ■1- Culms upright, as long or longer than the leaves: spikes closely floivered, mostly aggregated at the top of the culm. 6. C. Pennsylvaniea, Lam. Extensively creeping: culms few, slender, 4 to 10 inches high : staminate spike conspicuous, ^ to 1 inch long, often club- shaped, sessile or shortly peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top : pistillate spikes 1 to 4, the lower one very rarely an inch remote, the upper ones bract- less, the lower sometimes subtended by a short and subulate brown bract: peri- gynium globose or roundish-obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short or often long beak, usually shorter than the acute or cuspidate brown or rarely whitish scale. — C. leucorum, Willd., is a form with long beaks. Dry sandy plains about Denver (E. L. Greene), Ute Pass, Col. {T. C. Porter) ; Fort Pierre, CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 875 Dak., and probably generally distributed northward. A variable species ; spikes usually brown or dark purple, sometimes whitish, the pistillate varying in size from an inch long to very small and almost abortive. A form with rigid leaves, a single whitish pistillate spike with large pcrigynia and borne at the base of the staminate spike, has considerable resemblance to forms of C.Jilifolia. Radical spikes sometimes occur. 7. C. SmmODSii, Dew. Densely cespitoxc : culms many, very slender^ about equalling the narrow soft leaves: staminate spike very small, 1 to 4 lines long, often nearly concealed by the pistillate spikes, which are 2 to 5, small, 3 to 9-flowered, yreen, the lower usually short-bracted, very closely aggregated at the top of the culm, occasionally 1 or 2 of the lower a little remote or rarely on a radical peduncle : perigynium small, narrowly oval or ovate and more or less •3-sided, with a conspicuous more or less toothed beak. — C. Novce-Angliai, var. Emmonsii, Carey. Indian Territory {Geo. D. Butler) and southward. Readily distinguished by its closely aggregated green spikes. -i- Culms mostly shorter than the leaves: spikes looser flowered and more scat- tered, of fell radical. 87 C. Novse-Anglige, Schw., var. Rossii, Bailey. Culms few, 3 to 6 inches high, nearly or about the length of the narrow and straight leaves : pistillate spikes few, 1 to A-flowercd, linear and upright, light colored : perigynia loosely alternate on a zigzag rhachis, ovoid, the flattened mostly cut toothed beak either longer or shorter than the body. — C. Rossii, Boott. Frequent from New Mexico {Fendler, 889) to the mountains of Colorado and Utah; also in British Columbia. The species occurs in Washington Territory and northward and eastward in British America. It is distinguished by a weaker habit, and darker colored and more aggregated spikes. 9. C. Umbellata, Schk. Rootstoch stout, mostly horizontal: culms many, mostly very short and crowded and concealed among the leaves, sometimes 3 to 4 inches long : leaves many, generally short, stiff and curved, sometimes weak and stragglhig and 6 inches long : staminate spike ^ inch or less long, not usually dis- ' tinct and conspicuous : pistillate spike usually crowded among the bases of the leaves, sometimes one or more of them exserted and clustered with the staminate spike : perigynium globose-elliptic, more or less flattened, produced into a flattened toothed beak as long as the body. — Indian Territory ; and common eastward. Var. brevirostris, Boott. Beak much shorter and minutely toothed, the perigynium rounder or somewhat 3-sided. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, and near Golden City, Colorado {E. L. Greene) ; also in California and British America. § 3. Spikes androgynous, staminate above : pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis: scales prolonged and leaf-like (scari- ous and often short in No. 10) : perigynium smooth, or slightly hispid above, mostly tightly enclosing the achenium, tlie beak, if any, straight. — Phyllo- STACiiYS,! Carey. ' A peculiar section, including one Caucasian and five American species which fall into two well-marked groups. The section is connected with the Montance through the Brac- teatce, and with the Old World Depauperatce, and through that group with the Laxifloroe, by C. Geyeri. 376 CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * Culms nil as lonrj or nearhj as long as the leaves : staminate flowers conspicuous : pistil/ate floicers very few and large: heak very short. — Phyli.ostachy^, Bailey. 10. C. Geyeri, Boott. Stoloniferous : culms very slender, angled, rough, about a foot high, about the length of the flat rough-edged leaves : staminate portion of the spike usually appearing distinct, | to 1 inch long : pistillate flowers 1 or 2, large, erect with the rhachis : perigynium triangular-obovoid, 3 lines long, the conspicuous angles obtuse, one-nerved on the two inner sides, very smooth, Avith a very short entire erose and hyaline beak : scales thin and brown, acute, 2 to 4 times the length of the perigynium. — Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Montana. Hitherto confounded with C. multicaulis, Bailey, a Californian and Oregon species with numerous prolonged stiff terete and smooth culms. * * Culms mostly much shorter than the leaves: staminate flowers inconspicuous: perigynium small, the beak produced to half its length [or more) : scales very green and much dilated, oflen concealing the perigynia, and readily mistaken for bracts. — Bractoide^, Bailey. 11. C. Backii, Boott. Cespitose: culms 1 to 7 inches high, sharply an- gled : leaves lax and smooth : staminate portion of the spike about 3-flowered : pistillate flowers 2 to 4, aggregated, more or less spreading : perigynium glo- bose-ovate, inconspicuously nerved, smooth or very slightly scabrous above : lower scales longer than the culm. — Dry and rocky hills, Colorado {Hall and Harbour), and British America. § 4. Staminate and pistillate spikes distinct: staminate spike single, more or less peduncled : pistillate spikes more or less elongated and peduncled, loosely alter- natefloivered (except in C. Bichardsoni and Xo, 13) : bracts always sheathed (except in No. 13), the sheaths sometimes membr